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HomeFeature StoriesMobile lounges are a unique part of Dulles International's past
Mobile lounges are a unique part of Dulles International's past
August 1, 2020 Editor Feature Stories, Time Travel 0
GROOVY RIDE
By Chris Wadsworth
Jyrki Ihanainen's first trip to the United States was in 1985. He flew from his native Finland to Dulles International Airport. When the giant 747 landed, Ihanainen thought it was puzzling that the plane didn't pull up to a gate. And it was even more puzzling when a strange, bus-like vehicle parked next to the plane, the passengers got on board, and it drove them to the main terminal.
"We had transferred at London Heathrow — which at the time was the most advanced airport in the world," Ihanainen said. "So when we got to Dulles and I saw the people mover, I was like, 'What the heck, did we just arrive in the Stone Age?' I thought it was pretty funny."
That day, Ihanainen took his first ride on Dulles' famous mobile lounges — an experience the Broadlands resident has repeated hundreds of times since as he travels around the world for work and pleasure.
The odd, ungainly vehicles were part of Eero Saarinen's original vision of Dulles when the Finnish-American architect designed it in the early 1960s. Commercial air travel was growing, and the tiny airports of old — where propeller planes pulled right up to a single, small terminal building — were fading away. Airports were getting bigger, and Saarinen created the mobile lounges as a way to help passengers avoid long walks from the entrance and ticket counters to planes.
"It was the start of the jet age," said Micah Lillard, public information officer for the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority. "Commercial air traffic was growing. You had more and more planes trying to take up a very small amount of space outside the terminal. As more started coming, you had to find parking spots in remote places. The people movers were an efficient way to get people out to these remote spots."
The mobile lounges were originally envisioned as just that — elegant waiting rooms on wheels. Passengers would arrive at Dulles' stunning soaring main terminal, check in at the ticket counters and then walk right into one of his moving lounges. The experience was supposed to be like a hip salon — with stylish furnishings and even cocktails to sip as the people mover — another nickname for the lounges — transported you directly to your plane. There, they would raise and lower to meet the doorway of the plane.
Unfortunately, the reality never quite matched the dream. Air travel and airports grew faster than anyone anticipated. The arrival of large jumbo jets meant far more passengers than the people movers could handle, and the sheer number of airlines and airplanes meant that giant, winding airports with multiple arms or piers extending out became the norm.
Still, Dulles and a handful of other airports around the world used the people movers for years, even if the elegance and the cocktails never quite materialized. They have been phased out nearly everywhere today — replaced by trains, moving sidewalks and even buses. Indeed, Dulles launched an underground train service to its terminals in 2010. But Concourse D isn't connected to the train, and a small fleet of people movers — about three dozen — continues to whisk passengers back and forth from the main terminal during a typical day.
"We find that a lot of aviation enthusiasts enjoy them," Lillard said. "They get to see a perspective for spotting planes that most people don't get to see."
In fact, during its annual Dulles Day Plane Pull event, the airport offers visitors a tour of the runways on one of the people movers.
Aviation enthusiasts aside, many passengers might find standing in the crowded people movers and waiting for them to start a bit of a drag — a far cry from the charming, relaxed experience Saarinen envisioned. But for his fellow countryman Jyrki Ihanainen, it's a fun and efficient throwback to the Dulles International of the past.
"They're a little old-fashioned, sure, but they operate them very well, even during peak times. They run every five minutes and it's easy in, easy out," he said. "I don't mind them at all."
(Archive images courtesy of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority)
Mobile Lounges versus Plane-Mates
There are actually two different types of people movers — the "mobile lounges" and the "Plane-Mates." The mobile lounges are used primarily between terminals for domestic passengers, while the Plane-Mates — which also shuttle between terminals — can also be used to off-load passengers directly from planes. You can tell the difference between the two by the "smokestack" like appendages on top of the Plane-Mates.
And if you are a true history buff, you will love this 1958 concept video that shows how air travel was changing and why Dulles International is designed the way it is. It's very cool.
dulles international airport
mobile lounges
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So while I am a lover of makeup, I love what's underneath even more. Often times I have to take a break from makeup and appreciate the skin the good lord has blessed me with.
I don't by any means have perfect skin but I've learned what works for me and what brings out my natural glow. Below are a few products that I use ritually and that I'd love for you to try out if possible.


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using System.Reflection;

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Everett William Harrington, 88
Obituaries Community Advocate Staff - August 31, 2011 0
Shrewsbury - Everett William Harrington, 88, of Shrewsbury and Boylston, died Saturday, Aug. 27, 2011 at the UMass Memorial Hospital in Worcester. He was born...
William J. Thome, 46
Maynard - William J. Thome, 46, died at home Sunday Aug. 28, 2011 after being stricken ill. He leaves his wife, Patricia A. (Johnson) Thome;...
Nancy Ellen Horn Dallaire, 70
Westborough - Nancy Ellen Horn Dallaire, 70, passed away at her home in Westborough Thursday, Aug. 25, 2011, in the loving arms of her...
Gary L. Salo, 59
Worcester - Gary L. Salo, 59, formerly of Northborough, passed away Friday, Aug. 26, 2011 at Marlborough Healtcare Center, surrounded by his devoted family. He...
Mary Frances Holmes, 89
Shrewsbury - Mary Frances (Lyons) Holmes, 89, formerly of Ohio, died Tuesday, Aug. 23, 2011 in UMass Memorial Medical Center after an illness. She is...
Ethel C. Gustafson, 94
Lewisburg, Penn. - Ethel C. Gustafson, 94, formerly of Marlborough, passed away Sunday, Aug. 21, 2011. She had resided at the Buffalo Valley Lutheran...
Gleicineia Leite Ribeiro Da Silva , 41
Marlborough - Gleicineia Leite Ribeiro Da Silva , 41, died Wednesday, Aug.t 24, 2011 at her home. Born in Pancas, Espirito Santo, she was the...
Richard Lorman
Shrewsbury - Richard "Dick" Lorman died peacefully Thursday, Aug. 25, 2011 after a courageous battle with cancer. He lived in Shrewsbury after retiring from...
John J. Irvine Jr., 76
Hudson - John J. Irvine Jr., 76, died Thursday, Aug. 25, 2011, at Marlborough Hospital. He is survived by his wife of 52 years,...
Ralph W. Warner, 83
Hudson - Ralph W. Warner, 83, a lifelong resident of Hudson, died Thursday, Aug. 25, 2011 at UMass Memorial Healthcare, University Campus in Worcester....

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Articles by W. Wang
Total Records ( 5 ) for W. Wang
Weight Loss via Exercise with Controlled Dietary Intake May Affect Phospholipid Profile for Cancer Prevention in Murine Skin Tissues
P Ouyang , Y Jiang , H. M Doan , L Xie , D Vasquez , R Welti , X Su , N Lu , B Herndon , S. S Yang , R Jeannotte and W. Wang
Exercise has been linked to a reduced cancer risk in animal models. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study assessed the effect of exercise with dietary consideration on the phospholipid profile in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)–induced mouse skin tissues. CD-1 mice were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: ad libitum–fed sedentary control; ad libitum–fed treadmill exercise at 13.4 m/min for 60 min/d, 5 d/wk (Ex+AL); and treadmill-exercised but pair-fed with the same amount as the control (Ex+PF). After 14 weeks, Ex+PF but not Ex+AL mice showed ~25% decrease in both body weight and body fat when compared with the controls. Of the total 338 phospholipids determined by electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry, 57 were significantly changed, and 25 species could distinguish effects of exercise and diet treatments in a stepwise discriminant analysis. A 36% to 75% decrease of phosphatidylinositol (PI) levels in Ex+PF mice occurred along with a significant reduction of PI 3-kinase in TPA-induced skin epidermis, as measured by both Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In addition, ~2-fold increase of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids, in phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and lysophosphatidylethanolamines was observed in the Ex+PF group. Microarray analysis indicated that the expression of fatty acid elongase-1 increased. Taken together, these data indicate that exercise with controlled dietary intake, but not exercise alone, significantly reduced body weight and body fat as well as modified the phospholipid profile, which may contribute to cancer prevention by reducing TPA-induced PI 3-kinase and by enhancing -3 fatty acid elongation. Cancer Prev Res; 3(4); 466–77
Adolescents and young adults with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes demonstrate greater carotid intima-media thickness than those with Type 1 diabetes
W. Gu , Y. Huang , Y. Zhang , J. Hong , Y. Liu , W. Zhan , G. Ning and W. Wang
To compare the carotid intima-media thickness in patients with newly diagnosed Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes ranging from 14 to 30 years of age.
Demographic, anthropometric and laboratory data were obtained from 404 adolescents and young adults (103 subjects with Type 1 diabetes, 94 with Type 2 diabetes, 153 obese subjects and 54 normal control subjects). Carotid intima-media thickness was assessed based on Doppler ultrasound examination and compared among the four groups.
Our data showed significant increases in carotid intima-media thickness in subjects with Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes and obese subjects compared with the control subjects, with those in the group with Type 2 diabetes demonstrating the greatest change (P < 0.001). Age, BMI, percentage of fat, waist-hip ratio and total triglycerides were significantly correlated with both common and internal carotid intima-media thickness segments. From a stepwise multiple linear regression model, the independent determinants of common carotid intima-media thickness were age, BMI, HbA1c and HDL cholesterol (adjusted R2 = 0.152, P < 0.001). After adjustment for age, sex and HbA1c, the odds ratio for increased carotid intima-media thickness was 1.67 (95% CI 1.19-2.33, P = 0.003) for obese subjects, 2.38 (95% CI 1.59-9.47, P = 0.001) for subjects with Type 1 diabetes and 3.93 (95% CI 1.90-6.07, P = 0001) for subjects with Type 2 diabetes compared with the control subjects.
Compared with young control subjects, we found significant increases in carotid intima-media thickness in patients with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes, with patients with Type 2 diabetes showing greater carotid intima-media thickness. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and hyperglycaemia, could cause vessel changes even in adolescents and young adults.
Transmit Power Control for Optimization of Wireless Sensor Networks
M. Shakir and W. Wang
Power conservation is an issue which has to be primarily considered in wireless sensor networks. Since we have the limitation of battery life so an appropriate transmit power has to be chosen while guaranteeing the maximal connectivity at the same time. It is in our best interest to have each node transmit at lowest possible power thus prolonging the network lifetime and preserving the connectivity. So this study investigate the most optimum transmit power while considering the data rates and how densely the nodes are deployed. The effects of the interference powers have to be minimized by reaching towards the minimal transmit power. We have worked out on the interference powers introduced due to different ways of deployments of wireless sensor networks over a certain area and we used the graphical approach to look at the effects of distance from the central receiving nodes and the varying densities on the BER. We have also investigated the phenomena through simulations and the main aim being to optimize the performance of sensor networks by observing their behavior in various regularly placed deployments.
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of aha1 Gene Encoding Major Adhesin Protein from Aeromonas sp. Isolated from Aquaculture Animals with Haemorrhagic Septicemia
W. Wang , L. Wang , J.N. Li and M. Zhang
Nine bacterial strains (LA1, LA2, LA4, JA1, CA3, CA4, BA1, BA18 and EA9) were isolated from different aquaculture animals with haemorrhagic septicemia and then they were identified as A. hydrophila (LA4, JA1, CA3 and BA1), A. sobria (LA1 and EA9), A. caviae (BA18) and A. veronii (CA4 and LA2), respectively by morphological and biochemical characterization. All isolates were found to be pathogenic to experimental zebrafish (Danio rerio) by artificial infection test. The outer membrane protein Aha1 is a major adhesin of A. hydrophila and also highly conserved in different serotypes of A. hydrophila. In order to ascertain the conservation of aha1 protein among mesophilic motile aeromonads, full length aha1 gene from all isolates was detected, cloned and sequenced. As the results show, the aha1 genes were amplified in all strains and the ORF size of the aha1 gene from A. hydrophila and other phenotypic species of aeromonas isolates was 1,068 and 1,038 bp, respectively. Four Anhui A. hydrophila isolates and six A. hydrophila reference strains formed a cluster together with 91.4-99.7% nucleotide identity and 91.9-99.7% amino acid identity of the aha1 gene. Five Anhui other phenotypic species isolates formed another cluster, they shared 79.5-81.1% nucleotide identity and 79.6-81.6% amino acid identity of the aha1 gene compared with A. hydrophila and the major sequence variations were observed between amino acids 85-134, 176- 227, 243-263, 280-295 and 321-336.
Living-Related Small Bowel Transplantation for Three Patients With Short Gut Syndrome
M. Li , G. Ji , F. Feng , W. Song , R. Ling , D. Chen , X. Liu , J. Li , H. Shi , W. Wang and H. Zhang
Objective: We summarized our experience of living-related small bowel transplantation and postoperative management of 3 patients with short gut syndrome.
Methods: Patient #1, an 18-year-old boy, received a 150-cm segment of distal ileum with a vascular pedicle of distal superior mesenteric artery and vein, which was donated by his father. Patient #2, a 15-year-old boy, received a 160-cm graft of distal ileum from his mother. Patient #3, a 17-year-old boy, received a 170-cm graft of distal ileum from his father. The graft artery and vein were anastomosed to the recipient infrarenal aorta and vena cava, respectively, in end-to-side fashion using 7/0 Prolene suture. Intestinal continuity was restored by anastomosis of proximal end of the graft to the recipients' own proximal jejunum, the distal end was left open as a stoma. The recipient distal gut was anastomosed to the distal end of the graft. All 3 recipients were given FK506 (tacrolimus) regularly combined with periodic mycophenolate mofetil. In cases of acute rejection, large doses of steroids were administered to the recipients.
Results: The recipients and donors had fairly unremarkable postoperative courses. So far, patient #1 has survived for 7 years and 6 months with a well-functioning graft and without requirement for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) support. His body weight increased 20 kg and of his life quality has dramatically improved. Patient #2, however, died of acute rejection with fatal sepsis at 5 months after transplantation. Patient #3 has survived for 3 years and 8 months enjoying a normal life. Postoperative recovery of all 3 donors was unremarkable. They were discharged 12 days after surgery without complications.
Conclusion: Outcomes of the implantation using the distal ileum as a graft in living-related small bowel transplantation have been satisfactory for both recipients and donors. It is feasible to anastomose the graft artery and vein to the recipient infrarenal aorta and vena cava. The intestinal continuity can be restored by a 1-stage strategy with minimal risk to the recipient. Appropriate application and adjustment of immune suppressors are crucial for the recipients to experience high-quality lives.


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To learn more about systems and appliances coverage from 2-10 Home Buyers Warranty, visit their website.


Did I think he could be my "soulmate?" Sure, because anyone can be our soulmate. Not the pop culture version, where the other half of us is walking around out there searching for us.
A soulmate relationship is any relationship that works effectively and where we share real love. So we can make a soulmate out of anyone – including our partners!
How? Here are some tips.
Take back responsibility for how you feel.
Let's all go ahead and acknowledge that no one is making us feel the way we feel. So it's not appropriate to hold other people responsible for how we feel or even for how our life is going.
We don't need people to behave a certain way to feel all right about ourselves or about life. We can decide to stop being affected by what other people do and then choose our attitude on purpose.
Our parents' approval became conditional, depending on whether we did what they wanted. And most of us adapted our behavior so they would tell us that we were all right: "Good boy." "Good girl." The big issue in life became: Am I all right? And since we were little, we let others determine that for us. And some of us are still doing it today, letting others tell us whether we're all right.
As adults, we're driven to restore our original joyfulness, and we look for partners who will help us. But only we can do it, because it's an inside job. If we don't love ourselves, no one else will – not because we're not loveable, but because it's not possible.
When we stop letting other people decide whether we're worthy and loveable, and when we take responsibility for loving ourselves, we'll be amazed by how quickly all our relationships will become healthier!
Beliefs are just thoughts we keep thinking until they seem true. That's why everyone thinks that his or her beliefs are the accurate ones. If we're clever, we'll un-believe the ones that don't actually make sense or work effectively for us.
Every aspect of our lives is affected by our beliefs. If we say, "The world is a troubled, dark place, getting worse every day," we're right. If we say, "We're living in an exciting time, and the world has great potential to grow positively," we're right. If we believe that we deserve to be wealthy, or that we tend to be sick, or that we're effective at our jobs, or that we're always tired, we're right.
Believing is receiving, especially in the area of relationships. We like to stick labels on people so we'll know how to relate to them. Then we end up relating more to our beliefs than to the people themselves.
And when we make statements such as, "he is…" or "she is…," the people can't be different, because in our perspective they are what we believe they are. So our relationships have more to do with us than with others.
How do we bring out the best in people? By keeping our perceptions of them positive, knowing that they'll become whatever we decide to see.
Talk to yourself on purpose.
The first statement sounds like a spontaneous, adventurous child who thinks only in possibilities, and is sometimes reckless. The second sounds like a concerned, protective parent who is trying to maintain control, and is sometimes censoring and punishing.
This non-stop conversation affects everything in our lives and constantly shows us what we believe about ourselves. If it's positive, it can work well for us. But if it's negative, it will beat us up.
So the more we focus on our self-appreciating statements, the better. And identifying and rewording negative statements that are born out of unsupportive beliefs can also help.
Positive self-talk is not just motivational affirmations stuck on the bathroom mirror. It's a healthy lifestyle that shows we care about ourselves, by deliberately choosing which aspect of our self-talk we'll allow the most broadcasting time today!
We're all looking for real love, all the time. Whether we're creating a special dinner or starting an argument, it's what we're after.
And whether we're in a relationship, or whether we're out there searching for our great love, most important is our attitude, because we can't manifest anything that we believe we don't deserve.
Before we can receive what we want, our beliefs must be a perfect match to it.
We draw people into our lives who match whatever we are currently being. And we deliberately attract what we want – not by looking for it, or at it – but by identifying with it and by being it. So we need to identify with great love.
We need to be the partner that we want to be with. We need to stay in the vibe of what we want, because what we focus on is what we'll attract and experience.
Then the question to ask ourselves is: "Would I want me as a partner?" And if our answer is No, what would we want to be different about us? And what will we do about it?
Real love is not an emotion or a feeling. It's something we do. And the way we experience it is to express it. So the good news is that we're in charge, because it all happens on the inside of us first. And when we love ourselves, everyone in our lives can be our soulmate!


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Q: Avd's CPU Architecture 'arm64' is not supported by the QEMU2 emulator on x86_64 host When I run emulator -avd Nexus_6_API_29 I get following error:
INFO    | Android emulator version 31.3.14.0 (build_id 9322596) (CL:N/A)
emulator: INFO: Found systemPath /Users/steph/Library/Android/sdk/system-images/android-29/google_apis/arm64-v8a/
PANIC: Avd's CPU Architecture 'arm64' is not supported by the QEMU2 emulator on x86_64 host.

The strange thing is: This used to still work last week. And I am on a MacBook Pro M1. When I run arch in the terminal I get "arm64".
Why does the emulator think I am on a x86_64 host?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Martin Lass, Product Marketing Manager at Infineon Technologies, demonstrates the company's latest embedded vision technologies and products at the January 2016 Consumer Electronics Show. Specifically, Lass demonstrates a smartphone equipped with a time-of-flight depth sensor, developed in partnership with camera manufacturer PMD Technologies.
The 3D time-of-flight imager REAL3 from Infineon Technologies is highly optimized to meet the requirements of mobile consumer devices such as those in the Google Tango project, enabling applications such as environmental monitoring, 3D scanning, virtual- and augmented reality, and much more.


A suicide bridge is a bridge used frequently to die by suicide, most typically by jumping off and into the water or ground below. A fall from the height of a tall bridge into water may be fatal, although people have survived jumps from high bridges such as the Golden Gate Bridge. Medical examiners at the Golden Gate Bridge state that jumpers suffer a gruesome death as their body hits the water at 80 mph, with severe organ damage (multiple ruptured organs) and broken necks, pelvises, etc.
To reach such locations, those with the intention to die by suicide must often walk long distances to reach the point where they finally decide to jump. For example, some jumpers have traveled over the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge by car to reach the Golden Gate Bridge.
Suicide prevention advocates believe that suicide by bridge is more likely to be impulsive than other means, and that barriers can have a significant effect on reducing the incidence of suicides by bridge. One study showed that installing barriers on the Duke Ellington Bridge in Washington, D.C.—which has a high incidence of suicide—did not cause an increase of suicides at the nearby Taft Bridge. A similar result was seen when barriers were erected on the popular suicide bridge: the Clifton Suspension Bridge, in the United Kingdom. Families affected and groups that help the mentally ill have lobbied governments to erect similar barriers. One such barrier is the Luminous Veil on the Prince Edward Viaduct in Toronto, Ontario, once considered North America's second deadliest bridge, with over 400 jumps on record.
Suicide Bridge is a novel by Iain Sinclair.
The book examines the characters of William Blake's Jerusalem as influenced by their psychogeography. The book mixes poetry with prose essays.
Suicide bridge: a book of the furies; a mythology of the south & east. Albion Village Press. 1979.
Lud heat and Suicide bridge. Granta Books. 7 March 2002. ISBN 978-1-86207-504-7.
Billy Mills (7 April 2009). "Iain Sinclair's hidden London in verse". The Guardian.


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Home » Politics » Singapore GE2020: People's Power Party to contest MacPherson and Radin Mas SMCs
Singapore GE2020: People's Power Party to contest MacPherson and Radin Mas SMCs
SINGAPORE – The People's Power Party (PPP) has announced plans to field candidates in the Radin Mas and MacPherson single-member constituencies (SMC), two areas where other opposition parties have backed out.
PPP secretary-general Goh Meng Seng, who announced his intention to run in an SMC on Sunday (June 21), is expected to be one of the candidates. The other candidate will be revealed shortly, he said.
PPP's announcement on Facebook on Tuesday came hours after President Halimah Yacob dissolved Singapore's 13th Parliament and issued the Writ of Election. Nomination Day will be next Tuesday, June 30, and Singaporeans will go to the polls on July 10.
On the decision to contest the two constituencies, Mr Goh said they were the "only places available, without a three-cornered fight".
"As a small party we are a prize-taker… if people don't want it, then we will have to take it," said Mr Goh.
Mr Goh, 50, said his party, which he formed to run in the last election in 2015, has two core principles: To ensure that every Singaporean has a choice to vote for different parties, and to avoid three-cornered fights.
The National Solidarity Party (NSP) indicated its interest in MacPherson SMC in March, but has since dropped its plan, The Straits Times understands .
"I hate to see MacPherson being left behind, this was the first place I held a rally at when I was with NSP in 2011," said Mr Goh, who was NSP's secretary-general at the time. He quit the party after the 2011 elections and set up PPP.
"It's only good for me to get back there to do something," he added.
MacPherson, a single ward which was merged with Marine Parade GRC in 1991, became an SMC again in the 2015 election.
Mr Goh also said the Reform Party (RP), which had previously indicated its interest in Radin Mas SMC, is not likely to run there. PPP and RP are in an informal alliance together with Singaporeans First and the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP).
Mr Goh was initially believed to have set his sights on the newly carved-out Kebun Baru SMC, after he was seen on a walkabout in the constituency on Monday (June 22), along with PPP party chairman Syafarin Sarif .
The constituency, which was previously a part of the five-member Nee Soon GRC, has been claimed by opposition parties Progress Singapore Party and DPP.
PPP's motto for this year's election will be to work towards "a strong government", said Mr Goh.
He added that Parliament must be strengthened, and cannot devolve to become a "rubber-stamp" Parliament in which politicians go with the ruling party's decisions, having few alternative views.
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You are here: Parliament home page > Parliamentary business > Publications and Records > Committee Publications > All Select Committee Publications > Commons Select Committees > Political and Constitutional Reform > Political and Constitutional Reform
A new Magna Carta? - Political and Constitutional Reform Contents
6 Forms of public engagement
169 An essential element in codifying the constitution will be to have the support and involvement of the British people. Whichever model of codification might be proposed by the government, there are common factors that point to the desirability of the body designing the constitution engaging in the broadest possible process of public engagement.
170 These factors are firstly, to give moral legitimacy to the document produced and, in terms of citizenship, promote a greater feeling of ownership by the British people in the system of government and issues of citizenship the document would describe. Secondly, it would be an beneficial opportunity for a public debate on the constitution and our political system generally, to raise awareness and appreciation of the distinctive characteristics of UK constitutionalism, to establish whether or not the British people are content with the settlement of reforms since 1997, and to receive an indication of the future direction that the UK's constitutional arrangements should take.
171 In other words, separate from but supplementary to involving and engaging the public in the preparation and implementation of the codified constitution, might be a simultaneous exercise of public deliberation and debate on the political and constitutional system, as a means to engage and inform public opinion as well as to feed into the policy making processes of the government and political parties.
172 In drafting a codified constitution, the level and intensity of public engagement, and the particular procedures adopted, will to a large extent be shaped by the particular model of codification initiated by the government. A minimalist codified constitution would warrant a less elaborate process than the preparation of a written constitution with new procedures for amendment to the constitution and powers of judicial review. Certainly the greater the changes a government proposes, the more likely it is that people will want to be involved in the making and approval of them.
173 All of the options considered above for the public body that might be entrusted with the task of preparing the codified document would have public consultation processes built into their work. A factor in selecting which type of body would in fact be their suitability for undertaking the level of consultation thought necessary for the method of codification proposed by the government. It is not the practice of the Cabinet Office and Law Commission to hold public oral evidence sessions, but either would invite write written submissions and hold some seminars with constitutional experts. A parliamentary committee, Speaker's Conference, Royal Commission[981] or Constitution Commission could all hold oral evidence sessions directly from the public, as well as host some public debates and conferences. A Constitutional Convention, as considered above,[982] could operate as a prior or parallel form of deliberative body, concentrating on general principles, values and issues to underlie the future direction of reform.
174 In the case of the Cabinet Office or Law Commission, some temporary advisory sub-unit could be created for the specific purpose of informing and engaging the public, similar to the Constitutional Advisory Group set up by the Ministry of Justice in New Zealand in 2012 to inform and engage the public on constitutional issues including on the question of Mâori representation. Its underlying strategy is that "public understanding and participation is needed for enduring constitutional arrangements that reflect the values and aspirations of the UK people".[983] the chairman of the Group is Professor John Burrows, a former law lecturer and former chairman of the country's own Law Commission.
175 Social surveys indicate that the public definitely support the idea of a written constitution in principle, with the level of support shown in opinion polls varying depending on how the question is phrased. To the question "Should the UK have a written constitution?", a 2010 poll carried out by the Ministry of Justice returned 44 per cent for, 39 against, and 17 don't knows. In a YouGov poll in 2009 on whether respondents agreed or disagreed with a proposal to "devise a written constitution to replace the current unwritten constitution which has evolved gradually over the past 1000 years", 59 per cent agreed, 15 were opposed, and 26 were undecided. In an ICM poll in 2010 asking for a response to the more loaded question that "Britain needs a written constitution providing clear legal rules within which government ministers and civil servants are forced to operate", 73 per cent agreed, 8 per cent were opposed, and 19 per cent were undecided.
176 However, social surveys also show that the UK public has a low level of knowledge and understanding of the constitution and system of government. In a Hansard Society survey on "the constitutional arrangements governing Britain" undertaken in 2007, only one in five people thought they knew "a fair amount", and around one half of respondents said they knew "hardly anything at all" or had "never heard of it".[984] This low public salience does not mean that ordinary members of the public does not have views on how we are governed or the issues that are raised by codifying the constitution, but it is a factor to be taken into account in determining the manner in which meaningful tests to gauge public opinion on specific aspects are conducted. In particular, it means that formal consultation exercises are of limited use, because whilst they enable interested groups and individuals to have their say, they are less effective in terms of establishing what the state of public opinion is generally across the country. All this points to the use of deliberative techniques being particularly useful both as a means of engaging the public and learning what the true state of public opinion is.
Methods of public deliberation
177 There is now a growing science in deliberative democracy principles and practices, with a wide variety of techniques to choose from in terms of engaging the public in policy decision-making. It includes forms of mandatory preliminary instruction before any public vote is taken on a proposal; scaled referendums asking voters to indicate support for reform options on a sliding quantitative scale with the values, costs and benefits associated with each option clearly listed in the ballot paper itself; and "preliminary values questioning" asking voters about the values they already hold and which they believe should drive the future of constitutional development, thereby encouraging purposive reasoning. Preliminary results on values could be publicised and help to guide those framing the codified constitution and future reform.
178 Some interesting deliberative models have been used in other constitution building or policy-making decisions abroad. The Citizens' Assembly on electoral reform in British Columbia in 2004 comprised 260 randomly selected citizens, selected on the basis of an equal gender balance and aboriginal representation, proceeding by way of initial instruction about electoral models and different voting systems, taking extensive oral and written evidence, and then deliberating and voting on the different options.[985]
179 In Geneva in 2008 following a vote in favour of a new constitution for the canton to replace its current one drafted in the early 19th century, a people's Constituent Assembly was set up by legislation to produce the document, comprising 80 members chosen by election out of a field of 530 candidates and 18 lists. It conducted its work in five sub-committees dealing with different areas (general provisions and fundamental rights, political rights and amendments to the constitution, the three powers (legislature, executive and judiciary), territorial organisation, and the role and tasks of the state including finance and social and economic duties), and took extensive evidence from those regarded as key stakeholders.[986]
180 In Iceland a Constitutional Assembly (later termed a "Council") was established by Act of Parliament in 2010, with a membership of 25 persons chosen on the basis of popular election, for the purpose of writing a new constitution. Public consultation exercises were conducted on a clause-by-clause basis, making particular use of the internet and new social media. The written constitution it produced in this way was then approved by Parliament and at a national referendum.[987]
181 Most recently, in July 2012 a Convention on the Constitution was established by resolution of both Houses of the Oireachtas (national Parliament) in the Republic of Ireland to make recommendations on a series of constitutional reform issues (such as reducing the voting age to 17 years, reducing the presidential term of office to five years, and reviewing the Dáil electoral system). The Convention consisted of 100 people, being 66 citizens who were eligible to vote selected at random and balanced in terms of gender, age and region, and the remainder being parliamentarians nominated by their parties in proportion to their relative strengths in the Oireachtas, one representative from each of the parties in Northern Ireland, and an independent chairman appointed by the government. The convention held a large number of public hearings throughout 2012-13, and appointed an Academic and Legal Support Group to provide expert research and reports to support the work and deliberations of the convention. Its terms of reference required it to report within 12 months of its first public hearing, with the government undertaking to respond to each of the recommendations within four months and, if accepting a recommendation, to indicate the timeframe it envisaged for the holding of any related referendum.[988]
Creative use of referendums
182 Referendums as a means of public engagement may be used in a number of ways. The simplest is by giving citizens a final vote on the entirety of the proposal, in our case the draft of a codified constitution. However if there was any division between or across the parties on the content of the document, or it was decided to put alternative models to a vote, it is most likely that none of the codified documents would gain majority support in a single vote. A reform process of this kind has been tried in recent decades in Europe, Canada, Australia and elsewhere, and often failed through presenting voters with extensive amending provisions in one referendum. Too many details provide too much for citizens or interested parties to dislike. Having found at least one undesirable detail, even voters who are neither purists nor perfectionists are likely to vote against the whole reform plan.[989]
183 A second model would be for a "preliminary values questioning" in advance of the work drawing up the codified constitution, requiring people to give preliminary endorsement to an outline proposal.[990] They could be asked to vote on the principle a codified constitution, and invited to rank in order of preference their support for a number of different elements of the proposed document in broad outline. However, the level of truly deliberative voting involved here is limited, and if presented with too many options in broad outline, voters are likely once again to be overwhelmed and unable to decide meaningfully on not one but many unfamiliar subjects.
184 A third model could be to have staggered referendums at different stages of the draft document's preparation over a one or two year period. This method would allow people to become better informed as the public debates progressed, and allow for reflection. A different vote could be held every three or four months, and on each occasion a preliminary values question and a discrete section of the codified constitution could be put in draft outline. Such a process would realistically need to be conducted by electronic voting, rather than using the traditional method of the ballot booth. The internet has now made e-voting perfectly feasible and cost effective, and has been trialed in several western democracies including Belgium, France, Germany and Italy as well as in the UK itself (for local elections). If such a scheme were envisaged, it would be best advised to clearly set out the schedule of votes at the outset, to ensure that all key elements of the codification plan would be put to the vote, and also guard against the voting events appearing uncertain and disengaging the public.
Permanent public engagement bodies
185 If governments and parliamentarians wish to promote greater public engagement in shaping the present and future constitutional arrangements of the country, a virtual pre-requisite is to set up new schemes established on a permanent basis for promoting better public understanding, knowledge and information about the political process, citizenship and constitutional issues generally.
186 Some initiatives of this kind already exist, such as the Parliamentary Outreach Service that was set up with the Speaker's endorsement in 2012. This Westminster unit aims to spread awareness of the work, processes and relevance of the institution of Parliament, encouraging greater engagement between the public and the House of Commons and House of Lords. It delivers free training explaining the work of Parliament; promoting engagement with Select Committee inquiries; showing how the public can get involved with legislative scrutiny; and demonstrating Parliament's relevance to each part of the UK. It collaborates with Universities and external bodies including local community groups, businesses, national campaign networks, and charitable bodies or societies concerned with the workings of parliamentary government.
187 A new Constitutional Commission, as described above, could play a leading role in this respect. Not only could the remit of such a body be to undertake inquiries, research and reports into constitutional affairs, on a reference from the government or otherwise, but it could perform an important educative role and have a specific responsibility to promote public participation through public education. Its delivery of such aims could include establishing a website for sharing information and ideas on constitutional issues; cultivating links and engaging not only with persons and bodies with a special interest in constitutional affairs but civil society groups operating in the field of public affairs or citizenship (including social welfare groups, professional or trade organisations, church groups, and student groupings); and hosting regular panels and conferences on current constitutional issues.
981 The Royal Commission on Reform of the House of Lords (1999-2000), despite its lack of eventual impact, pioneered an impressive consultation process which included receiving 1,734 pieces of written evidence and holding 21 sessions of public hearings attended by 1,026 people in London (twice), Exeter, Peterborough, Newcastle, Manchester, Birmingham, Edinburgh, and Cardiff. Back
982 See paras. 55-52. Back
983 This is the role of the New Zealand Constitutional Advisory Panel: see its Engagement Strategy for the Consideration of Constitutional Issues (May 2012). Back
984 An Audit of Political Engagement 5 (2008). See Blackburn, Case Studies, T; and also Ministry of Justice, People and Power: shaping democracy, rights and responsibilities, March 2010, with the results of a programme of deliberative events with members of the public on constitutional change including the potential for a written constitution. Back
985 On the British Columbia precedent, see ancillary Case Studies, Case Study V. In the UK, Sir Menzies Campbell when leader of the Liberal Democrats in 2007 proposed a Convention on a written constitution to restore public faith in politics, in which he suggested half of The membership should be chosen by random lot: "A Rescue Plan for Politics", The Guardian, 6 September 2007. Back
986 For a detailed account see Blackburn, Case Studies, M. Back
987 For a detailed account see Blackburn, Case Studies, O. Back
988 For a detailed account see Blackburn, Case Studies, Q. Back
989 See generally X. Contiades (ed), Engineering Constitutional Change (2012); and D. Oliver and C. Fusaro (eds), How Constitutions Change (2011). Back
990 On this and deliberative voting techniques generally see Blackburn, Case Studies, V. Back


If gfx are getting better every year, where are her neck wrinkles?
Haha! Justin, did you write that?
Who the hell is Jessica Chobot?
I read somewhere that she is in fact fuckable.
According to a G4 article on the Mass Effect Wiki, apparently, you can bang her as both the male and female Shepard.
Justin hates Chobot, but wants to know if she is fuckable in the game.
c) launch her into the cold blackness of space after he finishes busting his nut.
That's the only course of action that's acceptable.


text:
Applications Submitted For Pudsey Residential Development and Two Barn Conversions
Keyland Developments Ltd, the property trading arm of Kelda Group and sister-company to Yorkshire Water, has submitted three separate planning applications to bring forward new residential accommodation in West Yorkshire.
To the north of Owlcotes Road in Pudsey, Keyland is seeking consent to create a residential development of 12 semi-detached homes on a former Yorkshire Water site which is presently vacant. The scheme has been designed by Edward Architecture to meet local housing needs.
In Holme Village, Huddersfield, plans have been submitted for two neighbouring Grade II Listed barn conversions in the Nether Lane area.
Keyland is seeking consent for the renovation and conversion of a group of vacant buildings at Bartin Farmhouse to create a single home with spectacular character and views over the extensive landscape. Working with Nick Marriott Architects, the approach is to retain the character of the barn and work within the 'four-walls' of the existing buildings and to renovate them for the use for which they were originally intended. The adjacent barn will be converted for use as part of the dwelling providing a kitchen area utility space and work-from-home office.
"Properties such as the two barn conversions are presently lying vacant due to being surplus to Yorkshire Water's requirements and through the planning applications, we are hoping to bring them back into use once again for people with that vision to create somewhere truly unique to live. Additionally, the submission in Pudsey seeks to regenerate another vacant site to meet the housing requirements of the local area with a residential development of 12 new homes.
"We are very fortunate to be in a position to free up both unused land and vacant dwellings to contribute to the region's housing needs and whilst different in nature, the conversions and new builds all meet a requirement within the regional residential marketplace."
Luke Axe, Planning Manager at Keyland Developments Ltd
Working with the same architectural team, Keyland is also seeking consent to restore Greaves Barn to form a single dwelling home and ancillary facilities situated in the open countryside. Greaves is located approximately 800m to the west of Bartin Farmhouse along Nether Lane. The simple approach to creating a single home within the existing structure of the building will maintain the character of the 'farmstead' dwelling, and as such protect the broader landscape.
Over the last decade, Keyland has secured numerous planning consents to bring back into use unique properties on previously untapped land across the Yorkshire region, resulting in the creation of some of the area's most spectacular and special homes. The restoration of these vacant Listed properties plays an important role in safeguarding their future.


text:
Kevin Smith, M.L.S., J.D.
Former Director, Copyright and Scholarly Communication
http://blogs.library.duke.edu/scholcomm/
klsmith4906
Kevin Smith was director of the Office of Copyright and Scholarly Communications and is both a librarian and an attorney experienced in copyright and technology law. Kevin's principal role at Duke was to teach and advise faculty, administrators and students about copyright, intellectual property licensing and scholarly publishing. He also served as a resource on local and national policy in order to help the University community stay informed and involved with the changing landscape of scholarly publication. Kevin was the immediate past chair of the ACRL's Committee on Research and the Scholarly environment, and served on the steering committee for SPARC, the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition. He is a frequent speaker and author on issues of copyright in higher education.
教育工作者和图书管理员所需版权知识
Copyright for Multimedia


Earthquakes occur when energy stored in elastically strained rocks is suddenly released. This release of energy causes intense ground shaking in the area near the source of the earthquake and sends waves of elastic energy, called seismic waves, throughout the Earth. Earthquakes can be generated by bomb blasts, volcanic eruptions, sudden volume changes in minerals, and sudden slippage along faults. Earthquakes are definitely a geologic hazard for those living in earthquake prone areas, but the seismic waves generated by earthquakes are invaluable for studying the interior of the Earth.
What happens during an earthquake?
Can humans be protected from earthquakes?
What can earthquakes tell us about the interior of the earth?
Within the Earth rocks are constantly subjected to forces that tend to bend, twist, or fracture them. When rocks bend, twist or fracture they are said to deform. Strain is a change in shape, size, or volume. The forces that cause deformation are referred to as stresses. To understand the causes of earthquakes we must first explore stress and strain.
Recall that stress is a force applied over an area. A uniform stress is where the forces act equally from all directions. Pressure is a uniform stress and is referred and is also called confining stress or hydrostatic stress. If stress is not equal from all directions then the stress is a differential stress.
Three kinds of differential stress occur.
When a rock is subjected to increasing stress it changes its shape, size or volume. Such a change in shape, size or volume is referred to as strain. When stress is applied to rock, the rock passes through 3 successive stages of deformation.
Fracture -- irreversible strain wherein the material breaks.
Brittle materials have a small to large region of elastic behavior, but only a small region of ductile behavior before they fracture.
Strain rate -- Strain rate refers to the rate at which the deformation occurs (strain divided by time). At high strain rates material tends to fracture. At low strain rates more time is available for individual atoms to move and therefore ductile behavior is favored.
Composition -- Some minerals, like quartz, olivine, and feldspars are very brittle. Others, like clay minerals, micas, and calcite are more ductile This is due to the chemical bond types that hold them together. Thus, the mineralogical composition of the rock will be a factor in determining the deformational behavior of the rock. Another aspect is presence or absence of water.
In general, rocks near the surface of the earth behave in a brittle fashion, unless they are deformed slowly. Thus, when they are acted upon by differential stress, they tend to fracture.
Most natural earthquakes are caused by sudden slippage along a fault. Faults occur when brittle rocks fracture and there is displacement of one side of the fracture relative to the other side. The amount of displacement in a single slippage event is rarely more that 10 to 20 m for large earthquakes, but after many events the displacement could be several hundred kilometers.
Faults can be divided into several different types depending on the direction of relative displacement or slip on the fault. Most faults make an angle with the ground surface, and this angle is called the dip angle. If the dip angle is 90o the fault plane is vertical. Faults can be divided into two major classes.
Normal Faults - are faults that result from horizontal extensional stresses in brittle rocks and where the hanging-wall block has moved down relative to the footwall block.
Strike Slip Faults - are faults where the displacement on the fault has taken place along a horizontal direction. Such faults result from shear stresses acting in the crust. Strike slip faults can be of two varieties, depending on the sense of displacement. To an observer standing on one side of the fault and looking across the fault, if the block on the other side has moved to the left, we say that the fault is a left-lateral strike-slip fault. If the block on the other side has moved to the right, we say that the fault is a right-lateral strike-slip fault. The famous San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a right-lateral strike-slip fault. Displacements on the San Andreas fault are estimated at over 600 km.
Oblique Slip Faults - If the displacement has both a vertical component and a horizontal component (i.e. a combination of dip slip and strike slip) it is called an oblique slip fault.
A blind fault is one that does not break the surface of the earth. Instead, rocks above the fault have behaved in ductile fashion and folded over the tip of the fault.
An active fault is one that has shown recent displacement and likely has the potential to produce earthquakes. Since faulting is part of the deformation process, ancient faults can be found anywhere that deformation has taken place in the past. Thus, not every fault one sees is necessarily an active fault.
Where faults have broken the surface of the earth they can be delineated on maps and are called fault lines or fault zones. Recent ruptures of dip slip faults at the surface show a cliff that is called a fault scarp. Strike slip faults result in features like linear valleys, offset surface features (roads, stream channels, fences, etc.) or elongated ridges.(see figure 10.5 and10.37 in your textbook).
The elastic rebound theory suggests that if slippage along a fault is hindered such that elastic strain energy builds up in the deforming rocks on either side of the fault, when the slippage does occur, the energy released causes an earthquake.
This theory was discovered by making measurements at a number of points across a fault. Prior to an earthquake it was noted that the rocks adjacent to the fault were bending. These bends disappeared after an earthquake suggesting that the energy stored in bending the rocks was suddenly released during the earthquake.
Friction between the blocks then keeps the fault from moving again until enough strain has accumulated along the fault zone to overcome the friction and generate another earthquake. Once a fault forms, it becomes a zone of weakness in the crust, and so long as the tectonic stresses continue to be present more earthquakes are likely to occur on the fault. Thus faults move in spurts and this behavior is referred to as Stick Slip. If the displacement during an earthquake is large, a large earthquake will be generated. Smaller displacements generate smaller earthquakes. Note that even for small displacements of only a millimeter per year, after 1 million years, the fault will accumulate 1 km of displacement.
Fault Creep - Some faults or parts of faults move continuously without generating earthquakes. This could occur if there is little friction on the fault and tectonic stresses are large enough to move the blocks in opposite directions. This is called fault creep. Note that if creep is occurring on one part of a fault, it is likely causing strain to build on other parts of the fault.
When an earthquake occurs, the elastic energy is released and sends out vibrations that travel in all directions throughout the Earth. These vibrations are called seismic waves.
The point within the earth where the fault rupture starts is called the focus or hypocenter.
This is the exact location within the earth were seismic waves are generated by sudden release of stored elastic energy.
The epicenter is the point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus. Sometimes the media get these two terms confused.
Seismic waves emanating from the focus can travel in several ways, and thus there are several different kinds of seismic waves.
Body Waves - emanate from the focus and travel in all directions through the body of the Earth. There are two types of body waves: P-waves and S waves.
P - waves - are Primary waves. They travel with a velocity that depends on the elastic properties of the rock through which they travel.
Where, Vp is the velocity of the P-wave, K is the incompressibility of the material, μ is the rigidity of the material, and ρ is the density of the material.
P-waves are the same thing as sound waves. They move through the material by compressing it, but after it has been compressed it expands, so that the wave moves by compressing and expanding the material as it travels. Thus the velocity of the P-wave depends on how easily the material can be compressed (the incompressibility), how rigid the material is (the rigidity), and the density of the material. P-waves have the highest velocity of all seismic waves and thus will reach all seismographs first.
S-waves travel through material by shearing it or changing its shape in the direction perpendicular to the direction of travel. The resistance to shearing of a material is the property called the rigidity. It is notable that liquids have no rigidity, so that the velocity of an S-wave is zero in a liquid. (This point will become important later). Note that S-waves travel slower than P-waves, so they will reach a seismograph after the P-wave.
Surface Waves - Surface waves differ from body waves in that they do not travel through the earth, but instead travel along paths nearly parallel to the surface of the earth. Surface waves behave like S-waves in that they cause up and down and side to side movement as they pass, but they travel slower than S-waves and do not travel through the body of the Earth. Love waves result in side to side motion and Rayleigh waves result in an up and down rolling motion. (see figure 10.10 in your text). Surface waves are responsible for much of the shaking that occurs during an earthquake.
The study of how seismic waves behave in the Earth is called seismology. Seismic waves are measured and recorded on instruments called seismometers.
Seismic waves travel through the earth as elastic vibrations. A seismometer is an instrument used to record these vibrations and the resulting graph that shows the vibrations is called a seismogram.
The seismometer must be able to move with the vibrations, yet part of it must remain nearly stationary. This is accomplished by isolating the recording device (like a pen) from the rest of the Earth using the principal of inertia. For example, if the pen is attached to a large mass suspended by a spring, the spring and the large mass move less than the paper which is attached to the Earth, and on which the record of the vibrations is made.
The record of an earthquake, a seismogram, as recorded by a seismometer, will be a plot of vibrations versus time. On the seismogram time is marked at regular intervals, so that we can determine the time of arrival of the first P-wave and the time of arrival of the first S-wave.
(Note again, that because P-waves have a higher velocity than S-waves, the P-waves arrive at the seismographic station before the S-waves).
In order to determine the location of an earthquake, we need to have recorded a seismogram of the earthquake from at least three seismographic stations at different distances from the epicenter. In addition, we need one further piece of information - that is the time it takes for P-waves and S-waves to travel through the earth and arrive at a seismographic station. Such information has been collected over the last 100 or so years, and is available as travel time curves.
From the seismographs at each station one determines the S-P interval (the difference in the time of arrival of the first S-wave and the time of arrival of the first P-wave. Note that on the travel time curves, the S-P interval increases with increasing distance from the epicenter. Thus the S-P interval tells us the distance to the epicenter from the seismographic station where the earthquake was recorded.
Thus, at each station we can draw a circle on a map that has a radius equal to the distance from the epicenter. Three such circles will intersect in a point that locates the epicenter of the earthquake.
Whenever a large destructive earthquake occurs in the world the press immediately wants to know where the earthquake occurred and how big the earthquake was (in California the question is usually - Was this the Big One?). The size of an earthquake is usually given in terms of a scale called the Richter Magnitude. Richter Magnitude is a scale of earthquake size developed by a seismologist named Charles F. Richter. The Richter Magnitude involves measuring the amplitude (height) of the largest recorded wave at a specific distance from the earthquake. While it is correct to say that for each increase in 1 in the Richter Magnitude, there is a tenfold increase in amplitude of the wave, it is incorrect to say that each increase of 1 in Richter Magnitude represents a tenfold increase in the size of the Earthquake (as is commonly incorrectly stated by the Press).
Where Log refers to the logarithm to the base 10, E is the energy released in ergs, and M is the Magnitude.
From these calculations you can see that each increase in 1 in Magnitude represents a 31 fold increase in the amount of energy released. Thus, a magnitude 7 earthquake releases 31 times more energy than a magnitude 6 earthquake. A magnitude 8 earthquake releases 31 x 31 or 961 times more energy than a magnitude 6 earthquake.
Although the Richter Magnitude is the scale most commonly reported when referring to the size of an earthquake, it has been found that for larger earthquakes a more accurate measurement of size is the moment magnitude, Mw. The moment magnitude is a measure of the amount of strain energy released by the earthquake as determined by measurements of the shear strength of the rock and the area of the rupture surface that slipped during the earthquake.
Note that it usually takes more than one seismographic station to calculate the magnitude of an earthquake. Thus you will hear initial estimates of earthquake magnitude immediately after an earthquake and a final assigned magnitude for the same earthquake that may differ from initial estimates, but is assigned after seismologists have had time to evaluate the data from numerous seismographic stations.
The moment magnitude for large earthquakes is usually greater than the Richter magnitude for the same earthquake. For example the Richter magnitude for the 1964 Alaska earthquake is usually reported as 8.6, whereas the moment magnitude for this earthquake is calculated at 9.2. The largest earthquake ever recorded was in Chile in 1960 with a moment magnitude of 9.5, The Summatra earthquake of 2004 had a moment magnitude of 9.0. Sometimes a magnitude is reported for an earthquake and no specification is given as to which magnitude (Richter or moment) is reported. This obviously can cause confusion. But, within the last few years, the tendency has been to report the moment magnitude rather than the Richter magnitude.
The Hiroshima atomic bomb released an amount of energy equivalent to a moment magnitude 6 earthquake.
Note that magnitude scales are open ended with no maximum or minimum. The largest earthquakes are probably limited by rock strength. Meteorite impacts could cause larger earthquakes than have ever been observed.
Note that the Richter magnitude scale results in one number for the size of the earthquake. Maximum ground shaking will occur only in the area of the epicenter of the earthquake, but the earthquake may be felt over a much larger area. The Modified Mercalli Scale was developed in the late 1800s to assess the intensity of ground shaking and building damage over large areas.
The scale is applied after the earthquake by conducting surveys of people's response to the intensity of ground shaking and destruction.
The Modified Mercalli Scale is shown in the table above. Note that correspondence between maximum intensity and Richter Scale magnitude only applies in the area around the epicenter.
A given earthquake will have zones of different intensity all surrounding a zone of maximum intensity.
The Mercalli Scale is very useful in examining the effects of an earthquake over a large area, because it will is responsive not only to the size of the earthquake as measured by the Richter scale for areas near the epicenter, but will also show the effects of the efficiency that seismic waves are transmitted through different types of material near the Earth's surface.
The Mercalli Scale is also useful for determining the size of earthquakes that occurred before the modern seismographic network was available (before there were seismographic stations, it was not possible to assign a Magnitude).
Ground Shaking - Shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves near the epicenter of the earthquake is responsible for the collapse of most structures. The intensity of ground shaking depends on distance from the epicenter and on the type of bedrock underlying the area.
In general, loose unconsolidated sediment is subject to more intense shaking than solid bedrock.
Damage to structures from shaking depends on the type of construction. Concrete and masonry structures, because they are brittle are more susceptible to damage than wood and steel structures, which are more flexible.
Different kinds of shaking occur due to passage of different kinds of waves. As the P-waves arrive the ground will move up and down. The S-waves produce waves that both move the ground up and down and back and forth in the direction of wave motion. The Love waves shake the ground from side to side, and the Rayleigh waves create a rolling up and down motion (see figure 10.26 in your text).
Ground Rupture - Ground rupture only occurs along the fault zone that moves during the earthquake. Thus, structures that are built across fault zones may collapse, whereas structures built adjacent to, but not crossing the fault may survive.
Fire - Fire is a secondary effect of earthquakes. Because power lines may be knocked down and because natural gas lines may rupture due to an earthquake, fires are often started closely following an earthquake. The problem is compounded if water lines are also broken during the earthquake since there will not be a supply of water to extinguish the fires once they have started. In the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco more than 90% of the damage to buildings was caused by fire.
Landslides and Debris/Rock Falls - In mountainous regions subjected to earthquakes ground shaking may trigger rapid mass-wasting events like landslides, rock and debris falls, slumps, and debris avalanches.
Liquefaction - Liquefaction is a processes that occurs in water-saturated unconsolidated sediment due to shaking. In areas underlain by such material, the ground shaking causes the grains to loose grain to grain contact, and thus the material tends to flow.
You can demonstrate this process to yourself next time your go the beach. Stand on the sand just after an incoming wave has passed. The sand will easily support your weight and you will not sink very deeply into the sand if you stand still. But, if you start to shake your body while standing on this wet sand, you will notice that the sand begins to flow as a result of liquefaction, and your feet will sink deeper into the sand.
Aftershocks - Earthquakes can change the stress state in rocks near the hypocenter and this may induce numerous earthquakes that occur after the main earthquake. These are almost always smaller earthquakes, but they can be numerous and last for many months after the main earthquake. Aftershocks are particularly dangerous because that can cause further damage to already damaged structures and make it unsafe for rescue efforts to be pursued.
Tsunami - Tsunami are giant ocean waves that can rapidly travel across oceans. Earthquakes that occur along coastal areas can generate tsunami, which can cause damage thousands of kilometers away on the other side of the ocean.
Tsunami can be generated by anything that disturbs a body of water. This includes earthquakes that cause vertical offset of the sea floor, volcanic eruptions into a body of water, landslides into a body of water, underwater explosions, and meteorite impacts.
In general, the larger the earthquake, eruption, landslide, explosion or meteorite, the more likely it will be able to travel across an ocean. Smaller events may, however cause a tsunami that affect areas in the vicinity of the triggering event.
Tsunami waves have wavelengths and velocities much higher that wind driven ocean waves. Velocities are on the order of several hundred km/hr, similar to a jet airplane. They usually are more than one wave, that hit the coastline tens of minutes to hours apart. Although wave heights are barely perceptible in the open ocean, the waves become amplified as the approach the shore and may build to several tens of meters. Thus, when the come ashore, the can flood areas far away from the coast. Often the trough of a tsunami wave arrives before the crest, This produces a phenomenon called drawdown where the ocean recedes from the normal shoreline by as much as a kilometer.
Tsunami warning systems have been developed for the Pacific Ocean basin and, recently, the Indian Ocean where a tsunami killed over 250,000 people in 2004. But, such warning systems depend on the ability to detect and forecast a tsunami after an earthquake occurs and may take several hours to come up with an accurate forecast of wave heights and travel time.
If you are near the beach and feel an earthquake immediately get to higher ground. Tsunami warnings require time and if you are near enough to the earthquake that generates a tsunami that you feel the earthquake, there may not be enough time for a warning to be sounded, nor will there be enough time to get out of the way once you see the wave approaching.
If you are near the beach and see the ocean recede far offshore, immediately get to higher ground, as the receding ocean indicates that the trough of a tsunami wave has arrived and will be followed by the crest.
If you survive the first wave of a tsunami, don't go back to the coast assuming the event is over. Several waves are possible and any of them could be the largest of the waves. Wait for authorities to issue an "all clear signal".
Don't even consider "surfing the tsunami wave" or riding it out. The waves are so powerful and last such a long time, that you would have little chance of surviving.
The distribution and frequency of earthquakes is referred to as seismicity. Most earthquakes occur along relatively narrow belts that coincide with plate boundaries (see figure 10.18 in your text).
This makes sense, since plate boundaries are zones along which lithospheric plates mover relative to one another. Earthquakes along these zones can be divided into shallow focus earthquakes that have focal depths less than about 70 km and deep focus earthquakes that have focal depths between 75 and 700 km.
Diverging plate boundaries are zones where two plates move away from each other, such as at oceanic ridges. In such areas the lithosphere is in a state of tensional stress and thus normal faults and rift valleys occur. Earthquakes that occur along such boundaries show normal fault motion and tend to be shallow focus earthquakes, with focal depths less than about 20 km. Such shallow focal depths indicate that the brittle lithosphere must be relatively thin along these diverging plate boundaries.
Convergent plate boundaries are boundaries where two plates run into each other. Thus, they tend to be zones where compressional stresses are active and thus reverse faults or thrust faults are common. There are two types of converging plate boundaries. (1) subduction boundaries, where oceanic lithosphere is pushed beneath either oceanic or continental lithosphere; and (2) collision boundaries where two plates with continental lithosphere collide.
Subduction boundaries -At subduction boundaries cold oceanic lithosphere is pushed back down into the mantle where two plates converge at an oceanic trench. Because the subducted lithosphere is cold, it remains brittle as it descends and thus can fracture under the compressional stress. When it fractures, it generates earthquakes that define a zone of earthquakes with increasing focal depths beneath the overriding plate. This zone of earthquakes is called the Benioff Zone. Focal depths of earthquakes in the Benioff Zone can reach down to 700 km.
Collision boundaries - At collisional boundaries two plates of continental lithosphere collide resulting in fold-thrust mountain belts. Earthquakes occur due to the thrust faulting and range in depth from shallow to about 200 km.
Transform fault boundaries are plate boundaries where lithospheric plates slide past one another in a horizontal fashion. The San Andreas Fault of California is one of the longer transform fault boundaries known. Earthquakes along these boundaries show strike-slip motion on the faults and tend to be shallow focus earthquakes with depths usually less than about 50 km.
Intraplate Earthquakes - These are earthquakes that occur in the stable portions of continents that are not near plate boundaries. Many of them occur as a result of re-activation of ancient faults, although the causes of some intraplate earthquakes are not well understood.
Examples - New Madrid Region, Central U.S., Charleston South Carolina, Along St. Lawrence River - U.S. - Canada Border.
The risk that an earthquake will occur close to where you live depends on whether or not tectonic activity that causes deformation is occurring within the crust of that area. For the U.S., the risk is greatest in the most tectonically active area, that is near the plate margin in the Western U.S. Here, the San Andreas Fault which forms the margin between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, is responsible for about 1 magnitude 8 or greater earthquake per century. Also in the western U.S. is the Basin and Range Province where extensional stresses in the crust have created many normal faults that are still active. Historically, large earthquakes have also occurred in the area of New Madrid, Missouri;and Charleston, South Carolina. (See figure 10.39 in your text). Why earthquakes occur in these other areas is not well understood. If earthquakes have occurred before, they are expected to occur again.
Long-term forecasting is based mainly on the knowledge of when and where earthquakes have occurred in the past. Thus, knowledge of present tectonic setting, historical records, and geological records are studied to determine locations and recurrence intervals of earthquakes. Two methods of earthquake forecasting are being employed - paleoseismology and seismic gaps.
Paleoseismology - the study of prehistoric earthquakes. Through study of the offsets in sedimentary layers near fault zones, it is often possible to determine recurrence intervals of major earthquakes prior to historical records. If it is determined that earthquakes have recurrence intervals of say 1 every 100 years, and there are no records of earthquakes in the last 100 years, then a long-term forecast can be made and efforts can be undertaken to reduce seismic risk.
Seismic gaps - A seismic gap is a zone along a tectonically active area where no earthquakes have occurred recently, but it is known that elastic strain is building in the rocks. If a seismic gap can be identified, then it might be an area expected to have a large earthquake in the near future.
Short-term predication involves monitoring of processes that occur in the vicinity of earthquake prone faults for activity that signify a coming earthquake.
Anomalous events or processes that may precede an earthquake are called precursor events and might signal a coming earthquake.
the processes that cause earthquakes occur deep beneath the surface and are difficult to monitor.
Ground Uplift and Tilting - Measurements taken in the vicinity of active faults sometimes show that prior to an earthquake the ground is uplifted or tilts due to the swelling of rocks caused by strain building on the fault. This may lead to the formation of numerous small cracks (called microcracks). This cracking in the rocks may lead to small earthquakes called foreshocks.
Foreshocks - Prior to a 1975 earthquake in China, the observation of numerous foreshocks led to successful prediction of an earthquake and evacuation of the city of the Haicheng. The magnitude 7.3 earthquake that occurred, destroyed half of the city of about 100 million inhabitants, but resulted in only a few hundred deaths because of the successful evacuation.
Water Level in Wells - As rocks become strained in the vicinity of a fault, changes in pressure of the groundwater (water existing in the pore spaces and fractures in rocks) occur. This may force the groundwater to move to higher or lower elevations, causing changes in the water levels in wells.
Strange Animal Behavior - Prior to a magnitude 7.4 earthquake in Tanjin, China, zookeepers reported unusual animal behavior. Snakes refusing to go into their holes, swans refusing to go near water, pandas screaming, etc. This was the first systematic study of this phenomenon prior to an earthquake. Although other attempts have been made to repeat a prediction based on animal behavior, there have been no other successful predictions.
Although no attempts have yet been made to control earthquakes, earthquakes have been known to be induced by human interaction with the Earth. This suggests that in the future earthquake control may be possible.
For ten years after construction of the Hoover Dam in Nevada blocking the Colorado River to produce Lake Mead, over 600 earthquakes occurred, one with magnitude of 5 and 2 with magnitudes of 4.
In the late 1960s toxic waste injected into hazardous waste disposal wells at Rocky Flats, near Denver apparently caused earthquakes to occur in a previously earthquake quiet area. The focal depths of the quakes ranged between 4 and 8 km, just below the 3.8 km-deep wells.
Nuclear testing in Nevada set off thousands of aftershocks after the explosion of a 6.3 magnitude equivalent underground nuclear test. The largest aftershocks were about magnitude 5.
In the first two examples the increased seismicity was apparently due to increasing fluid pressure in the rocks which resulted in re-activating older faults by increasing strain.
The problem, however, is that of the energy involved. Remember that for every increase in earthquake magnitude there is about a 30 fold increase in the amount of energy released. Thus, in order to release the same amount of energy as a magnitude 8 earthquake, 30 magnitude 7 earthquakes would be required. Since magnitude 7 earthquakes are still very destructive, we might consider generating smaller earthquakes. If we say that a magnitude 4 earthquake might be acceptable, how many magnitude 4 earthquakes are required to release the same amount of energy as a magnitude 8 earthquake? Answer 30 x 30 x 30 x 30 =810,000! Still, in the future it may be possible to control earthquakes either with explosions to gradually reduce the stress or by pumping fluids into the ground.
Many seismologists have said that "earthquakes don't kill people, buildings do". This is because most deaths from earthquakes are caused by buildings or other human construction falling down during an earthquake. Earthquakes located in isolated areas far from human population rarely cause any deaths. Thus, in earthquake prone areas like California, there are strict building codes requiring the design and construction of buildings and other structures that will withstand a large earthquake. While this program is not always completely successful, one fact stands out to prove its effectiveness. In 1986 an earthquake near San Francisco, California with a Richter Magnitude of 7.1 killed about 40 people. Most were killed when a double decked freeway collapsed. About 10 months later, an earthquake with magnitude 6.9 occurred in the Armenia, where no earthquake proof building codes existed. The death toll in the latter earthquake was about 25,000!
Another contrast occurred in 2010. On January 12, an earthquake of Moment Magnitude 7.0 occurred in Haiti. The country is one of the poorest on earth, had no earthquake resistant building codes, and most of the construction was poorly reinforced concrete. The destruction was massive with an estimated 250,000 deaths. On February 27, a Moment Magnitude 8.8 earthquake occurred in Chile, a country where earthquake resistant building codes were enforced. The death toll from this larger earthquake was about 520, again, proving the effectiveness of building codes.
If the properties of the earth, i.e. K,μ, and ρwhere the same throughout, then Vp and Vs would be constant throughout the Earth and seismic waves would travel along straight line paths through the Earth. We know however that density must change with depth in the Earth, because the density of the Earth is 5,200 kg/cubic meter and density of crustal rocks is about 2,500 kg/cubic meter. If the density were the only property to change, then we could make estimates of the density, and predict the arrival times or velocities of seismic waves at any point away from an earthquake. Observations do not follow the predictions, so, something else must be happening. In fact we know that K, μ, and ρ change due to changing temperatures, pressures and compositions of material. The job of seismology is, therefore, to use the observed seismic wave velocities to determine how K, μ, and ρ change with depth in the Earth, and then infer how pressure , temperature, and composition change with depth in the Earth. In other words to tell us something about the internal structure of the Earth.
If composition (or physical properties) change abruptly at some interface, then seismic wave will both reflect off the interface and refract (or bend) as they pass through the interface. Two cases of wave refraction can be recognized.
If the seismic wave velocity in the rock above an interface is less than the seismic wave velocity in the rock below the interface, the waves will be refracted or bent upward relative to their original path.
If the seismic wave velocity decreases when passing into the rock below the interface, the waves will be refracted down relative to their original path.
If the seismic wave velocities gradually increase with depth in the Earth, the waves will continually be refracted along curved paths that curve back toward the Earth's surface.
One of the earliest discoveries of seismology was a discontinuity at a depth of 2900 km where the velocity of P-waves suddenly decreases. This boundary is the boundary between the mantle and the core and was discovered because of a zone on the opposite side of the Earth from an earthquake focus receives no direct P-waves because the P-waves are refracted inward as a result of the sudden decrease in velocity at the boundary.
This zone is called a P-wave shadow zone.
This discovery was followed by the discovery of an S-wave shadow zone. The S-wave shadow zone occurs because no S-waves reach the area on the opposite side of the Earth from the focus. Since no direct S-waves arrive in this zone, it implies that no S-waves pass through the core. This further implies the velocity of S-wave in the core is 0. In liquids μ = 0, so S-wave velocity is also equal to 0. From this it is deduced that the core, or at least part of the core is in the liquid state, since no S-waves are transmitted through liquids.
Thus, the S-wave shadow zone is best explained by a liquid outer core.
Over the years seismologists have collected data on how seismic wave velocities vary with depth in the Earth. Distinct boundaries, called discontinuities are observed when there is sudden change in physical properties or chemical composition of the Earth. From these discontinuities, we can deduce something about the nature of the various layers in the Earth. As we discussed way back at the beginning of the course, we can look at the Earth in terms of layers of differing chemical composition, and layers of differing physical properties.
Layers of Differing Composition - The Crust - Mohorovicic discovered boundary the boundary between crust and mantle, thus it is named the Mohorovicic Discontinuity or Moho, for short. The composition of the crust can be determined from seismic waves by comparing seismic wave velocities measured on rocks in the laboratory with seismic wave velocities observed in the crust. Then from travel times of waves on many earthquakes and from many seismic stations, the thickness and composition of the crust can be inferred.
In the ocean basins crust is about 8 to 10 km thick, and has a composition that is basaltic.
Continental crust varies between 20 and 60 km thick. The thickest continental crust occurs beneath mountain ranges and the thinnest beneath lowlands. The composition of continental crust varies from granitic near the top to gabbroic near the Moho.
The Mantle - Seismic wave velocities increase abruptly at the Moho. In the mantle wave velocities are consistent with a rock composition of peridotite which consists of olivine, pyroxene, and garnet.
The Core - At a depth of 2900 Km P-wave velocities suddenly decrease and S-wave velocities go to zero. This is the top of the outer core. As discussed above, the outer core must be liquid since S-wave velocities are 0. At a depth of about 4800 km the sudden increase in P-wave velocities indicate a solid inner core. The core appears to have a composition consistent with mostly Iron with small amounts of Nickel.
At a depth of about 100 km there is a sudden decrease in both P and S-wave velocities. This boundary marks the base of the lithosphere and the top of the asthenosphere. The lithosphere is composed of both crust and part of the upper mantle. It is a brittle layer that makes up the plates in plate tectonics, and appears to float and move around on top of the more ductile asthenosphere.
At the top of the asthenosphere is a zone where both P- and S-wave velocities are low. This zone is called the Low-Velocity Zone (LVZ). It is thought that the low velocities of seismic waves in this zone are caused by temperatures approaching the partial melting temperature of the mantle, causing the mantle in this zone to behave in a very ductile manner.
At a depth of 400 km there is an abrupt increase in the velocities of seismic waves, thus this boundary is known as the 400 - Km Discontinuity. Experiments on mantle rocks indicate that this represents a temperature and pressure where there is a polymorphic phase transition, involving a change in the crystal structure of Olivine, one of the most abundant minerals in the mantle.
Another abrupt increase in seismic wave velocities occurs at a depth of 670 km. It is uncertain whether this discontinuity, known as the 670 Km Discontinuity, is the result of a polymorphic phase transition involving other mantle minerals or a compositional change in the mantle, or both.
Most of you are aware of the techniques used in modern medicine to see inside the human body. These are things like CT scans, ultrasound, and X-rays. All them use waves, either sound waves or electromagnetic waves, that penetrate the body and reflect and refract from and through body parts that have different physical properties. The techniques require a source of waves with enough energy to penetrate, the ability to generate these waves continuously in places that will penetrate the area of interest, and the ability to detect the resulting reflected and refracted waves when they emerge. Similar imaging can be done for the earth, but it is much more complicated. Seismic waves from a large earthquake can penetrate the earth, but each earthquake is a single point source for the waves. Seismometers can detect the waves when they emerge, but seismometers are not placed everywhere on the earth's surface. Nevertheless, if data is collected over many years, the information can be used to produce an image of the interior of the earth. Such images are sill pretty primitive, but allow us to see areas that are hotter than their surroundings, where seismic wave velocities are slower and areas that are cooler than their surroundings where velocities are higher. Such images from seismic tomography are shown on pages 368-369 of your text.
Define the following terms (a), stress (b) confining stress, (c) differential stress, (d) tensional stress (e) compressional stress, (e) strain (f) liquifaction, (g) fault creep, (h) Benioff Zone.
What are the three stages of deformation that all materials go through as stress is increased?
What is the difference between a brittle material and a ductile material?
Explain the following types of faults: (a) normal fault, (b) reverse fault, (c) thrust fault, (d) strike-slip fault, and (e) transform fault.
Explain the elastic rebound theory on the cause earthquakes.
What is the difference between the epicenter and the focus of an earthquake.
What are seismic waves and what is the difference between a P-wave, an S-wave and a Surface waves?
For each increase of magnitude by a factor of 1, how much more energy is released?
What is the difference between Richter magnitude and Moment magnitude and which of these scales is a more accurate measure of the energy released by large earthquakes?
What is the difference between the magnitude scale and the Modified Mercalli Scale?
How does ground shaking during an earthquake depend on such things as distance from the epicenter and type of bedrock?
Why are fires common during earthquakes?
What is the difference between tsunami and wind-driven ocean waves?
What steps can you take to avoid being killed by a tsunami?
What are the concepts of paleosiesmology and seismic gaps, and what information can studies in these areas provide?
Why has short-term earthquake prediction been unsuccessful?
What kinds of precursor events have been explored in an attempt to predict earthquakes?
Is it possible for humans to induce earthquakes?
In what tectonic settings do earthquakes occur? Explain why earthquakes occur in each of these settings.
What are P-wave and S-wave shadow zones and what do they tell us about the interior of the earth?


Reference V1620 • Two bedroom house of approx. 40m2 in the old town of Antibes composed of an entrance, 1 bedroom with an adjacent shower room and toilet on the ground floor.
On the first floor a large living room with kitchen, a second shower room and wc and located on the second floor a small bedroom with a fantastic large sunny terrace.
Very quiet location but really great and central location in the centre of the Old Town of Antibes.


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'The Bachelorette': Hannah Brown Tweets About a Stranger Playing Multiple Women, and the Jed Comparisons Pour In
By Victoria Moghaddami - July 10, 2019 03:57 pm EDT
Hannah Brown is receiving backlash from her fans after a tweet she posted. The current Bachelorette tweeted a photo of a man sitting next to her on an airplane calling him out for sending multiple snaps to several women, but then taking notice to the one he said "I love you" to.
I gotta goober beside me who just snap chatted about 50 chicks in a minute. impressive. but the one you just sent "I love you too", and I'm assuming is the former owner of the dumb hair tie on your wrist would not be as impressed. pic.twitter.com/WVMGniTPkB
— Hannah Brown (@AlabamaHannah) July 10, 2019
After the recent controversy with Bachelorette front-runner Jed Wyatt, fans were quick to attack.
"Don't you just hate guys that have girlfriends, but act single? The worst," one person wrote.
Someone else said, "PLEASE make some Bachelorette-esque comment in which you tell him you've dated 30 people at once — and then be like what's your record, bro?"
Another fan of the popular reality series said, "Jed finally got rid of tired brown lamb skin jacket and decided to get comfy in sweats on a plane?"
Another person asked, "Weren't [you] dating like like 25 guys???"
"You sure it wasn't Jed?" another user asked.
Wyatt took a lot of heat after his former girlfriend, Haley Stevens, came forward to tell fans that she and the Nashville singer were together for four months before he landed a spot on the show. She admitted that he did tell her about the fact that he tried out for the reality series but assured her she had nothing to worry about when he left for Los Angeles, even saying "I love you" to Stevens.
Stevens says she's kept up with spoilers and realized, she may not be getting her boyfriend back as soon as she had hoped. Up until recently, Wyatt stayed quiet, but now he has a few words for his fans and haters.
"Hi ya'll. Several of you have reached out with messages and questions. Please know I'm not able to answer right now, but as soon as I'm able to, I will," he wrote in an Instagram post. "Until then, I ask that you please understand how much the actions being taken towards myself, my family, the men on the show, and above all, Hannah, are affecting all of our mental and physical health. It goes beyond what is said online."
He continued to share that his family has received threats and although it may seem "harmless" he reminds them that he and the rest of the cast are "real people." He also went on to thank those who haven't passed judgement towards him or his family and ended on a positive note.
The Bachelorette airs Mondays at 8 p.m. ET on ABC.
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