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In the American Revolution, gaining freedom was the strongest motive for Black enslaved people who joined the Patriot or British armies. It is estimated that 20,000 African Americans joined the British cause, which promised freedom to enslaved people, as Black Loyalists. Around 9,000 African Americans became Black Patriots.[1]
As between 200,000 and 250,000 soldiers and militia served the American cause during the revolution in total, that would mean Black soldiers made up approximately four percent of the Patriots' numbers. Of the 9,000 Black soldiers, 5,000 were combat dedicated troops.[2] Notably, the average length of time in service for an African American soldier during the war was four and a half years (due to many serving for the whole eight-year duration), which was eight times longer than the average period for white soldiers. Meaning that while they were only four percent of the manpower base, they comprised around a quarter of the Patriots' strength in terms of man-hours, though this includes supportive roles.[3]
In contrast, about 20,000 escaped enslaved people joined and fought for the British army.[4] Much of this number was seen after Dunmore's Proclamation, and subsequently the Philipsburg Proclamation issued by Sir Henry Clinton.[5] Though between only 800–2,000 people who were enslaved reached Dunmore himself, the publication of both proclamations provided incentive for nearly 100,000 enslaved people across the American Colonies to escape, lured by the promise of freedom.[6]
Crispus Attucks was shot dead by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre in 1770 after he shouted, "Kill them! Kill them! Knock them over!" while the soldiers were being battered with shells, ice, and coal by a mob armed with clubs.[7] He is considered an iconic martyr of Patriots.[8]
African-American Patriots
Main article: Black Patriot
Engraving of Crispus Attucks being shot during the Boston Massacre. (John Bufford after William L. Champey, c. 1856)[9]
Prior to the revolution, many free African Americans supported the anti-British cause, most famously Crispus Attucks, believed to be the first person killed at the Boston Massacre. At the time of the American Revolution, some Black men had already enlisted as Minutemen. Both free and enslaved Africans had served in private militias, especially in the North, defending their villages against attacks by Native Americans. In March 1775, the Continental Congress assigned units of the Massachusetts militia as Minutemen. They were under orders to become activated if the British troops in Boston took the offensive. Peter Salem, who had been freed by his owner to join the Framingham militia, was one of the Black men in the military. He served for nearly five years.[10] In the Revolutionary War, slave owners often let the people they enslaved to enlist in the war with promises of freedom, but many were put back into slavery after the conclusion of the war.[11]
In April 1775, at Lexington and Concord, Black men responded to the call and fought with Patriot forces. Prince Estabrook was wounded some time during the fighting on 19 April, probably at Lexington.[12] The Battle of Bunker Hill also had African-American soldiers fighting along with white Patriots, such as Peter Salem;[13] Salem Poor, Barzillai Lew, Blaney Grusha,[citation needed] Titus Coburn, Alexander Ames, Cato Howe, and Seymour Burr. Many African Americans, both enslaved and free, wanted to join with the Patriots. They believed that they would achieve freedom or expand their civil rights.[14] In addition to the role of soldier, Black men also served as guides, messengers, and spies.
On April 26, 1777, during Tyron's raid on Danbury Connecticut, a slave named Adams, in an act of reckless daring, was killed when firing upon the British.[15]
American states had to meet quotas of troops for the new Continental Army, and New England regiments recruited Black enslaved people by promising freedom to those who served in the Continental Army. During the course of the war, about one-fifth of the men in the northern army were Black.[16] At the Siege of Yorktown in 1781, Baron Closen, a German officer in the French Royal Deux-Ponts Regiment, estimated about one-quarter of the American army to be Black men.[17]
Another famous Black patriot was Jack Peterson of Westchester whose quick thinking helped repel British forces in Croton, New York.[18] Peterson's actions threw Benedict Arnold's treasonous plans into disarray and led to the capture of Major Andre.
African-American sailors
Because of manpower shortages at sea, both the Continental Navy and Royal Navy signed African Americans into their navies. Even southern colonies, which worried about putting guns into the hands of enslaved people for the army, had no qualms about using Black men to pilot vessels and to handle the ammunition on ships.[citation needed] In state navies, some African Americans served as captains: South Carolina had significant numbers of Black captains.[19] Some African Americans had been captured from the Royal Navy and used by the Patriots on their vessels.[citation needed]
Patriot resistance to using African Americans
Revolutionary leaders began to be fearful of using Black men in the armed forces. They were afraid that enslaved people who were armed would cause slave rebellions. Slave owners became concerned that military service would eventually free their people.[citation needed]
In May 1775, the Massachusetts Committee of Safety enrolled enslaved people in the armies of the colony. The action was adopted by the Continental Congress when they took over the Patriot Army. But Horatio Gates in July 1775 issued an order to recruiters, ordering them not to enroll "any deserter from the Ministerial army, nor any stroller, negro or vagabond. . ." in the Continental Army.[20] Most Black men were integrated into existing military units, but some segregated units were formed.
African-American Loyalists in British military service
Main article: Black Loyalist
In 1779, Sir Henry Clinton issued the Philipsburg Proclamation, which stipulated that all enslaved people, regardless of age or gender owned by Patriots would be accepted at British lines. This greatly increased the number of enslaved African Americans who fled to British lines, and many regiments were formed during this period. The largest regiment made up of escaped African Americas was the Black Company of Pioneers, a pioneer unit. This regiment was placed in a support role, with orders to "attend the scavangers, assist in cleaning the streets & removing all newsiances being thrown into the streets" when they were stationed in Philadelphia. A smaller unit of 24 escaped slaves fought under the command of Colonel Tye, raiding Patriot settlements in New Jersey.[21][22][23]
In Savannah, Augusta, and Charleston, when threatened by Patriot forces, the British filled gaps in their troops with African Americans. In October 1779, about 200 Black Loyalist soldiers assisted the British in successfully defending Savannah against a joint French and American Patriot attack.[24]
In total, historians estimate that approximately 20,000 African-Americans joined the British during the Revolutionary War, while 5,000 African-Americans joined the Patriot cause.[4]
Dunmore's proclamation
Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, was determined to maintain British rule in the colonies and promised to free those enslaved men of rebel owners who fought for him. On November 7, 1775, he issued Dunmore's Proclamation: "I do hereby further declare all indented servants, Negroes, or others, (appertaining to Rebels,) free, that are able and willing to bear arms, they joining His Majesty's Troops." By December 1775 the British army had 300 enslaved men wearing a military uniform. Sewn-on the breast of the uniform was the inscription "Liberty to Slaves". These enslaved men were designated as "Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment."
Patriot military response to Dunmore's proclamation
Dunmore's Black soldiers aroused fear among some Patriots. The Ethiopian unit was used most frequently in the South, where the African population was oppressed to the breaking point.[25] As a response to expressions of fear posed by armed Black men, in December 1775, Washington wrote a letter to Colonel Henry Lee III, stating that success in the war would come to whatever side could arm Black men the fastest; therefore, he suggested policy to execute any of the enslaved who would attempt to gain freedom by joining the British effort.[26] Washington issued orders to the recruiters to reenlist the free Black men who had already served in the army; he worried that some of these soldiers might cross over to the British side.
Congress in 1776 agreed with Washington and authorized re-enlistment of free Black men who had already served. Patriots in South Carolina and Georgia resisted enlisting enslaved men as armed soldiers. African Americans from northern units were generally assigned to fight in southern battles. In some Southern states, southern Black enslaved men substituted for their masters in Patriot service.[citation needed]
Black Regiment of Rhode Island
In 1778, Rhode Island was having trouble recruiting enough white men to meet the troop quotas set by the Continental Congress. The Rhode Island Assembly decided to adopt a suggestion by General Varnum and enlist enslaved men in 1st Rhode Island Regiment.[27] Varnum had raised the idea in a letter to George Washington, who forwarded the letter to the governor of Rhode Island. On February 14, 1778, the Rhode Island Assembly voted to allow the enlistment of "every able-bodied negro, mulatto, or Indian man slave" who chose to do so, and that "every slave so enlisting shall, upon his passing muster before Colonel Christopher Greene, be immediately discharged from the service of his master or mistress, and be absolutely free...."[28] The slave owners who enlisted were to be compensated by the Assembly in an amount equal to the market value of the man who had been enslaved.
A total of 88 men who had been enslaved enlisted in the regiment over the next four months, joined by some free Black men. The regiment eventually totaled about 225 men; probably fewer than 140 were Black men.[29] The 1st Rhode Island Regiment became the only regiment of the Continental Army to have segregated companies of Black soldiers.
Under Colonel Greene, the regiment fought in the Battle of Rhode Island in August 1778. The regiment played a fairly minor but still-praised role in the battle. Its casualties were three killed, nine wounded, and eleven missing.[30]
Like most of the Continental Army, the regiment saw little action over the next few years, as the focus of the war had shifted to the south. In 1781, Greene and several of his Black soldiers were killed in a skirmish with Loyalists. Greene's body was mutilated by the Loyalists, apparently as punishment for having led Black soldiers against them. Forty of the Black men in his unit were also killed.[31] A Monument to the First Rhode Island Regiment memorializing the bravery of the Black soldiers that fought and died with Greene was erected in 1982 in Yorktown Heights, New York.
Fate of Black Loyalists
On July 21, 1781, as the final British ship left Savannah, more than 5,000 enslaved African Americans were transported with their Loyalist masters for Jamaica or St. Augustine. About 300 Black people in Savannah did not evacuate, fearing that they would be re-enslaved. They established a colony in the swamps of the Savannah River. By 1786, many were back in bondage.[citation needed]
So many African-Americans fled to the British Army under Lord Cornwallis, that he wrote they caused "a most serious distress to us."[32] By liberating slaves of revolting colonists, Cornwallis hindered the southern economy.[33] These refugees contributed significantly to the British, however, as soldiers, laborers, and guides in the Southern Campaign. Cornwallis declined to return slaves who served his forces unless "they are willing to go with" the owners who claimed them.[32] Following the Siege of Yorktown, however, General Washington issued an order for all "Negroes or Molattoes" fighting for the British to be held until they could be returned to their former owners.[32]
The British evacuation of Charleston in December 1782 included many Loyalists and more than 5,000 Black men. More than half of these were enslaved by the Loyalists; they were taken by their masters for resettlement in the West Indies, where the Loyalists started or bought plantations. The British also settled freed African Americans in Jamaica and other West Indian islands, eventually granting them land. Another 500 enslaved people were taken alongside their Loyalist masters to East Florida, which remained under British control.[citation needed]
The British promised freedom to enslaved people who left their Patriot masters to side with the British. In New York City, which the British occupied, thousands of refugee enslaved people migrated there to gain freedom. The British created a registry of people who had escaped slavery, called the Book of Negroes. The registry included details of their enslavement, escape, and service to the British. If accepted, the former enslaved person received a certificate entitling transport out of New York. By the time the Book of Negroes was closed, it had the names of 1,336 men, 914 women, and 750 children, who were resettled in Nova Scotia. They were known in Canada as Black Loyalists. Sixty-five percent of those evacuated were from the South. About 200 formerly enslaved people were taken to London with British forces as free people.[34]
After the war, many freed Black people living in London and Nova Scotia struggled with discrimination, a slow pace of land grants and, in Canada, with the more severe climate. Supporters in England organized to establish a colony in West Africa for the resettlement of Poor Blacks of London, most of whom were formerly enslaved in America. Freetown was the first settlement established of what became the colony of Sierra Leone. Black Loyalists in Nova Scotia were also asked if they wanted to relocate. Many chose to go to Africa, and on January 15, 1792, 1,193 Black people left Halifax for West Africa and a new life. Later the African colony was supplemented by Afro-Caribbean maroons transported by the British from Jamaica, as well as Africans who were liberated by the British in their intervention in the Atlantic slave trade, after Britain prohibited it in 1807.
Fate of Black Patriots
The African-American Patriots who served the Continental Army, found that the postwar military held few rewards for them. It was much reduced in size, and state legislatures such as Connecticut and Massachusetts in 1784 and 1785, respectively, banned all Blacks, free or enslaved, from military service. Southern states also banned all enslaved men from their militias. North Carolina was among the states that allowed free people of color to serve in their militias and bear arms until the 1830s. In 1792, the United States Congress formally excluded African Americans from military service, allowing only "free able-bodied white male citizens" to serve.[35]
At the time of the ratification of the Constitution in 1789, free Black men could vote in five of the thirteen states, including North Carolina. That demonstrated that they were considered citizens not only of their states but of the United States.[36]
Many enslaved men who fought in the war gained freedom, but others did not. Some owners reneged on their promises to free them after their service in the military.[citation needed]
Some African-American descendants of Revolutionary war veterans have documented their lineage. Professor Henry Louis Gates and Judge Lawrence W. Pierce, as examples, have joined the Sons of the American Revolution based on documenting male lines of ancestors who served.
In the first two decades following the Revolution, most northern states abolished slavery, some by a gradual method others such as Vermont and Massachusetts did so during the Revolutionary period.[37] Northern states abolished slavery by law or in their new constitutions. By 1810, about 75 percent of all African Americans in the North were free. By 1840, virtually all African Americans in the North were either free or living in free state jurisdiction.[37]
Although southern state legislatures maintained the institution of slavery, in the Upper South, especially, numerous slaveholders were inspired by revolutionary ideals to free the people they had enslaved. In addition, in this period Methodist, Baptist and Quaker preachers also urged manumission. The proportion of free Black people in the Upper South increased markedly, from less than 1 percent of all Black people to more than 10 percent, even as the number of enslaved people was increasing overall.[38] More than half of the number of free Black people in the United States were concentrated in the Upper South.[38] In Delaware, nearly 75 percent of Black people were free by 1810.[39] This was also a result of a changing economy, as many planters had been converting from labor-intensive tobacco to mixed commodity crops, with less need for intensive labor.
After that period, few enslaved people were granted freedom. The invention of the cotton gin made cultivation of short-staple cotton profitable, and the Deep South was developed for this product. This drove up the demand for labor from people who were enslaved in that developing area, creating a demand for more than one million people to be enslaved to be transported to the Deep South in the domestic slave trade.[40]
In Popular Culture
The 2000 film, The Patriot, features an African-American character named Occam (played by Jay Arlen Jones). He is an enslaved man who fights in the war in place of his master. After serving a year in the Continental Army, he becomes a free man and continues to serve with the militia until the end of the war.
The 2011 young adult novel, Forge, by Laurie Halse Anderson, follows a teenage African-American youth who escaped from slavery to join the war.[41]
Role of other combatants with African ancestry
While not American-based, a French regiment of colored troops (the Chasseurs-Volontaires de Saint-Domingue) under the command of Comte d'Estaing and one of the largest combatant contingent of color in the American Revolutionary War, fought on behalf of the Patriots in the Siege of Savannah.
American Revolutionary War portal
National Liberty Memorial - proposed memorial to commemorate African Americans who fought in the Revolutionary War
The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution, 1855 book
Afro-Mexicans in the Mexican War of Independence
^ Nash, "The African Americans' Revolution," at p 254
^ Michael Lee Lanning. "African Americans in the Revolutionary War." Page 177.
^ a b "The Ex-Slaves Who Fought with the British".
^ Carnahan, Burrus M. (2007). Act of Justice: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War. University Press of Kentucky. p. 18. ISBN 0-8131-2463-8
^ Bristow, Peggy (1994). We're Rooted Here and They Can't Pull Us Up: Essays in African Canadian Women's History. University of Toronto Press. p. 19. ISBN 0-8020-6881-2.
^ "John Adams and the Boston Massacre Trials".
^ "Crispus Attucks". Biography. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
^ Thomas H. O'Connor, The Hub: Boston Past and Present (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2001), p. 56 ISBN 1555535445.
^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War. Vol. 13, pp. 743–744.
^ "Fighting... Maybe for Freedom, but probably not?". History.
^ "SALEM, April 25". Essex Gazette. Essex, Massachusetts. 25 April 1775. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
^ Lisa, C. R. (January 2006). "Peter Salem, American hero!". Footsteps. 8: 36–37 – via ProQuest.
^ Foner, 43.
^ "An account of Tryon's raid on Danbury in April, 1777, also the battle of Ridgefield and the career of Gen. David Wooster ... With much original matter hitherto unpublished". Danbury, Conn., [The Danbury printing co.] 1927.
^ Liberty! The American Revolution (Documentary) Episode II:Blows Must Decide: 1774–1776. ©1997 Twin Cities Public Television, Inc. ISBN 1-4157-0217-9
^ "The Revolution's Black Soldiers" by Robert A. Selig, Ph.D., American Revolution website, 2013-2014
^ G.P. Wygant (October 19, 1936). "Peterson and Sherwood, Local Men Real Heroes of "Vulture" Episode". Peekskill Evening Star.
^ "Continental Army". United States History. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Lanning, 145.
^ Nan Cole and Todd Braisted (February 2, 2001). "A History of the Black Pioneers". Loyalist Institute.
^ Jonathan D. Sutherland, African Americans at War, ABC-CLIO, 2003, pp. 420-421, accessed 4 May 2010
^ White, Deborah; Bay, Mia; Martin, Waldo (2013). Freedon: on My Mind. Bostan: Bedford/St.Martin's. p. 129.
^ Malcolm, Joyce Lee (14 May 2014). Peter's War: A New England Slave Boy and the American Revolution. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300142761. Retrieved 25 October 2017 – via Google Books.
^ Nell, William C. (1855). "IV, Rhode Island". The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution. Robert F. Wallcut.
^ Foner, 205.
^ Foner, 75–76.
^ Lanning, 76–77.
^ Lanning, 79.
^ a b c Urwin, Gregory J. W. (19 October 2021). "The Yorktown Tragedy: Washington's Slave Roundup". Journal of the American Revolution. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
^ Urwin, Gregory J. W. (2008). "When Freedom Wore a Red Coat: How Cornwallis' 1781 Campaign Threatened the Revolution in Virginia". Army History (68): 15. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
^ Lanning, 161–162.
^ Abraham Lincoln's Speech on the Dred Scott Decision, June 26, 1857 Archived September 8, 2002, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Peter Kolchin (1993), American Slavery, p. 81.
^ a b Peter Kolchin (1993), American Slavery, pp. 77–78, 81.
^ Kolchin (1993), American Slavery, p. 78.
^ "Sign in - Google Accounts". Sites.google.com. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Barker-Benfield, Graham J. Phillis Wheatley Chooses Freedom: History, Poetry, and the Ideals of the American Revolution (NYU Press, 2018).
Blanck, Emily. "Seventeen eighty-three: the turning point in the law of slavery and freedom in Massachusetts." New England Quarterly (2002): 24–51. in JSTOR
Brown, Christopher L. "Empire without Slaves: British Concepts of Emancipation in the Age of the American Revolution." William and Mary Quarterly 56.2 (1999): 273-306 online.
Carretta, Vincent. Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage (U of Georgia Press, 2011)
Farley, M. Foster. "The South Carolina Negro in the American Revolution, 1775-1783." South Carolina Historical Magazine (1978): 75-86 online.
Foner, Philip. Blacks in the American Revolution. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976 ISBN 0837189462.
Frey, Sylvia R. Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age (1992) excerpt and text search
Gilbert, Alan. Black Patriots and Loyalists: Fighting for Emancipation in the War for Independence (University of Chicago Press, 2012)
Hartgrove, W. B. "The Negro Soldier in the American Revolution." Journal of Negro History 1.2 (1916): 110-131. online
Jackson, Luther P. "Virginia Negro Soldiers and Seamen in the American Revolution." Journal of Negro History 27.3 (1942): 247-287 online.
Lanning, Michael. African Americans in the Revolutionary War. New York: Kensington Publishing, 2000 ISBN 0806527161.
Lanning, Michael Lee. "African Americans and the American Revolution." in The Routledge Handbook of the History of Race and the American Military (Routledge, 2016) pp. 45–54.
MacLeod, Duncan J. Slavery, Race and the American Revolution (1974)
Nash, Gary B. "The African Americans' Revolution," in Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution (2012) edited by Edward G Gray and Jane Kamensky pp 250–70. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199746705.013.0015
Pargas, Damian Alan, ed. Fugitive Slaves and Spaces of Freedom in North America (U of Florida Press, 2018). Pp. 315. * Parkinson, Robert G. The common cause: Creating race and nation in the American Revolution (UNC Press Books, 2016).
Piecuch, Jim. Three Peoples, One King: Loyalists, Indians, and Slaves in the Revolutionary South, 1775-1782 (Univ of South Carolina Press, 2008)
Quarles, Benjamin.The Negro in the American Revolution. (U of North Carolina Press, 1961) online
Schama, Simon. Rough crossings: Britain, the slaves and the American Revolution (Random House, 2006).
Spooner, Matthew. "Freedom, Reenslavement, and Movement in the Revolutionary South." in Race and Nation in the Age of Emancipations, edited by Whitney Nell Stewart and John Garrison Marks, (U of Georgia Press, 2018), pp. 13–34. online
Tise, Larry E., and Jeffrey J. Crow. The Southern Experience in the American Revolution (UNC Press Books, 2017).
Van Buskirk, Judith L. Standing in Their Own Light: African American Patriots in the American Revolution (U of Oklahoma Press, 2017).
Waldstreicher, David. "Ancients, Moderns, and Africans: Phillis Wheatley and the Politics of Empire and Slavery in the American Revolution." Journal of the Early Republic 37.4 (2017): 701-733 online.
Whitfield, Harvey Amani. "Black Loyalists and Black Slaves in Maritime Canada." History Compass 5.6 (2007) pp: 1980–1997.
Wright, Donald R. African Americans in the colonial era: From African origins through the American Revolution(4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2017).
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text:
Q: After data recovery software needed
Possible Duplicate:
How do I recover lost/inaccessible data from my storage device?

I accidentally deleted all files from one of my hard drives. I have recovered most of the files, but there is around 1 TB of data. I mainly want to recover my pictures, but they are mixed with thousands of other random/damaged files/photos.
Is there software which can scan all "good" photos and make a new folder containing them? Or a script that I can run to do this?
I am using Windows 7.

A: Found my old script that incorporated a function like what you're looking for. This is using Bash and Imagemagick (on Linux):
#!/bin/env bash
 for img in `find /loc/of/saved/items -type f -iname "*.jpg"`; do
    if identify "${img}" &> /dev/null; then
        mv ${img} /identified/files
    fi
done

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


As a child, Rob Dalton Smith wrote short stories, poems, songs and even invented things for fun.
He studied Media in Nottingham and then became a radio presenter in many towns and cities across the UK. This meant he was able to interview many famous people; the most memorable was Jake from the Cbeebies show "The Tweenies"!
He decided to take up writing many years later after waking from a dream, which sparked the initial idea for "Jack Roberts and the Island of Ideas".
Rob is married with two children and lives in Christchurch.


We've fallen hard for the new Bodyism x Emilia Wickstead collection. For here is a range of workout wear that you can legitimately pass off as actual clothing (the floral-print hoodie will brighten up the school run). That you can sleep in (the baby-pink sweatshirt is softer than a kitten's tummy). That you can go clubbing in, should you be so inclined (check out that jumpsuit with its go-faster white stripe). Plus it's so flattering, so breathable, so easygoing that you can also wear it to the gym. Which is useful.


Last Fall, I decided to do a little experiment in my 1st-year undergraduate course "The Ancient Mediterranean" (a Classics and History course). On the first day of class, right at the start of lecture, I distributed a homemade, anonymous survey to the group, which contained a few questions: What 5 words come to their mind when they think about the Ancient Mediterranean? Why are you taking this course? What are you expecting with this course? Is this your first course in ancient history? If no, what other high school or university course(s) did you take? How many languages do you speak?
On the last day of class, that is 13 weeks later, I distributed another survey, in which I asked students to respond to the 5-word question again. How different or similar would their answers be this time around? I was excited to find out, and so were the students. What follows is thus dedicated to them.
This before/after survey exercise is by no means scientific. Yet I believe it nevertheless illuminates certain trends regarding the general perception of ancient history and Classics among young Ontarians, and thus help us teachers think about how both high school and university curricula/syllabi can foster more nuanced, intersectional and de-Eurocentrized perceptions of ancient history amongst students, including those who won't pursue a Classics or History degree.
The course's size went from 180 students on week 1 to 150 on the day of the final (attrition-wise, this is normal by UofT standards). The two main reasons for enrolling include an interest in history and (for more senior students) program requirements. Most students were first year undergraduates. Since the course was offered in the Fall, this means they were mostly coming straight out of high school. In other words, given the reduced historical curriculum in Ontarian high schools, and also the rather outdated nature of the conception of history the official program promotes (namely the biological model whereby "civilizations" sprout, blossom then decay/fall), the majority of them had not been exposed to any ancient history before, and when they had, it had been mostly through the problematic yet still popular "Classical word is the root of Western civilization" trope.
One of the most incredible features of the UTSC student body is its diversity and, also, the fact that most students are bi-/multilingual. In addition to English, languages spoken by students enrolled in the course include: Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Bengali, Bulgarian, Cantonnese, French, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Igbo, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin, Polish, Portugese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Sinhalese, Tagalog, Tamil, Turkish, Urdu, Vietnamese. Such diversity, and the breadth and depth of personal, family, and collective experiences it testifies to, impacts the way students relate (or not) with ancient Mediterranean history, as well as with several of the phenomena discussed during term (multilingualism, migration, religion(s), wars, the politics of heritage).
The course provides an aerial survey of the history of the Mediterranean-at-large (including the Near East), from the development of agriculture to the Umayyad caliphate. The idea is to allow students in Classics and History (the course is double-numbered) to be able to contextualize the "Greco-Roman" world within the broader historical, geographical and cultural worlds they belonged to, and to also have a general sense of how ancient history's connections to later periods are multifaceted and profound. In other words, the course aims to de-Eurocentrize ancient Mediterranean history.
You can find a description of the course as well as its syllabus here.
On the first day of class, 139 students filled the survey (that is most of those who were in class that day). Almost all of them answered the 5-word question, for a total of 612 entries. In total, the group came up with 214 different words or referents (words referring to a territory and its people – i.e. Greek and Greece – were grouped together).
The most striking feature of Table 2 is that for almost half the students who filled up the survey, the ancient Mediterranean was seen as Greek. The words 'Rome' [not Italy] and 'Roman(s)', come in second, but in lesser number, since they show up in about a third of the copies. I was expecting these two referents to be popular, but the sheer prevalence of "Greece" over "Rome" was a surprise. Likewise, they amount to way more entries than the following top words, which refer to general, obvious features traditionally attached to ancient History and Classics (notably an emphasis on military history, politics, and trade) and the Mediterranean Sea itself in popular culture.
The traditional, mostly Eurocentric and at times Orientalist picture that emerges from Table 2 is both confirmed and nuanced by several of the thematic clusters one can observe in Table 1. These include words related to food (production) (agriculture, fishing, food, goat, kabob, olives, salad, souvlaki, spices); climate and landscapes (Aegean Sea, beach(es), blue, camel, coastal, desert, fertility, hot, nature, ocean, palm trees, rivers, sea/bodies of water, sun, tropical, villages, water); people (Alexander the Great, Aristotle, Augustus, Bedouins, Caesar, Gaius, Hypatia (the only female), Thucydides); "religion" (Christian, gods, goddess(es), Islam, Jupiter, mythology, polytheism, Poseidon, Zeus); archaeology (loot, paint, rubble, (ancient/destroyed) ruins, sculpture, statues).
As for epithets, there is quite a variety of them: advanced, ancient, beautiful, central, cool (sort of), diverse, fun, hopeful, interesting, mysterious, old, pioneering, rich (in culture), tumultuous, unknown (to me), vintage, weird, western, wild, wonderful. One should also highlight a few words that refer to later (or fictional) periods and cultures: Black Death, Ottoman Empire, Sinbad, Sultan, Venice (does it show one of my colleagues at UTSC works on the Venetian and Ottoman Empires?) and…dragon.
Finally, almost 30 toponymic referents appear in Table 1, though most often in only one or two surveys: Africa, Anatolian, Asia, Asia Minor, Athens, Babylon(ia), Carthage, Constantinople, Cyprus, Egypt/Egyptians, Eurasia, Europe(an), Greece/Greek, Iberian, Levant, Macedonia, Malta, Mesopotamia, Middle East(ern), Peloponnesian, Persia, Phoenicia, Rome/Romans, Silk Road, Spain, Sparta/Spartans, Troy, Turkey, Tyre.
Once students were done with the survey, I asked those who felt like it to share some of the words they had in mind with the group. Here was the result (which includes words not in the surveys themselves).
All in all, that was a good start; one well worth building upon. And complicating.
Fast forward to week 13, that is the last day of class. 75 students filled the survey. That's about half the number of students still enrolled in the course by then (yes, the end-of-term mayhem leads many to skip lectures). This second round of surveys provided 351 entries amounting to 162 different words/referents.
My efforts to teach ancient Mediterranean history beyond the Classics seems to have resonated with students, for the top 20 word ranking looks substantially different. The most popular word is now "diverse", which appears in about a quarter of the copies. Related words such as multicultural(ism)/-faith/-religion/-lingual (16 entries), varied (1 entry) or connection/connected/interconnected (8 entries) also express similar or related ideas.
Another noticeable change is the lower number of references to "Greece" and "Rome". Not only are these two referents not in the first and second place anymore, but they feature after "Egypt(ians)" and "Mesopotamia". You can go ahead and put the blame on my passion – if not obsession – for these two regions. New toponyms (Alexandria, Ur, Ionia, Nubia, Sparta), hydronyms (Euphrates, Tigris, Nile) and peoples (Octavian, Parthians, Persians, Sargon, women/women's rights) also appear on the list, and one notes more words conveying the idea of change, flux or complexity than on week 1.
So what difference did that one course make? I can certainly not answer for my students, of course, and the survey only reveals a truncated picture of what overall pieces of information they will carry with them in the months and years to come. Yet one thing seems clear: the diachronic, de-Eurocentrized and intersectional nature of the course's syllabus did lead to a substantial recalibration of the overall image the students have of the "Ancient Mediterranean"; one that shifted from a sepia zoom to a colour panorama.


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IT Specialists ITS , a nationwide managed IT services company, has been awarded the best Cloud-based Services title at this year s Business Continuity Awards event in London on 8 June 2017.
Following the 1million refurbishment and relaunch of its Cabinet Rooms conference centre last year, the Lion Quays Hotel amp Spa in Oswesty has become the only hotel in Shropshire to offer a new live booking service with partner venuedirectory.
One of the UK s fastest growing and largest independent software testing company, Edge Testing Solutions, has today announced that it has been successfully awarded a place on the highly competitive Crown Commercial Services CCS Framework Agreement.
Midlands-based Tamlite Lighting, amongst the largest privately-owned lighting companies in the UK, has invested over 250,000 in four new lighting showrooms in Redditch.
The dedicated provision was launched in mid-2015 and, thanks to a combination of a team of experienced new hires and nationwide contract wins, the team has exceeded targets and is well positioned for further growth in 2017.
The company already offers live, trainer-led workshops online to clients who struggle to bring large numbers of delegates together for a traditional course.
Schools and academies in the Midlands are under intense financial pressure according to new research, with 70 of leaders here believing their institution is unfairly funded compared to others across the country.
10 volunteers across Edge s offices will walk 500 miles from the company s Glasgow office, via its new Digital Test Hub in Birmingham, to its London premises in support of 10 charities.


The author of Galatians is Paul and a narrative of his conversion to Christianity is found in Acts 9. Paul, prior to encountering Jesus, helped to kill Christians. Paul persecuted Christians in the name of religion. He was a Pharisee, a religious leader whose job was to strictly observe and enforce religious law. Paul wanted to do his "job" well. Devastatingly, in his effort to follow the law he had a hand in the murder and persecution of some of the first Christ-followers. He had made a name for himself. Sadly, that was his purpose. Paul was driven to impress others, including God.
After his encounter with Jesus on the road to a town called Damascus, Paul's purpose in life completely changed. He would now spend his life preaching the gospel and helping others come to know Jesus. His life before Christ was full of selfish ambition and pride, attempting to impress God and others. Prior to his conversion he had been motivated by his love of the law, rather than his love of God. After he met Jesus he strived to be like Christ and share the good news of His love. Paul's life no longer served a selfish purpose that would bring glory to his own name, but it served a purpose to bring glory to Jesus' name.
As we grow in our faith we are being asked by God to put our desires aside. Sometimes in our life we desire to do good things, but deep down they serve the wrong purpose. For example, we may bake a loaf of bread for a family in need, but if our motivation is to make them like us more or think of us highly, we have it all wrong. Or, I might even be trying to be a "good person" always saying the right thing, volunteering in the right places, and listening to the right music. But, if I am doing all those things in order to "look good" to the world and be known for being "good," then I have it all wrong. The point of living should not be to bring glory to ourselves, but to God.
This is hard. It's is why I am encouraged by the part of this verse that reminds me that Christ lives within me. I can give up on my own self-driven goals and motivations, and turn to Christ to empower me to complete His goals and purposes through me. God does not expect me to please Him; he wants to use me for his purpose. He desires to fulfill His plan by using my gifts and life circumstances to bring glory to His name.
"The Message", a paraphrase of Scripture, gave a powerful wake up call to me. If you can, read it aloud to yourself.
Have you ever sat still and thought about what is really motivating you? Leave a comment and let us know!


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View source for The Topless String Quartet
From Rocklopedia Fakebandica
← The Topless String Quartet
"Professional media hoaxer" [http://abelraisescain.com/ Alan Abel] created this hoax in 1967.
 '''ESQ:''' You have said that all of your hoaxes have a message behind them. What was the message behind the Topless String Quartet?

 '''AA:''' At the time, Yoko and John Lennon were doing their nude-in-bed interviews, and there was a young lady who was playing concerts as a topless cellist. So I thought, why not have a quartet? Frank Sinatra wanted to record them, but I would say they were in Europe or Australia. They were never available.

 [http://www.esquire.com/the-side/qa/alan-abel-hoaxes-033109 -from a 2011 Esquire magazine interview with Abel]''
 They also appeared in Abel's 1971 sex comedy, ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0125263/combined Is There Sex After Death]'' performing something called "Breast Rock." ==External Links== *[http://abelraisescain.com/alan_abel_media_pranks_hoaxes.htm#topless_string_quartet Abel's website on the hoax] *[http://abelraisescain.com/alan_abel_hoax_images/TOPLESS-1-new.jpg San Francisco Chronicle article on the hoax] *[http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=1277 1992 article on Abel from the American Journalism Review] See also: [[KKK Symphony Orchestra]], [[The Blue Boys]] [[Category:1967]] [[Category:Hoaxes]] [[Category:Classical music]] [[Category:Pornography]]
Return to The Topless String Quartet.
Retrieved from "http://www.fakebands.com/wiki/index.php?title=The_Topless_String_Quartet"
About Rocklopedia Fakebandica

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Miejscowości w Kanadzie:
 Tiverton – miejscowość (village) w Kanadzie, w prowincji Nowa Szkocja
 Tiverton – miejscowość (community) w Kanadzie, w prowincji Ontario
Miejscowości w USA:
 Tiverton – miasto w stanie Rhode Island, w hrabstwie Newport
 Tiverton – jednostka osadnicza w stanie Rhode Island, w hrabstwie Newport
Gminy w USA:
 Tiverton (ang. Tiverton Township) – gmina w stanie Ohio, w hrabstwie Coshocton
 Tiverton (ang. Tiverton Town) – gmina w stanie Rhode Island, w hrabstwie Newport
W Wielkiej Brytanii:
 Tiverton – miejscowość w hrabstwie Cheshire (Anglia)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Twenty women complete first phase of metal trades shipbuilding program
Thu, July 06, 2017
On June 28, 2017, 20 women participating in the second class of the Irving Shipbuilding Centre of Excellence – Women Unlimited Partnership Program celebrated the first phase of their journey to become welders and ironworkers at the Halifax Shipyard.
The women, who participated in Women Unlimited's 14-week Career Exploration Program in the Metal Trades, are now set to enter NSCC's metal fabrication or welding diploma programs at Akerley Campus in September. This is the second group of women to take part in this innovative partnership program, demonstrating Irving Shipbuilding's commitment to diversify their trades' workforce.
The Irving Shipbuilding Centre of Excellence and the Canadian Welding Association (CWA) Foundation awarded educational bursaries to each woman for their two-year diploma program. Additionally, Praxair Canada Ltd. and Walter Surface Technologies presented each graduate with the tools and equipment they will need to be successful in their metal trades programs.
"To ensure we are building a team of the best shipbuilders in the world, it is important that we create opportunities for all Canadians to enter shipbuilding trades. The graduates of the first class are already working at our Halifax Shipyard, clearly demonstrating the talent that this partnership has developed. We look forward to having the new class join our team proudly building ships for Canada upon completion of the program," said Kevin McCoy, president, Irving Shipbuilding Inc.
Women Unlimited CEO Doreen Parsons says, "We are very proud of these strong and determined women. They have demonstrated their commitment to work hard to become the next generation of shipbuilders. We are also very proud of this groundbreaking partnership program. The first group of women who participated are employed at the Halifax Shipyard as welders and ironworkers. This second group are well on their way to joining them. It's changing the lives of women and their families and it's changing the face of shipbuilding in Canada."
Kelly Trout, a participant of the program, notes, "The amount of support we, as women, are receiving is completely unrivaled by any other programs I have come across. We have gained access to transferable skills that we may not have been able to acquire otherwise. Even before we've started our core program at NSCC, we are already so much more employable than we were when we first walked in the door. I am so grateful for the bursaries from the Irving Shipbuilding Centre for Excellence, as well as the Canadian Welding Association Foundation who have been working in close partnership with Women Unlimited to make sure that we have everything we need to succeed once we are enrolled in our programs. I am so grateful to have been a part of this program and so excited to take the next step in my shipbuilding career."
Deborah Mates, Executive Director of the CWA Foundation, adds, "Partnerships like these are so important to the future for these students. Knowing they have support along the way helps to ensure their success. The CWA Foundation is proud to be part of today's celebration."
NSCC President Don Bureaux says the ceremony is not only a graduation from the Women Unlimited program; it marks the first step in their connection with the College. "I can't wait to welcome this second group of students through our doors at Akerley Campus as they work towards their goal of a college diploma in the metal trades and a new beginning for themselves and their families."
At today's celebration, successful graduates of the first Irving Shipbuilding Centre of Excellence – Women Unlimited Partnership Program were in attendance to support the new class of students. These individuals have joined the Halifax Shipyard workforce, building Canada's future naval fleet, and will mentor these new participants as they continue through their studies.
Irving Shipbuilding Inc. is working with the Royal Canadian Navy on the next class of Canadian Surface Combatant (CSC) and Arctic and Offshore Patrol Ships (AOPS) under the National Shipbuilding Strategy. To build these ships, Irving Shipbuilding has increased its workforce from 800 in 2011 to over 1,600 today. Total employment is forecasted to rise to over 2,500 at peak production of the CSC vessels.
http://shipsforcanada.ca/our-stories/twenty-women-complete-first-phase-of-metal-trades-shipbuilding-program


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Le Calliste à nuque d'or (Tangara ruficervix) est une espèce de passereaux appartenant à la famille des Thraupidae.

Répartition
Cet oiseau peuple la partie nord des Andes.

Sous-espèces

D'après Alan P. Peterson, cette espèce est constituée des six sous-espèces suivantes :
 Tangara ruficervix amabilis Zimmer 1943
 Tangara ruficervix fulvicervix (P.L. Sclater & Salvin) 1876
 Tangara ruficervix inca Parkes 1969
 Tangara ruficervix leucotis (P.L. Sclater) 1851
 Tangara ruficervix ruficervix (Prevost & Des Murs) 1842
 Tangara ruficervix taylori (Taczanowski & Berlepsch) 1885

Liens externes

Thraupidae
Faune endémique des Andes
Oiseau des Andes boréales


While Nathaniel Hawthorne was not a member of any formal religious organization, religious thinking and religious imagery play a major role in his fiction. He was especially interested in the capacity of humans for evil. This capacity is perhaps what Herman Melville meant when he spoke of Hawthorne's "blackness." Hawthorne's Salem was rich with religious thinkers and steeped in the Puritan tradition. Hawthorne knew John Milton's Paradise Lost well and is reported to have had heated discussions with his older sister about Milton's portrayal of Satan in that poem.


Hello! I'm Hannah, and I love the art of capturing the human experience in words. Writing is the way I express myself, and ever since I was young I've enjoyed reading and telling stories. I also drink a cup of black tea every morning, watch The Office devotedly, and adore koalas.I've written a YA sci-fi novel which I hope to turn into a series. I also have a little blog where I post short stories, poems, the like.
In the future years of earth, an assassin cursed with the yellow gleam must face the attempted genocide of her people. As she's dragged into a situation where she must protect those she thought were against her, she realizes that she's been free this whole time and that the darkness is within all of them.
In every house there is a door which hides itself from most eyes. It conceals its presence behind corners and in the most forsaken rooms, and no one dares to search for it, knowing what they'll find. However, no one can know where it leads, and once a person steps through it—excluding the rare occasion—that soul never returns. Jade Espera only looked at the door when she walked people straight to it and pushed them through.
Her fingers drummed against the top of the bar. She stared into the street through the foggy window, her calculating, grey eyes following the paths of autos humming past in the falling dusk. A ruckus in the corner of the smoky, crowded pub pulled her gaze away from the outside world and toward the group of men, street workers by the grease stains on their fingers, who sat around a table cluttered with glasses of burnished bronze liquid. Other customers stood around the hovering board game in the center of the room or lounged on metal chairs. Jade's nose wrinkled instinctively as the stench of burning drugs wisped through the air, and she met the gaze of the bartender, who grinned.
Working on outlining a YA sci-fi four-book series.


text:
JFK To Get $344 Million Makeover
American Airlines and British Airways are footing the bill to expand Terminal 8 at the JFK airport in New York, Governor Andrew Cuomo said. Full Story
By COLlive staff
Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that American Airlines and British Airways will invest $344 million in John F. Kennedy International Airport to expand and improve the customer experience at Terminal 8.
"Only four months ago, we announced plans to transform JFK Airport into a state-of-the-art global hub, with new and unified terminals adding 4 million square feet and increasing the airport's capacity by at least 15 million passengers annually," Governor Cuomo said.
"Today that transformation is well underway, with an extraordinary private investment that will turn JFK into a truly modern airport. This new investment is part and parcel with the State's broader efforts to modernize airports all across New York. From JFK and LaGuardia to Ithaca and Rochester, we are making historic progress rebuilding our airport infrastructure for the future and ensuring New York State remains the nation's front door."
The Terminal 8 enhancements will be made pursuant to an agreement between the Port Authority and American Airlines over the next three years in preparation for British Airways moving from their current location in Terminal 7, which will be replaced as part of JetBlue Airways' plan to build a new terminal on the airport's north side. No Port Authority funding is being committed to the Terminal 8 upgrade.
The announcement is the latest step in Governor Cuomo's sweeping $13 billion vision plan for the future of JFK unveiled in October 2018. This record investment, 90 percent of which is private funding, calls for a unified and interconnected airport featuring two new international terminals with state-of-the-art passenger amenities, convenient ground transportation options, and vastly simplified roadways that will increase the airport's capacity by at least 15 million passengers per year.
The American Airlines and British Airways investment in Terminal 8 will improve the overall customer experience, with a total of 70,400 square feet of added space including 33,000 square feet of public space. Another 57,500 square feet of existing space will be refurbished. New amenities include premium lounges for both airlines, enhanced baggage systems, premium check-in space and upgraded concessions.
There will be five additional wide-body gates to allow for more transatlantic flights and four nearby on-airfield plane parking/unloading areas to accommodate the added flights. As a result, passengers will have the increased flexibility of 14 daily flights to London from the same terminal.
The continuing investments come as JFK has been setting record passenger volumes in recent years, hitting an all-time high of more than 61 million passengers in 2018, up 2.5 percent from the prior year's record.
The Terminal 8 upgrade is expected to create 500 direct jobs and 750 total jobs over the project's life, adding to the 9,600 new jobs in the Governor's original $13 billion JFK vision plan.
As part of the implementation of the JFK vision plan announced last October, JetBlue is constructing a $3 billion, 1.2 million square foot new terminal on the airport's north side that will connect to the airline's existing Terminal 5.
Additionally, another new $7 billion, 2.9 million square foot terminal on the airport's south side will occupy the area where the existing Terminals 1 and 2 are located, in addition to the are left vacant when Terminal 3 was demolished in 2014. The new south side terminal will be developed by the Terminal One Group, a consortium of four international airlines—Lufthansa, Air France, Japan Airlines and Korean Air Lines.
Collectively, these necessary changes will increase the airport's capacity by at least 15 million passengers a year. Additionally, state-of-the-art technological improvements will be included as part of the terminal upgrades. The New York State Department of Transportation will improve highways leading to/from JFK, while the Port Authority will invest in on-airport roadway improvements to simplify the existing spaghetti-like loop roads.
Event to Unite Frum Stenographers
A Wall That Should Be Built


LADDER 32 FOOT ALUMINUM EXTENSION Rentals Ft. Collins CO, Where to Rent LADDER 32 FOOT ALUMINUM EXTENSION in Ft. Collins, Wellington, Greeley, LaPorte, Loveland, Windsor CO and all of Northern Colorado.
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highest working height = 31 ft. If you are standing at 25 ft.
* Please call us for any questions on our ladder 32 foot aluminum extension rentals in Fort Collins, Wellington, Greeley, LaPorte, Loveland, Windsor CO and all of Northern Colorado.


When is the best time to contact you?
On Saturdays you can visit your local branch between 9am and 12pm.
We will only use these details for the reason requested.
At the Melton Mowbray Building Society we take your privacy very seriously and always treat your personal details with utmost care. We promise to keep your information safe and secure and will only use it for the purposes of contacting you, as you have requested. You can read more about how we collect and process your personal data in our Privacy Notice which can be accessed here.
Due to essential maintenance this service is currently unavailable.
You may contact our Savings Administration department on 01664 414141 until 18:00. Apologies for any inconvenience this may cause.
Due to essential maintenance this service will be unavailable on Thursday 2nd March 2017 between 17:30 and 21:30.
Buying your first home, moving up the property ladder, investing in property or building your dream home, we have a mortgage for you.
Make the most of your money with our wide range of savings accounts.
An Offset Mortgage allows you to use your savings to offset up to 100% of your current mortgage balance.
An Early Repayment Charge applies if overpayments exceed 10% of the balance at the start of each year, within 5 years of completion: 5% during 1st year; 4% during 2nd year; 3% during 3rd year; 2% during 4th year; 1% during 5th year.
Other lending criteria may apply – details available on request.
Option to link to Online Offset Share account – save up to 100% of your offset mortgage balance. Terms apply.
This mortgage is fully portable if the property is sold within the scheme period (terms apply).
It's a good idea to know approximately how much you'll have to spend before you start house hunting. The Melton's mortgage advisors will help work out an affordability budget with you to give you an indication of how much you may be able to borrow.
Opening a savings account can be a good way to save up for your deposit. Take a look at our range of savings accounts.
Make friends with the agents. Calling and visiting your estate agents regularly will help ensure you're the first to know when a hot new property hits the market.
Put aside a whole day, and do a number of viewings (six is the suggested maximum). Go on a weekday if you can – estate agents will give you more time than at the weekend.
Take your own pictures. These are much more useful than glossy agents' shots. Film your visits on your phone, too. That way, you have something to refer back to.
We offer competitive buildings and contents insurance in partnership with Uinsure. Find out more.
Authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and the Prudential Regulation Authority.
Melton Mowbray Building Society is entered in its register under number 106184.
It is also a member of the Building Societies Association, the Financial Services Compensation Scheme and the Financial Ombudsman Service. Full details are available through links on this web site or upon request from any Branch or the Principal Office of the Society.


What does supporting your birth, your way mean?
Should I have a doula if I Want an epidural?
why do I need a DOULA if I have a midwife?
A midwife and a doula play two very different roles. A midwife is a trained medical professional, educated and trained in a clinical setting and certified to provide a variety of women's healthcare needs. During active labor, midwives will typically be present in transition (last stage of active labor before pushing) and will deliver the baby.
Again, a doula is with you continuously from the onset of labor and your access to me is virtually unlimited. Leading up to the birth, we may be in contact on a daily basis via text, phone or email discussing and answering questions you may have. As labor begins, I am typically in contact with you once your contractions start and we will often work together to determine the next course of action as you labor.
My partner will be there, do i still need a doula?
A doula can never take the place of a partner or husband in labor. The goal is to assist in every way possible to complement and enhance the experience for both mother and partner. Most partners play an active role in the birth process, however, some prefer to enjoy the delivery without standing in as the labor coach or feeling the pressure to remember all they learned in the child birth education class.
I am there to guide you both through the process by providing reassurance, affirmation and timely information, while allowing you the space to enjoy the intimacy and bonding that occurs in the birth experience.
A doula can be helpful in any setting: Hospital, home birth, birth center or any other birth scenario. In fact, most of the over 100 births I've supported have been in a hospital setting. While you and your partner will make medical decisions and your healthcare providers will perform diagnostic tests or diagnose problems, I am there to promote positive communication between you, your partner and the hospital staff. Doctors, midwives and nurses typically work in shifts and are present at varying degrees throughout your labor. I am there throughout your entire birth experience, exclusively devoted to you.


With some many things to do and see, why not spend a long weekend in San Diego. San Diego is not German for a "a whale's %*&%"
Spend a weekend in the American capital. Be sure to add your favorite place and create your own list.
Weekend Getaway - Washington, D.C.


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World History Group Hosting
RKKA (The Russian Army) in World War II
Soviet/Russian military movies
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joea
Originally posted by amvas
"Oni Srazhalis' za Rodinu" (They fought for the Motherland) - a masterpiece forever!
Hell ya, this film is on my personal "best favorite war films from all countries" ever.
Originally posted by DANNGOC
Agree Amvas .... But Soviet-period movies are usually not good as the original novels.
Strongly disagree. It depended from the actors, the scenario and the director.
For example, "They fought for the Motherland" contained a few Soviet stars of the scale of Tom Hanks and Jhonny Depp.
Those were:
Vasilii Shukshin,
Viacheslav Tikhonov,
Georgii Burkov,
Iurii Nikulin,
Nikolai Gubenko,
Sergei Bondarchuk,
Lidiia Fedoseeva-Shukshina,
Nonna Mordiukova
There were also some other known actors.
It is only one example. Usually there are 1-2 stars in a Hollywood movie, the other actors are not well-known. The Soviet moviemakers often used many stars in one movie.
The Soviet moviemakers used music very well. Sometimes the music was so great and so corresponded to the moments that a spectator felt tingles down his spine or tears.
The best examples of the excellent music are "Liberation", "They fought for the Motherland", "Hot Snow" and so on.
For example, in the "Hot Snow" in the last scene the Soviet general was moved by foot accross the battlefield. Those were the positions of the fresh Soviet troops who had fought there yeasterday against the Germans who were rushing to Stalingrad. All the field was full of broken Soviet guns, semi-ruinous trenches, burning German tanks and corpses of Soviet and German soldiers. The general's adjutant spoke to him: "There are not any alive, there are only dead". But the general spoke: "Search! Some alive have to be here! We saw that at least one gun was shooting today from somewhere here." His adjutant run between destroyed tanks and broken guns but the general moved slowly leaning upon a stick. Here the general stopped near of a huge destroyed "Tiger", leaned upon it and wiped his face with a handkerchief. Suddenly his adjutant shouted: "There are alive, there are a lot of alive!" The general came to a safe gun. About 8-10 men were sitting nearly of it and stood after the general had approached. Those were the survived soldiers and officers who had gathered around one safe gun and were shooting at the morning from the positions which Germans had supposed to be destroyed. The general approached to them and gave to everyone an award. He was going from one to the other and spoke "It is all what I can do for you! The most important thing was to destroy their tanks. It is all what I can do for you!"
For all the scene one music was played again and again. The influence was great... I doubt it is possible to reproduce it on book pages.
Also the Soviet moviemakers could use Soviet Army during the shooting.
Usually there was something like this in the cue of the movie: "Troops of Leningrad and Kiev Military Districts took part in the shooting of the movie."
In reality it meant that the battle scenes were huges often.
For example, in "Liberation" there were scenes of large tank battles. In one episode all the field up to the horizon was full of advancing waves of German tanks and lines of German infantry that were approaching to the positions of Soviet infanytry and AT-artillery. In another scere two masses of tanks clashed: Soviet and German. Soviet and German tankmen from destroyed tanks fought against one another between burning and moving tanks.
DANNGOC
Oh, I cannot forget the feelings when I read "Goriachi Sneg" and "Bereg" of Yurii Bondarev. In the movie I havenot. Soviet movie take close-step to original script but cannot show the meaning between the words.
Do you remember the episode of "Hot Snow" that I described? What was your feeling when you had seen it?
Oh Andrei, it is hard to explain about one's feelings, but Soviet movies is always under heavy sensorship and have some propaganda... exspecially war movies.
When I read "Hot Snow" (Maybe "Burned Snow" OK?), I think about human and humanity, about my life, about life and dead, ... not only the war (The way Bondarev portraited Kuznesov-Drozdovski-Zoia, Bessonov-Vesnin and other characters behave IN THE WAR). And those feelings take shapes between the script, not in the last moment. I think it is the unique russian way of the author.
About censorship - it depended from a director of the movie. Some fought against censorship.
and i don't speak "Look all the Soviet movies". I made the list of the best.
You want too much from a military movie. A military movie is made to show the war actions at first and to do it as correct and as interesting as possible.
About "hot/burning snow". The Russian name of the movie is "Горячий снег" ("Goriachii sneg"). Russian "goriachii"="hot". English "burning" = Russian (Горящий) "goriashchii". The difference is in ONE Russian letter. So the correct version is "Hot Snow".
'Peregon' ('Driving'). This is a brand new movie by Alexander Rogozhkin who made "Coo-coo" earlier.
Rogozhkin is famous as a comedy maker. So when I saw the movie first time I was waiting for a comedy. But it was not a comedy (it had some funny moments but their amount is not enough to let to call it a comedy) so I was dissappointed. But then I thought about my impressions and I understood that the movie had a lot of charm.
During WWII the USA sent planes to the USSR. Some of the planes flew to the USSR on their own. A net of intermediate airfields was organized in undeveloped areas of the USSR from Chukotka, the territory that was closest to Alyaska, to the Urals. Some pilots used to drive the planes from their airfield to the next one, then they used to return on their airfield and were waiting for a new party of planes from the previous airfield.
The movie describes the life on one of such airfields in Chukotka. That was the first airfield of the airfield net. American pilots used to drive there 'Aircobras' from Alyaska and then Soviet pilots used to drive them to the West, to the next airfield inside of the USSR.
The Soviet pilots who operated from the airfield were young guys. In the beginning of the movie the twelve young pilots were waiting for the planes and were looking how the American pilots were landing on those planes. Suddenly it turned out that all the twelve American pilots were young pretty girls. Then those guys and girls used to meet again and again in the airfield.
But the movie is not only about those pilots. The movie is about the life on the airfield. The movie has got no main hero.
Also the image of the Americans is very good in the movie. The Soviet and Americans behaved to one another as friends. The Americans were played by American actors. And the "Aircobras" are looked real. Sometimes soft American music of the 40th plays and it attaches very good atmosphere to the movie scenes. The Russian DVD I bought has got English subtitles.
So I RECOMMEND to everyone to buy this movie. It is really good movie and it stands out against a background of the stream of the mediocre modern Russian military movies that have been produced in the last years.
They said about "Peregon" :
A Czech:
http://www.blisty.cz/art/29292.html
And a Lithuanian:
I have got a few comments to this, as I suppose that the Czech didn't understand everything correctly.
"As part of Karlovy Vary's main competition, on Thursday was shown Aleksandr Rogozkin's new film Peregon (Tranzit, Rusko 2006). He presented it as a 'kino-roman', an onscreen novel intended to ally itself with the tradition of classical literature, that is, with its interest in individuality and singularity. Indeed, this film is more of a study of humanity than a historical-political treatment of a particular period of time.
As the filmmakers introduced the film, they stressed the importance of character in the work. Editor Julija Rumjanceva reassured us with the comment that, yes, the film is long at 146min, but when it was shown in Russia, the audience was so involved with the characters that they felt it in fact to be much shorter. And I have to admit, I did quite agree with this. As Rogozkin told us, there are 36 characters in the film ("and I do not want to differentiate between main and supporting roles"), and we do feel involved with almost all of these. Peregon relates the lives and relations of people living on an isolated military base in Chukotka, Siberia. It is set in the winter of 1942-43, and shows the coming and goings of Russian and American pilots who are flying lend-lease planes from Alaska to Chukotka and then on to the Russian front. The main focus, though, is on the characters against this context. Much to everyone's surprise, the pilots who bring the planes from Alaska are in fact all women - which is much to the delight of the young pilots.
This situation provides for the first side of Rogozkin's portrayal of individual affairs. As would be expected, this herd of young men jumps at the sight of twelve young accomplished ladies marching into their base.
Approximately correct.
They are ordered to entertain them somehow, and so put on a foxtrot, and dance with them, trying to woo them by talking at them in Russian (and then attempting to learn English).
The commissar of the base saw that the American ladies were standing and were doing nothing and ordered to his mate "to entertain the Allies somehow" and the sergeant organized dances in which the Soviet pilots took part.
And inevitably, some of them form quite an attachment to their chosen amerikanka. The superiors of course take a dislike to this and either make fun of the boys, or create rules which are meant to prevent the two groups from meeting. Emotional attachments have no place in a military base. But actually they are extremely prevalent here - "oh how complicated it is here", says the investigator when he comes to inspect the base following the death of base commander Foma Ilijic. Be it romantic entanglements - we find out that Irina, the interpreter, is the estranged wife of Foma, and is now involved with Sergei Mikhailovic, and Foma in turn has been involved with cook Valja who is now carrying his child - or simply the expression of personal delights - the new cook Roman asks the pilots to bring him a hog from Alaska so that he can feed them fresh meat, and instead is brought a piglet, to whom several of the people on the base get quite attached, before he is sent away with the Americans because obstreperous Foma does not like it. Similarly, the young Chukotian helper Vasilij's jokes and nonsense are charming and certainly not helpful towards any war efforts. While all the work goes on, only unsympathetic characters such as the investigator or the raving Foma Ilijic talk about the main front. Of course, all of them are working conscientiously as they should, but most of them have other things at the forefront of their minds. Rogozkin is successful in his effort to make us relate with the characters of his 'kino-roman' as indeed we do care about what is going on in this base. He uses humour and a light touch, gradually revealing details about the characters, which presents them to us in a natural way, and allows us to become involved in their lives. Consequently, he does indeed create a work which gestures back to the traditions of 19th century literature with its realist and detailed treatment of character. We see in this film as we do in that literature the following theme - the individual vs. greater powers. Most of the characters' individual desires are squashed by some or other larger force: the pilot's attempts at wooing are stopped either by their superiors or by plane crashes, the beloved piglet is sent away by the officers, Roman's attempts to introduce higher culinary creations are met with bemusement or the declaration that they are 'fascist' (he bakes Berlinský Strudel..) and when Vasilij's dream of becoming a pilot is fulfilled, he is killed in battle.
The story of the piglet is distorted. I do not want to describe it as I think it will be interesting for you to see it yourselves.
Now, the film is also a meeting of cultures - the cooperation of Russian and American forces in the war effort. However, the Americans in this film come off quite flatly. All the Russians in the film have great dreams and emotions, but never do we see any of the Americans show any feeling. In military dealings they show an appropriate level of respect, but the amerikanki hardly show any warmth towards the Russians that so genuinely court them; they make fun of Russian traditions, "we've toasted everyone but the dog!"; and the American officer supervising the checking of the planes is depicted as less than thorough. The Russian officers also say, "America is a rich country - they can afford to feed the pig, give it to them." As often is the case in Russia (though not always), Americans are seen as gleaming ambassadors of a rich state, rather than individuals.
Those of the American ladies, who became the subjects of courting of a few Soviet pilots, behaved like they liked those young Soviet guys. They talked to them like to a pretty American guys. One of the girls even presented her photo to the Soviet pilot. But their later relations were cut by extermal forces.
The americans were shown very well.
The story of the piglet is distroted again - :-).
Rogozkin's film is strong, the isolation of the setting makes us concentrate on the dealings of its characters, and the director is successful in his aim of portraying the nature of human endeavour, and its conflict with more powerful figures (after all, it is set in the Stalinist USSR) or greater forces. And this is all done very much in the Russian style.
I saw this flick yesterday and I was awed by the flaws of it.Later Russian films tend to be more sufficient,modern with better actors,bigger budget and less Russian propaganda.This here thing has followed the steps of cheap Hollywood filmmakers,with their leader in front - Uwe Boll.Peregon really reminds of some off Uwe's masterpieces.Throughout the movie,nothing happens.I mean NOTHING.Some guy gets drunk,chases a woman,then again the same.It's kinda comical.Then there's the drama for all you romance lovers,but you cant really make out who loves who.There is some action in Peregon,really,cross my heart...about 8 minutes of flying planes.What a crock,I wasted two hours of my life,just to go to sleep at 1 AM in the morning and haven't seen a single scene which I liked.So if you kept reading and didn't get it - try to avoid this "masterpiece".
It may be looked strange but I 80% agree with it.
It is aprroximately equal to my FIRST impression.
But then I began to recall the movie and to see it again and the more I did it the more I liked it.
The movie has indeed got a great charm.
I will watch it. I like Rogozkin's film "Cuckoo".
"Cuckoo" is a clear comedy.
"Peregon" is a serious movie. I suppose it is what you tried to find in "Goriachii sneg"...
Wolfe Tone
I bought 'Come and See' for 30 Euros a few weeks ago.
I saw some of it on TV a good few years ago and it was well...bloody!
Would it be considered among the best WWII Films?
http://www.irelandinhistory.blogspot.ie/
Originally posted by Wolfe Tone
It is in my list - :-).
Also I want to say that Russian TV doesn't show it. I saw it last time about 15 years ago.
It is too bloody movie. And it is shocking. And it is great. A Westerner will sense what to be a partisan and to live in an occupied territory in Byelorussia meant.
Last edited by Andrey; 11 Aug 06, 21:09.
Emil_G
"Come and See" - they show it on TV, well I saw it on TV in 1997 when I was in Russia. I was really not in the mood for it so I couldn't stomach finishing the whole thing, it just happened to be on.
I just watched Cross of Iron today for the first time. Impressive, I didn't think it would be as violent as it was!
I don't think "Cross of Iron" is a good film about WW2 in Eastern front.
"Cross of Iron" may be a Eastern-front version of "All quiet in Western Front" of Eric Maria Remarque, but I think war in Eastern front between Nazi-German and USSR is quite different.
About "All quiet in Western Front": In my opinion, some details in "Stalingrad" (GDR, 1992) may be inspired from that novel.