Cerebral blood oxygenation level is critical for following the evolution of stroke patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of measuring changes in blood oxygen levels for patients with acute stroke using SWI and to compare these changes with the patient's recovery over time.
A total 30 MRI scans was performed on 10 acute ischemic stroke patients. Every patient was followed at three time points: less than 24 hours; 2–3 weeks after stroke and 2 months after stroke. Both MRI scan and NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) were acquired for each patient at all three time points. Oxygen saturation changes were derived from phase values differences (Δφ) measured over 10 veins from each hemisphere for all 10 patients over 3 time points. The correlation of oxygen saturation and NIHSS was further evaluated.
The stroke affected side of the brain showed moderate (r = −0.62) to strong (r = −0.70) correlation between the oxygenation change and NIHSS change. The oxygen saturation change from the normal side of the brain had essentially no association with recovery (r = −0.02 and−0.31). The results suggest that increases in oxygen saturation correspond to improved outcome and reductions in oxygen saturation correspond to worse outcome.
High resolution SWI provided a novel method to measure changes in oxygenation change of the human brain in vivo. By using the phase values from the veins, both spatial and temporal information can be found that relates to patient outcome post stroke.
Funding: Funding provided by the National Science Foundation of China(contract grant no. 81171321; PI: Yanwei Miao) and the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (no. 7092027). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Hemoglobin exists in the human body in two distinct states, oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin, which have different magnetic susceptibilities. Oxyhemoglobin is the state where oxygen is bound to the hemoglobin molecule and exhibits only a very small diamagnetic susceptibility relative to surrounding brain tissue. Deoxyhemoglobin is the state where oxygen is not bound to the hemoglobin and exhibits paramagnetic properties relative to surrounding brain tissue. Consequently, changes in oxygen saturation levels will lead to a phase difference between veins and the surrounding tissue . By comparing changes in venous phase over multiple time points, it is possible to estimate the changes in oxygen saturation. Ischemic stroke is caused by the blocking of blood vessels, reduced oxygen delivery and increased levels of deoxyhemoglobin. If the delivery of blood is interrupted for too long, then the affected brain tissue will cease to function and ultimately die. Therefore, monitoring levels of oxygen saturation is key to determining tissue viability post stroke.
Susceptibility Weighted Imaging (SWI) is a high resolution 3D phase enhanced gradient echo method with full flow compensation in all three directions . In SWI, susceptibility differences of neighboring tissues are exploited to increase the contrast of MR images, and can therefore aid in identifying tissue properties and states in both magnitude and phase images. SWI is sensitive to the presence of venous blood, hemorrhage and iron storage. By measuring the phase difference between local small veins and surrounding tissue, the venous oxygenation information can be obtained. In particular, SWI filtered phase can be used to measure changes in blood oxygen content. In acute stroke, SWI makes it possible to detect the microbleeding  in the infarction and intravascular clot in the thrombosed vessel . Moreover, SWI can be used to evaluate the oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in the acute stroke due to an increased ratio of deoxyhemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin in the affected region. OEF is considered a critical marker of tissue viability and can be used to directly assess oxygen metabolism in ischemic tissue . The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of measuring blood oxygen levels for patients with stroke using phase information to observe the correlation of changes in oxygen saturation over time with patient recovery.
Changes in the local magnetic field, ΔB, determine spatial variation in the phase both inside and outside the structure. These field changes give rise to a twofold effect: (i) dephasing of the signal outside the structure and in the pixel containing the structure leading to a reduction of T2* and (ii) the presence of measurable phase –. The SWI magnitude images are used to enhance the sensitivity to both T2* and phase changes to reveal abnormal looking veins. However, assigning an oxygen saturation to these images is difficult. On the other hand, the SWI filtered phase images can be used as a direct measure of the susceptibility from the vessels and are a representation of local oxygen saturation –. To appreciate this, consider first the phase behavior as a function of position "r" as given by: (1) where γ is the gyro-magnetic ratio of the proton (2.678×108 rad/s/T), ΔB is the change in magnetic field between tissues, B0 is the static magnetic field, TE is the echo time and Δχ is the local magnetic susceptibility change between tissues.
Assuming the blood vessel is an infinite cylinder model , the phase difference Δφ between the blood in the vessel and the surrounding tissue can be expressed as: (2) where θ represents the angle between the blood vessel and the static magnetic field B0. The susceptibility difference Δχ is expressed as: (3) where Δχdo  is the change in blood susceptibility per unit hematocrit between fully deoxygenated and fully oxygenated blood, and has been measured to be 1.8×10−7. The average oxygen saturation level Y is 0.55 . Hct is the percent of red blood cells in a given volume of whole blood. The relationship between the oxygenation change ΔY over the time and oxygen saturation is expressed as: (4) where 1 and 2 refer to the two MRI scans at different time points. The measured phase difference Δφ1 and Δφ2 are from the same vessel from the images acquired at these two time points. How to measure Δφ is illustrated in Figure 1. The changes of oxygenation ΔY2,1 can be obtained from Equation (4). ΔY2,1 is independent of blood vessel orientation due to cancellation of the geometry dependent term (3cos2θ−1).
Figure 1. Phase profile showing the susceptibility change from the tissue and vessel.
We measure Δφa, Δφb and Δφc, so the average phase change cross the vessel .
A total of 10 acute ischemic stroke patients aged from 20 to 74 years were recruited in this study. There were 6 males and 4 females, the mean and standard deviation of the age were 56.4 years and 18.0 years, respectively. All patients were not treated with thrombolysis during this study. The NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) was assessed by an experienced neurologist. Both MRI scans and NIHSS measures were acquired for each patient at three time points: 1) within the first 24 hours; 2) 2–3 weeks after stroke; and 3) 2 months after stroke. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects, and all protocols were approved by the local institutional review board.
All MR imaging was acquired on a 1.5T magnet (GE Signa HD1.5T) with an eight-channel head coil. The SWI sequence used was a fully velocity-compensated, three-dimensional, gradient-echo sequence, with the following parameters: TE/TR = 40/50 ms, FA = 20°, pixel bandwidth is 122 Hz/pixel, slice thickness = 2 mm, field-of-view (FOV) = 256×256, and an acquisition matrix = 512×512. After all sequences were acquired, the SWI source data were post-processed using SPIN (signal processing in NMR) software (Detroit, Michigan). High pass filtering was applied using a central matrix size of 64×64 .
Other MRI sequences used included: FLAIR, T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). The combination of DWI, FLAIR and SWI was used to define the location and extent of the stroke lesion. Data were collected with the parameters for FLAIR: TR/TE = 8602/123 ms, FA = 90°, FOV = 288 mm×192 mm, BW = 122 Hz/pixel and TH = 6 mm with a 1 mm gap; for T2WI: TR/TE = 3000/104 ms, FA = 90°, FOV = 288 mm×192 mm, BW = 122 Hz/pixel and TH = 6 mm with a 7.5 mm gap; for T1WI: TR/TE = 400/15 ms, FA = 90°, FOV = 288 mm×192 mm, BW = 61.05 Hz/pixel and TH = 6 mm with a 1 mm gap; and for DWI: TR/TE = 6000/82 ms, FA = 90o, FOV = 128 mm×128 mm, BW = 1953 Hz/pixel, TH = 6 mm with a 1 mm gap and b = 0, 1000 s/cm2.
To keep the consistency of the patient's head position in the three time points, the patient's head was adjusted to make the line connected with anterior commissure and posterior commissure (AC-PC line) perpendicular to the static magnetic field (B0) based on the localizer image on the sagittal view. Further, we kept the same slice thickness and interval at every scan for each patient, and the same slice location based on the AC-PC line.
The criteria of the vessel selection were: 1) each vessel showed clearly in all three MRI scans; 2) no vessel close to the skull or sinuses was chosen (to avoid air/tissue interface artifacts); 3) 20 vessels were chosen for each patient, with 10 on the ipsilateral side and 10 on the contralateral side. Figure 2 shows the vessel selection for one patient. Therefore, a total of 600 veins was valuated from all 10 patients to obtain oxygen saturation level changes.
Figure 2. Vessel selection for a stroke patient.
a) maximum intensity projection over 3 slices of T2 weighted imaging shows stroke affected area (red arrow). b), c) and d) minimum intensity projections over 20 slices of SWI processed phase images showing the locations of the 10 measured vessels (red lines) for each hemisphere at (b)<24 hours, (c) 2 to 3 weeks after stroke, and (d) 2 months after the onset of stroke. SWI shows hypointense signal on the stroke side of the brain (c,d), and also a hemorrhage (yellow circle) in the left putamen in the second and third scans (c,d).
The procedures used to obtain Δφ1, Δφ2 and Δφ3 are illustrated in figure 3. For a particular vessel, each phase profile is obtained along a line cutting across the vessel as indicated in Figures 3a–c. The phase difference is found by averaging the peak values for both sides of the vessel wall and subtracting the minimum phase of the vessel (Figure 1). The profile corresponding to the first time SWI scan (<24 hours) is designated Δφ1 and the remaining two time point profiles are designated by Δφ2 and Δφ3. These values are then used in equation (4) to derive the oxygenation change ΔY. The comprehensive oxygenation changes of each side of the brain are then obtained by averaging over the ten measured vessels. We calculated oxygenation changes for two time intervals: 1) using Δφ1 as the baseline phase data, and with Δφ2 to get oxygenation change ΔY2,1 from the first and second MRI scans; and 2) using Δφ2 as the baseline phase data along with Δφ3 to get the oxygenation change ΔY3,2 from the second MRI scan to the third MRI scan.
Figure 3. Phase profiles over the SWI filtered phase images corresponding to the three MRI scans (a)<24 hours, (b) 2–3 weeks after stroke, and (c) 2 months after the onset of stroke.
To evaluate NIHSS change, the later NIHSSs were subtracted from the previous ones to obtain ΔNIHSS2,1 and ΔNIHSS3,2. A positive change indicates a worsening of their condition and a negative change indicates an improvement in their condition.
The gender, age, and three NIHSS scores are given in Table 1. We found that 8 patients had various degrees of recovery with the NIHSS values changing from−2 to−8 at the second time point. There were two patients who got worse with the scores increasing by 2 and 3. However, the third score showed that after two months all patients showed some improvement ranging from−2 to−10 compared to their first ones.
Table 1. List of the ten patient's age and their assessments of NIHSS at the three MRI scans.
The results of Figure 4 show that the oxygenation change is negatively correlated with the NIHSS change. The correlation between the average oxygenation change and the NIHSS change for the second and the first imaging time points is shown in Figure 4a and 4c. The coefficients of determination R2 were 0.3866 for the affected side of the brain (4a), and 0.0004 for the normal side of brain (4c). The correlation coefficients from the ten patients were−0.62 (4a) and−0.02 (4c) for the stroke hemisphere and the non-stroke hemisphere respectively. Figures 4b and 4d are the scatterplots for the oxygenation change and NIHSS change for the third and the second imaging time points. The coefficients of determination R2 were 0.4858 and 0.0955 for the affected side of the brain (4b) and the normal side of brain (4d) respectively. The correlation coefficients from the ten patients were−0.70 (4b) for the stroke hemisphere and−0.31 (4d) for the non-stroke hemisphere. The results indicate that the affected side of the brain showed moderate to strong correlation between the oxygenation change and NIHSS change. However, the normal side of the brain showed weak or no association between these two variables.
Figure 4. Oxygenation changes vs. NIHSS changes scatter plots with error bar of both hemispheres for ten stroke patients.
A) vs. ΔNIHSS2,1 for the stroke hemisphere; B) vs. ΔNIHSS3,2 for the stroke hemisphere; C) vs. ΔNIHSS2,1 for the non-stroke hemisphere; D) vs. ΔNIHSS3,2 for the non-stroke hemisphere. Here and are the average over 10 vessels for each hemisphere.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) based on linear regression was applied to test the significance of the overall regression. The confidence level was set as 95%. The results are shown in Table 2. For the regression model of the data acquired from the second and the first scan, the p-values were 0.05 and 0.95 for the affected side of brain and normal side of brain respectively. ANOVA analysis for the data acquired from the third and the second scan, the p-values were 0.02 and 0.38 for the stroke hemisphere and the non-stroke hemisphere respectively. The correlation between oxygenation changes and NIHSS changes has significance for the period from the second to the third scan.
Table 2. ANOVA test results of four regression models for both hemispheres.
Oxygenation level is a vital parameter to monitor in intensive care units for stoke patients and a number of other diseases such as traumatic brain injury. Positron emission tomography (PET) is available for clinical measurement of oxygenation; however, given its invasive nature and low spatial resolution, it is still not routinely utilized in critical care. SWI is a non-invasive, rapid MRI technique that can provide high spatial resolution for imaging oxygen saturation changes. Preliminary results from this study demonstrate that SWI can provide an in vivo estimate of blood oxygen saturation levels for patients with stroke and that decreases in phase (increases in oxygen saturation) correlate with patient outcome. Compared to traditional perfusion methods such as dynamic-susceptibility contrast-enhanced MR imaging, SWI provides higher resolution images and estimates of oxygenation changes without the injection of a contrast agent and can be used to assess indirectly perfusion deficits and the penumbra in acute stroke .
Ischemic stroke occurs as the result of obstruction within a blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain, causing a deficiency in blood flow (ischemia). During an ischemic stroke, the brain initiates a series of events that may result in delayed damage to brain cells . In this study, there were major changes seen in the oxygenation changes on the ipsilateral (stroke) side but there were few effects seen on the contralateral (normal) side. We postulate that an increase in the brain oxygenation level in the stroke region could result in an increase of the regional oxygen extraction fraction (OEF)  and improved brain tissue viability. Our study demonstrated that after acute ischemic stroke, the clinical outcomes depended on the oxygen saturation level in the stroke affected area.
The oxygenation for each hemisphere is from the average over the measurements from 10 vessels. The vessels were chosen as close as possible to the stroke region in the affected hemisphere. Different veins drain blood into different regions of the brain, while only specific regions are affected by the stroke. So even within the same hemisphere, vessel-wise comparisons demonstrated that temporal changes of oxygenation were vessel and regional specific.
SWI filtered phase imaging not only provides a non-invasive and safe measurement of oxygen saturation changes but also provides the most sensitive means to detect hemorrhage after stroke –. In Figure 2c and 2d, SWI shows that there is a hemorrhage (within the yellow circle) in the left putamen (visible in the second and third MRI scans). We also observed that the veins around the stroke lesion in Figure 2c and 2d are darker than the contralateral normal side and also darker than those in the first time point (2b). This is because uncoupling between oxygen supply and demand within or around the stroke region causes a relative increase of deoxyhemoglobin levels.
A limitation of this approach is that we have to adjust the brain in the same location for all scans so that the vessels are in the same orientation for the different scans. Thus we can cancel the geometry dependent term (3cos2θ−1). If the position of the head is different by±5° relative to the main field, this will induce only a 2% error in the result. Another limitation is in the partial volume effect where the vessel may shift from being at the edge of a voxel to the center of a voxel and that can modify the phase in the vessel. In the former case the phase will be lower than that in the latter case. This effect however should be random and should average out over all the ten veins measured in the brain for any given time point. Finally, new methods such as susceptibility mapping may also provide a similar means to measure oxygen saturation in the future , but these methods are still under development and have their own artifacts and limitations.
We have found that SWI provides a non-invasive method of measuring T2* changes in the brain and offers an alternative means of measuring changes in oxygenation levels in the brain. This capability complements the information available in the more standard imaging techniques of diffusion and perfusion. The results obtained by this study indicate that the oxygen saturation change may predict clinical outcomes for the stroke patient.
Conceived and designed the experiments: ML YM EMH JH. Performed the experiments: DT ZY QL. Analyzed the data: ML JH SYX WR SA EMH. Wrote the paper: ML YM HS JH EMH.
1. Haacke EM, Brown RW, Thompson RM, Venkatesan R (1999) Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical Principles and Sequence Design. John Wiley and Sons; 741p–779p.
2. Haacke EM, Xu Y, Cheng Y-CN, Reichenbach JR (2004) Susceptibility Weighted Imaging (SWI). Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 52: 612–618.
3. Viallon M, Altrichter S, Pereira VM, Nguyen D, Sekoranja L, et al. (2010) Combined use of pulsed arterial spin-labeling and susceptibility-weighted imaging in stroke at 3T. Eur Neurol 64(5): 286–296.
4. Hermier M, Nighoghossian N (2004) Contribution of susceptibility-weighted imaging to acute stroke assessment. Stroke 35(8): 1989–1994.
5. Jensen-Kondering U, Baron JC (2012) Oxygen imaging by MRI: can blood oxygen level-dependent imaging depict the ischemic penumbra? Stroke 43(8): 2264–2269.
6. Sehgal V, Delproposto Z, Haacke EM, Wycliffe N, Kido DK, et al. (2005) Clinical Applications of Neuroimaging with Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 22: 439–450.
7. Thulborn KR, Waterton JC, Matthews PM, Radda GK (1982) Oxygenation Dependence of the Transverse Relaxation Time of Water Protons in Whole Blood at High Field. Biochem Biophys Acta 714: 265–270.
8. Li D, Waight DJ, Wang Y (1998) In vivo Correlation Between Blood T2* and Oxygen Saturation. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 8: 1236–1239.
9. Reichenbach JR, Venkatesan R, Schillinger DJ, Haacke EM (1997) Small Vessels in the Human Brain: MR Venography with Deoxyhemoglobin as Intrinsic Contrast Agent. Radiology 204: 272–277.
10. Wang Y, Yu Y, Li D, Bae KT, Brown JJ, et al. (2000) Artery and Vein Separation Using Susceptibility-Dependent Phase in Contrast-Enhanced MRA. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 12: 661–670.
11. Haacke EM, Lai S, Reichenbach JR, Kuppusamy K, Hoogenraad FG, et al. (1997) In vivo Measurement of Blood Oxygen Saturation Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A direct Validation of the Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent Concept in Functional Brain Imaging. Human Brain Mapping 5: 341–346.
12. Weisskoff RM, Kiihne S (1992) MRI Susceptometry: Image-Based Measurement of Absolute Susceptibility of MR Contrast Agents and Human Blood. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 24: 375–383.
13. Furlan M, Marchal G, Viader F, Derlon JM, Baron JC (1996) Spontaneous Neurological Recovery after Stroke and the Fate of the Ischemic Penumbra. Annals of Neurology 40: 216–226.
14. Yamauchi H, Fukuyama H, Nagahama Y, Nabatame H, Ueno M, et al. (1999) Significance of Increased Oxygen Extraction Fraction in Five-year Prognosis of Major Cerebral Arterial Occlusive Diseases. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 40: 1992–1998.
15. Hermier M, Nighoghossian N (2004) Contribution of susceptibility-weighted imaging to acute stroke assessment. Stroke 35: 1989–1994.
16. Thomas B, Somasundaram S, Thamburaj K, Kesavadas C, Gupta AK, et al. (2008) Clinical applications of susceptibility weighted MR imaging of the brain: a pictorial review. Neuroradiology 50: 105–116.
17. Wycliffe ND, Choe J, Holshouser B, Oyoyo UE, Haacke EM, et al. (2004) Reliability in detection of hemorrhage in acute stroke by a new three-dimensional gradient recalled echo susceptibility-weighted imaging technique compared to computed tomography: a retrospective study. J Magn Reson Imaging 20: 372–377.
18. Haacke EM, Tang J, Neelavalli J, Cheng YC (2010) Susceptibility mapping as a means to visualize veins and quantify oxygen saturation. J Magn Reson Imaging 32: 663–676.


text:
ETF Scorecard: February 9 Edition
Iuri StrutaFeb 09, 2018
To help investors keep up with the markets, we present our ETF Scorecard. The Scorecard takes a step back and looks at how various asset classes across the globe are performing. The weekly performance is from last Friday's open to this week's Thursday close.
Global markets were in correction mode this week, as investors fear the U.S. Federal Reserve will raise interest rates at an accelerated clip.
Perhaps, the new Federal Reserve Governor, Jerome Powell, could not have been sworn in at a worse time. On Monday, Powell took the Fed's reins from Janet Yellen and said his mandate will be to continue to support the economy, the job market and price stability. He also acknowledged that the U.S. economy is in great shape, with inflation and unemployment rates low and healthy economic growth.
The Bank of England has kept interest rates at 0.5%, although it strongly hinted that it will start hiking if the economy continues to improve. Policymakers also suggested that they don't see the need to raise them earlier than previously thought.
The U.S. economy added 200,000 jobs in January, making for a pretty impressive report. The figure was 25,000 above analysts' expectations and 40,000 higher compared to the previous month's upwardly revised data. The unemployment rate stood at 4.1%, while average hourly earnings made the headlines. Wages rose 0.3% in January compared to December and 2.9% year-over-year, which was in line with estimates.
U.K.'s construction sector is close to falling into recession, after the industry's PMI dropped to 50.2 in January from 52.2 in the previous month. Figures above 50 indicate expansion.
U.K.'s services PMI stood at 53 in January, down from 54.2 in the previous month and well below expectations.
The U.S. non-manufacturing sector appears to be in great shape, with the ISM Index coming in at 59.9 in January, up from 55.9 in the previous month.
Crude oil inventories rose 1.9 million barrels in the week ended February 2, marking the second consecutive weekly increase.
U.S. unemployment claims continued their march down, dropping around 8% for the week ended February 3 to 221,000. Analysts had expected 235,000 jobless claims.
Risk Appetite Review
Markets have continued to fall this week.
High Beta (SPHB B-) tumbled more than 9% this week, as investors dumped riskier assets at a faster pace.
Unsurprisingly, Low Volatility (SPLV A+) was the best performer for the rolling week, recording a decline of 7.14%.
The S&P 500 (SPY A) whipsawed, ending the week down by as much as 8%.
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Major Index Review
Global equities all tumbled close to double-digits.
Small-cap stocks (IWM A-) fell 6.85% in the past five days, representing the best performance from the pack, close to that of the European shares (EFA A).
Technology stocks (QQQ B+) performed the worst, down 8.30% in the past week, although its performance was very close to its peers from the pack.
For the rolling month, emerging markets (EEM A-) took the severest hit, tumbling nearly 7%, while Dow Jones (DIA B+) posted the strongest performance, declining only 5.74%, as investors favored blue chips.
To see how these indices performed a week before last, check out ETF Scorecard: February 2 Edition.
Sectors Review
The telecom sector (XTL A) was again the best performer, falling 4.33%, after weeks of underperformance.
Meanwhile, the energy sector (XLE A) was the only asset that posted double-digit losses for both the week and the rolling month, down 10.12% and 11.71%, respectively.
The consumer discretionary sector (XLY A) is the best monthly performer, posting a drop of only 2%, as the ETF benefited from strong earnings performance of its constituents in previous weeks.
Foreign Equity Review
Foreign equities posted significant declines.
The Chinese stock market (FXI A) recorded the worst losses from the pack, tumbling as much as 11.5% in the past five days.
India (EPI C+), which often moves against the tide, was the best performer with a drop of only 4.11%. (EPI C+), however, remains the worst monthly performer, down 7.10%.
For the rolling month, the Brazilian ETF (EWZ A-) remains the best performer, with a small decline of 0.68%, as investors hope economic reforms will be adopted soon despite political turmoil.
To find out more about ETFs exposed to particular countries, check our ETF Country Exposure tool. Select a particular country from a world map and get a list of all ETFs tracking your pick.
Commodities Review
Commodities were all down.
Agricultural commodities (DBA A) are the best weekly performers for the second consecutive week, dropping just 0.58%. As a result, (DBA A) is also the best performer for the rolling month with a rise of 1.13%.
Oil (USO B) has fallen off a cliff this week, posting declines of nearly 8%.
For the rolling month, however, copper (JJC A) fell the most, down 5.28%.
Use our Head-to-Head Comparison tool to compare two ETFs such as (USO B) and (DBA A) on a variety of criteria such as performance, AUM, trading volume and expenses.
Currency Review
Naturally, the Japanese yen (FXY C) was the best performer in the current market rout, advancing 1.44%. However, its performance was very close to that of the U.S. dollar (UUP B), which was up 1.42%. The yen was also the best monthly performer, up 3.57%.
The Australian dollar (FXA B+) dropped 2.39% in the past five days, due to an underperforming Chinese stock market and weak commodity prices.
For the rolling month, the U.S. dollar, (UUP B) still remains the weakest from the pack, down 2.12%.
For more ETF analysis, make sure to sign up for our free ETF newsletter.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
#include "uniform_lb_operator.h"

namespace mcurv {

    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    void uniformLBOperatorStrategy(Eigen::MatrixXd& solution,
                                   const VerticesT &vertices,
                                   const NormalsT &normals,
                                   const NeighborhoodT &neighbours,
                                   OMMeshT &omMesh) {
        Eigen::MatrixXd LB  = /* TODO: resolve const conflict*/
                uniformLBOperator(vertices, (NeighborhoodT &) neighbours) * vertices;

        Eigen::MatrixXd invertedSigns =
                (LB * normals.transpose()).diagonal() * -1.0;
        invertedSigns = invertedSigns.unaryExpr(&calculateMultiplier);

        solution = (LB.rowwise().norm()).cwiseProduct(invertedSigns);
    }

    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    template<typename Derived>
    SparseMatT uniformLBOperator(
            Eigen::MatrixBase<Derived> const &coordinates,
            NeighborhoodT &neighbours) {

        if (coordinates.cols() != 3)
            throw new std::runtime_error("Need 3D vertices in rows");

        std::vector<TripletT > coefficients;
        const long n = coordinates.rows();
        coefficients.reserve((unsigned long) n);

        // Coefficients
        for (int row = 0; row < n; ++row) {
            const std::set<size_t> neighIndices = neighbours[row];
            double const valance = neighIndices.size();

            for (const auto &neighIndex: neighIndices) {
                coefficients.push_back(TripletT(row, (int) neighIndex, -1.0));
            }
            coefficients.push_back(TripletT(row, row, valance));
        }

        // Sparse Matrix
        SparseMatT LBmat(n, n);
        LBmat.setFromTriplets(coefficients.begin(), coefficients.end());

        return LBmat;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Eric has been writing poetry and short stories nearly all his life. He has transformed many of his writings into his favourite genre, children's picture books. Eric tells stories that awaken positive thoughts and ideas for readers of all ages. He especially enjoys writing stories that entertain as well as inspire fresh points of view, with a particular eye towards the lovely innocent way that children view the world.
Eric was born and raised in the United States (Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island). His childhood experiences and the collective imagination of seven brothers and sisters helped him to dream up many of his early writings. He continues to discover new stories to tell while now living in the west of Ireland with his wife Helen and their two children, Claire and Eoin.


text:
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari blames Centre for deliberate virus spread
By Ag App & Azeem Samar
KARACHI: While holding the federal government responsible for prevailing coronavirus crisis in the country, Pakistan People's Party Chairman Bilawal Bhutto Zardari has announced to convene all parties conference at the provincial level on the issues of newly constituted National Finance Commission Award and alarming situation of pandemic in the country.
The PPP chairman made this announcement while addressing a press conference here at the auditorium of Sindh Assembly building on Saturday. He was accompanied on the occasion by Sindh Chief Minister Syed Murad Ali Shah, Health Minister Dr Azra Fazal Pechuho, Information Minister Syed Nasir Hussain Shah, Education Minister Saeed Ghani, Law Adviser Barrister Murtaza Wahab.
The PPP chairman said that lives and health of people of Pakistan had been endangered by the federal but the economic situation had also been devastated. He said that the without any support from the federal government, the Sindh government of PPP would continue to do its best while utilizing whatever resources it had to safeguard the people from the unabated harm of the coronavirus epidemic.
About a package for journalists during the pandemic, Bilawal said the Sindh government is working on a proposal to tie up the arrears of the media houses lying with the Sindh government to be directly released into the journalists' individual bank accounts. He said we would like the journalist and media organisations as well as the representatives of the media houses to discuss the proposal with the Sindh Information Minister Nasir Hussain Shah so that both the journalists and the media houses could benefit and the issues of the media arrears could be resolved.
Bilawal said the Sindh government would keep on increasing its COVID-19 testing capacity. He claimed that the testing capacity of Sindh was more than that of the other provinces. He said that federal government through its narrative and consistent non-cooperation had endangered the lives and safety of the medical professionals who are the frontline warriors against the spread of the coronavirus. The PPP Chairman that federal government is attempting to befool the people about the capacity of health care system of the country by presenting the coronavirus-related statistics in a wrong manner. He said that high dependency units of the hospitals have run out of capacity due to ever increasing number of critically ill patients being rushed to the health facilities for emergency care. He said that federal government had not come to the support of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa governments, which needed emergency fiscal support for protecting lives of its people and increasing capacity of their health care systems. He said that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had the lowest testing rate and the highest mortality rate and asked how long the people will endure the incompetence of PTI government.
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari noted that Covid-19 outbreak and spread in the country was not accidental but its spread was allowed deliberately through inaction and creating confusion. However, he pledged that "we will do our utmost to save the people from this pandemic." The PPP chairman further stated that Sindh government's efforts to stop the spread of coronavirus were forcibly sabotaged while federal government didn't prepare itself to fight against the viral spread and protect the population.
He said that pressure is mounting on hospitals in Karachi and there will be no space for more patients and asked who should be held responsible for this dire situation?
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari said that doctors and nurses are also ringing the alarm bells but to no avail. "Don't listen to me, listen to the front-line soldiers, what will happen if we seek opinions from the traders about the pandemic?", adding that it was ironical that Prime Minister Imran Khan didn't meet doctors, nurses or medical professionals to seek their opinion on the virus. He said that health workers have the right to get security risk allowances because their lives are at serious risk.The PPP chairman asked the federal government to correct its attitude as it has left the people, doctors and nurses on mercy of the nature and has proved to be working for the rich in the name of the poor.
Criticising the federal government over sacking the Pak Steel workers, he asked what is the justification for making 10,000 people unemployed during such raging pandemic? The PPP chairman said that federal government should cut the hordes of ministers, advisors, special assistants, both imported and imposed ones, but not make the poor unemployed.
He said that the PPP had been warning the government about locusts for posing grave threat to our agricultural crops endangering population with food insecurity. The federal government had promised aerial spraying on locusts in May-June which was not done so far, he added.
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari said that PPP's position on NFC was clear adding that Party's provincial chapters were planning APCs in which the issue of Coronavirus and NFC will be discussed. He said that PPP and Sindh government had objected to the composition of the new NFC but these objections were not addressed by the federal government.
He said that Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan are under the administration of the federation but federal government wants to delete these parts of the country from the list of its own financial obligations which shows that the allegation against government of selling Kashmir to be true. What message it wants to send to the world by giving Azad Jammu & Kashmir the status of a province," he questioned. Bilawal said that if Gilgit-Baltistan is to be given the status of a province, then amend the constitution accordingly. The message of the federal government about AJK is very dangerous.
He said that PIA was also not being handled under a planned scheme. Tragedy of PIA's crashed plane was very unfortunate but the federal government is making attempts to malign the brave pilot. He said we will do our utmost to save the people from the pandemic. "Vietnam and our resources can be compared. Vietnam took immediate measure to save its economy and people from Coronavirus," he added. However, with people at the helm of affairs in the federal government continuing we could neither be able to save the population from coronavirus now nor we may save the economy from devastation, he stated.
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari said that serious politics was needed during the coronavirus pandemic. An attempt was made to blame the PPP for the murder of journalist Aziz Memon. He said that journalists of Sindh are very brave and we always and welcomed and tolerated criticism.
Replying to a question, he said that the Sindh government has other options including lockdown. "Sindh government has taken steps from day one to protect its people but the federal government has not helped us and misinformation has been given to the citizens," he added. PPP Chairman said that when the government kept changing its decisions, there was confusion in Pakistan and asked why the PM criticises Sindh questioning that does he not know the state of public health services in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and termed this criticism as unfair and based on political point-scoring.
Meanwhile, the PPP Information Secretary Dr Nafeesa Shah said how many more lives the federal government wants to sacrifice to realise the gravity of the pandemic situation.
"Prime Minister Imran Khan is still not serious about the killer pandemic COVID-19," she said while commenting upon the federal government's policy towards the COVID-19.
Dr Nafeesa Shah said that nearly 2,000 lives have been lost and one lac people have been tested positive. She said dozens of doctors, paramedics and policemen have lost their lives, but Imran Khan is still confused. "Now Imran Khan and Asad Umar are once again trying to confuse people of Pakistan," she said.
She said the Centre says that the effect of this pandemic in Pakistan is very less which is totally wrong. Dr Nafeesa Shah said Prime Minister Imran Khan's problem is lockdown and he is against this precautionary measure from the start. "He is unaware that COVID-19 cases in Pakistan have surpassed number of cases in China," she said.
APP adds: Minister for Information and Broadcasting Senator Shibli Faraz Saturday asked political parties, especially the opposition, to act responsibly and avoid blame game on tackling of the challenge of coronavirus pandemic.
Addressing media along with Minister for Communications and Postal Services Murad Saeed, he said unfortunately some political parties were indulging in political point scoring on the issue of coronavirus. He said Sindh Chief Minister Murad Ali Shah was part and parcel of decision-making process in the National Coordination and Operation Centre (NCOC), but he had the habit of issuing baseless statements later, adding that the opposition could not digest the way the PTI government had handled the crisis.
The minister said the PPP Chairman Bilawal Bhutto Zardari also during a press conference had made baseless allegations against the federal government which was an effort to mislead the masses.
The minister said with the grace of Allah Almighty and the sagacious policies of PTI government under the leadership of Prime Minister Imran Khan, Pakistan's tackling of the outbreak of coronavirus was far better than many advanced countries having robust economies and modern healthcare systems.
Shibli Faraz said the government had adopted a comprehensive roadmap to handle the coronavirus challenge which was being appreciated at world level. He said the government had adopted the policy of saving lives as well as the protecting the vulnerable segments of the society from hunger and starvation, adding that despite economic constraints, the government gave a mammoth stimulus package of Rs1.2 trillion to provide cushion and support to every segment of the society affected by the contagion. He said NCOC had been chalking out efficient strategies all the time to meet the challenge.
The minister said all the stakeholders including medical experts and chief ministers of the provinces were part of the NCOC which had been collecting and monitoring data on daily basis and formulating future line of action.
The minister said every loss of human life due to the pandemic was regrettable, but so far the loss of lives and number of patients in Pakistan were far less than the estimates of the experts which was manifestation of the success of the policy adopted by the government.
'Disappointed' Djokovic Deported From Australia


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This extension will provide complete control to the admin to manage the content and images on the popup. The admin has full control of which link will be used for redirection if the user fails to verify their age. The admin can select the pages that can be visible without verifying age.
Full control over Age Verification Popup Content through Magento Back-end.
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Developed using Magento programming guidelines.


text:
Solid's data decentralization vision will change the way we interact with applications
Published: January 9th, 2019
- Jenna Sargent
A few months ago, Tim Berners-Lee, the father of the World Wide Web, announced that he was heading up a new project to reshape the way we interact with the web. His new project, Solid, aims to put control over data back into the hands of users.
The ecosystem of Solid is based on the concept of PODs, which are spaces where an individual can keep all of their data, explained Jonathan Bingham, President and CEO of Janeiro Digital, a company that is working on the Solid technology. For example, a person might use a POD to store their birth certificate, medical records, and pictures. "Basically all of the things that you would do to an application today that would equate to your digital identity, you retain ownership," said Bingham.
According to Solid's website, PODs are like "secure USB sticks for the Web, that you can access from anywhere. When you give others access to parts of your POD, they can react to your photos and share their memories with you. You decide which things apps and people can see."
The concept would be particularly appealing to individuals tired of their data being tied up in so many different places while having virtually no control over it once it's out in the world. Applications would change from being usable through centralized data contained on their own servers to having to ask permission to access data within a POD on a day-to-day, transaction-by-transaction basis, he said.
In addition to changing the way we interact with web apps, the technology has some other practical applications. For example, it would change the way health records are dealt with. In our current system, a patient may have health data all over the place if they've seen many different doctors or were cared for at different hospitals.
"You have all of this different information that makes the ability to give you good health services more challenging than if you walked in and had all of your data contained on a single pod," said Bingham.
This means that places like hospitals would go from being the custodians of data to an entity that has to request access to certain information based on need.
"I think we can all agree that 99.999% of the time, the hospital holding your information is putting themself at risk for no reason at all," said Bingham. "It's not like you get any incremental value by that hospital storing your data versus yourself."
A new sort of application would need to be created in order to facilitate this interaction, he explained. It would have to be able to both view the information it is provided with, as well as submit information back to the user. "It'll be the application's duty to then take that information and also copy it over to my POD so my POD always has the most up-to-date information," said Bingham.
There will have to be a shift in the way that applications interact with data. "They'll go away from a centralized data store contained within an organization to a distributed one that people who are POD owners have the ability to turn access on and off, based on how they feel," said Bingham.
While this model sounds great, getting to this point won't be as easy as it sounds. In an ideal world, we would migrate all of the data that we've ever stored anywhere, said Bingham. But realistically, this pod-based model would probably only work going forward. What that means is that from this point forward, all of your new data would be stored in a POD.
"Now, Apple's App Store, that didn't just appear overnight, right? So in my opinion, the stewards of this particular model will not just be individuals looking to pull down a POD and store their individual data and taking ownership back from organizations where otherwise they would feel helpless," said Bingham. "I think that what you'll see is a shared interest from some large organizations out there to help reinvent the way they do business today, unlocking incredible new opportunities for them to do business."
Those early adopters are going to have to serve up the ecosystem of the future, he explained. Enterprises will need the structure to interact with PODs and data in this new way.
Additionally, the security of PODs will be an entirely new industry on its own. Users will need to feel that the data they're putting in their PODs are secure. "Our digital identity is a currency, as we all know," said Bingham. "There are people who make a lot of money off of that information and that means that that information needs to be protected as a valuable asset."
Bingham believes that the project will need people who can dream big in order to be successful. "We need dreamers that are capable of seeing the good in something different and see opportunity and doing things in a way that aligns with Tim's vision of how the web was originally designed," he said. "It's not so much just to pay homage to Tim, which is a great thing to do, but also because it just makes good business sense."
He thinks that CEOs will soon start to see and understand this new way of thinking about things. "Forget about the technology for a minute, but just think about the possibilities that a real decentralized web would bring to them and the risk that it reduces for them around being the sole custodian around certain types of information. And that's a true digital transformation."
data, Internet
About Jenna Sargent
Jenna Sargent is an Online and Social Media Editor for SD Times. She covers Agile, ALM, Java, microservices/containers, testing/QA, application performance monitoring/management, and security. She likes reading, tabletop gaming, and playing the guitar. Follow her on Twitter at @jsargey!
View all posts by Jenna Sargent
Melissa's email flagging feature created to fulfill GDPR consent rules
Source{d} enables oversight over the entire SDLC
Industry Watch: Beware the dark patterns of privacy
SD Times news digest: Apple's transparency report on customer data, Sony's tech startup fund, and GitLab ends support for MySQL


The representative for this region is Frank Rayner.
Each meeting is recommended for 1.5 hours CPD for the RICS, CIArb, ICE, Law Society and Bar Council. The Society is accredited as a CPD provider by both the Law Society and Bar Council. The Adjudication Society's Law Society's accreditation number is CVM/ADSOAdjudication.
See also the Papers and talks section of this website.
Paper given on 9 June 2009 by Robert Stevenson of Berrymans Lace Mawer LLP - available as a PDF file.
'But is it on the critical path?' by Peter Curtis – Ladymead Projects Ltd - available as a PDF file.
'The Written Contract and Disputes in Adjudication' by Robert Akenhead - available as a PDF file.


A completely unique style for a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag antenna mounted on a metallic plane is presented. The tag antenna incorporates a rectangular radiating plate with a Z-formed slot, that allows it to operate like a [*fr1]-wavelength slot resonator and a dipole-sort ground radiator. A conjugate match to an Alien Higgs-3 chip with an impedance of eight – j142 at 925 MHz is obtained by etching a 0.5-wavelength slot resonator in the middle of the oblong radiating plate ( ). The tag antenna resistance and inductive reactance can be matched to the required chip impedance by merely tuning the length and width of the Z-slot resonator. The space between the [*fr1]-wavelength resonant radiating plate (dipole-type ground radiator) and the metallic plane enhances the antenna gain by increasing the reflection from the metallic plane. A horizontal electric dipole placed higher than the peerlessly flat electrical metallic plane allows a most gain of eight.seven dBi over a brief distance, that is fourfold beyond that of an isolated 0.5-wavelength dipole. Tests of an RFID reader with an effective isotropic radiated power of four.zero W showed that the most scan coverage of the proposed tag antenna mounted on a metallic plane exceeded ten m. Measurement knowledge were in good agreement with the simulation results.


text:
Catch Em Young
Syed Asma
12:00 am August 11, 2014
by Syed Asma
A few days back my friend's two-and-a-half-year-old son Ishaan came to visit us with his mom. For most of the day he hid behind his free-flowing curls; but when he finally met my eyes, he giggled and came running towards me. It takes him a while to adjust or get acquainted or re-acquainted with people he already knows. But what keeps him at bay most of the time is his mother's dictate that reads loud and clear, 'you should not talk in Kashmiri with anybody.'
This poor soul, who is too young to understand the dilemma of language, seems to have taken his mother's words to his little heart. He fumbles, stops, then again fumbles, and then finally says nothing at all or at most utters something in broken and incoherent Hindustani, which his mother calls Urdu.
Thankfully he does not live here as almost every single person in our household speaks Kashmiri, which would have made things even worse for this poor chap. It is not that people around here doesn't know how to speak Hindustani or whatever neo-modernists call Urdu. It is the sense of pride for our history, struggle, and cultural uniqueness – which is passed on in our family as legacy – that makes us opt for Kashmiri as means of communication. House rules are simple: Kashmiri or keep quite.
Now you must have understood how difficult it must be for this little chap and his mom to spend even a courtesy one hour in this house. While the kid was struggling for words to communicate with people around him his mom was looking at the clock constantly to get him out from this place. But just as his mom was looking for an exit, my neighbour's three-year-old son, a Tom Sawyer kind of rustic fellow, who has acquired his father's crude humour, jumped in from the window.
He scanned the 'sophisticated' kid for full thirty seconds before saying in typical Kashmiri, hatah yi kusu (Hey, who is he).
Poor chap could not say anything at all as he probably preferred to pass this one. Then before Ishaan's mom could have forced him out of the house, our Tom Sawyer came closer to the kid and asked him innocently, meh seeth gindekhah? (wanna play with me?)
Ishaan, who was visibly getting bored in his mom's presence and probably needed some fresh air, was more than eager to go out with this kid whom he had just met. But knowing his mom and her strict guidelines, he probably knew that going out with a kid who speaks nothing but Kashmiri is like blasphemy. How come he be allowed to even stay closer to him. Still Ishaan looked at his mom pleading wishing that she would say go, once. But instead her expressions were like, 'stay where you are or you will be grounded for better'.
After a couple of unsuccessful requests our Tom Sawyer busied himself with some sundry items that were spread across the room and started playing. And for Ishaan, he kept his eyes fixed at him trying to figure out why, despite being of same age, they can't play together. Is it because of his expensive dress, his dad had recently brought, that he cannot play with that kid. Or is it the language! Or maybe its Tom Sawyer's appearance, un-kept hair, soiled clothes, hands still smelling of pickle, hint of jam and jelly on both cheeks, that puts his mom off. But aren't kids supposed to act like that only, he questioned himself.
Then before he could have said anything or registered his anger, he felt a strong grip around his wrist. His mom was dragging him towards the door while saying goodbyes half-heartedly, when all of a sudden Tom Sawyer, rushed towards Ishaan and kissed him on the forehead and said gach khudayas hawaaley kormakh (May God protect you). Before Ishaan or his mom could have reacted, everybody in the room began to laugh.
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Syed Asma completed her masters in journalism from the Islamic University, Awantipore, in 2010. After working with Greater Kashmir and Kashmir Times, she joined Kashmir Life in February 2011. She covered politics, society, gender issues and the environment. In 2016, she left journalism to pursue her M Phil from the University of Kashmir. She is presently pursuing PhD.
Jockeying for Power
Minority status: National or Regional?
My Village, My Conflict
Remembering Abdul Gani Lone
Kashmiri Leadership & Paths to Resistance
Kashmir: The Children of Conflict
Two Tourists Dead, 21 Rescued After Avalanche Hits Afarwat Peak In...


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Tom Woods: 'My Goal as a Libertarian: To Oppress People'
Posted on June 26, 2019	by Ederik Schneider
Source:Being Libertarian– Don't have to convince me
Source:The New Democrat
"This person works at a D.C. think tank where a dislike of people like us, and me in particular, is literally company policy: nobody is allowed to cite me, go on my cruise, or even retweet me.
That's an actual policy at an actual institution.
("Institution" being the key word.)"
Read the rest of Tom Woods here
Source:Tom Woods: Todd Seavey- 'By Popular Demand: Libertarianism 101– Their definition of libertarianism?
Todd Seavey, author of Libertarianism for Beginners, joins me for a discussion that beginners and advanced students alike will enjoy. We go from the foundations, to real-world applications, to problems for libertarianism, to left and right and libertarians. Much to learn from and enjoy. Subscribe to the Tom Woods Show:"
"Libertarianism (from Latin: libertas, meaning "freedom") is a collection of political philosophies and movements that uphold liberty as a core principle.[1] Libertarians seek to maximize political freedom and autonomy, emphasizing freedom of choice, voluntary association, and individual judgment.[2][3][4] Libertarians share a skepticism of authority and state power, but they diverge on the scope of their opposition to existing political and economic systems. Various schools of libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and private power, often calling for the restriction or dissolution of coercive social institutions.[5]
Libertarianism can be a term for a form of left-wing politics. Such left-libertarian ideologies seek to abolish capitalism and private ownership of the means of production, or else to restrict their purview or effects, in favor of common or cooperative ownership and management, viewing private property as a barrier to freedom and liberty.[6][7][8][9] Left libertarian ideologies include—but are not limited to—anarcho-communism, anarcho-syndicalism, mutualism and egoism, alongside many other anti-paternalist, New Left schools of thought centered around economic egalitarianism. Modern right-libertarian ideologies, such as minarchism and anarcho-capitalism, co-opted the term in the mid-20th century to instead advocate laissez-faire capitalism and strong private property rights such as in land, infrastructure and natural resources."
There are times when I really love social media and feel that I almost have to be on it for the sake of my life and personal welfare, ( which might sound slightly overdramatic and a slight exaggeration ) especially Twitter, because you can see things and get into debates, and learn about things and people that you couldn't otherwise, unless you spent all of your time reading and researching online and at other places.
I couldn't find the source of the tweet that this anti-libertarian person ( probably some crazy, whacked out leftist ) that attacked Tom Woods for being a Libertarian. The source of the tweet is not even on Tom Woods blog but if there are people who hate Libertarians and libertarianism for what they believe and stand for, it would be the Far-Left in America, ( Democratic Socialists and Communists ) because in believing in almost complete individualism and individual choice, Socialists are collectivists ( obviously ) and want the state to be in control as much as possible with the responsibility and power to look after everyone else's welfare, especially Communists.
Libertarianism, like every other political philosophy is hard to officially define because you have competing factions in each of it to the points that you'll have competing factions that don't sound like each other at all and the only thing that they have in common is that they call themselves Libertarians. I know this all to well as a Liberal, ( or Classical Liberal, if you prefer ) because you have a lot of people who call themselves Liberals, even though they tend not to support liberal values like liberal democracy and if anything are very illiberal as far as their own politics. Like really strict limits on free speech, personal freedom, property rights, anti-pluralist, etc.
Progressives, have the same issue where you have people who call themselves Progressives, even though a lot of what they believe is actually very regressive. Like believing the perfect is the enemy of the good and being very uncompromising, when progressivism is actually a very pragmatic philosophy.
But libertarianism at least as I define it and how I've viewed the last 20 years or so ever since I became an adult, is the belief in property rights and that property rights extends to one's personal body. That people should have the complete freedom and personal responsibility for their own lives and bodies, just as long as you're not hurting innocent people with what they're doing. You're not physically attacking innocent people, attacking someone's personal property, stealing from them, kidnapping them, forcing them to do something they don't want to do.
So under my definition of libertarianism at least, Libertarians actually do believe in government and even a national government, but that it should be limited, decentralized as much as possible, and there to protect the rights and individual freedom of the people: not there to run people's lives for them by controlling most of their money, or telling them what they can and can't do with their own personal lives, not telling people what they can think and say, etc.
But to get back to my first point about how different political philosophies get mistaken for other philosophies that sound nothing like the political philosophy at hand, liberalism being mistaken for socialism, progressivism being mistaken for socialism, conservatism, being mistaken for Christian-Nationalism and nationalism in general: you have people who call themselves Libertarians, who are actually Right-Anarchists. ( Right-wing Anarchists ) People who are actually Anarcho-Libertarians, who again sound like Anarchists and don't want government at any level to basically do anything, but who call themselves Libertarians.
So at least under my definition, you can see why Socialists ( to be frank ) would hate libertarianism and Libertarians go out-of-their-way to attack Libertarians whether it's Tom Woods or anyone else, because Libertarians believe in the opposite of what Socialists believe. Libertarians, believe in individualism. Socialists, believe the world is a complicated place and that people tend to be stupid ( especially Americans ) and that you need Uncle Sammy ( or whatever the country is ) big enough to manage the lives for all of his nieces and nephews for them. Because libertarianism at least in it's classic form, is the direct opposite and arch-rival of socialism.
Blogger on a whole host of subjects.
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This entry was posted in Tom Woods and tagged America, Big Government, Collectivism, Collectivists, Communism, Communists, Economic Freedom, Far Left, Freedom of Choice, Individualism, Individualists, Libertarian Party, Libertarianism, Libertarians, New Left, Personal Choice, Personal Freedom, Personal Responsibility, Right Wing, Socialism, Socialists, Statism, Statists, Todd Seavey, Tom Woods, United States, Welfare State. Bookmark the permalink.
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Jason Galavo: George Carlin- 'Pissing Off The Feminists' September 18, 2019
Andy Snowslayer: Magnum Force 1973- 'Excuse Me Captain: Can You Fly': Clint Eastwood Stars September 18, 2019
Storm: Dallas- Barbara Eden Guess-Stars: Michelle's Sweet Revenge September 17, 2019
The Final 24: Nicole Brown Simpson September 17, 2019
Classic Film & TV Cafe: The 10th Victim 1965- 'Clip with Ursula Andress and Marcello Mastroianni' September 16, 2019
Skeptic Magazine: Michael Shermer- Interviewing Anthony Kronman: 'The Assault on American Excellence' September 16, 2019
TED Talks: Mara Pavula- ' If You Think Politics is a Circus, Think Again' September 11, 2019
Carlos Esnaola: Thunderball 1965- 'Official Trailer': Starring James Bond and Claudine Auger September 11, 2019
The Atlantic: Opinion- Olgan Khazan: ' Why It Was Easier to Be Skinny in the 1980s' September 10, 2019
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Derik Schneider
The Final 24: Nicole Brown Simpson
CBS News: 'President Trump Has Fired National Security Adviser John Bolton'
Biographics: Hunter S. Thompson- 'Gonzo Extraordinaire'
New York Magazine: Opinion- Ed Kilgore: 'George McGovern Didn't Lose in 1972 by Going Too Far Left. Neither Will 2020 Democrats'
Buffalo Wing Media Bias: Adam Carolla- 'On Hypocrites From The Hollywood Left'
20th Century Fox: Butch Cassidy and The Sundance Kid 1969- Paul Newman & Robert Redford Are Butch & Sundance
The Politics of Writing: 'The Failures of Masculinity': Do Radical Feminists, Really Hate Straight Men?
People's World: Rosana Cameron- 'Call Me a Communist'
LA Progressive: Opinion- Ted Rall: 'The Difference Between Liberals and Leftists'
The Art of Sarcastic Humor
Ederik Schneider
Storm: Dallas- Barbara Eden Guess-Stars: Michelle's Sweet Revenge
The Atlantic: Opinion- Olgan Khazan: ' Why It Was Easier to Be Skinny in the 1980s'
Big Think: Penn Jillette- 'On Libertarianism, Taxes, Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, Weed'
Tom Woods: 'Ep. 1470 Vince Vaughn on Hollywood, Libertarianism, and American Politics'
MGM: The Big Knife 1955- Starring Jack Palance & Ida Lupino
The Atlantic: Amanda Mull- 'The Rise of Coffee Shaming': About Damn Time!
Liberty Pen: Brendan O'Neill- 'Political Correct Bigotry'
Ayn Rand Institute: 'Ayn Rand – Her Philosophy in Two Minutes': Why Leftists & Rightists Hate Ayn Rand
Last Week Tonight: Ayn Rand- 'How Is This Still A Thing?'
Reason: Katherine Mangu-Ward- Interviewing Dave Barry: 'Dave Barry Is Running for President (Again)'
Fred Schneider
Classic Film & TV Cafe: The 10th Victim 1965- 'Clip with Ursula Andress and Marcello Mastroianni'
Last Week Tonight: John Oliver- The Filibuster
The Film Archives: Politics & Prose- Daniel Oppenheimer: 'Exit Right: The People Who Left the Left and Reshaped the American Century'
The Film Archives: Douglas Charles; J. Edgar Hoover's War on Gays
Charisma on Command: 'How To Have Fun Without Drinking'
Real Time With Bill Maher: 'Government By Mad Leftists'
Warner Brothers: The Getaway 1972- Starring Steve McQueen and Ali MacGraw
Mr. Manifesto: Teddy Roosevelt- 'Saved The U.S. From a Communist Revolution'
CSM: Stephen Humphries- 'How To Save Politically Mixed Marriages in The Donald Trump Era'
Alfred Hitchcock: Strangers On a Train 1951- Featuring Ruth Roman
Kire Schneider
Jason Galavo: George Carlin- 'Pissing Off The Feminists'
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David Hoffman: '1960s Conservative Describes An America Many See Today'
TED: Joseph G. Levitt- 'How Craving Attention Makes You Less Creative'
HBO: George Carlin- Death Penalty
The Beacon: Ben Wilterdink- 'How to Talk to Millennials About Socialism'
Politics and Prose: Ece Temelkuran- 'How to Lose a Country'
CNBC: Squawk Box- Maya MacGuineas- 'The Debt Limit Deal is The Worst Budget in History'
Murray Rothbeard: Ross Perot- 'Was The Original Donald Trump'
Vanity Fair: Opinion- T.A. Frank: 'What Ross Perot Got Right About America'
Rik Schneider
Andy Snowslayer: Magnum Force 1973- 'Excuse Me Captain: Can You Fly': Clint Eastwood Stars
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Dan Mitchell: 'Bernie Sanders Humor'
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KrisAnne Hall: 'From Socialist To Constitutionalist – My Story'
Dan Mitchell: 'Reckless and Irresponsible- President Trump: Is Making Big Government Even Bigger': The Death of Fiscal Conservatism?
Coordination Problem: Peter Boettke- 'Liberalism Misunderstood'
Bill Whittle: Scott Hahn- Why Donald Trump: 'Told 'The Squad' of 4 U.S. Lawmakers to Go Back Where They Came From'
Out Of The Past: Raquel Stecher- 'Madame X (1966)': Starring Lana Turner
Erik Schneider
Skeptic Magazine: Michael Shermer- Interviewing Anthony Kronman: 'The Assault on American Excellence'
Classic Film & TV Cafe: The Notorious Landlady 1962- 'Scene with Jack Lemmon and Kim Novak'
Skeptic Magazine: Michael Shermer- Interviewing Dr. Donald Hoffman: 'The Case Against Reality'
ATHENAISM: 'Why Is John F. Kennedy so Popular?'
Evan Carmichael: 'John F. Kennedy's Top 10 Rules For Success'
Foreign Affairs: Sebastian Mallaby- 'How Should a Liberal Be?'
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ACLU: Sam Walker- 'Conscientious Objectors'
The Onion: Paul Ryan- 'Lauded For Inspiring Millions Of Young Gutless Fucking Cowards To Take On Leadership Roles'
Skeptic Magazine: Michael Shermer- Interviewing Andrew Seidel: 'Why Christian Nationalism is Un-American'
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The Rubin Report: Dave Rubin- Interviewing Nick Di Paolo: 'On Offensive Comedy and Political Correctness'
Source:The Daily Review "Nick Di Paolo (stand up comedian) joins Dave to discuss his comedy career, his problem with political correctness and so many stand up comics today, why he believes comedians should be at the forefront of speech and free expression, and more." From The Rubin Report I think the great comedian Mel Brooks had […]
Amelia Nell & Vocalocity: Rita Hayworth as Gilda- Best Moments
Source:The Daily Review "The exquisitely beautiful Rita Hayworth was divine in her most famous role as Gilda (1946)." From Amelia Nell Gilda, is a very good if not great movie that is sort of a great soap opera or dramatic comedy that has everything from mystery, to crime drama, to comedy even. But if you take […]
Politico Magazine: Derek Robertson- 'How Howard Schultz Created a Personality Cult at Starbucks'
Source:The Daily Review I'm not interested in Howard Schultz's so-called potential independent presidential run at least for this piece, but more interested in what he created not just with Starbucks, but the broader pop culture in America. Starbucks, really since the late 1990s or so is not just just a coffee house, but it's a […]
AZ Quotes: Bill Parcells- 'This Is Why You Lift All Them Weights, This is Why You Do All That'
Source:The Daily Review "Pro Football Hall of Fame head coach & front office executive Bill Parcells comes in at #7 on the list of Top 10 Mic'd Up Guys of All Time." From NFL Films As someone who grew up just outside Washington in Bethesda, Maryland and still live there, I grew up a Redskins fan […]
Politics and Prose: Dr. Eric Motley- Interviewing Elaine Pagels: 'Why Religion'
Source:The Daily Review "Elaine Pagels discusses her book, "Why Religion?", at Politics and Prose on 11/30/18. When Pagels, author of groundbreaking studies of the Gnostic Gospels, was asked, "Why religion?" she found that her own life illuminates both why she's made a career of studying religious texts as well as why religion itself still exists […]
The Atlantic: Nora Johnson- 'Sex and The 1960s College Girl'
Source:The Daily Review "Men…admit that what really irritates them about modern women is that they can't, or won't, give themselves completely to men," Nora Johnson wrote in her 1959 Atlantic article, "Sex and the College Girl." "This is undoubtedly true … And this, God knows, is a good thing." In the article, which is excerpted […]
Lana Turner Online: MGM Presents Lana Turner- 1948
Source:The Daily Review "MGM presents Lana Turner – 1948. Lana Turner Online" From Lana Turner Online When think of Hollywood Babydoll Lana Turner, ( which is exactly what she was ) I think of the Queen of the Hollywood Soap Stars. Meaning, her only real experience in soap operas, was being on Falcon Crest in the 1980s, […]
Newsweek: Katie Couric- Sarah Palin's: Five Biggest Gaffes
Source:The Daily Review Similar to Michele Bachmann who said things like America should be less socialist like China, ( an actual Michele Bachmann quote ) it's hard to pick the five biggest gaffes that Sarah Palin has ever given. To use a sports analogy, she really is the classic case of not ready for prime […]
Sony Pictures Entertainment: The Frontrunner 2018- Hugh Jackman as Senator Gary Hart
Source:The Daily Review I saw The Frontrunner not this Saturday, but the previous Saturday in Silver Spring, Maryland because I wanted to see it obviously, ( no, I was kidnapped and forced to watch it ) but because of the subject matter. I was 11 years old and in the 5th grade in Bethesda, Maryland […]
Claudia Christian: On Making It In Hollywood
Source:The Daily Review "Who is Claudia Christian? An American actress, writer, singer, musician, and director, best known for her role as Commander Susan Ivanova on the science fiction television series Babylon 5." From Quote Tank Not all actors and actresses, but a lot of them and apparently Claudia Christian is a perfect example of this, but […]
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text:
Elaea richteri är en bönsyrseart som beskrevs av Max Beier 1956. Elaea richteri ingår i släktet Elaea och familjen Mantidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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text:
Welcome to our regular update of what's new and relevant in the world of HMRC, tax disputes and investigations.
A lot has already been written about the new 'Requirement to Correct' provisions coming into effect on 30 September 2018. In brief, the legislation introduced in last year's Finance (No 2) Act requires taxpayers to disclose outstanding undeclared offshore liabilities for income tax, CGT and IHT to HMRC before 30 September 2018 or face draconian penalties in the range 100% to 200% of the tax involved. In addition, where the tax involved exceeds £25,000, a further penalty of up to 10% of the assets connected to the failure may be due. In this update we look at the risks to advisors who have clients with offshore assets and offer some solutions to avoid any potential client issues from arising.
What's my issue as an advisor who has clients with offshore assets?
Normally a client can rely on a defence of 'reasonable excuse' if he/she is relying on credible advice from a reputable tax advisor to avoid HMRC imposing tax penalties where it is later found there are historic tax issues.
However, under this legislation such advice can be 'disqualified' on a number of grounds including where you advised on the original tax planning or structuring which has led to subsequent UK tax liabilities. For example, where a client acted in good faith but has undeclared tax liabilities because the initial advice was based on an interpretation of the law later found to be incorrect. In these circumstances, despite the client taking the reasonable steps of taking advice from a reputable advisor and being entitled to rely on it, HMRC may still be able to charge penalties.
HMRC guidance indicates the disqualification of advice provisions will be widely interpreted and is likely to catch most advice. Therefore, if you have provided advice to clients on offshore matters or structures, this original advice could be ignored by HMRC if it is later discovered that there are UK tax liabilities.
Given this potential risk, we're seeing a number of clients, other advisory firms and trustees requesting a review of the initial advice or structure to either confirm that it remains robust or, if there are historic tax issues, to advise on the best way of disclosing and resolving all tax issues. Obtaining a second opinion on the advice from an independent qualified person should ensure that this advice does not fall within the disqualified advice rule and so can be relied upon by the client.
To ensure that our clients receive the best advice, both from a tax technical perspective and when disclosing and negotiating the best possible outcome with HMRC, we're pleased to announce the arrival of Gary Telford to Pannu Tax as a Senior Consultant. Gary is a highly regarded tax advisor and former Private Client Tax Partner with PwC who has over 30 years of experience in advising on complex tax structures, trusts and non-domiciled individuals (further details of Gary's background and experience can be found on our website here.
Gary's arrival further strengthens our ability to compete with international and national advisory firms in terms of quality of advice and service, but at a reasonable cost. We combine first class technical skills with leading edge advice on HMRCs information powers, ability to raise assessments, penalties and HMRC negotiation. To find out more about how Gary or any advisor at Pannu Tax can assist you, please click here to contact us.
- Proactively review and test structures and trusts and advise on any UK tax issues or exposures;
- Advise non-UK tax domiciled clients and their trusts on the implications of the new deemed domicile legislation;
- Review the historic non- UK domicile and/or tax residence status for clients and entities;
- Advise on any restructuring which may be required or available to ensure that the structure remains tax efficient;
- Deal effectively with any ongoing HMRC investigations and enquiries;
- Where there are historic tax issues that cannot be avoided, advise on how best to resolve these with HMRC, manage the disclosure to conclusion and ensure that clients receive the best possible outcome.
If you have clients who might benefit from a review of their arrangements or believe they may have historic tax issues please contact us.
Clavis Trust/Herald Services Ltd Employee Benefit Trusts
In this update we provide news of recent developments in HMRCs approach to their investigations into the Clavis Trust/Herald Employment & Recruitment Services Ltd ('HERS') Employee Benefit Trusts, and what this means for clients. If you have clients who implemented these arrangements, please read this update.


text:
Le mot schème possède plusieurs significations.

 En psychologie et neurologie, un schème désigne, pour un enchainement d'actions et les circuits neurologiques qui le mettent en œuvre, l'automatisation opérationnelle, l'acquisition, la stabilisation (impliquant plusieurs boucles neuromotrices, proprioceptives, extéroceptives et de traitement). C'est le « squelette » d'une action dans les écrits du psychologue suisse Jean Piaget.
 Chez Kant, un schème est un procédé ou moyen par lequel un concept pur devient effectif par l'implication d'une intuition.
 En linguistique, dans les langues utilisant un Abjad (hébreu ou arabe par exemple), le schème (aussi appelé thème) est la partie du mot complémentaire à la racine ; il s'agit de l'ensemble de consonnes et/ou de voyelles qui « habillent » les consonnes de la racine afin de former des mots. Par exemple, la racine « ك ت ب » KTB (« écrire ») associée au thème *â*a*a (« action réciproque ») donne « كاتَبَ » KâTaBa (« s'échanger une correspondance »).
 En théologie, un schème est un degré d'ascétisme qu'atteignent les moines de l'orthodoxie à la réputation de haute spiritualité. Il est divisé en grand schème (mégaloschemos) et petit schème.


My school told me I was special, I watch programmes celebrating the exceptional, I listen to counsellors telling me to follow my dreams and deep down I want to believe them. It's nicer that way. I like to read biographies – especially the early chapters where no-one recognised glory of the protagonist – because I like to think my life is at exactly the same stage. I'm not recognised. Yet. But as surely as the early chapters give way to the later ones where the protagonist makes it 'big,' so will my early years give way to the later ones where I will surely also follow suit. It's just a matter of time. Isn't it?
Such an outlook crushes us and deadens us to the glory of the ordinary.
I meet too many parents around our part of London who feed their children on this oppressive narrative of normative exceptionalism; that their child will be stand-out and different. They know that is rare, hence the depth of their joy at their realisation that their child has this most precious of golden tickets. Their child. I mean, imagine that! But it's crushing the teenagers. Their teachers, peers and parents all expect so much of them. The fear of getting bad exam grades is not – when one drills down – a fear of not getting into the uni of choice, but a fear of letting others down, and of not keeping up with appearances. And it's a fear which sticks with us well past the acne and awkwardness of those early years. So many of my peers have taken jobs which they hate. Why? Precisely because they felt that was what was expected of them. They force themselves into this narrative of expected success, no matter how ill the glass slipper fits still they cram themselves in, not thinking to wonder whether they may not be the celebrated Cinderella so championed at school and home.
Second, it deadens us to the glory of the ordinary. In his excellent Screwtape Letters CS Lewis has his demons comment "the horror of the same old thing" is "one of the most valuable passions we have produced in the human heart." It is a peculiar passion in as much as it never satisfies. Of course it doesn't. The constant quest for the novel, by very definition cannot yield a lasting contentment, for as soon as the novel is owned it has become the passé, and 'old hat.' It is a tiring thing to have a thirst for the new and different. We're fed this lie from a plethora of sources. Our consumer society feeds off this desire. Cycles of clothing and car fashion are carefully gauged to breed a discontent in the old type. Are the new versions materially better? No, but they are new. Our social media garrisons us to post, not what is ordinary but what is outstanding and what will get the likes and retweets. The images we want to project of ourselves have no place for the mundane.
But – here's the thing – God. The God of miracles. The God who can do more than we ask or imagine. The exceptional, abnormal, one-of-a-kind God, normally chooses to pour out his lavish grace on us by means of the ordinary. He has so structured the life of discipleship that we will be sustained and will grow through the daily, week-in, week-out routines of reading a book (I mean, come on!), going to join an assembly of (normal) people to sing, pray, listen and talk over a cup of average coffee, receiving (normal) bread and (normal) wine in communion, seeing others get baptised in (normal) water. Amongst others these are what theologians call his means of grace to us. The means he has chosen by which we will thrive and be transformed from glory into glory in our Christian lives. God has endowed the habitual ordinary with glory, and we eschew it at our very real peril.


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