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4 Vitrax Analyze – How Does It Play?
5 What Are The Benefits Of Vitrax Male Enhancement?
6 What Are The Drawbacks Of Vitrax?
7 How To Use Vitrax Male Enhancement?
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What Are The Drawbacks Of Vitrax?
How To Use Vitrax Male Enhancement?
Two capsules should be stolen every day with a containerful of facility.


text:
from statsmodels.iolib.smpickle import save_pickle, load_pickle

def test_pickle():
    import tempfile
    from numpy.testing import assert_equal
    tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='pickle')
    a = range(10)
    save_pickle(a, tmpdir+'/res.pkl')
    b = load_pickle(tmpdir+'/res.pkl')
    assert_equal(a, b)

    #cleanup, tested on Windows
    try:
        import os
        os.remove(tmpdir+'/res.pkl')
        os.rmdir(tmpdir)
    except (OSError, IOError):
        pass
    assert not os.path.exists(tmpdir)

    #test with file handle
    from statsmodels.compatnp.py3k import BytesIO
    fh = BytesIO()
    save_pickle(a, fh)
    fh.seek(0,0)
    c = load_pickle(fh)
    fh.close()
    assert_equal(a,b)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


An enclave of Rome is the State of the Vatican City, the sovereign territory of the Holy See, the smallest nation in the world, and the capital of the only religion to have representation in the United Nations (as a non-member observer state).
Rome, Caput mundi ("capital of the world"), la Città Eterna ("the Eternal City"), Limen Apostolorum ("threshold of the Apostles"), la città dei sette colli ("the city of the seven hills") or simply l'Urbe ("the City"), is thoroughly modern and cosmopolitan. As one of the few major European cities that escaped World War II relatively unscathed, central Rome remains essentially Renaissance and Baroque in character. The Historic Centre of Rome is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage.


Brand new from RAW Rolling Papers is an American made RAW Pollen Press. Collect your pollen, press it up and crumble over your next Raw king size cone; like parmesan on a pizza.
Machined aircraft aluminum with hard plastic dowels inside; 2 small and 2 larger so you can adjust thickness as well as multiples.
Great little gift box in case you're looking for a gift. Brought to you by RAW Rolling Papers of course.


text:
Blogs and Networking
Examples of Teaching
History and Headlines
Historic Sites and Museums
Holidays and Heritage
Issues and Research
Material and Visual Culture
Organizations and Agencies
Teachinghistory.org Teacher Representative Wins 2011 National History Teacher of the Year
Thu 20 2011
Congratulations to Stacy Hoeflich, a 4th-grade teacher from John Adams Elementary School in Alexandria, VA, and a 2009–2010 Teachinghistory.org Teacher Representative, who is the 2011 National History Teacher of the Year!
The award, presented by the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, HISTORY® (History Channel), and Preserve America, honors K–12 teachers for their use of primary documents in the classroom, the level of inspiration they provide their students, and their career achievements in education.
Ms. Hoeflich received the title and $10,000 award in a ceremony at the Frederick Douglass Academy in Harlem that included two of her former students, along with James Basker, president of the Gilder Lehrman Institute; Libby O'Connell, senior vice-president and chief historian, HISTORY®; Clement Price, vice chairman of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation; and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg. Teachinghistory.org's Outreach Director Jennifer Rosenfeld attended the event representing Teachinghistory.org, which sponsored Ms. Hoeflich's nomination.
Dr. Kelly Schrum, Director of Teachinghistory.org, who nominated Ms. Hoeflich for the award, stated, "Hoeflich is devoted to the teaching and learning of history. After seeing the students in her classroom excitedly puzzle over a difficult map created almost 400 years ago or analyze political cartoons from the last century, students leave her classroom with a lifelong interest in understanding the complexities of the past."
An accomplished educator, Ms. Hoeflich has taught elementary school for 13 years. She has presented at local, state, and national education conferences on teaching history and historical thinking with primary sources. As a Teacher Representative for Teachinghistory.org, Ms. Hoeflich provided feedback about the website in order to improve its use by educators.
On Teachinghistory.org you can watch videos of Stacy Hoeflich teaching with maps and teaching with political cartoons.
Teachinghistory.org also has materials from previous National History Teacher of the Year winners. Check out 2008 winner David Mitchell's piece for our roundtable on organizing a U.S. History Survey Course or use 2005 winner Roseanne Lichatin's teaching guide on students working in historic preservation.
Teachinghistory.org is full of resources developed by other award-winning teachers, so be sure to check out our blog, teaching guides, and best practices videos to learn what outstanding teachers from across the country are doing in their classrooms!
Teachinghistory.org is designed to help K–12 history teachers access resources and materials to improve U.S. history education in the classroom.
Civil War Poster!
Teaching American History Grants Awarded
Secrets of the U.S. History Advanced Placement Exam
Learn About Mexican American History
Jennifer Orr on Making Technology Work for Primary Students: Part Two
Comment Period Begins on Changes to Selection Criteria for Teaching American History Grants

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Hungry black hole is transforming star into a stellar taffy and a cosmic donut
By Robert Lea
"This is an exciting place for scientists to be: Right at the interface of the known and the unknown."
Astronomers have discovered a monstrous black hole with an appetite and a sweet tooth. The black hole is ripping apart an unfortunate star, stretching it like taffy and shaping the "leftovers" into a stellar donut the size of the solar system before feasting on this cosmic confectionary.
The All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN or "Assassin") first spotted the violent incident, referred to as a tidal disruption event (TDE), via a flash of high-energy radiation. The feast is taking place at the heart of a galaxy 300 million light-years away.
Astronomers followed up observations of the flash by inspecting the scene at the center of the galaxy ESO 583-G004 in ultraviolet light using the Hubble Space Telescope. Though Hubble is too far away from this TDE, designated AT2022dsb, to spot the fate of the star as it unfolded, the team of astronomers was able to recreate the scene using light from the doomed star.
Related: Black hole announces itself to astronomers by violently ripping apart a star
This sequence of artist's illustrations shows how a black hole can devour a bypassing star. (Image credit: NASA, ESA, Leah Hustak (STScI))
The spectra of the star revealed how it was ripped apart by the black hole before being stretched like taffy and being fed into the black hole. The TDE process left the cosmic monster surrounded by a donut-shaped torus of stellar material and superheated gas and while much of this material will gradually fall into the black hole, some will escape into space.
Black holes are messy eaters
Thus far, telescopes including Hubble have spotted around 100 of these violent interactions between black holes and stars that wander too close to them, triggering destruction by the tidal forces created by the black hole's immense gravitational influence. What makes the observation of AT2022dsb special is that it was made in ultraviolet light, whereas most TDEs are observed in X-ray light.
"There are still very few tidal events that are observed in ultraviolet light given the observing time," Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) researcher Emily Engelthaler said in a statement (opens in new tab). "This is really unfortunate because there's a lot of information that you can get from the ultraviolet spectra."
The team that observed TDE AT2022dsb using ultraviolet spectroscopy was able to monitor it for a longer period than usual from its beginning to later stages of the "feeding" or "accretion."
— Record breaker! Newfound black hole is closest known to Earth
— NASA X-ray observatory reveals how black holes swallow stars and spit out matter
— Bizarre black hole is blasting a jet of plasma right at a neighboring galaxy
"Typically, these events are hard to observe. You get maybe a few observations at the beginning of the disruption when it's really bright. Our program is different in that it is designed to look at a few tidal events over a year to see what happens," CfA researcher Peter Maksym said. "We saw this early enough that we could observe it at these very intense black hole accretion stages. We saw the accretion rate drop as it turned to a trickle over time."
TDEs have shown astronomers that black holes are "messy eaters," meaning some of the material left over from the destruction of unfortunate stars in these feeding events will be blown out into space, possibly as jets of matter moving at incredible speeds approaching that of light.
This TDE is no different. The team's observations reveal a stellar wind sweeping toward Earth at a speed of around 3% the speed of light, or about 20 million miles per hour (approximately 32.2 million kilometers per hour).
Changes in what remains of the star destroyed in the TDE AT2022dsb are occurring over a timescale of days to months, meaning that ultraviolet spectroscopy and observations of these changes can tell astronomers more about the feasting black hole.
"We're excited because we can get these details about what the debris is doing. The tidal event can tell us a lot about a black hole," Engelthaler added. "We're excited because we can get these details about what the debris is doing. The tidal event can tell us a lot about a black hole."
Read more: Black holes: Everything you need to know
This illustration shows a glowing stream of material from a star as it is being devoured by a supermassive black hole in a tidal disruption flare. (Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)
Observing the edge of a cosmic donut
The spectroscopic data from AT2022dsb collected by Hubble was analyzed by the team who believe that it is coming from a very bright, hot, donut-shaped area of gas that was once the star's constituent material.
They were also able to ascertain that this torus of gas that swirls around the black hole is around the size of our solar system. The observations are taken from somewhere on the edge of the donut according to Maksym.
"We really are still getting our heads around the event," Maksym concluded. "You shred the star and then it's got this material that's making its way into the black hole. And so you've got models where you think you know what is going on, and then you've got what you actually see.
The team's findings were announced at the 241st meeting of the American Astronomical Society on Wednesday, Jan. 12.
Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom (opens in new tab) or on Facebook (opens in new tab).
Robert Lea
Robert Lea is a science journalist in the U.K. whose articles have been published in Physics World, New Scientist, Astronomy Magazine, All About Space, Newsweek and ZME Science. He also writes about science communication for Elsevier and the European Journal of Physics. Rob holds a bachelor of science degree in physics and astronomy from the U.K.'s Open University. Follow him on Twitter @sciencef1rst.
1 Comment Comment from the forums
boo radley
Admin said:
A distant black hole has a real sweet tooth, stretching a star that ventured too close to it into a stellar taffy and a doughnut the of the solar system before devouring it.
Hungry black hole is transforming star into a stellar taffy and a cosmic donut : Read more
Using chremamorphism while intially amusing has become tiresome and annoying and diminishes the the stature of your publications. It should be left to children's books not science journals.
Earth's inner core may be slowing down compared to the rest of the planet
Fellow astronauts remember Apollo 7 pilot Walt Cunningham as friend and mentor
Perseverance Mars rover files 1st detailed weather report
Watch SpaceX launch 56 Starlink satellites early Thursday


text:
Théodore-Lucien Heslot, né en 1810 à Mayenne et mort le  à Montjean (Mayenne), est un pédagogue français, auteur de manuels et de tableaux d'apprentissage pour les jeunes enfants.

Biographie
À son décès, il est instituteur primaire.

Publications
La Clef de la lecture, leçons de lecture graduées sur les tableaux (1850)
La Clef du calcul, leçons d'arithmétique à la portée des enfants et des jeunes gens de tous les degrés d'instruction (1852)
Modèle d'analyse grammaticale (1853)
Théorie des proportions mise à la portée d'un enfant de 7 ans par l'invention d'une table de multiplication à jetons mobiles (1854)
Syllabaire chrétien de la citolégie mnémonique par analogie vocale, méthode qui réduit l'art de lire à la connaissance des éléments simples de la lecture et à l'élision de l'e muet (1855)
Méthode élémentaire d'épellation simplifiée par analogie vocale, disposée de manière à faciliter l'étude de la lecture et de l'orthographe (1858)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Pédagogue français
Pédagogue du XIXe siècle
Naissance en 1810
Naissance à Mayenne
Décès en janvier 1859
Décès dans la Mayenne

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


While the 5.7-incher is not very different from the 5.2-inch A5 (2017), with the same Exynos 7880 processor and 3GB RAM under the hood, it's certainly odd that the 4.7-inch, 720p-limited, Exynos 7870 and 2GB memory-packing A3 (2017 ) managed to beat... More..
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Both SSDs use Samsung's newest V-NAND technology and Phoenix controller that has been redesigned to deliver top-tier performance. Leveraging the PCIe 3.0 x4 NVMe 1.3 interface, the 970 PRO reaches sequential ...More..
With an estimated price tag of $799, the 6.1-inch model will be available for almost $200 cheaper than its OLED counterparts, according to a note from Rosenblastt analyst Jun Zhang as obtaied by AppleInsider. 5...More..
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That would account for the wavy pattern on part of the ice, but the obvious holes are harder to explain. Heart shaped ice captured from NASA research plane during IceBridge mission . Or maybe seals have ta...More..
As the signal from the spectral lines was faint, it is so hard to capture a snap of the ammonia and sulfide existence. Hydrogen sulfide is a gas best known for its repulsive smell; the gas emanates from sew...More..
Boston played well in the first two games at home and almost stole Game 4 after being down 19 on the road. It doesn't look like Antetokounmpo was too upset over the matter. He just couldn't hold off Ant...More..
Proofpoint Inc now has $6.16 billion valuation. The stock decreased 0.10% or $0.33 during the last trading session, reaching $338.34. About 411,495 shares traded. The firm earned "Hold" rating on Friday, Januar...More..
Danish actress and singer/songwriter, Nina Bergman , announced on Twitter recently that she will be working on the next Doom film from Universal Pictures and that it will be shooting in Bulgaria. Universal...More..
Any ad with my picture or name in is without my permission. Martin has also told Sky News that he is aware of someone who had lost £100,000 as a result of an advert featuring his image. "I don't do adverts", ...More..
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text:
package token

import (
	"testing"

	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
)

func TestInitialize(t *testing.T) {
	discovery := &TokenDiscoveryService{}
	err := discovery.Initialize("token", 0)
	assert.NoError(t, err)
	assert.Equal(t, discovery.token, "token")
	assert.Equal(t, discovery.url, DISCOVERY_URL)

	err = discovery.Initialize("custom/path/token", 0)
	assert.NoError(t, err)
	assert.Equal(t, discovery.token, "token")
	assert.Equal(t, discovery.url, "https://custom/path")

	err = discovery.Initialize("", 0)
	assert.Error(t, err)
}

func TestRegister(t *testing.T) {
	discovery := &TokenDiscoveryService{token: "TEST_TOKEN", url: DISCOVERY_URL}
	expected := "127.0.0.1:2675"
	assert.NoError(t, discovery.Register(expected))

	addrs, err := discovery.Fetch()
	assert.NoError(t, err)
	assert.Equal(t, len(addrs), 1)
	assert.Equal(t, addrs[0].String(), expected)

	assert.NoError(t, discovery.Register(expected))
}


text:
Just one person.
Leave a Comment / Missions / By Sheryl Yeo
By Sheryl | Singapore 2019
This morning, I was aimlessly scrolling through Facebook while waiting in line at a popular breakfast chain. I needed my kopi fix, and the queue was long. It's a Saturday morning, so the neighbourhood mall was as busy as ever.
Suddenly I heard a chorus of "are you ok???" happening right in front of me. This young lady, who presumably went for some exercise before this, fainted in the queue.
Honestly, I haven't got my kopi fix and my nose was wreaking its usual havoc, so I was a bit stunned and all my first-aid knowledge did not come promptly like how its supposed to. But the rest sprung into action – two ladies got the girl to lie down while propping her legs up, one chimed up that a sugary drink is needed, and another uncle even tried to do some TCM thingy.
While I was still not very near the head of the queue, the people in front gave way and I quickly tried to get the sugary drink that this girl needed. It was hard to get the attention of the auntie who was alternating between being cashier and drink-maker. I finally got her and told her I needed a half-warm drink with 100% sugar, and it's urgent because it's for someone who just fainted.
I have no intention of shaming the auntie (as you will see later on), but her response was "ok ok just quickly take this, very busy now. Ask her to go somewhere else where it's not so busy to rest. Not here." The vibe that the auntie gave me was that this fainting girl is none of her business. She wasn't going to pause her priority of clearing the queue just for one person.
With little time to think/feel then, I just quickly got the drink to the girl. Thankfully she's ok – upon probing by some uncles, it was revealed that she didn't eat that morning. So one can guess that her blood sugar was too low.
One of the heroes of this story was this young mother who was right behind the fainted lady in the queue, with her 2 young kids. Obviously, she would have 10 million things to do today, just by the fact that she has 2 kids in tow. But she didn't hesitate to help the lady while delegating the buying of food to her kids. She stayed with the lady until it was all ok; she didn't rush off. All this time, she was also reassuring her kids who were probably feeling fearful. This may be contrasted to the typical Singaporean scene of a mother looking away from trouble, hushing her kids and telling them that it's none of their business. I think she was a really good example to her kids; I want to be like that next time.
Back to the drink-selling auntie. On hindsight, I felt sad at her nonchalant response that she gave in her busyness. Maybe the auntie's nonchalance could be attributed to the fact that even though the young lady fainted maybe only 2 metres away from the auntie, the auntie couldn't see because the scene was blocked by a food cabinet. But I think this reflects the attitude of my heart sometimes… In a parallel, maybe the one person who may be considered by society to be the least/last/lost is right in front of me, but I'm blocked by things I need to do so I can't see. Maybe sometimes I know that the one person in front of me needs help, but I want to turn a blind eye because I don't want to care. Maybe I try to push away the responsibility of caring by asking the person to go somewhere else; somewhere where it's "less busy".
Of course, I'm not advocating that we help every single person in this whole wide world. We are not saviours so we can't do that. But what if the one person God wants us to love may just be right in front of us? How will we choose to love that one person today?
Curry Chicken for Christmas – Goh into the Nations! December 2022
The Power of Giving – Goh into the Nations! November 2022
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Digital Skills Training Center
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Ps Sarah on Protected: Celebrating in Crisis – Goh into the Nations! Dec 2021
Stephen See on Social Enterprise Update #1: Establishing Kingdom Culture
Lem on The story of our new social enterprise (July 2021)
Lem on Protected: Pray for us leh – Goh into the Nations! January 2021
Anabel on Protected: Pray for us leh – Goh into the Nations! January 2021
© 2023 JASON X SHERYL
Built by Banah Digital


Another topic that caught my special attention at Solidworks World 2019 was future development and updates about 3DEXPERIENCE Marketplace. I already shared information about this product on my blog before. At Solidworks World 2018 and DS 3DEXPERIENCE North America forum in Boston. Check these articles out – DS Big Dreams, 3DEXPERIENCE Market place and part supply and 3DEXPERIENCE Marketplace – Beyond Amazon?
At Solidworks World 2019, Marketplace was presented by Florence Hu, Senior VP of Platform and Marketplace. The main line of presentation was about how to speed up processes and create new opportunity for online resource availability in a modern networked world.
The demo on stage was focusing on a very specific theme – a marketplace of engineering service providers. Check the following short video that outlines the idea.
You can see how engineers are looking for service providers with the right set of knowledge and experience. Marketplace makes them much more efficient by providing a way to get people on board of projects that otherwise won't be possible to do at all.
In 21st century, the person with the right skills you need is always works for somebody else. The specialization is important and knowledge is priceless. So, 3DEXPERIENCE Marketplace is an interesting way to get things done in a modern manufacturing world.
It made me think again about how different manufacturing and production in current networked world. Network effect is going to change everything we do and manufacturing will never be the same as it was even 10 years ago.
Manufacturing networks is a transformative process. The role of engineering and manufacturing systems is changing.Current PLM systems are mostly focusing on creation of single point of truth in a company. It comes in the way systems are controlling product information, versions, bill of materials and processes. In a new connected manufacturing environment a new role of cloud systems will be to enable sharing of product information among companies to support future manufacturing architectures and plug-and-produce scenarios. The challenging part of this process will be to find a new set of platforms which will replace an existing data ownership architectures and business models leveraging product data locking.


text:
The Oceanink Series offers players from Australia, New Zealand, Oceania, South-East Asia and Korea a chance to play against other local teams and practice playing regular matches under competitive conditions. The league is split into divisions, which allows everyone to play against teams of a similar skill level, with the aim of helping teams to improve and grow.
The season will consist of a bracket played over several weeks. Teams will be expected to play a set number of matches in that time period, with certain weeks set aside for catching up on deferred matches.
All communication regarding the Oceanink Series will take place in the Oceanink Series Discord server. If you have any questions about the Series, please use the #helpdesk channel in the Discord server and ping the @Series Admin role.
Times are in Australian Eastern Daylight Time (AEDT, UTC +11) until changeover on April 4th, when it will change to Australian Eastern Standard Time (AEST, UTC+10).
Please see the rules for information about eligibility, promotion and relegation, match procedure and disconnection rules. At least one player in each team is required to read it in its entirety before playing in the Series.
Registration opens on Mar 1st 2021.
Individual registration is open until 11:55 PM AEDT Sunday March 7th. See the individual registration page for more information about how individual registration works.
Team registration is open until 11:55 PM AEDT Thursday March 18th. The Team registration form can be found here.
Once you have registered for the Series, you can also sign up for one or both Seeding Tournaments. Registering for a Seeding Tournament will require you to have set up a Team on Challonge. If you want help with Challonge or signing up, please use the #helpdesk channel in the Series Discord.
Seeding Tournament 1 registration: https://oceanink.challonge.com/series_s8_seeding_1
Seeding Tournament 1: 6 PM Saturday 13th Mar (AEDT)
Seeding Tournament 2: 2 PM Sunday 21st Mar (AEDT)
Week 1: Monday 29th Mar – Sunday 4th Apr: Round 1
Week 2: Monday 5th Apr – Sunday 11th Apr: Round 2
Week 3: Monday 12th Apr – Sunday 18th Apr: Round 3
Week 4: Monday 19th Apr – Sunday 25th Apr: Catch-up Week 1
Week 5: Monday 26th Apr – Sunday 2nd May: Round 4
Week 6: Monday 3rd May – Sunday 9th May: Round 5
Week 7: Monday 10th May – Sunday 16th May: Catch-up Week 2
Post-season Tournament: 2 PM Saturday 22nd May (AEST) (Subject to change)
Season 8 Changes
Best of 9 -> Best of 7
Series matches can go for a while, especially when Internet issues occur. This can be draining for the players, especially over the duration of a Season. So the Series Admins have decided to reduce the number of maps in each round to 7, especially because of the other change this season…
Set map list per round -> Counter-picking from a per round map pool
Before each season, the Admins tend to spend time discussing and improving one or two aspects of the Series. This season, that was the map format.
Ever since the Series started, we have used a simple map list for each round. But after so many seasons of that, we decided we could do something better, without drifting too far from the goals of the Series. We discussed a few options and eventually settled on the following.
The basic idea is that for each round, the map list will contain:
1 map that must be played for game 1 of the round
9 maps that form a map pool which teams counter-pick from for the rest of the round, removing maps from the pool as they are played
This allows teams some say in which maps are played each week but restricts the map pool for each week to make practice fairly easy (as there are only 10 maps to practice) and to hopefully reduce the time counter-picking takes (as there are only so many maps to choose from).
To keep things interesting, the Admins will be adding 1 turf map to the map pool for each round, and will create a poll on the Sunday of each round so that players can choose 2 maps from the current round to carry over to the next round. This lets players choose to replay maps they enjoyed (or to play maps they missed out on), and means there are two less new maps each round to practice, for those teams who don't want to practice all 10 maps each week.
And no, maps can't roll over repeatedly – the poll will only include the maps that were new for that round, not the maps that rolled over from the previous round.
Also, this only applies to the actual rounds of the season. The Seeding Tournaments will continue to use normal map lists.
What is counter-picking?
Counter-picking is where the team that loses a game chooses the map for the next game. There are multiple ways counter-picking can be done, but for the Series, this means choosing a map (a stage + mode combination) from the specified map pool that hasn't yet been played.
Example match:
Teams A and B play the specified game 1 map
Team A wins
Team B chooses the map for game 2 from the map pool of 9 maps
Teams A and B play the map that Team B chose
Team B wins
Team A chooses the map for game 3 from the remaining map pool of 8 maps
Game 3, etc.:
Gameplay continues as above until a team wins four games (as it is best of 7).


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Home Health Conditions
What It Could Mean If You Have White Spots on Your Nails
By Alex Frost, thehealthy.com
Called leukonychia, those white spots can have a variety of causes, from small cosmetic issues to major, life-threatening illnesses.
Spencer Kroll, MD, has a book on his shelf that he used in medical school. In it, there's information about a once-common practice for doctors.
When they'd shake the patient's hand upon entering the exam room, the doctor would turn the hand slightly to look at the fingernails.
"It was a critical part of diagnosis, from that initial glance at the fingernails," says Dr. Kroll, an internal medicine specialist in Morganville, New Jersey. "They looked at the colour and texture before we had these elaborate tests."
White spots on fingernails, called leukonychia, can have a variety of causes—from small cosmetic issues to major, life-threatening illnesses. Luckily, it's rarely the latter. While there are a few types, the most common one is called leukonychia punctata. It's often seen in children who can be harder on their nails than adults are, says Sunitha Posina, MD, an internist in New York City.
Here are the most common reasons you might have white spots on your fingernails (or toenails).
What white spots on your nails could mean
Trauma to the nail
If you've ever hit your nail on something, you may have developed white spots from the trauma to the nail. In addition, you can also have this happen if there's trauma to "the matrix, the base of where the nail forms," says Emmanuel Loucas, MD, a dermatologist at Water's Edge Dermatology in Florida.
In this case, the spots may take a while to go away, as nails grow slowly. This type of minor trauma can also result in fingernail ridges rather than white spots.
"Nails grow at a variable rate—they grow more in the wintertime and in colder months," Dr. Kroll says.
But it can take several months to a year for nails to grow. "So if they were damaged, or there was a clear inciting event…it's reasonable to track that event and wait several months" if there are no other symptoms, he adds.
Manicures, artificial nails, and other nail treatments
Ever had an amazing manicure, only to realize those artificial tips you had glued on your nail did some damage? This also counts as trauma to the nail, according to Dr. Kroll, and can take a while to grow out.
It's not just nail tips that are the culprits, but a variety of beauty treatments. "There can be an allergic reaction to something topically on the fingers, from nail lacquers to fake nails to other topical applications," he says.
Psoriasis or eczema
"Your nails are an extension of your skin, and in actuality, a type of skin," says Dr. Loucas. So some conditions that can affect your skin can also affect your nails.
Psoriasis and eczema are skin conditions characterized by itching, rashes, and redness. These can manifest in the nails as well as your skin, resulting in nail whitening, says Dr. Loucas.
Psoriasis of the nails can look like thickening and whitening on the nails. It can also look like pitted, white dots, he says. Eczema can cause ridges, discolouration, and thickening. A dermatologist can help you find treatments that work. (Here are six common rashes, decoded.)
If you've spent some time in your gym's shower, a swimming pool, or other moist location, you may be experiencing nail fungus, especially on toenails. Fungus, says Dr. Loucas, can look like nail thickening and white colouring. If it's extensive, then the whiteness and thickening can involve the entire nail.
Fungus is also commonly confused with psoriasis, he says. In order to diagnosis the condition properly, your doctor might take a clipping or scraping from your nails and send it off to a lab to identify if a fungus is causing an infection. Oral, topical, laser, and surgical treatments can help treat a nail fungus problem, depending on the severity.
One of the least well-known symptoms of COVID-19 involves your toes and toenails. They've been nicknamed "COVID toes," and can be the only indication someone has COVID-19. Dr. Kroll explains that while this symptom typically involve red toes, sometimes patients might also experience pale nail beds: "It can look whitish and could be seen in fingernails as well," he says.
The American Academy of Dermatology recommends hydrocortisone cream to relieve symptoms. Patients should keep a close eye on other potentially more dangerous COVID-19 symptoms and follow up with a doctor if they think they need testing or treatment.
This can sometimes happen in relation to vascular problems from COVID-19, which includes blood vessels and circulation, says Dr. Kroll.
Vitamin/mineral deficiencies (a hotly debated one)
Your grandmother might have told you that those white spots are because you are calcium deficient, and you need to drink more milk. Doctors and researchers disagree as to whether she's right or wrong. Some say vitamin and mineral deficiencies can be the cause, while others say this is a myth that has been disproven.
Vitamin D, calcium, and zinc deficiencies may be the problem, says Dr. Kroll. When he's working with patients who may have white spots, he sometimes orders a blood test to check for deficiencies, he says. He also listens to the patient's history thoroughly, paying special attention to their dietary history and nutritional intake. "It's important to listen for misconceptions," he says.
Dr. Loucas says there's been a lot of controversy and literature on both sides of the argument. "In general, calcium and other mineral deficiencies aren't thought to cause leukonychia," he says.
More serious conditions
More rarely, white spots can be a sign of a more serious condition, such as an autoimmune disease, heart disease, or kidney failure. If you are only experiencing white spots and no other symptoms, Dr. Kroll is much less concerned and suggests simply keeping an eye on the issue.
However, he says if you are having white spots along with other serious symptoms, you should be evaluated immediately. These symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitations, and swollen ankles.
Dr. Posina cautions to look for other nail conditions accompanying the white spots. "Nail brittleness, discolouration, ridges, and grooves might be indicative of more systemic changes that need to be thoroughly evaluated," he says.
A study published in 2016 in the Indian Journal of Dermatology lists many possible diseases associated with leukonychia. Those include: HIV, liver cirrhosis, Kawasaki disease (an illness that causes inflammation in blood vessels), arsenic or lead poisoning, renal failure, and liver failure. Leukonychia can also follow an acute illness.
White spots on your nails can be one of the lesser-known side effects of some medications. Dr. Posina lists common culprits, but you should tell your doctor about all side effects from medications:
Sulfur drugs like some antibiotics used to treat skin infections and other bacterial infections (for example: Bactrim, Dapsone)
Water pills like furosemide (Lasix) and hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)
Arthritis pain medication like celecoxib (Celebrex)
Diabetes medications such as glimepiride (Amaryl) and glyburide
Sulfasalazine used to treat Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and rheumatoid arthritis
Some chemotherapy drugs
While leukonychia may be unsightly, or may cause you to worry if you have a bigger problem, it's nothing to worry about most of the time. Usually it's just from bumping your nail on the corner of that kitchen island one too many times. To rule out more serious conditions, don't hesitate to discuss your nail health with your doctor.
Next, find out 20 symptoms you should never ignore.
Photo: Maridav / Shutterstock.com
What Your Feet Say About Your Health
Photo: Roman Samborskyi / Shutterstock.com
Secrets For Healthier Hair
Why Your Hands Are Always Cold
What Makes a Car Backfire?
This Young Woman Was Haunted By the Sounds of Elevator Music and Seagulls Squawking—But Nothing Was There
You Really Need to Stop Cleaning Your Ears With Cotton Swabs


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What is Vanadium?
What is the history of Vanadium?
Vanadium was discovered in 1801 by the Spanish scientist Andres Manuel del Rio.
Del Rio discovered the new element in brown lead ore (now known to be the mineral vanadinite, Pb5[VO4]3Cl) in New Spain (Mexico).
Del Rio had moved to Mexico as a professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy at the Royal School of Mines, Mexico City.
He named his new element panchromo or panchromium meaning 'all of the colors' because of the wide range of colors he had found when investigating the element's salts.
He then renamed the element eritrono or erythronium, from the Greek word eruthros, meaning red. The new name was inspired by the red color which was seen when Group 1 or Group 2 oxide salts of the new element – for example sodium vanadium oxide – were heated or acidified
In 1805 the French chemist Hippolyte-Victor Collet-Descotils examined the lead ore and announced that erythronium was actually impure chromium – an analysis which, unfortunately, del Rio accepted.
Nothing more was heard of the element until 1830, when Nils Gabriel Sefström in Stockholm, Sweden, found a new metal in a Swedish iron ore.
He called this new element vanadium after 'Vanadis' the Scandinavian goddess of beauty because of the beautiful multicolored compounds formed by the metal. (4)
In the same year, German chemist Friedrich Wöhler reinvestigated the Mexican lead ore and found that vanadium was identical to del Rio's erythronium. (5)
The metal was first isolated by Sir Henry E. Roscoe in 1867, in Manchester, England, by reducing vanadium chloride with hydrogen.
The vanadium mineral roscoelite was named in honor of Rocoe's work.
Where is Vanadium found?
Vanadium is not found as a free form element in nature. Some minerals containing vanadium include vanadinite, carnotite, and magnetite. The majority of vanadium production comes from magnetite. Around 98% of the vanadium ore that is mined is mined in South Africa, Russia, and China.
What are all the uses of Vanadium?
Titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy is used in jet engines and for high-speed aircraft. Vanadium foil is used in cladding titanium to steel. Vanadium-gallium tape is used in superconducting magnets. Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst for the production of sulfuric acid. The vanadium redox battery for energy storage may be an important application in the future.
Where are your mining projects located?
Click here for contact information.
What are Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries?
How does the Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Work?
What is VEPT and what are the benefits?
Can you tell me more about Vanadiumcorp Resource Inc.?
How do I contact Vanadiumcorp Resources Inc with questions?
How do I invest? What are financings, PPs, warrants and options?
Vanadium Pentoxide "V2O5"
Vanadium(V) oxide (vanadia) is the inorganic compound with the formula V2O5. Commonly known as vanadium pentoxide, it is a brown/yellow solid, although when freshly precipitated from aqueous solution, its colour is deep orange. Because of its high oxidation state, it is both an amphoteric oxide and an oxidizing agent. From the industrial perspective, it is the most important compound of vanadium, being the principal precursor to alloys of vanadium and is a widely used industrial catalyst.[6]
The mineral form of this compound, shcherbinaite, is extremely rare, almost always found among fumaroles. A mineral trihydrate, V2O5·3H2O, is also known under the name of navajoite.
Reduction to lower oxides
Upon heating a mixture of the pentoxide and V2O3, comproportionation occurs to give vanadium(IV) oxide, as a deep-blue solid:
V2O5 + V2O3 → 4 VO2
The reduction can also be effected by oxalic acid, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide. Further reduction using hydrogen or excess CO can lead to complex mixtures of oxides such as V4O7 and V5O9 before black V2O3 is reached.
Acid-base reactions
V2O5 is an amphoteric oxide. Unlike most metal oxides, it dissolves slightly in water to give a pale yellow, acidic solution. Thus V2O5 reacts with strong non-reducing acids to form solutions containing the pale yellow salts containing dioxovanadium(V) centers:
V2O5 + 2 HNO3 → 2 VO2(NO3) + H2O
It also reacts with strong alkali to form polyoxovanadates, which have a complex structure that depends on pH. If excess aqueous sodium hydroxide is used, the product is a colourless salt, sodium orthovanadate, Na3VO4. If acid is slowly added to a solution of Na3VO4, the colour gradually deepens through orange to red before brown hydrated V2O5 precipitates around pH 2. These solutions contain mainly the ions HVO42− and V2O74− between pH 9 and pH 13, but below pH 9 more exotic species such as V4O124− and HV10O285− (decavanadate) predominate.
Upon treatment with thionyl chloride, it converts to the volatile liquid vanadium oxychloride, VOCl3:
V2O5 + 3 SOCl2 → 2 VOCl3 + 3 SO2
Other redox reactions[edit]
Hydrochloric acid and hydrobromic acid are oxidised to the corresponding halogen, e.g.,
V2O5 + 6HCl + 7H2O → 2[VO(H2O)5]2+ + 4Cl− + Cl2
Vanadates or vanadyl(V) compounds in acid solution are reduced by zinc amalgam through the colourful pathway:
VO2+yellow → VO2+blue → V3+green → V2+purple
The ions are all hydrated to varying degrees.
The orange, partly hydrated form of V2O5
Precipitate of "red cake", which is hydrous V2O5
Vanadium(V) oxide is produced when vanadium metal is heated with excess oxygen, but this product is contaminated with other, lower oxides. A more satisfactory laboratory preparation involves the decomposition of ammonium metavanadate at 500-550 °C:
2 NH4VO3 → V2O5 + 2 NH3 + H2O
Technical grade V2O5 is produced as a black powder used for the production of vanadium metal and ferrovanadium. A vanadium ore or vanadium-rich residue is treated with sodium carbonate and an ammonium salt to produce sodium metavanadate, NaVO3. This material is then acidified to pH 2–3 using H2SO4 to yield a precipitate of "red cake" (see above). The red cake is then melted at 690 °C to produce the crude V2O5.
Ferrovanadium production
In terms of quantity, the dominant use for vanadium(V) oxide is in the production of ferrovanadium (see above). The oxide is heated with scrap iron and ferrosilicon, with lime added to form a calcium silicate slag. Aluminium may also be used, producing the iron-vanadium alloy along with alumina as a by-product.
Sulfuric acid production
Another important use of vanadium(V) oxide is in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, an important industrial chemical with an annual worldwide production of 165 million metric tons in 2001, with an approximate value of US$8 billion. Vanadium(V) oxide serves the crucial purpose of catalysing the mildly exothermic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide by air in the contact process:
2 SO2 + O2 ⇌ 2 SO3
The discovery of this simple reaction, for which V2O5 is the most effective catalyst, allowed sulfuric acid to become the cheap commodity chemical it is today. The reaction is performed between 400 and 620 °C; below 400 °C the V2O5 is inactive as a catalyst, and above 620 °C it begins to break down. Since it is known that V2O5 can be reduced to VO2 by SO2, one likely catalytic cycle is as follows:
SO2 + V2O5 → SO3 + 2VO2
2VO2 +½O2 → V2O5
It is also used as catalyst in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx emissions in some power plants. Due to its effectiveness in converting sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide, and thereby sulfuric acid, special care must be taken with the operating temperatures and placement of a power plant's SCR unit when firing sulfur-containing fuels.
Other oxidations
Maleic anhydride is produced by the V2O5-catalysed oxidation of butane with air:
C4H10 + 4 O2 → C2H2(CO)2O + 8 H2O
Maleic anhydride is used for the production of polyester resins and alkyd resins
Phthalic anhydride is produced similarly by V2O5-catalysed oxidation of ortho-xylene or naphthalene at 350–400 °C. The equation is for the xylene oxidation:
C6H4(CH3)2 + 3 O2 → C6H4(CO)2O + 3 H2O
Phthalic anhydride is a precursor to plasticisers, used for conferring pliability to polymers.
A variety of other industrial compounds are produced similarly, including adipic acid, acrylic acid, oxalic acid, and anthraquinone.
Due to its high coefficient of thermal resistance, vanadium(V) oxide finds use as a detector material in bolometers and microbolometer arrays for thermal imaging. It also finds application as an ethanol sensor in ppm levels (up to 0.1 ppm).
Vanadium redox batteries are a type of flow battery used for energy storage, including large power facilities such as wind farms.
Vanadium(V) oxide exhibits very modest acute toxicity to humans, with an LD50 of about 470 mg/kg. The greater hazard is with inhalation of the dust, where the LD50 ranges from 4–11 mg/kg for a 14-day exposure. Vanadate (VO3−
4), formed by hydrolysis of V2O5 at high pH, appears to inhibit enzymes that process phosphate (PO43−). However the mode of action remains elusive.
Copperas
Copperas is an iron salt produced by the VanadiumCorp-Electrochem Process Technology "VEPT" and the historical and conventional source is produced also as a natural by-product of the titanium dioxide (TiO2) manufacturing process and . It can be used to produce animal feeds, cement, pigments, and in biogas and water treatment applications.
Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, commonly known as copperas, is a green, water soluble, acidic salt, produced during the VEPT or the manufacture of TiO2. A cost efficient source of iron, we supply this secondary product to a variety of sectors, where it is put to good use in numerous chemical and industrial applications.
In the water treatment industry, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate can be used directly in water treatment plants to improve the coagulation and removal of elements such as phosphorus. In pigment production, copperas is a useful source of iron. Water-soluble and easy to handle, it is commonly used to produce red, yellow and black iron oxide pigments. Cement producers also use ferrous sulfate heptahydrate – harnessing its power to reduce chromium (VI) levels.
Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate can also be dried and oxidized to create other useful forms of iron.
When dried, copperas turns into ferrous sulfate thermal monohydrate. With a high concentration of iron (around 30%) this by-product can be used as a valuable supplement in animal feeds. In its oxidized form, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate is a liquid source of iron that can be used in water treatment, biogas treatment and mining processes
Cradle to gate
Cradle-to-gate is an assessment of a partial product life cycle from resource extraction (cradle) to the factory gate (i.e., before it is transported to the consumer). The use phase and disposal phase of the product are omitted in this case. ie VEPT Learn more here….
Pregnant Liquor Solution
The portion of an original liquid that remains after other components have been dissolved by a solvent is also called raffinate. In the case of VEPT in referring generally to all metal value recovered in solution from virtually any feedstock Learn more here….
VRFB
VRFB = Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
VEPT
VEPT = VanadiumCorp-Electrochem Process Technology
PEA = Preliminary Economic Assessment
VTM=vanadiferous titanomagnetite
Green Mining
According to Kirkey, "Green mining is defined as technologies, best practices and mine processes that are implemented as a means to reduce the environmental impacts associated with the extraction and processing of metals and minerals.
Vanadium Electrolyte
Vanadium electrolyte is the vital component of VRFBs, an increasingly popular technology. VRFBs are an alternative energy storage technology capable of delivering load levelling and storage capacity for remote generation and renewable generation applications. … Vanadium electrolyte is the electrochemical storage medium.
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Living on Campus/
Disability Services/
Assistive Technology/
TEXT-TO-SPEECH -- CONVERTING DIGITAL TEXTS TO AUDIO
All students now have a great accessibility tool available to them for free – the ability to listen written text read aloud. See below for the various ways that you can convert digital text to audio.
READ&WRITE BY TEXT HELP
Read&Write is a software program that will read aloud all digital texts—including Word documents, webpages, and PDFs, and has features to assist with outlining, research citations, proofreading, vocabulary-building, and more. Once downloaded to your computer, Read&Write works with a floating, customizable toolbar. You can adjust the settings to your preferred voice and speed and even convert written texts to an MP3 audio file to save to iTunes.
Video explanations of its many features are available on YouTube, like this video demonstration of how to use Read&Write for Google Chrome, as well as on the "Video Tours" section under the "rw" icon on the toolbar.  Care to listen to a PDF read aloud? You can, using the PDF Reader tool.
Read&Write is available for free to all members of the Dickinson community!
Click the relevant link below to learn how to download it to your computer:
PC Instructions
Mac Instructions
Read&Write Features - Quick Reference Guides
Windows Mac Google Chrome iPad
Read&Write can be found on the computers in the following locations in the Waidner-Spahr Library: Alden Room, Library Classroom 1, Library Classroom 2, and the Reference Commons.
BUILT-IN TEXT-TO-SPEECH AND DICTATION FOR OFFICE 365
Here is guidance for How to Use the Accessible Reading Tools in Office 365 with Word. You can also view instructions for how to access text-to-speech for Word, Outlook, PowerPoint, and OneNote. And here's guidance for how to dictate your documents, emails, notes, and ppt slides.
BUILT-IN TEXT-TO-SPEECH AND DICTATION FOR APPLE PRODUCTS
Every Mac comes equipped with accessibility features that include text-to-speech and dictation software. The link above explains how to enable each, and here is a video of a college student explaining how and why to enable text-to-speech on a Mac. You can also enable text-to-speech and dictation on your iPhone, so that even when you're on the go, you can listen to what someone sent you or dictate your texts and emails. (Just remember to proofread after you do!)
BUILT-IN DICTATION FOR WINDOWS 10, ANDROID, AND GOOGLE DOCS
Users of Android phones, Google Docs, or Windows 10 can learn how to enable dictation by following this guidance document, For earlier versions of Windows, we recommend using the dictation features in Office 365 or in Read&Write.
OTHER FREE TEXT-TO-SPEECH OPTIONS
This video shows how to convert text to audio using Adobe Reader and this video shows how to download and use Natural Reader (we recommend skipping over the first introductory minute).
CONVERTING PDF DOCUMENTS TO ENABLE TEXT-TO-SPEECH
Students can quickly convert nearly any file type to an accessible (convertible to audio) format for use with screen reading text-to-speech programs (such as Read&Write) by following this "Making PDFs Accessible" guidance. All file types available for conversion are listed at the bottom of the page.
GRAMMAR AND SPELL CHECKER PROGRAMS
Students interested in advanced grammar and spell checker programs may be thrilled to discover such highly-rated software programs as these (which include free versions):
Ginger spell checker (Here's a video explanation of how to use Ginger.)
Ghotit – "Dyslexia Writing and Reading Assistant" (Here's a video explanation of how to use Ghotit.)
Grammarly – an integrated spelling and grammar checker, it will also suggest improvements for tone and has a plagiarism checker. Here's a review of Grammarly.
Microsoft Editor – spelling and grammar checker. Available as a Chrome or Microsoft Edge extension here.
RESOURCES ON LIBRARY COMPUTERS
The Waidner-Spahr Library provides a variety of assistive technology resources available to all Dickinson students. Adobe Acrobat Reader 9 and Microsoft Windows 7 Ease of Access Center are installed on all computers in the library. Both contain a read-out-loud feature, as well as several other helpful attributes.
For more detailed descriptions of any of the above information, contact Emily Wetzel at ADSTechnology@Dickinson.edu or visit the Accessibility at Waidner-Spahr Library guide on the library's website.
ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES
OPTIONS FOR STUDENTS WITH A TEXT-TO-SPEECH ACCOMMODATION
Students with disabilities who would like to be able to access books in digital (convertible to audio) format should contact Access and Disability Services to determine whether you would be eligible for enrollment in Bookshare, which hosts a collection of books in digital format. Students already determined to be eligible for access to books in an alternative format have additional options, and should refer to this "How to Access Books in Digital (to Convert to Audio) Format" guide.
Questions regarding any difficulties you may be encountering with converting books from digital to audio format should be directed to Emily Wetzel at ADSTechnology@dickinson.edu.
SMART PENS – FOR STUDENTS WITH AN ACCOMMODATION TO RECORD CLASS
Smartpens record audio while the user writes notes, so any notes written serve as a bookmark to be able to replay what was said when that note was written. Here's a video of students explaining what they like about using the Livescribe for note-taking, and here is a video demonstration of how the Livescribe pen works. Please remember, there are restrictions placed on students' use of a recording device in the classroom without an accommodation to do so, and all students must consult with faculty before making any recordings in class. Failure to obtain proper consent may result in a violation of Pennsylvania's wiretap statutes.
ADS has a limited number of Livescribe smartpens available for checkout for students with a note-taking accommodation. Some with a note-taking accommodation may prefer to buy their own through Livescribe or at stores like Staples, Target, Walmart, or on eBay. If you are a student with a note-taking accommodation who wishes to borrow a Livescribe pen, please email ADS to let us know.
MICROSOFT OFFICE ONENOTE AND LENS
OneNote (which is compatible with Mac and Windows devices) enables you to create digital notebooks that you can access from anywhere, and within each notebook (e.g. "Fall '21"), you can set up each of your classes as a new subject, and each class session as "page." You can type or draw in OneNote, as well as insert tables, pictures, files, videos, and more. You can also dictate text that it'll type up for you, have text read aloud, and even enter math formulas that can be solved or graphed! Learn more about how to download and start using OneNote!
While the use of OneNote is recommended for all students, those students who have the accommodation of recording class using a computer may wish to use OneNote's Audio Notes feature, which enables you to type while recording, and then sync the audio with what you've typed. Here's a video tutorial of How to use the Audio Notes feature in OneNote (the section on audio recording class starts at 1:24).
Office Lens is a companion app for OneNote that you can use to upload photos of your handwritten notes to your notebook in OneNote.
DYSLEXIC-FRIENDLY FONT
Individuals with dyslexia may want to consider downloading and using Dyslexie--a font designed to assuage the challenges often posed by reading traditional fonts. This video provides a demonstration of its use.
MAGNIFYING SYSTEMS
Access and Disability Services has a Farview portable magnifying system available for loan. A CCTV Clearview+ Magnifying System that enables users to zoom in on small print materials is located on the upper level of the library. This 19" full-screen magnifying system allows patrons to more easily view small print materials, providing up to 56x magnification. These Clearview+ video instructions demonstrate the magnifier's ease of use and highlight the Always-In-Focus technology, adjustable monitor, and easy glide reading platform.
Access and Disability Services Overview
Disclosing and Documenting
Strategies, Organization, & Achievement Resources
Web Accessibility Settings
Universal Design for Learning
Accommodations Abroad


Not many would label Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez as "friendly celebrity exes," until now. E! News can confirm the pop singers recently spent time together at Jasa Pembuatan Website 's Los Angeles pad, but it's not the first time they've crossed paths as of late. In fact, a source reveals the former lovebirds have hung out "a few times" since Selena underwent kidney transplant surgerysometime before mid-September.


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Facts vs. fears: 5 answers to help weigh your coronavirus risk
Liz Szabo
The news about the novel coronavirus in China grows more urgent daily. The number of related deaths is now greater than 1,300, while tens of thousands of people have been infected — most of them in China. People returning to the U.S. from China are quarantined for 14 days. It can be frightening to think about the threat, but public health officials in this country constantly remind people that the risk of the disease here is low.
Still, scientists have more questions than answers about important issues surrounding the coronavirus, now officially named COVID-19. Here's some help in understanding the unknowns and evaluating the risks, Kaiser Health News reported.
More than 1,300 people have died from this virus since December. Should I be worried?
All but two of those fatalities occurred in China, where the virus emerged. China has reported the lion's share of cases, said Dr. William Schaffner, a professor of preventive medicine, health policy and infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
The 15 Americans identified so far with the disease had recently been in China or had close contact with someone who became infected in China. In addition, public health officials report that many of the U.S. cases have been relatively mild infections.
Arizona's only confirmed case of coronavirus was confirmed in January. The man, who had recently returned from travel to Wuhan, China, is part of the Arizona State University community.
The number of deaths in China is startling, but remember, even a virus with a low fatality rate can kill many people if the number of infections is large. For example, influenza kills 0.14% of infected patients, said Dr. Peter Hotez, a professor of pediatrics, molecular virology and microbiology at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. But because the flu is so common — infecting up to 45 million Americans a season — deaths could climb as high as 61,000 people each flu season just in the U.S., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
But the statistics coming out of China are also suspect, and experts don't yet know how to evaluate them. For example, on Feb. 13, Chinese officials changed their criteria for confirming the disease and added more than 15,000 cases to the patient tally — after two days of reporting a downturn in the number of people affected.
To be sure, it is often difficult to get a good assessment of cases while using most of your public health resources to fight an outbreak.
The number of coronavirus cases may be much higher than China is reporting, said Lawrence Gostin, director of the World Health Organization Collaborating Center on Public Health Law & Human Rights. That may not be a deliberate effort to downplay the outbreak but could signal problems "with China's capacity for testing and surveillance," he said. "They are just not picking up all the cases and deaths. An even greater problem is that there is no independent verification."
The World Health Organization "is relying on data from China and has no ability at present to independently verify those data," Gostin said. That could change, he added, if WHO experts are allowed into the center of the outbreak, the city of Wuhan in Hubei province. "But I have significant concerns that even then [WHO] won't have access to full information," he said.
What is the mortality rate from this virus?
News reports and health officials have reported widely varied estimates of death rates caused by the outbreak. Schaffner cautions that calculating those numbers in a fast-moving outbreak is difficult.
Mortality rates are determined by dividing the number of deaths by the number of infections. While counting the dead is generally straightforward, it can be impossible to find the total number of infections because some people with the virus develop few noticeable symptoms. Since COVID-19 is new, doctors don't know what percentage of infections fall into this category, Schaffner said.
It's not surprising that mortality rates for the coronavirus vary dramatically, based on where diagnoses were made, Schaffner said. For example, a report Monday from the Imperial College of London found a mortality rate of 18% for cases detected in Hubei, where only patients with unusual pneumonia or severe breathing problems were being tested for the virus. Outside China, health officials test anyone with a cough and fever who has visited Hubei — a much larger number — producing a mortality rate of 1.2% to 5.6%.
UNDERSTANDING THE CORONAVIRUS:What is the new coronoavirus?
How is the virus spreading?
The rapid spread of the coronavirus suggests it is transmitted person-to-person, much like influenza: An infected person coughs out moist droplets containing the virus and another person breathes them in, said Schaffner.
Because the moist droplets fall to the ground within 3 to 6 feet, patients are most likely to infect people with whom they are in close contact. These droplets can also land on surfaces, such as door handles, and infect other people who touch the contaminated surface, then touch their mouth or eyes.
It's much less common for viruses to spread through so-called airborne transmission, in which viruses float in the air for a long time, like measles or chickenpox, said Hotez.
The diagnosis this week of a woman who lived in a Hong Kong apartment with an unsealed pipe raised the question of whether the virus may have been transmitted through the building's plumbing.
SEARCH FOR VACCINE: ASU researchers work to find the first coronavirus vaccine
How easily is the virus transmitted?
So-called super spreaders are people who infect a larger-than-average number of people.
While some people with coronavirus never infect anyone else, others infect dozens. In 2003, a Hong Kong SARS patient infected 136 people at one hospital. As a general rule, health officials estimate that 20% of people with a given infectious disease cause roughly 80% of the cases, Hotez said.
Although it's not known how large a role super spreaders are playing in the outbreak, anecdotes have dotted the press. A British man, for example, is believed to have infected 11 others at a French ski resort.
Scientists don't know why some people are more contagious than others, Hotez said. It's possible that these people have a higher viral load and "shed" more of the virus when they cough or sneeze. Scientists don't know if personal habits also come into play. For example, do these patients cough more vigorously than others? Do they socialize more? Are they more apt to touch objects or other people?
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People are being quarantined on military bases and cruise ships. Does that work?
Quarantines have been used since the 14th century, when cities such as Venice ordered ships to remain at anchor for 40 days before landing as a way to prevent the spread of the plague. The word "quarantine" comes from the Italian word for 40.
But quarantines are effective only when they're limited and based on good scientific evidence, Gostin said.
The two-week quarantines that U.S. officials have imposed on people evacuating Wuhan — who had a high risk of being exposed to the virus — make sense, he suggested, because people aren't being housed together. Evacuees are protected from exposure to the virus and prevented from transmitting it to others, Gostin said.
The quarantines imposed in China on major cities and a Japanese cruise ship aren't effective, Gostin said.
"They are overbroad and under conditions that could fuel the epidemic," said Gostin, who is also faculty director at Georgetown University's O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law. "People are being forced to remain in close, congested conditions, so they are likely to spread infection among themselves."
Forcing passengers on a cruise ship to remain in their cabins for two weeks "is a cruel human experiment," Osterholm said. "They should be released as soon as possible. We're just facilitating transmission" on the ship.
Passengers should be asked to "shelter in place" at home for two weeks instead, he added.
"Most people will comply," Osterholm said.


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What You Could Afford on a Doctor's Salary in Every State
You won't believe the things you can buy with a doctor's salary.
By Andrew Lisa February 21, 2018 Boost Your Career
Tax Mistakes Everyone Makes — and How to Avoid Them
Andrew Wilkinson / Flickr.com
People tend to assume that all doctors make good money — and that's usually true. But doctors can earn much more or less depending on the state where they live and practice. GOBankingRates used the most recent data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics to find the mean annual wage of general practitioners in every state, then determined what a year's salary could buy with that pay. You won't believe the kind of crazy things you can buy with a doctor's salary.
Click through to find out how much doctors earn nationwide.
James Diewald / Flickr.com
Alabama — $189,640: 68 Acres of Pristine Swampland
Alabama's swampland is among the most unique landscapes on the planet, and the average doctor in the state could score a huge tract of it for future generations to enjoy. For example, 34 acres of swamp in Coosa County goes for $90,000. Buy two tracts and not only do you get the swamp, but you'll have nearly 10 grand left over for the year.
©Shutterstock.com
Alaska — $232,560: A Chunk of the Alaskan Wilderness
Alaska's pristine, rugged wilderness is legendary, and a doctor there could buy 3.36 acres to call home with one year's pay. A spread on Kachemak Bay — a hunting and fishing paradise that includes mountain views in glacier country — goes for $199,000, which leaves plenty of money to put down on a fishing boat.
Related: The Most Outrageous CEO Salaries and Perks
Jon_Manjeot / Shutterstock.com
Arizona — $172,530: 36 Acres of Desert
Arizona's vast and unforgiving desert is one of the most beautiful places on Earth — if you're into rugged seclusion. For doctors who like it hot, dusty and remote, 36-plus acres in Dragoon Mountain Ranch, next to Coronado National Forest, can be had for less than a year's salary of a desert doctor — $165,000, to be exact.
Arkansas — $212,480: A House and Land in the Ozarks
Tourism is booming in the multi-state region known as the Ozarks. A doctor in Arkansas could get in on the action with a Stone County home in Mountain View situated on 57 acres for less than a year's salary — just $200,000.
Find Out:–31 Cities Where You Can Afford to Live Off Less Than $50,000
Spondylolithesis / Getty Images/iStockphoto
California — $198,010: A California Vineyard
California wine country has produced some of the best vintages in the world — and a doctor in the Golden State could spend just $175,000 to secure 186.66 acres of prime land zoned for agriculture and vineyards. The property doesn't come with the grapes, but that shouldn't be hard to supply with $23,010 left over for the year.
©Flickr.com
Colorado — $217,230: Your Own Ski Cabin
Colorado is the heart of the American Rockies, and skiers from around the world flock there every year to play in the powder and challenge the slopes. For $178,500, you can score a ski cabin of your own in Salida on Monarch Mountain. For the average doctor, that leaves $38,730 to spare, and you'll need it — the cabin is a fixer-upper.
Doug Kerr / Flickr.com
Connecticut — $190,280: A House in Hartford
For a Connecticut doctor looking to move to the capital city without spending more than a year's salary, it's absolutely doable.–A four-bedroom, two-bathroom home on Brown Street built in 2005 can be purchased for $190,000.
Find out why Connecticut is one of the U.S. states with the most millionaires.
MPD01605 / Flickr.com
Delaware — $179,840: The Eternal Gratitude of a Scofflaw
A doctor in Delaware who is willing to sacrifice a year's salary for a semi-good cause or who simply has money to burn and wants to stick it to the man could pay the tab for the state's most notorious toll dodger. In 2018, the Delaware News Journal reported that one man alone owed the state nearly $175,000 in unpaid road fares — and it's unlikely that he would turn down a good Samaritan benefactor.
Steve Mann / Shutterstock.com
Florida — $203,410: A Trip to Outer Space
Home to Cape Canaveral, Florida is the aerospace capital of the country and the world. For less than a year's salary — just $200,000, according to Popular Mechanics — a Florida doctor can reserve a seat on a private spacecraft with a company like Virgin Galactic, a company that soon intends to launch wealthy civilians into space for five-minute jaunts.
See: How Much It'll Cost You to Get to the Most Secluded Places on Earth
Emily Connor / Flickr.com
Georgia — $211,110: Your Own Pecan Orchard
Georgia is known as the Peach State, but it's also one of America's great pecan-production centers. A doctor with a green thumb could add a second source of revenue if they acquire a 43-acre pecan farm in Bulloch County for $200,000.
Harly504 / Flickr.com
Hawaii — $214,930: A Condo in the Aloha Surf Hotel
With the exception of maybe pineapples and volcanoes, Hawaii is best known for surfing and the word "aloha." A 216-square-foot unit in the Aloha Surf Hotel will run you $200,000, which the average doctor could purchase with nearly $15,000 left to put toward the monthly maintenance fees of $365.
Idaho — $188,930: 315,000 Pounds of Potatoes
Idaho has long been known for growing the world's most famous potatoes — and with less than a year's salary, a doctor there could represent the state's reputation like no other. Ten pounds of Idaho potatoes go for about $5.98, which means you could score 31,500 10-pound boxes for $188,370 — that's 315,000 pounds of choice spuds.
Heritage Auctions PD / Wikimedia Commons Public Domain
Illinois — $219,280: Joe Jackson Baseball Card
No player in baseball history is as famous and infamous at the same time as "Shoeless" Joe Jackson, who was banned from baseball for life for his role in throwing the 1919 World Series.–As a doctor in Illinois, you can display a mint condition 1914 Boston Garter card depicting the infamous Chicago "Black Sox" player for $204,000 — less than a year's salary. If you hold onto the card and keep it in mint condition, it could turn you into a millionaire one day.
Find out which collectibles could make you millions.
mtreasure / Getty Images/iStockphoto
Indiana — $184,650: A Farm
The average doctor in Indiana could sow and reap the Midwestern state's agricultural heritage for generations to come by purchasing a farm for less than a year's salary. A 12-acre farm in the town of Osgood is on the market for $180,000.
Related: Proven Ways to Double Your Salary in Two Years
Joshua Siniscal / Flickr.com
Iowa — $243,580: Your Own 'Field of Dreams'
On less than a general practitioner's annual salary — just $235,000 — you can harness your inner Ray Kinsella and buy 101 acres of farmable land. From there, you could plant corn, cut it down and install a baseball field — or you could just hold it as an asset and hope for appreciation.
Lane Pearman / Flickr.com
Kansas — $224,070: 9 Tornado Sirens
Thanks mostly to "The Wizard of Oz," Kansas is more synonymous with tornadoes than any other state. A doctor who lives there could gift his or her town with nine battery-operated, solar-charged Grainger tornado sirens, which run about $25,000 each.
Kentucky — $212,640: Restaurant Lease at the Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame
If a doctor in Kentucky who's a chef at heart could lease a piece of the state's rich bluegrass music heritage all it would take is a year's salary. The Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame in Owensboro leases restaurant space for $17 a square foot. With one year's pay, a primary care physician could set up shop in 12,508 square feet in one of the world's great music meccas.
capt_tain Tom / Flickr.com
Louisiana — $221,180: A Bayou Homestead
A doctor in Louisiana could afford a home situated on 11 acres of classic Louisiana bayou on a year's salary. A home on a plot that size in Vidalia, Concordia Parish, is selling for $220,000 — and you get not just your spread, but access to the nearly 15,000-acre Acre Bayou Cocodrie National Wildlife Refuge next door.
How To: Enjoy a Beautiful Vacation at These 50 National Parks for Free
kris krüg / Flickr.com
Maine — $191,910: A Lobster Yacht
There are lobster boats and lobster yachts — and if you're going to dive into the world's largest and most famous lobster market, you'd better do it in style. A doctor can score a 35-foot Duffy lobster yacht made in 1986 out of Saco, Maine, for $188,900.
Find out where to eat lobster and other fancy meals celebrities love.–
Will Parson / Chesapeake Bay Program
Maryland — $184,130: A Crab Boat
Maryland is to crabs what Maine is to lobsters — and a doctor in the mid-Atlantic blue-claw paradise could float into the sunset on a 1969 steel-hulled crabbing vessel for $175,000. The 58-footer needs a little work, but with some luck, the hauls you pull out of your traps will pay you back in the long run.
Marcio Jose Bastos Silva / Shutterstock.com
Massachusetts — $211,760: 3 Years at Harvard
In the 2017-18 academic year, tuition at Harvard — the most celebrated school in Massachusetts and arguably the world — can be as low as $69,600 if you don't have to travel to get there. For three years of Ivy League education, you'll pay a grand total of $208,800 — more than enough for a doctor to spring for with a year's salary.
Find out which universities Harvard rivals for the title of most expensive college in every state.–
ilikewaffles11 / Flickr.com
Michigan — $174,980: The Acura NSX
The Acura NSX is a 573-horsepower hybrid supercar that retails for about $156,000 — and that's before options. A doctor in Michigan, who doubles as a motorhead, can bask in state pride knowing that the car of the future first debuted at the 2016 Detroit Auto Show.
Fighting Irish 1977 / Flickr.com
Minnesota — $201,560: A Lakefront Cabin
Known as the Land of 10,000 Lakes, Minnesota lives up to its name — and a doctor there can score an idyllic getaway for $200,000. That's how much you'd pay for a lakefront cabin with genuine log siding, complete with a dock, an hour-and-a-half north of the Twin Cities in the town of Kerrick.
Find out how long $1 million will last if you retire in Minnesota and every other state.
Mississippi — $226,640: Your Own Hunting Preserve
Mississippi is an outdoor paradise and one of the centers of America's hunting culture. A doctor could reign over a private 160-acre hunting preserve — packed with deer, turkey and ducks — for just $208,000, leaving plenty left over for hunting gear and licensing fees.
Mike Mozart / Flickr.com
Missouri — $170,460: 7,928 cases of Budweiser
Anheuser-Busch is headquartered in St. Louis, where the company maintains a 1.66 million-square-foot brewery. A Missouri doctor with a passion for Budweiser could stock up on just shy of 8,000 cases of America's beer, which goes for about $21.50 a case.
Click to read about the best brewery deals in your state.
jimmy thomas / Flickr.com
Montana — $196,600: Skywriting Message Campaign
Montana is Big Sky Country, so it's the perfect place for doctors to advertise their medical services with the attention-grabbing novelty advertising known as skywriting. It costs an average of $7,000 to have an airplane draw your message thousands of feet high, which is visible for hundreds of miles. A year's salary is enough for a 28-message campaign that could run for most of an entire month.
Kyle Spradley / Flickr.com
Nebraska — $226,520: A Herd of Cattle
The cattle industry dominates the economy in Nebraska, where cows outnumber people four to one. A doctor there looking to get in on the powerhouse beef market could purchase about 1,039 heads of feeder steers, which recently averaged $218 each at a Nebraska cattle auction.
©Photo by Yelper Nobu Hotle at Ce
Nevada — $183,200: 5 Nights in the Nobu Hotel's Nobu Villa Penthouse
For $35,000 a night, a Nevada doctor can party in the Penthouse where Taylor Swift hosted a shindig after the 2015 Billboard Music Awards. At that rate, a year's salary would be enough for five nights — with a little left over for gambling.
Related: Here's How Much Debt Americans Have in Every State
edcleve / Flickr.com
New Hampshire — $236,830: 526 Slabs of Fine Granite
New Hampshire is the Granite State, and the most expensive granite, like Kashmir Gold, will run you as much as $450 per slab. For a doctor looking to get into the high-end quarried stone business, a year's salary in New Hampshire could land you 526 slabs.
Megan Hansen / Flickr.com
New Jersey — $183,410: Four Commercial Greenhouses
New Jersey is the Garden State, and a doctor's salary is enough to buy four large, professional Collegiate glass greenhouses for a physician with a really green thumb. The aluminum framed greenhouses, which are designed for academic settings, come empty, so the doctor could use the leftover cash for a trip to the local nursery.
Colin J. McMechan / Flickr.com
New Mexico — $174,500: Your Own Piece of the Southwest
Harsh, rugged and wild, the open desert wilderness of New Mexico has been dotted with ranches for centuries, and the average doctor in the state earns enough in just one year to own one. On the western edge of Guadalupe County sits the sprawling, 172.12-acre Portillo Creek Ranch, which can be yours for $171,259.
Find out why New Mexico is one of the best places to live on only a Social Security check.–
New York — $184,050: A Cow
In 2013, heads turned at an agriculture auction in Syracuse when a buyer shelled out $170,000 for a Jersey cow. The sale smashed the previous cow auction record — but the auction set the bar to a new high. A doctor in the state would have $14,050 more to bid on the next prize bovine, presuming prices haven't risen since then.
Ken Lane / Flickr.com
North Carolina — $204,670: An Asheville Bungalow
From Appalachian outdoor adventures to the city's booming arts scene, Asheville is one of the hippest cities in the Tarheel state — and the country. A doctor in North Carolina can be the proud owner of a classic bungalow there for less than a year's salary — a beauty on Allen Street is listed for $199,000.
Jnzl's Photos / Flickr.com
North Dakota — $206,930: 3,363 Barrels of Oil
A recent oil boom put North Dakota on the map as a major player in the world energy market. With the price of oil at $61.55 a barrel, a doctor could stock up for the apocalypse with 3,363 barrels of crude oil.
Ohio — $200,060: 500,000 Pounds of Steel
The state of Ohio was built on steel — in fact, the first blast furnace west of the Allegheny Mountains was located there. Stainless steel currently costs 40 cents per pound, which means an Ohio doctor could bring home 250 tons of the stuff, which could then be crafted into any number of surgical steel medical tools.
Larry Darling / Flickr.com
Oklahoma — $155,420:–One-fourth of a Reba McEntire Concert
Country music superstar and legendary Oklahoma native Reba McEntire charges $500,000 to $1 million to put on a show. Anyone who can afford her can book her, so if a Sooner physician and three local doctor buddies each chip in a year's salary, they can throw the greatest backyard barbecue in the neighborhood, provided they can get Reba to come down to the low end of her booking fees.
Find out how Reba McEntire's fortune compares to other rich country music stars.
Loren Kerns / Flickr.com
Oregon — $187,200: Part of the Oregon Forest
Oregon's giant Doerner fir is just one majestic part of Oregon's seemingly endless forests, which fueled both a massive timber boom and a statewide woodland conservation effort. A piece of the state's massive virgin forests can be yours for about the price of what a doctor makes there in a year. For example, 80.05 acres of woods in Douglas County costs $187,000.
karmacamilleeon / Flickr.com
Pennsylvania — $213,320: 21,332 Philly Cheesesteaks
A classic Philly cheesesteak at Geno's, which battles across-the-street rival Pat's for supremacy in the City of Brotherly Love, costs about $10 when you factor in tax. A doctor should know better than to gobble down 21,332 cheesesteaks, but that's about how many a year's pay would buy.
David / Flickr.com
Rhode Island — $168,220: A Home in Providence
Providence, R.I. is the hometown of George M. Cohan, who wrote "Yankee Doodle Dandy," "She's a Grand Old Flag" and several other old-time patriotic classics. You can make the area he called home generations ago your own for about what a Rhode Island doctor makes in a year. A six-bedroom home on Kelley Street is listed for $168,000.
John T. Daniels / Library of Congress
South Carolina — $225,440: 8 Wright Flyers
When the Wright Brothers became first in flight in 1903, they did it with an ingenious plane they built for about $1,000. In today's money, that's a little more than $26,000, which means a doctor could commission eight exact 1903 Wright Flyers, assuming the conditions, methods and materials were the same. And you'd even have some change left over for plane food.
Find Out: How Much It Costs to Visit the Most Historic Sites in America
Gorilla Jones / Wikimedia Commons CC-BY-SA-3
South Dakota — $221,690: A Home in Deadwood
One of the great things about living in Deadwood, S.D. is that you get to say you live in Deadwood, S.D., a place that epitomizes the classic Wild West town on the American frontier. A doctor in the state who is looking to channel his inner Al Swearengen, a 1910 single-family home is on the market for just shy of $202,000, which would leave enough to cover closing costs and still stay within a year's salary.
f11photo / Shutterstock.com
Tennessee — $194,610: 390 Songs in Nashville
A doctor in Tennessee,–who harbors an inner rock star, can head to the country music capital of the universe and lay down some of his own tracks. The Mars Recording Studio in Nashville charges $500 for one fully produced song. A physician in the state can record 389 singles on a year's salary — more than enough to warrant a career change.
shelbysdrummond / Flickr.com
Texas — $203,370: 123 SXSW Passes
The South by Southwest arts festival in Austin, aka SXSW, is one of the biggest and most highly anticipated events of its kind in the world. A Platinum badge to attend the festival costs $1,650. On a year's salary, a doctor could treat 122 buddies to SXSW in royal style.
Find out how much it costs to host SXSW and other major music–events.
Utah — $210,680: 4 Pairs of Gold-Plated Skis
Utah is one of the world's great skiing Meccas, and if you're going to ski, you might as well ski in style. The Italian Oro Nero company recently unveiled a new addition to its line of high-end skis. Crafted from 8,000-year-old bog oak and plated in 24-karat gold, they run for $50,000 each, which means a Utah doctor could buy one pair and three for friends on a year's salary with money to spare.
Vermont — $195,770: 4,900 gallons of Pure Maple Syrup
Vermont produces the finest maple syrup this side of the Canadian border, and for $195,600, you can score 978 five-gallon pails, which sell for $200 each. That's a total of 4,890 gallons for the Vermont doctor who absolutely loves pancakes and waffles.
Click to find 20 tantalizing deals — pancakes included—- you can only get at Costco.
Nannette Turner / Flickr.com
Virginia — $198,750: Vacation Home in Virginia Beach
Virginia Beach is one of the most popular summer destinations on the East Coast. A vacation home there is within reach for a year's salary if a doctor in the state can borrow $250 from a friend. A three-bedroom on Catalina Ave. is currently listed for $199,000.
brewbooks / Flickr.com
Washington — $219,400: A House in Seattle
For $219,000, a doctor can spend a year's salary and still pocket some leftover cash if that physician is in the market for a ready-to-make home in Seattle. View a rendering on Redfin and then decide if a property with lake views is right for a home or an investment property.
ackdunford / Flickr.com
West Virginia — $185,780: 3,577 tons of coal
Coal dominates — and has always dominated — the economy of West Virginia. A doctor there looking for a lifetime supply of heating fuel could score 3,577 tons of bituminous coal at the current rate of $51.57 a ton. Be warned — the U.S. Energy Information Administration reports that the cost of transport can be expensive.
Naroa. / Flickr.com
Wisconsin — $229,900: 657 Pounds of the World's Best Cheese
In 2012, a 24-pound wheel of Dutch cheese considered the best in the world sold for $8,400 — or $350 a pound at an auction in Milwaukee. For a physician in the cheese mecca of Wisconsin, that's enough to splurge on 656 pounds of the world's finest edible dairy product.
Adam T. Bailey / Flickr.com
Wyoming — $195,580: Part of a Horse Ranch
Wyoming's Western horse culture is legendary, and you can claim a stake of that history with less than what a doctor makes in a single year. Realtor.com is listing a parcel on Wild Horse Ranch for just shy of $178,000.
Up Next: 56 Splurges of the Filthy Rich
Doctors make a ton of money and said money can buy you some crazy and incredible things in the U.S.; Case in point, every item on this list. While many of these purchases aren't practical, now you know just how much your doctor salary could be worth — once you pay off those medical school loans.
Andrew Lisa
Andrew Lisa has been writing professionally since 2001. An award-winning writer, Andrew was formerly one of the youngest nationally distributed columnists for the largest newspaper syndicate in the country, the Gannett News Service. He worked as the business section editor for amNewYork, the most widely distributed newspaper in Manhattan, and worked as a copy editor for TheStreet.com, a financial publication in the heart of Wall Street's investment community in New York City.
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GOBankingRates > Money > Jobs > What You Could Afford on a Doctor's Salary in Every State


It's been a year since Donald Trump became the 45th president of the United States, and in true American fashion, his term began the way all good news items do: with a meme.
On Trump's Inauguration Day, the newly elected president and First Lady, Melania, met former President and First Lady Barack and Michelle Obama on the steps of the White House for a photo op prior to the swearing-in ceremony. You'll remember that Michelle was handed a Tiffany's box moments before the pose, a gift from Melania.
Naturally, social media had a field day with a screen grab of Michelle's confused side-eye.
Having left the Internet wondering what this mystery gift was, Obama finally addressed the impromptu gift exchange on her first television interview since leaving the White House on an upcoming episode of The Ellen Degeneres Show. The answer? It was a frame!
Related: WTF Was in the Mysterious Tiffany Box that Melania Trump Gave to Michelle Obama?
Though we're relieved to finally have some closure on the topic, the content of the Tiffany's box was less entertaining than what Michelle had to say about the exchange as a whole, telling Degeneres that Trump's generosity nearly botched White House protocol.
Obama even noted how strange it was that Donald left Melania to walk up to the group on her own.
And just like that, a chapter of American history comes to a close.
Brigitte graduated from Suffolk University in the heart of Boston, MA in 2016. Since then, she's been reading lots of celebrity memoir, sipping her way to the bottom of every coffee mug, and searching for the perfect fall bootie. Follow her on Twitter @BrigittteMarie and Instagram @brigittttemarie.