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Rereading Jane Eyre
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20th June, 1837. The Birth of an Era: Victorian Britain
June 20, 2014 June 20, 2014 LucciaGray
On Tuesday, 20th June 1837, at 6 o'clock in the morning, Princess Victoria was awoken by her mother, the Duchess of Kent, because the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Lord Chamberlain wished to see her. She greeted them in her dressing-gown and slippers, and they informed her that her Uncle, King William IV had died a few hours earlier, without any legitimate heirs, therefore, she was to become the Queen of England.
Princess Victoria and Dash by George Hayter
She wrote in her diary:
'Since it has pleased Providence to place me in this station, I shall do my utmost to fulfill my duty towards my country; I am very young and perhaps in many, though not in all things, inexperienced, but I am sure that very few have more real good-will and more real desire to do what is fit and right than I have.'
Queen Victoria was an avid diarist. You can read more extracts from her diaries, here.
The Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne arrived at nine o'clock with the Declaration which the young Queen was to read to the Council accompanied by her two Uncles, the Dukes of Cumberland and Sussex. Her coronation was held at Westminster Abbey a year later on 28 June 1838.
When Victoria was born at Kensington Palace, in London, on 24 May 1819, nobody would have imagined she would be Queen of England, and Empress of India. She was the only daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III, who died shortly after her birth. She became heir to the throne because her three uncles, who were ahead of her in succession, George IV, Frederick Duke of York, and William IV, had no legitimate children.
Industrial and Technological Expansion
Queen Victoria is associated with Britain's great age of industrial expansion, economic progress and, especially, Empire. At her death, it was said, Britain had a worldwide empire on which the sun never set.
While Queen Victoria's reign was a time of great material prosperity and economic growth, industrialization and urbanization brought new social difficulties. Urban poverty and the poor treatment of many in the working classes were major results of the newly capitalized and industrialized economy, and political pressures mounted throughout the nineteenth century to address such problems before they amounted to a great crisis.
The voyage of the Beagle, 1831–1836
The Victorian Era was also a time of tremendous scientific progress and ideas. Darwin took his Voyage of the Beagle, and posited the Theory of Evolution. The Great Exhibition of 1851 took place in London, displaying technical and industrial advances of the age in medicine, science and technology.
Modern psychiatry began with men like Sigmund Feud toward the end of the era, and radical economic theory, developed by Karl Marx and his associates, began a second age of revolution in mid-century. The ideas of Marxism, socialism, feminism gained strength at this time.
Britain's overseas trading surpassed that of Italy, France and Germany combined, and in 1870 it was nearly four times the size of the American overseas markets, and at home industry was flourishing.
Britain was called "the workshop of the world." The hard-working and industrious Victorians represented the cutting edge of the Industrial Revolution: the railway, the postal service, telegraph, telephone, steam ships, spinning machines; steam engines, electricity, photography, antiseptic surgery, vaccines, stethoscope, among others.
Reading and Writing in the Victorian Era
In the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, reading had been a privilege available to the upper-class elite. Books were very expensive and most of the population were unable to afford them. Jane Austen's England of the turn of the century had very little to do with the country in which Charles Dickens lived.
Charles Dickens by Daniel Maclise
In the 1830s and 1840s a new form of printed text emerged: a lengthy prose fiction serialised in one-penny or two-penny weekly parts. These were usually stories involving adventure or Gothic-like elements. Many had no planned, pre-written end; they just continued until the public were no longer interested in the story. Some penny weekly novels in the 1850s and 1860s were serialized over four or more years.
Reading became less of a privilege of the wealthy and more of a pastime of the common British citizen, as a result, magazines provided monthly installments of news articles, satiric essays, poetry and fiction, enabling many authors to easily share their work with the public, and helped launch the careers of prominent Victorian writers such as Dickens, Eliot, Tennyson, and the Brownings.
Have a look at this list of Victorian authors
I would compare these technological advances and this change in literary market to the present day digital technology, self-publishing industry and Social media.
The Victorians were avid readers of serialized and popular fiction, much as we are readers of ebooks and blogs!
Pictures used are in the Public Domain.
Categories: Victorian Literature	Tags: Queen Victoria, Serialized Fiction, Victorian Literature
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Writing 101, Day Fifteen: Your Voice Will Find You →
9 thoughts on "20th June, 1837. The Birth of an Era: Victorian Britain"
Great post but I have to share a hoary old joke that my father loved. Q. Why does the sun never set on the British Empire? A. Because God doesn't trust the British in the dark.
🙂 🙂 Good joke! I'm not a great fan of imperialism, but I do appreciate the enormous amount of intellectual and creative energy the Victorian era conveyed. As you may have noticed I love the Victorians 🙂
Carol Balawyder says:
I enjoyed this post. 🙂
Thank you! It's an experiment with the prompts and my creativity…
Smorgasbord - Variety is the Spice of Life. says:
My father and mother were born in 1916 and 1917 just over a decade after Queen Victoria died. There parents were born in the early 1890's and they therefore were brought up in very Victorian households and whilst they came from working class families they both had very strict upbringings with high moral values. It was an amazing era from many perspectives and I think that though we now benefit from so much more technology and medical advances, in some respects we have taken a few backward steps socially.
I think the Victorian era experienced a sharp rise in what we would call 'globalisation' today, and technology, which revolutionised their/our world and marked a shift in the way we live, think, and interact. We are post-post Victorians embarking on another technological revolution! Thanks for commenting and sharing!
Noelle Granger says:
I really enjoyed this trip through history. I am a big fan of mysteries set in the Victorian era (as you well know) and it was certainly a time of great developments, much like the US in the 20th century. Loved the comparison between serialized fiction and blogs!
Thanks! Have a great weekend! I'm going to correct exams and do some overdue reading!
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Ethos – part of Youth for Christ have released a new video looking at the question of morality. This – part II – was written by Andy of the Demolition Squad. Take a look and tell us what you think! And if you missed part I have a look here: Can We Prove The Existence of God?.
Ethos: Can We Prove The Existence of God?
Mr. T gives us a lesson on treating our mothers right. Can't see the video? Click through to YouTube.


Learning Enterprises currently operates its programs under three main categories: Developed Programs, Transitioning Programs, and Pilot Programs. While each of the programs receives the same care and attention, there are distinct differences between the programs. Please consider the status of your program before applying.
Developed Programs are programs that have continuously demonstrated all key aspects of an LE program. Most of these programs have been operating for numerous years and have improved greatly as we learn from each program year. Currently, LE operates seven developed programs.
Transitioning Programs are programs that are currently lacking one or more key aspects of an LE program. Transitioning programs may have previously been Pilot Programs or Developed Programs. Our aim for all our programs is to encourage the level of establishment and strong presence our Developed Programs have in country. Currently, LE operates three transitioning programs.
Volunteers interested in applying to Transitioning Programs should be flexible and ready for the unexpected.
Pilot Programs are LE's newest programs, generally in their first or second year of operation. Pilots are smaller, generally falling between 4 and 8 volunteers. Since the program is new, volunteers may be faced with more unexpected challenges than those participating in established programs. Because of this, we try to select independent and intrepid volunteers with a significant level of travel experience. We prefer having at least one person who has completed a LE program in the past, as well. While participating in a pilot program is perhaps more challenging, it is also extremely rewarding. Volunteers will be the first LE ambassadors to the country, and may even be the first Americans or Europeans to visit the community. Every volunteer can have a profound impact on the success and future of the program. At the end of the summer, all pilot programs are evaluated, and LE decides whether the program will continue; this largely depends on the experience of the volunteers.


Hi New user of subsonic here.
I've just installed and doing some testing.
The left frame was not wide enough for my liking and I have found how to edit index.jsp to fix that.
The other thing I would like to change is the AZ index view. All my album names are truncated due to the close spacing of the list columns. Can this be adjusted somewhere? or changed to just one column?


The school community hosts a variety of seasonal festivals throughout the year. Festival days are a source of joy and enrichment for all. Our annual festivals include Michaelmas, Martinmas, Winter Spiral and Mayfest. Your family will be asked to help with Michaelmas (autumn) or Mayfest (spring).
Michaelmas is an ancient festival that dates back to the sixth century and coincides with the autumnal equinox. Legends describe St. Michael facing and taming a dragon. The motif of a conqueror of the dragon is also echoed in stories of Apollo and the serpent, Krishna and the demons, and St. George and the dragon. It is a festival that celebrates deeds of strength and courage, of facing "dragons" both external and internal. Waldorf schools celebrate Michaelmas as a harvest festival; a time of celebration, a time of seeking balance within oneself, between light and darkness, and a time to embrace the challenges which we meet in life. The OVWS Michaelmas festival includes a pageant put on by the grade school children, singing, games, challenges, seasonal craft activities, apple picking and pressing, and a picnic lunch.
The history of Martinmas/Lantern Walk comes from the French legend of Saint Martin of Tours. Martin was a soldier in the 4th Century. Legend says that one wintry night he met a poor beggar, half naked and freezing. He removed his cloak, cut it in two, and gave half to the beggar. Martin represents the attitude of brotherliness, a devotion to humankind, and the ability to bring warmth and light to those in darkness. According to old customs, as the days become shorter and the stars appear earlier, children would walk with lanterns through the streets singing. Our lantern walk is a simple, short, beautiful experience for the children. Here at the Orchard Valley Waldorf School we work with the idea of creating an inner and outer light to help guide us all through this approaching dark time of the year. Seeing the children carrying their outer lights through the darkness reminds us of the unique individuality and inner light of each child.
The Winter Spiral is a simple festival of lights with roots in the rural Bavarian folk-culture. In 1926 the pedagogical-therapeutic practice of walking a spiral and the Bavarian "winter garden" combined to create a new ritual that celebrates bringing light into the darkness of December. At OVWS children carry apples with candles inserted in their cores, walking in darkness along a spiral path made of fir boughs and moss towards a central light at the center of the spiral, lighting their candle at that center, and then setting their apple and candle along the spiral on their way out, to add light for the next person walking in.
In many Waldorf schools throughout the United States it is customary to hold Winter Spiral in December. The essence of the festival is one of peaceful anticipation. What begins as a labyrinth of darkness, gradually grows into a shimmering spiral of light. In community, our spirits shining together shed a beautiful, bright light!
This ancient celebration of spring brings beauty to our campus and our lives as we move through the cycle of the seasons. In early May, we welcome spring and the season of growth and light at the East Montpelier campus with class performances around the maypole, fun activities for the whole family and a wonderful opportunity for our extended community to visit our school and share in this day of merriment. The festival begins with the always-entertaining domestic dispute between King Winter and Lady Spring. Special dances by Grades 3, 4 and 5 are one of the day's special features, followed by activities for everyone.


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Whistleblower says nearly 50,000 Medicare patients have died from covid vaccination
Medical freedom rights attorney Thomas Renz has announced that nearly 50,000 Medicare patients died within 14 days of getting "vaccinated" for the Wuhan coronavirus (Covid-19), but these deaths were never logged or published in the government datasets.
The reason for this is that the government does not consider someone to be "vaccinated" until 14 days after they receive an injection. This means that if a person who took a Wuhan Flu shot dies 13 days later, that death basically disappears down the memory hole.
Renz made the announcement on behalf of a whistleblower with access to the true data who came forward to blow the lid on this major coverup. What is essentially happening is that the government is burying covid vaccine deaths by using a deliberately faulty metric to track them.
In a presentation, Renz explained that he is currently involved with multiple lawsuits filed against numerous federal agencies that are engaging in fraud while violating people's medical freedom rights.
The whistleblowers pulled their data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), which contains the records of some 59.4 million Medicare beneficiaries. Broken down by age category, here is what it shows for "persons who died within 14 days of a COVID-19 vaccine:"
• Younger than 81 years old: 19,400 deaths
• 81 years of age and over: 28,065 deaths
In total, this amounts to 48,465 deaths – and likely more since the data Renz presented is already outdated.
"This is raw data," Renz said. "There's no analysis."
"Do you want to know why 14 days is important? Because if you die within 14 days, you're not considered vaccinated."
Vaccinated deaths are being falsely called "unvaccinated" deaths by CDC
Because of how the data is contorted by the government in this manner, there is plenty of room for fraud. Perhaps the most egregious as far as the plandemic restrictions go is tabulating vaccinated deaths as "unvaccinated" deaths.
Every individual who takes a Fauci Flu injection and dies within the first two weeks is categorized by the government as an "unvaccinated" death. This is how the media is getting away with telling everyone that the unvaccinated are the ones dying.
"According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), one is not considered as being 'vaccinated' until 14 days after their completed injection regimen, raising the question of whether government authorities have been classifying these fatalities as something other than vaccination-related deaths," writes Patrick Delaney for LifeSiteNews.
All of this information from CMS is available to honest journalists, assuming honest journalists still exist. This writer certainly tries to be one.
The so-called "fact checkers," however, are not. As far as this writer can tell, not a single one of them has brought up this data tabulation discrepancy, and all of them continue to spread the lie that the unvaccinated are the ones getting sick and dying.
This raw data dump exposes the "scumbag 'fact checkers,'" as Renz calls them, for the liars that they truly are. One does not need to be a statistician or anything special to interpret this simple data showing that far more people are dying from the injections than we are all being told.
Unbelievably, fake news outlets like USA Today are already claiming that they have "debunked" this raw data, calling it misinformation. But it really speaks for itself.
"Remember: these are 'side effects' that the government, media, and social media continue to tell the public that are not happening, they are lying," Renz warns. "There is no question they are lying. The mantra of 'safe and effective' must stop after today's information."
To keep up with the latest news about Wuhan coronavirus (Covid-19) plandemic lies, visit Propaganda.news.
LifeSiteNews.com
Tagged Under: COVID, deaths, genocide, medical violence, Medicare, spike protein, Vaccine deaths, Vaccine Holocaust, vaccine injury, vaccine wars, vaccines, Whistleblower
Trans "female" swimmer Lia Thomas is a sign of things to come: The utter destruction of women's sports at the hands of "woke" leftists (op-ed)
AZ State rep reads Dem whistleblower's letter to the DOJ about 2020 election fraud during election integrity hearing
DOJ letter: Democrat whistleblower in Arizona said fellow Dems added 35,000 votes to all party candidates during 2020 election
German chemist Dr. Andreas Noack found DEAD after exposing presence of graphene hydroxide in covid "vaccines"
New York nurse whistleblower vows to continue working to stop medical negligence in hospitals – Brighteon.TV
Blackburn says Facebook whistleblower's plan would silence conservatives
Whistleblowers expose 13 stillborn deaths in 24 hours at Lions Gates Hospital caused by covid "vaccines"
BOOSTER SYNDROME: Natural doctor blows whistle on Covid vaccines lowering white blood cells more and more with each shot, turning vaccinated people into AIDS-like patients
National group of business owners sues Biden over OSHA's COVID-19 vaccine mandates
Whistleblower: Pfizer vaccine trial data was falsified, participants who experienced adverse effects were ignored
Documents and videos reveal life-threatening adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines
BMJ report: Pfizer falsified COVID-19 vaccine data in trials
Whistleblower: Pfizer and research partner falsified COVID-19 vaccine trials data
The "Edward Snowden" of the Pandemic blows the WHISTLE on bioweapons war with inside information on ADE, mutations and variants
Whistleblower says Pfizer "falsified data," conducted flawed covid "vaccine" trials to rig FDA approval
Facebook whistleblower: GOP frenemy or foe?
14 attorneys general use foreign hate group's DISINFO against whistleblowing US citizens exercising 1st Amendment right
Diplomat accuses State Department of cover-up over "directed energy weapons" attacks
Nurse whistleblower says true outbreak gripping the nation is not the coronavirus, but the "pandemic of fear" – Brighteon.TV
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


ICOM-US is governed by a Board of Directors elected by the committee membership. The list that follows is current as of the annual election held in May 2017.
2011: ICOM-US became independent from the American Alliance of Museum (AAM), which had been managing ICOM-US.
2012: ICOM-US hired Hauck & Associates, Inc., with offices in Washington, DC, to administer ICOM-US affairs.
2014: ICOM-US finalized new bylaws and was approved as a 501c3 (U.S. nonprofit) organization.
2016: ICOM-US and AAM signed a Memorandum of Understanding, leading to future collaborations.


I'd just like to take a moment to thank all those people who read my blog. I have no idea how many visitors are out there in Limit Reached-land. The hit counter is a poor guideline. But if just one person is entertained by my writing for five minutes, I feel pretty good.
I'd also like to thank all those people whose blogs I read. The blogroll on the right is ever growing. I know it's not easy to spew forth witticisms and anecdotes on a daily basis. When I'm feeling particularly uninspired, YouTube saves the day.
>Love the list, love your blog!
>I like how your list starts out cute and nice, takes a seedy, drunken turn and then ends up funny.
>i still read your blog, dear! every day!!
>On Thanksgiving, I like to think of all those poor aardvarks who have to eat ants instead of turkey.
>I'm glad that wine, vodka, and rum get individual thanks. They all do separate good works and should be recognized accordingly. Cheers.
>Timmy – Thanks! Happy Thanksgiving to you, too.
Nick – The list is some what reflective of my personality.
Gigi – I read yours too! Happy Thanksgiving to you.
Butchie – My dad says punkin and he's speaking to adults. It's one of those things that just irks me.
forty_two – Don't the aarvarks like ants? Although I suppose they wouldn't say no to some fresh turkey.
Neil – Happy Thanksgiving to you, too!
Green Fish – I enjoy each of those alcohols for their own unique qualities.


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●Events: bauhaus imaginista. Learning From, New Yorkbauhaus imaginista: Learning From, São Paulobauhaus imaginista, Berlinbauhaus imaginista, BerneCollected Research Tour
Working From Where We Are
Anni Albers' and Alex Reed's Jewelry Collection
Gold necklace from Tomb 7, Monte Albán, Oaxaca, Mexico, Display at Museo de las Culturas de Oaxaca, 1939.
Photo: Josef Albers, Courtesy of The Josef and Anni Albers Foundation.
Not by nature acquisitive and certainly not art collectors, Josef and Anni Albers began in 1936 to collect Mexican figurines and other artifacts unearthed from that land's memory. They described the country, which they first visited in 1935, as "the promised land of abstract art." Returning to Black Mountain College Anni Albers and Alexander Reed began experimenting with everyday articles to create a strange and beautiful collection of objects of personal adornment inspired by their visit to Mexico.
"Walter Benjamin, compared 'memory . . . the medium of past experience . . .' to 'the ground (which) is the medium in which dead cities lie interred.'"1
Jade necklace from Tomb 7, Monte Albán, Oaxaca, Mexico, Display at Museo de las Culturas de Oaxaca, 1939. Photo: Josef Albers, Courtesy of The Josef and Anni Albers Foundation.
Not by nature acquisitive and certainly not art collectors, Josef and Anni Albers began in 1936 to collect Mexican figurines and other artifacts unearthed from that land's memory. They described the country, which they first visited in 1935, as "the promised land of abstract art."2 By collecting these buried remains of an ancient abstract art they transported the past into their own present. Their encounter with the ancient Zapotec jewelry discovered in Tomb 7 of the Monte Albán complex was a defining moment in what became a lifelong obsession. Now renowned as an example of Zapotec architecture, in the 1930s this archaeological site on the outskirts of Oaxaca was still being excavated.
Made using gold, silver, rock crystal, stones, shells and simple beads arranged in striking juxtapositions, the artifacts recovered from Tomb 7 were on display in the local museum (now the Museo de las Culturas de Oaxaca) when Josef Albers photographed them in July 1939. The Alberses were traveling with their friend and student Alexander "Bill" Reed. Anni's parents had arrived in Veracruz as refugees from Nazi Germany just a few weeks before. They were among the fortunate ones who had managed, with significant difficulty and hardship, to escape Germany barely three months before the war began. Now they were safe in Mexico, where Josef and Anni Albers had found a contemplative space that nourished their art.
Returning to Black Mountain College that August, and inspired by the Monte Albán "trésor," (as Anni's named it) Albers and Reed began experimenting with everyday articles to create a strange and beautiful collection of objects of personal adornment. Their jewelry refused precious materials, relying instead on objects of utility—paperclips, bottle tops, hair pins, pencil erasers, cotton reels and washers—disassociated from their useful duties to create evocative forms and contrasts. Albers and Reed came to understand jewelry not as ornaments made valuable by the presence of rare gems and precious metals but by what the makers infused them with. They estimated the process of making, its "surprise and inventiveness," bestowed their jewelry with a spiritual rather than material value, giving it meaning and clearing the path for "a new way of seeing." In May 1941, a selection of their jewelry pieces was exhibited at the Willard Gallery in New York City.
Anni Albers and Alexander Reed, Necklaces, ca. 1940
Bottle caps, beads, and metal chain (left), Pencil-top erasers, beads, and wire (right).
© The Josef and Anni Albers Foundation/VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2018.
In December 1941, the United States entered the Second World War. The previous year, as the US began to draft men into military service, the US Congress enacted laws allowing conscientious objectors to apply for alternative service. Bill Reed, a Quaker, registered as a conscientious objector and by 1941 had left BMC for a Quaker work camp in Pennsylvania. Anni Albers giving a talk at Black Mountain College in May 1942 was asked to refer in some way to defense work—work that, as Albers put it, "in the minds of so many of us [is] the most urgent work of the moment." Most likely with Reed in mind, she chose to talk about their work together:
"Though our work has nothing to do with defense work, there was something right in asking [us] to connect it with it … [since] for many of us our work cannot be that of going into a munitions factory or of helping those who suffer in this war in a direct way. … To give our actions the meaning we want them to have implies questioning them anew … we felt our experiments perhaps could help to point out the merely transient value we attach to things … we tried to show that spiritual values are truly dominant … our work suggested that jewels no longer were the reserved privilege of the few, but property of everyone who cared to look about and was open to the beauty of the simple things around us."
Spring, plastic rings, and metal tubing (left), Thread spools, bottle caps, beads, metal rings and chain, and ribbon (right).
It was characteristic of Anni Albers to take the long and contemplative view. The Bauhaus, which she joined soon after the First World War, was in 1922 a refuge from a world beset by a "confusion of upset beliefs."3 After 1933, as she and Josef discovered a new haven in Mexico, her deep empathy with the long buried and often forgotten ancient cultures of the Americas was always present in her daily thinking, informing her responses to the world. From this other "old" world she drew the courage and insight that, facing a new catastrophic world event, allowed her to affirm to her audience of May 1942 that:
"If we can more and more free ourselves from values other than spiritual, I believe we are going in the right direction. Every general movement is carried by small parts, by single people forming their way of believing and subordinating everything to this belief. We have to work from where we are. But just as you can go everywhere from any given point, so too the idea of any work, however small, can flow into an idea of true momentum."4
1 Peter Demetz: "Introduction," in: Walter Benjamin: Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings, trans. Edmund Jephcott, Peter Demetz (ed.). Schocken Books, New York 1986, p. 26.
2 Josef Albers in a joint letter from Josef and Anni Albers to Wassily and Nina Kandinsky, August 22, 1936, in Nicholas Fox Weber & Jessica Boissel: Josef Albers and Wassily Kandinsky. Friends in Exile. A Decade of Correspondence, 1929–1940, VT: Hudson Hills Press, Manchester 2010. Original French ed., Kandinsky-Albers: Une correspondance des années trente. Cahiers du Musée national d'art modern, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris 1998, Rev. ed., Yale University Press, New Haven and London 2015, p. 89. Josef Albers in a joint letter from Josef and Anni Albers to Wassily and Nina Kandinsky, August 22, 1936, in Nicholas Fox Weber & Jessica Boissel: Josef Albers and Wassily Kandinsky. Friends in Exile. A Decade of Correspondence, 1929–1940, VT: Hudson Hills Press, Manchester 2010. Original French ed., Kandinsky-Albers: Une correspondance des années trente. Cahiers du Musée national d'art modern, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris 1998, Rev. ed., Yale University Press, New Haven and London 2015, p. 89.
3 Anni Albers: "Weaving at the Bauhaus," in: Brenda Danilowitz (ed.): Anni Albers: Selected Writings on Design, Wesleyan University Press, Middletown 2000, pp. 3–5.
4 All other quotations are from Anni Albers: "On Jewelry" a talk given at Black Mountain College, May 1942, Typescript in the archives of the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation, Published in: Anni Albers: Selected Writings on Design. Wesleyan University Press, Middletown 2000, pp. 22–24; also accessible at: https://albersfoundation.org/teaching/anni-albers/lectures/.
Brenda Danilowitz, is an art historian and chief curator at the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation. → more
Don't Breathe Normal: Read Souffles! — On Decolonizing Culture
The need for a synthesis of the arts and, with this, a change of pedagogical principles, was not only present at the beginning of the twentieth century (forces that prompted the Bauhaus's foundation), but after WWII as well, during the "Short Century" of decolonization. . This second modern movement and its relation to modernism and the vernacular, the hand made, and the everyday was vividly expressed through texts and art works published in the Moroccan quarterly magazine Souffles, published beginning in the mid-1960s by a group of writers and artists in Rabat, Casablanca and Paris. → more


UPDATE: California's Dept. of Water Resources is promising to complete by this fall a "forensic" study of February's near-catastrophic collapse of two spillways at Oroville Dam in Butte County.
DWR is embarking on a fast-track plan to replace the shattered spillways at Oroville Dam -- at least partially -- by November 1, when the rainy season is expected to resume.
Engineers have largely completed geotechnical studies, hoping to better understand what led to the failures. And while DWR has declined to release those studies, citing national security concerns, an independent review corroborates conclusions in this story that the underlying geology of the site was at least partly to blame.
"Fresh" is the term geologists use for rock that is fully intact and has not yet begun to break down. It is typically smooth and highly resistant to erosion.
But much of the rock those spillways relied upon is "weathered," the more fractured rock that is decomposing from long exposure to the elements.
"The fresh rock has been combined with the atmosphere," explains Moores, and when that happens, you get this chemical change and you produce this softer sort of rock that's falling apart."
Engineers call that "incompetent rock." And that, says Moores, is what Oroville's main concrete spillway was built on and what the emergency spillway was made of. In February, as intense storms filled the reservoir, both began disintegrating under the force of billions of gallons of water cascading over them.
A few miles from Oroville, Moores demonstrates by taking a rock hammer to two rocks that sit side-by-side at a spot along the Yuba River -- one fresh, one in an advanced stage of weathering.
"Hear that?" he asks, as his hammer bounces off the smooth, bluish-gray fresh sample with a distinctive "tink." Then he thumps the reddish-brown weathered rock with a series of dull thuds, which sounds less like stone than rotting wood.
"That [fresh] rock is resistant to water pouring over it," he notes. "This is not. It's on its way to becoming dirt. if you dump your overflow into rocks like this, of course you're going to erode them."
A 1961 planning document for Oroville Dam says the site is "blessed with a geologic structure and foundation rock which are suitable for the foundation." It also suggests excavating down 18 feet to clear away "soil and weathered rock" for the main body of the dam. So it's clear that builders working for the state were aware of the "incompetent" rock that's prevalent at the site, but it's less clear that similar excavations were suggested, let alone required for the spillways, which sit off to the side of the main dam.
Though the dam was completed nearly 50 years ago, Moores says the rock at the site would have already been substantially decomposed, as the weathering process takes place over hundreds or thousands of years.
"It was not any different when they built the dam," he says.
It was sheer good fortune that dam operators never had to use the earthen emergency spillway until this year. But in February, with the main concrete spillway already crippled, they couldn't empty the dam fast enough to keep pace with winter storms. The lake level rose quickly and rushed over the concrete lip, or "weir" of the emergency spillway. The earthen slope below the weir quickly disintegrated with water tumbling over it at 12,500 cubic feet per second, though design documents from the 1960s show that it could have to handle flows of 20-to-30 times that.
"I find that astounding that they would rate it like that," says Moores. "It seems to me that even a student of geology could have told them that they were going to have an erosion problem here."
Knowing what he does about the geology of the Sierra, I asked Moores what it tells him about other dams around the state of similar design and siting.
"I worry," he said. "That's what it tells me about the rest of the dams."
On Thursday, acting DWR engineering chief Jeanne Kuttel told reporters that the new main spillway, when completed in two years, will be able to carry nearly twice the volume of water that the original concrete chute was ever called upon to do. She added that the new emergency spillway will be bolstered with retaining walls and channels made of erosion-resistant roller-compacted concrete -- just in case.
"Our intent is to not to have to use the emergency spillway ever again," said Kuttel. "However, we know that Mother Nature throws a lot at us, so we're gonna be ready."


We have put together a short but comprehensive FAQ for you to learn how to use our site and poker rooms we promote on it. Feel free to click on the links below for a short explanation. For more thorough information, click on the embedded links within this FAQ to access our Gambling resources pages.
Where do I start? How do I use the site?
Should I download the software or play online?
Is the poker room software compatible with Mac computers?
Can I try the poker rooms for free?
What do I need to know about depositing money into my casino account?
Is my personal and payment information safe?
Are all outcomes really random?
What should I know about the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act (UIGEA)?
Are there any restrictions as to who can open a real money account?
Are there any cashout restrictions?
Can I find a poker room in my language/currency?
Why are licensing and regulation important?
Are USA players allowed to play at the poker rooms?
Are UK/European players allowed to play at the poker rooms?
Should I read the T&C?
Do poker rooms share the same software?
It's quite simple really, the recommended process is as follows: compare the features of each poker room using our "Poker Reviews" page which will display all the rooms we promote in a simple to view list with rating, bonus and U.S. restriction information (every column in this list can be sorted). If you want more in-depth details, simply click on the review link next to each casino name to access technical, licensing & regulatory, promotional and other important details as well as short but comprehensive review of the poker room (as experienced by our editors).
If you're looking for a specific bonus type, then mouse-over our "Promotions" menu and make your pick from deposit bonus, rakeback, valueback, or loyalty rewards to see a list of rooms that suit your needs.
We also recommend you visit our "Resources" section where you will find tons of information on everything poker related. This section will help you understand what is and how an online poker room works. It gives valuable information on bonuses and how to choose the right one for you. Why it is important for poker rooms to be licensed and regulated. Why the rake and associated rewards are a crucial decision factor and much more information.
This is basically your choice and depends on your playing habits and preferences. Downloadable rooms usually have more games and feature richer graphics and stunning animations. The downside is you have to go through the installation process and you'll need to use the same computer most times. The in-browser (online) version runs on Flash or Java which means you can play straight from your browser, from any computer you want as long as you have an internet connection. It usually has less games (only the basic Texas Hold'Em and Omaha) than the download version and runs lighter, hence the difference in quality of graphics and animation. A big plus to the in-browser version is that it leaves no trace on your hard drive.
Some poker rooms offer Mac friendly downloadable versions of their software, but most don't. You can always play the online-version instead which should have no problems running from your Mac. If you do insist on playing the download version, you can always install VMware or Parallels software.
Yes you can, at least the vast majority of them. Most rooms will give you a chance to play at their tables for free using play money chips. Some other rooms will even give you bonus chips or in very remote cases, free real money to test out their room.
All poker rooms in our website are properly licensed and regulated and they all run under secure servers and guarantee the security and safety of your personal and financial information. They also offer a very wide variety of deposit and withdrawal methods in several currencies. For more information go here.
All poker rooms in our website are properly licensed and regulated and they all run under secure servers and guarantee the security and safety of your personal and financial information. More information here.
The poker rooms we promote all use random number generators to produce the outcome of every card dealt and every poker game. Furthermore the random number generators have been thoroughly tested by third party, independent organisations.
The UIGEA is a United States law enacted in 2006 that is aimed at stopping online payment methods from financing offshore poker and casino websites. If you're interested in playing at any of the casinos we promote and you are an American citizen/resident, then check out our Poker Reviews and sorting by "US Players Welcome" to find out which rooms are US friendly.
Yes, most poker rooms registered and licensed in Europe (especially in Gibraltar, UK and Malta) will not allow US players to play for real money. Likewise other rooms, depending on their licensing and registration will not allow players from certain countries or regions to register. Some of the most controversial countries include USA, Turkey and China. Also, only people 18 and over (or of legal age according to local law) are allowed to register at these rooms.
Yes, but usually this only applies to the first withdrawal. All player accounts must be verified and the best way to do this is during the first ever withdrawal. You might have to produce identity and address proof and in some cases (especially if you deposited via credit card) fill out a form. You will also lose any pending bonuses if you withdraw without fulfilling the wagering requirements.
Almost all of our rooms offer their websites and games in several popular languages. The deposit methods are also offered in different currencies.
They are important to us and should be especially important to you since it means the poker room is regulated and audited by a governmental agency which makes sure every single aspect of the room and its related company(ies) are absolutely legal, safe and secure. And more importantly they will guarantee that in case of any disputes you may turn as a last resource to this government agency for mediation. For more information on online gambling jurisdictions, click here.
Not at all of them, but we do have poker rooms which cater to US players. You can find these by visiting our Poker Reviews and sorting by "US Players Welcome" to find out which rooms are US friendly.
Absolutely yes, except in a very few cases where Maltese nationals are not allowed to play for real money on rooms licensed by the L&GA (Malta).
Yes, absolutely you should. It is in the Terms and Conditions that you will find all the fine print and details regarding your bonuses, withdrawals, jurisdiction and age limits, multiple accounts and many other topics. Only by reading the T&C can you understand and protect yourself and know where your rights and obligations start and end.
There are a few dozen poker software providers (Poker Networks) and only a very few of them can be considered to be the biggest/best of them. Amongst the top 5 are Microgaming, Ongame, iPoker, Entraction and Cake. This is the reason you will find many of the same games in so many different poker rooms. Some poker rooms have their own, proprietary software which competes heavily with these networks in number of players. Some of these independent networks include PokerStars, FullTilt Poker, PartyPoker, Pacific Poker, PKR and BetFair.
Rake is the scaled commission fee taken by a poker room. It is generally 3 to 5 percent of the pot in each poker hand, up to a predetermined maximum amount. Poker is a player-vs-player game, and the poker rooms do not wager against its players (unlike casinos), so the rake is the principal mechanism to generate revenues. The rake covers the various costs of operation such as support, software, licensing fees and personnel.
Rakeback is a type of reward or bonus for poker players. It is directly proportionate to the amount of rake they generate to the poker room they play at. This means the more they rake, the more rakeback they will receive. Rakeback is basically when a percentage of the rake paid to the poker room is returned to the poker player. It is usually available only by signing up to a room via a rakeback affiliate.
Cashback and valueback are some very new reward methods implemented by many poker rooms and it works very similar to rakeback in that it rewards players for their game play in the form of money paid to their accounts originating from the profits generated by their game play.
Loyalty programs are yet another reward type by which players benefit from generating points (poker points, player points, etc) and exchanging them for cash, bonuses and other rewards.
At any poker room you will be offered some sort of reward for registering and playing with them, either in the form of deposit bonuses, cashback and valueback and loyalty programs. What is important for you to know is that most bonuses are not really free, they require you to play and rake a certain amount before or after the bonus.


text:
Mike McGeary
National Entrepreneurship Month
This morning, the White House declared November National Entrepreneurship month. The introduction of the Startup America Legislative Agenda and the JOBS Act, which was signed into law by President Obama in February, has demonstrated the focus of policymakers on Americans who build new businesses.
The American economy depends on startups. Creating an atmosphere where entrepreneurs take calculated risks, investors help young companies grow and thrive, and technology facilitates the emergence of new markets and products will help lead our country out of the economic slump.
For a year that began with SOPA, a dark moment for internet entrepreneurs, 2012 has been a very positive for those of us championing innovation and entrepreneurship. After beating back SOPA, a new, emboldened constituency of innovators sought to improve the business climate for entrepreneurship. To that end, many of us fought for and won passage of the JOBS Act and started an important conversation on Startup Act 2.0, which we hope will become law early in the next Congress.
Though this entire month is dedicated to American entrepreneurship, November 16th is reserved in particular to be National Entrepreneurship Day as a celebration of America's innovative prospects. At Engine, we are pleased that the President and his administration have singled out the promise of entrepreneurship, and look forward to continuing to work with policymakers on both sides of the aisle to champion the cause of entrepreneurship.
Photo courtesy of Trevor McGoldrick.
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