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Health behaviors influencing depressive symptoms in older Koreans living alone: secondary data analysis of the 2014 Korean longitudinal study of aging
Heejung Kim1,2,
Sooyoung Kwon ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3719-01111,
Soyun Hong1 &
Sangeun Lee1
BMC Geriatrics volume 18, Article number: 186 (2018) Cite this article
Geriatric depression is a societal problem, specifically in those living alone in Korea. This study aims are to investigate (1) how sociodemographic factors, health status, and health behaviors are differently associated with depressive symptoms in older Koreans living alone compared to those living with others and (2) how living arrangements attenuated or strengthened the associations between four types of health behaviors and depressive symptoms.
This secondary data analysis was conducted using data from the 2014 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. A structured survey assessing sociodemographic factors, health status, and health behaviors was conducted with people aged 65 or older who lived alone (n = 1359) and living with others (n = 2864). A multiple linear regression with interaction terms was conducted between mean-centered health behaviors and the status of living alone. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics 23.0, and the two-tailed level of significance was set at 0.05.
Those living alone reported higher levels of depressive symptoms than those living with others (Mdiff = 2.129, SE = 0.005, p < 0.001). The variance of depressive symptoms explained by 13 variables was 18.1% for those living alone compared to 23.7% for those living with others. Compared to health behaviors, sociodemographic factors and health status more explained depressive symptoms, specifically with psychiatric disorders, pain, and impaired functionality as risk factors. Smoking, alcohol abstinence, physical inactivity, and social inactivity were associated with more depressive symptoms. Living arrangements moderated the association between depressive symptoms and each health behavior, except for physical inactivity (all p values < 0.001).
Older Koreans living alone were exposed to different risk factors for depressive symptoms compared to those living with others. Non-modifiable sociodemographic and health status factors were highly associated with depressive symptoms relative to health behaviors; thus, it is important to conduct early assessment and classification of vulnerable subgroups regarding geriatric depression. Specific assessment instruments should be prepared in practice according to living arrangements among older Koreans. Targeted interventions are essential to addressing living arrangements and modifying health behaviors to reduce smoking, alcohol consumption, and social inactivity, specifically in those living alone.
Depression is one of the most prevalent mental health problems and is associated with general health and quality of life, specifically in late adulthood [1,2,3]. Most older adults seem to be exposed to a high risk of depression because they experience a series of losses, such as the death of significant others, retirement, or health problems [4,5,6]. Bereavement of a loved one results in social isolation and loneliness, which are significant risk factors for poor mental health and low quality of life [7, 8]. Some studies have reported that older adults experience a relatively lower socioeconomic status (SES) than that prior to retirement, which negatively affects mental health [3, 6]. Both social support and social strain differently mediate the relationship between increasing loneliness and decreasing well-being in retired older adults [6, 7]. Previous studies have investigated the diverse types of risk factors related to mental health, and living arrangement is one of the most important factors related to the complex nature of multidimensional vulnerability to depression in late adulthood [9,10,11].
Living alone influences mental health in the older adult population. Compared to those living with others, older adults living alone reported higher levels of depressive symptoms in several countries, such as Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, and the United States [8,9,10, 12]. In general, 20–30% of older Asians living alone reported significant depressive symptoms, a ratio that is significantly higher than the 12–18% reported among those living with others [8, 9]. In addition, older Americans living alone reported significantly more depressive symptoms (mean = 4.22, standard deviation [SD] = 4.56) than those living with a family member (mean = 3.36, SD = 3.71, p < 0.05) [10]. Similarly, up to 41% of older Koreans living alone reported depressive symptoms, which was significantly higher than up to 30% of those living with others [13, 14]. Oh and colleagues also reported that older Koreans living alone had a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms than those with any other type of living arrangement, such as living with or without a spouse in either an extended or a nuclear family [15].
Korean researchers, clinicians, and policy makers have paid attention to the vulnerability to depression in older adults living alone for several reasons. South Korea is the fastest-aging country among the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, and Korea is also experiencing a rapid increase in one-person households [16, 17]. Older adults living alone comprised 23.0% of the aging population in 2014 [18], a dramatic increase from 13.6% in 1994 [18]. The number of people aged at least 65 years old or older living alone was estimated to be approximately 1.38 million in 2015; the number is estimated to increase to 3.43 million over the next 20 years [19]. The absolute and relative proportions of those living alone in the population mean that a new health care system must respond to the aging one-person household, as the family caregiving system has weakened in Korea due to changes of traditional and cultural perspectives on senior care [13].
In addition, older Koreans are less likely to receive appropriate treatment or perform self-management, despite high levels of depressive symptoms and related mental health problems [13]. In general, depression in older adults is under-reported and under-treated because older adults think that depression is part of the aging process [3, 20]. Specifically, older Korean adults have negative and passive views regarding mental health treatment. One study showed that only 20.9% of participants intend to use mental health services, although almost half of the subjects (49.3%) had issues with depression [21]. Because depression is more costly than other chronic physical diseases [3], untreated depression poses an increased individual and societal burden, influencing morbidity in conjunction with other chronic diseases and influencing mortality secondary to suicide [3, 22, 23]. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 identified depressive disorders as the second leading cause of long-term disability, designating it a major public health priority [22]. Older Korean adults are one of the most vulnerable populations to suicide; the suicide rate of older adults in South Korea has increased five-fold during the past two decades (approximately 70 people per every 100,000 in 2014), corresponding to the highest rate among the OECD countries [24].
However, there is limited information for understanding geriatric depression in older adults living alone and for developing specific prevention, detection, and treatment plans. Previous studies have shown that individual characteristics, such as being female, having poor self-rated health, and having impairments in both activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), are associated with depression in those living alone [10, 12, 14]. Although geriatric depression has great heterogeneity across people's life spans and individual characteristics [3], few studies have conducted subgroup analyses to examine specific risk factors, particularly regarding different living arrangements [9, 12]. Moreover, these identified factors are more likely to be non-modifiable; therefore, it is difficult to improve the situation using individual efforts for the purposes of health promotion.
In this study, we focus on daily lifestyle health behaviors, which are considered the key components of self-management in disease prevention, treatment options, and physical and mental health [25, 26]. Similar to physical health, mental health status is considered to be influenced by health behaviors, such as alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical and social inactivity. It is well established in the literature that exercise is an effective intervention for improving mental health and well-being in later life [27,28,29]. Social isolation due to living alone and having less frequent contact with significant others is associated with a higher incidence of depression among older adults [9, 12, 14]. However, it is difficult to draw a concrete conclusion about how smoking and alcohol consumption affect depression in older adults. For example, a multisite cohort study showed that older adults with depression were likely to be alcohol abstinent or less-than-moderate drinkers, regardless of smoking status. However, smokers at risk of high alcohol consumption reported a three-fold greater likelihood of being depressed than those who were alcohol abstinent [30]. In contrast, other studies reported non-significant relationships among alcohol consumption, smoking, and depression in older adults [9, 14]. Thus, more research is needed to understand the consistent patterns of multiple health behaviors among depressed older adults in diverse populations, specifically when considering living arrangements [3].
The aim of this study was to examine the differences in the factors associated with depressive symptoms in older Koreans, specifically focusing on health behaviors moderated by living alone. The following research questions were proposed:
What is the difference in the sociodemographic factors, health status, and health behaviors of those living alone compared with those living with others?
How are sociodemographic factors, health status, and health behaviors associated with depressive symptoms in older adults with different living arrangements?
How does living arrangements differently moderate the relationships between depressive symptoms and four specific health behaviors after controlling for sociodemographic factors and health status?
This was a cross-sectional correlation study with a secondary data analysis.
Description of the primary data source and procedure for data collection
The primary data for this secondary data analysis were the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) collected in 2014 and released in 2015 by the Korea Employment Information Service [31]. The KLoSA is a nationally representative longitudinal study aimed at investigating the health and social welfare information of people aged 45 years or older in South Korea. To understand the selected topic with the most current trend, we chose the most recent set of KLoSA data available for public use.
Since 2006, the KLoSA panel survey has been conducted biennially by trained interviewers using a computer-assisted personal interviewing method in which interviewers read questions to respondents from screens and immediately enter their responses. The survey is conducted with identical content for the same respondents from the first to fifth waves to collect observations at multiple times [32]. The survey targeted the middle-aged and older population nationwide, except in island areas. The sample was randomly selected using a multistage, stratified probability sampling design based on geographical areas and housing types across the nation. At the first data collection, 10,254 individuals in 6171 households participated in the interview, and 7029 subjects remained in 2014, which represented 72.8% of the original respondents [31].
Samples of secondary data analysis
Among the 7029 participants in the 2014 KLoSA dataset, 4223 eligible subjects were included in this study after excluding those aged younger than 65 years old (n = 2803) and those with incomplete reports (n = 3) for the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale short-form 10 item (CES-D10). Older adults living alone were defined as individuals aged 65 years old or older in 2014 who reported only one member in a single generation household (n = 1359). The other comparison group included older adults who were 65 years old or older in 2014 and who lived with any members in the same house (n = 2864).
Depressive symptoms were measured using the Boston version of the CES-D10 in the 2014 KLoSA survey. The CES-D, which was developed by Radloff (1977), is a screening tool used to assess the depressive symptoms experienced during the most recent week. Each item was measured on a 4-point Likert scale (0 = very rarely or less than once a day; 3 = almost always or 5–7 days during the past week). After two items were reversely recoded to calculate a total CES-D10 score, a composite score was generated by summing ten items. Higher scores indicated more depressive symptoms (range: 0–30). In this study, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the CES-D10 was 0.848 in total, 0.841 in those living alone, and 0.853 in those living with others. We used CES-D scores as a continuous variable in line with the methodology employed in previous studies [12, 14, 33] because (1) we aimed to compare our findings to the previous studies' findings, (2) CES-D was developed to offer screening rather than as a comprehensive diagnostic test, and (3) inconsistency arises when using a specific cutoff to differentiate depressed and non-depressed groups in different populations [28].
Sociodemographic factors were included as categorical variables: age, gender, education level, and SES. Considering normative information about older Koreans, the three age groups were categorized as young–old (65–74; coded as 0), old–old (75–84), and oldest–old (85 and over). Gender was dichotomized as female and male (coded as 0). Education level was classified into no school education (coded as 0), elementary school, middle school, high school, and college or above. Self-perceived SES was classified into 3 groups: low, middle (coded as 0), and high.
Self-rated pain was dichotomized as 0 = none and 1 = any pain experienced in one or more body parts. Psychiatric illness was either diagnosed by a physician or self-reported as having any psychiatric symptoms (coded as 1) and was otherwise coded as 0. A self-rated health status was assessed using the following question: "In general, would you say your health is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?" Higher scores indicated perceptions of poorer health status, while the good group was coded as 0. Chronic medical conditions were accounted for in the number of self-reported diagnoses, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, any type of cancer, chronic lung disease, liver disease, heart disease, cerebral vascular disease, or rheumatoid arthritis, which are the most frequent conditions reported by older Koreans [34]. Each condition was reported based on 0 = absent and 1 = present, based on symptoms experienced and medical diagnoses. The impaired functionality of older adults was measured based on LaPlante's expanded ADLs and IADLs scales, including grocery shopping, getting to places, performing light housework, preparing meals, bathing, getting outside, walking, dressing, managing money, transferring, managing medications, using the restroom, using the telephone, and eating [35]. Each item was recoded as 0 = completely independent or 1 = partial/completely dependent, and the sum of the scores for the 14 items was used in the data analysis. Higher scores indicated that older adults were more dependent on others when performing ADLs and IADLs in daily life. In this study, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the LaPlante's ADLs and IADLs was 0.963 in total, 0.958 in those living alone, and 0.967 in those living with others.
Smoking and alcohol use were dichotomized as 0 = non-smoker or non-drinker and 1 = current smoker or active alcohol user. The physically active group was defined as those who exercised more than once a week (coded as 0); the others were coded as 1. A lack of social participation was coded as 1, while participation in any social activities, such as attending religious gatherings, meeting friends, volunteering, or joining hobby clubs, was coded as 0.
We calculated the weighted proportions, means, and SDs of sociodemographic characteristics, health status, and health behaviors between older Koreans living alone and those living with others. The missing data for all the variables tested were 0.002%. We did not complete missing data imputation because the total amount of missing data was less than 5.0%, and a missing data analysis found that such missing data occurred at random [36]. All analyses were conducted by applying population weights, which were calculated based on the following: (a) a two-staged stratified sampling probability due to the design effect; (b) the non-response-adjusted weight to reduce the non-response bias; and (c) the benchmark weight, reflecting changes in the general distribution of the total population of the Republic of Korea in 2014 [31].
For preliminary comparison, multivariate linear regression models were used to evaluate the relationship of depressive symptoms with sociodemographic characteristics (Block 1), health statuses (Block 2), and health behaviors (Block 3) in older adults living alone and those living with others. Assumptions of the multivariate linear regression analyses (univariate and multivariate normality, linearity, homoscedasticity, and diagnostic testing for multicollinearity and independence of errors) were met [36].
A multiple linear regression with an interaction term was conducted to assess the associations between health behaviors and depressive symptoms moderated by living arrangement. Age, gender, and low SES were included as covariates in Step 1. The four health behaviors were entered in Step 2 to test each main effect on depressive symptoms over and beyond three covariates, while living arrangement was entered in Step 3. Finally, all the interaction terms between each health behavior and living arrangement were entered in Step 4 to examine the moderating effects. We decided not to include health status variables, which have spurious associations simultaneously with both health behaviors and depressive symptoms. Four health behaviors and living arrangements were mean-centered. A significant standardized regression coefficient and change in R2 for the interaction term indicated a significant moderation effect [37]. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Version 23.0, and the two-tailed level of significance was set at 0.05.
Sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of the sample
Table 1 presents the sociodemographic and health-related characteristics (health status and behaviors) of the weighted sample. The mean age of older Koreans in this study was 73.81 (SD = 6.68) years, and 58.1% were females. Half of the respondents had either no education (22.1%) or had only attended elementary school (34.8%). Most of them identified their SES as middle (45.3%) or low (52.4%). Almost half of the respondents rated their health as good (44.2%), followed by fair (30.5%), very good (15.8%), poor (8.9%), and excellent (0.6%). On average, they experienced 0.98 functional impairments based on LaPlante's ADL/IADL (SD = 2.92), 0.14 chronic diseases (SD = 0.41), and a score of 7.62 on the CES-D10 (SD = 5.60). Approximately 5.6% of them were diagnosed with or self-recognized a psychiatric illness. The percentage of those experiencing any pain was 71.3%. The percentage of people who smoked or drank alcohol was 10.2% and 27.2%, respectively, while 32.2% of the participants regularly exercised more than once a week. More than 70% of them participated in some type of social activities.
Table 1 Group differences in sociodemographic and health-related characteristics
Group comparison of characteristics by living arrangements
Most of the characteristics of participants living alone were significantly different from the characteristics of those living with others. Those who lived alone were slightly older (mean difference [Mdiff] = 2.129, standard error [SE] = 0.005), had more functional impairments (Mdiff = 0.036, SE = 0.002), had higher CES-D10 scores (Mdiff = 1.473, SE = 0.005), and lived with more diagnosed diseases than those living with others (all p values < 0.001). Compared to those living with others, the majority of those living alone were female, educated at a less than middle school level, had a lower SES or poorer health status, and experienced more pain (all p values < 0.001). People who lived alone were less likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and exercise regularly than those living with others (all p values < 0.001). However, those living alone participated in more social activities (73.0%) than those living with others (68.1% and 43.4%, respectively; all p values < 0.001).
Multivariate linear regression analyses in two groups
The results of the multivariate linear regression using the CES-D10 score as the dependent variable and the 13 factors in three blocks are shown in Table 2. The separate models between older adults living alone and those living with others were statistically significant and explained 18.1% and 23.7% of the variance in the depressive symptoms, respectively. In the model of those living alone, the block of health status explained 10.12% of the variance, followed by the sociodemographic block (7.12%) and the block of health behaviors (0.82%; F = 28,354.14, p < 0.001). In the model of those living with others, the block of health status explained 16.91%, followed by 5.69% for the sociodemographic block and 1.06% for the block of health behaviors (F = 64,147.47, p < 0.001).
Table 2 Comparison of multivariate linear regression models between two groups
Table 2 shows significant factors associated with depressive symptoms in both models. Specifically, psychiatric illness, active pain, and impaired functionality of ADL/IADL consistently increased depressive symptoms in both groups; however, a stronger impact was observed in those living with others than in those living alone. The levels of education showed a U-shaped relationship with depressive symptoms in both groups; however, greater variability among educational subgroups was observed in those living alone than in those living with others. In the group living alone, those older than 85, women, and those currently smoking reported increased CES-D10 scores compared to the opposite result being found in those younger than 85, males, and non-smokers. In addition, the excellent health status of those living with others was associated with higher CES-D10 scores, while the reverse relationship was found in those living alone.
Moderation effects of living arrangement on the relationship between depressive symptoms and health behaviors
The main and interaction effects of living arrangement on the relationship between depressive symptoms and four health behaviors are presented in Table 3. Smoking, alcohol abstinence, physical inactivity, and social inactivity were associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, controlling for age, gender, and low SES. Living arrangement was positively associated with depressive symptoms, indicating a main effect on depressive symptoms. Adding interaction variables during the final stage of the analysis revealed different patterns for each health behavior.
Table 3 Result of multiple linear regression with interaction term
Living arrangement showed significant interaction with smoking, alcohol consumption, and social activity, while there was non-significant interaction with physical activity. The association between active smoking and depressive symptoms was attenuated by taking living arrangement into consideration. However, the association of depressive symptoms with alcohol drinking and social isolation became stronger when considering living arrangement, specifically regarding living alone. The mean level of depressive symptoms for each significant moderator stratified by the living arrangement is illustrated in Fig. 1.
Mean difference of depressive symptoms in each health behavior group moderated by living arrangement
This study provides important information about the unique factors of geriatric depression identified among older adults living alone and those living with others, specifically focusing on the moderating effects of health behaviors. In general, older Koreans living alone reported higher levels of depressive symptoms than those living with others, which were similar to the findings of previous reports [12, 15, 38]. Our findings confirmed significant similarities and differences among factors influencing depressive symptoms between the two groups.
Our study findings showed inconsistent directions between smoking and depressive symptoms, depending on living arrangements. Older smokers living alone reported more depressive symptoms; however, older smokers living with others had fewer depressive symptoms. In contrast, alcohol abstinence was consistently associated with more depressive symptoms, similar to previous reports [14, 30]. Smoking and drinking alcohol are considered stress-reducing behaviors in adults [26]. Some studies in Western countries reported smoking and heavy drinking as being positively associated with depression [30, 39, 40]. However, some studies have reported a non-significant relationship between geriatric depression and drinking alcohol and smoking in different populations [9, 38, 41]. Interestingly, smoking and alcohol consumption show an inverse association with depressive symptoms in some Asian countries [14, 41, 42]. In Asian culture, smoking and alcohol consumption play a role in media when participating in social interaction. For example, 27.17% of older men and 4.63% of older women reported social drinking, which was associated with a decreased risk for depression [43]. Thus, this finding implies that health-promoting behavior should be understood in the context of culture to understand different patterns of risk factors reported by diverse types of cultural populations [44].
Physical inactivity was associated with more depressive symptoms, regardless of living arrangements. Several studies reported engaging in physical activity as being effective in reducing depressive symptoms among diverse types of older adults [28, 29, 45]. Exercise may provide opportunities to (1) alter or reduce negative thoughts in daily life, (2) learn a new skill dealing with stress responses, and (3) increase social contact outside of family systems [46]. Some previous studies have shown that older adults reported increased levels of cognition, quality of life, and well-being after receiving physically active interventions [27, 29]. In addition, older adults believe that physical activity could be a non-pharmacological treatment that is alternative to antidepressants for reducing depressive symptoms [26, 47]. A Cochrane Database of Systematic Review [48] reported that exercise moderately reduced depressive symptoms compared to no treatment, antidepressants, and psychological therapies. Thus, increasing physical activity for older adults is recommended due to high levels of acceptability, the prevention of polypharmacy, and the reduction of medication-adherence concerns, specifically for mild to moderate depression [49].
Social inactivity was associated with more depressive symptoms in general, similar to previous reports [14, 38]. In our study, socially inactive individuals do not participate in any activities during social gatherings, supportive groups, or organizational meetings. Social support is considered to be a protective factor for dealing with stressful life events experienced by older adults [9, 11]. Inadequate levels of perceived social interaction and support result in loneliness and in a lower quality of life, as well as poor mental health [11]. However, our study added more findings, indicating that the difference within groups was more notable in those living with others than those living alone. Providing adequate levels of social support may critically decrease depressive symptoms in older adults living with others [9, 11], although grown children are expected to live with their aging parents or to provide support through frequent visits in Asian countries [12]. When older adults living alone have less frequent contact with their family, they seek alternative sources of support from their neighborhood, religious group, or community [11, 12]. Thus, the Korean government operates senior centers that are specialized in caring for those living alone in the community. Community nurses working with those living alone provide a wide range of interventions or programs to enhance these clients' social connectedness.
The group of older adults living alone showed some expected factors that were associated with more depressive symptoms, such as gender (i.e., women) [3, 14, 15] and advanced age [9, 15, 38], in this study. However, unexpected findings were observed in the group of older adults living with others; namely, men and those aged 75–84 years reported higher scores of depressive symptoms than those younger than 85 years, men, and non-smokers. It is difficult to make a directional conclusion because few studies have reported gender differences in factors associated with depressive symptoms among older Koreans [14, 50]. In general, older men showed lower levels of help-seeking behaviors for informal support than older women when dealing with depressive symptoms [47]. However, both perceived that depression and help-seeking behaviors are greatly influenced by culture; therefore, caution is required when interpreting this finding, and more evidence is necessary to understand older men's depression in Korea.
Similar to previous studies, our findings confirmed that more depressive symptoms were reported in older adults with low SES [1, 38, 51]. In addition, a significant association between education and depressive symptoms was observed in educated individuals in both groups [1, 15]. Because of the high correlation between education levels and income levels, those factors simultaneously affect the levels of SES among Koreans. Those with low SES have a higher chance of depression due to repeated stress from negative life experiences, such as helplessness, poor living conditions, and lack of coping resources [52]. In our study, when we compared subgroups based on education level, those with more depressive symptoms were most likely to have a mid-level education, followed by the lowest and then the highest education. Although educational attainment is associated with stress appraisal when dealing with psychological distress and physical illness [52], this U-shaped relationship between education level and depressive symptoms was not fully explained in previous reports about Korean populations [13,14,15]. Further investigation is required to develop tailored interventions based on different levels of education.
Unexpectedly, the number of chronic diseases was weakly associated with depressive symptoms, dissimilar to previous studies [1, 3, 15, 38, 51, 53]. Previous studies showed that a combination of multiple chronic disease diagnoses has a limited ability to predict depressive symptoms, although each diagnosis, such as diabetes, stroke, heart disease, and head trauma, uniquely increases depression scores [14, 38]. Instead, psychiatric illness is a consistent factor that increases depressive symptoms, regardless of living arrangements, similar to the previous report [54]. The status of psychiatric illness may affect the age of onset, the number of lifetime episodes, somatic symptoms, and comorbidities contributing to or resulting from the psychopathology of geriatric depression [3]. Thus, future studies should focus on a specific disease group to differentiate the impacts of various diseases on depressive symptoms among older adults, given that each medical condition has a unique disease trajectory and socio-demographic characteristics [14, 38].
Poor health status, pain, and functional impairments were common factors that increased the depressive symptoms in both groups, similar to previous reports [3, 14, 53]. Those conditions are considered to be age-related factors necessary for maintaining independent living, which is highly associated with increased depressive symptoms [3, 55]. A nationwide survey of the Taiwan Longitudinal Study suggested that those living alone are sufficiently competent to handle their own daily living and manage their medical conditions [12]. However, as functionality decreases with age, an individual's capacity of self-management and self-care mechanisms of health highly depends on impaired function that individual has suffered from chronic diseases [51]. In addition, those factors influence an individual's presentation of atypical symptoms resulting from depression at different levels, which increase the likelihood of being under-detected and underestimated in depressed adults [38]. Thus, the early detection of those factors to differentiate risk factors and atypical symptoms is critically important to provide symptom-based interventions when co-residents are absent.
In clinical implication, depressive symptoms in older Koreans were mostly associated with sociodemographic factors and health status rather than health behaviors, regardless of living arrangement. It is important to assess both the depressive mood and relevant characteristics of older adults in general and to classify the vulnerable subgroups based on predisposing factors of depression. The screening instrument, such as the geriatric depression screening scale [56], is associated with symptoms rather than risk factors. Thus, identification of even non-modifiable factors is important to clearly define the most vulnerable group. In addition, targeted interventions should be designed to consider the unique characteristics and situations of older adults living alone when simultaneously modifying multiple health behaviors differently.
Study limitations and future research
Most of the study's limitations resulted from the study's design, which consisted of a secondary data analysis with cross-sectional data. First, we were unable to include any variables that reflected the influence of the duration of living alone or any recent changes in living arrangements on depressive symptoms. Some research has shown that the impact of living alone is attenuated over time [14]; thus, further research should include variables differentiating between the short- and long-term effects of living alone to maximize the advantage of repeated measures in longitudinal surveys. Second, self-report instruments have limitations in terms of diagnosing major depressive disorder, requiring instant medical attention. Thus, further research must examine the proportion of those diagnosed with major depressive disorder medically to determine the appropriate clinical action for the most vulnerable subgroups of older adults. Third, we included limited numbers of variables associated with health behaviors, namely those available in the primary data. Previous research has shown significant relationships between geriatric depression and other variables, such as diet and sleep [9, 14]. Hence, we suggest that further studies include more extensive information on health behaviors associated with this topic. Health-lifestyle theories have emphasized integrated strategies to simultaneously modify multiple health behaviors for more effective and sustainable health promotion relative to single-behavior modification [26]. The distinct impact of each health behavior on depression is not identical to the cumulative effect of a combination of multiple activities [14]. Further research is required to confirm the best combination of health behaviors to reduce depression in older Koreans living alone, targeting both common and situation-specific depression components.
Health behaviors were weakly associated with depressive symptoms relative to non-modifiable sociodemographic and health-status factors. However, different patterns between each health behavior and depressive symptoms were found in this study. Smoking, alcohol abstinence, and social inactivity were associated with more depressive symptoms moderated by living arrangements; however, physical inactivity was associated with depressive symptoms but was not moderated by living arrangements. Further research should focus on the different patterns of geriatric depression among diverse sociodemographic subgroups and specific types of health behaviors. Policy makers and clinicians should better prepare to understand sociodemographic and health-related characteristics to improve the mental health and quality of life of emerging older adults who live alone.
ADLs:
CES-D10:
the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale short-form 10 items
IADLs:
Instrumental activities of daily living
KLoSA:
Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging
OECD:
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Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare. State of living alone and policy response strategy of old age. Seoul: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs Publishing; 2015.
World Health Organization. Mental health and older adults fact sheet. 2016. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/. Accessed 5 Sep 2017.
Lee KY, Choi SS, Park HS, Lim HJ. A Study of factors affecting on the preference of the elderly's mental health services utilization in rural areas-application of Andersen and Newman's model. Korean journal of. Social Welfare. 2010;62:257–78.
Ferrari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Patten SB, Freedman G, Murray CJL, et al. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Med. 2013;10:e1001547.
Kim YS, Byun HS. Effects of pain on memory, physical function, and sleep disturbance in older adults with chronic disease: the mediating role of depression. J Korean Gerontol Nurs. 2014;16:59–67.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Society at a glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators: OECD Publishing; 2014. http://staging.memofin.fr/uploads/library/pdf/8113171e[1].pdf. Accessed 5 Sep 2017
Hong SI, Chen LM. Contribution of residential relocation and lifestyle to the structure of health trajectories. J Ment Health Aging. 2009;21:244–65.
Saint Onge JM, Krueger PM. Health lifestyle behaviors among U.S. adults. SSM Popul Health. 2017;3:89–98.
Langlois F, Vu TTM, Chassé K, Dupuis G, Kergoat MJ, Bherer L. Benefits of physical exercise training on cognition and quality of life in frail older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2013;68:400–4.
Mammen G, Faulkner G. Physical activity and the prevention of depression: a systematic review of prospective studies. Am J Prev Med. 2013;45:649–57.
Windle G, Hughes D, Linck P, Russell I, Woods B. Is exercise effective in promoting mental well-being in older age? A systematic review. Aging Ment Health. 2010;14:652–69.
Van den Berg JF, Kok RM, van Marwijk HW, van der Mast RC, Naarding P, Oude Voshaar RCO, et al. Correlates of alcohol abstinence and at-risk alcohol consumption in older adults with depression: the NESDO study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22:866–74.
Korea Employment Information Service. KLoSA survey overview. 2016. http://survey.keis.or.kr/klosa/klosa01.jsp. Accessed 5 Sep 2017.
Kim JH, Park EC, Lee SG, Lee Y, Jang SI. Effects of social integration on depressive symptoms in Korea: analysis from the Korean longitudinal study of aging (2006–12). Aust Health Rev. 2016;41:222–30.
Kim JH, Park EC, Lee SG. The impact of age differences in couples on depressive symptoms: evidence from the Korean longitudinal study of aging (2006-2012). BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:1–10.
Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare. Analysis of the survey of living conditions and welfare needs of Korean older persons. Seoul: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs Publishing; 2012.
LaPlante MP. The classic measure of disability in activities of daily living is biased by age but an expanded IADL/ADL measure is not. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2010;65:720–32.
Meyers LS, Gamst G, Guarion AJ. Applied multivariate research. London: Sage Publication Inc; 2006.
Aiken L, West SG. Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park: Sage; 1991. p. 28.
Niti M, Ng TP, Kua EH, Ho RCM, Tan CH. Depression and chronic medical illnesses in Asian older adults: the role of subjective health and functional status. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22:1087–94.
An R, Xiang X. Smoking, heavy drinking, and depression among US middle-aged and older adults. Prev Med. 2015;81:295–302.
Boden JM, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Cigarette smoking and depression: tests of causal linkages using a longitudinal birth cohort. Br J Psych. 2010;6:440–6.
Cheng HG, Chen S, McBride O, Phillips MR. Prospective relationship of depressive symptoms, drinking, and tobacco smoking among middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling adults: results from the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). J Affect Disord. 2016;195:136–43.
Lee JC, Park JA, Bae NK, Cho YC. Factors related to depressive symptoms among the elderly in urban and rural areas. J agri med commun health. 2008;2:204–20.
Cho MJ, Lee JY, Kim BS, Lee HW, Sohn JH. Prevalence of the major mental disorders among the Korean elderly. J Korean Med Sci. 2011;26(1):10.
Kreuter MW, Lukwago SN, Bucholtz DC, Clark EM, Sanders-Thompson V. Achieving cultural appropriateness in health promotion programs: targeted and tailored approaches. Health Educ Behav. 2003;30:133–46.
Ku PW, Fox KR, Chen LJ. Physical activity and depressive symptoms in Taiwanese older adults: a seven-year follow-up study. Prev Med. 2009;48:250–5.
Craft LL. Potential psychological mechanisms underlying the exercise and depression relationship handbook of physical activity and mental health. London: Routledge; 2013.
Atkins J, Naismith SL, Luscombe GM, Hickie IB. Elderly care recipients' perceptions of treatment helpfulness for depression and the relationship with help-seeking. Clin Interv Aging. 2015;10:287–95.
Cooney GM, Dwan K, Greig CA, Lawlor DA, Rimer J, Waugh FR, et al. Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub6.
Kok RM, Reynolds CF. Management of Depression in older adults: a review. JAMA. 2017;317(20):2114–22.
Lim EJ. Gender differences in the relationship between physical functioning and depressive symptoms in low-income older adults living alone. Nurs Health Sci. 2014;16:381–6.
Seo HL, Jung YK, Kim HN. The effects of physical diseases on elderly depression and moderate effects of the self-care performance. J Welfare Aged. 2013;61:57–84.
Almeida DM, Neupert SD, Banks SR, Serido J. Do daily stress processes account for socioeconomic health disparities? J Gerontol Series B. 2005;60:S34–9. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1093/geronb/60.Special_Issue_2.S34.
Hairi NN, Bulgiba A, Mudla I, Said MA. Chronic diseases, depressive symptoms and functional limitation amongst older people in rural Malaysia, a middle income developing country. Prev Med. 2011;53:343–6.
Lee MY, Kim YS. Factors influencing suicidal ideation in people with mental disorder. Korean J Health Serv Manag. 2014;8:209–20.
Ahlqvist A, Nyfors H, Suhonen R. Factors associated with older people's independent living from the viewpoint of health and functional capacity: a register-based study. Nurs Open. 2016;3:79–89.
Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, Leirer VO. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res. 1983;17:37–49.
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2016R1D1A1B03932013) and Mo-Im Kim Nursing Institute, College of Nursing, Yonsei University.
The data used in this study are available for scientists at universities and research institutes exclusively for scientific purposes at a free charge. The study data can be obtained from the website: http://survey.keis.or.kr/InnoEX/install.html?http://survey.keis.or.kr/klosa/klosadownload/List.jsp
College of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
Heejung Kim
, Sooyoung Kwon
, Soyun Hong
& Sangeun Lee
Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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All authors critically reviewed the manuscript, provided significant editing of the article and approved the final manuscript. Each author uniquely contributes in the specific research processes: HK, design and concept of analyses, supervision during preparing the data, statistical analysis and interpretation of data, preparing of the manuscript; SK, preparation of data, assisting of statistical analysis and preparing of the manuscript; SH, design and concept of analyses and preparing of the manuscript; and SL, searching for the literature and preparing of the manuscript.
Correspondence to Sooyoung Kwon.
Prior to the interview, written informed consent was given by all participants of the KLoSA survey. The data were anonymized and de-identifiable with no personal information, with careful protection on confidentiality. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained from College of Nursing at Yonsei University prior to this secondary data analysis (IRB 2016–0050).
Kim, H., Kwon, S., Hong, S. et al. Health behaviors influencing depressive symptoms in older Koreans living alone: secondary data analysis of the 2014 Korean longitudinal study of aging. BMC Geriatr 18, 186 (2018) doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0882-4
Depressive symptoms
Psychology, psychiatry and quality of life


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Taleya Fuller
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1964 Civil rights act
President John F Kennedy gave a televised speech talking about the importance of civil rights for ALL Americans. Then he asked congress to create an act that protected the freedoms of african americans by outlawing discrimination and segregation. Also many us southern congressman did not support the civil rights act.
1960 SNCC (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)
Throughout the south, black and white students were inspired by Dr. King's methods of non-violence and civil disobedience in order to challenge unfair segregation laws. The young students started to boycott segregated business. Also the SNCC also used freedom rides as a way to protect unfair segregation.
1960 Sibley Commission
Many school districts in Georgia threatened to close their schools if they were forced to desegregate. Eventually, the federal government threatened to cut off funding to georgia schools because the state was very slow in outlawing segregation.
1961 UGA Desegregation
Until 1961 african americans were allowed to attend the University of Georgia. Hamilton
Holmes and Charlayne Hunter were the first black students integrated in the all white college.
1961 Albany Movement
SNCC, NAACP, and Dr.King helped to organize a large movement to end segregation in the south Georgia city of Albany. Protestors helped African-Americans to vote and their efforts to desegregate the city stalled when the albany police arrested many of the protestors, including Dr.King.
1963 March on Washington
100 hundred years after Lincoln signed the emancipation proclamation, over 250,000 citizens marched to the Lincoln memorial in Washington D.C. in order gain jobs and freedom for African- Americans.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


When is the last time you did something for the first time? A while ago? Then join us on a foodie adventure, because this month we're all about stretching those culinary boundaries and exploring ingredients that don't necessarily make it into our everyday supermarket baskets. Witlof is one such ingredient. Also known as chicory or Belgian endive, witlof has a very subtle bitter edge to it that pairs marvelously with a whole host of things, from salty soft chevin and walnuts, to pears and blue cheese, to Emmentaler and ham. It can be eaten raw or cooked.
We decided to roast it along with tiny crunchy red apples and shallots. A splash of olive oil, red wine vinegar, wholegrain mustard, honey and plenty of salt and pepper gives it a sweet-salty-sour tang that is so satisfying. Pancetta crisps lend a deep umami basenote, and peppery freshness comes in the form of watercress. Now that's what we call a salad!
Place the pancetta on the second tray and bake it at the same time for 15 minutes. Remove and allow it to cool. The pancetta will crisp right up as it cools. To serve, tumble loads of watercress onto a large platter, spoon over the warm veggies, delicately place the pancetta shards and top with micro rocket. Serve right away.


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Gastroenterology. 2012 Feb;142(2):219-32. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.001. Epub 2011 Dec 8.
Dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in gastrointestinal cancers.
White BD1, Chien AJ, Dawson DW.
Science and Technology Program, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, Washington, USA. bdwhite@u.washington.edu
Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling is widely implicated in numerous malignancies, including cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. Dysregulation of signaling is traditionally attributed to mutations in Axin, adenomatous polyposis coli, and β-catenin that lead to constitutive hyperactivation of the pathway. However, Wnt/β-catenin signaling is also modulated through various other mechanisms in cancer, including cross talk with other altered signaling pathways. A more complex view of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and its role in gastrointestinal cancers is now emerging as divergent phenotypic outcomes are found to be dictated by temporospatial context and relative levels of pathway activation. This review summarizes the dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in colorectal carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, with particular emphasis on the latter two. We conclude by addressing some of the major challenges faced in attempting to target the pathway in the clinic.
Copyright © 2012 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.001
Schematic illustrating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. (A) In the absence of a Wnt signal, β-catenin is bound to E-Cadherin (E-CAD) at adherens junctions or is phosphorylated by a destruction complex comprised of the core proteins AXIN, APC (adenomatous polyposis coli), GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase), and CK1 (casein kinase 1). N-terminal phosphorylated β-catenin is targeted for ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation, maintaining low levels of cystosolic and nuclear β-catenin. Expression of Wnt/β-catenin target genes via activation of TCF/LEF (T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor) transcription factors is inhibited by the transcriptional repressor Groucho. (B) Wnt ligand initiates signaling through FZD (Frizzled) receptor and LRP (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein) co-receptor, activating and recruiting DVL (Dishevelled) and Axin to the membrane, thereby disrupting the destruction complex. Higher cytosolic levels of β-catenin result in its translocation into the nucleus, where it binds TCF/LEF transcription factors and displaces Groucho to trans-activate Wnt/β-catenin target gene expression.
Dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin Signaling in Gastrointestinal Cancers
Gastroenterology. ;142(2):219-232.
Common mechanisms by which the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is dysregulated in cancer. (A) Loss-of-function mutations in APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) lead to a breakdown of the destruction complex, accumulation of β-catenin in the cytoplasm, translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus, and constitutive expression of Wnt/β-catenin-dependent genes. (B) Gain-of-function mutations in β-catenin, often occurring in exon 3, prevent its N-terminal phosphorylation thus averting its ubiquitination and degradation. (C) Overexpression of FZD (frizzled) receptors or WNT ligands can lead to increased activation of the pathway. (D) Underexpression of secreted inhibitors of the pathway (i.e., secreted frizzled-related proteins, sFRPs) can also lead to increased sensitivity to Wnt ligands and increased pathway activation.
Additional mechanisms by which Wnt/β-catenin signaling can be modulated in cancer. (A) In hepatocytes, β-catenin can be released from an additional membrane bound pool associated with the receptor C-MET. When engaged by HGF (hepatocyte growth factor), C-MET releases β-catenin into the cytoplasm with its eventual translocation into the nucleus. (B) Membrane-bound NOTCH1 can bind activated β-catenin and cause its lysosomal destruction, thereby inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. A decrease in NOTCH1 expression may therefore potentiate Wnt/β-catenin signaling in certain types of cancer. (C) Interactions with numerous proteins can modulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling at various levels in the pathway. SULF-1 (Sulfatase-1) can increase the efficiency of Wnt ligands by modulating their interactions with heparin sulfate proteoglycans in the extracellular environment. ATDC (Ataxia telangiectasia group D-complementing) protein can potentiate pathway activation through its interaction with DVL (Dishevelled). SMO (Smoothened) can increase Wnt/β-catenin signaling by an unknown mechanism. Undoubtedly, novel mechanisms will be uncovered to explain the complex context dependency of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
Schematic illustrating numerous small molecules and biological compounds identified in the literature that inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling at various points in the pathway.
Adenocarcinoma/genetics
Adenocarcinoma/metabolism*
Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism*
Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/genetics
Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/metabolism*
Liver Neoplasms/genetics
Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
Wnt Proteins/genetics
Wnt Proteins/metabolism*
Wnt Signaling Pathway/genetics
Wnt Signaling Pathway/physiology*
beta Catenin/genetics
beta Catenin/metabolism*
Biomarkers, Tumor
K08 CA128565/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
K08 CA128565-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
1K08CA128565/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States


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Steve Priestley 6:00AM - 10:00AM
Phil Collins / Phil Bailey Easy Lover
Home > News > Local News > Great Western Air Ambulance release tips to help safe landing
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Great Western Air Ambulance release tips to help safe landing
Tuesday, July 9th, 2019 12:00am
Credit: Great Western Air Ambulance Charity
The Great Western Air Ambulance Charity has created a five point guide to what to do if you ever see their helicopter trying to land.
It follows several incidents over the years when the crew's landing has been delayed by bystanders.
They say while it can be an exciting thing to witness, their doctors and paramedics attend to emergencies in all kinds of locations – meaning that the pilot could have the very difficult job of landing in a park or a street.
In such cases, they say while they welcome your interest, the pilot, doctors and paramedics on board the helicopter are concerned for your safety.
As such they're asking for your help to ensure that the helicopter can do its job by landing and getting to the patient in need as quickly as possible.
Some of the emergencies attended by the GWAAC team can, quite seriously, mean life or death in a matter of minutes, so every second really does count.
With your help, working with the GWAAC team, you can ensure you are doing your bit to help make the process of landing the helicopter and getting to the patient goes as smoothly as possible.
Their five steps to helping a safe landing are as follows:
Move to the edges of the area you're in, be it a field or road, so the pilot has a clear space to land.
The helicopter creates a strong down wash, so hold on to your children, dogs and any loose items you have with you.
When the helicopter is coming into land cover your eyes, to protect them from any debris.
Make sure not to approach the helicopter until the blades have stopped turning and the pilot has left the aircraft.
Finally, when you see the helicopter taking off, make sure not to approach the area that has been vacated until you see the helicopter in forward flight and is well clear of the landing site in case the helicopter needs to abort the take off.
The short and simple tips can help keep you safe and can give confidence to the paramedics and doctors that they are ready and able to do their job of getting to that patient as quickly as possible and attending to their immediate care.
Armed robbers steal cash and cigarettes in Wokingham
Thames Valley Police is appealing for witnesses following an armed robbery which took place in Wokingham.
Reading Borough Council agree £43 million leisure contract
A 25-year contract, worth £43 million, to design, build, operate and run leisure services in Reading has been awarded by the Borough Council's Policy Committee.
Slough couple arrested as part of international people smuggling investigation
Two people have been arrested in Slough by National Crime Agency officers as part of an international investigation into people smuggling.
Youth programme in Reading launches
A 12-week programme that aims to support young people who are unemployed or out of education has started today (20 January, 2020).
SWR and Samaritans team up to launch 'Brew Monday'
South Western Railway (SWR) is working alongside Samaritans to promote 'Brew Monday' across their network, spreading the message that it's okay not to be okay.
Mark Bowen signs new deal as Reading FC boss
Reading Football Club have announced that manager Mark Bowen has signed a new deal that will see him remain as Royals boss until the summer of 2021.


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Victor Magariños D.: Works on Paper from the 1950s to the 1990s
23 February - 17 April 2019
Victor MAGARIÑOS D.
Untitled, c. 1950
Tempera and Graphite on paper
Courtesy of Andy Keate
Fiber Tip Pen and Tempera on Paper
Fiber Tip Pen, Vinyl Glue and Plaster on Paper,
Estate of Victor Magariños D.
Untitled , c. 1950
Tempera on paper
Fiber Tip Pen on Paper
Fiber Tip Pen, Tempera, Gilding, Vinyl Glue and Plaster on Paper
Inks on Paper
Victor MAGARIÑOS D., Untitled, c. 1960
'We are on the threshold of a new era – the cosmological era. The duty of today's artist is to provide testimony for this, as primitive man did in the caves of Altamira. This is the challenge of our time.'
Cecilia Brunson Projects is excited to announce an exhibition of works on paper by Argentine artist Victor Magariños D. (1924–1993). This is the first exhibition of his work to take place in Europe since the artist's death, and coincides with the announcement of the representation of the artist's estate by Cecilia Brunson Projects.
Magariños D. represents an elusive and under-recognized chapter in the history of Latin American 20th century art, in part because of his highly reclusive artistic practice, as well as his unique set of interests and beliefs about art and abstraction. His career-long insistence that art is a parallel manifestation of theoretical science puts him alongside Georges Vantongerloo (an artist he recognized as a mentor), as well as other international figures of art history who imbued abstract form with cosmological meaning, such as Hilma af Klimt, Josef Albers, or Wassily Kandinsky.
For Magariños D., the manifestation of Relativity, from theory into reality spanning Hiroshima and the Apollo landings, became a defining artistic force, something to channel directly into the points, lines and planes of his abstract practice. He referred to his studio as his workshop, and his works range from intensely detailed fibre-tip drawings on scraps of paper, to acrylic on canvas to large plexiglass sculptures. All of these works propose form as a conduit to the emerging realities of post-war existence, where quantum mechanics informs artistic representation.
In concentrating on Magariños D.'s works on paper, Cecilia Brunson Projects is highlighting the artist's most essential and exploratory output across the breadth of his forty-year long career. Magariños D.'s paper surfaces become a universe of changing phases: harmony and discord; vibration and stasis; nucleus and orbit; curvature and line. The selected works include his delicate abstractions in tempera painted on early artistic manifestos from the 1950s, to symbolic and 'channeled' cosmological expressions in fibre-tip, graphite, ink and vinyl glue.
These expressive forms on paper appear and reappear across a career that defies a linear chronological sequence but emerges as an ebb and flow of recurrent symbols and ideas – reflecting the finite/infinite paradox that grounds his work as a whole.


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US Air Force Opens New Additive Manufacturing Laboratory for Asset Sustainment
A new additive manufacturing facility within the Oklahoma City Air Logistics Complex is now operational following a recent ribbon cutting ceremony attended by the Air Force Life Cycle Management Center's Propulsion Directorate, industry partner General Electric and various key stakeholders. The facility is the second Reverse Engineering and Critical Tooling laboratory established within the complex. REACT-II hosts two 3D metal printers acquired under the U.S. Air Force's Pacer Edge program, enhancing the service's capability to manufacture metal aircraft and engine components, the Air Force Materiel Command website reported.
The Pacer Edge program is a public-private collaboration that aims to provide cutting-edge technology that enables rapid production at low costs to support asset sustainment and improve weapon system readiness. USAF has already produced two operational engine-related metal 3D-printed parts under the project. One of the components was placed on the B-52 Stratofortress bomber and the other was fitted on the F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft.
"Through this partnership, we bought the rights to the tech data and now we have the machines here and GE is training us to use them," said Maj. Gen. Jeff King, OC-ALC commander.
According to Jason McCurry, REACT flight chief, the newly procured printers will allow the Air Force to build propulsion components and parts of legacy systems that are no longer in circulation. Flight-related parts, however, should have the approval of the service's Airworthiness Certification Authority before they can be installed.
King said GE is helping speed up the airworthiness certification process through the quick production of high-quality parts while maintaining the high level of safety required to support warfighters.
Tags: additive manufacturing Air Force Life Cycle Management Center Defense and Intelligence General Electric Jason McCurry Oklahoma City Air Logistics Complex Pacer Edge Program REACT-II sustainment
DOD Sets Timetable for Zero Trust Strategy Release, Pilot Programs Implementation
Red River, Amazon Web Services Sign Strategic Collaboration Agreement
Next Generation Jammer Mid-Band Risks Insufficient Testing Process
US Army Awards $92M Diagnostic Tool Delivery Contract to Boeing
Sparta Science to Develop Tool to Improve Air Force Personnel Recovery, Performance


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Injured student calls for more gritting in Perth
Haley needed to take time off work and has struggled with her coursework
Haley Day
A Perth student has been forced to take time off work and struggle with coursework after breaking her wrist on an untreated Perth city centre street.
Haley Day was making her way to Perth College UHI from her city centre home when she slipped on Bridge Lane opposite Perth Concert Hall.Wet Perth pavements from heavy rainfall overnight turned to ice on the morning of November 20 creating treacherous conditions across the Fair City.
Haley told the PA: "I walked down Bridge Lane, took three steps and completely fell over and landed really badly.
"I landed on my right hand which is my dominant hand."
She is grateful to a kind lady who came and helped her up on to her feet.
At peak rush hour time (8.20am), Haley had not been expecting it to be slippy.
She said: "You would have thought it would have been gritted.
"It was apparent they [the gritters] had not been out.
"It was awful in town and Bridgend."
Haley made her way very carefully up to college, but says it was only once she got into class and the pain ramped up she suspected her wrist might be broken.
When Haley arrived at Perth Royal Infirmary's emergency department, she says it was "chock-a-block."
The accounting student said: "I got there around 10am-ish and there were quite a lot of people before I arrived and then it was just continuous."
NHS Tayside told the PA that PRI's emergency department had a "higher number than expected of people with fractures attending" that day.
An X-ray revealed Haley had broken a small bone in her wrist.
She has been left wearing a splint since the accident happened last month.
Haley, who is doing a HNC in accountancy, said: "It's still really sore and stiff."
The student has had to take time off work as a part-time cleaner at a local nursery and is struggling with coursework. She said: "I have an assessment that needed to be handwritten.
"I have to get someone to come and help me."
She added: "The college has been great and given me a laptop but I have to take my splint off and write by hand in class."
With her wrist still "really painful", that's been no easy feat for Haley.
A spokesperson for Perth and Kinross Council said: "Gritting treatment was carried out across the road and footpath network in line with the council's winter maintenance policy and that gritting began, as usual, from 6.30am.
"However, the cold and wet weather conditions at the time meant that the ice remained for some time after the initial treatment.
"We would like to remind members of the public that gritting does not prevent the formation of ice on the carriageway or footpath and that any treatments carried out will not immediately melt what ice has formed."
Bearing that in mind, Haley, who has never broken a bone before, says she is "being really careful" as she makes her way across town. She certainly won't be dreaming of a white Christmas - but just being able to take her splint off.
Perthshire News
Perth and Kinross Council
Perth Royal Infirmary


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Change Coaching
Source Facilitation
Conscious Dying Therapy
What is 'dying consciously'?
From my heart to yours
Destiny: Knowing your purpose in life
I've heard of few people talking about their destiny recently. It's often with reference to some kind of imagined role that they have yet to play out, which somehow benefits humankind. But is this really what destiny means? Do we have a purpose to fulfill in this life? If so, is this some outer achievement?
Is destiny goal orientated?
Earlier in my journey I often imagined that I had some purpose to fulfill. For me this was a dream of writing a book, a fictional novel, that would touch millions, or I would create some kind of paradise on earth out of bought land and hold workshops and retreats there.
If I think back to my psyche at the time, I guess I was a little lost. I was insecure about myself in many ways and this imagined purpose was my way of boosting my ego by imagining that I would do something great with the things that I was good at.
Where did this insecurity come from? For me it was due an attachment to becoming enlightened. Because I wanted to achieve this spiritual 'goal' I was grasping at an aligned expression of my soul (writing for example) and becoming attached to it, imagining that this outer expression of me would come when I attained enlightenment. Essentially I was identifying with the goal, thus creating a disparity between where I was at the time and where I wanted to be.
Moving beyond goal identity
How did I move beyond this? In truth it didn't come from one "Aha!" moment but a series of smaller realisations. Over time, my definition of 'being enlightened' changed as I realised that it's not some outer goal to be attained but rather a way of being in every moment. So, I dropped the notion of 'attaining' anything other than the most aligned expression of me in every moment.
I cannot give you one 'quick fix' answer here, as these realisations are unique to everybody and will come in their own time. They often come from fixed patterns, a lack of self worth that originates from childhood. The only thing I can say is to explore yourself in every moment - become the observer of your thoughts and emotions, and these realisations will come. If you resonate with what I've said, then test it for yourself with absolute honesty, and be patient. Work to transcend any distorted behaviours by accepting them fully and then looking deeper for the aligned expression.
Aligned Destiny
Behind every distorted Ego expression is an aligned truth. Your soul wants to express, there's no running away from that. I still express myself through writings, not in the form of a novel (at the moment) but through my blog. The difference is that it is simply an up-welling of expression - whatever I feel to write about at the time. Thus, there is no attachment to an outcome. Having lots of people read it certainly serves to motivate me to continue - it is a positive feedback loop which shows me that I'm on the right track, but it's not something that I need to fulfill something inside of me. Thus, if I'm moved to go in a different direction I will, without feelings of loss.
One thing I've come to realise is that time is not linear. All that exists is this moment of now. Past and future do exist, only as reflections of the present. The past happened but it's current existence depends entirely on our current perception of it. Visions of the future will come, but they are based on the present - the current direction I am heading in.
It is important to release attachment to these future visions. By clinging to one possible outcome you are limiting the pure potential of existence. Both life and ourselves are not fixed, but ever changing, flowing processes. So, our future may change depending on what is happening in the present.
Naturally occurring purpose
To me, our purpose occurs naturally through expressing who we are, fully, in every moment, in the most aligned way possible. Destiny, is simply the fulfillment of that purpose - i.e. the ripples you send out into the outside world as a result of that expression. So, if you feel that you're destiny has somehow evaded you in your life, don't worry - by expressing yourself as truly as you can, right here and now, you are already fulfilling it!
For further exploration, check out this lovely article by Nanice Ellis on purpose and the meaning of life.
- With Love,
If you would like help realising your own unique purpose please get in touch and book a session.
My name is Richard. I love to write, and here you can find my general musings, observations and articles. Enjoy!
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General Spiritual
Processing Energy
Parting the Waves - break-up support
Letting go - how to do it
Being in the moment vs. daydreaming
Why Die Consciously?
Too much noise: steps toward 'Inner Peace'
Shores of Avalon - Transition into Death and other Densities
'The Observer' Pt1: What is the observer?
'The Observer' Pt2: Simple steps to cultivate the observer
'The Observer' Pt3: Going beyond the mind
'Be as a Lake': A fresh perspective on pain
Is Morality Judgmental? Taking Inspiration from Life without Limiting Ourselves
'I told you so!' Simple yet powerful ways of improving communication with loved ones
What makes you feel truly alive?
The importance of balancing the big picture with the little picture in current global events
How to Channel your Sadness into Beauty
Recovering from Loss of Identity
'Who am I?' - Finding your Essence
Dying to Live - Embracing Change
Heaven in Your Eyes - Opening up to the Twin Flame
Overcoming Fear by Embracing Death - Pt 1: Our fears
Overcoming Fear by Embracing Death - Pt 2: Identity and the 'Self'
Overcoming Fear by Embracing Death - Pt 3: Unity Vs. Individuality
To BE or not to BE: How to Live your Spirituality
True Healing: How It's Possible For Everyone
The Hugging Dilemma: Deep Connection vs. Personal Boundaries
Breaking Free of the Box: How to Overcome Guilt from Unreachable Standards
The Healing of the Divine Masculine
Are You Responsible for Other People's Suffering?
Why You No Longer Need to Fear Death
The Paradox of Passion


text:
Peggy Farber
Peggy Farber is an education reporter in New York. She reported on the Boston Renaissance Charter School as a 1996-1997 Prudential Fellow for Children and the News at Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism.
Peggy FarberJuly-August 1998
Boston's Renaissance Charter School initially foundered when it apparently attempted to discourage the enrollment of disabled children (although the school's Edison Project sponsor has always insisted that these efforts violated its policies). This year Renaissance reformed its special education program in an attempt to bring it more in line with Edison's own stated ideals and the standards of special educators generally. But the school's experience should serve as a lesson to other charters, for whom discouraging the enrollment of difficult-to-educate children may seem a tempting shortcut to success. The following report, written before this year's reforms, describes the Renaissance experience. O pened in 1995, the Renaissance school enrolls 1,000 inner-city students, and is the showcase of the Edison Project, a for-profit schools company. Created as a partnership between Edison and a group of Boston civic leaders, the school occupies a nineteenth-century office tower in downtown...


text:
Condominium plan for Rambo site gets thumbs up from Southampton Town Planning Board
accuracy does not fall under the umbrella of "smarmy".
I just don't understand how you can classify it as a mega-mall. A strip-mall? Yes. but a mega-mall? You have to be kidding me... so I guess that makes two stores next to each other a mini-mall?
You may have been referring to the Town Board but you are upset because the Planning Board issued a neg-dec to this project (which, by the way comes at the hands of staff who follow NY State Law. The project didn't pass enough thresholds to be deemed a positive declaration) - the planning board has nothing to do with the "mega-mall". You are taking two separate projects and acting as though the same people are responsible. " Sep 23, 10 8:14 PM
Southampton Town bracing for stingy 2011 budget
Please supply facts that prove that. For a one or two year span during the Great Recession perhaps wages for civil servants on average were higher, but if you look at a 10 year span it is not true at all. Most Town employees make under $50,000 even after being with the Town for 10+ years. " Sep 23, 10 8:47 PM
Arts Harvest Southampton faces backlash from local merchants
$20,000 for planning a 1-month event (which is turning out to be a disaster)? So that's how people afford to buy this big homes... " Sep 23, 10 9:42 PM
I'm wouldn't say I'm "for" them - but it's far from the worst project in the Town. I'd rather see this go up than the proposed Condo project in Hampton Bays which goes against Town Code and is a complete tit-for-tat deal.
I'm happy to see adaptive re-use - a condo project on a horribly blighted sight. Rambo will take his operation elsewhere (he signed a 3 year lease, he can go ahead and by a property for his operation if he wants to). Everyone is acting like this guy is being kicked out and the owner of the proprety is being "forced" to build these condos because of neighbors complaning. That's not the case at all. I want our natural areas preserved and the money the Town gets from CPF taxes everytime one of these condos is sold goes to to preserving natural areas - unlike the $0 revenue the Town gets toward open spaces purchases from what's currently there. " Sep 24, 10 9:13 AM
Additonally, it's extremely difficult for the Town to deny this project. It qualifies for a negative decleration under SEQRA (which means it does not cross thresholds to raise it to a positive decleration) which means the Town cannot deny it for environmental reasons. The BZA is going to set the density and they are the only ones with any sort of power - the Town Board and the Planning Board can't do anything about it. " Sep 24, 10 9:16 AM
http://www.southamptontownny.gov/content/760/762/776/default.aspx" Sep 24, 10 9:22 AM
You have to take into consideration that a lot of the federal positions = military which = war zone. I'd hope that a cook in Iraq is getting paid more than a cook @ a crappy restaurant.
Additionally, government positions offer require more intense qualifications due to civil service tests. A Senior Planner for example needs a College degree and X number of years in planning - a Senior Planner in the Private sector has no prerequisite. The article is way too light on details to hold any amount of weight." Sep 25, 10 3:55 PM
What I find interesting is I FOILED the file today and there was not ONE letter of opposition to the project... and yet, based on the opinions of people on this site, there is a LOT of negativity aimed at this project. So, I must conclude that you people enjoy being armchair complainers instead of actually making your voice heard. Way to be productive. " Sep 27, 10 8:39 PM
To the Planning Board... but, it's a little late now since the decisions have been made. " Sep 28, 10 9:26 AM
Progressnow didn't make any points, so... I'm not sure what you would like me to address.
" Sep 28, 10 9:29 AM
I'm not disputing Uncleronk's statement. But the "mega-mall" is an application being considered by the Town Board where this development was/is before the Planning Board. The two are mutually exclusive so you can't blame one for the other." Sep 28, 10 12:10 PM
Netting of carp OK'd in Mill Pond
I believe the pond is stocked by DEC (or has been in the past) and contains fish species other than carp. Additionally, the pond is used by many species of migratory birds which could be caught in the nets, thus DEC needed to approve the plan. There is no limit on fishing for them with hook and line, but bringing in gill nets is another story. " Sep 28, 10 3:06 PM
Couple stalls wind turbine plans
The big ones kill birds too... a red-tailed hawk ran into the one at Brookhaven Town Hall and was killed last year.
Are you willing to trade a handful of (potential) bird deaths for reducing oil dependency, which just today was shown to negatively effect our shellfish populations (See Newsday, Chris Goblers research)? " Sep 28, 10 4:16 PM
let it go or do something real about it - not whine behind a mask on a comment board." Sep 29, 10 7:23 PM
40 people were not fired last year. 40 positions were eliminated - but they were already vacant. Get your facts straight HighHat " Sep 29, 10 7:25 PM
What have I done that's hypocritical?
And your e-mails didn't make it into the record... maybe you should have been writing the proper authortative board (the Planning Board) instead of running to your elected officials." Sep 30, 10 9:39 AM
Provide your source. And a code doesn't have to explicitly say what is and isn't allowed. For example, just because this alleged new code doesn't have restrictions for wetlands, doesn't mean the authority for wetlands (the Conservation Board and NYS DEC) have their hands tied. It would still have to conform to pre-existing laws." Sep 30, 10 9:43 AM
I never said I looked at the file to "scold" anyone. That was not my objective - I just discovered while going through the file there was not a single letter of opposition which I found interesting because it obviously runs counter to the overarching opinion on this board.
While the Planning Board is appointed by the Town Board, they serve long terms (7 yeras) so a member of the Planning Board wasn't neccissarily put in power by current Town Board members, and the current Town Board members often don't have the power (time) to remove them from the Board.
My point is that a lot of people are complaining and saying how the community doesn't want it - well that doesn't accomplish anything unless it goes into the official record. I have no problem with people and their opinions and it's good to fight the powers that be because you can get real change (or at least get an improvement) but you have to actually go and do it. Highhatsize is a prime example - he hides behind his avatar and doesn't actually do anything to get real change.
Educate yourself on the process for these types of approvals and be seen and heard at every step - otherwise, stop whining. I'm not giving anyone approval or direction, just saying that you'll save yourself a lot of stress if you are yelling at the right people in the right way." Sep 30, 10 11:38 AM
A call for PDD moratorium in Southampton Town; Supervisor willing to consider dropping controversial planning tool
Apparently no one has told ATH that the Town Board can simply say "ENC" (Elect Not to Consider". They can't be sued because the developer never has a right to a PDD... but no, instead let's make a big splash and say we are going to do a moratorium. And let me guess, Mr. Morrow's project would be exempt because the process has already started?
I know the article states the Tuckahoe PDD would be halted - but that is not how these things work (look at the motel/condo conversion moratorium and the exemptions from that). " Sep 30, 10 2:14 PM
Erm... my comment was to Mr. HighHatSize. I in general have nothing against you or your posts as they are matter of fact and not confrontational for the purpose of being confrontational.
And I'm not sure what you mean about 'Nature'...elaborate? Are you saying I hijacked someone's handle?" Sep 30, 10 10:54 PM
Greg Giraldo, comedian and part-time Hampton Bays resident, dies at 44
RIP Mr. Giraldo " Oct 1, 10 2:21 PM
Throne-Holst: No layoffs in 2011 tentative budget
Fantastic - give the Building Dept. even less oversight. Cuz Mr. Benincasa is really known for his honest and fair dealings... good thing he is getting a raise too and can spend that extra money in Brookhaven Township where he lives.
ATH - why the raise? What was he going to do if you didn't give him the extra $$$, retire? Woulda saved TOS a lot of green" Oct 2, 10 3:07 PM
hey highhatsize - want some help beating that dead horse?" Oct 3, 10 2:47 PM
I didn't say it was anything worthy of the Suffolk DA, just said that his dealings aren't honest and fair (as in, expediting someone's permit because they are a friend, or interpreting a section of code one way for person A, and a different way for person B). I'm not excusing the CBI of doing anything illegal, just not fair and honest (maybe transparent is a better word?)" Oct 3, 10 10:55 PM
There is no requirement, of course, to live in the Town if you are a dept. head. My point is he is not invested in the Town of Southampton. He is a Brookhaven guy (he lives there and formerly worked there). His interests are in Brookhaven - I'd rather have my Chief Building Inspector live in this Town and deal with the consequences of his decisions (like issuing a demo permit to his buddy Joe "I'm the greatest builder in the world" Farrell to knock down a historic structure on Main St. in Bridgehampton without the necessary inputs from the Planning Board.)
And of couse they have a surplus, they give out permits for anyone who wants one! " Oct 3, 10 10:59 PM
I echo those comments - kind of like how an acceptable ag use on ag easements in clustered subdivisons is polo-fields... give me a break" Oct 3, 10 11:01 PM
Rechlers pick up demolition permit applications for Canoe Place Inn
I'll save everyone else the troulbe.... What you propose for the Tuckahoe sight = Riverhead. Downtown Riverhead is a disaster, due in large part because of Rt. 58 and all the big box stores, so...unless you want SHV to go the way of Riverhead, re-consider what kind of stores you'd like to see in Tuckahoe." Oct 4, 10 12:24 PM
Or Mr. Benicasa could sidestep it, and give them their permit followed with an "oops" ala the historic building in Bridgehampton for his buddy Farrell. " Oct 4, 10 4:06 PM
University Council supports cuts made to Stony Brook Southampton
Right, cuz the article says condos will be built there. Are you aware of the number of steps required to get condos on that site? All of which would be moot the minute the Town changes the zoning?" Oct 4, 10 7:51 PM
Where did he "pilfer" it too?" Oct 4, 10 9:19 PM
And it couldn't possibly be the fault of Shirley Strum Kenney, who pushed this all through without any foresight as to how it would be paid for? And who literally pilfered Flower Fields which is now going to cost the state an EXTRA $100,000,000 PLUS 5 years interest... right?" Oct 4, 10 10:14 PM
This is meant to be informative - not argumentative. The state issued a new retirement incentive plan, which many municipalities picked up (Southampton Town being one of them) without getting into the minutia, it lets many people retire before they would normally be eligible without any penalties. So if someone only has 25 years in (but they are 55) they can retire as if they had 30 years in... this isn't a situation where people are really being forced, an incentive was created to get them to leave. " Oct 4, 10 10:17 PM


The Church of Scientology Los Angeles was among the 19 religions featured in a peace forum at the California State University of Fullerton Pavilion. The program was organized as part of World Interfaith Harmony Week by Heavenly Culture World Peace Restoration of Light (HWPL), the largest nongovernmental international peace organization.
LOS ANGELES, Feb. 15, 2016 /PRNewswire/ -- Scientologists were proud to participate in an interfaith forum at California State University of Fullerton, organized by Heavenly Culture, World Peace, Restoration of Light (HWPL) in honor of World Interfaith Harmony Week. HWPL is the world's largest non-governmental international peace organization. The purpose of the forum was to engender understanding among religions and promote world peace.
The Rev. Susanna Furios from the Church of Scientology of Los Angeles was one of the guest speakers representing 19 different faiths, including Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Zen Buddhism, Christianity, Hari Krishna, and Scientology. Also attending were students from the University and members of the local HWPL chapter.
The forum was opened with a skit performed by the youth, demonstrating the various ways that conflict has been generated and blamed on religion, giving visual examples of war, protests, and domestic conflicts—all alleged to be created by differences in religious beliefs. The skits demonstrated very clearly that conflict is caused by people, not religion.
All present were invited to learn from the many religious scholars present to gain understanding of the different religions, and see how all beliefs can work together to create world peace.
Each religious leader was then invited to speak about the common thread that unite faiths in their beliefs. Several additional religious leaders joined in by Skype, making it a live international event.
Rev. Furios was very pleased with the results of the forum, which she said, "provided a way for people of various faiths and religions to openly communicate with each other and bring about understanding, tolerance and the agreement that world peace is possible."
After the presentation, the more than 300 people attending joined hands to proclaim their agreement that world peace can be achieved.


text:
Petr Tenkrát (* 31. května 1977, Děčín) je bývalý český profesionální hokejový útočník, který naposledy hrál v 1. české hokejové lize za tým Rytíři Kladno.

Hráčská kariéra
Petr Tenkrát hrál v letech 1994 až 1999 českou extraligu za HC Velvana Kladno. V následující části kariéry vystřídal řadu týmů finské a ruské ligy, nižších severoamerických soutěží i NHL (HPK Hämeenlinna, Kärpät Oulu, Chimik Voskresensk, Anaheim Mighty Ducks, Nashville Predators). V roce 2007 si zahrál na MS, kde si připsal 1 gól v sedmi zápasech. Následující sezónu 2007–08 hrál dočasně v domovském Kladně, poté přestoupil do Timry IK.

V době svých evropských angažmá pravidelně nastupoval za českou reprezentaci v turnaji Euro Hockey Tour.

30. 4. 2013 podepsal tříletý kontrakt s klubem Rytíři Kladno, kde po sezóně 2016/17 ukončil profesionální kariéru.

Ocenění a úspěchy
 2004 SM-l - Hráč měsíce ledna 2004
 2004 SM-l - Nejtrestanější hráč v playoff
 2004 SM-l - Nejlepší hráč v pobytu na ledě (+/-)
 2004 SM-l - Nejlepší střelec v playoff
 2004 SM-l - Nejlepší střelec v playoff

Prvenství
 Debut v NHL - 30. listopadu 2000 (San Jose Sharks proti Mighty Ducks of Anaheim)
 První gól v NHL - 15. prosince 2000 (Mighty Ducks of Anaheim proti New York Rangers, brankáři Mike Richter)
 První asistence v NHL - 15. prosince 2000 (Mighty Ducks of Anaheim proti New York Rangers)
 První hattrick v NHL - 15. prosince 2001 (Nashville Predators proti Chicago Blackhawks)

Klubová statistika

| 1994–95
| HC Poldi Kladno
| ČHL
| 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1995–96
| HC Poldi Kladno
| ČHL
| 21 || 0 || 4 || 4 || 6
| — || — || — || — || —
|-
| 1996–97
| HC Poldi Kladno
| ČHL
| 43 || 5 || 9 || 14 || 2
| 3 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1997–98
| HC Velvana Kladno
| ČHL
| 52 || 9 || 10 || 19 || 24
| — || — || — || — || —
|-
| 1998–99
| HC Velvana Kladno
| ČHL
| 49 || 21 || 14 || 35 || 32
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1999–00
| HPK
| SM-l
| 32 || 20 || 8 || 28 || 51
| — || — || — || — || —
|-
| 1999–00
| Ilves
| SM-l
| 22 || 15 || 6 || 21 || 24
| 3 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 14
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2000–01
| Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
| NHL
| 46 || 5 || 9 || 14 || 16
| — || — || — || — || —
|-
| 2000–01
| Cincinnati Mighty Ducks
| AHL
| 25 || 9 || 9 || 18 || 24
| 4 || 3 || 2 || 5 || 0
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2001–02
| Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
| NHL
| 9 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 6
| — || — || — || — || —
|-
| 2001–02
| Cincinnati Mighty Ducks
| AHL
| 3 || 2 || 3 || 5 || 2
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2001–02
| Nashville Predators
| NHL
| 58 || 8 || 16 || 24 || 28
| — || — || — || — || —
|-
| 2001–02
| Milwaukee Admirals
| AHL
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2002–03
| Kärpät Oulu
| SM-l
| 51 || 21 || 19 || 40 || 60
| 14 || 4 || 2 || 6 || 6
|-
| 2003–04
| Kärpät Oulu
| SM-l
| 35 || 22 || 15 || 37 || 30
| 15 || 3 || 7 || 10 || 45
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2003–04
| Chimik Voskresensk
| RSL
| 19 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 18
| — || — || — || — || —
|-
| 2004–05
| Kärpät Oulu
| SM-l
| 53 || 18 || 20 || 38 || 46
| 12 || 7 || 4 || 11 || 6
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2005–06
| Kärpät Oulu
| SM-l
| 36 || 10 || 21 || 31 || 22
| 11 || 6 || 3 || 9 || 18
|-
| 2006–07
| Boston Bruins
| NHL
| 64 || 9 || 5 || 14 || 34
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2006–07
| Providence Bruins
| AHL
| 7 || 2 || 7 || 9 || 6
| — || — || — || — || —
|-
| 2007–08
| HC GEUS OKNA Kladno
| ČHL
| 13 || 4 || 5 || 9 || 18
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2007–08
| Timrå IK
| SEL
| 42 || 10 || 12 || 22 || 72
| 11 || 4 || 3 || 7 || 10
|-
| 2008–09
| HC GEUS OKNA Kladno
| ČHL
| 14 || 4 || 3 || 7 || 41
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2008–09
| Timrå IK
| SEL
| 44 || 14 || 9 || 23 || 34
| 7 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 4
|-
| 2009–10
| HC GEUS OKNA Kladno
| ČHL
| 4 || 5 || 3 || 8 || 6
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2009–10
| Skellefteå AIK
| SEL
| 9 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2
| — || — || — || — || —
|-
| 2010–11
| Skellefteå AIK
| SEL
| 9 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2010–11
| Kärpät Oulu
| SM-l
| 45 || 17 || 16 || 33 || 86
| 3 || 1 || 3 || 4 || 2
|-
| 2011–12
| HC Sparta Praha
| ČHL
| 52 || 23 || 25 || 48 || 32
| 5 || 2 || 2 || 4 || 0
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2012–13
| HC Sparta Praha
| ČHL
| 51 || 18 || 13 || 31 || 26
| 7 || 4 || 1 || 5 || 22
|-
| 2013–14
| Rytíři Kladno
| ČHL
| 50 || 13 || 7 || 20 || 30
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2014–15
| Rytíři Kladno
| 1.ČHL
| 45 || 17 || 20 || 37 || 65
| 7 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 6
|-
| 2015–16
| HC Kometa Brno
| ČHL
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 4
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2015–16
| HC Slovan Ústí nad Labem
| 1.ČHL
| 35 || 12 || 14 || 26 || 18
| 15 || 2 || 6 || 8 || 14
|-
| 2016–17
| Rytíři Kladno
| 1.ČHL
| 50 || 15 || 17 || 32 || 24
| 11 || 3 || 3 || 6 || 8
|-
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" | Celkem v NHL
!177
!22
!30
!52
!84
!—
!—
!—
!—
!—
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" | Celkem v ČHL
!354
!102
!93
!195
!221
!23
!8
!4
!12
!32
|}

Reprezentace
První zápas za národní tým: 11. prosinec 1998 Česko - Kanada (Hradec Králové).

| 1997
| Česko 20
| MSJ
|7||1||1||2||2
|-bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2006
| Česko
| MS
|8||1||0||1||10
|-
| 2007
| Česko
| MS
|7||1||0||1||4
|-bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2012
| Česko
| MS
|10||1||3||4||2
|-
| 2013
| Česko
| MS
|8||0||0||0||2
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" | Seniorská kariéra celkově
!33!!3!!3!!6!!18
|}

Externí odkazy

Čeští hokejoví útočníci
Čeští hokejoví reprezentanti
Hokejisté American Hockey League
Hokejisté Svenska hockeyligan
Hokejisté SM-liigy
Hokejisté Ruské superligy
Hráči HC Kladno
Hokejisté Milwaukee Admirals
Hráči Anaheim Ducks
Hráči Boston Bruins
Hráči Nashville Predators
Hráči Providence Bruins
Sportovci z Děčína
Narození 31. května
Narození v roce 1977
Narození v Děčíně
Žijící lidé
Muži
Hráči draftovaní Anahaimem Ducks

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia