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Cecil Harmsworth
Du Maurier family
Northcott Theatre
Ronald Duncan
Syon Abbey
Transcribing the Letters of John Jarmain: reflections on a remote internship project
Earlier this year, Special Collections launched its first remote internship for University of Exeter students. Unable to run our usual in-person work experience programme, and knowing that another lockdown at the start of 2021 was highly likely, we were pleased to offer an opportunity for students to gain valuable archive experience whilst working from home.
The collection we chose for this remote internship was the Letters of John Jarmain (EUL MS 413). William John Fletcher Jarmain (1911-1944) was a novelist and poet. He served throughout the Second World War as a gunnery officer with the 51st Highland Division during their campaigns in North Africa and Sicily. He took part in the D-Day landing and was killed in action on 26 June 1944. The collection comprises 120 manuscript letters that he sent home to his wife Beryl between June 1942 and November 1943.
EUL MS 413/1/66 – Aerogram dated 10 March 1943
Digitised images of all of the letters are available to view online through our Digital Collections website, making them ideal for our interns to access and transcribe from home. Once proofread, the transcripts produced by the interns on this project will be uploaded to the website to sit alongside the digitised letters, enabling letters of interest to be more easily identified, accessed and understood.
We would like to take this moment to thank our interns, Beth Howell and Ruby, for their hard work, diligence and enthusiasm for this project. Through a combined effort, they recently completed the transcription of all 120 letters – an amazing achievement! Below you can read their reflections on the project.
Reflections by Beth Howell
Transcribing the letters of a person is always a very involved experience, and working on John Jarmain's war-time correspondence has proven to be no exception. However, perhaps because Jarmain was so engaged with the process of writing, (often demonstrating himself to be an almost obsessive editor of his own poetry), he always seems to write with a real sense of how his words might be read and interpreted in the future, making his letters a real privilege to read. Though most of his correspondence is addressed to his wife, Beryl, he often appears to imagine a reader beyond her, documenting the world around him with a real sense of capturing the present moment. His letters are therefore not only interesting because of what they reveal about his poetic practice, but also the landscapes he found himself in, the relationships he fostered, and his hopes and anxieties for a future after the war.
My favourite element of Jarmain's writing, though, was probably the way in which he balanced larger concerns with little details. His ability to find joy in the spaces around him, even though the vision of those landscapes necessarily meant his separation from home (and, of course, were imbued with the ever-present anxieties of potential battles), is really heartening and beautiful to read. He loved birds, and many of his letters are preoccupied with identifying species from a little bird book he bought and carried around with him. (Though I have to say that deciphering rare specimens from his sometimes quite hastily-scribbled writing presented a few challenges- I had certainly never heard of a rufous warbler before!)
EUL MS 413/1/85 – Letter dated 30 April 1943, in which Jarmain writes about birds, including the rufous warbler (highlighted)
I also admired his confidence in informing his wife that he had fallen in (platonic) love with various women during his time in service- including Yone May, the subject of one of his poems. Jarmain presents a tangible picture of contemporary technologies (or quite the opposite), which affect his writing in a very material way- he finds himself scribbling in pencil, writing by candlelight in the wee hours, hastily penning an aerogram when he knows the post is leaving soon. He laments his ability to construct suitable diagrams of views and barracks, continues to marvel at unexpectedly quick postal deliveries, and to agonise when the opposite proves to be the case. His letters are a fascinating and absorbing insight into his life away- checked only by the knowledge that his observations would be tragically cut short. Jarmain died, killed by a fragment of mortar shell, on Saturday 26th June, 1944.
EUL MS 413/1/19 Letter dated 11 October 1942, next to transcript by Beth Howell
Reflections by Ruby
It hardly seems right to call this internship "work". Work refers to something laborious, something that has to be done, but I found transcribing John Jarmain's letters delightful. It saddens me that the World War II poets don't receive the same attention as the World War I poets. Jarmain, though brilliant and sensitive, is far from a household name and does not even have a poetry collection currently in print. This is what makes me so genuinely honoured to have been involved in this project, typing up his letters, so that we can start to make Jarmain's literature more accessible for more people. I hope that, going forward, people will read these letters and be touched in the same way that I was.
This internship has shown me that there is a big difference between reading for pleasure and reading to transcribe. Transcribing Jarmain's letters has forced me to read them carefully, sensitively and attentively. I have had to pay attention to punctuation, names and form which I might not otherwise have paid much attention to. When I've read letters from authors in the past, I don't tend to focus on people who are off-handedly mentioned (cousins, distant friends, colleagues etc.), and only really focus on those they are closest to. However, when writing up these letters I had to pay attention to every name — zooming in to make sure that I got every surname right — and, in doing so, I noticed certain people who popped up time and time again (his friend, Harry, for example). Jarmain's handwriting also means that it's easy to mistake a semicolon for an exclamation point. At first glance, his semicolons can look like exclamation points, but when you look more closely, they're usually not. If I were reading these letters at a glance, I would think that he was just heavy-handed with exclamation points, but this project showed me that he is not, and that he actually uses exclamation points quite sparingly. Over the course of the internship, I became more familiar with Jarmain's writing style and more attentive to quirks in his handwriting. For example, when writing "a", he tends to attach it to the word in front (i.e. if he says "a ship", he will write "aship"). This led to some tenuous guessing at the start of the project; however, I was familiar with this by the end, and found transcribing his letters much easier.
EUL MS 413/1/14 – Aerogram dated 28 September 1942, mentioning his friend Harry (highlighted)
The internship showed me how important it is to read letters attentively and slowly — to savour them and their images and their kindnesses. This is what Jarmain's wife, Beryl, would have done, and so we perhaps get closer to the experience of these letters when we read in this way. Having to read Jarmain slowly was probably my favourite part about and, as a consequence of having done this, I feel like I know him better than I otherwise would have done.
One particularly striking part of Jarmain's letters is just how little he refers to the actual events of war. He hardly talks about what his troops are doing, and any danger they might be in. Rather, he documents domestic experiences — for example, how he spent his time on leave, or how he goes swimming in the morning before starting work, or a joke told by one of the men. Jarmain separates himself from his identity as the "soldier" and presents himself as a real man, the same husband to whom Beryl waved goodbye. Though this is humbling to see, it also points to the separation between war and home which he documents in his poem 'El Alemein'. The separation between Jarmain as husband and soldier in these letters makes the dramatic irony of his death all the more upsetting. Reading the letters, I knew that he would never come home and safely settle back into domestic life. In one of his last aerograms (EUL MS 413/1/153), he writes of the Christmas presents he plans to give them, clinging to the possibility that the war will end soon and he will be home with Beryl and Janet-Susan. When the letters abruptly stop, there is no warning and, since he was so secretive about his life as a soldier when writing to Beryl, it seems strangely incongruous that he could have been killed in war.
EUL MS 413/1/33 – Aerogram dated 8 December 1942: draft of poems 'For Alamein'
Possibly my favourite parts to transcribe were his descriptions of nature — and, in particular, his descriptions of Italy in his final aerogram (EUL MS 413/1/154): "Away to the right, tier upon tier lit in streaks of sun and shade and clotted with white clustering towns, were the hills of Italy across the strait. In England you cannot imagine such beauty, such a scene". You can feel the wonder in his voice here and the sheer extent of the view he relays. These nature descriptions are occasionally shown in his poems, but only fleetingly, and I enjoyed reading this different writing style from him. It is also so illuminating to see the poems embedded within these letters because the poems will often refer to images he's already described for Beryl. For example, in letter one (EUL MS 413/1/1), he writes that he "was struck suddenly by willows, English willows, how they stand in rows like thick-handled powder-puffs, grey-green in the evening". Then, in a poem in letter two (EUL MS 413/1/2), he writes that the train "Passed willows greyly bunching to the moon". In this, we can see his poems as snapshots of real, personal experience. Indeed, the fact that they are embedded within letters shows just how intimate and personal they are, which can and should encourage us to read them contextually in new ways.
Ruby has very kindly recorded herself reading John Jarmain's first letter (EUL MS 413/1/1). Click on the play button below to listen to the recording.
https://specialcollections.exeter.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Jarmain-1.m4a
Travellers Tales: the papers of Robin Bidwell (EUL MS 377)
Any scholar in the UK involved in Middle East research during the second half of the 20th century would almost certainly have come across Robin Bidwell's name. From 1968 until his retirement in 1990 he was Secretary and Librarian of the Middle East Centre at the University of Cambridge, and from 1974 he was editor of the journal Arabian Studies, which transformed into New Arabian Studies in the early 1990s. Although active as an author, researcher, correspondent, editor and PhD supervisor, he never held a formal academic post during his career and much of his work was written for a general audience rather than for specialist scholars. His papers have recently been catalogued and are now available for consultation in Special Collections, so this would be a good time to look back on Bidwell's life and highlight areas of his work that are represented in our archives.
Robin Bidwell was born on 27 August 1927 and educated at Downside Abbey school and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a first in History. While a student, he took part in some elaborate pranks, such as composing 'Letters to Anglican Divines' that purported to be from an imaginary monk of Downside, as well as collaborating with Humphrey Berkeley in the writing of a series of fictitious letters from a headmaster named 'H. Rochester Sneath' that were sent out to the heads of various private schools in 1948 and – despite the absurdity of some of their contents – were taken seriously and elicited replies.
After leaving university, Bidwell was posted to Egypt as a sergeant in the Intelligence Corps serving in the Suez Canal Zone. From 1955 to 1959 he was a political officer in the Western Aden Protectorate, which began his lifelong interest in Aden, Yemen and the region of Southern Arabia. The archive contains eight letters written by Bidwell to his younger sister Dafne (who later worked for MI6) that contain some vivid descriptions of his activities in the region, including dealings with local Bedouin and tribal leaders, his appointment as adviser to the Audhali Sultan, armed skirmishes with militia, meetings with Sharif Hussein bin Ahmad Al-Habieli, the Sultan of Beihan, placements in Ahwar and Zara, visits from the Governor of Aden and from Duncan Sandys, then UK Minister for Defence, and journalist Randolph Churchill, as well as celebrations for Eid. (EUL MS 377/1/2).
Travelling Editor for the Oxford University Press, 1962-64
After leaving the political service, Bidwell began working for Oxford University Press and was subsequently appointed travelling editor for the Middle East market. Much of his work involved pent visiting educational institutions and reporting back on text books required for teaching, looking into issues with distribution, and exploring potential for new books and authors. During the course of his work for OUP, he travelled extensively around the Middle East and by the time he returned to the UK he claimed that he had visited every single country in the region without exception. The archive has three folders of letters – mainly to his boss, David Neale – written from hotels in places such as Accra, Aden, Amman, Baghdad, Beirut, Cairo, Damascus, Gondar, Istanbul, Jeddah, Khartoum, Rabat, Thessaloniki and Tunis, as well as a transcript of radio broadcasts in Baghdad during the coup on 18 November 1963, at which Bidwell was present, given to him by the British Embassy there (EUL MS 377/1/3). Among the many topics discussed is a possible blackmail attempt against lexicographer A.S. Hornby, whose Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English (ALDCE) was one of the books Bidwell was distributing widely in the Middle East.
Bidwell returned to Cambridge in 1965, where he began studying for a PhD on the French administration in Morocco under Professor Bob Serjeant, who became a mentor, lifelong friend and collaborator. He completed his PhD in 1968, and that same year was appointed Secretary and Librarian of the Middle East Centre, which had been established in 1960 by the famous orientalist Professor Arthur John Arberry. He was a key player in the development of Middle Eastern studies at Cambridge, building up the Centre's library collections, teaching a popular undergraduate course on modern Arab history and organising a successful programme of seminars.
There are many letters and documents relating to his work at Cambridge, including correspondence with a wide range of scholars and researchers such as Albert Hourani, Henry St John Basil Armitage (1924-2004), Lebanese scholar on Persia and Islam, Victor El-Kik (1936-2017), Gerald de Gaury (1897-1984), Tim Mackintosh-Smith and Professor G. Rex Smith, Jordanian historian Suleiman Mousa (1919-2008), Sir Ronald Wingate (1889-1978), as well as diplomats and political officials including the British ambassadors to North and South Yemen, the Kuwaiti Ambassador to the UK, Salem al-Sabah, and Qatari minister Ali Al-Ansari. There are also administrative documents, letters and reports on PhD matters, folders of teaching and lecture notes, as well as an amusing compilation of jokes, comic verse, newspaper misprints and other examples of 'college humour'.
In the early part of his research career Bidwell became frustrated at the amount of work needed to calculate the past values of currencies, and decided to draw up his own conversion tables and publish them for the benefit of other scholars. His first published book was therefore, unusually for a Middle East scholar, Currency conversion tables: a hundred years of change (London: Rex Collings, 1970). In a similar way, his recognition of the difficulties faced in obtaining information about minor government officials resulted in the publication of his four-volume work, A Guide to Government Ministers, published in four volumes between 1973 and 1978, and covering the UK, western governments, the Arab World and Africa. If you needed to know who the Minister for the Interior in Egypt was in 1920, or the succession of Defence Ministers in Burma in the 1950s, Bidwell's Guide probably had the answer. The internet may now provide some of this information, but Bidwell's labours remain a valuable resource.
Although Bidwell learned some Arabic while working in the Western Aden Protectorate, he never progressed beyond a fairly basic knowledge of the language, which meant that most of his research focussed upon either English language or translated sources.
For this reason, he was particularly interested in the history of European engagement with the Middle East, which was the subject of his book Travellers in Arabia (1976). Covering the period from the 16th to the mid-20th centuries, Bidwell provided portraits of the explorers, soldiers, archaeologists and writers who had travelled around the Arabian peninsula, such as Carsten Niebuhr, Richard Burton, Charles Montagu Doughty, Wilfred Thesiger and Freya Stark. Written with a light, irreverent touch, Travellers in Arabia was nonetheless underpinned by Bidwell's solid knowledge of the region's history and topography. During the course of his career, Bidwell read widely and prolifically on the Middle East, recording each book with a sheet or two of typed notes on which he picked out the salient points or summarised arguments with a short quote or two. We have hundreds of these sheets of typed notes, which include 19th century biographies in English and French, academic studies and meticulously annotated archival sources from the Public Record Office and other archival institutions in the UK and France. A large proportion of the books relate to the subject of European travel and were clearly the raw research for Travellers in Arabia. Although the organisation of these typed notes is not very user-friendly, they could be useful for students or researchers seeking an introduction to the historical literature on some of these topics.
Morocco and North Africa
Bidwell had not forgotten about Morocco, the subject of his Ph.D, which was published by Cass as a monograph as Morocco under colonial rule: French administration of tribal areas 1912-1956 (London: Cass, 1973) and began working on a history of Morocco that drew extensively upon the accounts of European travellers, rather like his book on Arabia. Its working title was Morocco through Western Eyes, but during the 1980s – partly in response to correspondence with publishers and editors (which is also preserved in the archive) – he reshaped the material into a more thematic structure, and the book was eventually published in 1992 as Morocco: The Traveller's Companion. There are two boxes of notes, drafts, research material and other papers relating to this project, including typed summaries of travel accounts and extensive notes from Foreign Office records.
Other material on Morocco and the neighbouring countries in North Africa include documentation relating to the 1970 Constitutional Referendum, five folders of press-cuttings (1988-92) that cover events such as the Polisario Front conflict with Morocco, the violent protests in Algeria's 'Black October', reforms and protests in Tunisia, and Libya's international relations. These are interleaved with Bidwell's typed notes, summarising and commenting on political events, and there are also a series of typescripts by Bidwell that provide a chronological account of events in Algeria between 1989 and 1992, covering such topics as the impact of the Gulf War, the resignation of President Chadli and the assassination of Mohammed Boudiaf. There is also an envelope containing 69 commercial postcards of Algeria and Morocco, dating from the 1920s through to the 1990s and showing street scenes and views of Algiers and Fez, Meknes, Moulay-Idriss and Tetuan, Marrakesh and Casablanca, the Botanical Gardens in Algiers, traditional costumes and crafts such as basket-making, musicians, markets, festivities and rituals.
Yemen and Aden
There is even more material on the history of Yemen and Aden, much of it relating to Bidwell's research for his book The Two Yemens (1981), which was a detailed history of both North and South Yemen from the 19th century down to the present.
Like many of Bidwell's books it was written for a general reader, for which reason he deliberately omitted source references and kept the bibliography to a minimum. At times the book perhaps veers into an overly romanticised and orientalist depiction of the region, and it is at its strongest in its analysis of postwar political developments, and the complex relations between the various factions in North and South Yemen during this period. This was of course something of which he had direct experience, as the area of the Aden Protectorate had largely fallen under the auspices of The Federation of South Arabia, which merged with the Protectorate of South Arabia to form the People's Republic of Southern Yemen in 1967, despite tensions and rivalry between the National Liberation Front (NLF) and FLOSY (Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen). In the North, the old Kingdom of Yemen became the Yemen Arab Republic in 1962, and the 'two Yemens' retained an occasionally troubled relationship until their unification in 1990. Bidwell's account of their history is enlivened by his views on British diplomatic, political and military personalities, many of whom he knew.
In addition to numerous folder of notes and typescripts, there are annorated presscuttings documenting events in the two Yemens throughout the 1980s, a folder of PDRY publications, annotated copies of the Western Aden Protectorate Handbook from the 1950s, as well as a mass of secondary material, articles, essays, offprints, official records and reports. There is also a set of three large black bound folders containing photocopies articles and documents on the Hadhramaut region of South Arabia (now in eastern Yemen) with some other travel narratives concerning Aden and Yemen, including writings by J.T. Bent, Majid Khadduri, St John Philby, W.H. Ingrams (six articles, comprising the whole of Folder 2), Freya Stark, Elizabeth Monroe and D. van der Meulen.
Archival and Editing Work: the Arab Bureau and the Ottoman Empire
Much of Bidwell's research was carried out in archives in the UK, France and further afield, and he made particularly extensive use of Foreign Office Confidential Print (FOCP) sources. These were printed copies of telegrams, despatches and other documents that were reproduced and circulated to officials in the Foreign Office from the 1820s through to 1914. He carried out important work editing publications for the Foreign Office, such as the The affairs of Arabia, 1905-1906 (2 vols, 1971) and The affairs of Kuwait, 1896-1905 (1971), and he also edited 28 volumes of British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part 2, From the First to the Second World War. Series B, Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East, 1918-1939 (Frederick, Md.: University Publications of America, 1985-97.)
He amassed a large collection of documents for this work, many of which were not selected for inclusion in the published volumes, and which now offer researchers a wealth of information on British foreign policy during the closing years of the Ottoman Empire.
For many years Bidwell was particularly interested in the Arab Bureau, which was founded in 1916 on the initiative of Mark Sykes with the aim of collecting intelligence information and disseminating propaganda. Headed by Brigadier-General Gilbert Clayton, David Hogarth, and Kinahan Cornwallis, staff of the Bureau included Gertrude Bell, T.E. Lawrence, Aubrey Herbert, George Ambrose Lloyd and William Ormsby-Gore. Moving away from the traditionally harmonious relations between Britain and Turkey (as exemplified by papers in the Whittall archive, EUL MS 259), the Bureau began demonising the Ottoman Turks and pushing a narrative of an Arab nationalist revival that would supporting the Arab Revolt against their Ottoman rulers. As subsequent events would show, however, British assurances to the Arab leaders turned out to be worthless, and the post-war era would see much of the former Ottoman Empire come under the control of the British Empire.
Bidwell acquired a large collection of documents relating to the history of the Bureau and also corresponded with surviving members or their descendants – these letters are among the large box of research papers on the topic (EUL MS 377/2/1/.) Although he went on to edit The Arab bulletin: bulletin of the Arab Bureau in Cairo, 1916-1919 (4 vols, 1986), for which he provided an introduction and notes, it appears that he intended to write a larger monograph on the Arab Bureau – something that has since been done by Bruce Westrate, author of The Arab Bureau: British Policy in the Middle East, 1916-1920 (2010). There is still a great deal of intriguing and unused material in Bidwell's papers however.
Later career, marriage and the Dictionary of the Modern Arab World
Robin Bidwell was over fifty when he married educational psychologist Margaret Luft. They lived in the Suffolk village of Coney Weston where they were soon joined by a daughter, Leila. He retired from his role as Secretary of the Middle East Centre in 1990 and was therefore able to devote more time to the project that had been his main focus attention for several years, the creation of a Dictionary of the Modern Arab World. He was seated at his desk at home working on this when he died of a heart attack on 10 June 1994.
The Dictionary is a monumental achievement that contains over 2000 entries, selected and written in Bidwell's own idiosyncratic style, with pithy statements and lively opinions on personalities (many of whom were still alive) as well as lengthier, perceptive essays on a range of topics and historical events, informed by Bidwell's firsthand knowledge. It is not a conventional encyclopedia by any means, and in its unfinished state created some challenges for the publishers, who finally got it into print in 1998. We have fifteen boxes containing Bidwell's typed entries for the Dictionary, many of which were not used in the published version.
His other great work was the journal Arabian Studies, eight volumes of which he co-edited with Bob Serjeant: Vol. I (1974), Vol. II (1975), Vol. III (1976), Vol. IV (1978), Vol. V (1979), Vol. VI (1982), Vol. VII (1985) and Vol. VIII (1990.) Problems arose regarding funding for the publication, which led to the editors deciding to break away from its association with the Middle East Centre at Cambridge and start a new journal, New Arabian Studies, the first volume of which was published by Exeter University Press in February 1994, shortly before his death. Sadly, Bob Serjeant never lived to see this, having died in 1993. The dispute over control of the journal is recorded in detail in the correspondence files, as is Bidwell's editorial work and communications with authors.
Catalogue entries for the Bidwell papers can be found here.
Publications by Robin Bidwell
Currency conversion tables: a hundred years of change.
London : Rex Collings, 1970
The affairs of Arabia, 1905-1906 / edited with extensive new material and a new introduction by Robin Bidwell.
London: Frank Cass, 1971
The affairs of Kuwait, 1896-1905 / edited with extensive new material and a new introduction by Robin Bidwell.
Morocco under colonial rule: French administration of tribal areas 1912-1956
London: Frank Cass, 1973.
Bidwell's Guide to Government Ministers (London: Frank Cass, 1973-74. 3 vols.)
Volume 1: The major Powers and Western Europe 1900-1971 (1973)
Volume 2: The Arab world 1900-1972 (1973)
Volume 3: The British Empire and Successor States, 1900-1972 (1974)
Volume 4: Guide to African ministers
London: Rex Collings, 1978.
Travellers in Arabia
London: Hamlyn, 1976
The two Yemens
Harlow: Longman, 1983
Arabian and Islamic studies: articles presented to R.B. Serjeant on the occasion of his retirement from the Sir Thomas Adams's Chair of Arabic at the University of Cambridge. Edited by R.L. Bidwell and G. Rex Smith.
London: Longman, 1983
British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. Part 2, From the First to the Second World War. Series B, Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East, 1918-1939 / editor: Robin Bidwell [and Bülent Gökay]. (Bidwell edited Part II, Series B, Vols.1-28)
Frederick, Md.: University Publications of America, 1985-97.
The Arab bulletin: bulletin of the Arab Bureau in Cairo, 1916-1919 / with a new introduction and explanatory notes by Dr.Robin Bidwell.
Gerrards Cross: Archive Editions, 1986 [4 v.]
Arabian personalities of the early twentieth century
Cambridge: Oleander, 1986.
Morocco: the traveller's companion. (Co-written with Margaret Bidwell).
London: I.B. Tauris, 1992
The diary kept by T. E. Lawrence while travelling in Arabia during 1911 / [introduction by Robin Bidwell].
Reading: Garnet, 1993
Dictionary of modern Arab history: an A to Z of over 2000 entries from 1798 to the present day / London: Kegan Paul, 1998
'Middle Eastern Studies in British Universities'
Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies)
Vol. 1, No. 2 (1975), pp. 84-93
'A French Family in the Yemen, by Louise Fevrier' 'Queries for Biographers of T.E. Lawrence' Arabian Studies Vol.III (1976)
'Bibliographical Notes on European Accounts of Muscat 1500-1900'
Arabian Studies Vol.IV (1978)
'The Political Residents of Aden: Biographical Notes' Arabian Studies Vol.V (1979)
'T.E. Lawrence in French Military Archives ' and 'The Turkish Attack on Aden 1915-1918' Arabian Studies Vol.VI (1983)
Robin Bidwell, "The Brémond Mission to the Hijaz, 1916–17: A Study in Inter-Allied Co-operation," in Arabian and Islamic Studies: Articles Presented to R. B. Serjeant on the Occasion of His Retirement from the Sir Thomas Adam's Chair of Arabic at the University of Cambridge,
(London: Longman, 1983)
'A Collection of Texts dealing with the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman and its International Relations, 1790-1970' Journal of Oman Studies, Vol.6:1 (1983)
'The Old Moroccan Army', Mars and Minerva (SAS Regiment Journal) Vol.6:1 (Summer 1983) pp.26-8
'The Reformed Moroccan Army 1860-1912', Mars and Minerva (SAS Regiment Journal) Vol.7:1 (Autumn 1985) pp.28-30
'Visitors to San'a' Arabian Studies Vol.VIII (1990)
Brian Doe, Socrata (in British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies Vol.19:2, 1992) p.219-220
James Simmons, Passionate Pilgrims (in the Middle East Journal, Vol.42:2, Spring 1988) p.332-333 J.G. Lorimer, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, (Geographical Journal, Vol. 138:2, June 1972) pp.233-5
Michael Meeker, Literature and Violence in Northern Arabia (Journal of Arabic Literature, XII, 1981) pp.160-161
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Today's travel theme is Island. This photo was taken a few years back in Ko Samui, Thailand, and is one of my all-time favorites! My friends and I woke up early to catch a speed-boat tour, so I took advantage of the early hour and took a few shots of the sunrise. I remember being marveled by how well the shot turned out (which speaks more about the camera itself than my photography skills!). I love the quiet stillness that this image evokes, and the reflections in the water. If you look closely you can see the shadow of one of the hotel staff!
Very pretty photo! Love the peacefulness of it.
Thanks Dom! You would have loved Thailand. Lots of photo ops too. We need to travel soon!
It's such a picturesque island. I would love to go back!


text:
A Conversation with NIS America's Souhei Niikawa and Yoshinori Terasawa
djgRUlQZamYwTGf February 24, 2014 No Comments	Uncategorized
NIS America allowed me the privilege to talk to both President Souhei Niikawa and Producer Yoshinori Terasawa at their NIS America Press Event Reunion 2014.
NIS America is a video game developing and publishing company, a subsidiary of the Nippon Ichi Software Japanese. They create hit series such as Disgaea, running a tight operation in the western market targeting a niche but loyal market. They are always trying to expand to new users, but they are devoted to creating games for their core audience first.
Mr. Niikawa is the President of NIS America and his devotion to their fan base has created a passionate community. Mr. Niikawa will personally get disappointed with himself when customers are not satisfied. He also has a close relationship with his company. "I hate it when somebody quits the company." Not surprising for a company dedicated to their fans.
Mr. Niikawa became interested in the gaming industry in college after playing Final Fantasy V. He thought, "Man this game is so awesome, but they could make this part better." With that he decided to join the gaming industry. A true gamer at heart, his favorite game last year is Pokemon X/Y, which he plays with his son.
NIS America develops and publishes for many different video game devices such as PS3, PS Vita, and Nintendo 3DS. They have even partnered with companies such as Yummy Yummy Tummy to create games for smartphones and tablets, such as Character Chowdown an educational puzzle game on iTunes.
They would love to develop for as many platforms as possible. Given realistic constraints, they develop games for the platform which the target market is located. When it comes to US and Europe markets, they tend to focus on consoles. Mr. Niikawa explaining that it "Comes down to the fan base."
Development on a game for the PS4 is currently in progress with more details coming at the Tokyo Game Show. Trying to not reveal too much, Mr. Niikawa said, "We think that networks are going to become a big thing in the future." He gave an example, "We want make it so you can take out a hand held and play a part of the game and level it up outside your living room TV."
One of the last question I had to ask was about Japanese business culture. I have always heard that being able to drink sake would help get you promoted. Mr. Niikawa told me what is most important is accepting invitations to drink with your boss, jokingly adding "That is how I became President."
I also got to interview Yoshinori Terasawa, producer of Danganronpa: Trigger Happy Havoc, a detective mystery solving game. Danganronpa has you trapped in a school and only someone who can get away with murder is allowed to leave. This creates a cloud of mistrust between the characters you meet. The storylines is one of the most intense ever for a video game as you experience betrayals from the most unexpected characters.
The intense themes from the Japanese film Battle Royale are depicted from not knowing who to trust, having friends die, and seeing acts of desperation. Though, Danganronpa also has murder mysteries and more twisted characters that you will encounter. Danganronpa does a great job of making you experience an unbearable situation while also giving you mysteries to solve.
Mr. Terasawa has said Battle Royale helped influence Danganronpa. He liked how all the different parts of the story fit really well together. His favorite character in Battle Royale was the cruel headmaster Kitano. "He was very scary." That might explain the psychotic headmaster in Danganronpa.
Danganronpa also has a sinister headmaster running the school, Monokuma. He is a talking bear, but do not underestimate how evil this bear can truly be. If you love Battle Royale and anime you need to check this game out, which was released just this month on the PS Vita.
Mr. Terasawa is also on record for saying alcohol helped influence Danganronpa. I asked him what his favorite drink was and he said beer, specifically Sapporo. Though he said, "but this beer here is really good you should try it out." I have to agree Thirsty Bear had great beer, Panda Bear Ale was my favorite.
If I ever find myself going to Tokyo Game Show in Japan, I will definitely take you up on that offer to get food and drinks, Mr. Terasawa.
Thank you again to everyone at NIS America for inviting me to this event I had a blast.
Major thanks to Chieu-An Photography for the amazing pictures!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Загальні збори — це зібрання, на яке скликаються всі члени спільноти для прийняття рішень з питань самоорганізації спільноти. Також вищий керівний орган організацій, створених спільнотами.

Рішення загальних зборів, як правило, фіксуються протоколом.

Загальні збори громадян за місцем проживання

Загальні збори громадян скликаються за місцем проживання громадян (села, селища, мікрорайону, житлового комплексу, вулиці, кварталу, будинку та іншого територіального утворення) для обговорення найважливіших питань місцевого життя.

Загальні збори трудового колективу

Загальні збори трудового колективу є вищим органом трудового колективу підприємства, установи, організації, де використовується наймана праця. Розглядають найважливіші питання життя і діяльності трудових колективів. Повноваження загальних зборів трудового колективу визначаються Кодексом законів про працю України, колективним договором, тощо.

Загальні збори учасників товариства

Загальні збори учасників товариства (юридичної особи, створеної шляхом об'єднання учасників) є органом управління, який має право приймати рішення з усіх питань діяльності товариства, у тому числі і з тих, що передані загальними зборами до компетенції виконавчого органу.

Загальні збори громадського об'єднання

Загальні збори можуть бути вищим органом управління громадського об'єднання, так само як і з'їзд або конференція.

Загальні збори віруючих громадян

На загальних зборах віруючих громадян може прийматися статут (положення) релігійної організації. Для реєстрації статуту (положення) релігійної громади громадяни в кількості не менше десяти чоловік, які утворили її і досягли 18-річного віку, подають заяву та статут (положення) на реєстрацію до обласної, Київської та Севастопольської міських державних адміністрацій, а в Автономній Республіці Крим - до Ради міністрів Автономної Республіки Крим. Водночас, релігійні громади можуть бути створені протокольним рішенням загальних зборів у кількості осіб, меншій за 10, та діяти без реєстрації статуту, оскільки повідомлення державних органів про утворення релігійної громади не є обов'язковим.

Див. також
 Пленум
 Віче
 Форум (збори)
 Загальні збори акціонерів

Примітки

Посилання
 Загальні збори трудового колективу  //
збори
Право
Громадянське суспільство

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Auction preview: Canadian material among 'Gems of Philately' sale
Lot 455 of Schuyler Rumsey Philatelic Auctions' Gems of Philately sale is this 1851 12-pence black Queen Victoria on laid paper (Scott #3). It has a Scott catalogue value of $135,000.
On March 25, San Francisco's Schuyler Rumsey Philatelic Auctions will host its Gems of Philately sale (Sale 72), which will feature a section of rare Canadian stamps.
Of particular note to collectors of Canadian material are Lots 455-465.
Lot 455 of the Gems of Philately sale is an 1851 12-pence black Queen Victoria on laid paper (Scott #3) with a "neat target cancel, ample to clear margins, rich bold colour." According to the auction catalogue, the stamp has been "expertly repaired and mounted (rebacked)." The lot is accompanied by a 1983 Friedl certificate and has a Scott catalogue value of $135,000.
"On May 14, 1851, a package containing 51,000 twelve pence stamps was sent by the printers Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Edson of New York to Postmaster General James Morris in Toronto. From this first and only consignment of twelve pence stamps, only 1,510 stamps where issued to 14 different post offices between June 14th of 1851 and December 4th of 1854," reads the auction catalogue.
"With the Ingersoll Post Office return sixty examples, only a mere 1,450 examples where ever sold through the post office, with the remaining backstock eventually destroyed. This issue is considered among the rarest of the British Commonwealth issues."
Lot 456 has a catalogue value of $1,200.
Lot 456 is an 1853 three-penny red Beaver major re-entry variety (SC #4a). This stamp—position 61 of pane B with a major re-entry showing doubling of almost all lettering, all four numerals, and the horizontal frame lines at upper left and lower centre—has "large to huge margins showing part imprint at left, rich colour, lightly cancelled by '39' four-ring cancel of St. Hyacinthe," according to auctioneers.
It has a catalogue value of $1,200.
Lot 457 is an 1852 three-penny orange red Beaver on thin paper (SC #4d). This bottom-left corner margin single has "full to mostly huge margins, beautiful colour" and a light target cancel, according to auctioneers. It's accompanied by a 1970 BPA Expertising certificate, a 1973 Bolaffi certificate and a 2016 Eichele certificate.
This lot has a catalogue value of $300.
Lot 458 has a catalogue value of $350.
Lot 458 is an 1853 three-penny brown red Beaver (SC #4a) with a catalogue value of $350. According to auctioneers, this top-left margin single has "deep rich colour, large margins including huge sheet margins, bold '21' four-ring cancel of Montreal." The lot is accompanied by a 1964 Diena certificate; both a 1965 and 1966 Bolaffi certificate; and a 2016 Eichele certificate.
Lot 459 is another 1853 three-penny brown red Beaver (SC #4a), this with "large margins all around, rich colour on bright paper, [and a] blue target cancel." The lot is accompanied by a 1976 Bolaffi and 2016 Eichele certificates. It has a catalogue value of $350.
Lot 460 has a catalogue value of $450 as singles but $600 as pairs.
Lot 460 is a horizontal pair of two 1852 three-penny orange red Beaver stamps (SC #4d). From positions 69 and 70 of plate two, each stamp is cancelled by concentric rings. This "Extremely Fine and choice pair" is accompanied by a 1976 Bolaffi certificate and a 2016 Eichele certificate. There's a catalogue value of $450 as singles and $600 as pairs.
Lot 461 is an 1855 six-penny slate gray stamp (SC #5) with a "large margin single neatly tied by target cancel on cover to Braintree, Vt." With a "Montreal, L.C., Ju 11, 1855" circular date stamp at left, this Extremely Fine lot has an estimate of $1,000-$1,500.
Lot 462 is an 1898 10-cent brown violet stamp (SC #83) with original gum. This never hinged stamp is "nearly perfectly centred with large margins and razor sharp impression. This "fresh and Extremely Fine" lot has a catalogue value of $1,500.
Lot 463 is a 1959 five-cent St. Lawrence Seaway invert error (SC #387a). With original gum, this never hinged stamp is "well centred amid wide margins." Described by auctioneers as "bright and Post Office fresh" this Extremely Fine lot is accompanied by a 2013 Richard Gratton certificate.
The famed St. Lawrence Seaway stamp was issued on June 26, 1959, coinciding with the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway by Queen Elizabeth II and U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The planning and production of the stamps to commemorate the event took almost as long as the construction of the seaway itself with proposals coming forward in 1954 in the U.S. and in 1956 in Canada.
The first report of the discovery of the Seaway Inverts was when a young office boy from the Marlborough Hotel in Winnipeg purchased 30 stamps from a post office outlet in the Eaton store on Aug. 20, 1959. It's believed about 200 examples exist today.
This lot has a pre-sale estimate of $9,500.
Lot 464 has a pre-sale estimate of $7,500.
Lot 464 is another Seaway invert error (SC #387a), this tied on a small piece by a wavy line machine cancel. With "exceptional centring and margins [and] rich bright colours," this Extremely Fine lot is accompanied by a 1969 BPA Expertising certificate.
According to auctioneers, there are about 200 mint Seaway Inverts in private hands.
"Quite a few of the Seaway Inverts were actually used by the public before they realized what they had," reads the auction catalogue. "With only 16 examples recorded on cover, it would seem even a used example would be far rarer than mint however catalog values seem to indicate to the contrary."
Lot 465 has a pre-sale estimate of $19,000.
Rounding out the highlights of the upcoming Gems of Philately sale is another Seaway invert, this a vertical pair of never hinged stamps with original gum. Described by auctioneers as "bright and fresh with strong bold colours," this Very Fine offering has a pre-sale estimate of $19,000.
According to auctioneers, the known five-cent St. Lawrence Seaway inverts are believed to come from two sheets of 200 stamps. Of these, more than 100 stamps were found in postal stock and return to Ottawa for destruction. The remaining examples were released to the public, leaving a small number of used examples (with only 16 usages on cover known) and about 200 mint examples.
"Very few multiples are still existence," reads the auction catalogue.


text:
What is MBTI personality test?
Science-based theory of MBTI personality test
4 personality classification criteria in the MBTI system
4 temperament groups in MBTI
16 personality types characters
Concerns of psychologists about the MBTI test
The accuracy of the MBTI test
What is the MBTI test used for
Differences between the MBTI test and other personality classification tools
The orientation of the MBTI personality test
The spillover effects of the MBTI test in practice
"X PERSONALITY TEST WHICH IS BASED ON MBTI (MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR) THEORY REFLECTS EXACTLY WHAT YOU SHOULD HAVE KNOWN LONG AGO ABOUT YOURSELF."
Join millions of people worldwide who have taken test each year to discover your true personality type.
Take free test now
An introduction of the Myer-Brigg Type Indicator
Having been studied since 1917, MBTI can be considered the most popular method of personality examination today. MBTI stands for Myers-Briggs Type Indicator – a method of personality identification through a series of multiple-choice questions of 16 personality groups. This method of personality indicator is derived from the taxonomy theories in the book Psychological Types of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, published in 1921 and developed by Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers, from around World War II. Psychological questions initially evolved into the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and published in 1962.
The MBTI personality test is based on each person's responses to infer their unique personalities. MBTI answers the question of why everyone in the world has a different character and no one is the person. Today, MBTI is gaining popularity and used as a fairly accurate personality classification method, helping people understand themselves and those around them or pursue suitable careers.
Based on result of the MBTI test, examinee will know which of the following 16 MBTI personality groups they belong to:
The formation and development process of the MBTI test
From the years 370 BC, Hippocrates made a statement about the idea that from the moment of birth, people have formed distinctive personalities and have a determined tendency to act. Then in 190 AD, that idea continued to be developed by Galen, the Roman doctor, and it became a mainstream trend in the fields of medicine, philosophy, literature until the XIX century.
Besides, there is also an opinion that people are born as a white paper that can be drawn and shaped on it. After that, this idea became the mainstream thought in the early XX century. The typical people of this school were Ivan Pavlov and John Watson. Researchers also believed that people were fundamentally the same when they had the same motivations and that either instinctual desires (according to Sigmund Freud) or desires to bring social unity (according to Harry Sullivan).
At this moment, existentialists like Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were supported by psychologists, who also conducted their research. As a result, it has all come to the consensus that humans have a single underlying motive.
Returning to the MBTI personality test, Katharine Cook Briggs's research derived from the event when she met her future son-in-law in 1917. Observing that there were obvious differences between his personality and other family members, Briggs began to mull over a biographical project and then developed a category in which she proposed four types: meditative (or thoughtful), spontaneous, executive, and social.
By chance, around the mid-XX century, Isabel Myers, a completely amateur character, accidentally approached Jung's research book and with the help of her mother, Kathryn Briggs, she has successfully produced a set of questions that help shape the 16 personality groups. Myers joined her mother's taxonomy research and gradually took over it completely.
Briggs and Myers
During World War II, Briggs and Myers began to create personality indexes in the belief that knowledge of personality preferences would help women enter the industrial workforce for the first time.
In 1944, The Briggs Myers Type Indicator Handbook was published and renamed the "Myers-Briggs Type Indicator" in 1956. Myers's work has drawn the attention of Henry Chauncey, head of the Educational Testing Service, which led to the publication of the first MBTI Manual in 1962. MBTI received additional support from Donald W. MacKinnon, head of the Institute of Personality and Social Research at the University of California, Berkeley; W. Harold Grant, a professor at Michigan State University and Auburn University; and Mary H. McCaulley of the University of Florida.
In 1975, the publication of MBTI was transferred to Consulting Psychologists Press and the Center for Applications of Psychological Type that was established as a research laboratory. After Myers's death in May 1980, Mary McCaulley updated the MBTI Manual and the second edition was published in 1985. The third edition appeared in 1998. Thanks to this study by Myers and Briggs, the MBTI personality test has grown in popularity, with as many as 1 million people taking the test every year since the 1990s. Within 50 years, the documenting system of the MBTI test tool has increased 150 times from 81 documents to 12,140 documents according to the statistics of the CAPT Center, 2011.
Today, MBTI is a widely used tool in the world with 18 different languages. Approximately 80% of companies on the Fortune 500 list use this method of analyzing employees' personalities, helping to put them in the right position that matches their personality. The MBTI is a test but requires an expert to read the results. After the test, there will be a round of face-to-face interviews with psychologists. In the United States and other countries, The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Myers-Briggs, and MBTI are registered trademarks of The Myers & Briggs Foundation. Xpersonalitytest.com is not linked with any publications and does not own the rights to MBTI® assessments. The X personality test is based on Myers-Briggs theory, however it is not the same as the MBTI® assessment. Experts who want to analyze the results of MBTI must go through training and certification by this organization.
It can be said that Jung's theory in his book, Psychological Types, published in 1923 (first published in German in 1921) is the premise for Briggs' work when she realized that there were similarities. In which, he thinks that humans have 4 main cognitive functions: thoughts, emotions, senses, and intuition. These functions closely resemble the 4 dichotomous pairs of later MBTI. However, this theory is completely based on Jung's subjective observations and personal experience instead of objective scientific evidence. He explained that humans have innumerable instincts motivated from within and that we will naturally lean towards Introversion – Extrovert, Sensation – Intuition, Feeling – Thinking.
The fourth pair has been implied but was not fully developed in his work. In the book, Jung argued that "Every individual is an exception to the rule" (p. 516). This should keep in mind that no description of any personality type can explain all aspects of the whole person or the psychology of an individual. Besides, Jung compared his model of personality with points on a compass: "They are just as arbitrary and just as indispensable," and added, "I would not for anything dispense with this compass on my psychological voyages of discovery" (p. 541).
Later, Myer and Briggs added the fourth element: Judging – Perceiving (principle/flexibility) – a way to influence the outside world and developed a classification system of 16 personality types from the above 4 criteria. Each of the 16 classified personality traits has different characteristics and properties, and this classification system not only identifies the traits but also helps analyze, interpret, and predict the behavior of each different personality traits of individuals.
In 1956, David Keirsey also happened to have access to the research on the MBTI personality studies. Realizing his excitement when reading a description of his personality, he decided to embark on a study and published the book "Please understand me" in 1978 and "Please understand me II" in 1998. The two books immediately became the focus of attention and later became a useful resource for readers interested in the MBTI personality test.
Before reading about Jung's theory, Briggs also developed her hypothesis, under which individuals can be divided into four main temperament types: meditative, spontaneous, executive, and social. This hypothesis is also based only on her observations of individuals in the family. When Myers and Briggs developed the MBTI assessment, their mission was to make Jung's theory of personality types accessible to the general population.
At the same time, anthropological studies of human personality (which is a way of looking at facial features to analyze and predict personality and behavior) have also been reviewed by several other researchers. But psychology was gradually dominated by Freud's "psychodynamic" theories or Pavlov's "conditioned reflexes". That makes these studies along with Jung's research forgotten.
MBTI is based on 4 main criteria, which are 4 pairs of categories around the human worldview, used to evaluate and analyze human personality.
Natural trend: Extroversion/ Introversion
The first group in the category of the MBTI personality test is the natural tendency group, Extraversion/ Introversion, which are the two opposite trends. These are the behavioral tendencies that one can face to the outside world at the same time with themselves. This criterion is represented by the first letter in the personality group: E - I, representing the tendency in which each individual uses his or her energies, thoughts, and feelings.
An introvert is a person with withdrawal tendencies, including thoughts, feelings, and imagination. An extrovert is someone who inclines the outside world, including activities, people, and things.
Understand and perceive the world: Sensing/ iNtuition
In the MBTI personality test groups, the pair of understanding and perceiving the world, Sensing/ Intuition, is the tendency to show the opposition in the way people manifest to perceive the things and phenomena around them. Represented by the second letter in the N or S personality group, world perception is the tendency that each person chooses to absorb outside information.
Humans comprehend the world around them through specific senses, for example, vision will recognize colors and images, smell and sound will be perceived and analyzed through hearing. Also, the 5 special senses are continuously arranged together, classifying most of the simultaneous real events to easily provide back information that has taken place in the past.
If intuition is used to perceive the world, then the brain is the unit that is responsible for understanding, interpreting, analyzing, and paraphrasing information models from which to collect all the data streams before and after, at the same time arrange the models and relate them together. At this point, the brain must operate as hard as possible to speculate and estimate the future.
S-group individuals perceive the world through specific senses such as sight, nose, smell, hearing, image, smell, and sound. They are sharp with reality, believe in the world the way they are perceived through the 5 senses. In contrast, the world of the individuals of group N tends to be more intuitive (including the models, the imaginations they deduce and arrange from the data they collect).
Decisions and choices: Thinking/ Feeling
In the MBTI personality test, Thinking/ Feeling are two opposite tendencies in the way in which people choose an option or answer for a particular problem. Represented by the third letter in the personality group T or F, this criterion shows the tendencies that each person chooses and feels most natural when making decisions.
In the human brain, the most considered part is the reason, its role is to find out relevant information based on right or wrong, left or right. Then, logically using inference and directly giving the most specific answer, with the most reliable and most scientific basis.
Besides, the emotional part will, at the same time, consider the matter based on the overall issues of emotion, and those factors interact with each other without being able to make a clear statement, that is the nature of emotions determined by the brain.
The T-group will make a decision based on the identification of relevant information, right and wrong criteria. They always deduce logic to give the most precise and scientific answer. On the contrary, the F-group will choose based on feelings, such as love, hate, adore, detest.
Method of Action: Judging (Principle)/ Perceiving (Flexible)
The final group of the MBTI personality test is the way people choose to show their impact on the outside world. Represented by the 4th letter in personality category P or J, this criterion represents the lifestyle of each person.
In this way, one's brain works based on previously planned principles. To achieve a specific and prepared plan, all will be approached clearly and naturally. To get fit with the circumstances and the plan outlined earlier, people sometimes have to accept change.
Individuals in group J have a principles-based way of acting that will plan and provide a roadmap in the process of conquering goals. In contrast, group P – the group of flexible people – sometimes accepts changes in contradiction with the original plan to suit the actual situation to bring the most optimal rs at a specified time.
Dr. David Keirsey has identified four basic human temperaments: Artisan, Guardian, Idealist, and Rational in his book Please understand me I and Please understand me II. This division is based on 8 alphabets: E (Extraversion), I (Introversion), S (Sensing), N (iNtuition), F (Feeling), T (Thinking), J (Judgment), and P ( Perception); and the interplay of two basic quantities that make up human behaviors: communication and actions, words and behaviors, or more specifically what we say and what we do. Each temperament has unique and distinct strengths and talents.
Communication: specific/ detailed or abstract/ general
Firstly, people talk and love to talk about what they are interested in, and their conversations often revolve around two main trends. There are people who focus primarily on facts, what is specific, work events, entertainment, family; their stories and words answer the questions: who, what, where, when, how. While others focus mainly on their ideas, abstractions, doctrines, hypotheses, dreams, beliefs; their stories and words answer the questions: why, if, what will happen when. At the same time, maybe people will say these things interchangeably, but in everyday life or in most conversations, concrete people talk about facts while abstract people talk about ideas.
Action: utilitarian/ practical or cooperative/ collaborative
Secondly, at every turn, people are always working hard to fulfill their goals, and two opposing trends in their actions will be revealed if observed closely. Some people act primarily on usefulness, they will think about the benefits, effectiveness, and results of what they do and will only do things that they already know how to do. Others act on cooperation and socially acceptable ways, that is, they strive to do what is right, uphold the norms that have been confirmed and followed by the whole society, only after doing it do they pay attention to the effectiveness of their actions. These two behaviors are interchangeable and each individual will lean toward a trend he/she performs most often and feels most comfortable with. In other words, utilitarian people often do what works while cooperative people often do the right things.
From the above criteria, David Keirsey divided the 16 personality types of MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR into four temperaments:
As concrete and cooperative people, The Guardian – SJ are the people who are most concerned with their duties and responsibilities about the things they must care about and worry about, always obey the rules and respect the rights of other people. The SJ group includes ISFJ, ISTJ, ESFJ, and ESTJ.
As abstract and cooperative people, The Idealist – NF are people who care about others and communal ideas, and all of their actions must be based on their conscience. The most important thing to them is that everyone in their communication circle is comfortable and has a good relationship with them. The NF group includes INFJ, INFP, ENFP, and ENFJ.
As concrete and utilitarian people, The Artisan – SP are the people who care about what they see in front of their eyes, the facts, the things that help them reach their goals quickly and effectively, even if they have to break the law. The SP group includes ISFP, ISTP, ESFP, and ESTP.
As abstract and utilitarian people, The Rational – NT are the people who care about the problem and how to solve it. They do what really works and they claim that everything they do is reasonable, highly persuasive, and has its own purposes. They can ignore existing principles and conventions if they need to. The NT group includes INTP, INTJ, ENTP, and ENTJ.
The 16 MBTI personality groups are a harmonious blend of all four criteria mentioned above. Below is a brief overview of these 16 groups, including the personality traits, strengths, weaknesses, and career recommendations that are appropriate for each group.
ENFJ – The Giver
ENFP – The Champion
The results of the personality test show that ENFPs are curious, idealistic, and quite mysterious because they are always searching for meaning and genuinely interested in other people's motives. So they see life as a very large horizon, there are many puzzles in which everything is related but has not been decoded.
ENTJ – The Field Marshal
The ENTJ group is very charismatic. They are rational and sensitive people because they are very competent in guidance and have a very inspirational way of communicating with others. Of all the personality groups, ENTJs have the best leadership and they believe that once there is determination, anything is possible.
ENTP – The Visionary
The ENTP is very clever and unique. This trait gives them great advantages when participating in debates, academic, and political fields. Besides, in many other areas that require a willingness to challenge existing ideas or hold a lot of discussions, they also tend to do very well.
ESFJ – The Provider
ESFJs are pragmatic, altruistic, and good at teamwork. They are also traditional and will do their best to support and defend their righteousness. Therefore, ESFJs tend to be very devoted even in situations where they act as hosts at parties or social workers.
ESFP – The Performer
This is the group that likes to be the center of attention but they also enjoy the simplest things. What makes them attractive to others is their cheerfulness and passionate nature, so they will never run out of ideas, their curiosity is also limitless.
ESTJ – The Supervisor
Supervisors are those who tend to be more principled, traditional, and stable. ESTJs feel that they need to be attached to something, maybe their family, a community, or another social group. They like the organization of others and also guarantee that they will follow the traditional rules, which are enacted by those in authority. These people are suitable for jobs such as police, bodyguard, firefighter, military, court, lawyer, health education, consultant, the social worker.
ESTP – The Doer
The MBTI personality test referring to ESTP is a group of performers who are very collective, spontaneous, frank and like to act. They always get to the core of the problem, so ESTPs don't like to engage in theoretical debates or have to think about the future – they just express their focus on the present moment and also do their best for the things they are passionate about.
INFJ – The Counselor
INFJs are groups of people who often have a strong opinion, especially on issues that they consider the matter. Therefore, if the INFJ group shows a struggle for something, the main reason is that they have faith in their ideals.
INFP – The Idealist
The INFP group is usually those who are considered calm and reserved. However, the flame and passion are still intense within them, unlike other personality types, they are genuinely emotional and have high compassion.
INTJ – The Mastermind
The personality test shows that people in the INTJ group are often seen as very intelligent and mysteriously complicated. Therefore, they often radiate the confidence required based on their vast knowledge in many different fields and perspectives.
INTP – The Thinker
Thinkers love theories, they believe that anything can be analyzed and improved. The mundane world and other realities are not what they care about – they think that its enjoyment is nothing compared to systems of ideas or pursuit of knowledge.
ISFJ – The Protector
The ISFJs are the most altruistic hence their career path often involves academic, medical, social work, or consulting fields. Besides, they also shine in the positions of personnel administration and offices, even in the field of interior design.
ISFP – The Composer
ISFPs are of the introverted personality type, they are most often associated with spontaneity and unpredictability. The ISFP's distinctive feature is variability.
ISTJ – The Inspector
The most popular group out of 16 of the MBTI personality test is the ISTJ. People in this group tend to respect the truth, absorb a lot of information, and can remember them for a long time.
ISTP – The Craftsman
The ISTP group possesses many interesting features. People in this group often have a very reasonable and logical mindset but sometimes they can also surprise people by their unexpected spontaneity and enthusiasm.
Contrary to its popularity and commercial success, MBTI is largely overridden by the entire community of psychologists. This test is very rarely mentioned in studies published in prestigious journals of psychology, except for critical articles of MBTI. The only journal that regularly has an article about MBTI is "The Journal of Psychological Type", but this is the magazine that is financed by CPP.
Neither Myers nor Briggs had formal training in psychology, and both taught themselves in the field of psychological testing. Myers, therefore, apprenticed herself to Edward N. Hay, who was then the Chief Human Resources Officer of the large Philadelphia bank and went on to found one of the first successful HR consulting companies in the United States. From Hay, Myers learned rudimentary methods of constructing, scoring, validating, and testing statistics.
"There's just no evidence behind it," said Adam Grant, an organizational psychologist at the University of Pennsylvania who's written about the shortcomings of the Myers-Briggs previously. "The characteristics measured by the test have almost no predictive power on how happy you'll be in a situation, how you'll perform at your job, or how happy you'll be in your marriage". Grant concluded on Jung's research: "Carl Jung was a pioneer in terms of really creative and novel theory and ideas, but a lot of his work was done before psychology was an empirical science". What was even more degrading, he stated, was that Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Myers created the framework in their living room before doing any well-established scientific research, rather than the other way around.
"This is a shortcoming because people don't fall neatly into two categories on any personality dimension; instead, people have many different degrees of the dimension," said Michael Ashton, professor of psychology at Brock University in Ontario, "Many personality psychologists consider the MBTI to be a somewhat valid measure of some important personality characteristics but one that has some important limitations".
Meanwhile, even one of the psychologists on the board of CPP, the distribution company MBTI, did not use MBTI in its research, "In part, because it would be questioned by my academic colleagues", stated Carl Thoresen, a Stanford psychologist and CPP board member in the Washington Post in 2012.
In other words, MBTI is a product of pure speculation and hypotheses without any serious scientific evidence to support it.
The validity indicates whether an assessment tool can measure its audience. Specifically, in this case, is whether the test can accurately identify and classify personality types. MBTI test's validity based on Briggs' 4 dichotomous pairs is not highly considered.
In reality, human personality should be described in terms of level, like more or less extroverted, rather than just two extremes: either introverted or extroverted. The percentage of people who are either absolutely introverted or extroverted is almost nonexistent. Nearly all of us fall between those two extremes.
Many of MBTI's questions force the respondent to choose between two extremes. For example, the answer to the question "You tend to sympathize with others" is only either "Yes" or "No".
Most scientific studies have proven that personality classifications also follow the standard distribution of statistics, meaning that the majority will fall in the middle, and only a few are near the 2 extremes. Accordingly, about 68% of the population can be considered slightly introverted/ extroverted. Only 16% of people can be assumed as very introverted and the other 16% very extroverted. Therefore, MBTI does not accurately indicate human personality in reality.
Reliability shows the consistency of the test. If the test is done many times with the same person, with the time between tests not too long, the results should not change. According to this criterion, the MBTI test is also unsatisfactory. Research has shown that if we do this twice, there is a 50% chance that the results will be different, even though the interval between 2 times is only 5 weeks. The generally accepted standard in the field is in the range of 70% – 90%.
Due to its average validity and reliability, MBTI's applicability is only recommended in the media or entertainment sectors. A National Academy of Sciences committee in 1991 assumed, based on data from MBTI studies, that "not sufficient, well-designed research to justify the use of the MBTI in career counseling programs". The committee emphasized the lack of evidence to conclude the test's utility, "the popularity of this instrument in the absence of proven scientific worth is troublesome".
Although MBTI is often promoted as an effective tool for determining job relevance (determining which career you should choose), researchers have confirmed that the percentage of MBTI personality groups in different occupations does not significantly differ and is almost equivalent to the general proportion of the entire population.
Therefore, MBTI is essentially unusable in predicting the likelihood of what kind of person will succeed in specific occupations. Even the MBTI documentation mentions asking candidates to take the test as a criterion for selection is inconsistent with corporate ethics and can be illegal at times. These documents also discourage the use of the MBTI test to predict the success of individuals in the profession. Yet, millions of people seem to ignore these warnings and continue to use this test with the wrong intentions.
What Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Test can do?
People are drawn to tests like MBTI because of the desire to understand themselves and others. Ashton said: "The four dimensions from which the MBTI types are derived are all useful ones for describing people's personalities"
And even if the MBTI results don't quite match your intuition about yourself or are just mistaken, they can still provide insight. A former employee at Bridgewater Associates did the test and concluded that although MBTI doesn't fully describe an individual, its value lies in the push "to reconcile the gaps between what the test results tell us, and what we know to be true about ourselves". Here are some common uses of the MBTI test
Business-oriented environments:
Develop leadership;
Team building;
Screen and interview employees;
Career selection;
Consider team and organizational culture.
Personal-oriented developments:
Self-growth;
Work with groups;
Understand stress responses;
Career development;
Working relationship;
Communication style;
Conflict resolution;
Change management;
Problem-solving.
MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR versus DISC
DISC is a professional test tool that identifies the personality of a person at a given time by observing their behavior based on the research of psychologist William Moulton Marston. Both DISC and MBTI are assessment tools that provide insight into personality and behavior. Both are known and widely used by individuals, organizations, and corporations worldwide. However, there are noticeable differences between DISC and MBTI:
The DISC test is shorter than MBTI (typically 24-30 questions for DISC vs. 90 questions for most MBTI tests).
DISC focuses primarily on four predominant types of behavior. According to the DISC theory, each person's personality is in 4 behavioral patterns: D – Dominance, I – Influence, S – Steadiness, C – Compliance. There are four main opposite categories of personality that DISC uses: Direct >< Indirect, Task-Oriented> < People-Oriented.
The MBTI assumes that personality is fixed and unchanging, while DISC extends the possibility that different situations and environments can result in different behavioral traits within an individual.
The MBTI is largely an indicator of how people think internally while DISC measures the simulated inner personality to the outside behavior.
MBTI versus Big Five
The Big Five test (also known as the OCEAN test) is based on the 5 most basic aspects of human personality, namely Openness to Experience (O), Conscientiousness (C), Extraversion (E), Agreeableness (A), Neuroticism (N). This test was recognized more than 100 years ago and has been followed and completed by many psychologists until today. The standard test is designed statistically and things to measure are 5 specific traits that are completely noticeable in everyday expression, so its validity and reliability are quite high.
The difference between Big Five and MBTI is that this model of Big Five does not label an individual's personality type on which group but to check how many percent or how many points the individual has on each of the five aspects listed above.
Besides, according to personality psychology, it is possible to analyze human personality under six models: Dispositional, Biological, Intrapsychic, Cognitive/Experimental, Social and Cultural, and Adjustment. This means that human personality is fixed from birth, inherited from parents, and changes according to their environment and experiences.
Although MBTI is widely used, it is a bit inflexible in classifying or labeling a personality type, ignoring the fact that personality can change over time and the environment. Meanwhile, the Big Five model is widely used in research because it does not classify the human personality, but instead marks the five aspects of their inherent personality in continuity, including the factor of human personality that will change.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the validity and reliability of the Big Five are higher than MBTI since its variation is not too different.
MBTI versus Enneagram
Enneagram is based on a combination of natural personality traits and the impact of the individual's surroundings. According to this test, a person's personality is not fixed but always changes depending on the environment and external influences. The nine types of Enneagrams correspond to certain habits of an individual's thinking, emotions, and behavior according to a unique developmental path: 1 - The Reformer, 2 - The Helper, 3 - The Achiever, 4 - The Individualist, 5 - The Investigator, 6 - The Loyalist, 7 - The Enthusiast, 8 - The Challenger, 9 - The Peacemaker.
The biggest difference between MBTI and Enneagram is that MBTI focuses on nature, while Enneagram favors nurture. The reason Enneagram is so popular in career orientation at the secondary level is that it offers a two-way assessment of existing personality and external impact. The results from this test are therefore much more realistic.
Despite having an equivalent level of complexity to MBTI, the Enneagram with the approach of "Basic Fear" and "Basic Desire" is much easier to design the test than MBTI. Therefore, Enneagram's validity and reliability are relatively satisfactory compared to MBTI (but still not very effective compared to other tools).
Although Isabel Briggs Myers initially used the test as a tool to choose a career, gradually it became a tool to help her in every aspect of her life. She viewed it as an important tool in pursuing a career, education, marriage, and relationships. She claimed that she had a happy married life thanks to her ability to perceive personality types, explaining that the difference between her (INFP personality) and her husband (ISTJ personality), they easily understood and sympathized with each other after using the MBTI test.
The classification has become a part of Myers's life and her family members have said that in the last few years of her life, she was talking about nothing else but MBTI. She desires to want people to see their strengths and to help them understand that they can best contribute to the world around them. Her relentless effort in promoting the classification test is the assertion that the tool will certainly be of great benefit to anyone accessing it. At the last professional event in her life, she told a colleague: "I hope that long after I am gone, my work will go on helping people".
This is not a test designed to accurately classify people, but a test designed to make people feel happier after doing it. This is one of the reasons that MBTI has existed for a long time in the corporate world despite being rejected by psychology. Ultimately, it is not the MBTI label, but the power of inner examination that fosters insights and sometimes motivates to take steps to change a person's condition.
Application of MBTI in Corporate Management
The results of the MBTI personality test not only affect an individual, but also a large group with a complex structure. The MBTI test is an indispensable tool if you want to lead and manage a successful business. Corporate management is largely related to HR management: recruitment of personnel, company culture, or the roles of leaders.
Recruitment of personnel
The MBTI test is a tool that helps recruiters analyze candidates' personalities, from which they know their strengths and weaknesses based on classification according to 16 groups. The candidates' personalities are very important besides their expertise. Employers will rely on the result of the test to assess whether candidates are suitable for the environment and people of the organization or not. It's part of the MBTI test used for HR recruiters.
When recruiting candidates suitable for company culture, administrators will need to have human resource management methods and solutions to bring about the highest work efficiency. In addition to analyzing the personality of each group through the MBTI test, there is also an analysis of the performance of each group in the working process – this is very valuable information for administrators.
An important criterion in human resource management is the understanding of employees. The purpose of this criterion is to know how their personalities are, their reactions to working pressure, how they work in groups, and employees' ability to focus and create.
Knowing the above factors will help administrators to allocate proper positions and tasks to corresponding individuals, have appropriate discipline and reward criteria, organize the corporate work ethic to minimize conflicts between employees, and optimize the overall performance of the organization.
Support the formation of the corporate culture
The selection of employees according to the application of the MBTI test partly provides administrators with a qualitative tool for their corporate and organizational character. Based on MBTI's classification system and other studies, in 2011, Stanley D. Truskie, President and CEO of Management Science and Development Inc., United States, developed 4 trends to build a successful corporate culture model – The L4 model:
Cooperative patterns (based on SF personality groups) with key elements in corporate culture including cooperation, teamwork, diversity.
Inspiration patterns (based on the NF personality group) with key elements in corporate culture including challenge at work, connections, career development, training and improving skills, as well as motivating and inspiring employees.
Achievement patterns (based on NT personality groups) with key elements in corporate culture including discovering and advancing towards excellence.
Consistent patterns (based on ST personality groups) are trends that emphasize the importance of discipline in corporate culture to be able to develop stably and sustainably.
Application of MBTI in Career orientation
Personality has a great influence on the career field, so the results of the MBTI test are also developed and oriented for career tests. Below is a summary of the work fields that are suitable for 16 MBTI personality groups:
ENFJ – The Giver: They are suitable for a work environment with a lot of support and encouragement, especially in the jobs that have to communicate with people and understand others such as Diplomat, Psychologist, Social Worker, Teacher, Consultant/ Advisor, Human Resource Manager, Event Organizer, Writer.
ENFP – The Champion: they do very well at jobs that require interesting ideas and have a large audience to keep them for a long time such as Consultant, Writer, Journalist, Reporter, Actor/ Actress, Entrepreneur, Lawyer, Journalist, Researcher, Programmer, Computer Systems Analyst.
ENTJ – The Field Marshal: ENTJs are very suitable for the role of organizing and leading such as Entrepreneur, CEO, Judge, Teacher.
ENTP – The Visionary: they are suitable to work in many fields, especially those that can freely pursue creativity. The suitable positions for the ENTP group: Lawyer, Advisor, Entrepreneur, Scientist, Engineer, Photographer, Sales Representative, Actor/ Actress, Personal Marketer.
ESFJ – The Provider: they will do a good job related to maintaining order and structure, besides, they feel comfortable doing things that serve people.
ESFP – The Performer: they are suitable for jobs that allow them to use their excellent communication skills, they don't like being constrained by theories.
ESTJ – The Supervisor: they are suitable for jobs that require setting up order and structure.
ESTP – The Doer: They are suitable for roles that require thinking, reacting quickly, and without any complicated regulations.
INFJ – The Counselor: They are suitable for careers related to a mission to create something meaningful.
INFP – The Idealist: They should work in areas that allow them to live daily life according to their values while bringing many good things to humanity such as Writer, Musician, Composer.
INTJ – The Mastermind: They usually associate their careers with independent thinking and have complete insight into something.
INTP – The Thinker: They should go down the path of finding and analyzing basic principles and ideas in an independent working environment.
ISFJ – The Protector: They should choose jobs in which they can apply their great observation and organizational ability.
ISFP – The Composer: Most famous artists in the world match the ISFP personality group.
ISTJ – The Inspector: They maximize their capabilities with jobs around traditional characteristics, authority, security, or logical facts.
ISTP – The Craftsman: They show their best when working independently or in an environment with enough flexibility where they can apply excellent reasoning skills or solve real problems.
Application of MBTI in Education
The MBTI test or other personality tests are great tools for teachers, coaches, and educational professionals. Classification of 16 personality groups in MBTI gives them a standard system of classifying human personality and recognizes the trend and natural ability of their students, from which to classify and build up specific directions for each type of personality.
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test also helps each individual to better understand himself/herself so that he or she can act as his/ her coach, find out the most effective way of learning as well as choose the direction for future development. Besides, the MBTI test equips individuals and educational institutions with effective soft skills orientations such as teamwork skills, problem-solving skills, conflict resolution skills, and leadership.
In summary, the MBTI test supports in the education sector include teaching and learning methods, specialization of the curriculum at different levels, and adapting education and training to diverse cultures.


It is time for another blog hop with the Stamp 'N Hop global independent Stampin' Up! demonstrator group. This month we are CASEing (Copy and share everything) the Annual Catalog. I chose a card from page 20 that showcases the Botanical Bliss bundle. The catalog image is the left and my project the right.
I do not own the designer series paper, nor the Delightfully Detailed Memories & More Card Pack (used to make the background).
I chose to use Night of Navy lined dsp from Twinkle Twinkle and Soft Sea Foam dsp from Tranquil Textures.
I used Soft Sea Foam ink to stamp the flowers on the background, I changed my glimmer and heat embossing from gold to copper.
I love how my project came out, it is different than my normal style which my husband picked up on right away. It is fun to get out of your comfort zone.
I hope you like my project. Don't forget to leave a comment before you hop to Vicki and see her lovely project. Just click on the arrow below. If you get lost along the hop, you can use the blog hop list below to help guide you along.
What a beautiful card! I love the colours, If I had to choose between the original and your card, I'd take yours. You tweaked it perfectly.
I really like your version of the card Traca - it turned out great!
I love this card,love the layering elements, been a fun challenge, loved looking at everyone's projects.


text:
Home / FAQs / Earthquake - Monitoring / What is the difference between magnitude and intensity?
What is the difference between magnitude and intensity?
Magnitude is a value related to the energy generated by an earthquake. It is a fixed number that does not vary regardless of which island you are located. For example, the duration magnitude of the Martinique Earthquake (2007/11/29) which was widely felt throughout the Eastern Caribbean was 7.3.
Intensity scales categorise the severity of an earthquake at a given location by describing the effects on people, structures and geological formations (e.g. whether or not buildings were damaged, whether items fell from shelves etc.) Each degree of intensity is described by a Roman numeral, (I, II, III etc.) the largest being XII, and the effects of the earthquake roughly double in severity for each one-division increase in intensity. The intensity of an earthquake varies depending on where you are in relation to the earthquake's epicenter. For example, the intensity of the Martinique Earthquake (2007/11/29) was roughly V in Trinidad and VI and higher in Martinique.


text:
using Xunit;

namespace Liquid.NET.Tests.Filters.Strings
{

    public class UrlEscapeFilterTests
    {
        [Fact]
        public void It_Should_UrlEscape_A_String()
        {
            // Arrange
            var result = RenderingHelper.RenderTemplate("Result : {{ \"<hello> & <shopify>\" | url_escape }}");

            // Assert
            Assert.Equal("Result : %3Chello%3E%20&%20%3Cshopify%3E", result);

        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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