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Charles Taylor Trial
The transcripts of the trial of Charles Taylor, former President of Liberia. More…
Hearing, 20 February 2008
Witness: TF1-130 [On Former Oath]
Mr Werner 9:30 a.m., Feb. 20, 2008
Good morning, Mr Witness. I would like to briefly come back just to a few things about what you told us yesterday, and yesterday you were telling us about you having to obtain a pass to move from Kailahun Town to Talia. Do you remember that?
Link in context Link
TF1-130
Mr Werner
And I asked you this question yesterday. I asked you, "And when did you need a pass at that time to go from Kailahun Town to Talia, Mr Witness?", and you said, "If you didn't obtain that pass and you come across any rebel he would think that it is another civilian who had come to spy on them and they would kill you. That is why we obtained that pass to show that we were them".
Now, my question is this. Did you ever see anyone killed for moving without obtaining a pass in Kailahun District during the time you were Deputy Chiefdom Commander?
TF1-130 9:32 a.m., Feb. 20, 2008
I did not see them kill anybody, but if they told us to do anything everybody would do it because we knew if we didn't do it they would kill us.
Now, yesterday you testified about the fact that civilians of Talia transported cocoa and palm oil from Talia to different locations. Do you remember that?
What I said yesterday I can still recall.
Now, I would like to see if you could help us with some distance. Mr Witness, do you know approximately what is the distance between your village, Talia, and Giema in miles?
From Talia to Giema it is three miles.
Julia Sebutinde
Mr Werner, I notice the transcriber has written a different village. It is not Gbaiama. It is Giema. I hope that they will correct that.
I apologise, your Honour. Thank you for that:
So from Talia to Giema is three miles, is that correct?
Maybe I should spell again for the record. Giema would be G-I-E-M-A:
Now if you know, Mr Witness, the distance, what is the distance between Giema and the riverside?
It can be up to 10 miles.
And between - do you know the distance between Talia and Kailahun Town?
From Talia to Kailahun is seven miles, nine miles, from Talia to Kailahun Town. If you go through Bunumbu, it is nine miles to Kailahun.
And finally do you know the distance between the riverside and Kailahun Town?
From the riverside to Kailahun through Monfidor it is seven miles. There is another riverside. That is called Go-at-eh [phon]. That one is six miles. There is another one that is four miles. There are three riversides that they used to transact business that I know of.
Go-at-eh, I have no spelling for Go-at-eh:
Did you say - Mr Witness, talking about the second riverside, did you say Go-at-eh?
The way they call the riverside they call it Go-as-say [phon]. That is the way they refer to it. It is a name from a village along the Guinea border. It is not from the Sierra Leone end and so that word is from a language from the Guinea end. They call it Go-as-see-a [phon].
And, your Honours, I cannot find the spelling for that name:
Now, Mr Witness, yesterday you told us about Hawa Jusu. Do you remember talking about Hawa Jusu?
And you testified about the fact that when she was leading the civilians to the Keyah River to fish she was beaten up. Do you remember saying that?
What I said let me clarify that for you. If you did not write it well, let me clarify it for you. Hawa Jusu, when the rebels who come from Kailahun her leadership was just temporary. She was not a leader permanently. She would just be appointed as a leader on that day that they would want to go and do the fishing. So, her leadership was not permanent. It is temporary.
Yes, that is what you said yesterday. Now, you said yesterday that the RUF rebels were ordered to beat her up. Do you remember saying that?
Let me ask you again that question. I asked you this question yesterday, but the answer was not clear at all on the transcript. If you know, Mr Witness, who if anyone ordered Hawa Jusu to be beaten up by the RUF rebels?
I explained it here yesterday. That group of theirs that was based in Kailahoun, at that time I was not in Kailahun. They would come together and whatever town they would go they will say, "You'll be going to do the fishing". What I experienced is that what I am going to explain to you. I don't want to tell a lie.
And if you know, do you know the name of the person who ordered this RUF rebel to beat up Hawa Jusu, if you know?
I can't recall the name. I can't recall the name.
Finally, Mr Witness, you told us yesterday that civilians were mining in Kailahun Town for the RUF and you spoke about Yandohun, you spoke about a place between Sahbahun and Monfidor and you spoke about Giema. Do you remember talking about that?
Yes, I named three places. I did not - I heard you say "Kailahun". They were not mining there for diamonds in Kailahun. Yandohun, Giema and between Monfidor and Sahbahun also.
I was talking about Kailahun District, yes. So, Mr Witness, the question is this.
Julia Sebutinde 9:40 a.m., Feb. 20, 2008
Sorry, sorry, Mr Interpreter. What was that last name you named?
Tambahun [phon].
And I spelled it yesterday:
Now if you know, how were the civilians treated in this location when they were mining?
They were capturing them forcefully. If you are a civilian and they told you to do something, you had to do it.
Can I have just one second, your Honours:
Mr Witness, you said yesterday that you went yourself to Giema and you saw a pit in Giema with civilians mining. Do you remember saying that?
Yes, I said that.
If you know, the civilians mining in Giema if they didn't want to mine what would have happened to them?
Mr Munyard
Well, he can't say what would have happened to them. He can only say what did happen to them.
I agree. I will rephrase the question:
So, Mr Witness, if the civilians that you saw in the pit in Giema mining, if they didn't mine what happened to them in Giema?
Mr Munyard 9:42 a.m., Feb. 20, 2008
Can he make it clear that it is what he actually saw, not what he suspects, speculates, thinks might have, etc.
Mr Witness, I am talking about what you saw in Giema when you went and saw the civilians mining in the pit. Now talking about what you saw there, what you heard, what happened to the civilians if they didn't want to mine?
You would not even think about that, saying you are not going to do the mining. If you said that, you would be beaten seriously. You would not even think about that.
And how do you know that?
I knew from the job that I used to do myself. If they told me to do it, I just had to do it. I don't know about mining for diamonds, but I went there and I saw it.
Thank you, Mr Witness. Now during the time you were Deputy Chiefdom Commander for Luawa Chiefdom, what if anything did you learn about what happened in Freetown?
Teresa Doherty
Mr Werner, that is a very wide question both by time and events. Are you directing the witness to a particular time?
Well, during the time he was Deputy Chiefdom Commander from 1996 to 2000 if he heard anything about Freetown. I don't think there was many instances where he would have heard about Freetown.
Madam President, that is still far too wide in my submission. I think the Court is seized of the problem here. I don't think I need to address you further right now.
Mr Werner, first of all you are covering a four year period, plus you are covering a wide possibility of events. It could be from fetes, festivals, new buildings, anything.
I will try to narrow the time period, Madam President.
Mr Witness, can you remember the year 1998?
Now, if anything, what did you hear about Freetown in 1998?
What you have asked me, let's forget about that first. Even when you are writing, you cannot jump over one line. You will have to write serially from one line to the next, not jumping over the other lines. Let me go back to what we discussed yesterday.
Yesterday we spoke about three swamps that we were farming on and I want to clarify that so the judges can understand that. Firstly, I said that there were six targets in Giema. Those six targets were divided. Every two targets will farm on one swamp and I said that to you, but I didn't hear you ask me that question yesterday. That is why I am reminding you. The Talia target and Giema target we worked on the swamp in Sandialu.
Mr Witness, let me interrupt you there. What I wanted to ask you yesterday about the target I did ask you and you answered the question. Now if you could just listen to my question and, if you can remember anything, just answer my question. Now, I asked you if you remember the year 1998 and you said that you can remember the year 1998. So, my question is this. During that year what, if anything, did you hear about events happening in Freetown?
While we were there the soldiers told us that Kabbah had been overthrown. After Kabbah had been overthrown, they asked that the rebels go to them so that they can combine to form one government. After some time we heard that Kabbah had been reinstated and during that time we saw Mosquito and the other rebels go back to Kailahun. I saw that.
And when you saw Mosquito and the rebels coming back to Kailahun, if anyone who came with them on that retreat?
They had women amongst them and men amongst them. Civilians.
And talking about these women, who were these women that you saw coming back with Mosquito to Kailahun?
They came from Kenema. The Kenema end.
Did you talk with --
Mr Witness, the question was who were the women. Is he saying the women were from Kenema? It doesn't seem --
I am going to clarify that, your Honour.
So talking about the women, Mr Witness, that you saw coming with Mosquito to Kailahun, again who were these women?
Adult women and young girls who were all in vehicles when they went.
And did you - at any time did you talk with these women?
When they got to Kailahun, they met us with --
Your Honours, can the witness repeat?
Teresa Doherty 9:49 a.m., Feb. 20, 2008
Mr Witness, please pause. The interpreter would like you to repeat your answer so that he can hear it more clearly.
When they went with those people, some of them were in Kailahun and the others were in the other villages and those - then when they were in Kailahun together we had difficulties to get food. Food was hard to come by. They asked us to show them where they will get banana.
Witness, can you speak a little slowly. I think the interpreter is having problems keeping up with you. Do you think you can speak a little bit more slowly, please.
Now --
Mr Interpreter, I am just looking at the transcript here. I understood you to say, "They did not ask us to show where they would get banana". Is that what you said?
No, the interpreter actually said, "They asked us to show where they can get bananas".
Thank you for that clarification.
Now, Mr Witness, when you spoke with these women who had come with Mosquito to Kailahun, what if anything did they tell you about their situation?
They said they had taken them from where they were forcefully and brought them, that was what they were telling us, and now they have come they had no food to eat and when they came they found that we were leading the civilians. That is why they said we should go all out to ensure that they have food to eat so that they won't die of starvation.
And then you said that, "They said they had taken them from where they were forcefully". Who took them from where they were forcefully?
Those are the people I spoke about. I said Mosquito and Issa Sesay. Their group, when they were dislodged from Freetown, when they were coming they brought a large crowd and that crowd some set hold in Kailahun and others went to Buedu. Those who were in Kailahun are the ones I am talking about.
And you said that you spoke with these women. How old were the women with whom you spoke at that time?
I can't say that this person was born in this year, but when you look at somebody there are some who are short but they are old enough. There are others who are tall and they are young, so I can't tell.
And if you can remember what, if anything, else did these women tell you when you spoke with them?
They said they had turned them into their wives. They have put them into their homes forcefully. That is what they told us. When - there was a point when they selected some.
And when you said "they had turned them into their wives", who turned them into their wives?
I said those rebels with whom they came. The rebels with whom they came. Some of them were for Issa Sesay and others were for Mosquito. Their commanders - some of their commanders were there. Those whom they released who couldn't get food to eat are the ones I am talking about.
Thank you, Mr Witness. Now, do you know someone called --
Richard Lussick
Mr Werner, just before you leave that point, does this witness know how many women we are talking about here?
Mr Witness, you told us about women brought forcefully to Kailahun and you told us that you spoke with some of them. So first of all how many women, if you know, were brought forcefully to Kailahun?
They brought them. There were many. I can't tell you a number, but sometimes in the morning we will be sitting down and four people would come and they will cry wanting food. To say that they will bring people and I could count, I could do a head count of them, no, I didn't do that.
Richard Lussick 9:55 a.m., Feb. 20, 2008
Well, how many women was he talking to?
Yes, that was going to be my next question:
Now you told us, Mr Witness, that you spoke with some of these women. With how many women did you speak, did you talk to?
They were not coming together, but those who will come singularly sometimes they were up to 20.
So, are you saying that you spoke with 20 of these women?
Those whom I spoke to, yes, that is it, yes, those I spoke to, but there were more than that.
Thank you. Now, Mr Witness, do you know someone by the name of Yeana Jusu?
Can you give a spelling please, Mr Werner.
I will. If the witness knows anything about him I will do, your Honour:
Do you know Yeana Jusu, Mr Witness?
Yes, the name is Yeana Jusu.
Yeana would be Y-E-A-N-A and Jusu J-U-S-U:
And who is Yeana Jusu, Mr Witness?
Your Honours, the witness has not clarified the sex of this person.
Mr Witness, who is Yeana Jusu?
My sibling. That Yeana Jusu is my sibling. He or she was in Daru during the war. When they said that disarmament has commenced, those are people who were in Daru and they told them to return to their original places. Yeana Jusu came with a group that were many. There were more than 50. They came and they arrived in Kailahun, so they stopped them there in Kailahun and so they were in Kailahun in custody. It came to a time one day when I went to my village, but on that day that I came when I came and I went to greet Mr Sellu he said that these people all of them have been killed, but there was no way we could speak. Yeana Jusu was my sibling.
There was someone I knew who was among them. His name was Vandi. He is someone from Giema. There were so many people from Bandajuma, that crowd of people who were killed. The woman whom I - the wife whom I had, whom I have right now, her father was among them. They were killed. That is what I know about Yeana Jusu.
Mr Witness, what was the gender of Yeana Jusu?
He is a male.
Thank you. Now, if you know, you explained about the killing of Yeana Jusu and other people. When did that happen, if you can remember?
That day when they said nobody should shoot anybody, it was in that year. It was in that year that that was done to them.
And you told us before the time when Mosquito retreated to Kailahun. Was it - was it after the time Mosquito retreated to Kailahun that Yeana Jusu was killed?
Mosquito and others were in Buedu. It was in-between that time. I said it was after the overthrow of Mr Kabbah they came to Freetown and they returned. This period of time I am talking about, it was that time when they declared ceasefire. It was during that time. Maybe it is on paper and you people know, but it is during that period. When they talked about ceasefire, when nobody was supposed to shoot anybody, it was during that period that this thing happened. But they were in Buedu, they came from Buedu and did that and returned. They were not in Freetown.
And if you know, Mr Witness, how many people were killed?
TF1-130 10 a.m., Feb. 20, 2008
I said - I think I have explained everything yesterday. I said there were more than 50.
And if you know, Mr Witness, why were these people killed?
When they said they should come and they did not come, they said they were Kamajors as they were - when they were coming they did not bring any cutlasses, except their bodyguards who had guns, but they killed them alleging that they were Kamajors. They said when they were in Daru they joined the Kamajors. It was for that reason that they killed them, but we did not see them with any guns and they did not come with guns.
Teresa Doherty 10:01 a.m., Feb. 20, 2008
Mr Werner, I still haven't worked out who "they" that did this are.
Mr Witness, who killed these alleged Kamajors?
I was not in town at that time, but it was Mosquito who gave the order together with Issa that they should kill all of them.
And how did you know about that?
Those two people they did not say that that person should die but, when they gave the guns to these people and they asked them to kill them, they killed all of them.
My question, Mr Witness, was how did you know about that?
They had the power then. They were the only ones who would say, "Kill that person", and they will kill that person. They were the ones who gave that order. When I came that was what Chief Sellu told me. They were in Kailahun, they left Buedu and came to Kailahun and they killed those people.
Mr Werner 10:02 a.m., Feb. 20, 2008
And when you are talking about Chief Sellu, are you talking about Sellu Ensah?
Yes, he was my own head. Whenever I came, I will go and visit him.
And were you told how were these people killed?
Yes, they shot them.
Now, you told us that your brother Yeana Jusu was among them and you said that these people were accused of being Kamajors. As far as you know, was Yeana Jusu a Kamajor?
TF1-130 10:03 a.m., Feb. 20, 2008
He was not a Kamajor at all. He was an ordinary civilian. He was not a Kamajor at all.
And you spoke about a relative of your wife who was killed as well. Was that person a Kamajor?
He was not a Kamajor. In fact, he was an old man. He was not a Kamajor.
Thank you, Mr Witness. Now, yesterday you told us that during the time you were a Deputy Chiefdom Commander you were not able to move freely and you testified about the fact that civilians of your village, Talia, were forced to work and were forced to carry goods and you told us that you yourself several times was beaten up and yesterday you told us that several of your children died of malnutrition and today you said that your brother was killed by the RUF. Now how did these things affect you emotionally, Mr Witness, at that time?
At that time I was not happy. Now I am saying it here you are saying I am speaking very fast, but I am speaking now and my heart is palpitating. I was never happy and I will never be happy.
Can you explain further why were you not happy at that time?
With great respect, I think any human being listening to this story hardly needs the witness to explain why he was not happy. I think it is unnecessary and in fact it is close to demeaning to ask this witness to spell out in terms what is painfully obvious to the entire world who are listening to his testimony.
Your Honours --
Yes, Mr Werner?
Your Honours, it is our case and I am doing that for some precise reason and it is relevant and I can explain to you very precisely why legally it is relevant for us and I think I am entitled to have discussions.
Well, certainly you are entitled to reply.
So, your Honours, maybe before I reply, the mic could be off this witness just to make sure that he doesn't hear what I am saying. I think it would be fair.
Because I am going to talk about part of our case and what is important for us legally to prove.
Very well.
So, your Honours, the emotional mental effect of what was done to this witness and what he observed or learnt about what happened to him is relevant for us in many respects. (1) is the fact in circumstances surrounding the crime committed and (2) goes to Count 1 of our indictment which is acts of terrorism. As you know, elements of acts of terrorism are acts or threat of violence directed against protected person, or their property, and one of the elements is the offender willfully made protected person or their property the object of those acts or threats of violence.
Now, the act or threats of violence were committed with the primary purpose of spreading terror among the protected persons. Now while it is not required to prove that the actions in fact terrorised the person, the effect on the person of the act is relevant to establishing that the act was committed with the primary purpose of spreading terror.
Now it goes as well to Count 7, which is violence to life, cruel treatment, and violence to life one of the elements is causing serious harm to mental or physical health.
It goes to Count 8, which is other inhuman acts, and again one of the elements is that the perpetrator inflicted great suffering, or serious injury to body, or physical, or mental health by means of an inhuman act.
Finally it goes to Count 10, enslavement, and as you know one of the elements is that the perpetrator exercised any or all of the power attaching to the right of ownership of a person such as by purchasing, selling, lending, or bartering such person, or by imposing on them a similar deprivation of liberty. Now, the effect of the actions taken against the witness and those he observed, or learned, or if any other manners, are relevant to those deprivation of liberty and exercise of ownership.
So, for all these reasons it is our case that it is that we are entitled to ask this question and I do not think that the extent of what he may say was covered by his testimony yesterday. That is our submission.
Mr Munyard 10:09 a.m., Feb. 20, 2008
Madam President, do I have a right of reply on law? I thought some weeks ago you said I had a right of reply on law only and these are legal issues.
On law only. This is very limited. Very limited.
Yes, well I propose just to say two things in relation to the legal submissions just made. One is that my learned friend referred to the act being committed with the primary purpose of spreading terror. The primary purpose is the purpose in the mind of the perpetrator, not the effect on the victims. That is one point that needs to be underlined. The Court then of course looks at what the perpetrator has done to see if terror was in fact perpetrated, or spread I should say.
And secondly in relation to Count 10 in particular, my learned friend only has to prove in relation to enslavement the necessary physical acts that go to enslavement. The emotional effect is irrelevant, in our submission, to the question of enslavement. It is either done, or it isn't. The effect it has on the individual is of secondary importance, if any.
Thank you, Mr Munyard. Mr Munyard makes a valid point that will be more properly dealt with in submissions in the final count and we will allow the question.
Madam Court Officer, perhaps you could adjust the witness's headphones.
Perhaps it would be suitable to remind the witness of the question, Mr Werner.
Certainly:
Mr Witness, I asked you how the things that you told this Court yesterday and today affect you emotionally and you answered that you were not happy at that time and my question was if you could elaborate and tell us why you were not happy?
It is something that makes someone unhappy. My sibling was killed with a gun. They made an allegation against my sibling and they killed him, or her. That cannot make somebody happy. I am not happy.
Now, Mr Witness, what did you observe, if anything, about the civilians in Talia during that time who were forced to work?
We used to work. We used to work. When they said, "This is what you should do", we had to do it. If they say, "You should weed grass from Kailahun", we had to do it forcefully. You wouldn't deny doing it. You have to.
During that period what, if anything, did the people of Talia tell you about their lives?
We are not living well. We are not living well because we had no food to eat. So many people died among us. So many people died of starvation among us in Talia. There was no food. When we were doing that work, when we used to do that work we had food, but during this time we had no food and so many people died among us in Talia. The graves are there and they are many.
Thank you, Mr Witness. I have no further questions.
Thank you, Mr Werner. Mr Munyard, cross-examination of this witness?
Madam President, we have no questions of this witness.
Thank you, Mr Munyard. Mr Witness, I would like to clarify something you said. You explained to us that your response - one of your responsibilities was to go into the surrounding villages and tell what work had to be done. I would like to understand did you - were people asked from time to time to do work, or did they have to work all the time?
For instance, the work of weeding grass it was not every day. Sometimes when we weeded grass we would leave it first three months. After three months we will go and weed the grass. For instance, the other example is farming. That farming we had to go there every day until the harvest.
Thank you. Questions arising, counsel?
No questions, your Honour.
Mr Witness, that is the end of your evidence. We thank you for coming to give your evidence here in Court today and you will now be able to leave the Courtroom. Please assist the witness to leave.
Your Honours, can I ask leave for our team for me to go on the back?
Yes, that is fine. Mr Werner, just before we call - the next witness is called, there is a matter that relates to the admission of documents as exhibits yesterday. It has been brought to my attention that the witness yesterday - and since it was closed session I will not refer to names or anything else that will identify the witness - tabled or through him there was tendered two documents of which he was the author, or which directly related to him, and in the circumstances the question arises as to whether those documents should be marked as confidential. The documents in question are P-77 and P-82.
Ms Baly 10:17 a.m., Feb. 20, 2008
Your Honour, thank you for raising that matter. The answer to that from the Prosecution's point of view is yes.
Mr Munyard, have you any comment on this matter?
Only that P-82 is a letter from somebody else.
An authority, yes.
It is not a letter from him and it doesn't - P-82, your Honour.
That is a letter regarding procedure.
Regarding documents generally.
I thought that you were referring to P-77 and --
I referred to both.
Yes. Personally I don't understand why P-82 would be confidential, because it is a letter written about a whole collection of documents. Are you saying that because one of them is that --
Including P-77, yes.
Well if it is in relation to that one, again in the general interests of open justice I would have thought that P-82 should therefore be redacted in relation to P77 but otherwise be public.
You have heard the objection, Ms Baly.
Ms Baly
Yes, we would agree that that would be an appropriate course. It is only the one document that we are concerned with.
Very well. The P-77 will become a confidential document and P-82 will be redacted where any reference to P-77 is made.
Mr Werner, if you wish to make your changes and call the next witness, please.
Mr Verner
Thank you, your honour.
Mr Santora, I note that you appear to have carriage of this matter.
Mr Santora
Yes, your Honour, that is correct.
Could you please tell us who the next witness is and the language, etc.
The next witness is TF1-275. There is just three small preliminary matters I would like to bring to your attention.
Well, perhaps we will do so before the witness enters the Court - the well of the Court.
Yes, exactly. Your Honour, first of all the language is Liberian English. Your Honour, this witness has - after consultations with this witness he has expressed his desire to testify openly in public, and so any existing protective measures at this point we would ask - we would request that they be rescinded. And the third matter, your Honour, is that the witness's religion prohibits him from swearing on a holy book, he is a denomination of Pentecostal Christianity, and so he will swear and affirm to tell the truth pursuant to rule 90B under the oath that does not require the - that does not have the witness on a holy book.
Mr Santora, would you be more specific on the existing protective measures that you want the Court to rescind, please?
Mr Santora 10:21 a.m., Feb. 20, 2008
Yes, your Honour. I believe that the existing protective measures were that the initial application was for this witness to be along with other witnesses - the initial protective measures were a screen, pseudonym and voice distortion.
I want you to quote to us maybe the decision that gave these orders.
One moment, your Honour. I will get that, your Honour. One moment.
Mr Anyah
Good morning, Madam President, your Honours.
Mr Anyah, I am just not sure if Mr Santora has finished yet and so if you could just take a seat and then let him finish.
Okay, thank you, Madam President.
Your Honour, this was the result of the decision by the [redacted] that granted these measures, and we are now requesting this Chamber to rescind those measures.
Now, Mr Anyah, you have heard Mr Santora make an application in relation to the protective measures in place for this witness. Is that the matter that you are seeking to reply to?
Mr Anyah 10:23 a.m., Feb. 20, 2008
I merely rose to advise the Court that I would be undertaking the examination for the Defence.
Thank you, Mr Anyah. In that case, we will rule on that application first and then proceed.
We have heard the application from the Prosecution that the witness has voluntarily rescinded the protective measures presently in place and we grant that application. However we bear in mind that the protective measures referred to a previous trial and, in the light of that, we will have the reference to that trial rescinded from the record - redacted from the record.
On the question of the swearing, as you properly point out the rules allow the witness to make a solemn declaration and that will be done.
Now, if the witness can be brought. Mr Interpreter, is the Liberian English interpreter in place?
The Interpreter 10:24 a.m., Feb. 20, 2008
Correct, your Honour.
Thank you, please proceed. And for clarification I record that the rescission of the protective measures relates to this trial only.
And, your Honour, just also too that this is just for your - I think you may understand this already, but this is his first - this is the only trial that this particular witness has been involved with.
Witness: TF1-275 [Affirmed] →
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Fly Parasites are commonly referred to as Fly Predators or Fly Parasitoids and are one of nature's methods of fly control. Fly Parasites are very tiny wasps (size of a fruit fly) that are naturally occurring in nature, mainly nocturnal, and do not pose any harmful influence on humans, livestock or pets. While other organisms attack adult flies (e.g. birds, spiders, etc) the Fly Parasites target the developing flies. Under circumstances normally observed in nature, these natural controls keep a balance in the fly population. It is when we artificially increase the concentration of animals that we provide an ideal breeding environment for fly reproduction and the natural controls cannot keep up to the explosion in the fly population.
Fly Parasites have a unique and highly effective method to locate their prey. The adult females fly about searching for a fly pupa and when they sense a fly pupa they will burrow up to six inches (15cm) into the manure or compost in order to reach the prey. They then deposit their eggs into the fly pupae and the young Fly Parasites will consume the fly pupae as nourishment while developing into adult Fly Parasites. Each female will lay between 50 to 150 eggs depending on the species. These adults emerge fully-grown and ready to search out more fly pupae and start the reproductive cycle again. Normally, this cycle takes 18-21 days depending on the species of Fly Parasite and temperature. The adult Fly Parasites also consume some of the fly pupae as a food source thus providing a secondary method of reducing the potential fly population.
Fly Parasites provide an environmentally safe, economically effective and long term fly control method by interrupting the reproductive cycle of the pest fly. Studies in stables, and poultry and dairy operations have reported stable fly reductions of over 90% using Fly Parasites and effective suppression of fly populations within 30 days.
Why Are Fly Parasites So Effective?
Reliance on the use of insecticides alone for fly control seldom provides a satisfactory solution. In the past chemical sprays or fogs have been used as a common method to control fly populations. These chemicals provide a short term relief asthey kill the adult flies, but after a couple of days the problem has returned. The chemicals only attack the adult flies and as only 15-20% of the fly population at any one time is adults, the chemicals are only targeting a very small portion of the fly population. The remaining 80-85% of the fly population is under the manure or compost in the developing stages and is not killed by the chemicals. In fact many of the developing flies ingest the chemicals on the surface of the manure and will form a resistance to the chemicals. The net result is that farmers have to apply stronger doses of the chemicals and have less success in knocking down the population. Furthermore, there is increasing scientific research on the adverse effects of these pesticides on humans and the environment.
This is not to discount the importance of controlling the adult flies, but we prefer the use of fly baits, fly traps and fly strips, as they do not have adverse effects and are very localized.
Fly Parasites (compared to chemical sprays) on the other hand do not have any adverse influences on humans or the environment and the key is that they target the developing flies at the pupal stage. These developing stages comprise the remaining 85% of the fly population and the developing flies are killed before they become adults and do not have a chance to lay any eggs.


Teams finishing third to sixth (rather than second to fifth) will contest the 2018 League One promotion play-offs.
Like the look of it, myself (not least because York are likely to feature at tier two in 2019). League One, at present, is a mess. The top few clubs are way, way ahead of the bottom handful, evidenced by several cricket scores this season.
In my ideal world, the 2019 Championship would look like this: Barrow, Batley, Bradford, Dewsbury, Featherstone, Halifax, Leigh, London, Rochdale, Sheffield, Toulouse, Widnes, Workington, York.
And the proposals involving SL?
To be revealed? The link (above) indicates promotion and relegation to and from Super League (Toronto and Widnes swapping places, most likely) won't be affected this year.
It's being suggested the 'Eights' will be abandoned for 2019, with the club topping the Championship after completing its regular season games being promoted at the expense of Super League's bottom club. Would make the Championship less attractive, I feel, regardless of which clubs are in it.
There was talk of giving the 8s one more year so to give time to have dialogue with clubs, fans, sponsors etc but it seems most clubs are happy to see the back of what many perceive to have been a failed format.
It means that if we get a dominant team like this season's Toronto, the rest of the full time teams will be playing meaningless games for most of the season. Crowds will fall and the season after the teams will no longer be able to afford to be full-time.
It will make the Championship even less attractive than what it is now.
The parachute payment - assuming it continues - makes this pretty likely (Leigh's 2018 experience notwithstanding).
That's true but any comment based on the dominance of a certain number of teams has to be viewed in the context of that season alone and you can't really organise the competition on the basis of current team strengths.
I'd prefer to see 2 up, 2 down or at least a play off between 2nd in the championship and 2nd last in super league. I know the issue of security is key to gaining investment in the top flight but to go from the current format, which is incredibly open, to a relatively conservative format of 1 up, 1 down is quite a jump.
Yes, I know -rearranging RL to make a competitive competition is as old a pastime as rearranging the railways to make a decent service - but the proposal as outlined above is pretty daft, in that it effectively no hopes of promotion for the majority of the level 2 teams.
This then will result in stagnation.
One of RLs key problems is that there are too many teams/clubs/franchises to make 1 division, but not enough for 2.
I'm sure this has been suggested before, but what would be wrong with going to an NFL style arrangement of 2 'conferences' of say 12 teams each (won't bore here by making a list, but there are clearly sufficient candidates) then some form of playoffs as per the NFL to lead up to a Grand Final?
For the remaining league 1 clubs it's a choice of either falling back into winter RL (which I'd guess for many wouldn't be a bad thing - they could hardly be more on the breadline) or giving up the idea that a 'professional sport' can be staged in front of fewer than 200 and involve losses of more than 50 points per game on a weekly basis.
Let's be honest: even under the existing system, there isn't much point being Featherstone, Halifax or London. None of those clubs, in the near future, is likely to win promotion to Super League. Everybody knows it, which is why crowds at all three (Halifax, in particular) have declined so markedly in recent years.
Rugby league's other key problem is this: the smaller clubs could be competitive, most of the time, when the sport was semi-professional, and the money it generated shared round fairly equally. Now, because the big (and bigger) clubs hog almost all the money, and as a result are able to maintain full-time squads, the smaller, part-time clubs haven't a prayer of being competitive.
What criteria would you use to place teams in two 'conferences'? Surely not geography, a model abandoned in the 1960s. Even by creating two 'conferences' of nominally equal ability, I'm pretty sure you'd end up with the leading, full-time clubs being exactly the same as they are now. I'm afraid the likes of Leeds simply don't want to turn back the clock and have, for example, Batley and Dewsbury on their fixture list.
Ideally, rugby league would have a Super League I and a Super League II, with 10 (or even 12) full-time clubs in each. Without an influx of franchise clubs based in communities beyond the north of England, that's never going to happen because the game's heartlands - Cumbria, Lancashire and Yorkshire - cannot generate sufficient players, spectators and sponsors to make it viable.
With the proposed influx of teams from North America in the next few years and the possibility of further expansion into France after Catalans win in the Challenge Cup then 24 full time professional teams might happen soon.
I'm not holding my breath. The proposal for a club in New York seems to be losing momentum. Pretty quiet on the Hamilton front, too. Of the French clubs to express an interest in joining British rugby league, Carcassonne and Villeneuve (Les Leopards d'Aquitaine) are very small. Avignon, on the other hand, have some potential.
I don't think it would matter how conferences were organised but I think 24 at the top level would be too many. I think it would better to reduce rather than expand. Had ten teams in Super League playing three times and that even allows everyone a balanced schedule as the Magic Weekend fixtures wouldn't need to be in addition to the usual home/away set.
I think it would better to reduce rather than expand.
There might not be a choice. Natural selection is likely to result in the same number of clubs we'd have had if the proposed eve of Super League mergers had gone ahead. As a schoolboy, I watched both Halifax and Huddersfield. As things stand, the two clubs joining forces is even more of a no-brainer than in 1996.
This won't be the first time Rugby League has looked east, Moscow played in the Challenge Cup for several seasons. Whether this leads to something more long term and a team playing regular league fixtures in the UK isn't known.
There was something about Red Star Belgrade on Rugby AM the other week, they are coached by an Aussie and they are in the same mould as the round ball counterparts as having fanatical following albeit obviously in smaller numbers. A group go over from the UK every year to watch them and have a great time.
Whatever happens, someone has to grasp the nettle soon.
For all that SL seems to be fairly vibrant just now (decentish crowds (lets ignore Salford), good sporting competition) there's a whole load of places that have a viable following for RL, but aren't getting the sport at a decent level just now and the latest plan to make it 1-up, 1 - down will only make things worse.
With France and others there's enough there for some kind of elite competition for a meaningful 20-something game season - but as for the rest, the Rochdales and the Oldhams, and sadly from my POV, the Keighleys, time to pack the summer lark up and return to the time of year when a physical contact game should be played.
Rugby league could be expanding westwards. Dublin Blues are eyeing League One. They plan to play home games at Morton Stadium (an athletics track, groan). The All-Ireland RL Championship is reasonably well established. The 2017 season's reigning champions, Longhorns RL (Ashbourne, County Meath), qualified for the 2018 Challenge Cup, losing 58-10 at fellow amateurs West Hull.
So its a week tomorrow when we find out the plans for any potential changes for SL and what are the odds that the big boys will get what they want?
On another note surely the WC in USA in 2025 will not happen after the RFL have still not received monies owed by Moore Sports and the next two tests in the USA have now been cancelled, New Zealand (who are also owed cash) have already made plans to play Australia instead. A brave move that was doomed to fail by the sheer expectations put on it by the promoters.
Financial issues aside, a crowd of 19000 was a decent turn out, it was just the wrong stadium, which holds 76000.
I thought 19k was a decent turn out as well but they were hoping for 40k.
Also on the RFL website is the structure for 2019 with 14 teams in the Championship.
What will be the structure for 2019 and if it is 14 teams have the League One play-offs changed?
The winner of the play offs between teams 2-5 in League One is automatically promoted, with the loser of the play off final then playing off against the eighth placed team in the Championship Shield.
At least that is what they agreed at last week's EGM. This being rugby league, there is probably still time for them to change their minds again.
York, Bradford and Doncaster up; either Rochdale or (preferably) Swinton down. Sounds good!


Consumer confidence throughout the European region continued its steady, uphill climb in the third quarter, as 21 of 32 markets (66%) showed index score improvements from the second quarter. Confidence in Germany, the region's largest economy, increased three index points to the baseline optimism score of 100. In the U.K., confidence increased for the seventh consecutive quarter, rising four points in the third quarter to a score of 103—the highest score for the country since 2005, the first year of the survey, and its first above-the-baseline score since 2006.
More bright spots were seen regionally, as confidence increased most in Poland (80) and Portugal (66), rising 10 and nine index points, respectively, from the second quarter. Italy's score of 57 increased four points from the second quarter, and France held steady with a score of 66. Meanwhile, confidence in all Nordic countries in the survey declined in the third quarter: Finland decreased four points to 62, Denmark decreased three points to 109, and Norway (87) and Sweden (87) decreased one point each from the second quarter.
Concerns about the economy and job security in the next six months remained among the most pressing issues for 30% and 22% of global respondents, respectively, but concerns about terrorism grew around the world, rising seven percentage points in Europe (18%) and two percentage points in both the Middle East/Africa (17%) and Asia-Pacific (7%) regions. Fears about terrorism decreased one percentage point in North America to 13% and were unchanged in Latin America (2%) from the second quarter.
More than one-fifth of respondents in Turkey, France, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Germany, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, Austria and the U.K. said terrorism was their biggest or second-biggest concern with regard to the next six months. Quarter-on-quarter terrorism concern levels grew most in Turkey (+37 percentage points), Thailand (+11pp), U.K. (+9pp), Israel (+9pp), Slovakia (+9pp), Germany (+8pp) and Croatia (+8pp).
Global consumer confidence rose three percentage points in the third-quarter to an index score of 99.
Consumer Confidence in the U.S. rose 18 percentage points to a score of 119—the highest score for the country in Nielsen's 10-year consumer confidence history.
Taiwan showed the biggest quarterly decline of 12 points from the second quarter, while South Korea reported the lowest score of 49 in third quarter.


text:
Time: 9:00-10:00
Room: S1 Kraków
Chair Denise Lievesley UK
Speaker Mr. Saeed Fayyaz Iran Improving Statistical Literacy on Labour Force Statistic challenges and opportunities Labour force statistics and most notably unemployment rate, is one of the critical index for tracking the labour force trend and its circumstances in the market under the ILO standards and definitions. Although in many countries, the LFS has been implemented under the international definitions and classifications, a significant public users have not been persuaded by the labour force statistics is publishing by NSOs and Iran is not an exception. In this paper, however, different controversial aspects of LFS statistics will be illustrated and an analysis on these controversial statistics be presented. Next, The factors that are influence on public trustfulness on LFS statistics will be discussed. Finally, the practical suggestions on labour force statistics and the accurate interpretations and reporting will be expanded to improve the public's statistical literacy and trustfulness in labour forces statistics.
Speaker Mr. Jozsef Gerse Hungary Developments in dissemination to satisfy data hunger induced by the pandemic The Covid19-pandemic significantly affected the tasks of the statistical offices. The demand for timely data increased, new challenges arose and changes were needed to satisfy the users. This presentation introduces how the Hungarian Central Statistical Office coped with the challenges on the dissemination side, how it improved the timeliness and the relevance of the statistical information.
Speaker Drs. Elsa Dhuli Albania Communicate the role of official statistics in pandemic time "The communication of official statistics is one of the most important roles of official statistics required by the statistical office to provide transparent, neutral, and timely statistics that help users of official statistics to understand the developments of society. The environment in which official statistics operate has changed significantly, not only in the volume of data available but also in the demand for it.
The expectations of different user categories are identified and assessed using Google Analytics covering the period from 2017 to 2021. Over the years and especially during COVID – 19 pandemic, different changes have been implemented on the INSTAT website.
This paper will present an outline of how to communicate and know the users as one of the dissemination objectives. To better understand what users need even during pandemic times, every national statistical office should monitor web traffic data and user satisfaction."
Speaker Ms. Asiya AL-Ghafri Oman Impact of Covid-19 on National Accounts Statistics Departments in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries; Challenges and opportunities This paper examines how Covid-19 affected the statistical operations of National Accounts Statistics Departments (NASD) in the National Statistical Offices of Gulf Cooperation Council countries (NSO-GCC). The pandemic's impact was measured from an institutional perspective through a questionnaire that was distributed to NSO-GCC. The result indicated a generally negative impact for 2020, especially in the statistical processes related to data collection, but they anticipate that the impact will not continue beyond 2022. In addition, the paper emphasizes the necessity for countries to identify and operationalize alternative data sources to replace, supplement and complement traditional surveys in national accounts compilation. Paper results are expected to benefit both GCC-Stat and individual NSO-GCCs in developing their programs, learning from other countries' experiences, and turning challenges into opportunities for improvement.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Damantang Camara was a Guinean politician. He served in the first council of the Politburo of the First Republic of Guinea as Minister of Public Affairs from 1957. At one point he was President of the National Assembly.

References

Guinean schoolteachers
Government ministers of Guinea
1985 deaths
Year of birth missing
Presidents of the National Assembly (Guinea)
Members of the National Assembly (Guinea)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Cos Cob, CT – July 21, 2018 – Greenwich-area financial consultant and entrepreneur Ed Heflin brings over fifteen years' experience on Wall Street and in academia to his enthusiastic prescription for the numerous simultaneous problems plaguing Connecticut residents, from education costs and business development, to employment, infrastructure, green projects and more—all of which stem from Hartford's dysfunctional bias favoring private investment over public need and opportunity.
A two-time past Green Party of Connecticut candidate for State Senate (District 36) and a state co-coordinator for public banking in the state, Heflin characterizes such a funding vehicle as "democratic banking at its most fundamental, (capable of) returning financial health, wealth and prosperity to the people of Main Street!"
His proposed Public Bank of Connecticut, patterned after the century-old Bank of North Dakota—the one state still sustaining the lowest unemployment rate since the 2008 market collapse—would operate on a mandate to serve the public, rather than out-of-state investment interests, as is the case with commercial financial institutions (so dependable has been the BND model that more than twenty states are looking to duplicate it). As a counterpoint to the subprime mortgage crisis, Heflin adds that "not only would public banking translate into mortgages being readily adjusted to market rate, but interest rates could go as low as 1 to 2 percent—all while lowering taxes."
By facilitating Connecticut residents' ability to, in essence, invest in one another, the standard burdensome dependency on the high-interest bond- and casino-style derivatives markets to pay for infrastructure, public service pensions, business development and other expenses could be a thing of the past. Speaking to the latter, Heflin challenges: "How would you... like a loan at 1 percent for the first five years of your business?" While it is next to impossible for small businesses and entrepreneurial start-ups to get funding since 2008, such terms are the norm in North Dakota and go far to generating a vibrant economy with good-paying jobs.
With the tuition of state higher education going from zero in 1950 to about $8000 annually and rising all the time, Heflin points out a public bank could alleviate college expenses by reducing the burden of interest paid on most public projects—a welcome turnaround from an intolerable upward trend that has driven "the cost of these colleges (by) over 12,000 percent from 1980."
Holding six university degrees, including an MBA and a Ph.D. in Physics, for Heflin, education policy across the board is of particular interest, as its erosion and commodification via market-based reforms, like Common Core and charterization, go hand-in-hand with repeated cuts to K-12 schools and teachers (underpaid and laid-off in the thousands): "Districts... desperately in need of money have been forced to borrow at interest rates of 300 per cent or more," imposing needless debt on future generations. "A public bank can fully fund our K-12 education system."
As the Green Party candidate for state Comptroller, Heflin challenges the Democratic incumbent Kevin Lembo and whoever wins the Republican primary (Kurt Miller or Mark Greenberg).
Visit Ed Heflin on his Facebook page at https://www.facebook.com/vote.heflin, which contains his platform, as well as interviews and explanatory videos; queries: 646-625-9565.


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La ville de Vevay (en anglais ) est le siège du comté de Switzerland, dans l'État de l'Indiana, aux États-Unis. Sa population s'élevait à  lors du recensement .

Histoire
Vevay fut fondée en 1802 sur les berges de l'Ohio par des immigrants qui venaient de Vevey, en Suisse. Les nouveaux colons plantèrent de la vigne et y établirent la première exploitation viticole commerciale des États-Unis.

En , Jean-Jacques Dufour quitte Vevey en Suisse pour s'établir aux États-Unis. Son intention est de perpétuer la tradition vigneronne de sa famille et de créer un nouveau foyer pour ses frères et ses sœurs.

Il s'installera d'abord dans le Kentucky et y constituera une association de vignerons avec quelques citoyens de Lexington dont Henry Clay. Il plante son premier vignoble en 1799 le long de la Kentucky dans le comté de Jessamine.

À cause des conditions climatiques et d'une maladie de la vigne en 1801, Dufour cherche un autre endroit pour son vignoble et sa famille. En 1802, ayant trouvé le parfait emplacement, il fait une demande au Congrès pour des terres situées le long de la rivière Ohio entre Hunt's Creek et Indian Creek sur ce qui deviendra plus tard l'Indiana.

Le vignoble de New Switzerland y est planté et le premier vin est produit en 1806 ou 1807. Bien que la quantité ne soit pas très importante, la qualité est excellente. Quelques tonneaux de vins de cette première vendange sont chargés sur des mules et livrées à Washington, où il sera servi au président Thomas Jefferson qui le déclarera good (bon).

Chaque printemps le vignoble s'étend et la quantité de vin s'accroît. La vendange de 1808 atteint , celle de 1809, . Les Dufour continuent à produire du vin jusque dans les années 1850.

En 1826 Jean-Jacques Dufour publie The American Vine Dresser's Guide: : Being a Treatise on the Cultivation of the Vine and the Process of Wine Making, Adapted to the Soil and Climate of the United States  qui fut le manuel de référence de la viticulture américaine jusque dans les années 1900. L'original, écrit en français existe toujours et est conservé par la Switzerland County Historical Society (Société d'Histoire du comté de Switzerland).

Vevay célèbre son  en 1963. Le Syndic et des membres des autorités communales de Vevey, en Suisse, assistèrent aux célébrations. Le succès de cette fête fut à l'origine du Swiss Wine Festival qui se déroule chaque année à Vevay en août.

Démographie

Selon l', pour la période 2011-2015, 97,52 % de la population âgée de plus de  déclare parler anglais à la maison, alors que 2,05 % déclare parler l'espagnol et 0,42 % une autre langue.

Swiss Wine Festival
Vevay organise chaque année un festival du vin, le Swiss Wine Festival. Il se tient généralement le dernier week-end d'août et commence le jeudi. Le Festival propose plusieurs activités : promenades en bateaux sur la rivière Ohio, spectacles historiques, théâtre, musique, compétitions de majorettes, foulage des grappes de raisin et des pintes où sont servis vins et bières, sans oublier l'élection de Miss Edelweiss.

Source

Liens externes

Town en Indiana
Comté de Switzerland
Siège de comté en Indiana
Lieu en rapport avec la Suisse
Histoire coloniale de la Suisse
Division administrative fondée en 1902


text:
Finance Minister Biti Appoints New Central Bank Board With Top Economists
Independent economist Eric Bloch said the new board, to be chaired by RBZ Governor Gideon Gono, is the best the central bank has had since independence despite some political appointees.
Zimbabwean Finance Minister Tendai Biti has appointed a 10-member board for the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe that is expected to have a significant impact in restoring the institution's proper functioning.
Observers said the board, which includes top economists like Tony Hawkins of the University of Zimbabwe, Godfrey Kanyenze of the Labor and Economic Development Research Institute, and independent economists Daniel Ndlela and Nyasha Zhou, will help ensure the institution follows appropriate and sustainable policies.
Bulawayo-based independent economist Eric Bloch said the new board, which will be chaired by RBZ Governor Gideon Gono, is the best the central bank has had since independence, despite some political appointees.
But Bloch told VOA Studio 7 reporter Gibbs Dube that there is not much the new board can do if the government does not recapitalize the Reserve Bank to the tune of approximately US$100 million.
"If the bank is not recapitalized, the board will fail to refocus the bank to engage in its core activities," he said.
Other board members are Finance Ministry Secretary Willard Manungo, retired judge George Smith, lawyer Mordecai Mahlangu, Zimbabwe State Procurement Board Director Charles Kuwaza, and academic Primrose Kurasha.
Interview With Eric Bloch


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Spinoffs That Should Happen
The internet was alight with excitement when Raven Symoné announced that her hit Disney TV series 'That's So Raven' would be returning in the form of a spinoff. The co-host of 'The View', Symoné shared that she will play her original character, Raven Baxter. However, she is now a single mother of two whose daughter discovers she has the same psychic abilities as her mom.
Bringing back 90s and 00s favorites has been a recent trend with 'Full House' and 'Boy Meets World' spinoffs making their comebacks as 'Fuller House' and 'Girl Meets World', respectively. Here are some other throwback shows that we think should make their own comebacks.
1. Lizzie McGuire
Source: Seventeen.com.
Disney always pulled through with the best shows back in the day and Lizzie McGuire was a prime example. Ever since Hillary Duff said that she'd be down for a reunion, everyone's been wondering about a potential spinoff. Who knows, maybe 2017 will bring something special? *fingers crossed* Bonus Tip: The Lizzie McGuire movie is on Netflix.
2. The Suite Life of Zack and Cody
Source: EOnline.com.
Although we did get the Suite Life on Deck when the original show ended, it's hard for anyone to say that they didn't miss these characters and their shenanigans. It's only been 5 years since the finale though so we'll probably have to wait a bit longer before this one comes back.
3. Drake and Josh
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfLB31l1EpE
Who didn't love this show? These step-brothers and their constant bickering always had us dying with laughter. What we'd give to see Megan play another prank on them.
4. Zoey 101
Source: Teen.com.
This series had everyone wishing they went to a boarding school like PCA. The show made a small return when its creator, Dan Schneider, released a video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0YBNsRTtQI) finally revealing to fans after 10 years what Zoey said about Chase in her time capsule. The clip left fans buzzing about the possibility of a spinoff but unfortunately there's no word yet of it ever happening.
Katya Saunders is a freshman majoring in media management and minoring in music business and entertainment industries who loves singing, pretzels, and endless naps.
words_katya saunders.
Gaga's Comeback
Real Feelings About Finals
Miami's Biggest Homecoming Concert To Date
Your Brain on Music
Concert Review: A Symphonic Celebration @ Frost


text:
Robert Michael Pyle
[At Stonehenge in the Columbia Gorge]
Sam Hill, Quaker pacifist road builder and booster, built this version of concrete and pebbles and dedicated it to thirteen young Klickitat County men killed in World War I. The standing stones bore brass plaques for each. When Sam saw Stonehenge in his teens, he was told it was for human sacrifice. He said, "After all our civilization, the flower of humanity is still being sacrificed to the god of war on fields of battle," and he dedicated his henge to peace.
from Mariposa Road
Mariposa Road takes Grays River author on personal quest
Bob Pyle's most recent book is about a lot more than butterflies.
In 2008, he set out "to travel the continent and see as many North American butterflies…as I possibly could in one calendar year." He set the goal for himself of 500 species.
During that year he crisscrossed the United States in Powdermilk, his 1982 Honda Civic hatchback, as well as hopping up to Alaska and over to Hawaii on his quest.
As with any significant journey, there is the ostensible purpose—for example, leaving home (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn), or returning home (The Odyssey)—and then there is the journey itself, which is the real story.
On his road trip, he writes about the people and places he visits—a cabin in the Big Sur area where Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti once gathered, and Graceland where he pays silent homage at Elvis's grave. Along the way, he meets colleagues who share his passion ("This is my religion, this butterfly," says a friend, Koji Shiraiwa) and everywhere he rejoices in nature and natural things. The reader might want a naturalist's handbook alongside Pyle's to picture the flora and fauna that he's seeing (cinquefoil, starflowers, horsetail and hermit thrush.)
The author of fourteen books, including Chasing Monarchs, Where Bigfoot Walks, and Wintergreen, this Yale-trained naturalist and Guggenheim fellow is a thoughtful observer of what he is witnessing— "Many's the time when I wished I could go back and see these creatures through a child's eyes. Or, as Bob Seger put it, 'Wish I didn't know now what I didn't know then.'"
In the end, he tallies 478 species, and returns to his Grays River home where he reflects on his year's journey—"Most of my trials were fun, some funny, and always survivable …(O)ne naturally asks, What did I learn? How am I changed?"
That's a very personal discovery, one that often can't be put down on paper, for somewhere along the way one has become the journey.
This review first appeared in The Columbia River Reader (October 15-November 14, 2010). Reprinted with permission.


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By Thomas S. Robertson June 19, 2018 05:26
Op-Ed | The Pop-Up Has Grown Up
Smart retailers are tapping into the power of the pop-up shop to study customers, test new business ideas and much more, writes Thomas S. Robertson.
Allbirds' pop-up in New York | Source: Allbirds
PENNSYLVANIA, United States — Here today, gone tomorrow: pop-up stores are nothing new. There have been iterations of ephemeral, temporary shops throughout history, beginning with ancient open-air markets to seasonal Halloween stores that popped up in the 80s.
In fact, Steven Silverstein, chief executive of Spirit Halloween Superstores, once called his company the "granddaddy of the pop-up store." Every autumn, Spirit operates 1,200 temporary retail locations across the US and Canada, and in those two months, the company generates a whopping 50 percent of its annual revenue.
But today's pop-up is hardly about smashing annual revenue numbers. Much as a Silicon Valley start-up might release a prototype or beta version to study user feedback, many retailers are treating their pop-up stores as a way to test, learn and iterate on new ideas.
To some, it's about testing a hypothesis or validating a new concept. To others, it's about evaluating new markets, studying consumer behaviour or collecting actionable data to inform marketing strategy, R&D and business decisions. But for most, it's still about building brand recognition, engaging new and loyal customers, and igniting social media and PR buzz.
Over the past few years, I've watched the pop-up market grow up before my eyes. I've seen both luxury fashion houses like Prada turn to pop-ups to gain a competitive edge. I've seen young startups like Of Mercer use them to establish a foothold in a new market. There's also Warby Parker's Neil Blumenthal and Dave Gilboa, Allbirds' Joey Zwillinger and Snowe's Rachel Cohen and Andres Modak who have transformed their pop-ups into roving retail test labs.
So what has all this "popping up" taught retailers? A lot, actually.
1. A chance to study consumers in their natural habitat
In my research of pop-ups, I learned that the reason many brands invest in temporary, ephemeral stores is to reach a slightly different demographic segment than their mainstream consumers; for example, people who might otherwise be intimidated by the brand's flagship store, customers who are drawn in by social buzz or passersby intrigued by a line around the block. (Glossier's makeup and fried chicken-themed pop-up shop and Diesel's faux Canal Street knockoff store are two great examples of the marketing power of a long line.)
Unlike permanent stores, pop-ups represent a fleeting moment in time to study both loyal fans and new prospects in an environment where they may be more primed to engage and interact with a brand more intensely.
It's not enough to promise a delivery at [a customer's] doorstep in a few days.
Direct-to-consumer sneaker brand Allbirds, for instance, has a trove of data from their e-commerce site, but consistently looks to the interactions between pop-up store associates and customers to "colour in what we see from online customers," co-founder Joey Zwillinger said. "Interacting with our customers in a physical setting has taught us a lot about their preferences and shopping behaviours."
In fact, his team realised early on that a customer's first try-on was a crucial moment in the company's brand story. Of course, when you sell shoes made of sustainably sourced wool (and now wood pulp!), that first product interaction is a make-or-break moment. For customers who instantly fall in love, Allbirds learned that it's not enough to promise them a delivery at their doorstep in a few days. These customers want to walk out the door with a pair on their feet.
"After a number of tests, we learned that we had to carry enough inventory in our stores to satisfy this crucial customer need," said Zwillinger. He says it's a lesson that has empowered the company to launch a pop-in program with Olivia Kim at Nordstrom, as well as their first Canadian pop-up location in Toronto.
2. Real life R&D
In her coverage of New York Fashion Week last year, Vogue Runway director Nicole Phelps wondered whether "pop-up shops have become the new fashion show." It makes sense. Like the fashion show, pop-ups are meant to be dramatic, limited-time events designed to tap into what researchers have learned about our innate attraction to "newness and novelty."
It's what guided Warby Parker in their initial foray into pop-ups nearly six years ago. First, there were holiday-themed yurts. Then came a vaudeville circus. Since then, they've launched pop-ups featuring everything from vintage newsstands to a "class trip," a store built into a yellow school bus that visited 15 cities.
"With every pop-up, we want to give people a reason to come in," said co-founder Dave Gilboa over the phone. "Sure, we want to generate sales, but we also want to ensure we're able to gather enough data points to generate meaningful learnings."
He compared his company's pop-up strategy to the "agile" approach to software development, where you release a product and then test, learn, iterate and refine along the way.
Warby Parker 'class trip' | Source: Warby Parker
One learning that came from their pop-ups? How people actually like to shop for glasses. In their yurt-themed pop-up, for example, frames were displayed on floor-to-ceiling shelves. But you'll never see that in a Warby Parker store today. "It might seem obvious, but it's hard to shop for glasses when some are displayed at knee level," said Gilboa.
They also never display more than three frames on a shelf. "We learned that a wide shelf with too many glasses is a frustrating shopping experience."
Like many other direct-to-consumer retailers, Warby Parker has found pop-ups to be one of the best test labs to determine optimal locales for permanent brick and mortars. For example, when the Warby Parker school bus rolled into Washington, DC, they set up shop on Wisconsin Avenue and M Street. "That block was, by far, the most successful stop on the entire tour," said Gilboa. "We had a hunch that a permanent store there would do just as well." They were right. Today, it's the company's best performing location in the country.
This strategy has become so commonplace, in fact, that real estate industry has started referring to the trend as "pop to perm." Today, Warby Parker operates 46 physical retail stores and plans to open 25 more this year alone.
3. Data you could never collect online
The beauty of capturing data in real life (IRL) is that face-to-face interactions are authentic. They're real. While retailers can extract loads of valuable consumer data from studying clicks, dwell time and abandoned digital shopping carts, the pop-up scenario is unique.
Rachel Cohen, who co-founded direct-to-consumer home brand Snowe, admits that pop-ups can be a "goldmine" for any retailer seeking to better understand their customers. "Customers will share details and insights in-person that you'd never be able to capture online," she said. "Often you can only draw out these deeper, nuanced insights from human interaction."
When they launched The Whitespace, a shoppable loft space in New York City, they set out to gather IRL feedback on technologies they were considering. "One platform we're testing allows us to send personalised, shoppable wish lists to customers following their visit," said Cohen. "Both store associates and customers love it — and not just for the convenience. It establishes that strong, personal relationship right away and provides the perfect opportunity for the next interaction."
Customers will share details and insights in-person you'd never be able to capture online.
So, what does the pop-up future hold?
There's a convergence of economic realities fueling the pop-up trend. Real estate firms are more flexible about short-term leases, commercial landlords welcome any way to fill vacant storefronts left in the wake of online competition, struggling shopping malls are desperately seeking new ways to drive foot traffic and consumer expectations for a seamless "omnichannel" experience are at an all-time high.
But despite this perfect storm, retailers should heed Coco Chanel's advice when investing in a pop-up strategy: "Fashion is what goes out of fashion."
If the key to a successful pop-up is one that offers consumers both an ephemeral opportunity and a novel experience, then its future depends on retailers knowing when to pack up and move on. Hermès, for instance, ran a series of successful pop-ups in New York, DC and Nashville where guests could opt to have their signature vintage scarf dip-dyed in a bespoke "Hermèsmatic" machine. Last November, the brand hosted their final pop-up in Los Angeles and said goodbye to the machine and the pop-up concept, once and for all.
My pop-up advice? Surprise, delight and learn every single thing you possibly can about your loyal fans and curious new customers. Then move on.
Thomas S. Robertson is the Academic Director of the Baker Retailing Center at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
The views expressed in Op-Ed pieces are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Business of Fashion.
Editor's Note: This article was revised on 20 June, 2018. A previous version of this article misstated that holiday-themed yurts came first and then came the "class trip." This is incorrect. First, there were holiday-themed yurts, then a circus, and then came the "class trip." The article further misstates that Warby Parker nixed hand-held mirrors when they learned that many pop-up customers preferred using a floor-length one. This is incorrect. Warby Parker still has hand-held mirrors in addition to the full length ones throughout their stores.
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Knowing who to trust can mean the difference between life and death in Tudor England.
When William Shakespeare leaves his home in Stratford in the company of a Catholic priest he knows that he is walking into danger, but the vast libraries held in the name of God are enough to tempt him to risk his life in the pursuit of knowledge. However, the capture and death of his mentor, Edmund Campion, and his return to Stratford set William on an altogether different path. Marriage to Anne Hathaway means he must turn his back on the priesthood, but there are other ways for a clever and charming young man to be of use to the faith.
Many Kinds of Silence traces the story of a young William Shakespeare and his patron, Ferdinando Stanley, and reveals how choosing in whom to place your trust meant the difference between life and death in Elizabethan England.
I know not whether to depart in silence.
As the iron-shod hooves clattered on the oak boards that spanned the moat at Bushwood Hall, William wished that they could have approached with more reverence.
"Yes, that's it. For goodness' sake sit down before you fall," warned William as the horse skittered sideways at some unseen demon lurking amongst the green fronds at the edge of the water. It was one of two bay palfreys that his father had hired. He and his brother, Gilbert, had taken turns to ride with Richard behind them. His sister Joan had ridden pillion on their father's mount and their mother, with the baby strapped across her chest, was on their own sturdy and reliable dun mare, Marchpane.
The courtyard at the centre of the hall was already busy and the bay snickered a greeting to one of its stable mates. William reined it in tightly and twisted to lower his brother to the ground, warning him to move away from the hooves of the unfamiliar horses. Then he dismounted and led the palfrey to the stall indicated by one of the stable boys. He tied it up, loosened the girth a little, but did not unsaddle it. A boy of about his own age secured the horse his father had ridden and he saw Gilbert leading Marchpane into the low barn. He exchanged a glance with his brother, but they did not smile.
At the manor house door, a liveried servant of Sir William Catesby asked his father for his name and then admitted them. William took Richard by the hand, wiped the dirt from his shoes and stepped over the threshold. An oak staircase, carved with a winding grapevine, led to the upper chambers. The little boy caressed the plump bunches of wooden grapes with his hand as he passed them and asked if there would be something to eat.
"In a while," promised William. He sympathised with his brother. It had been a long journey without any breakfast and his own stomach was aching with the need for food and his throat craved a long drink of ale.
The great hall was as large as the Guildhall in Stratford where he had sometimes accompanied his father. High above him the timber rafters were thick and blackened where the vent above the hearth had once opened, but now there was a fireplace below a brick chimney, although the logs in the dog-grate were unlit.
A layer of fresh rushes, sprinkled with water mint from the river bank, cushioned the floor and quietened the crowded room, although the voices of those who had gathered were muted. William recognized one or two people and his gaze was returned with brief nods, whilst the younger children pressed themselves against the legs of the adults and gazed in awe at the half-remembered friends and neighbours in their best Sunday clothing. Surely so many people would be missed at the Protestant churches, worried William, and the names of those who had been seen riding away from the towns and villages so early in the morning would be noted by the religious spies.
Through a gap in the assembly he saw the table on the dais. It was covered with white linen cloths that reached to the floor. This was for no ordinary meal. In the centre of the table was an altar stone and a crucifix and adjacent was a credence table − on it, arranged with precision, were the cruets which held the water and wine. William stared at the forbidden scene, his heart thumping in his chest at the daring of it, that it should be laid out like this in common sight.
Behind him a gust of wind rattled the latch of the outer door and he turned, expecting to see armed men burst in to arrest them. But apart from a heartbeat's silence in the gentle lull of conversation there was no outward sign of fear.
Beside him, his mother lifted his youngest brother Edmund to her shoulder and rubbed his back as he began to cry. She pressed her lips against his tiny bonneted head and shushed him. William watched her and, as she met his gaze and smiled, he saw the same love for him evident on her face. He prayed that God would keep his family safe this day and in all the days to come. It would be hard to leave them.
His father grasped William's shoulder with a hand that smelt faintly of animal skin and lanolin. He nodded towards Master Cottam, who was William's teacher at the grammar school. The schoolmaster wore a frown and rubbed his hands together over the pile of cold logs. His gesture filled William with unease, although the man had praised him only the day before. As the other boys had rushed from the schoolroom at the end of their lessons, Master Cottam had called him back and asked if he would be attending this gathering at Bushwood Hall. The master had promised that he would take the opportunity to speak to William's parents about the prospect of him continuing his education, and William hoped that Master Cottam had not forgotten. A university education at one of the colleges at Oxford or Cambridge was not possible for him. His father no longer had the money to fund such an expense and it was only his position as Mayor of Stratford that had ensured William the privilege of a grammar school education up until now. But Master Cottam had hinted that he could recommend William for a scheme whereby he might continue to learn something more appealing than the curing of skins and the stitching of gloves in his father's yard.
The sound of the bolts being shot across the inside of the door hushed the subdued voices and William turned to watch as Sir William Catesby and his family came down the stairs. The congregation parted as their hosts walked the length of the hall. Sir William's son, Robert, followed them with the censer swinging in his grasp. The thick sweet scent began to rise in a spiral towards the vent in the ceiling, as if wafted heavenwards by the breath of the congregation, and the men and women crossed themselves as the priest entered.
So this was him, thought William, as he studied the man. This was Father Edmund Campion, who had come to England as a missionary to rescue the unbelievers. His dark eyes were watchful above prominent cheekbones, emphasised by his close-cropped hair. His sparse body seemed dwarfed by the finery of the blue velvet vestments which he wore. He paused at the credence table and washed and dried his hands carefully before sprinkling holy water on the altar and then over the heads of the people.
"Who made heaven and earth," they replied.
The wind rattled the door again but the noise was lost in the voices of the men and older children who formed the choir. Kyrie eleison; Christe eleison; Kyrie, eleison. William listened, allowing his senses to imbibe every sound as the music filled him with an emotion he struggled to contain. He felt safe now. He felt loved.
William grasped his rosary between his fingers as the priest began to pray. This was what mass should be like, celebrated openly with others who truly believed rather than in secret corners of hidden rooms. He raised his eyes and followed the trail of incense upwards, carrying the priest's intercessions to God. They should be in a church, with paintings of the Bible stories on the walls and images of the saints on the rood screen – and although the priest spoke of forgiveness and reconciliation, William was tempted to curse those who had made his father weep after he had signed the agreement for the images to be whitewashed over in the chapel of the Guildhall. He prayed silently that the excommunicated queen would soon be cast down from her mortal throne and that a monarch of God's choosing would rule them again and that the true and holy church would be restored.
"Amen," he said, in answer to his own prayers as well as those of the priest.
"Yes, sir," he had replied, though whether it was the calling of God, or of the extensive libraries that were held in His name, William was still uncertain. But as he approached the dais and the priest placed the sacrament upon his tongue, he asked that the body and blood of Christ crucified would transform him into a worthy candidate and that, if it was his destiny, he would find the strength to face the rack and the rope.
There was a moment of silence after the priest withdrew, then the atmosphere was broken with conversation. Someone laughed. People hugged one another and the serving boys came in to lay breakfast on the tables. Young Robert tugged at William's sleeve, impatient to find room on one of the long benches that were being carried forward and William found that the aromas of the meat and bread were luring his senses from worship towards the pleasure of eating. He held the baby whilst his mother seated herself. Diapers were shaken out and placed on shoulders, dishes were carried in with efficient speed and William helped himself from the trenchers and ate.
He glanced up, aware of being watched, and across the table met the gaze of Anne Hathaway, the daughter of a farmer from Shottery. She smiled at him and William felt his face flush as he recalled how they had kissed the last time they met. As he tried to assume an air of indifference and give his attention to slicing his ham into edible portions, he nicked the edge of his finger with his blade and when he put it to his mouth to lick away the trickle of blood, Anne raised an arched eyebrow and he forced his gaze back to his platter. He had tried to expunge from his memory the honey-sweet taste of her lips and tongue as she had teased at his mouth with hers, the softness of her female form beneath his hands as he had pressed against her body − and her laughter at his ineptitude. Four years older than him, she was a woman whilst he remained a boy. And anyway, such temptations were not for him again, not if he was to be accepted on Father Campion's mission.
As the remains of the meal were cleared away Master Cottam approached them. William struggled to his feet in the narrow gap as his father grasped the schoolmaster's hand.
"There is someone who wants to meet you," said Master Cottam to William.
As he stepped over the bench, his mother reached out to pull his doublet straight. "Speak clearly," she advised. He nodded, knowing that he never mumbled as other boys were wont to do and that he was always Master Cottam's first choice to read aloud the poems of Ovid. But as he saw the pride in the look that his parents exchanged, he felt a moment of trepidation. He did not want to let them down or disappoint them.
He followed the schoolmaster across the hall, his father at his side. Father Campion had changed out of his robes. He was in conversation and, sensing William's hesitation, his father pressed his shoulder.
William knew that his schoolmaster's brother was a priest and was aware of what might await him at the hands of Sir Francis Walsingham and the queen's torturers. For a moment he wondered if he would be glad if Father Campion found him unsuitable and he was returned to the safety of the glover's workshop after all.
"William." Father Campion laid a hand on his head in blessing. "Your schoolmaster has spoken of you with much recommendation." William felt his palms slick with sweat and wiped them on his new hose, hoping that no one would notice. "I am looking for young men to join my mission," went on Father Campion. "Young men who want to dedicate themselves to God. Do you want to dedicate yourself to God, William?" the priest asked. His sea green eyes searched William's face.
"Where would I go?" asked William. He felt his father's grip tighten on his shoulder.
William hesitated. "Will I be able to study?" he asked after a moment.
"I have heard that people enjoy watching me," said William, pleased that the priest should have heard such good reports.
William looked at the priest. It was said that he ate no more than was necessary to sustain life. And he recalled how he had just piled his own plate high, thinking of nothing but the taste on his tongue and the satisfaction of filling his stomach. And the image of Anne Hathaway, with her arched eyebrow, tempted him. It would be more pleasurable to lie down with her yielding body than be roped to the rack until his joints were rent asunder and he was forced to call out the names of his fellow Catholics.
William was aware of the tense silence as they waited to hear what he would say. He thought about the promise of the library at Hoghton, the tutoring from this clever and well-respected man, the expectations of his father and his teacher, and he set it against the prospect of spending the rest of his life stitching gloves for finer hands than he could ever hope to have, despite his father's ambition to become a gentleman.
"Sir, I would like to go with you," he said. The priest smiled and his father breathed a sigh of satisfaction.
"God bless you and keep you," said Father Campion, tracing the sign of the cross on his damp forehead. "We have all been blessed this day." The priest turned to his father. "I have something for you," he said and turned to a leather pouch that lay on the table. William watched as he took out a wad of handwritten booklets amounting to a few pages each. "I have carried these from Milan," he said.
"The Borromeo Testament," said William's father, gazing at the document that was offered to him.
"Will you sign this as a reaffirmation of your faith?" asked the priest.
"I will," agreed William's father, taking hold of the testament in trembling hands.
An inkpot and a selection of grey goose quills had been placed on the long table where the crucifix had stood. William followed his father as he stepped up onto the dais and watched as he spread the pages and signed his name on each one.
I, John Shakespeare, ask my dear friends, parents, and kinsfolk to remember my time in Purgatory and assist and succour me with their holy prayers and satisfactory works, especially with the holy sacrifice of the Mass, as being the most effectual means to deliver souls from their torments and pains, from the which, if I shall by God's gracious goodness and by their virtuous works be delivered, I do promise that I will not be ungrateful unto them, for so great a benefit. "Pray for me, William," said his father as they waited for the ink to dry.
A wind had sprung up when they came out from the hall. It ruffled the jaunty feather in his father's red woollen cap. William breathed deeply and he smelt freedom. No longer would he have to endure the stench of soaking leather, boiling onions, and the beeswax and lanolin that his father used to soften the hides.
He called Richard to come away from the edge of the moat and kept hold of his squirming hand as they went across the courtyard to collect the horses. He would miss his brothers and sister, and his parents, but a restlessness had entered him this past year and a desire to know more about the world beyond the confines of his narrow life.
"Where is the house of Thomas Hoghton?" he asked as he walked beside his father's horse on the road back to Stratford.
"No." William looked up. He rarely heard his father speak about his family and thought that it was because he felt they were inferior to the Arden family from which his mother came.
"What happened to the land?" asked William. He hadn't known that his father's family had been wealthy, only that his father had suffered severe losses from his dealings in the wool trade and was having problems paying the fines imposed on them for their irregular attendance at the Protestant church – a drain on his income that would be added to by their absence again today.
William saw his father shrug causing the bay he was riding to hesitate. "Parcelled into plots, inherited, sold, lost," he replied. He sounded resentful and William was curious about the fuller story, but this was not the time to ask. He reckoned it was his turn to ride because if he left it to Gilbert he would end up walking all the way home.
HOW I WOULD LIKE TO READ THIS ENTIRE BOOK. I AM OF ENGLISH ANCESTRY, AND THE PLANTAGENET FAMILY LINE. THE WRITING HERE IS VERY PICTURESQUE.
I'm pleased you enjoyed the first chapter, Regina. The whole book is available on Amazon as an ebook or paperback.


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All these goals you can achieve using Carborade®. Product contains a combination of quick-releasing simple sugars and slower-releasing longer chain sugars in order to provide a quick acting, yet sustained increase in blood sugar, which in turn helps to keep fuels for muscles. Glucose and fructose as simple sugars are easily and rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and are ideal for rapid transport into the working muscles. Additionally fructose, combined with glucose enhance the maximal uptake of carbohydrates into the working muscles that gives additional performance benefit. Maltodextrin is on one hand readily absorbed sugar, but on the other hand provides a gentler and more sustained rise in blood sugar.
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Świetny produkt. Z góry polecam !!!
Doskonałe, świetnie się rozpuszcza idealne jako uzupełnienie diety oraz coś co da ci energię podczas treningu. Smak grejpfrutowy bardzo smaczny, jagodowy ujdzie ale odrobinę mdły jak dla mnie. Cena całkiem przystępna także polecam.
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The product prepared primarily for athletes. It helps to replenish carbohydrates during intense workouts. There are no contraindications to the use of non-a workout days. 1 portion (25g = 1 scoop) should be dissolved in 300ml water.
The best fuel for the body. The complex carbohydrates that will survive the toughest workout. I recommend especially endurance athletes and endurance athletes. A solid dose of carbohydrates, which is why I recommend to use around workout time. I know from experience that if you plan standard hour workout perfectly suited to before or after a workout. Just dissolve 1 scoop of powder in 300 ml of water and drink. For long, several hours of a competition or a workout is best to consume during exercise. This will survive the crisis, and clearly will add strength and energy. In principle there is no restriction on dosage, if necessary, can be used to increase the dose and 2-3 portions a day. If someone sees the need to replenish carbohydrates in such a way that there is no impediment to eat well in days without a workout.
Maltodextrin, sodium chloride, potassium citrate, magnesium citrate, calcium chloride, acidity regulator (lemon aroma), flavors, sweetener (sucralose), E171.


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Meghan Markle baby rumors arise
Throughout the past couple of days there has been continuous speculations that Meghan Markle has given birth to her first child. The people of Buckingham Palace are beyond anxious about the royal baby's arrival. Therefore, fans have illustrated numerous stories regarding the royal couple.
These rumors, however, have gotten out of hand for many. This has all led Palace officials to confirm that the royal baby "hasn't been born yet". Prince Harry had been planning a trip to the Netherlands on May 8th and 9th, though Markle is expected to give birth any day. Due to this, fans took matters into their own hands and made countless assumptions upon the royal babies arrival. The palace did inform the media that once Markle was in labor, they would announce it.
"Their Royal Highness's have taken a personal to keep the plans decision around the arrival of their baby private", the palace has stated. Continuin g by saying, "The Duke and Duchess look forward to sharing the exciting news with everyone once they had an opportunity to celebrate privately as a new family". Although the gender of the baby is unknown, Prince Harry has previously admitted that he is hoping for a girl.


President Donald Trump is reportedly set to sign an executive action to roll back the 2010 Dodd-Frank financial-overhaul law, which was enacted in response to the 2008 financial collapse.
2016 Republican presidential candidate and former Texas Gov. Rick Perry said on "Mornings With Maria" today that America's best days are ahead and are just a few good policy decisions away.


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/ 152475 sturridge allen and stevie fitness latest
NEXT ARTICLE Have your say on LFC on #theKOP
Sturridge, Allen and Stevie fitness latest
Liverpool's assistant manager Colin Pascoe has explained how the Reds will look to welcome back a host of injured stars over the coming weeks.
Pascoe briefed reporters at Melwood on Friday afternoon ahead of Oldham Athletic's visit to Anfield in the FA Cup third round on Sunday.
The Welshman offered an update on Steven Gerrard's progress, as the skipper continues to recover from a hamstring problem he sustained in early December.
Pascoe also hinted that Daniel Sturridge could return within 10 days following an ankle injury and that Joe Allen could be back in action within a fortnight.
On Sturridge, Pascoe said: "He's out there training and continuing his rehab. He's looking good, but we've just got to assess it day-by-day and hopefully it won't be too long.
"Daniel will hopefully be back within a week or 10 days, Joe Allen within 10 days or a fortnight. There's Jon Flanagan as well. They'll all be coming back.
"You will get injuries at any club, but unfortunately for ourselves, we've had a couple close together. Daniel has been out, Stevie's been out. But we've played well. It's not a big squad, but sometimes when you get a tight squad together, you work hard.
"That's showing with results and it's great that Stevie has come back now. Daniel will be back soon. Jon Flanagan has been playing so well, it was unfortunate he got injured.
"So it will be three or four players, hopefully, in the next week or 10 days that come back."
Watch the video here »
Liverpool's skipper, Gerrard, took to the field to play his first minutes since early December when he replaced Iago Aspas in the 62nd minute of his side's 2-0 win over Hull City on New Year's Day.
The 33-year-old had picked up a hamstring problem during the win over West Ham United a month earlier - and Pascoe explained how the England captain's fitness continues to improve.
"Steven's raring to go," he said. "He's trained well. He had just less than half an hour the other day and he'll be available as well. We're pleased that Steven has come back and he's raring to go."