This Gulf front condo has the comforts of home plus a million dollar view! The large private balcony facing the beach and the Gulf of Mexico is a great spot for relaxing. The kitchen is well equipped. This condo is located in North Redington Beach not far from restaurants, shops and other activities. Famous John's Pass on Madeira Beach is just a short drive or a couple Trolley Stops away. It has free wireless internet service. This is a non-smoking property with the exception of 2 designated outside smoking areas.
Very comfortable. Light bulbs needed to be changed. Other than that we had a wonderful stay. Other guests/owners were kind and helpful. Our unit was very clean and had everything we needed.
Wonderful, we are so glad you were happy and comfortable during your stay. So sorry if the light bulbs were not swapped out before your arrival, that is definitely something that was to be done on our end and we apologize for that!!!! Please don't hesitate to call us at our office, we can get that quickly remedied for you, but again, do apologize if that was missed. Thank you for being our guest and we hope to see you back on North Redington Beach for another visit in the future.
4 star property w/ great price and limited number of units. Pros: Beach front with awesome view of gulf and pool, on property parking, elevator, shared coin op laundry alternating floors, very FIRM queen beds. Basic cooking items, plates, silverware etc provided. Renovated bathrooms with dated but fully functional kitchen. Cons: High flow shower heads deplete hot water supply quickly with multiple guests. One bedroom did not have TV set up. Suggestions to owner or tenants, supply /bring basic spices if you cook - a small amount of salt and pepper was provided. bring/buy coffee tea bags, sugar or sweetner, and suggest a small kitchen scrub sponge / cloth and dish soap in addition to dishwasher detergent. Loved the location close to convienence store, easy access to nearby restaurants / bars & John's Pass for souviener shopping. 3 BR arrangement worked great for our party of two couples and two singles. We loved it and the Resort Rentals team was terrific to work with! We'd certainly return and DO RECOMMEND this unit at the Emerald Isle in North Reddington Beach, FL.
Glad to hear you enjoyed your time in this beachfront condo on North Redington Beach and that the 3 bedroom option was comfortable for you all. We will be sure to share this feedback with the owners for their review and knowledge on the items listed for the condo. We leave a "starter" supply of just a few basic items to get our guests started in the condo, outside of that each condo will be stocked differently by the different owners. Thank you for choosing to stay with us and we hope to see you all back for another beach getaway soon!!
Being from this area My experience was nothing less than great my wife was very happy with everything. Thank you, from the Dixon family!
You are so welcome Dixon family, thank you for staying with us!!! :-) Come back for another visit soon!
The location was great. Close to several restaurants and shopping. The beach was beautiful! Very clean, water crystal clear and plenty of room for soaking up the sun, as well as playing volleyball etc. Overall it was a great vacation. One complaint, the furniture in our condo was in poor shape. And not very clean. The patio furniture was in poor shape as well. I also wish there was an easier way to go from the condo to the pool to the beach. I appreciate the security, but you needed a key to get to each location. We had a group of 6 and seemed the 2 sets of keys were never where we needed them to be to get to the next location. Other than that I would definitely go back! Loved the area!
Thank you for your feedback from your stay with us and we will be sure to take a look at the furnishings in the condo, thank you for sharing that! We do understand that the key system can get to be a bit much as you come and go, it is for everyone's security though like you said but we will share this with the condo association as well as they ultimately are in charge of the system on the grounds. Outside of that, we are so glad you enjoyed the location and the awesome stretch of North Redington Beach that the Emerald Isle is on and we hope to see you back for a future visit!
We have a family vacation every year at the Emerald Isle we love the facility and the vacation or four families of us that usually stay at the same time great facility looking forward to next year.
Awesome, sounds like a fun time!!! :-) Thank you all for staying with us for your family fun and we will see you back on the beach next summer!
When asking our nephew what he wanted for graduation, he said the "beach"! WE have rented this particular 3-br condo before so we knew what we were getting and the area. We could not be more happy with the location and for the most part the condo itself. The condo is showing some wears, but that is somewhat expected with the amount of use the condo gets. The rental company has always be receptive when we have brought things to their attention. We love the view of the gulf and the nearby restaurants. The unit does not have washer/dryer in the unit, however they are some located in a common area. We plan on staying here again with our family.
What an awesome graduation gift, we hope he enjoyed his beach present!!! :-) Thank you for choosing to stay with us for your family vacation and we look forward to seeing you back on North Redington Beach for another getaway in the future.
The location is great. The rental needs new patio furniture, the 3 chairs were broken. I would suggest the carpet be replaced in the living room dining room with something like laminate flooring. The carpet was dirty. The ottoman in the living room was all ripped and the living rooms furniture is soiled in spots. Time for some new furniture. Just a little sprucing up makes a big difference. overall the view from the deck is beautiful. We did enjoy our vacation there and look forward to returning just hope there is a little sprucing up. Thanks again.
Thank you for your feedback from your recent stay at Emerald Isle. We will most certainly take a look at the items you had listed here and we will also be sure to pass this over to the owners for review. Please do not hesitate to contact us at our office if anything is not up to par for you and we would be more than happy to try to get things corrected. We want you to be totally comfortable during your stay so please let us know if we can help with anything. We have quite a large inventory in the surrounding area, if this was not the right fit for you we are sure we have another that is!!! :-) Thank you for being our guest and we hope to host another beach vacation for you in the future.
We usually stay here. It is a well maintain building. The condo is very cl am and spacious with grey views.
Thanks for the post! We are glad to hear you were comfortable during your stay at the Emerald Isle and we agree, those are some GREAT Gulf views!!! :-) Thank you for being our guest and we look forward to having you back for another visit!
We stayed for a week at this rental and we had a wonderful time. The location was amazing couldn't be any closer to the beach. Close to some wonderful restaurants and shopping. The place was very nice, the bathrooms have been remodeled and were so pretty. Hopefully they will redo the kitchen to match, but the kitchen did have everything that you need. The building has only 24 units and was very quit. Pool was very nice. The only draw back was there wasn't a washer or dryer in the unit. They did have them on the 2th, 4th and 6th floor, $2.00 to wash and dry. Bring lots of quarters, if you plan on doing laundry. The unit had lots of towels but bring your own beach towels. The furniture was ok, couches were comfy, so was large chair but it was a little dirty. The chairs in the dining room could of used a little support under them but they did the job. Beds were ok, pretty comparable to other places we have stayed. I would definitely recommend this rental to my friends and family.
Thanks so much for your post! We are so glad you had a good stay at the Emerald Isle property, it really is an ideal location!! We will be sure to pass all of the feedback over to the owner as well for their review and knowledge, thanks so much for that! It is true that this location does not have in room washer and dryer but they do have coin operated machines on the property. This is one location that is not set up that way but if in room washer and dryer are a priority for you, we do have other locations that do provide that that we would be happy to help you with. Beach towels are one item that we ask our guests to bring as we have found they are always going missing, so yes please bring beach towels! :-) Thank you again for staying with us and we hope to have you back on our beautiful beaches again soon!
Overall the stay was nice. However, there were some things we were not pleased with. The dishes were dirty upon arrival in the drawers so we had to wash everything. We didn't like the parking since it was only one spot you couldn't have other vehicles for a big condo or guests. The keys that come with the building you couldn't access the back door (no ones keys worked). And lastly the cleaning company. They don't speak English and we're extremely rude when trying to get out on time they made it almost impossible...they wouldn't let us on or use the revelatory we literally had to take the stairs or wait for 15mins until they were done using it causing checking out on time to be difficult and that was us thinking we were getting out an hour early we wouldn't have to rush. Also the condos' walls are very thin. We constantly heard the people above us running and talking. But Other then that the experience was great. We enjoyed the size of the condo and that convenience to the beach.
Thank you for this post. We are happy to hear that you enjoyed the condo itself and the location, it really is a great spot directly on the beach! We are very sorry to hear about the other items that you has listed here! We most certainly will be sure to pass this over to the head of our housekeeping department so she is aware of this feedback. We are so sorry if you felt rushed by this, we will be sure it is addressed and please accept our apologies on their behalf. In regards to the keys, we will take a look at this and also notify the condo association should it be something that is going on with the actual lock. Please don't ever hesitate to contact us at our office with any of these problems and we are more than happy to help how we can!! We want you to be totally comfortable during your stay so let us know if we can do anything for you. We hope to see you on our beautiful beaches again for a future vacation.
The place had an amazing view and outdoor patio! Bathroom upgrades were nice. Loved the location.
Negatives..the carpet was all dirty and stained. The keys didn't work half the time Same with the intercoms. It would be nice to have 3 sets of keys since we had 6 people staying in the unit. Also missing light bulbs. Called and nobody ever came to replace them. I would stay there again if the carpet would be replaced.
My family and i have stayed at this condo in different units before. 502 Was very clean comfortable and roomy. The bathrooms were up to date. You could not ask or find a better place to stay! All the surrounding restaurants are great. Not to far from a grocery store. Laundry mat on every other floor. Its just perfect! We will come back to this unit!
So great to hear!! We are so glad that you had a good stay in this 3 bedroom condo at Emerald Isle; the location really is ideal and close to all that you need, we agree! :-) Thank you for being our guest and we hope to have you back for another awesome beach vacation very soon!!
We stayed here in April, 2017. This was a lovely spacious condo with a beautiful view! The only thing I would have to say is that the carpet in the living room and dining room area should be replaced with some kind of other flooring. It seems to be old and didn't look very clean. All in all a very nice condo.
So glad to hear you enjoyed your stay on North Redington Beach in this 3 bedroom condo at the Emerald Isle! :-) We do apologize if the carpeting in the condo was not the best fit for you and we will be sure to pass the feedback over to the owner for their review, thank you for that! Thank you for choosing to stay with us, we enjoyed having you and we hope to host another FL beach vacation for you soon!
Rental process was simple,fast and convenient. Location was great, very easy to find different stores and entertainment. The rental was great being able to watch the sunset off the balcony every night was amazing! Over all clean place however rugs and furniature could use a good cleaning. Kitchen was functional and a good size, cabinets a little outdated but was not a problem. Both bathrooms were very modern and nice, also bedroom were good sizes.
Glad to hear you enjoyed your stay on North Redington Beach at the Emerald Isle, it really is an ideal location! We apologize if the rugs and furniture were not as sharp as they could have been and we have passed this over to our housekeeping, thank you for letting us know! We are glad this condo and location were a good fit for your beach vacation and we hope to host another FL vacation for you soon!
We throughly enjoyed our stay. The view was incredible, the rental was spacious and clean. I liked the scurity to acess to the pool and beach, since i have young children. The only thing that I can complain about is the dishwasher. It didn't clean the dishes so we had to handwash them. With that, I would definitely recommend and stay again. My boys are already planning to return!
This is our second time to vacation here and we absolutely love the Emerald Isle property. You can't beat the location and the beach is beautiful. Our condo fits our family needs perfectly. Whether it's the pool or the beach, both are easy to get too. We were very satisfied and plan on returning again.
Our stay was very nice. We will definitely be back for future vacations.
Very peaceful and family friendly. Very pleased.
My overall experience was good. The condo was clean and nice. The unit above us always sounded like they were going to come through the ceiling on us . The only thing I didn't like was the washer and dryer, you have to pay $1.00 to wash and to dry your clothes. I think they need to offer the washer and dryer free to the their guests.
Thanks for your post! We are glad you had a good experience, minus the noise above! We do have other properties in our program that offer in room washer and dryer and perhaps that could be a good fit for you the next time around. The Emerald Isle property is one location that has shared laundry facilities.
Everything as described.Janet was fantastic to deal with.
Beautiful apt. Great location. We enjoyed our visit very much. Extra towels & sheets great.
Needs new dishwasher, parts missing. Dining room chairs sat through, living rm. rug spotted. Balcony rug wrinkled up.
Our condo exceeded our expectations and the pictures did not do it justice. Not only was the condo beautifully decorated but the ocean views and sunsets seen from the balcony were breathtaking. The condo was spacious, well equipped, clean and modern - will definitely be back!
Without doubt one of the nicest vacation rentals we've stayed in. Spotlessly clean, very comfortable and the kitchen had everything you could want. We actually like to cook on holiday, and this was amazingly well fitted out.The views were gorgeous and we used the balcony every day, although we had a "roomer"several Osprey came and sat on the balustrade watching the Gulf and didn't let himself be distrubed. Really amazing!
Condo was in great shape. Clean, roomy, all amenities were there. A couple light bulbs were out but maintenance fixed them quickly. Had a great time all except a baseball team/parents that were staying there for a tournament. They knocked on our door several times a day/night, shot fireworks off in the middle of the night and ran around making noise a lot. Called the cops one night due to an unruly teen and drunken parents. Other than that, it was a great relaxing time. One suggestion would be to change the gate key locks and condo door locks to a combination or electronic key card. The keys stick a lot and are a hassle.
Thank you for your review. I am glad to hear the condo met your expectations. I do apologize for the noise from the neighboring guests. Unfortunately we cannot always control some of the negative things in the area. You can always let us know and if they are one of our guests we can contact them. Thanks again and we hope to see you again next year.
Great vacation spot! Very professional staff and clean location! Will def. stay here again.
Our family absolutely fell in love with our home away from home. The only thing that stood between our scenic level of the Gulf of Mexico was beautiful white sand. We had plenty of room to spread out and enjoy ourselves. The condo overlooked a private pool with security patrolling the grounds. Our Condo was very well equipped with all of the necessities to make our family feel comfort and welcomed. We loved the location as it was not too crowded. Excellent places to eat within a quick drive. We are planning to return next year.
North Redington Beach perfect spot!
This property was perfectly located and so convenient to the beach. Lots to do in the vicinity. We had six adults, a two year old, a three year old and a five year old and everyone had a fabulous time. The unit was clean, had beach/pool toys and games. We loved it!
The people at resorts rental were awesome, so welcoming!! I have stayed in a lot of condos throughout the years and this condo was the nicest most spacious condo for me and my children! Pool was nice and clean and all the other visitors in the condo were so nice and friendly to me and my boys. The isn't a washer and dryer in the units but laundry rooms on even floors. Beautiful peaceful beach, not a lot of wild springbreakers, perfect for my little springbreakers, will be back again!
We have gone to Emerald Isle for 7 years and always look forward to the trip. We are already planning next year.
Thanks for your review. I do apologize for the inconvenience with the maintenance issues that occurred with the water heater. Its rare something goes wrong that we cannot fix in a day but it unfortunately does happen on occasion. I am happy to report it is resolved now! Thanks again and we hope to see you again next year!
Great location. Clean Condo. We were there over the memorial day week and the beach wasnt crowded at all. Felt like we had our own private beach. There is only 2 things wrong with this property the hot water heater is not big enough or its going bad, you only get around 5 min of luke warm water but we got use to it. Also the master bedroom bed is hard as a rock, but we got use to it. I would stay here again.
Thanks for such a great review! I am glad you enjoyed your stay. I do apologize for the issues with the water heater. It has been addressed and now there is ample hot water available for all! Hope to see you again next year.
The condo was beautiful and only compliant was there was no private washer/dryr and the public ones were either up one for or down or down a floor. But other than that...we absoluately LOVED our stay and will definitely come back again!
Great views, very convenient to most attractions. Love it!!! Second time here & looking forward to next time!
great condo to stay at. pool and beach clean. condo pretty clean. easy booking, registeration and key pick up and drop off. definitely would stay there again!
we had a great time at this rental. could have been cleaner, but wasn't dirty. furniture and décor was outdated. great location. two keys was not enough for the entire party considering you need a key to get in and out of every single door in the condo. we bought a grill and placed it where we were told to put it and it was stolen from the grounds. the pool was too small for the amount of people staying in the condos. the pool was very crowded.
We were very pleased with every thing we will definitely be back next year!
we were disappointed that the pool was not heated. We did speak to the on site resident and then the pool heat was turned on. but a couple of days later was off again!
Thanks for the great review. Not sure what happened with the pool heat. I know that they usually wait until it gets chilly before they put it on but why it was shut later, I am not sure. Next time just give us a call and we can look into it with the Condo Association. Thanks again for the high ratings.
I really enjoyed the condo, the view is perfect, the only thing I think the condo should have more is the towels and if you have the washer and dryer in the condo it would be perfect place to stay. Thank you so much for a wonderful place to stay.
We were very satisfied with everything,The Condo was beautiful and equipped with everything you would ever want,The view was beautiful from the balcony.easy excess to stores restaurants and Johns Pass great place to shop and eat,I would recommend this property to anyone who is interested in a beautiful vacation.
Keys to the facility should only be required at night.
We loved this condo. The unit is clean and neat, very spacious. We really enjoyed staying here!
The condo we staye din was wonderful. Spacious rooms, beautiful balcony views, awesome pool and so relaxing. Would definitely recommend staying here to al loof our friends>!
Great property on a very nice section of beach. One point to improve would be to make recycling easier.
The vacation was great. Our grandchildren had a wonderful time. The keyed gates were a bit frustrating but we got used to them.
The property has excellent beach access and a well maintained landscaped yard. The unit was clean and well maintained with the exception of some stains on the beige rug. It took us some time to remember our keys for the numerous locked gates, fortunately the other tenents were very helpful with the gates. On checkin day the maintenance man had taken my assigned parking, so I took someone elses parking spot causing general chaos and anarchy. However, this was quickly resolved. Clean beach, clean pool and centrally located.
I have been vacationing in the Clearwater area for the last 55 years and in the North Redington Beach area for the last 20 years. This was the first stay at Emerald Isle. It was very enjoyable except for the locked doors and gates 24/7. Suggest the gates be left unlocked during the day. The condo was very nice, but needs tile in the living areas. Hope to stay here next year.
The condos were very good, but since there is no full time person on the property, everything required a key. A key was required to get in to pool to get out of pool, to go to beach, to come back from beach to get in lobby, to get into pool restrooms, etc. We had 9 folks in two condos and you can imagine with only 4 sets of keys the problems it presented. Otherwise everything was fine. Parking was limited to 1 per condo and only 2 for visitors and it caused competition for the visitor parking.
We really enjoyed our vacation this year although there needs to be some changes. I thought there was one too many locked gates!As soon as we pulled up in the parking lot and walked into the lobby door we were litterally verbally attacked and insulted by Elmer who happened to be living in the condo next door to us! He asked my husband if he knew how to read, yelled at us because he said we did not know the cart rules, etc! Not a pleasant way to start our vacation when we had just drove 19 hrs. We rebooked our condo for next year but I can tell you we heard alot of complaints from other ppl staying at Emerald Isles on Vacation that said they would never stay there again. They were also yelled at constantly from people who lived at Emerald Isles. Elmer left us alone for the most part after the first day once he realized we were there to relax and not 'destroy' the bldg. He didn't have anything to yell at us about because we kept to ourselves and hung out with our friends at the Ram Sea everyday. So, sorry to complain but that is what we experienced while we stayed there. We like the location of the condo and will stay there again next year.
the appartment is well situated in a smallish building-that is good for seniors such as we.
Overall our stay was quite enjoyable. The property was in a nice location with a very wide beach. The beach was scraped daily to smooth the sand and remove any debris. The fishing pier is within 100 yards of the condo but causes no issues with swimming or other water related activities.
The condo was also conveniently located within 1.5miles of the Pinellas Parkway and within 2 miles of Madeira way. There are also plenty of restaurants within a 1-3 mile range so there is no need to drive quite a ways from the condo. Just a block or so up the street there is a souvenir shop as well. There is also a Shopping Mall located within 5-7 miles which is called Tyrone Square. So, overall the property has many great features.
The only issues we had while staying at Emerald Isle was related to the locks on the property. The resort had two locking gates on the property to keep non guests from using the pool and also a locking door to keep non guests from entering the condo building.
The locks seemed like a constant hassle for everyone on the property. Often you could expect to be standing at the pool gate for 5-10 minutes working to get the lock open. The main condo doors would often open quicker but would still take some time to open. The door to our personal unit also took a few minutes to open on a regular basis as well.
So, this became quite a nuisance. A locksmith was called to the property but the locks were only sprayed with a little lubricating oil which did nothing to help resolve the problem.
We are glad you had a good experience with us and the locks were changed in the fall of 2010....!
This is our fourth year at Emerald Isle, love the place and its layout. Will be back next year.
Roomy condo.Great location.Condo equipped with everything you need.We were disappointed in the kitchen. Utensils were not in the best condition.(ie.pots & pans,dishes and silverware). Also parking is very limited. We had 2 cars and had to pay to park 1 of them.Overall we enjoyed our stay tremendously and would stay at the same condo again.
The unit was spacious, very clean & the unit layout was awesome. The kitchen was stocked with every utensil you needed & they were in good shape. The dishwasher was fantastic because it held sooooooooooo many items at once. The grounds are very well maintained & you won't find a cleaner pool. The staff is friendly, professional & helpful. We also enjoyed meeting & talking with the other guests - many were returnees. It is a small condo building (24 units)by beach standards & that was a real plus - very quaint & quiet! The assigned parking space was a real plus. We had a fabulous fun family vacation & plan to return next summer.
Unit 502 at Emerald Isle served our family very well during our vacation. It had everything needed for a home like environment on the beach. It was very quite.
Very nice condo and very clean. There are not a lot of restaurants/bars in walking distance so be sure to have some sort of transportation. Need keys to get in and out of everything which can be very annoying. Pool was probably the cleanest pool that I have ever seen.


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Publikation -
IBA - Scholars' opinions: challengeable conflicts of interest or indisputable academic freedom?
IBA - Scholars' opinions: challengeable conflicts of interest or indisputable academic freedom? Veröffentlicht: 01 Oktober 2019
Dieser Artikel wurde im September 2019 von der IBA publiziert.
Neva Cirkveni
Oblin Rechstanwalte, Vienna
neva.cirkveni@oblin.at
Today, investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) through arbitration remains in question. Criticism is coming from all sides and is mostly focused on those who decide investment dispute cases. Investment arbitrators have been called biased towards multinational companies and said to have no regard for conflicts of interest.[1] A blog post by EU Trade Commissioner Malmström stating, 'I want the rule of law, not the rule of lawyers',[2] illustrates popular distrust of investment arbitrators. Although the statement might be exaggerated and slightly biased, it does raise the question of whether the current system of international investment arbitration is adequate and whether it follows the fundamental principles of the rule of law, especially the independent administration of justice.
Independent administration of justice
The independent administration of justice requires that the adjudicators exercise their adjudicative function in an independent and impartial manner. Simply put, independence means that adjudicators make their decisions free from any external pressures or manipulations.[3] This independence is further divided into personal and institutional freedom. Personal freedom refers directly to the adjudicator and is safeguarded by rules on qualifications, conflict of interest and disclosure. Institutional freedom ensures that the members of particular adjudicative institutions are protected and is protected by the autonomy of the institution itself. On the other hand, impartiality refers to the absence of bias towards a specific party or legal question in a given case. Concerning investor– state dispute settlement, the independence and impartiality of arbitrators have been questioned. Concerns about possible conflicts of interests of arbitrators pose a challenge to the autonomy of decision makers and thereby to the rule of law and the independent administration of justice.[4]
When it comes to international law, members of the field often fill a variety of positions: some act not only as counsel, but also as arbitrators, corporate officials and academics, albeit in different proceedings. Investment arbitration is an area where this is often discussed, especially regarding whether the independence of arbitrators is put into question in light of their interests in other professional roles.
Some argue that the views of arbitrators that arise from their work in commercial practice, where they make their living, have an impact on their decisions regarding arbitral awards. Although the topic of arbitrators' conflicts of interest is heavily discussed, a less discussed topic flowing out of that one is whether the views of arbitrators on specific points of law, either expressed during a case or in published work, should be challengeable. Or whether this is only part of their academic freedom and should not be regarded as an obstacle to arbitrators in fulfilling their adjudicative roles without bias.
This article will first put forward the legal framework regarding challenging arbitrators based on their academic writing and will then look at the two most recent challenges based on the arbitrator's familiarity with the subject-matter of the case. Finally, the article aims to assess whether academic writing really should be part of arbitrator's academic freedom, or if there is enough basis in academic writing to serve as means for disqualification.
ICSID CONVENTION
The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Convention (the 'ICSID Convention'), Regulations and Rules contain provisions on the independence and impartiality of arbitrators, as well as their disclosure obligations and the right of parties to challenge and remove arbitrators.[5] Article 14(1) of the ICSID Convention sets out that: '[p]ersons designated to serve on the Panels shall be persons of high moral character and recognised competence in the fields of law, commerce, industry or finance, who may be relied upon to exercise independent judgment. Competence in the field of law shall be of particular importance in the case of persons on the Panel of Arbitrators.' Unlike the Spanish version, the English and French versions do not refer to impartiality.
However, it has been accepted that Article 14(1) needs to be understood as incorporating the requirement of impartiality in all languages.[6]
Related to ethical standards is the duty of the arbitrator to ensure that the exercise of their adjudicative function is not tainted by bias. The proper exercise of the arbitrator's adjudicative function can be carried out through disclosure of any information relevant. The ICSID Convention through Rule 6(2) provides that '[b]efore or at the first session of the Tribunal, each arbitrator shall sign a declaration… attached is a statement of (a) [his/her] past and present professional, business and other relationships (if any) with the parties and (b) any other circumstance that might cause [his/her] reliability for independent judgment to be questioned by a party'. The difficult question here is which particular circumstances would give rise to justifiable doubts as to an arbitrator's independence and impartiality.[7] The disclosure requirement is meant for avoiding bias, not for eliminating biased arbitrators. However, each disputing party may challenge an arbitrator through Article 57 of the ICSID Convention, which states: 'a party may propose to a Commission or Tribunal the disqualification of any of its members on account of any fact indicating a manifest lack of the qualities required by paragraph (1) of Article 14'.[8] The removal of an arbitrator is subject to a 'manifest lack' of qualities listed in Article 14(1) of the ICSID Convention. The main issue here is what constitutes a 'manifest lack.' ICSID case law has not provided a consistent approach to determine this threshold, with approaches varying from 'strict proof'[9] to 'reasonable doubts',[10] as well as mixed approaches.[11] The 'strict proof' approach requires an actual lack of independence, which has to be 'manifest' or 'highly probable' and not just 'possible'.[12] On the other hand, the 'reasonable doubts' approach requires that the circumstances must be actually established and must negate impartiality, or place it in clear doubt.[13]
The reasons for disqualification under the ICSID Convention have varied, but the main categories include:
the switching of roles between arbitrators, counsels and experts in different cases;
the repeat appointment of arbitrators in similar cases;
previous contact of an arbitrator with a party or party's counsel; and familiarity with the subject-matter of the proceedings.[14]
The latter deals with issues and legal questions similar to those in a given case. However, the focus of this article is on recent developments regarding arbitrator's academic writing.
(UNCITRAL)ARBITRATION RULES 1976
Under the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Arbitration Rules 1976, any arbitrator may be challenged. If the challenged arbitrator was appointed by an appointing authority, then that authority rules on the challenge. If they were not, then the agreed upon authority shall rule on the challenge. Article 10(1) governs challenges to arbitrators and states that: 'Any arbitrator may be challenged if circumstances exist that give rise to justifiable doubts as to the arbitrator's impartiality or independence.' The standard applied here evaluates the objective reasonableness of the challenging party's concern.[15]
Challenge in Urbaser SA v Argentina
An arbitrator's academic writing or previous publicly-made statements that demonstrate bias can be challengeable under the category of familiarity with the subject-matter of the case. On 12 August 12 2010, an arbitrator challenge decision was handed down in the ICSID case Urbaser SA v Argentina, in which a challenge was denied to the appointment of legal academic Professor Campbell McLachlan, based on general views of law he had expressed in his academic writings.[16] The claimants challenged McLachlan's appointment by Argentina because he had previously made statements on points of law that would be central in the Urbaser arbitration and for that reason, the claimants argued that McLachlan 'has already prejudged an essential element of the conflict that is the object of this arbitration.'[17] The claimants' position was that an arbitrator appointed to an ICSID tribunal must fulfill two requirements of impartiality and independence. In the claimants' view, the first requirement has a strong subjective element, where partiality exists not only concerning one of the parties, but also when the arbitrator shows a preference towards the position adopted by one of the litigants, or has in some other way prejudged the matter of the case.[18] Furthermore, the claimants argued that McLachlan lacked an appearance of trust and that he had shown prejudice towards fundamental elements of the arbitration at hand and had not shown that he might have changed his opinion on these elements in the meantime. The respondent's position was that opinions previously published by an arbitrator do not raise an issue of lack of impartiality or independence when issued outside the framework of the ongoing arbitration.[19] A similar argument to that of the respondent was put forward in the case of Giovanni Alemanni and others v Argentine Republic, where the objection to the appointment of an arbitrator based on an opinion given by him in another case was rejected. [20] However, unlike in the case of Urbaser SA v Argentina, that case did not revolve around statements made in academic writings.
The tribunal found that according to Articles 57 and 14(1) of the ICSID Convention, the crux of the analysis was whether McLachlan's opinion constituted a manifest lack of qualities contained within Article 14(1), which are required to provide independent and impartial judgment. The claimants referred to the IBA Rules of Ethics for International Arbitrators 1987, particularly Rule 3.1, which states that 'The criteria for assessing questions relating to bias are impartiality and independence. Partiality arises when an arbitrator favours one of the parties, or where he is prejudiced in relation to the subject-matter of the dispute.' They also referred to Rule 3.2, which states that: 'Facts which might lead a reasonable person, not knowing the arbitrator's true state of mind, to consider that he is dependent on a party create an appearance of bias. The same is true if an arbitrator has a material interest in the outcome of the dispute, or if he has already taken a position in relation to it.'[21] The tribunal held these points to be too widely construed, stating that 'The provisions are even more unclear or totally ambiguous when the issue to be considered is, like in the instant case, the interpretation of legal concepts in isolation from the facts and circumstances of a particular case.'[22]
It is important to mention that McLachlan offered a statement to the tribunal in which he stated that it is essential to distinguish the role of the legal scholar from that of an arbitrator, further indicating that 'When writing a book or article, the legal scholar must express views on numerous general issues of law, based on the legal authorities and other material then available to him', while '[t]he task of the arbitrator is completely different. It is to judge the case before him fairly as between the parties and according to the applicable law. This can only be done in the light of specific evidence, the specific applicable law and the submission of counsel for both parties.' He then further assured the parties that he would have no prejudgments in the case at hand.[23]
The two members of the tribunal that were seized with the challenge submitted by the claimants were of the view that a mere showing of an opinion is not sufficient to sustain a challenge for lack of independence or impartiality of an arbitrator. For such a challenge to succeed, they held that there must be a showing that such opinion is supported by factors related to and supporting a party to the arbitration, by a direct or indirect interest of the arbitrator in the outcome of the dispute, or by a relationship with any other individual involved.[24] Furthermore, the tribunal held that if any academic opinion previously expressed is to be considered as an element of prejudgment in a particular case, just because it might become relevant, the consequence would be that no potential arbitrator would ever express their views on any such matter, which would restrict both their academic freedom and the development of international investment law.
Challenge in CC/Devas and others v India
In the case of CC/Devas and others v India, a challenge was brought by the respondent against the Presiding Arbitrator – the Honorable Marc Lalonde – and Professor Francisco Orrego Vicuña, appointed by the claimants, on the grounds that the arbitrators served together on two tribunals that took a position on a legal issue (the 'essential security interests' clause) expected to arise in the present proceedings. The respondent found further grounds for challenging Vicuña's appointment in the form of a third tribunal he sat on, which also took up the same issue, as well as in an article he had written, in which he discussed his views on the issue.
The respondent challenged the appointments of the Lalonde and Vicuña on the basis of a 'lack of the requisite impartiality under Article 10(1) of the 1976 UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules due to an "issue conflict".'[25] By 'issue conflict', the respondent referred to a pre-existing view held by the arbitrators regarding an issue in dispute between the parties. The respondent claimed that the articulated positions taken by these two arbitrators gave rise to justifiable doubts regarding their impartiality. In respect to its challenge to Vicuña, the respondent further argued that his 'strong public declarations on the subject had included at least one clear writing in addition to the three decisions in the aforementioned cases, [and] a chapter in a book published in 2011 in which he strongly defended his position'.
[26] In the claimant's view, 'the mere fact that an arbitrator has decided a particular legal issue in the past case involving a different treaty and different parties, is simply not a proper basis for challenging that arbitrator's impartiality.'[27] The claimants further pointed to the IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration, which expressly provide in Rule 4.1 that no conflict or bias is created when an arbitrator has previously published a general opinion concerning an issue arising in the arbitration.
The then president of the International Court of Justice, Tomka J, who decided the challenge as the appointed authority, rejected the challenge against Lalonde, stating that merely expressing prior views on an issue in an arbitration did not result in a lack of impartiality or independence.[28] The reason for this being that Lalonde had not taken a position on the legal concept in issue, but had merely expressed his views. However, he disagreed with the claimants and upheld the challenge against Vicuña, stating: 'In my view, being confronted with the same legal concept in this case arising from the same language on which he has already pronounced on the four aforementioned occasions could raise doubts for an objective observer as to [the arbitrator's] ability to approach the question with an open mind. The latter article, in particular, suggests that, despite having reviewed the analyses of the three different annulment committees, his view remained unchanged. Would a reasonable observer believe that the Respondent has a chance to convince him to change his mind on the same legal concept?'[29]
Tomka J's decision shows that an arbitrator may run the risk of being disqualified on the basis of taking a strong position on a legal issue. In principle, there is no reason why the positions expressed by arbitrators in their academic writing should be exempt from challenges based on 'issue conflict'. There remains a concern, however, that exposing opinions on legal issues to challenges might have an adverse effect on academic writing.
As there is no prominent arbitral forum or national jurisdiction that allows arbitrators to be successfully challenged for prior statements made on general points of law[30], especially in their academic writing, the fact that the claimants' challenge was denied in the Urbaser case is not remarkable. However, it is important to note the problems that arise with the current approach taken by arbitral tribunals. McLachlan was not challenged by the claimants on general points of law. Rather, he was challenged on two specific statements he had made in his academic publications, which had a direct impact on the case at hand, as the specific bilateral investment treaty involved in the Urbaser arbitration was also the subject of his academic writing.
Challenges based on generalised statements of law would create a particular difficulty for the arbitrator challenge system. The justification for allowing parties to select their arbitrator is to ensure that at least one arbitrator on the tribunal understands their perspective. However, although unintended and not allowed, the parties can also select arbitrators predisposed to rule in their favour. As Professor Tony Cole says: 'the entire point of party selection of arbitrators would be undermined if the parties could not consider an arbitrator's substantive views on principles of law relevant to the arbitration.'[31] The logical reasoning here would be that if it is central for parties to consider the arbitrator's substantive views on points of law when selecting them for arbitration, wouldn't it then be reasonable also to take these same substantive views into account when the parties wish to challenge arbitrators?
There are significant complications involved in an attempt to develop a standard for allowing challenges on previously expressed points of view on legal questions. The difficulty involved in finding a proper standard to be followed should not be a justification for merely not finding one at all. The parties should be afforded the right to arbitrate in front of an unbiased tribunal, as that is what they initially agreed to do. The problem highlighted by the Urbaser case was to an extent addressed by the decision in the CC Devas case. Tomka J's view seems to be that the key question is whether a reasonable observer would be able to convince the arbitrator to change their stance on a legal issue on which they have repeatedly voiced a consistent opinion. This seems to give importance to the number of times, or the strength with which, the said arbitrator has stood by their position and whether or not the position was expressed in only one forum, or multiple different forums. Thus, the challenging party must show that the arbitrator has expressed certain views on a particular legal issue in a consistent and unchanged manner, but also that the arbitrator is not willing to change their mind on that matter. This is a high threshold for the challenging party to meet, but it is an existing threshold, nonetheless. Could this potentially be the standard that will be followed by arbitral tribunals in the future?
It has been established in this article that there is no reason to exempt arbitrators' academic writing from challenge based on 'issue conflict'. However, challenging arbitrators in this way raises concern that there will be a detrimental effect on the quality of academic writing. This is why some argue that if considered good law, the decision in the CC Devas case will disincentivise already established academics in the field to make meaningful contributions to investment law. Others argue that on a systemic level, this would compromise the development of investment law and give parties the ability to steer that development in a certain direction by only appointing individuals who have expressed certain views on investment law in academic writing rather than others.[32]
Arbitrators who are also academics should not be discouraged from continuing to be involved in academia and publishing articles simply because it could cost them future appointments. The development of law should be more important than the simplicity found in making a profit. The legal career is at its core a public service, and there is a certain standard attached to it. If that point of view is too utopian, the fear of compromising the development of investment law may be a little excessive too. At worst, the academia of investment law would become for people who perceive themselves as critical observes solely and who have no intention to become future actors in practice. Independent observers often make the most important contributions because of the distance they have to practice and the ability to observe the practice from a perspective detached from material expectations.[33]
Every individual conveys ideas and opinions based on their moral, cultural, educational and professional experience. When it comes to rendering legal judgments, the ability to consider the merits of each case without relying on outside factors with no relation to such particular merits is what is required. That is what is meant by the notions of impartiality and independence. To challenge arbitrators on their expressed views on certain legal questions would not be a challenge to their academic freedom, but merely a way to achieve a fair and unbiased procedure. If the parties take into account views of arbitrators on certain points of law when selecting them, isn't it only fair that they may remove those same arbitrators based on the same process?
[1]Gus Van Harten, 'Arbitrator Behaviour in Asymmetrical Adjudication: An Empirical Study of Investment Treaty Arbitration' (2012) 50 (1) Osgoode Hall Law Journal Osgoode CLPE Research Paper no 41/2012; see also Joost Pauwelyn, 'The Rule of Law without the Rule of Lawyer?' (2015) 109 AJIL 761, 763.
[2]Cecilia Malmstro¨m, 'Blog Post', see https://ec.europa.eu/commission/commissioners/2014- 2019/malmstrom/blog/investments-ttip-and-beyond-towards-international- investment-court_en
[3]Jean Salmon (dir) Dictionnaire de droit international public (Bruylant 2001) 570.
[4]S Schacherer, Independence and Impartiality of Arbitrators, A Rule of Law Analysis (2018 4–5.
[5]S Schacherer, Independence and Impartiality of Arbitrators, A Rule of Law Analysis (2018) 7.
[6]All language versions are equally authentic, ICSID Arbitration Rules Art 56(1).
[7]Schreuer et al (n 42) 'Article 40' paras 19–20.
[8]ICSID Convention art 57; see also ICSID Arbitration Rules rule 9.
[9]Amco Asia Corporation and others v Republic of Indonesia [1982] ARB/81/1 (ICSID): 'Decision on Proposal to Disqualify an Arbitrator' (not public). See Cleis (n 33) 32.
[10]Compan~ia de Aguas del Aconquija SA and Vivendi Universal v Argentine Republic [2001] ARB/97/3 (ICSID): 'Annulment Proceeding'.
[11]Cleis (n 33) 32–49.
[12]Schreuer et al (n 42) 'Article 57' para 22.
[13]Compan~ia de Aguas del Aconquija SA and Vivendi Universal v Argentine Republic [2001] ARB/97/3 (ICSID): Annulment Proceeding.
[14]S Schacherer, Independence and Impartiality of Arbitrators, A Rule of Law Analysis (2018) 10–15.
[15]David D Caron and Lee M Caplan, The UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2013) 210.
[16]T Cole, 'Arbitrator appointments in investment arbitration: Why expressed views on points of law should be challengeable' [2010] Investment Treaty News.
[17]Urbaser SA and Consorcio de Aguas Bilbao Bizkaia, Bilbao Biskaia Ur Partzuergoa v The Argentine Republic ARB/07/26 (ICSID) para 23: 'Decision on Claimant's Proposal to Disqualify Professor Campbell McLachlan, Arbitrator'.
[18]Ibid para 26.
[20]Giovanni Alemanni and others v Argentine Republic ARB/07/8 (ICSID).
[21]Urbaser SA and Consorcio de Aguas Bilbao Bizkaia, Bilbao Biskaia Ur Partzuergoa v The Argentine Republic ARB/07/26 (ICSID) para 42: Decision on Claimant's Proposal to Disqualify Professor Campbell McLachlan, Arbitrator.
[22]Ibid.
[25]CC/Devas (Mauritius) Ltd, Devas Employees Mauritius Private Ltd and Telcom Devas Mauritius Ltd v The Republic of India 2013-09 (PCA).
[26]Ibid: Respondent referred the article: Francisco Orrego Vicuña, 'Softening Necessity' in Mahnoush H Arsanjani, Jacob Cogan, Robert
Sloaneand Siegfried Wiessner(eds),Looking To The Future: Essays On International Law In Honor Of W. Michael Reisman(Leiden 2011) 741–751.
[28]S W Schill, 'Editorial: The new Journal of World Investment and Trade; Arbitrator independence and academic freedom; In this issue' [2014] The Journal of World Investment & Trade 1.
The mechanics behind cross-border injunctions
Arbitration Austria 2019
Negotiating Effective Contracts and Dealing with Disputes
Investor-State Arbitration 2019
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text:
A Historical Day
March 2, 2016 by GµårÐïåñ
(1791) The semaphore machine boosts long-distance messaging
The Chappe brothers demonstrate their new communications machine by sending a coded message via pivoting metal shutters set atop tall towers. This will be the precursor of the electric telegraph. .
(1933) 'King Kong' debuts on silver screen
An epic take on the tale of beauty and the beast, and a special effects extravaganza, 'King Kong' premieres at New York City's Radio City Music Hall. Box office and critical reception will both be boffo. .
(1972) NASA launches first manmade object to leave solar system
The Pioneer 10 space probe lifts off from the launch pad at Cape Canaveral, Florida, heading for a rendezvous with Jupiter and other outer planets, then onward past the farthest reaches of our galaxy..
(1983) Digital audio revolution hits the US and Europe
The first compact discs go on sale in the US, Europe, and other locales. The format will eclipse vinyl before being eclipsed itself less than two decades later by solid-state digital audio players. .
1941 1944 1964 1949 1937 Soviet Union 1958 1972 1915 1982 vocabulary 1851 1968 1974 1951 1917 1978 1942 1933 1953 1973 1993 1991 Germany 1957 1971 2000 1908 has_video 1943 1889 event 1956 1901 1975 annual 1995 1914 1965 1986 memorial 1994 1789 1977 1963 1976 1989 NASA 1981 1947 1955 1939 1812 has_audio 1948 1916 1952 1919 1962 1934 1940 1859 1870 1969 1961 1960 England 1945 1918 1985 1998 1846 1967 1776 1902 1990 1980 1865 1950 1946 1898 1966 1935 1863 United States 1954 1970 1979 code 1959 history daily pic holiday 1922 national park 1938 1983 1911 New York 1984


text:
Moran Introduces Legislation to Train More Physician Assistants, Reduce VA Wait Times
WASHINGTON – U.S. Senator Jerry Moran (R-Kan.), member of the Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee, introduced legislation this week to increase the number of health professionals serving veterans at the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Sen. Moran's bill, introduced with U.S. Sen. Jon Tester (D-Mont.), will provide veterans who served as medics in the armed forces with the opportunity to attain the education and training needed to become a physician assistant.
"I am proud to introduce this initiative to support the servicemen and women who are transitioning back to civilian life," Sen. Moran said. "The GOOD Pilot Program would allow veterans who have served their country and fellow service members as medics to leverage their unique skills and training to further their careers. It would also help to make certain their fellow veterans have greater access to timely, quality care."
Currently, veterans who served as medics have the opportunity to work at the VA through the Intermediate Care Technicians (ICT) Pilot Program, but they do not receive the additional training they need to advance their careers at the VA.
Sen. Moran's bill would authorize the Grow Our Own Directive (GOOD) Pilot Program for five years to advance training and education opportunities for participants of the ICT program, individuals who agree to work in VA facilities in underserved states, and former service members with military health experience. Once veterans are certified as physician assistants, they would be required to work at the VA for at least three years. Additionally, this bill would require the VA to establish competitive pay for physician assistants employed by the Department.
Physician assistants are one of the most in-demand positions at the VA. In September, USA Today reported that there is a 23 percent vacancy rate at the VA for physician assistants. According to the Veterans Affairs Physicians Assistants Association, there are an estimated 30,000 open physician assistant positions in the United States, making it difficult for the VA to recruit and retain physician assistants.
This bill is endorsed by the Veteran Affairs Physician Assistant Association, the American Academy of Physician Assistants, the Blinded Veterans Association, Vietnam Veterans of America, the American Federation of Government Employees, and the National Guard Association of the United States (NGAUS).
"Ready access to quality patient care is among the most critical issues facing our nation's veterans at VA healthcare facilities. We are thrilled that Senators Tester and Moran have sponsored legislation to increase the PA workforce, while creating a pathway for veterans to be educated in this critical healthcare profession. This creative model, along with needed policy improvements, holds great promise for the recruitment and retention of PAs at the VA," said Jennifer L. Dorn CEO of the American Academy of Physician Assistants.
FINAL BILL Grow Our Own Directive_ Physician Assistant Employment and Education Act of 2015.pdf (40.8 KBs)


City breaks and DIY getaways are becoming increasingly more popular than package holidays, and it's mostly due to one simple factor – the price. While package holidays can be convenient and quick to book, taking some time to plan your trip and book each component separately can really save a fortune. It might sound ridiculous, but sometimes travelling a little bit further can even save you money. Want to know how? Read on!
It's no secret that taking a direct route is usually more costly. In the age of budget airlines, direct flights can usually be bought affordably. But that's only worthwhile if they fly to your desired destination.
The great thing about Europe is that it has fantastic transport – coaches, trains and boats are all ready and waiting to ferry you (sometimes literally!) from one place to the next. Now's your chance to make the most of it and tick some more countries off your list, saving money in the process! Here are some of the best European fare saving tricks to be aware of.
Ryanair offers bi-weekly flights from Manchester, Bristol and London Stanstead to Zadar in Croatia. Croatia's beautiful beaches overlooking the Adriatic Sea have risen in popularity over the past few years. Zadar also sits right in the middle of the country's coastline, making it a perfect starting point for onward journeys.
Flying to popular tourist destinations like Dubrovnik, Zagreb and Split can be expensive. With Ryanair's Zadar flights starting from around £19.99, it's worth considering as an alternative airport if you fancy a trip to Croatia.
Remember those buses we mentioned? Well, Croatia is full of them. In fact, you can travel from Zadar to Split for under £10, to Zagreb for just over £10 and, if you can stomach the 7 ½ hour journey, you can get to Dubrovnik for under £25. Check out Bus Croatia for fares and bus times to weigh up whether the extra journey is worth saving those pounds.
Germany is not a small country, but its amazing transport network makes it one of the easiest countries to travel around. If you're struggling to find an affordable flight to your chosen city in Germany, look for a different German airport instead. Use a flight comparison tool like Sky Scanner, input your chosen city and leave the search open to the whole of Germany to see which flights are the cheapest. Check train ticket prices on Trainline EU and work out whether it'll be worth your time and money to take the longer route.
The country's transport system doesn't just stop at the borders. It goes all around Europe, meaning you can get around super easily and cheaply. Here are a couple of the best places to make the most of travelling further for.
Amsterdam's scenic canals, amazing museums and party culture make it a popular city break for adults of all ages. You can take a train from Dusseldorf airport for under £20 and arrive in around 2.5 hours. Amsterdam flights can get pretty pricey, especially when it comes to festival season or big events happening in the city, so it's a good tip to bear in mind!
Planning on going skiing in Austria? Your flight ticket to Salzburg or Innsbruck might come with a hefty price tag. If the fare is cheaper, why not beat the crowds and fly to Munich? From here you can take a train and be in either city in under 2 hours. Trains cost less than £15 and take you right into the city centre, so it's no different to a long airport transfer!
The rule of travelling to fly doesn't just work abroad. Instead of flying from your nearest airport, broaden your search and see whether you'll save mega bucks just by travelling from a different city. It might just be worth the extra drive or train journey. Sign up to airline email newsletters to get access to sales and exclusive offers. The more flexible you can be with your dates and your city of departure the better chance you'll have of bagging a bargain.
Wherever you fly from or to, have a safe journey and enjoy your holiday!
Where's The Best Place To Sell Your Second-Hand Stuff Online?


text:
Körber AG is a strategic management holding company based in Hamburg. In 2020, the group had approximately 10,000 employees at more than 100 locations worldwide and generated sales of €1.76 billion.

History

1946–1992
On July 14, 1946, Kurt A. Körber paved the way for the first business deals in Hamburg. On February 1, 1947, he established Hauni Maschinenfabrik Körber & Co. KG (from 1958: Hauni-Werke Körber & Co. KG). The company originally only produced machines for the tobacco industry. In 1953, it moved to a new location within Hamburg's Bergedorf district. One year later, it had more than 1,000 employees. The group's international expansion began in 1948, when Eric M. Warburg, who had been living in exile, helped Körber establish contact with American cigarette manufacturers. In 1951, Körber's machines were successful at a tobacco trade show in Amsterdam. By 1953, his company exported 80 percent of its products, and machines from Hauni plants were used in 48 countries. In 1955, the company established a plant in Richmond, Virginia, which was followed by additional facilities through the mid-1960s.

The diversification of the company began in 1970, when it purchased E. C. H. Will, a manufacturer of paper-processing machines that was based in Hamburg-Lokstedt. The new business division was strengthened in 1976 through the acquisition of Womako Maschinenkonstruktion GmbH (Stuttgart). At the request of German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, Körber purchased the grinding machine manufacturer Blohm in Bergedorf in 1978. It served as the nucleus for the company's third business division. The acquisition of Schaudt Maschinenbau GmbH (Stuttgart and Ellwangen) in 1983 broadened its foundation.

In the mid-1980s, the group generated sales of over one billion DM for the first time. On June 17, 1987, the group was transformed into Körber AG, which absorbed Hauni-Werke Körber & Co. KG.

1990–present
In the 1990s, the group's grinding machine segment, Schleifring, was under pressure due to restructuring costs, exchange rates, fluctuating commodity prices, and a tough price war within the sector. The business division for paper processing expanded during these years. Among other things, this was due to the acquisition of two Italian companies for the production and packaging of tissue products and the gradual purchase of a majority holding in a machine manufacturer for the production of envelopes and other paper products.

Following Körber's passing on August 10, 1992, the company's assets were transferred to the Körber Foundation. The Foundation was created on January 1, 1981, through the merger of the Kurt A. Körber Stiftung (established in 1959) and the Hauni Stiftung (established in 1969). Until Körber's death, the Foundation had held 34.9 percent of the shares. Since then, the group's annual dividend has been paid out completely to the Körber Foundation.

In 1995, Körber AG became a management holding company, which supervised the group's three business divisions at the time.

In 2002, the company entered a new market: packaging for pharmaceutical products. In the following years, this segment was expanded further through acquisitions. It has been a separate business division since 2009.

In 2012, Körber divested itself of several subsidiaries for paper processing machines, including E. C. H. Will.<ref>Körber AG verkauft Paper Systems an Investorengruppe". In: Deutscher Drucker, No. 7, 1 March 2012.</ref>

As a result of a number of restructuring measures, Körber was divided into seven business divisions in 2015: Automation, Logistics Systems, Machine Tools, Pharma Systems, Tissue, Tobacco, and Corporate Ventures. In 2017, the business division Körber Digital was added. It manages the digitization of the group and the development of new digital business models. One year later, the group sold the Machine Tools and Automation business divisions. Since 2020, the group and its business divisions and companies have appeared as a single, unified brand: Körber. The only exception is the Tobacco business division, which operates on the market as the Hauni Group. From September 2022 onwards, the Hauni Group was renamed to Körber Technologies.

In early 2022, Körber acquired Siemens Logistics' mail and parcel business to strengthen its Supply Chain business area.

 Group structure
The group is active in five business divisions:Information about the structure is also provided by Kopp, Martin (3 December 2020). Körber-Maschinen derzeit gefragt. Hamburger Konzern liefert Lösungen für Verpackungen von Corona-Impfstoff. In: Bergedorfer Zeitung, 3 December 2020.
 Digital manages the digital advancement of the entire group and develops new digital business models and ventures.
 Pharma offers machines for processes for the manufacturing, inspection, and packaging of medications and for the traceability of these products.
 Supply Chain focuses on technologies for production logistics. Its product range includes software, automation machines, voice applications, robotics, and transportation systems.
 Tissue offers processing and packaging machines for toilet paper, kitchen towels, folded paper napkins, and paper towels.
 Tobacco supports manufacturers that process tobacco, produce filters and cigarettes, offer measuring and analysis equipment, and produce flavoring—it also does this for new tobacco products in the heat-not-burnVoigt, Thomas (15 June 2018). Fast wie vor der Krise: Hauni hat sich erholt. In: Bergedorfer Zeitung, 15 June 2018. and vaping categories. Additionally, the division offers machines for the production of drinking straws.

 Further reading
 Hauser, Evelyn, updated by Cohen, M. L.: Körber AG. In: International Directory of Company Histories''. Vol. 173, Farmington Hills: St. James Press, Farmington Hills, San Francisco, New York, 2016, pp. 351–356.

References

Engineering companies of Germany
Manufacturing companies based in Hamburg
Companies established in 1995

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Grease a 9"x9" glass baking dish. Set aside.
In a large bowl, mix together the cornmeal, flour, baking powder and salt. Beat in the eggs and add the coconut milk, honey and corn. Stir in the thyme at the end.
Pour into the prepared pan and smooth out the top.
Bake for 30 minutes, or until golden and the middle is set.


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text:
Jeffrey Neuman
Jeffrey is an award-winning playwright whose work has been performed at theaters and festivals across the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom. His plays have been produced and/or developed by Denver Center Theatre Company, Emerging Artists Theatre Company, LaMaMa Experimental Theatre Club, Paragon Theatre Company, National Public Radio, Stage Left, Edinburgh Fringe, FUSION Theatre Company, and the Samuel French Off Off Broadway Festival, among many others. His most recent full-length play, What You Will, received a world premiere in Denver in 2018, where it was warmly received with a four-out-of-four star review from The Denver Post, a Marlowe Award for "Best New Play," and a Colorado Theatre Guild Henry Award nomination for "Best Original New Work."
In addition to his work as a playwright, Jeffrey has worked as a dramaturg for the Colorado Shakespeare Festival, the University of Colorado at Boulder, the Athena Project Festival, and the Denver Center for the Performing Arts. He is an accredited academic who has presented professional papers on various topics in musical theater history for the Association for Theater in Higher Education, the American Alliance of Theatre Education, and the American Music Research Center. In 2009, his original research was acknowledged in and used as source material for the book Kander and Ebb, an installment in the Yale University Press Broadway Masters series. He is currently serving as the Director of Literary Development for Benchmark Theatre, where he has received two True West Awards for his "tireless commitment to community building" for Front Range and Colorado theaters.
Additionally, Jeffrey is a Heideman Award Finalist, cofounder of Colorado's Rough Draught Playwrights, an inaugural fellow in the 2019–2020 Denver Center for the Performing Arts Playwrights' Group, Director of Programming and Events for the esteemed Pen & Podium Literary Series, and Colorado's Regional Ambassador for the Dramatists Guild of America. More information about his events, plays, and playwriting career can be found at www.theaterbyjeff.com.