text:
A Lesson Learned Furry Hentai
A Lesson Learned Furry Hentai Amongst the numerous types of anime, hentai is the most popular sub-genre. It is a kind of adult anime that features both male and female characters.
'Hentai ' is an abbreviation for hentai seiyoku (Japanese for "sexual perversion "), and it is a term used for manga, anime, computer game, and other types of popular entertainment. It can describe numerous sort of adult works, but normally it 's defined as being uncensored and raunchy.
Throughout the Edo Period (1603-1868), shoguns suppressed the production of shunga, Japanese sensual art. Until the late 19th century, shunga had actually been largely restricted to a couple of books and journals. These were later on enhanced by pornographic pictures and the development of comics.
When An Anime Character Watches Hentai
Have Sweet Dreams Hentai Game
Is It Wrong To Pickup Girls In A Dungeon Hentai
Me Hentai Movie
Is Hentai Illegal In Us
Is It Ok Respectful To Have Hentai Of Your Waifu
Es Hentai
May Shorts Hentai
Why Does Hentai Have Huge Amounts Of Cum
How Heavy The Dunbells You Lift Hentai
The very first sensual anime, Lolita, was launched in the 1980s. The series generated a variety of other pornographic anime. Before then, the most popular hentai anime was produced by Japanese cartoonists. Among them was The Dream of the Fisherman 's Wife, a story about a female who is stimulated by two octopuses. A Lesson Learned Furry Hentai
Another essential figure was Toshio Maeda, who was called the "god of tentacle hentai. " His work featured monsters that had different genitalia. He sought to surpass censorship laws associating with sexual intercourse.
The history of hentai is long and varied. While the term came from Japan, the Western World experienced a sexual revolution. The rise of contemporary worths made sex beyond standard marriage and sexual relationships acceptable.
The term 'hentai ' is often described as 'perverted ', 'weird ', and 'unusual '. In reality, hentai works have more realistic themes than their cartoon-cute variations. They likewise depict characters more realistically than those in Tezuka 's manga.
Today, hentai has a large audience. Adult styles have actually been a part of manga since the 1940s. Throughout the '50s and '60s, stories of male homosexuality and cross-dressing were the most typical fixations in magazines.
The hentai industry began to explode after the war. In 1928, Gurotesuku was founded, and it concentrated on pseudo-academic sexual content. Other publications of this duration included Fuuzoku Kagaku, Kitan Kurabu, Ningen Tankyuu, and Ura Mado.
During the 1970s, Hentaigaku Nyuumon was published by Akiyama Masami. The book was filled with suggestions pages penned by expected sexual professionals.
Despite the visual differences between hentai and human pornography, there are still concerns about how these 2 types of sexually exciting media influence people. This is especially real in the case of hentai. A Lesson Learned Furry Hentai
To explore this question, a study was conducted. The outcomes suggested that hentai consumers rated anime characters more appealing than non-porn customers, but not in a different way than other types of pornography consumers. A Lesson Learned Furry Hentai
Aside from the sex-related steps, the most substantial findings were that male hentai customers were more encouraged by facilitating sexual pleasure than human porn customers. Specifically, male hentai consumers were most likely to be thinking about preventing negative feelings, assisting in sexual enjoyment, and pleasing sexual curiosity. Hentai consumers were more likely than other types of pornography customers to wish for a real-world romantic relationship.
The research study also discovered that male hentai consumers scored higher on procedures of attractiveness, desire for a romantic relationship, and attachment stress and anxiety than male human porn consumers. When comparing the 2 types of pornography taken in via desktop computer system, this is especially real.
A few other findings were likewise notable. For instance, hentai consumers tended to score substantially higher on the Spearman 's rho matrix for procedures of destination. While hentai intake did not alter ball game on these measures for other types of porn customers, it does appear to impact ball games on the rho matrix for hentai consumers.
In addition, hentai customers rated human images more appealing than hentai consumers ranked anime images, but just if the image 's background was standardized. A future study ought to look at the impact of the color pattern of the image on its beauty rankings. Last but not least, future studies ought to consist of more standardized background colors and pose-related variables, and a wider range of images.
Overall, this research study is the very first to examine how hentai and human porn are viewed differently, and to what degree. Whether these distinctions are the result of an authentic misunderstanding or just an outcome of the type of porn viewed, a more thorough examination of the resemblances and differences is required.
Whether or not you take in hentai, you may have discovered that many anime characters have a strong appeal to fans. These characters might even have a greater influence on hentai usage than other types of adult media characters.
In a recent study, researchers took a look at how hentai consumers and other types of pornography customers view anime characters. The findings of the study showed that hentai fans are more likely to find an anime character attractive than a comparable picture of a genuine person. It also showed that hentai consumers are most likely to want to get involved in a romantic relationship with a character from an anime than a comparable human. This might be a function of a greater desire for the sexually suggestive images of anime characters compared to a real human.
The survey included questions about anime genres, soundtracks, quality of content, and other anime-related topics. The results were examined utilizing SPSS variation 25. A Lesson Learned Furry Hentai
The study found that hentai fans had a higher score on an image ranking job, which measured the quality of the picture and its features. The image was not standardized, and the background colors were not controlled for. This suggests that the very same background color may have had a more remarkable impact on one individual 's ranking than another.
The survey likewise revealed that hentai customers are more inclined to want to have a romantic relationship with a character from anime than a similar human. In addition, male hentai consumers were more likely to have a positive response to the image, along with an interest in sexual satisfaction.
The results of this research study indicate that the image ranking task is a smart method to measure a hentai consumer 's desire to have a romantic relationship with an anime character. The research study was not able to figure out if these aspects are influenced by the type of porn they consume. This recommends that future studies need to distinguish between hentai and other types of porn.
Throughout the 1980s, a Japanese sub-genre of manga was born. It was a kind of slang explaining stories about young girls and their sexual encounters. It later ended up being related to pedophilia in Japan.
This sub-genre has progressed from its beginnings to encompass all sorts of categories. Lolicon is a popular anime style in which girls are portrayed in sexual situations. It has surpassed controversy and has become a part of mainstream culture.
Lots of people have different opinions about lolicon, however, it is essential to comprehend what it is. It is not the same as child pornography, which is thought about obscene in some nations.
Lolicon is an animation style of Japanese manga. This type of pornography includes easy drawing designs and insufficient messages. The characters are not genuine children, but instead represent a hyper-passive mindset. The stories are designed to align with the worth of instant gratification. Since of its overbearing force, it is thought about a bad guy.
It forbids the distribution of child porn, as well as the collection and transmission of virtual child porn over the web. It likewise forbids the transport of kid pornography throughout state lines.
This is a questionable issue, however it is not always something that United States law enforcement cares about. It appears that a number of market associations included in anime and manga have objected the new kid porn law.
The Japanese media has actually seized upon the existence of anime in the bedroom of Tsutomu Miyazaki, who was accused of killing four primary school women in 1989. In response, the press branded him an "otaku murderer ". In addition to the death sentence, a Japanese court ruled that the creators of the anime were guilty of the criminal activity of murder. In a 2005 follow-up exhibition, Mr. Murakami added to the program.
Although the lolicon has been prohibited in some U.S. states, the phenomenon continues to grow. In fact, it is becoming a major part of the pop culture of Japan. The appeal of illustrated entertainment amongst young Japanese has actually sustained the introduction of the lolicon. A Lesson Learned Furry Hentai
Another important figure was Toshio Maeda, who was called the "god of arm hentai. The term 'hentai ' is frequently referred to as 'perverted ', 'weird ', and 'irregular '. The outcomes suggested that hentai consumers rated anime characters more appealing than non-porn consumers, but not in a different way than other types of pornography consumers.
Aside from the sex-related measures, the most significant findings were that male hentai customers were more motivated by assisting in sexual enjoyment than human porn consumers. While hentai usage did not modify the rating on these procedures for other types of pornography customers, it does appear to affect the scores on the rho matrix for hentai customers.


text:
Nintendo announces a Walmart exclusive Splatoon 2 Switch bundle, and we're green (and pink) with envy
By Shabana Arif, Friday, 18 August 2017 10:16 GMT
The Nintendo Switch with pink and green Joy-Cons is only available at Walmart – for now.
If you've been struggling to find a Nintendo Switch, you're in luck with the newly announced Walmart Splatoon 2 bundle.
Nintendo announced the bundle for North America which comes with the pink and green Joy-Cons in keeping with the Splatoon 2 theme, rather than the bog standard grey, or neon red and blue.
The bundle includes a super snazzy carrying case for your Switch when you're on the go and want to stay fresh – that's what all the squids are saying these days, right? – and of course, a download code for Splatoon 2.
You have until September 8 to scrape together the $379.99 it'll cost you to pick one up.
In Europe the Splatoon 2 bundle came with neon blue and red Joy-Cons, although the pink and green ones are available to purchase separately, along with the carry case.
The bundle "offers fans in North America their first chance to get their hands on that Joy-Con color combination," according to the press release, suggesting the new Joy-Con colourway will eventually be sold on its own.
Will you be grabbing the Splatoon 2 Walmart bundle? Let us know in the comments.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
New Jersey Catholic Conference Urges Legislature to Vote No on S49/A6260
TRENTON, NJ — The New Jersey Catholic Conference (NJCC) is calling on Catholics and all people of good will to urge their state elected officials to vote "no" on S49/A6260, legislation which effectively serves as a replacement to the Reproductive Freedom Act (RFA). The RFA was a controversial bill introduced in October 2020 that would have expanded abortion services in New Jersey to include late-term abortions, state-funding for abortions, mandating health insurance coverage for abortion services, and allowing for non-physician medical providers to perform abortions, all of which the NJCC vigorously opposed.
"NJCC strenuously opposes S49/A6260," said James J. King, executive director of the Conference. "Today's proposed legislation differs little from the RFA and includes provisions that remove all barriers to abortion services. A fundamental Catholic social teaching is that life exists from conception to natural death, and the Catholic Church offers many programs through its agencies to help pregnant mothers before, during, and after childbirth. We ask all Catholics and people of good will to contact their legislators to express their opposition to this bill, which we view as a direct attack on human life."
King also expressed concern about the haste in which S49/A6260 has advanced through the legislative process. "With only five days between the bill's introduction on January 6, 2022, and scheduled vote on January 10, 2022 - - the last voting day of the current session - - we were left with little time to offer our input and feedback."
To access the NJCC's Action Alert, please click here.


When customer checked Coding Site-Specific Security Options in Securing of CA Endevor, MOVE access is required for deleting element from stage 2 non-entry. Customer would like to have DELETE and MOVE access being set separately. They are afraid of users accidentally MOVE the element to production while they do the DELETE.
CA Support team updated that Endevor has been working in this way for a very long time, unfortunately it is unable to state the reasoning of such design behind it.
Please enhance CA Endevor with adding DELETE element access.
Surely this can be done through BC1TNEQU.
In mine, I can see that the MOVE action and DELETE action have different levels of access.


text:
package options

import (
	"github.com/spf13/pflag"

	kubectrlmgrconfig "k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/controller/apis/config"
)

// DeprecatedControllerOptions holds the DeprecatedController options, those option are deprecated.
// TODO remove these fields once the deprecated flags are removed.
type DeprecatedControllerOptions struct {
	*kubectrlmgrconfig.DeprecatedControllerConfiguration
}

// AddFlags adds flags related to DeprecatedController for controller manager to the specified FlagSet.
func (o *DeprecatedControllerOptions) AddFlags(fs *pflag.FlagSet) {
	if o == nil {
		return
	}
}

// ApplyTo fills up DeprecatedController config with options.
func (o *DeprecatedControllerOptions) ApplyTo(cfg *kubectrlmgrconfig.DeprecatedControllerConfiguration) error {
	if o == nil {
		return nil
	}

	return nil
}

// Validate checks validation of DeprecatedControllerOptions.
func (o *DeprecatedControllerOptions) Validate() []error {
	if o == nil {
		return nil
	}

	errs := []error{}
	return errs
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Difference between revisions of "Great Circle Earthworks"
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m (Text replacement - "Ohio Historical Society" to "Ohio History Connection")
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The Great Circle is a large earthen enclosure that formed one part of the Newark Earthworks. The Newark site is the largest set of geometric earthworks built by the Hopewell culture (100 B.C. to 500 A.D.) of prehistoric Native American people. It is 1,200 feet across and the circular wall varies in height from five to 14 feet. There is a ditch or moat at the base of the wall inside the enclosure that varies in depth from eight to 13 feet.

The Great Circle is a large earthen enclosure that formed one part of the Newark Earthworks. The Newark site is the largest set of geometric earthworks built by the Hopewell culture (100 B.C. to 500 A.D.) of pre-contact North American Indian people. The enclosure is 1,200 feet across and the circular wall varies in height from five to 14 feet. There is a ditch or moat at the base of the wall inside the enclosure that varies in depth from eight to 13 feet.

Archaeological excavations conducted in 1992 revealed that the Great Circle is composed of different colored soils. The outer portion of the wall is made of dark brown earth, while the inner portion is made from bright, yellow-brown earth. These different colors may have had special symbolic meanings to the people who built the walls.

Eagle Mound is a low mound located at the center of the Great Circle. It consists of three lobes that some people have seen to be a bird's body with two outstretched wings. Its resemblance to an eagle is questionable. It was excavated in 1928 by archaeologists with the Ohio History Connection. They discovered the remains of a wooden structure at the base of the mound that was likely a council house or ceremonial structure. The archaeologists restored the mound at the completion of their studies.

Eagle Mound is a low mound located at the center of the Great Circle. It consists of three lobes that some people have seen to be a bird's body with two outstretched wings. Its resemblance to an eagle is questionable. It was excavated in 1928 by archaeologists with the Ohio Historical Society (as of 2014, the Ohio History Connection). They discovered the remains of a wooden structure at the base of the mound that was likely a council house or ceremonial structure. The archaeologists restored the mound at the completion of their studies.

The people of Licking County saved the Great Circle from destruction by building the county fairgrounds on the site in 1854. In 1932, the fairgrounds closed and the land was transferred to the Ohio History Connection. The site is open to visitation by the public.

The people of Licking County saved the Great Circle from destruction by building the county fairgrounds on the site in 1854. In 1932, the fairgrounds closed and the land was transferred to the Ohio Historical Society. The site is open to visitation by the public as an Ohio History Connection site.

The Great Circle Earthworks, as part of the Newark Earthworks, is a National Historic Landmark. It is near the communities of Newark and Heath, in Licking County, on State Route 79.

The Great Circle is a large earthen enclosure that formed one part of the Newark Earthworks. The Newark site is the largest set of geometric earthworks built by the Hopewell culture (100 B.C. to 500 A.D.) of pre-contact North American Indian people. The enclosure is 1,200 feet across and the circular wall varies in height from five to 14 feet. There is a ditch or moat at the base of the wall inside the enclosure that varies in depth from eight to 13 feet.
Archaeological excavations conducted in 1992 revealed that the Great Circle is composed of different colored soils. The outer portion of the wall is made of dark brown earth, while the inner portion is made from bright, yellow-brown earth. These different colors may have had special symbolic meanings to the people who built the walls.
Eagle Mound is a low mound located at the center of the Great Circle. It consists of three lobes that some people have seen to be a bird's body with two outstretched wings. Its resemblance to an eagle is questionable. It was excavated in 1928 by archaeologists with the Ohio Historical Society (as of 2014, the Ohio History Connection). They discovered the remains of a wooden structure at the base of the mound that was likely a council house or ceremonial structure. The archaeologists restored the mound at the completion of their studies.
The people of Licking County saved the Great Circle from destruction by building the county fairgrounds on the site in 1854. In 1932, the fairgrounds closed and the land was transferred to the Ohio Historical Society. The site is open to visitation by the public as an Ohio History Connection site.
The Great Circle Earthworks, as part of the Newark Earthworks, is a National Historic Landmark. It is near the communities of Newark and Heath, in Licking County, on State Route 79.
Hopewell Culture
Ohio History Connection
Newark Earthworks
[Great Circle Earthworks]
[Newark Earthworks]
Byers, A. Martin. The Ohio Hopewell Episode: Paradigm Lost and Paradigm Gained. Akron, OH: University of Akron Press, 2004.
Carr, Christopher, and D. Troy Case, eds. Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2005.
Dancey, William S., and Paul J. Pacheco. Ohio Hopewell Community Organization. Kent State University Press, 1997.

Pangea Productions. Searching for the Great Hopewell Road. N.p.: Pangea Productions, 1998.
Case, D. Troy and Christopher Carr, eds. The Scioto Hopewell and their Neighbors: Bioarchaeological Documentation and Cultural Understanding. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2008.
Earthworks Virtual Explorations of Ancient Newark, Ohio. The Center for the Electronic Reconstruction of Historical and Archaeological Sites. Cincinnati, OH: Center for the Electronic Reconstruction of Historical and Archaeological Sites, 2005.
Warriner, Gray, producer. Legacy of the Mound Builders. Seattle, WA: Camera One for the National Park Service and the Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, 1994.
Woodward, Susan L., and Jerry N. McDonald. Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio Valley: A Guide to Mounds and Earthworks of the Adena, Hopewell, Cole, and Fort Ancient People. Lincoln: The University of Nebraska Press, 2002.
Lepper, Bradley T. "The Newark Earthworks: Monumental Geometry and Astronomy at a Hopewellian Pilgrimage Center", in Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, edited by Richard V. Townsend and Robert V. Sharp. Art Institute of Chicago and Yale University Press, 2004.
Lepper, Bradley T. Ohio Archaeology: An Illustrated Chronicle of Ohio's Ancient American Indian Cultures. Wilmington, Ohio, Orange Frazer Press, 2005.
Retrieved from "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/index.php?title=Great_Circle_Earthworks&oldid=35898"
Prehistory Places


FORMER Suffolk referee and administrator George Whight is the latest recipient of The FA 50-Year Service medal.
The 81-year-old, who lives in Sproughton, received his award from Ipswich Referees' Association Chairman Mike Moir (above left) at the branch's monthly meeting on Monday.
He officiated a total of 2,206 matches across the two leagues – 1,748 as a referee and 458 as a linesman.
"George was chairman and secretary of the old Ipswich & District League for a number of years, and Bill was chairman when the league became the Suffolk & Ipswich League in 1974 as well as county chairman and Ipswich Referees' appointments secretary.


text:
Calp är en ort i Spanien.   Den ligger i provinsen Provincia de Alicante och regionen Valencia, i den östra delen av landet,  km sydost om huvudstaden Madrid. Calp ligger  meter över havet och antalet invånare är .

Terrängen runt Calp är huvudsakligen kuperad, men österut är den platt. Havet är nära Calp åt sydost. Den högsta punkten i närheten är  meter över havet,  km väster om Calp.  Närmaste större samhälle är Benidorm,  km sydväst om Calp.

Se även
 Calp / Calpe

Kommentarer

Källor

Externa länkar

Orter i regionen Valencia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The business for sale is a well-recognised, cut-price unisex hair salon, incorporating some beauty treatments in the West Midlands. Situated in a prime location within a popular shopping centre, the salon receives a high level of footfall and passing trade from its situation.
The premises are large and well-fitted with contemporary equipment. The salon is also situated neighbouring several main transport amenities.
Utilising a unique and successful business model, the business is best suited to an investor or corporation who would benefit from this opportunity and extremely high footfall location. The business is now for sale on a leasehold basis.


ALLEN PARK, Mich. (AP) There's no official word yet from the Detroit Lions about whether defensive end Kerry Hyder will miss the season.
What's clear is that the Lions are coming to grips with the idea of having to play without him.
Coach Jim Caldwell had nothing to add Monday on Hyder's condition, but he said the Lions might have more to say in the next couple of days.
Hyder was carted off the field in Sunday's exhibition game at Indianapolis. Caldwell said after the game it looked like a ''significant'' Achilles tendon injury.
''We'll probably have something to announce maybe in the next 24, 48 hours or so,'' Caldwell said Monday.
Detroit is dealing with injuries on both the offensive and defensive lines. Tackle Taylor Decker and defensive end Ziggy Ansah are on the physically unable to perform list.
Hyder led the Lions with eight sacks last season, and the team's runner-up - Devin Taylor - is with the New York Giants now. Ansah had 14+ sacks in 2015, but only two last season.
Detroit's depth on the defensive line was already going to be tested because of suspensions to Armonty Bryant and Khyri Thornton, so the team's health issues there have come at a tough time.
The Lions can take solace in the fact that they have plenty of time before the first game, but the pass rush will now be an area to watch throughout the preseason.
While veteran Haloti Ngata is still in the middle of the defensive line, the Lions may increasingly have to rely on defensive tackle A'Shawn Robinson, defensive end Anthony Zettel and defensive end Cornelius Washington. Those three have a combined seven NFL starts.
''Obviously, you're going to miss a guy like Kerry,'' Caldwell said. ''He's an outstanding player for us, he's been tough and those kinds of things.
Robinson started five games and had two sacks as a rookie last season after the Lions drafted him in the second round out of Alabama, so it's reasonable for Detroit to expect a significant contribution from him.
''He had a pretty solid game the other day and did some of the things he's accustomed to doing,'' Caldwell said.
Hyder's emergence last year was a surprise, since he'd appeared in only one NFL game previously. Now the Lions hope some of their other less-heralded lineman can help make up for his absence.


text:
Network neuroscience (NN) as a field lacks statistical and theoretical justification for almost any of it's techniques. The discipline consists largely of ad hoc measures whose statistical properties are very poorly understood and whose relationships to brain function (if they exist at all) have not been clearly established. Much of this stems from a lack of domain knowledge — network neuroscience is a very young field — but a part of it comes from a lack of methodological rigour in general. Most techniques in NN have been imported from other fields (esp. social network analysis), and the most influential papers read like the appendix to an introductory graph theory textbook, with the authors computing every graph property they can think of with no attempt to establish the meaning of the property with respect to the brain, or even whether the property can be reliably estimated from a sample at all (i.e. the field lacks a statistical framework in general.)
Dynamic networks are particularly tricky, as much of the field has been developed in the context of resting-state brain activity, where there are no exogenous variables that can be used to model the network dynamics. This has led — very broadly — to two principal approaches to the study of dynamic connectivity: 1) What I'll call the "modeling" approach, exemplified by something like the markov switching factor models of e.g. Taghia et al. (2017), and 2) the "descriptive" approach, exemplified by authors like Bassett et al. (2011, 2013) and Betzel et al. (2013), which analyzes descriptive statistics computed from static or dynamic graphs.
The construction of these graphs generally requires a large number of arbitrary preprocessing choices, and there is very little understanding of the ways in which these choices impact the resulting statistics. Much of the existing research is satisfied to compute a network measure and establish it's significance relative to a random graph, which is usually accomplished by some form of permutation testing, since we lack: 1) a sensible null model for the absence of dynamic functional connectivity; 2) an understanding of how this null model changes under various preprocessing decisions; and 3) a null distribution for most of our network measures under (1) and (2). This is far too broad of a subject to unpack in a single post, so I'll tackle a single, specific example.
We often construct temporal networks from resting scans (or any other scan) using temporal sliding windows. Naturally, we observe changes from window to window — if, for no other reason, than because the data are noisy. We naturally want to know whether this temporal structure reflects genuine changes in functional connectivity over time, or if it is explainable by noise alone. Lacking a theoretical null model, one possible approach to conducting this test is through the temporal null model of (Bassett, et al. 2013) — a permutation test in which the modularity (or some other statistic) of the observed network is compared to a null distribution generated by randomly permuting the temporal order of the network slices, in order to "…probe the existence of significant temporal evolution of community structure" (p. 9)
The conceptual null model here is that true dynamic functional connectivity varies smoothly over time. Shuffling the window order destroys this temporal smoothness while preserving other quantities, such as the variance in functional connectivity over the course of the scan. This test is thus insensitive to the overall range of functional connectivity exhibited over the course of the scan, as this is preserved by temporal shuffling. This is not a failure of the test — it's just always good to keep in mind exactly what is being tested.
The problem is that several preprocessing decisions can introduce temporal smoothness into the observed network, and this test turns out to be wildly miscalibrated under these settings. I'll focus here on two: the use of overlapping time windows, and the use of low-pass filtering on the BOLD signal (more generally, the presence of autocorrelation). The reason is fairly intuitive — both of these actions introduce sequential dependence in adjacent networks that is destroyed by time randomization. This sequential dependence creates the appearance of temporal smoothness beyond what would be expected from windows containing independent observations. This is easy to see by simulation.
We construct temporal networks from uncorrelated white noise signals using a sliding window approach. Within each window, we create a weighted graph by thresholding the sample correlation matrix at zero. The community structure of the resulting temporal network is then estimated using the generalized Louvain algorithm implemented in the MATLAB toolbox provided by Lucas et al. (2011-2017). Each iteration is as follows:
input: num_sim = 100
num_roi = 100
num_timepoint = 300
window_width = 50
stepsize = [50 40 30 20 10]
smooth = [2 5 10 15]
n_iter = 50
n_shuffle = 50
gamma = 1
omega = 1
For 1:num_sim
1) Generate a "num_roi" x "num_timepoint" matrix
of independent, standard normal random numbers.
2) Low pass filter each time series, with filter
parameter "smooth"
3) Using a sliding window of length "window_width",
moving in steps of "stepsize", calculate a
sequence of sample correlation matrices.
4) Set negative correlations to zero.
5) For i = 1:n_iter
5a) Construct a multilayer modularity matrix
with multiord(..., gamma, omega)
5b) Estimate community structure with
iterated_genlouvain(..., moverandw,
postprocess_ordinal_multilayer)
5c) Compute network statistics
6) Compute average statistic over n_iter iterations
7) Repeat (5-6) for "n_shuffle" randomly shuffled
sequences.
8) Compute z-statistic for (6)
In this case, low-pass filtering is crudely done with a moving average filter of radius smooth. The output of (7) is used as a temporal null distribution to derive a z-statistic for the network. I'll focus here on the modularity (Q), as it is one of the most commonly reported statistics in the literature. The resulting z-scores and type-1 error rates are shown below, plotted as a function of smooth and the proportion of window overlap.
Clearly, overlapping windows result in a grossly inflated type-1 error rate, and inflated modularity in general. The effect of smoothing is less clear, and may just need a larger number of iterations for more precision, though a simple ANOVA gives evidence for some effect
> fit <- aov(z ~ Smooth * Overlap, data = af)
> summary(fit)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq  F value  Pr(>F)
Smooth           1     11      11    7.620 0.00588 **
Overlap          1   4098    4098 2970.096 < 2e-16 ***
Smooth:Overlap   1      0       0    0.295 0.58743
Residuals      996   1374       1
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
The lesson here is that one should be very precise about the quality that is being tested (in this case, temporal smoothness), and either avoid preprocessing which introduces this quality into the data, or construct a test which is insensitive to these preprocessing decisions.
Bassett, D. S., Porter, M. A., Wymbs, N. F., Grafton, S. T., Carlson, J. M., & Mucha, P. J. (2013). Robust detection of dynamic community structure in networks. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, 23(1), 013142.
Bassett, D. S., Wymbs, N. F., Porter, M. A., Mucha, P. J., Carlson, J. M., & Grafton, S. T. (2011). Dynamic reconfiguration of human brain networks during learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(18), 7641-7646.
Betzel, R. F., Griffa, A., Avena-Koenigsberger, A., Goñi, J., Thiran, J. P., Hagmann, P., & Sporns, O. (2013). Multi-scale community organization of the human structural connectome and its relationship with resting-state functional connectivity. Network Science, 1(3), 353-373.
Lucas G. S. Jeub, Marya Bazzi, Inderjit S. Jutla, and Peter J. Mucha, "A generalized Louvain method for community detection implemented in MATLAB," http://netwiki.amath.unc.edu/GenLouvain (2011-2017).
Taghia, J., Ryali, S., Chen, T., Supekar, K., Cai, W., & Menon, V. (2017). Bayesian switching factor analysis for estimating time-varying functional connectivity in fMRI. NeuroImage, 155, 271-290.


DIMENSIONS/SIZE: 3 seater - 910(H) x 1930(W) x 970(D) /Right chaise - 910(H) x 2250(W) x 1090(D).
- Genuine Leather (Top Covering) / PVC (Bottom & Behind).
- Legs: Chrome plated metal.
PACKAGING: Fully assembled however some items may be flat-packed for easy delivery/assembly.