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Posthumous Reputational Networks
Kenneth H. Craik
in Reputation: A Network Interpretation
Psychology, Social Psychology
The theoretical framework advanced in this book generates not just one but three reputational networks for each person: the lifetime, transitional, and posthumous reputational networks. Following the ... More
The theoretical framework advanced in this book generates not just one but three reputational networks for each person: the lifetime, transitional, and posthumous reputational networks. Following the death of a notable person, a transition period occurs during which a chorus of survivors and keepers of the flame within the person's lifetime reputational network coexist with an emerging network of writers and scholars who may never have met the biographical figure but begin to investigate, write about, and discuss the person's lifelong conduct. Over several decades, the lifetime reputational network fades away, bowing out to a sometimes large and lively posthumous reputational network. In the case of major cultural figures, such as George Washington, the posthumous reputational network is even more extensive, encompassing most citizens of a nation and extending into posterity.Less
The theoretical framework advanced in this book generates not just one but three reputational networks for each person: the lifetime, transitional, and posthumous reputational networks. Following the death of a notable person, a transition period occurs during which a chorus of survivors and keepers of the flame within the person's lifetime reputational network coexist with an emerging network of writers and scholars who may never have met the biographical figure but begin to investigate, write about, and discuss the person's lifelong conduct. Over several decades, the lifetime reputational network fades away, bowing out to a sometimes large and lively posthumous reputational network. In the case of major cultural figures, such as George Washington, the posthumous reputational network is even more extensive, encompassing most citizens of a nation and extending into posterity.
Keywords: lifetime reputational network, transitional reputational network, posthumous reputational network, biographical figures, cultural figures, posterity, chorus of survivors, keepers of the flame
'Mime' and 'Pantomime': Some Problematic Texts
T. P. Wiseman
in New Directions in Ancient Pantomime
Classical Studies, Plays and Playwrights: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter explores the question of how far it is possible to establish the nature of the pantomime performance and the difference between 'pantomime' and 'mime'. It engages with these questions ... More
This chapter explores the question of how far it is possible to establish the nature of the pantomime performance and the difference between 'pantomime' and 'mime'. It engages with these questions through looking at five problematic texts, ranging in date from the 50s bc to the mid‐first century ad: Cicero Pro Rabirio Postumo 35, Catullus ap. Schol. Bern. on Lucan 1.544, Manilius Astronomica 5.478–85, Phaedrus 5.7.23–7, Philo De legatione 96. The chapter is not concerned to propose a particular hypothesis in relation to these texts, but aims to understand what the texts presuppose in terms of dramatic genre and the use of the chorus. The discussion overall explores the limitations of what we know and challenges an overly schematic or static view of pantomime performance.Less
This chapter explores the question of how far it is possible to establish the nature of the pantomime performance and the difference between 'pantomime' and 'mime'. It engages with these questions through looking at five problematic texts, ranging in date from the 50s bc to the mid‐first century ad: Cicero Pro Rabirio Postumo 35, Catullus ap. Schol. Bern. on Lucan 1.544, Manilius Astronomica 5.478–85, Phaedrus 5.7.23–7, Philo De legatione 96. The chapter is not concerned to propose a particular hypothesis in relation to these texts, but aims to understand what the texts presuppose in terms of dramatic genre and the use of the chorus. The discussion overall explores the limitations of what we know and challenges an overly schematic or static view of pantomime performance.
Keywords: pantomime, chorus, performance, mime, dramatic genre, Cicero, Phaedrus, Manilius, Philo, Catullus
Lyric Poetry in an Athenian Context
L. A. Swift
in The Hidden Chorus: Echoes of Genre in Tragic Lyric
Classical Studies, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter discusses the role that choral performance and lyric poetry held in fifth‐century Athenian life. It begins by examining the evidence for choral performance in Athens, and goes on to ... More
This chapter discusses the role that choral performance and lyric poetry held in fifth‐century Athenian life. It begins by examining the evidence for choral performance in Athens, and goes on to discuss how lyric poetry was known and circulated. Since many 'high' forms of poetry were known by elite means, this leads to a discussion of elite poetic material in democratic society, looking at the institution of the symposium and deriving evidence from oratory and comedy, as well as evidence from material culture. The chapter argues that Athenian attitudes to elite poetry were aspirational and that large sections of the tragic audience would have responded to lyric references. The chapter concludes with a discussion of tragedy's relationship to democracy and to Athenian civic ideology.Less
This chapter discusses the role that choral performance and lyric poetry held in fifth‐century Athenian life. It begins by examining the evidence for choral performance in Athens, and goes on to discuss how lyric poetry was known and circulated. Since many 'high' forms of poetry were known by elite means, this leads to a discussion of elite poetic material in democratic society, looking at the institution of the symposium and deriving evidence from oratory and comedy, as well as evidence from material culture. The chapter argues that Athenian attitudes to elite poetry were aspirational and that large sections of the tragic audience would have responded to lyric references. The chapter concludes with a discussion of tragedy's relationship to democracy and to Athenian civic ideology.
Keywords: tragedy, lyric, chorus, elite, democracy, symposium, comedy, lawcourt speeches, archaeological evidence, civic ideology, Athens
Hymenaios
This chapter explores how Greek tragedy evokes hymenaios. The chapter begins with a discussion of the role that choral song played in the Greek wedding, and a discussion of Sappho's hymenaioi and ... More
This chapter explores how Greek tragedy evokes hymenaios. The chapter begins with a discussion of the role that choral song played in the Greek wedding, and a discussion of Sappho's hymenaioi and poetry by other authors which imitated hymenaeal forms. The second part of the chapter looks at how tragedy makes use of hymenaios, including the so‐called 'marriage‐to‐death' motif, whereby a young girl's death is described as a form of marriage. The chapter also investigates mixed‐sex choral performance as a hymenaeal trope, and examines two plays (Euripides' Hippolytus and Aeschylus' Suppliant Women) where mixed‐sex choruses are used to highlight themes of marriage and of dysfunctional sexuality.Less
This chapter explores how Greek tragedy evokes hymenaios. The chapter begins with a discussion of the role that choral song played in the Greek wedding, and a discussion of Sappho's hymenaioi and poetry by other authors which imitated hymenaeal forms. The second part of the chapter looks at how tragedy makes use of hymenaios, including the so‐called 'marriage‐to‐death' motif, whereby a young girl's death is described as a form of marriage. The chapter also investigates mixed‐sex choral performance as a hymenaeal trope, and examines two plays (Euripides' Hippolytus and Aeschylus' Suppliant Women) where mixed‐sex choruses are used to highlight themes of marriage and of dysfunctional sexuality.
Keywords: tragedy, hymenaios, wedding, Euripides, Hippolytus, Aeschylus, Suppliant Women, sexuality, 'marriage to death', mixed chorus, Sappho
The Conclusion aims to summarize what has emerged from the close reading of particular genres and plays in the earlier chapters, and to examine several broader issues which arise from the ... More
The Conclusion aims to summarize what has emerged from the close reading of particular genres and plays in the earlier chapters, and to examine several broader issues which arise from the relationship between tragedy and lyric. It begins by summarizing the techniques which tragic poets used to evoke lyric genre, and argues that the tragedians aimed to keep these allusions accessible to as large a section of the audience as possible. It goes on to discuss the functions that generic interaction can perform: in particular, the creation of a sense of mismatch between the values implicit in the genre and what the audience sees in the play. Finally it explores what the phenomenon of generic interaction can tell us about tragedy as a poetic genre and its role in Athenian musical culture.Less
The Conclusion aims to summarize what has emerged from the close reading of particular genres and plays in the earlier chapters, and to examine several broader issues which arise from the relationship between tragedy and lyric. It begins by summarizing the techniques which tragic poets used to evoke lyric genre, and argues that the tragedians aimed to keep these allusions accessible to as large a section of the audience as possible. It goes on to discuss the functions that generic interaction can perform: in particular, the creation of a sense of mismatch between the values implicit in the genre and what the audience sees in the play. Finally it explores what the phenomenon of generic interaction can tell us about tragedy as a poetic genre and its role in Athenian musical culture.
Keywords: generic interaction, chorus, paian, hymenaios, thrēnoi, partheneia, allusion, epinikion, ritual
Ernest H. Williams
in The Nature Handbook: A Guide to Observing the Great Outdoors
Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
Because of birds' colorful beauty, song, abundance, and flight, millions of people enjoy bird watching (birding). Since people usually first notice the size, color, and shape of a bird, this chapter ... More
Because of birds' colorful beauty, song, abundance, and flight, millions of people enjoy bird watching (birding). Since people usually first notice the size, color, and shape of a bird, this chapter begins with patterns in their bills, wings, and tails. But people are also curious about bird behavior — vocalizations, flight patterns, nesting activities, and feeding behavior — so behavior is the focus of most of these descriptions, including the dawn chorus, timing of migration, and concealment of seeds for later feeding. Understanding these behaviors increases the enjoyment of bird observation, whether the behavior applies to all birds or only to special cases.Less
Because of birds' colorful beauty, song, abundance, and flight, millions of people enjoy bird watching (birding). Since people usually first notice the size, color, and shape of a bird, this chapter begins with patterns in their bills, wings, and tails. But people are also curious about bird behavior — vocalizations, flight patterns, nesting activities, and feeding behavior — so behavior is the focus of most of these descriptions, including the dawn chorus, timing of migration, and concealment of seeds for later feeding. Understanding these behaviors increases the enjoyment of bird observation, whether the behavior applies to all birds or only to special cases.
Keywords: song, flight, birding, bills, nesting, feeding, dawn chorus, behavior, migration
Status signaling and communication networks in chickadees: Complex communication with a simple song
Daniel J. Mennill and Ken A. Otter
in Ecology and Behavior of Chickadees and Titmice: an integrated approach
Biology, Ornithology
Black-capped chickadees produce a large variety of calls, including the versatile gargle call and the namesake chick-a-dee call. In contrast to these complex calls, the song of black-capped ... More
Black-capped chickadees produce a large variety of calls, including the versatile gargle call and the namesake chick-a-dee call. In contrast to these complex calls, the song of black-capped chickadees demonstrates a remarkable simplicity. Although the black-capped chickadee song is simple, interestingly young males inherit songs culturally, and nestlings raised in absence of adult tutors do not develop normal adult song. This chapter explores the ways in which male black-capped chickadees use this simple, learned song to achieve remarkably complex forms of communication. After a brief description of the ways in which male chickadees vary their songs over time, two singing contexts — diurnal countersinging interactions and the dawn chorus — are evaluated. Chickadee singing behaviour is then examined within the new communication network model, and recent research on chickadees which has generated exciting insights into the ecology and evolution of sexual signaling in songbirds is discussed.Less
Daniel J. MennillKen A. Otter
Black-capped chickadees produce a large variety of calls, including the versatile gargle call and the namesake chick-a-dee call. In contrast to these complex calls, the song of black-capped chickadees demonstrates a remarkable simplicity. Although the black-capped chickadee song is simple, interestingly young males inherit songs culturally, and nestlings raised in absence of adult tutors do not develop normal adult song. This chapter explores the ways in which male black-capped chickadees use this simple, learned song to achieve remarkably complex forms of communication. After a brief description of the ways in which male chickadees vary their songs over time, two singing contexts — diurnal countersinging interactions and the dawn chorus — are evaluated. Chickadee singing behaviour is then examined within the new communication network model, and recent research on chickadees which has generated exciting insights into the ecology and evolution of sexual signaling in songbirds is discussed.
Keywords: chickadees, communication networks, birdsong, singing behaviour, dawn chorus, sexual signaling, diurnal countersinging
Simply Full of Jazz: (Twenties)
Constance Valis Hill
in Tap Dancing America: A Cultural History
Music, History, American, Dance
This chapter begins with the "Jimtown Fisticuffs" challenge dance between Flournoy E. Miller and Aubrey Lyles in the 1921 Eubie Blake and Noble Sissle black musical comedy Shuffle Along, which ... More
This chapter begins with the "Jimtown Fisticuffs" challenge dance between Flournoy E. Miller and Aubrey Lyles in the 1921 Eubie Blake and Noble Sissle black musical comedy Shuffle Along, which launched the Jazz Age and black rhythm tap dancing on the Broadway stage. Jazz dancing was the driving engine of Shuffle Along, the source of visual, visceral, and aural excitement, especially as executed by the all-female chorus of Jazz Jasmines, who were consistently lauded for their unison dancing and rhythmic precision. Jazz tap dancing continued to ignite the rhythmic revolution in the 1920s with such black musicals as Put and Take, Strut Miss Lizzie, Runnin' Wild, Dixie to Broadway, and Blackbirds of 1928, with its inventive and complex manipulations of time—and time stepping.Less
Simply Full of Jazz : (Twenties)
This chapter begins with the "Jimtown Fisticuffs" challenge dance between Flournoy E. Miller and Aubrey Lyles in the 1921 Eubie Blake and Noble Sissle black musical comedy Shuffle Along, which launched the Jazz Age and black rhythm tap dancing on the Broadway stage. Jazz dancing was the driving engine of Shuffle Along, the source of visual, visceral, and aural excitement, especially as executed by the all-female chorus of Jazz Jasmines, who were consistently lauded for their unison dancing and rhythmic precision. Jazz tap dancing continued to ignite the rhythmic revolution in the 1920s with such black musicals as Put and Take, Strut Miss Lizzie, Runnin' Wild, Dixie to Broadway, and Blackbirds of 1928, with its inventive and complex manipulations of time—and time stepping.
Keywords: Shuffle Along, Jazz Age, jazz tap dancing, rhythmic revolution, female chorus, time stepping, Broadway
A Sea Symphony
David Manning
in Vaughan Williams on Music
Music, History, Western
The first sketches for A Sea Symphony were made in 1903, and it was gradually worked out during the next seven years. It was first produced at the Leeds Festival in 1910, and has since been performed ... More
The first sketches for A Sea Symphony were made in 1903, and it was gradually worked out during the next seven years. It was first produced at the Leeds Festival in 1910, and has since been performed at Oxford, Cambridge, and Bristol. The plan of the work is symphonic rather than narrative or dramatic, and this may be held to justify the frequent repetition of important words and phrases that occur in the poem. The words as well as the music are thus treated symphonically. The Symphony is written for soprano and baritone soli, chorus, and orchestra. The words are selected from various poems of Walt Whitman to be found in Leaves of Grass: "Sea Drift," "Song of the Exposition," and "Passage to India."Less
The first sketches for A Sea Symphony were made in 1903, and it was gradually worked out during the next seven years. It was first produced at the Leeds Festival in 1910, and has since been performed at Oxford, Cambridge, and Bristol. The plan of the work is symphonic rather than narrative or dramatic, and this may be held to justify the frequent repetition of important words and phrases that occur in the poem. The words as well as the music are thus treated symphonically. The Symphony is written for soprano and baritone soli, chorus, and orchestra. The words are selected from various poems of Walt Whitman to be found in Leaves of Grass: "Sea Drift," "Song of the Exposition," and "Passage to India."
Keywords: Sea Symphony, Leeds Festival, soprano, baritone soli, chorus, orchestra, poem, Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass, Sea Drift
Five Tudor Portraits
In making a choral suite out of the poems for the Five Tudor Portraits of John Skelton, Ralph Vaughan Williams ventured to take some liberties with the text. Certain omissions have been made ... More
In making a choral suite out of the poems for the Five Tudor Portraits of John Skelton, Ralph Vaughan Williams ventured to take some liberties with the text. Certain omissions have been made necessary, partly by the great length of the original, partly from the fact that certain passages did not lend themselves to musical treatment, and partly that certain lines that look well when read cannot conveniently be sung. Williams changed the order of the lines; this seems legitimate, as there does not appear to be an inevitable sequence in Skelton's original order. This fusion is, he hopes, justified by the fact that the character who sings the song in the play has immediately before quoted a line from "Jolly Rutterkin." The setting is for baritone solo and chorus.Less
In making a choral suite out of the poems for the Five Tudor Portraits of John Skelton, Ralph Vaughan Williams ventured to take some liberties with the text. Certain omissions have been made necessary, partly by the great length of the original, partly from the fact that certain passages did not lend themselves to musical treatment, and partly that certain lines that look well when read cannot conveniently be sung. Williams changed the order of the lines; this seems legitimate, as there does not appear to be an inevitable sequence in Skelton's original order. This fusion is, he hopes, justified by the fact that the character who sings the song in the play has immediately before quoted a line from "Jolly Rutterkin." The setting is for baritone solo and chorus.
Keywords: choral suite, Five Tudor Portraits, John Skelton, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Jolly Rutterkin, baritone solo, chorus
Bach Cantatas
The policy of performing the cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach with a chorus of 300 in a hall capable of holding over 2,000 may seem to some to be hazardous. Truly, the ideal way to give such music ... More
The policy of performing the cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach with a chorus of 300 in a hall capable of holding over 2,000 may seem to some to be hazardous. Truly, the ideal way to give such music is by a small choir in a small building. It seems then to be a question of 300 voices or no cantatas, for the third course, that of keeping the majority of the chorus silent in all except the noisier numbers, is unthinkable in the case of a society such as the Bach Choir, which lives through the enthusiasm of its members. It is hoped, therefore, that the beauty of these cantatas will make itself felt under any conditions and in any circumstances, provided that the performers bring their minds and their hearts to the work. Three complete cantatas are performed tonight: "Jesus took unto Him the Twelve," "Stay with us," and "The Sages of Sheba."Less
The policy of performing the cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach with a chorus of 300 in a hall capable of holding over 2,000 may seem to some to be hazardous. Truly, the ideal way to give such music is by a small choir in a small building. It seems then to be a question of 300 voices or no cantatas, for the third course, that of keeping the majority of the chorus silent in all except the noisier numbers, is unthinkable in the case of a society such as the Bach Choir, which lives through the enthusiasm of its members. It is hoped, therefore, that the beauty of these cantatas will make itself felt under any conditions and in any circumstances, provided that the performers bring their minds and their hearts to the work. Three complete cantatas are performed tonight: "Jesus took unto Him the Twelve," "Stay with us," and "The Sages of Sheba."
Keywords: cantatas, Johann Sebastian Bach, chorus, Bach Choir, Stay with us, Sages of Sheba
Who Killed Chevalier Gluck?
in Victorian Culture and Classical Antiquity: Art, Opera, Fiction, and the Proclamation of Modernity
History, European Modern History
This chapter examines how Christoph Willibald Ritter von Gluck's opera reforms responded to Victorian culture to become the revolutionary icons his contemporaries believed them to be. Gluck was music ... More
This chapter examines how Christoph Willibald Ritter von Gluck's opera reforms responded to Victorian culture to become the revolutionary icons his contemporaries believed them to be. Gluck was music tutor to Marie Antoinette in Vienna and, after her marriage to Louis XVI, followed her to Paris, where he was a regular at Versailles. He died two years before the Revolution broke out. His music, according to Jean-Baptiste Leclerc, led to the shattering of the throne of France. The chapter considers formal elements of composition as well as frames of comprehension: the role of classicism in the critical understanding of theater; the role of dance in opera; the role of the chorus as a specifically classical element in modern opera. It also analyzes the differences between Vienna and Paris and London as sites for Gluck's operatic success and failure—within the incipient but self-conscious nationalism of the era.Less
This chapter examines how Christoph Willibald Ritter von Gluck's opera reforms responded to Victorian culture to become the revolutionary icons his contemporaries believed them to be. Gluck was music tutor to Marie Antoinette in Vienna and, after her marriage to Louis XVI, followed her to Paris, where he was a regular at Versailles. He died two years before the Revolution broke out. His music, according to Jean-Baptiste Leclerc, led to the shattering of the throne of France. The chapter considers formal elements of composition as well as frames of comprehension: the role of classicism in the critical understanding of theater; the role of dance in opera; the role of the chorus as a specifically classical element in modern opera. It also analyzes the differences between Vienna and Paris and London as sites for Gluck's operatic success and failure—within the incipient but self-conscious nationalism of the era.
Keywords: opera, Christoph Willibald Ritter von Gluck, Victorian culture, France, composition, classicism, theater, dance, chorus, nationalism
Rusalka Water, Power, and Women
Inna Naroditskaya
in Bewitching Russian Opera: The Tsarina from State to Stage
The interplay of water, power, feminine sacrifice, and magic, a major theme in Russian nineteenth-century operas, is central to Rusalka, by Pushkin and Dargomyzhsky. Unlike her cousins—sirens, ... More
The interplay of water, power, feminine sacrifice, and magic, a major theme in Russian nineteenth-century operas, is central to Rusalka, by Pushkin and Dargomyzhsky. Unlike her cousins—sirens, lorelei, naiads, undines, and mermaids-rusalka, once a mortal woman betrayed by a lover, in afterlife becomes a vengeful spirit. Her versatile singing and dancing, her sensuality unleashed the imagination of poets and musicians. While the heroine provides the title for the Dargomyzhsky's opera, it is her lover (the Kniaz) who causes her demise yet receives a memorably lyrical vocal part. On the other hand, the composer throughout the opera undermines his heroine—by giving the live girl no distinct musical characteristics, then isolating her, a peasant, from the folk, reducing her to an invisible voice, and failing the tsarina-rusalka vocally. In the operatic finale, the male lead is captured by a khorovod (chorus) of dancing rusalkas, the traditional operatic folk chorus replaced with silent, dangerously sensual, otherworldly shadows—reminiscent of Adam's Giselle, another ghostly ever-bride that conquered Russian stage before Rusalka.Less
The interplay of water, power, feminine sacrifice, and magic, a major theme in Russian nineteenth-century operas, is central to Rusalka, by Pushkin and Dargomyzhsky. Unlike her cousins—sirens, lorelei, naiads, undines, and mermaids-rusalka, once a mortal woman betrayed by a lover, in afterlife becomes a vengeful spirit. Her versatile singing and dancing, her sensuality unleashed the imagination of poets and musicians. While the heroine provides the title for the Dargomyzhsky's opera, it is her lover (the Kniaz) who causes her demise yet receives a memorably lyrical vocal part. On the other hand, the composer throughout the opera undermines his heroine—by giving the live girl no distinct musical characteristics, then isolating her, a peasant, from the folk, reducing her to an invisible voice, and failing the tsarina-rusalka vocally. In the operatic finale, the male lead is captured by a khorovod (chorus) of dancing rusalkas, the traditional operatic folk chorus replaced with silent, dangerously sensual, otherworldly shadows—reminiscent of Adam's Giselle, another ghostly ever-bride that conquered Russian stage before Rusalka.
Keywords: Rusalka, lorelei, naiads, siren, mermaid, Giselle, chorus, Dargomyzhsky, Pushkin, khorovod
Speaking back in Sophocles' Ajax
Elton T.E. Barker
in Entering the Agon: Dissent and Authority in Homer, Historiography, and Tragedy
Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter tackles head-on the problem of the double agon in the play's second half, as Teucer and the Atreidae argue over Ajax's body, and interprets it as part of a strategy that emphasizes ... More
This chapter tackles head-on the problem of the double agon in the play's second half, as Teucer and the Atreidae argue over Ajax's body, and interprets it as part of a strategy that emphasizes spectating and speaking back. Points of contact with the Iliad demonstrate this shift in perspective from the hero to those looking on, as first Odysseus is installed as a spectator of Ajax's Achilles-like dialogue with Athena, Ajax's men articulate their concerns, and Tecmessa, though only a slave, speaks back like an Andromache. This process culminates in Teucer's defence in the agon, as Sophocles stages a battle of words not for Achilles' arms, but for Ajax's memory. In this the Chorus play a key role by turning to Odysseus, showing their progress from dependants to autonomous subjects in the agon and prefiguring the role of the Athenian audience, as judges within a fully realized institutional arena.Less
This chapter tackles head-on the problem of the double agon in the play's second half, as Teucer and the Atreidae argue over Ajax's body, and interprets it as part of a strategy that emphasizes spectating and speaking back. Points of contact with the Iliad demonstrate this shift in perspective from the hero to those looking on, as first Odysseus is installed as a spectator of Ajax's Achilles-like dialogue with Athena, Ajax's men articulate their concerns, and Tecmessa, though only a slave, speaks back like an Andromache. This process culminates in Teucer's defence in the agon, as Sophocles stages a battle of words not for Achilles' arms, but for Ajax's memory. In this the Chorus play a key role by turning to Odysseus, showing their progress from dependants to autonomous subjects in the agon and prefiguring the role of the Athenian audience, as judges within a fully realized institutional arena.
Keywords: agon, Teucer, Ajax, Iliad, audience, Chorus, speaking back, institutional, Sophocles
Sophocles and the Language of Tragedy
Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval, Plays and Playwrights: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This book offers a revolutionary take on Sophocles' tragic language – and on how we talk about tragedy as a genre. The first section explores how Sophocles excitingly develops the resources of Greek ... More
This book offers a revolutionary take on Sophocles' tragic language – and on how we talk about tragedy as a genre. The first section explores how Sophocles excitingly develops the resources of Greek tragedy: it looks at Sophocles' manipulation of irony, his construction of dialogue, his deployment of the actors, the role of the chorus, and reveals the playwright's distinctive brilliance. The second section explores how the critical understanding of tragedy as a genre developed in the nineteenth century: how did Victorian critics develop a distinctive way of talking about irony, the chorus, the development of the actor's role? Goldhill reveals the deep debt of modern critics to their nineteenth-century forebears. Finally, the book explores the foundational question of literary criticism raised by these two sections: how historical, how historically self-conscious should a reading of Greek tragedy be? This book makes a telling contribution to the discussion of tragedy, of literary criticism, and of how the past is understood.Less
This book offers a revolutionary take on Sophocles' tragic language – and on how we talk about tragedy as a genre. The first section explores how Sophocles excitingly develops the resources of Greek tragedy: it looks at Sophocles' manipulation of irony, his construction of dialogue, his deployment of the actors, the role of the chorus, and reveals the playwright's distinctive brilliance. The second section explores how the critical understanding of tragedy as a genre developed in the nineteenth century: how did Victorian critics develop a distinctive way of talking about irony, the chorus, the development of the actor's role? Goldhill reveals the deep debt of modern critics to their nineteenth-century forebears. Finally, the book explores the foundational question of literary criticism raised by these two sections: how historical, how historically self-conscious should a reading of Greek tragedy be? This book makes a telling contribution to the discussion of tragedy, of literary criticism, and of how the past is understood.
Keywords: Sophocles, tragedy, language, chorus, irony, audience, nineteenth-century criticism, history of criticism
Choreography: The Lyric Voice of Sophoclean Tragedy
in Sophocles and the Language of Tragedy
This chapter explores how Sophocles constructs the lyric voice of the chorus. It looks at how the transitions between lyric and spoken voices are manipulated for dramatic effect, and how the chorus ... More
This chapter explores how Sophocles constructs the lyric voice of the chorus. It looks at how the transitions between lyric and spoken voices are manipulated for dramatic effect, and how the chorus and the actors interact. It explores the use of voice in drama.Less
Choreography : The Lyric Voice of Sophoclean Tragedy
This chapter explores how Sophocles constructs the lyric voice of the chorus. It looks at how the transitions between lyric and spoken voices are manipulated for dramatic effect, and how the chorus and the actors interact. It explores the use of voice in drama.
Keywords: Sophocles, language, chorus, lyric, voice
The Chorus in Action
This chapter explores how the chorus performs as an actor in Sophoclean drama. Following Aristotle's comment that Sophocles uses the chorus as an actor, it looks at how the chorus engages in the ... More
This chapter explores how the chorus performs as an actor in Sophoclean drama. Following Aristotle's comment that Sophocles uses the chorus as an actor, it looks at how the chorus engages in the action, through the kommos – a mourning song – and through their emotional and physical relationship with the actors.Less
This chapter explores how the chorus performs as an actor in Sophoclean drama. Following Aristotle's comment that Sophocles uses the chorus as an actor, it looks at how the chorus engages in the action, through the kommos – a mourning song – and through their emotional and physical relationship with the actors.
Keywords: Sophocles, chorus, drama, mourning Song
Generalizing About the Chorus
This chapter explores how the nineteenth-century developed a particular idea and ideal of the chorus of tragedy. It looks at German idealist constructions of the chorus and traces them through into ... More
This chapter explores how the nineteenth-century developed a particular idea and ideal of the chorus of tragedy. It looks at German idealist constructions of the chorus and traces them through into the performance tradition. It explores the relation between tragedy and performance.Less
This chapter explores how the nineteenth-century developed a particular idea and ideal of the chorus of tragedy. It looks at German idealist constructions of the chorus and traces them through into the performance tradition. It explores the relation between tragedy and performance.
Keywords: Sophocles, chorus, German idealism, performance
René de Cárdenas
Toba Singer
in Fernando Alonso: The Father of Cuban Ballet
René de Cárdenas comes from a family of dancers and after dancing with the Ballet Nacional de Cuba, brought such as Sonlar to stages around the world, never hesitating to return to Cuba when needed ... More
René de Cárdenas comes from a family of dancers and after dancing with the Ballet Nacional de Cuba, brought such as Sonlar to stages around the world, never hesitating to return to Cuba when needed to teach partnering class. He says that Fernando is not the only one "present" in his consciousness when he takes a rehearsal or teaches, because he is also hearing the words of Michel Fokine and the masters from the Golden Era of Ballet whose wisdom Fernando brings into the studio today.Less
René de Cárdenas comes from a family of dancers and after dancing with the Ballet Nacional de Cuba, brought such as Sonlar to stages around the world, never hesitating to return to Cuba when needed to teach partnering class. He says that Fernando is not the only one "present" in his consciousness when he takes a rehearsal or teaches, because he is also hearing the words of Michel Fokine and the masters from the Golden Era of Ballet whose wisdom Fernando brings into the studio today.
Keywords: Sonlar, Stomp, A Chorus Line, Hatania de los remedios, Varna, Encuentro de las Academías, Anton Dolin, Michel Fokine, partnering
Church Programs: Sunday School, Bible Classes, and Women's Societies
Elizabeth Hayes Turner
in Women, Culture, and Community: Religion and Reform in Galveston, 1880–1920
History, Cultural History
This chapter focuses on how women handled their increased roles through Sunday School, bible classes and other women's societies. Every aspect of the women's life within the church replicated women's ... More
This chapter focuses on how women handled their increased roles through Sunday School, bible classes and other women's societies. Every aspect of the women's life within the church replicated women's semireligious or secular volunteer associations outside the church. Women found voice in city choruses, artistic expression in art leagues, gravetending in patriotic and civic societies, teaching in literary clubs, children's work in benevolent institutions, and youth work in the WCTU and the YCWA. They transferred their talents beyond home and church. Thus, they changed the community and they were also changed by it. The steps women took toward city reformation began in church societies. The church societies encouraged women to form public associations. These afforded them the best opportunity to experience enormous problems of urban life.Less
This chapter focuses on how women handled their increased roles through Sunday School, bible classes and other women's societies. Every aspect of the women's life within the church replicated women's semireligious or secular volunteer associations outside the church. Women found voice in city choruses, artistic expression in art leagues, gravetending in patriotic and civic societies, teaching in literary clubs, children's work in benevolent institutions, and youth work in the WCTU and the YCWA. They transferred their talents beyond home and church. Thus, they changed the community and they were also changed by it. The steps women took toward city reformation began in church societies. The church societies encouraged women to form public associations. These afforded them the best opportunity to experience enormous problems of urban life.
Keywords: women's societies, volunteer associations, city choruses, literary clubs, WCTU, YCWA, city reformation, church societies, Sunday School, bible classes


I am using a 71 Pinto rack, due to its' smaller dimensions than a Mustang II/later Pinto rack.
The shocks are QA1 single adjustables with 1/2 inch eyelets for mounting. They will fit into the stock shock mount on the lower control arm, and I will have to fab up a lower upper mount as they are shorter than a factory shock by one inch. That works out just right though.
The first order of business is to cut everything off the stock K that will get in the way down the road. I saved the mounting plates for the 318 mounts, as I want this unit to work with either a 318 / 360 or a 5.7 Hemi when I am ready for it.The 5.7 has mounts that are three inches further back than the 318, so I added some plate to the area that used to hold the steering sector.
In the first picture I welded a 10 x 20 x 1/4 thick steel plate to the bottom of the K.
After welding on the plate, I welded gussets to the rear arms of the K frame to support them when I cut out for the rack. The spacers are one inch tall, 3/4 wide. I used a hole saw to cut through two pieces of stock to get the upper halfe of the right side mount. Carrefully mark the bolt locations, transfer to the other side, make holes!
Next, after making sure the rack would fit after welding in the plates to box everything and gusset the legs to the plate, I welded the plates and gussets in place. Notice I had to cut a clearance hole in the plate for part of the rack.
very cool. what oil pan do you have to run to clear the rack?
The rack in place, ready to go into the chassis and assemble the suspension.
I trimmed up the plate some. You can't see it in this picture, but I finished welding the leading edge of the plate, plus added some other welds to make it plenty stiff and connected to all four corners.
The oil pan is going to be a truck pan. I had better get to looking for a pan to put on the 318! I will post pics tommorow of the rack in place under the 5.7 in another chassis I am using for mock up.
Another view. I am using the stock lower control arms just as the factory built them, sans torsion bars. I did drill the end of the control arm pins for a 3/8 retaining bolt to keep the arms from ever coming off the pins. Going this route allows me to keep the rubber bushings and stock strut rods.
that rack looks very narrow in relation to the LCA pin location. you worried about toe changes?
The bump steer ought to work out fine, based on a heck of a lot of measurements I did. All I have to do now is get the proper tie rod ends set up on the small rack and then the fun of making the steering arms begins.
Nope, other than re enforcing the arm of the K frame that the cotrol arm is on. There is a guy on Moparts that has been running his drag car that way for a long time, hangs the front real high most passes, no problems. When you consider that the rubber bushing cushions the loads put on the lowers, they should hold up fine. Ma Mopar never worried about it. If you think about it, had there been a need for a rear support, then there would be a problem with binding between the torsion bar and the socket. There isn't, and you don't see any marks from that on the hex.
Now this is something I want to watch!
I always wanted to do a R&P swap using a stock K frame. Thanks for posting.
its going to depend on if the inner joint on the rack matches the LCA pivot pin. also if its level are ride height with the LBJ's. seems the toe change is going to be pretty bad though if he is pulling the wheels like the red car!
Getting zero bump steer means placing the outer tie rod end where ever it needs to be, and it may not wind up in perfect relation to where it needs to be for proper ackerman angle. Ackerman angle is simply the needed difference in angle between the inside tire in a turn and the outside tire in a turn. The sharper the turn combined with a shorter wheel base, the more difference there will be in angles. My race car has zero ackerman, meaning the tires stay dead parallel at all times. Makes it a real bear to push around a corner, or move it around the shop if you need to turn the front wheels. But the scrub you get when you go around a corner is liveable on a track only car, and actually is much better if the car gets sideways. The front tires don't toe out, so the front doesn't "push" and try and make the car switch ends. You wouldn't believe how fast my track car recovers from being out of shape. It snaps right back like it was on rails.
Proper Ackerman is achieved when the lower ball joint, outer tie rod end and the center of the rear axle all line up on a single line. On a front steer car, that puts the needed location out beyond the ball joint. That is why you will never see a front steer car with drum brakes. The tie rod end would be inside the brake drum! The best education on front end geometry that I can think of is in the Mopar Chassis manual. The chapter on plotting bumpsteer really explains it all very well. I hope to gert back out to the shop tomorrow and get some more things done and post some more pics. This is the front of my Racer. How many odd things do you see in this photo?
Coil over, and no T bar so those aren't "overloads"
Is the ball joint steering arm short?
Greg, have you given thought to upper Coil-over shock mount? I am given to understand the fenders will start to spread if there is no additional bracing of the upper mount and/or no diagonal bracing on the fenders.


Many thanks to berelinde and jestey for your fantastic works to this mod.
I have made a Chinese translation on v10 last year(didn't find there is already v11 version ). After making a quick check and correction I installed the mod with that translation successfully. Since there is no official Chinese language of BG2EE yet, I cannot do any test on BG2EE, I can only make sure it's OK with vanilla BG2 or BGT with Chinese language games.
-Add a new LANGUAGE line refers to the translation.
-Add a check in the ALWAYS block: if install the mod with language of Chinese, then edit the alternatives_noconvert array. Otherwise there could be messy codes when uninstall/reinstall the mod, when running Windows with Chinese.
-Add a block at the end of .tp2 file, change the SELECT_COMMON1 of "b!mal.cre" and "b!mal2.cre", to show Chinese characters instead of English ones.
Edit: GBK means simplified Chinese characters.
This is cool. Thank you very much! I will integrate this into the mod - (I can't check any of it, though).
Thank you for integration. If there will be any change of tra files in future, please let me know.


text:
Prein & Newhof, Inc
PPP Loan Data — Prein & Newhof, Inc, Grand Rapids, MI
Industry: Engineering Services
Prein & Newhof, Inc is a corporation located at 3355 Evergreen Dr Ne in Grand Rapids, Michigan that received a Coronavirus-related PPP loan from the SBA of $2,903,100.00 in April, 2020.
The company has reported itself as a White male owned business, and employed at least 141 people during the applicable loan loan period.
THE HUNTINGTON NATIONAL BANK
Prein & Newhof, Inc in Grand Rapids, MI received a Paycheck Protection Loan of $2.9M through THE HUNTINGTON NATIONAL BANK, which was approved in April, 2020.
Based on standard PPP eligibility rules, Prein & Newhof, Inc's total 2019 payroll expenses were approximately $13.93M in order to qualify for the PPP loan amount received.
Because the loan received by Prein & Newhof, Inc is at least $2M dollars, it is subject to a full review by the SBA to ensure eligibility and compliance with PPP program requirements.
Business Information - Prein & Newhof, Inc in Grand Rapids, MI
3355 Evergreen Dr Ne
Engineering Services (NAICS code 541330)
Race / Ethnicity: WHITE
Gender: MALE OWNED
Veteran Status: NON-VETERAN
In the Grand Rapids area, 3 businesses in the "Engineering Services" industry received a PPP loan. These local businesses reported an average of 56 employees (compared to this company's 141) and received an average PPP loan of $1,098,726 (compared to this company's $2.9M).
Infinite Ideas Inc
$30,000 PPP Loan
Comprehensive Engineering, PC
Nationwide, 28,113 businesses in the "Engineering Services" industry received a total of $7,024,215,141.00 in PPP loans. These businesses account for 1% of total PPP applications submitted, and received 1% of the total PPP funding allocated.
PPP recipients in this industry report an average of 14 employees, 90% lower than Prein & Newhof, Inc's reported 141 employees, and received an average PPP loan of $249,856, 91% lower than this company's loan of $2.9M.
Source: www.federalpay.org/paycheck-protection-program/prein-and-newhof-inc-grand-rapids-mi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Medical mistakes are regrettable but unfortunately they still happen all over the world, including in the UAE. Medical errors can take many forms including delay in implementation of treatment, the lack of due care and neglect. Doctors can be held liable and patients can incur damages as a consequence of criminal, civil and administrative liability laws governing in the UAE.
Dr. Khaldoon Walid Nabhan from the Legal Affairs Department of the Dubai Health Authority (DHA), UAE, will discuss Medical Errors & Liability Law in the UAE at the upcoming Surgery Management Conference in Dubai. This topic will be discussed as part of a wider conference programme taking place during the 4th Hospital Build & Infrastructure Middle East Exhibition & Congress from 4-6 June 2012.
The last few years have seen massive investment and expansion in the healthcare industry in the UAE, as is evident from the construction and licensing of various specialised hospitals, clinics, universities and especially the free zones. This growth has been characterised by the increased role of international healthcare service providers, with the result that increased numbers of international insurers and reinsurers are being exposed to medical malpractice risks in the UAE.
The Medical Liability Law in the UAE sets out principles to assist in determining whether a practitioner's conduct amounts to malpractice, negligence or paying insufficient effort creates a framework for medical regulations.
Hospital Build & Infrastructure Middle East is the fastest-growing, global business-to-business platform dedicated to bringing together investors, commissioners, backers and managers of healthcare-related building projects with key players in planning, design, construction, operations, management, supply and refurbishment. As investment in the region's healthcare infrastructure continues to rise, the 2012 event is set to be bigger than ever with more than 130 exhibitors covering 5,000sqm of exhibition floor space, an estimated 4,500 visitors, as well as more than 600 conference delegates.
For more information about the Surgery Management Conference at Hospital Build 2012, visit www.hospitalbuild-me.com.


text:
Meet Cheryl/Kuyper Method
Family Constellation Work
Power of Intention
6 Sounds
Self healing Techniques
Book Apt
Integrated Sound Healing
Kuyper Method
Path to Self-Healing Your Mind, Body, Spirit
SESSION BOOK HERE!
GET GUIDANCE FOR SELF HEALING
UPDATE ON NEW EVENTS
COMMUNICATE AND CONNECT
Do you struggle with never feeling good enough?
do you have physical , emotional and spiritual pain?
I am here to support you to release any beliefs
and trauma that has robbed you of being loved
for the powerful person you are.
It is your time to be whole, healthy and happy.
"There's no organ system in the body that's not affected by sound, music and vibration. You can look at disease as a form of disharmony." - Mitchell Gaynor
What is sound healing? In short, it's a practice that uses vibrations (vocal or instrumental-like gongs, Tibetan singing bowls and tuning forks) in order to relax your mind and body.
Given that everything has a vibrational frequency, including ourselves, it makes sense that sound frequencies impact how we feel. That's why particular songs and types of music often bring about specific types of emotions from us. Sound healing, which is an ancient healing technique that uses tonal frequencies to bring the body into a state of vibrational balance and harmony, plays upon this as well.
So, how does it work? During a sound healing session, also known as a sound bath, you'll typically lie down on the floor, yoga mat, or massage table and simply listen and absorb as a practitioner plays a variety of instruments on and off the body as you "bathe" in the soothing sounds and vibrations. The sound frequencies then slow down brain waves to a deeply restorative state, which activates the body's system of self-healing. This relaxed state allows your body to repair itself by activating the body's internal healing processes and parasympathetic nervous system.
Singing bowls, gongs, Tibetan bowls, tuning forks, and drums are the instruments that practitioners most often use in sessions. However if used with the proper intention, almost any instrument can be used in sound healing.
Each instrument serves a different purpose. Crystal bowls, for example are tuned to the notes of the seven chakras. The gong is said to help release tension in the body and stimulates the glandular and nervous system.
And although sound healing has grown in popularity in recent years, it is a healing modality that dates way back. From vocal chanting, Christian hymns, to instruments such as Tibetan singing bowls, shamanic drums, and more, you will find some form of sound healing in every culture on Earth. It is said that sound healing can be traced back 40,000 years to when indigenous Australians used ancient didgeridoos for healing.
Pythagoras "the father of music" discovered musical intervals that could heal, using sound and harmonic frequencies. He was the first person to prescribe music as medicine. He opened the door to the science behind sound healing. One amazing historical example of sound healing is the sound chambers created by the ancient Egyptians in the pyramids.
WHAT HAPPENS DURING A SESSION
You'll lie down on the massage table or if online get in a comfortable position and simply listen and absorb as a practitioner plays a variety of instruments. If in person, the instruments maybe played on and off the body. If the session is online, get comfortable without interruptions from computer or phone. You may listen to the sound from the computer, use headphones or place the phone on your chest, whatever feels most comfortable. You will have a session that integrates Power of Intention and Family Constellation Work (when appropriate) with sound healing. As with most alternative healing modalities and meditative practices, everyone's experience is different, and new things may come up in each session. Most people will feel very relaxed and peaceful during a sound healing; some might have visualizations, receive creative downloads, or have an emotional breakthrough.
Four benefits of sound healing
1. It's super-relaxing
Deep relaxation is one of the most significant and universal benefits of sound therapy. The sounds permeate our system returning it to harmony. So if you take nothing else away from a sound healing session, relaxation on its own is worth it. With our busy schedules and so much going on in the world, we can all use some chill vibes.
2. It helps clear energetic blockage
Some people experience deep healing during sound therapy as the sound vibrations open, clear, and balance their chakras and release stuck energy. There have been those that have described it as an internal massage.
You may also feel physical sensations like tingling in your hands or, feel a sense of being hot or cold.
3. It boosts your health
Research has already demonstrated that sound healing can be incredibly beneficial.
Benefits can include improved sleep, reduction of chronic pain and blood pressure, lowered cholesterol, lowered blood sugar, and a decreased risk of heart disease. That does not mean that you don't stop seeing your medical provider for these conditions.
4. It supports mental, emotional and spiritual well-being
It also heals on the mental, emotional and spiritual levels. Sound healing can help reduce stress, anxiety and depression. It can balance and clear the mind and lead to a renewed sense of purpose, well-being, calm and happiness.


Travelling with kids is a terrible experience. An easy-peasy 5-hour journey can transform into an all-day nightmare when you add in pee breaks and whining about, "I can't feel my legs. I think they are dying." And that's when you're on the road with the ability to stop and take a breather. What about long-haul flights?
Travelling with kids can be a mess but flying in a tin can, breathing in recycled air and sharing an armrest with a total stranger is enough to make even well-adjusted adults go crazy? Kids are another matter altogether.
Over the years of travel and the thousands of air miles my kids have flown, I have realised one truth. If there is a way to make your flight more comfortable for you and your kids, grab the opportunity with both hands and don't let go.
I plan cabin baggage well in advance and careful consideration is given to the needs of both my kids. Now that my oldest is well, old enough to carry her own cabin baggage she can pick up some of the slack.
Here are a few tried and tested travel essentials for kids that I carry with me every time we fly.
Dry skin in the air can make anyone uncomfortable. Moisturize from top to bottom before you leave for the airport. For the plane ride carry a small bottle of lotion and add some glycerin to the mix. Shake before you use it. Glycerin is a great moisturizer but it needs something to make it less sticky. I add lotion to mellow it down. If you're catching a flight, the mixture should be in bottles of less than 100 ml bottles. Check flight safety regulations for your destination, some airlines may have a regulation of <60 ml.
Sometimes it isn't just dry skin. Between the recycled air, the dryness and the synthetic upholstery we often complain about unidentifiable rashes. My youngest has eczema and my older one doesn't, and both end up with patches of inflamed skin. Boiron's Calendula cream, a homoeopathic remedy made with the extract of the garden marigold helps heal inflamed skin. It soothes and moisturizes at the same time and is safe for adults and children to use.
Airplane travel often makes people nauseous. My oldest gets carsick and plane sick, and so I carry crackers and dry cereal. These simple snacks fill in the gap between the in-flight meal service. I also carry Boiron's Cocculine tablets. They relieve symptoms of motion sickness, such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness and cold sweats. Thankfully this remedy comes in quick-dissolving tablets that are convenient to take while on the move especially since no water is needed to swallow them. I usually start the kids with 2 tablets the night before we start the journey, and then continue as needed.
Bring Your Own Water. It sounds simple, I know but we often forget especially when planning a long plane trip. I carry an empty bottle of water with me and fill it up once we are past airport security. The plane air is recycled and dry, and having your own stash of water so you don't have to ring the bell for the flight attendant, again and again, well, that's just plain common sense.
Disclaimer: I have been compensated by Boiron Canada for sharing with you my honest opinion of their homoeopathy remedies.
When it comes to travelling comfortably, my travel neck pillow happens to be one companion that secures my comfort.
There are other things I travel along with to keep me comfortable but this remains the most important one for me because sleep is like a tradition for me on any long haul flight.
I am glad for neck pillows as well. Thanks for visiting.


Super soft, plush cotton tee with a dreamy photo print of Loch Ness. Made in USA.
Fit Info: Straight cut. Unisex sizing.
Size 0/XS Bust 36"/Waist 36"/Length 25.5"/Shoulder Width 16.5"/Sleeve Length 8"
Size 1/S Bust 38"/Waist 38"/Length 26"/Shoulder Width 17"/Sleeve Length 8.25"
Size 2/M Bust 40"/Waist 40"/Length 27"/Shoulder Width 18"/Sleeve Length 8.5"


Sphere 25 - A new driving force within Town Planning Consultancy.
Blayze Group are recruiting exclusively for Sphere 25, who are a progressive, unique and ambitious start-up focusing on outer London and the home counties.
We are looking for Planning Directors, Associate Planning Directors, Senior Planners and Planners, ideally with a private sector background.
To find out more about this exciting opportunity, please contact Vicky Hughes at Blayze Group, at Vicky.hughes@blayzegroup.com or call her on 0161 359 4325 / 07983 515 104 for a confidential conversation.


These guys aren't in business anymore. Lot of fishy things with one partner. Stay away. The other members of this firm were once all stars, but the managing director drove everyone out.
This is an unusual angel group. They're not the clubby social networks you think of. They mean business.


text:
Szatkowski (feminine: Szatkowska) is a Polish locational surname, which is a variant of Szadkowski and means a person from a place in Poland called Szadek, Szadki or Szadkowice. Alternative spellings include  Szatkowsky, Schatkowski and Schatkowsky. The surname may refer to:

Anna Szatkowska (1928–2015), Polish writer
Henryk Szatkowski, German politician
Rob Szatkowski (born 1970), American wrestler
Tomasz Szatkowski (born 1978), Polish politician and political scientist
Zuzanna Szadkowski (born 1978), American actress

References

Polish-language surnames

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Is the rise of online social networking creating a new breed of programmers?
Looking for a Senior Interface Hacker? A Ruby on Rails Developer? How about a PHP Ninja? If so, you're not alone.
These and other curious job titles — all tied to the rise of Web 2.0 — are taking over many tech industry job boards. They're also breathing new life back into the nation's ailing IT labor market, recent reports show.
After years of job cuts, the IT sector added 38,900 new jobs over the last three months alone, according to a joint survey released last week by Forrester Research and the Information Technology Association of America.
If that doesn't seem like much of a rebound, consider that in the wake of the dotcom bust the IT industry cut some 395,600 jobs between March 2001 and March 2004, according to a report by the Center for Urban Economic Development. Over half of those cuts occurred while the rest of the U.S. economy was recovering — hitting a peak industry unemployment rate of 7.9% in 2002, the report said.
The recent turnaround comes amid renewed confidence among the nation's information managers, which in turn is leading to more bullish spending plans and investments in IT, the Forrester/ITAA survey found.
How much spending? According to the World Information Technology and Services Alliance, global output on information and communications technology will top $3 trillion this year — with software as the fastest growing category.
That kind of capital has already boosted IT employment to its highest point in three years, ITAA president Phillip Bond said.
While some of that growth can be attributed to renewed funding for IT projects previously on hold, much of it is being driven by the sudden expansion of Web 2.0 — the often wide-sweeping term for a new generation of online applications and services offering user-generated content, customized Web pages, or social networking — or all three.
"Whenever there are new and very successful platforms like these being widely adopted, they are job creators," said John Challenger, CEO of outplacement firm Challenger, Gray and Christmas.
Beyond that, Challenger and others said the popularity of interactive Websites — from industry behemoths like MySpace, to Flickr, Riya, and del.icio.us — aren't just creating new jobs. They're also creating whole new job categories.
As such, standard tech job listings on cutting-edge sites like CrunchBoard or 37 Signals often call for "excellent communications skills" on top of LAMP, DRUPAL, AJAX and open source experience. They also co-mingle with listings for consumer insight directors, online audience managers and other marketing-like positions.
"People aren't just looking for a designer or a programmer anymore," said Jason Fried of 37Signals, a Chicago-based software firm that recently launched a Web 2.0 jobs board. "They're looking for programmers who appreciate design and designers who can program, among other skills. Basically, workers who are well-rounded and flexible," he said.
Web 2.0 has also created strange new job titles, like PHP Ninja, or Interface Hacker.
"The job titles are kind of goofy, but they resonate with the type of applicant you're looking for," Fried said.
A recruiter looking for a Ninja, he said, is after a programmer who is quick and agile.
"Before, that position might have been called Information Architect. But by giving a fun name, you're only going to attract the people who get it, and they're the ones you really want on your team," Fried said.
For Pete Snyder, the CEO of New Media Strategies, an online branding firm based in Arlington, Va., most Web 2.0 employees have to speak two languages: programming and marketing.
And while the Web 2.0 labor market is getting competitive, "it's nothing like 1999, when there were bidding wars for people fresh out of school who were demanding $90,000 paychecks," Snyder said.
Challenger called the rise of social networking and user-generated content a "paradigm shift" in the online industry, and expects the IT job market to keep gaining strength over the next few years.


text:
University of Massachusetts - Isenberg School of Management - MBA/Master of Public Policy & Administration
University of Massachusetts - Isenberg School of Management MBA/Master of Public Policy & Administration
http://www.massachusetts.edu/
University of Massachusetts - Isenberg School of Management
Isenberg School of Management
121 Presidents Drive
1. Environmental Science and Policy
2. Master of Public Policy
3. Cornell MPA Program
Cornell University - Cornell Institute for Public Affairs
University of Toronto - School of Public Policy and Governance
5. Master of Public Affairs
University of California - Berkeley - Goldman School of Public Policy
6. MBA Business Economics and Public Policy
University of Pennsylvania - The Wharton School
7. MBA Public Sector: Business & Government
9. Master of Science in Public Policy
New York University (NYU)
10. Master of Public Policy
University of California, Los Angeles - School of Public Affairs
University of Western Ontario - Social Science Center
14. MBA/MA in Government
Johns Hopkins University - Carey Business School
15. Public and Non Profit MBA
16. MA Public policy and Public administration
17. Master of Science in Public Policy and Management
18. Master of Public Service and Administration
Texas A&M University - The Bush School of Government and Public Service
19. The Master of Public Policy (MPP) / Master of Business Administration (MBA) (dual degree)
20. MBA Public Policy & Management
University of Alberta - Alberta Business School
21. Master of Public Affairs
University of Texas at Austin - Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
University of Virginia - Franck Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy
University of Texas at Dallas - School of Economic, Political and Policy Sciences
25. Master of Arts Public Administration
University of Ottawa - Faculty of Social Sciences - School of Political Studies
27. Master of Public Administration (MPA)
University of Washington - Evans School of Public Policy and Governance
28. MBA/Master of Public Policy
Pepperdine University - Graziadio Business School
University of Pittsburgh - Graduate School of Public and International Affairs
30. Master in Public Administration
San Diego State University - School of Public Affairs
33. Master of Public Affairs (MPA)
Washington State University - College of Arts and Science
34. Asper MBA Program
35. MBA/Master of Public Policy & Administration
36. Master of International Public Policy
38. USF Master of Public Administration
University of San Francisco - School of Management
Virginia Tech - School of Public and International Affairs
40. Public Administration
Universittrationy of Delaware - School of Public Policy & Administration


Saudi Prince Mohammed bin Salman has enhanced his country's profile, and redefined Saudi decision-making regarding foreign policy. He is not afraid to undermine, and test existing alliance structures. Where once Saudi monarchs were tempered through consensus, Mohammed bin Salman new narrative of his vision of Saudi Arabia confers decision making through near absolute authority.
Saudi Arabia's soft attempt of a recalibration of its regional interests could not have come at a more fortuitous time, turning a regional tragedy to its advantage. Saudi Prince Mohammed bin Salman's (often referred to by the acronym 'MBS') Asian tour, consisting of visits to Pakistan, India, and China, just preceded the February 14th 2019 suicide bombing in Kashmir. This attack, which took place in the Pulwama district of Jammu and Kashmir, resulted in the deaths of forty-four police officers. The ensuing fallout and consequences, at the moment involving only India and Pakistan, has the potential to increasingly draw in China, which administers a part of the disputed border region.
This coincidence of timing has offered a prime opportunity for the advancement of Saudi Arabia's regional interests. This involves trade and economic benefit as a key factor, in conjunction with isolating Iran. MBS's Asian tour was in itself an attempt to not only to recalibrate regional geopolitics, boost Saudi commercial ties, but also a chance to re-engage as a world leader. This can be seen as part of a larger initiative of MBS's, the Saudi Vision 2030 . Saudi Arabia, like China, no longer views political, and increasingly economic rejection of the West as costly. At least not as it was.
In the entirety of the tour, Saudi dissident Jamal Khashoggi's death was not brought up once. It comes as no surprise that all the countries involved in MBS's tour are open to Saudi investment given the Kingdom's financial resources. But what is becoming evident is that in the case of both China and Saudi Arabia, there are increasingly more viable alternatives than the West. Saudi Arabia is looking for markets to offload its oil, while diversifying its economy. China, in the midst of a trade war with the United States, India, and Pakistan, act as perfect conduits for both Saudi political and economic interests.
On a superficial level, regional interests would seem to act as a barrier to Saudi interests. Among them are Chinese and Indian courting of Iran, plus the worrisome escalation between India and Pakistan over the Pulwama attack. China's issues with its Uyghur Muslim population in Xinjiang can have consequences on Saudi public opinion. Chinese interests, however, as dictated by the Belt and Road Initiative, sees Saudi Arabia, and "Arab states" more broadly as key partners in advancing this aim . For the Saudi's, China is a major importer of crude oil, amounting to $20.5 billion. By 2016, China was Saudi Arabia's main destination for exports. Despite the al-Saud dynasty's claim to be the "Custodian of the Two Mosques", and protector of Muslims worldwide, MBS supported China's right to take "counter-terrorism measures".
Saudi largesse, itself indicative of Saudi efforts to diversify the economy beyond oil through investment, saw the country sign $18.5 billion worth of agreements with Pakistan. This agreement included five agreements, projects in oil, refining, renewable energy, petrochemicals, and mining. More specifically, the agreements include plans to construct an oil refinery and petrochemical complex in the port city of Gwador, the possibility of two liquefied natural gas powered power plants by Saudi companies, and up to $4 billion in alternative energy and mining deals.
Saudi Arabia also secured a potential $100 billion worth of investment opportunities with India, over two years. In a break with protocol highlighting the importance of the prince's visit, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi personally greeted the prince on his arrival. Usual Indian government protocol would involve sending a junior official to meet foreign dignitaries. The Saudi-India deal was not simply binary. The deal contains several agreements to boost bilateral investment, infrastructure, tourism, housing, and communications. MBS also voiced his intent to fight terrorism and cyber-crime through enhanced cooperation with India. Saudi Arabia's state owned Public investment Fund, which is the main mechanism for Saudi investment, signed a memorandum of understanding with Oyo, India's largest hospitality firm.
MBS's Asian tour finished in China. Despite China's stated aim to deepen relations with Iran, it offered Saudi Arabia support in the wake of Khashoggi's murder. A strong focus was placed on energy, in which China is a net importer. Regional economic deals were signed, and efforts made to integrate Saudi Arabia in the Belt & Road initiative. Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia's state oil company, will sign an agreement to build a refinery and develop a petrochemical project in the northeastern Chinese province of Liaoning.
Where once Saudi monarchs embraced caution and cold calculation, MBS's total recalibration of approaching Saudi interests can alienate allies. However, Saudi financial resources, and regional and religious clout, will find no shortage of suitors to benefit from its interests. That does not preclude however, issues arising. Will Saudi public opinion turn restive of MBS's downplaying of China's state crackdown on its Muslim population? Will western corporate investment in Saudi Arabia conflict with western political interests? What will be Iran's response to the Saudi attempt at economic strangulation?
MBS has enhanced his country's profile, and redefined Saudi decision-making regarding foreign policy. He is not afraid to undermine, and test existing alliance structures. Where once Saudi monarchs were tempered through consensus, MBS new narrative of his vision of Saudi Arabia confers decision making through near absolute authority.
Saudi dependence on oil, while simultaneously developing numerous public and private sectors.
Xi Jinping, The Governance of China II. (Foreign Language Press, Beijing, 2017). p.502.


New York, USA, 2018-Sep-21 — /EPR Network/ —According to Goldstein Research, major driving factor for the expansion of the global aircraft cabin interiors market is the growing number of air passenger traffic and their improved affordability has created demand for comfortable and luxury cabin interiors, like demand for the in-flight entertainment system. Thus it has become necessary to cope up with demand and improve the passenger experience. Global aircraft cabin interiors market Outlook also includes product development, marketing strategy and investment strategies adopted by major market players in order to expand their business across the globe.


On our travel to the conference building, there was grey ash everywhere. Apparently 3 years earlier a volcano had erupted and devastated the city of Goma. Amazingly no lives were lost. But everywhere was grey ash and volcanic rock, and the people have commenced rebuilding their city.
Our host for this conference was Ps Israel. Over 300 Pastors & Leaders came together for this conference from all over Congo. Many Pastors testified they had never been invited to such a gathering before. Jim sowed many seeds of the Word with the following topics being touched on: All Scripture is Profitable, A Nation of Priests, The Everlasting Covenant, Our Inheritance, The Tabernacle of Moses, Mechisedec – Our High Priest, God's Judgment, Five Fold Ministry, The Midnight Hour, Tithes & Offerings and Communion.
In one session Jim was speaking on the Holy Spirit and we then saw a number of Pastors being filled with the holy Spirit, with the evidence of speaking in other tongues.
So what the Lord did in Goma was wonderful, and a foundation of repentance and the Word has gone into the hearts of the people for the Lord to build upon. We look forward to our next visit.


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Healdsburg Residents Not Optimistic About Early Rains Ending Water ConcernsAfter suffering a scary drought season in 2021, people in Healdsburg are not taking the availability of water for granted, even with recent storms starting the water year in a promising way.
COVID: Vaccine Mandate Protesters Disrupt Healdsburg Council Meeting, Force Members To Meet VirtuallyThe Healdsburg City Council was forced to hold its meeting virtually Monday after a group of protesters against COVID-19 vaccination requirements entered the council's chambers.
COVID: Unvaccinated Healdsburg City Councilmember Claims Discrimination Over Vaccine Rule At In-Person MeetingsThe Healdsburg City Council was accused of racially discriminating against one of its members this week after she was not allowed to attend the council's regular meeting in person because she is not vaccinated against COVID-19.
Atmospheric River: North Bay Water Officials Wait & See On Easing Restrictions After Major StormThanks to the massive storm over the weekend, the Russian River in the North Bay is once again full of water.
Storm System Brings Hope to Parched North Bay, ReservoirsLake Mendocino is where Gov Newsom declared a drought emergency back in April. Now, water is finally flowing into this reservoir again, raising the same question that is being asked across much of Californian. How much progress could reasonably be made here in one winter?
Healdsburg Man Pleads No Contest To 2016 Drowning Of Daughter In Church Baptismal PoolA Sonoma County man has pleaded no contest to voluntary manslaughter charges in the 2016 drowning of his 4-year-old daughter in the baptismal pool of a Catholic church, authorities said.
Healdsburg Leading the Way In North Bay Water ConservationEveryone in California has been asked to conserve water, but no one is doing it better than one community in the North Bay.
Driver Killed After Vehicle Crashes on Highway 128 Near HealdsburgThe California Highway Patrol was investigating a fatal crash on State Route 128 in an unincorporated area of Sonoma County east of Healdsburg on Monday afternoon.
Crews Fighting Several Suspected Arson Fires In HealdsburgCrews were were busy battling several suspicious brush fires in and around Healdsburg Monday night. There were reports of as many as eight blazes burning just before 9 p.m.
UPDATE: Boil Water Notice Lifted for Areas of Healdsburg Affected by Water Main BreakA boil water notice has been canceled after affecting a large portion of Healdsburg since Wednesday when a water main broke at a construction site, city officials said Friday.
Boil Water Notice Issued For Much Of Healdsburg Due To Water Main BreakA boil water notice has been issued for much of the city of Healdsburg on Wednesday, following a water main break.
Fatal Crash Scene Discovered Off Highway 101 Near HealdsburgA man died after a pickup truck went through a guardrail on a frontage road near U.S. Highway 101 sometime overnight in Sonoma County south of Healdsburg, the California Highway Patrol said Monday morning.
California Drought: Shrinking Lake Mendocino Forces Water Cuts To Sonoma County Russian River RegionResidents in the Russian River region of northern Sonoma County are already facing mandatory water rationing. But now, the situation has become so dire that some agricultural users are being cut off completely.
Drought-Savvy Healdsburg Homeowners Using Free, Recycled WaterAfter imposing a strict ban on outdoor irrigation, the city of Healdsburg is offering an alternative -- free recycled water -- and they're willing to go door-to-door to deliver it.
Drought Emergency: Healdsburg Orders Shutdown Of Outdoor Watering As Lake Mendocino Dries UpResidents of Healdsburg have been ordered shut down all outdoor watering systems as its only source of water begins to dry up amid a worsening drought.


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Double pane window are an ideal addition to any home. IGUs hold the warmth inside your home in colder weather and keep your home cooler during the summer months. The unique design of these units blocks the transfer of heat through the glass and makes maintaining a comfortable living environment easy and affordable. Your heating and cooling systems run less, and drafts around your windows are eliminated.
IGUs consist of two or more glass panes held in place by an insulating spacer. The spacer seals the area between the two panes giving the unit added efficiency. Often spacers are filled with a desiccant, which absorb moisture or a warm edge glass spacer for increased effectiveness. A premium-grade sealant is applied to the perimeter of the unit to prevent condensation accumulation between the glass panes.
During a complimentary consultation, our experts walk you through available glass options and make recommendations for your home. Up-front pricing on materials and installation give you the assurance of professional service at a price you can afford. Double pane window repair and replacement is one of our many specialties.
Glass Doctor of Langley takes pride in providing you with money saving and customized glass products. Often your windows can be upgraded by replacing the glass with insulated units, leaving your existing frames in place and saving you a great deal of money. Allow our team of experts to show you how double pane window repair will make a significant difference in your home's level of comfort and the amount you spend on energy bills. Call or contact our team online to set an appointment!


Hindmarch isn't a new face in the RPG scene by any stretch of the imagination. He worked for years on Vampire and ran a successful kickstarter for his game Always/Never/Now. He has the chops to pull this off and the success of his Kickstarter campaign, now closing in on its last few days, reflects that.
I had the opportunity to speak with Hindmarch about Dark and discovered one of the most well thought out roleplaying games I've heard about in a while.
Jon Bolding: Where does Dark sit on the spectrum between stealth and stealth action? Between heroic, protagonist centered and cold, uncaring world?
Hindmarch: Each of the game's settings [Dark, Dark|Net, and Dark Planet] assumes a slightly different spot along that spectrum. In the fantastical core setting for Dark, player characters can move pretty freely between stealth and action (for varying definitions of "action") depending on the individual adventure. The game can be approached in lots of different ways, from one adventure to another, and without a save feature or the ability to reload a level, that was important to me. Sometimes an adventure goes sideways and becomes about running and dodging swords or bullets. Other times it can be about blending into the game world and going unnoticed until the time is right.
Dark's different game worlds take somewhat different philosophies to the question of heroism, though. In the fantasy setting, the game doesn't make many assumptions about the characters' motives. Maybe they steal to adorn their lairs with gold. Maybe they want to change the world for the better. Maybe they want revenge. Maybe they start off thinking one thing and change over the course of play.
The game worlds address those questions in different ways and I hope different adventures and campaigns drill down into the subject in different ways. I mean, each of these game worlds is pretty harsh, filled with villains that provide essential contrast to the players' characters as infiltrators, trespassers, and thieves, but are these stories of heroes or antiheroes? Are the players' characters forces for good or are they merely the lesser evil in the campaign? Those are choices the players get to make.
JB: Talk to me about Dark's mechanics. What does it do that is new?
WH: In Dark, the cards draw together a number of mechanical features. The better hidden a character is, the more cards her player holds in hand at once and thus the more options she has. This helps the environment inform the player's decisions and gives some weight to the character's interactions with the game world. At the same time, the player gets a certain amount of information that the character might not have, but which the player can characterize if she likes. A lot of players look at their hand of cards and interpret that for their character as an instinct to run, or an idea for how to lie, or a hankering to fight.
Honestly, though, I think a lot of Dark's mechanics are more evolutionary than revolutionary. Everything's been calibrated to emphasize the interaction between the PCs and the environment or the NPCs in ways that provoke and reward a style of play and then, over time, become a descriptive language for portraying the campaign that unfolds from that kind of play.


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text:
package com.quakearts.appbase.test.helpers;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionListener;

public class TestListener2 implements HttpSessionListener {
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Showing posts with the label gay love
By Cunzy11 - May 24, 2012
We picked this up from father of MUDs (or another appropriate title), Richard Bartle:
When role-playing games offer the possibility for player characters to romance non-player characters, the pressure for including same-sex relationships doesn't come primarily from gay players. Rather, it comes from straight male players who are playing female characters and get creeped out when they get hit on by male non-player characters. Now he's a man who would know but I'm going to call Bouffalantshit on this one especially as it isn't qualified at all. is this an assumption or assertion? Are we talking about existing games, theoretical games or the two or three games that virtual world scholars study? Has anyone talked tot he developers who make this decisions and asked why they do/don't allow same sex relationships? Or at least I'm hoping it is all codswallop. Far too much has been written about gender and identity in games but for our liking none of it has really …
If I'm Gonna Stare At Something For Hours On End It Might As Well Be A Woman's Ass
By Cunzy11 - March 24, 2011
Buuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuullllllllshit. I call bullshit on this oft quoted excuse for men playing as female characters. Because in most games you rarely look at your character, you're focused on the environment, stuff and things. Also, depending on how you associate with your various avatars it's kinda creepy to perve on the character that you are playing. SO here's the reasons why, given a choice I'll probably play as a female character. ITS ALL ABOUT ME HOLMES.
Male Characters Are Boring. Dull, dull, dull. Chinned stubbly affairs driven by revenge or sometimes sheer gruffness. The mind numbing you-aren't-kidding-anyone shit that leaves their mouth, normally with a voice like a 40 a day batman with an acute throat infection, is nothing any man has ever knowingly uttered apart from actors in exciting action films with awful plots. More often than not they are the default character too. The guy will have the standard punch and the standard gun. The…
This is hardcore?
By Cunzy11 - January 10, 2011
This kind of thing (IF we notice it, that's a big IF) is game breaking for us. It seems more and more to use that hardcore games are anything but and casual games seem to be good for the kind of challenge that made games so compelling in the first place.
Doesn't matter anyway BECAUSE YOU ALL BOUGHT IT IN THE MILLIONS.
P.S Multiplayer is for Phags before you even go there.
UPDATE WHEN I WAS FIXING THE VIDEO. It turns out I know quite a lot of the Spanish from Resident Evil 4. I don't know what they are saying but I imagine it is the equivalent to Achtung! Schnell Schnell and ACHTUNG GRENADES! in German.
Guy Cocker defends 360 as gadget of the century
By Richie - November 12, 2010
So editor of Gamespot UK, and owner of a name that still makes me giggle, has come out and stated that the 360 should be gadget of the 21st Century:
As a gadget fan with an iPad, an Android phone and many of the other gadgets on this list, there's still only one thing I'd take to a desert island -- my Xbox 360 S. With a flat screen TV, an Internet connection and a copy of Halo: Reach, obviously.
Surely the flat screen and "teh internets" is cheating? but yeah, ok 360 as Contender for Gadget of the 21st Century? It's a big claim! I mean we are only 10 years in (I assume this must be some sort of rolling competition?) anyways.
I love the 360, i prefer it to the PS3 and the Wii. So yeah if a console is gonna get the Gadget of the 21st Century, I would vote for the 360. Honestly though, I don't see a console winning. The contenders consist of the usual Apple products, a selection of Phones (some as outdated as the Motorola Razr), some Cameras/Camcorders, laptops, HD…
The Stag Do
By Cunzy11 - August 18, 2010
Last weekend was my stag do, which was organised by my gay partner, Richie! Unlike your traditional stag do there was not a stripper in sight. Or going out. At all. Instead it was this groom to be and his bezzy mates playing the games that we all grew up with. I couldn't have asked for a better stag do, I laughed until I cried, I drank until it hurt and we had one last gaming session with all my Slads in one (well, two rooms). Sadly on Sunday I realised this would probably be the last time we'd all be together with nothing but time for playing the games that we cut our teeth on. But enough of the gay stuff! AWARDS TIME!
Group Awards. CLICK FOR BIG IMAGE. This will mean very little if you weren't there.
Some of the games that came out: Quake 2, Mashed, Mario Kart, Boom Blox, Geometry Wars, Resident Evil 5, Timesplitters 2, Puzzle Fighter, Blazblue, Street Fighter IV, Soul Calibur, Pod Racer, Red Faction Guerilla, Wii Sports, Army of Two and even a spot of doorsies. The weeke…
By Cunzy11 - April 07, 2010
The ever reliable Pat over at videolamer recommended that we listen to Robert Ashley's podcast series A Life Well Wasted. Being the impressionable douche bags that we are and worried that mean men will steal our DS on the bus we duly downloaded it and listened to it on the commutes. We recommend that you do too (if you haven't already, we are late to the party).
Forts.
Initially, after the first two minutes I hated it. Hated the kooky music, hated the America-centric irrelevant commentary (you might as well be talking about American Football rather than EGM), and hated Robert Ashley's drawl- "Editor and host of an innnernet radio sheeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeew". However, I stuck with it.
And it is worth sticking with it. I feel embarrassed to qadmit it, but my first approach to this podcast was to approach it like I would a forum, or blog comment or Youtube video. Guard up, my view point vs yours, I know more than you, you forgot about game X or X etc.…


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Home/News/Movies/Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker Opens With Lowest Numbers in New Trilogy
Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker Opens With Lowest Numbers in New Trilogy
Vansh MehraDecember 23, 2019
The Force is currently with Disney because apparently everything that they're producing is going on to make a Billion Dollars. Well, this is not quite literal as there were some Fox movies in between as well, but you get the point. Now Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker will be Disney's final Billion Dollar movie of the year. But the question is, will it become the second highest grossing film of 2019 or not. With the kind of opening it has had, it probably won't be.
Star Wars: The Force Awakens opened with $247 Million Star Wars: The Last Jedi opened with $220 Million. The Force Awakens was really good and it ended up going past $2 Billion. But The Last Jedi divided fans on a scale hitherto undreamt of. And the result was a massive drop compared to Episode 7. Episode 8 just made $1.332 Billion. Now, it seems that Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker will gross even less than that.
The Rise of Skywalker has opened up with the lowest numbers among the new episodic trilogy as it has brought in just $175.5 Million at the domestic Box Office. Now this is a massive opening and any movie Studio would want this, but the original projections were at least $190 Million and so it has underperformed. There are probably 3 reasons for this underperformance.
Reason 1 – The hype died with The Last Jedi. The Force Awakens really brought so many people back on board with Star Wars, but then Rian Johnson's The Last Jedi made some bold moves and many people didn't like those. For many people, Star Wars ended when Luke Skywalker threw away his Lightsaber. But we need to understand that all of these bold moves were actually setups for Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker.
Reason 2 – 2019 was an overwhelming year. Already 6 Disney films have made $1 Billion+ and then there were Spider-Man: Far From Home & Joker which also achieved the same feat. So, people have already put so much money into this year's Box Office. And there's a chance that after Solo & The Last Jedi, people don't care about Star Wars as much as they did a couple years ago.
Reason 3 – Word of mouth. Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker does close a lot of loose ends but it still doesn't answer so many setups from the Rise of Skywalker. One of those is how did Maz end up getting Luke's Lightsaber? While it was a very satisfying ending, things were also taken straight out of Avengers: Endgame. So, word of mouth will play a big role after the critics are already divided upon the film. So, we'll have to wait and see if the word of mouth will make this movie a bigger success than The Last Jedi, or will the Box Office see a big drop next week. If the latter happens, then Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker might barely make it to a Billion Dollars. Let's hope that things do go well.
Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker stars Daisy Ridley, Adam Driver, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Lupita Nyong'o, Domhnall Gleeson, Kelly Marie Tran, Joonas Suotamo, and Billie Lourd. Joining the cast of Episode IX are Naomi Ackie and Richard E. Grant. They are joined by veteran Star Wars actors Mark Hamill, Anthony Daniels, and Billy Dee Williams, who will reprise his role as Lando Calrissian".
Here's the official synopsis of the film:
"Lucasfilm and director J.J. Abrams join forces once again to take viewers on an epic journey to a galaxy far, far away with Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker, the riveting conclusion of the seminal Skywalker saga, where new legends will be born and the final battle for freedom is yet to come."
Disney Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker
Vansh Mehra
Content creator. Just wanna share my passion for cinema with everyone.
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