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Idaho Press
Canyon County receives non-renewal notice on its insurance policy
Canyon County has received notice that its insurance policy will not be renewed, according to communications obtained through public records requests.
Credit: Misty Inglet/KTVB
Author: Idaho Press, Erin Banks Rusby
Published: 8:04 PM MDT July 10, 2022
Updated: 8:04 PM MDT July 10, 2022
CALDWELL, Idaho —
This story originally appeared in the Idaho Press. Read more at IdahoPress.com
The county has been enrolled in insurance from the Idaho Counties Risk Management Program, according to a copy of the most recent policy included as part of the records request. But the insurance company sent a letter to the county dated May 23, saying that the company's board had decided to "non-renew" the county's policy, and mentioned "numerous factors including adverse claim development and increasing risk exposures." The county's current policy will end at 12 a.m. on Oct 1, 2022, the letter said.
ICRMP is an insurance provider that covers various public entities in Idaho, including school districts, cities, and other counties, said Tim Osborne, executive director of the insurance company.
Canyon County Public Information Officer Joe Decker said the county's elected officials are not able to offer comment at this time due to the ongoing situation.
"We are working to evaluate all options, including potential renewal with ICRMP and the potential acquisition of replacement coverage," Decker said via email in a provided statement. "More information will be forthcoming when available."
In a letter dated June 2 and addressed to Osborne and the board's trustees, the county's board of commissioners appears to informally appeal the non-renewal, saying, "the abruptness and comprehensiveness of this total separation, and the lack of warning or opportunity to cure any perceived issue, is shocking."
"Although your notice alludes to 'numerous factors' that informed the decision, they are not identified with a specificity that would allow us to state any specific basis for our disagreement," the letter reads.
"We are concerned that the interests and practical realities associated with governing the second-most populous county in Idaho, with approximately 1,000 employees and a budget in excess of $100,000,000 are markedly different (in scale if not substance) than those represented or routinely addressed by the Board of Trustees," another part of the letter reads.
Canyon County officials also express concern in the letter that documentation provided about the county's "loss history" is not accurate. The letter cites issues such as 25 of the claims being "unrelated to the county," "the false equivocation of nuisance settlements with actual misconduct," and "the costs associated in pursuit of legal strategies not dictated by the county."
The letter also contends that Canyon County did not have representation in the decision because the District III seat on ICRMP's board is vacant. County officials said in the letter that they would like the insurance company to "rescind" the letter, or amend it so that the county's participation could continue through September 2023, at which time the policy would end, or be renewed "with mutually understood and agreeable terms."
Tim Osborne, executive director of ICRMP, said in a phone interview that he could not elaborate on the reasons that the board voted to non-renew the policy. He said that his office is working to coordinate a meeting with Canyon County officials to go over the "documentation" of the reasons the board voted to non-renew. After that meeting, Canyon County officials could request a meeting with the board in open session about how to move forward, he said.
Osborne confirmed that the District III trustee's seat is vacant following the death of Chairman Mark Shigeta. However, Shigeta was an active participant in the discussions leading up to the vote, Osborne said.
"I can say that Mark was involved with all of the decisions leading up to the non-renewal of Canyon County, and the board vote to non-renew Canyon County was unanimous," Osborne said. Shigeta died about a week before the vote, he said. "If Mark had disagreed, he can make a vote, but the board would have outweighed him anyway on that."
Materials included with the public records request showed that Commissioner Leslie Van Beek was already examining the county's relationship with ICRMP and the county's insurance agency, Hartwell, appearing to be exploring the possibility of replacing one or both.
In an email dated Oct. 6, 2021, Van Beek listed topics for inclusion in a "general" board meeting whose second item was "Reevaluation of the County's risk management provider (ICRMP) and the RFP process – EO discussion." "RFP" generally stands for "request for proposal," and is a description of a project or service an entity wants that they will be accepting bids for. "EO" generally stands for "elected official(s)."
But in an email dated June 9, 2022, Smith wrote to Canyon County elected officials, including Van Beek, saying that Van Beek "is working outside of her legal authority by soliciting a competitor to compete with Hartwell (she states it's to compete with ICRMP.)"
Smith goes on to say that Van Beek "doesn't understand the difference between ICRMP and Hartwell after all this time in office and the different services they provide related to the County's insurance."
Hartwell is an insurance agency that helps customers interested in buying insurance get quotes from different insurance companies and choose the policy that is right for them, Osborne said. ICRMP is the insurance company insuring the county, while Hartwell is the insurance agency the county has used, he said.
In an email dated Sept. 30, 2021, a representative of Redman Insurance wrote Van Beek an email in which she says she is following up from a conversation in which Van Beek told her "Canyon County would be issuing an RFP for insurance services."
Van Beek replied the next day, saying, "there is a lot of interest in reevaluating our contract with ICRMP."
ICRMP was formed 37 years ago because it was difficult for counties and other public entities to secure insurance that "was stable and consistent for them," Osborne said. Another advantage of ICRMP is that the insurance is comprehensive, whereas public entities going through other insurance providers may need to "piecemeal" several policies between several companies, he said.
However, some entities that have had a policy through ICRMP have sought other insurance options, he said. Other options are finding a different insurance company to provide coverage, or self-insuring, Osborne said. In the second option, an entity typically has to budget millions of dollars into a loss payment fund to cover any liability-related claims that arise, he said. Ada County uses this type of plan, he said.
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This recipe makes two large pizzas, but you could also make small individual pizzas. In this case divide the dough into 14-15 pieces (about the size of an egg), and flatten each so they are thin and about 12cm in diameter. Remove the small pizzas from the oven after 10-15 minutes as the crust will still be soft so you can simply roll it up and eat.
and butter and 3/4 cup warm water. Add the frothy yeast mixture and mix well. Knead dough until smooth and elastic, about 10 minutes. Place dough in a lightly oiled warm bowl, turn dough over to coat top with oil, cover with plastic wrap and a tea towel. Leave in a draught-free warm spot until the dough doubles in volume, about an hour.
dough and allow it to rise a little. Remove plastic wrap and place in the oven (lower down in the oven so the base of the pizzas cook well), and bake for 15-20 minutes until lightly golden around the edges.
Serve the pizzas drizzled with some unsweetened yoghurt and top with torn pieces of parsley.
This dish makes a significant contribution to your daily selenium requirements, which means it has a part to play in healthy hair and nails.
Lamb mince requires good seasoning and needs to be well browned. Place lamb mince into a frying pan and let it sizzle for a few minutes to brown then begin breaking up using a wooden spoon.
Lamb mince is ideal for making meatballs, burgers and patties and is popular in Middle Eastern recipes such as lamb koftas where the lamb mince is flavoured with cumin, cinnamon and garlic.
Pizza dough can be made in advance, shaped and frozen. When needed remove from the freezer and bring dough back to room temperature.


I'm lucky enough to have been a FCBD® troupe member since 2005, studying directly under Carolena Nericcio since 2003. This means being in the studio 3+ days a week, blood sweat and tears, side by side with the greats of ATS® ie: Carolena Nericcio, Wendy Allen, Anita Lalwani, Sandi Ball, Marsha Poulin, Colette Todorov, Jessie Gauld, Karen Gehrman and the likes. I know my ATS®. Make sure to take advantage of this unique opportunity to learn from me as I wind my way around the world. I can't wait to sweat it out with all you lovlies!


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Did The National Lottery's Twitter Account Get Hacked?
On Monday evening National Lottery was trending in the UK on Twitter, not because of a record jackpot and huge win, but because pictures of athletes holding offensive messages were being tweeted from their account.
So, what's the deal? Were Twitter hacked as many people were saying on Twitter? Well no, it was actually a social media campaign that went wrong and as soon as the social media team at National Lottery HQ noticed the offending images they were removed and the campaign was shut down.
The #REPRESENT campaign was supposed to promote the lottery's involvement in British athletics, pushing the message that by playing the game you're helping to fund sporting projects around the country.
Followers were encouraged to use the hashtag when they bought a ticket for the draw and in response received an automated tweet back from the lotto account which said things like "Thank You! By playing The National Lottery you help back our Brits 🇬🇧 #REPRESENT".
Along with the message was a photo of a British athlete holding a card which featured the name of the person who'd tweeted. Just like Jamie Adam received in the photo below featuring Sophie Hitchon. There were also photos of Dina Asher-Smith, Adam Gemili, Nethaneel Mitchell-Blake, Eilidh Doyle and Tom Bosworth.
The problem arose when some Twitter users realised that they could simply change their name on their account to something offensive and the auto-reply bot, which was clearly unmoderated, would send the offensive reply out in the form of an image to the National Lottery's 190K followers.
Unfortunately for the National Lottery, the public can be pretty sick at times and much of the content which tricked its way into the bots images was pretty disgusting and offensive. Everything from references to Maddie McCann, Jimmy Savile, Raoul Moat, and the Hillsborough disaster.
The campaign itself wasn't a bad idea, if only it had gone to plan. It has ended up as another in a long list of PR stunt which have gone badly wrong, even though it could have been easily avoided had the team behind the campaign had the foresight and sense to included a simple filter in their reply bot's code.
On Tuesday morning the lottery posted an apology and brief explanation on their Twitter account.
"We are aware that some people are maliciously targeting our British Athletics Twitter campaign with offensive and abhorrent content. We are dealing with this as quickly as possible and are hugely sorry for any offence caused by this malicious act."
@TNLUK
Despite the offensive content, most of the tweets commenting on @TNLUK's gaffe seemed to find the whole thing hilarious and countless tweets questioned whether the National Lottery's social media editor was going to get fired in the morning.
Others compared the event to the recent PR fails of Pepsi and Walkers. Pepsi completely misjudged what was suitable for a TV ad earlier this year and experienced a backlash on social media, while Walkers fell victim to a similar hijacking of a social media campaign. The public were urged to share a selfie for the chance to feature in a video on Twitter alongside crisp lover, Gary Lineker. You can imagine the type of photos the campaign was sent.
Funnily enough, we were discussing a similar project in the office today and the first thing we said was "obviously it'll have to be moderated", to which someone else said "oh yeah, we'll just have an approved list of names and nothing else will get through."
Everyone at the national lottery right now pic.twitter.com/5xhqxTQ41p
— H 🤙🏽 (@KalNaimar) August 14, 2017
Social Envy Warning
Twitter To Double Character Limit To 280
10 Most Haunted Libraries In The UK

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Terms: scientific instruments -- twentieth century -- educational
Terms: Acoustics
Terms: Subjects
Terms: Spectrographs
Terms: C5-G3
Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, NY (31)
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (29)
Fairchild Aerial Camera Corporation, New York (16)
General Radio Company, West Concord, MA (15)
Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London (13)
Central Scientific Company, Chicago (10)
Cruft Laboratory, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (9)
Harvard Magazine, Cambridge, MA (8)
Thomas Murby & Co., London (4)
Buff & Buff Manufacturing Company, Boston (3)
Central Scientific Co., Chicago (3)
James A. Sinclair & Co. Ltd., London (3)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (3)
Stoe & Cie., Heidelberg (3)
The Gaertner Scientific Corporation, Chicago (3)
Abrams Instrument Company, Lansing MI (2)
Adam Hilger, Ltd., London (2)
Applied Physics Corporation, Monrovia, CA (2)
Burndy Library, Inc., Norwalk, CT (2)
Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany (2)
Charles Scribner's Sons, New York (2)
Harriet Wynter Arts & Sciences, London (2)
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA (2)
Jarrell-Ash Company/Newtonville, MA (2)
Longman, London (2)
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. (2)
Pitkin Pictorials, London (2)
Regal Art Press, Troy, NY (2)
Staatlicher Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon, Dresden (2)
The Acoustical Society, Philadelphia (2)
The Astragal Press, Mendham, NJ (2)
Troughton and Simms, London (2)
W. & L. E. Gurley, Troy, NY (2)
Ward's Natural Science Establishment, Inc., Rochester, NY (2)
unpublished / Harvard University (2)
Acoustical Society of America, Woodbury, NY (1)
Adam Hilger Ltd., London (1)
Agrupamento de Estudos de Cartografia Antiga, Lisbon (1)
Akademische Buchhandlung von Max Drechsel, Bern (1)
Alumnae Association of Smith College, Northampton, MA (1)
American Association for the Advancement of Science, Philadelphi (1)
American Institute of Physics, New York (1)
American Telegraph and Telephone Company/ New York (1)
Arthur A. Crafts & Co., Boston (1)
Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., New England Office, Boston (1)
Bell Telephone Laboratories, NY (1)
Bell and Daldy, London (1)
C5-A2 (87)
C5-D3 (72)
C5-G3 (66)
Surveying (54)
Bausch and Lomb (35)
C3-B1 (27)
Microscopes (23)
photography -- aerial (17)
Time-keeping (17)
physics -- electromagnetism (16)
General Radio Company (14)
C3-I1 (13)
Optical Instruments (12)
Spectrographs (10)
scientific instruments -- acoustics (10)
scientific instruments -- surveying (8)
Lib-3f (7)
scientific instruments -- optical (7)
Laboratory Apparatus (5)
Sextant (4)
Scientific Instruments (4)
Verniers (4)
scientific instruments -- physics (4)
scientific instruments -- twentieth century (4)
John Winthrop (4)
Acoustic Impedance and Its Measurement
The Acoustics of Sound Recording Rooms
Acoustics Research Laboratory Final Report: 1946-1970
Advertising, Class, and the Inner Workings of a Great Watch
Aeronautica: Objets d'Art, Prints, Air Mail
Altwissenschaftliche Instrumente: Katalog bearbeitet von Max Engelmann
American Science and Invention: A Pictorial History
André Marie Ampère: The Founder of the Science of Electro-Dynamics
Anelemmatic Sundials: History and Construction
Annual Report September 1, 1948
Apparatus, Tests, and Supplies
Appendix A: Curves of the Conflunet Hypergeometric Functions, From Technical Memorandum No. 38: Collapse of a Transient Cavity in a Compressible Liquid Part I: An Approximate Solution


The BBC's Big Read project is an incentive to try and make the people of Britain more interested in reading books. The voting and publication of the list happened in 2003, which may explain the prevalence of Harry Potter books. As a part of the project, the BBC has created a list of the "top 100" books, as voted by the BBC radio listeners and TV viewers. IMHO, the list does not necessarily contain the BEST books around, but certainly books that are accessible to the average reader, and definitely to be worth reading if you don't know what book to pick up next.
Personally, I have read 41 of the books on this list, and have made it a target to read them all: If the other 59 books are as good as the 41 I have read, this is certainly a good list to use to guide me through the world of literature.
A few points worth noting: That the voting was done by the British public. As such, 62 of the writers featured in the list are british. Roald Dahl, Charles Dickens, Terry Pratchett, Jaqueline Wilson and JK Rowling all have 4 or more books in the list.
GB/GM: Great Book Great Movie? - "You've seen the movie, now read the book and compare."
DS: The Dark Side - "Tortured souls, inner demons and haunted corridors... These books travel to the darker reaches of the unconscious."
GE: The Great Escape - "Take a journey through time and place. Books for readers who enjoy intrigue and adventure."
OW: Other Worlds - "Let your imagination travel from far-flung galaxies to fantasy tea parties."
SW: Shattered Worlds - "When worlds are blown apart by war and catastrophe, how do you keep your sanity?"
GP: Grand Passions - "Explore the obsession that is born out of extreme passion. With a series of books in which emotions go unchecked..."
FA: Family Affairs - "Families - can't live with them, can't live without them.."
FF: Forever Friends - "Making friends and losing friends -the trials and tribulations of friendship."
GD: The Great Divice - "How do we overcome the divisions in society. In these books our heros and heroines cross the bridges that divide their worlds from others."
CA: Coming of Age - "Stories that deal with finding yourself and your place in the world."


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Bloggingheads.tv Find a Home at The New York Times….and David Shipley is a Big Fan
Blogginheads.tv, that little scrappy scrappy "Crossfire" of a webcam start-up for political bloggers, has found a home on the Op-Ed page of The New York Times. There will be three video excerpts a week featured on the The New York Times Opinion Page.
Rachel Sklar, that eagle-eyed media columnist at The Huffington Post broke the story yesterday.
David Shipley deputy editorial page editor, the guy who runs the Op-Ed page is a big fan. Here's what he told Beet.TV in a statement issued this afternoon:
"Bloggingheads is pioneering smart, funny, newsy and incisive online video debate. They were a perfect fit for our online opinion section. We're thrilled to be working together."
We were unable to get any information on financial terms. But, safe to say, it's a great way to drive traffic and awareness to those Bloggingheads — and new content for Times visitors.
What's really important here is that the simple technology of webcam video is a viable platform for mainstream media. I expect that video created by both pundits and the general public, in the form of op-eds, letters to the editor and other contributions will become widespread over the next 12 months.
— Andy Plesser
By Andy Plesser on October 26, 2007 @beet_tv
Share: Bloggingheads.tv Find a Home at The New York Times….and David Shipley is a Big Fan


Nine years ago today, the first 100% pure Hoodia diet pills were launched onto the United States' weight loss market under the name "Hoodoba® Pure Hoodia gordonii Diet Pills." As the original company to introduce pure Hoodia diet pills to the States, Hoodoba® was at the forefront of the Hoodia craze and was featured on CNN as well as many other news outlets. And while the Hoodia novelty has died down since its initial launch, Hoodoba® continues to thrive as the top Hoodia merchant in the industry.
When I heard about this new all-natural 'miracle' pill that has no side effects I almost passed on it. Thank goodness I didn't because look at me now! I lost over 60 lbs using the Hoodoba® Hoodia gordonii pills.
Hoodoba® Pure, the most popular of Hoodoba®'s three Hoodia products, is made with 100% pure Hoodia gordonii found naturally in the wild within the Southern regions of Africa. This succulent plant has been consumed by the native San tribe of the region for thousands of years to suppress the appetite while quenching thirst. With no side-effects and drastic weight loss results, Hoodia may be the safest appetite suppressant available. Hoodia is considered to be so safe, in fact, that the South African government classifies it as a food, not a drug.
"It wasn't for lack of trying, but all my life I was known as the 'Fat Boy'. Truth is, I tried just about every diet pill, including those prescribed by my doctor without losing any real weight. So naturally, when I heard about this new all-natural 'miracle' pill that has no side effects I almost passed on it. Thank goodness I didn't because look at me now! I lost over 60 lbs using the Hoodoba® Hoodia gordonii pills."
While Hoodoba® initially only sold Hoodia in the form of pure Hoodia diet pills, it has since expanded its product line to include both a liquid Hoodia extract and a fortified Hoodia fat burner. Both of these products contain the same potent Hoodia gordonii that made the Hoodoba® brand a household name.
Following Hoodoba®'s enormous success and media attention, many charlatans began selling weak, diluted and even entirely counterfeit "Hoodia" diet pills both in stores and online. As Hoodoba® holds an exclusive 20 year contract with the largest Hoodia supplier in South Africa, other companies are unable to obtain the real thing forcing them to sell alternative ingredients as "Hoodia".
This emergence of ineffective and potentially dangerous products nearly destroyed Hoodia's good reputation. Consumers began buying "Hoodia" that was only capsulized rice powder and were in turn not seeing results. Despite the tainting of Hoodia's name, Hoodoba® was able to emerge ahead of competitors by having their Hoodia products tested for purity by third party testing lab Alkemist Pharmaceuticals.
In order to kick off their tenth year as the foremost Hoodia seller, Hoodoba® is offering a special anniversary discount of 10% off every order. Please visit http://www.hoodobadiet.com to take advantage of this deal while it is still available.


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Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): Elections are a chance to embrace human rights reform
As the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) prepares to elect a new government for the first time since it achieved independence in 1960, Amnesty International today called on all candidates in the forthcoming presidential and legislative elections to commit to a clear programme of human rights reform.
Kolawole Olaniyan, Director of Amnesty International's Africa Programme said:
"The political parties competing for office in the new government have so far failed to offer convincing plans for how they intend to promote human rights, accountability and rule of law.
"The last few weeks have seen the intimidation of political rivals by the government and the security forces, campaigning apparently aimed at inciting ethnic division, and grave abuses of freedom of expression and the press. Government troops also continue to commit human rights violations against civilians, underlying the urgent need for a professional and truly unified army.
"These momentous elections are an opportunity to address the country's most pressing human rights and development problems -- including those stemming from the country's recent past, such as impunity for war crimes, crimes against humanity and other serious human rights violations."
Amnesty International called on those seeking election to publicly express their commitment to the respect and protection of human rights. The organization also called on election candidates to adopt the following priorities for reform:
The integration of the former government security forces and armed groups into a professional unified national army and police force. This must be completed promptly and in accordance with human rights principles. Crucially, the integration programme needs to include training in international humanitarian and human rights law for all ranks, effective training and equipment for the police and security forces to carry out their mandate in accordance with international human rights standards, and an independent vetting mechanism to exclude from the unified security forces anyone against whom there is evidence of involvement in specific human rights abuses
The demobilisation of fighters. All demobilised fighters must be offered lasting vocational and educational opportunities that will enable them to return successfully and durably to civilian life. This should include as a priority Children's rights, who made up a large proportion of the armed groups, who are acutely vulnerable to re-recruitment or rejection by their communities.
The reform of the justice system. The civilian justice system should be made competent, independent and have all the necessary power and resources to investigate and bring to justice suspected perpetrators in compliance with international fair trial standards. The courts must be adequately resourced so that they become the primary means of tackling entrenched impunity for human rights violations and of providing redress and reparations to the victims and their families. Trials of civilians, and of military personnel for crimes against civilians, by military courts must end. Suspects must never be subjected to torture or ill-treatment.
The rebuilding of the ruined health care and education systems. Priority should be given to addressing the health care needs of the tens of thousands of rape survivors in the east of the country and the educational needs of Children's rights in a country where, according to estimates, 3.5 million primary-aged Children's rights do not attend school and there are at least six million unschooled adolescents.
The protection of human rights defenders. Effective measures must be taken to ensure an immediate end to acts of violence, threats, intimidation, arbitrary arrest and detention of human rights defenders, journalists and civil society activists.
Curbing the proliferation of arms. Respect and enforce the terms of the UN arms embargo, and take measures to ensure that armed forces are handing in all weapons as part of the army reform process.
The promotion of good governance. Effective independent national institutions should be created or strengthened to ensure good governance and the transparent management of the country's mineral and other natural resources.
The promotion of ethnic reconciliation. This should happen through the holding of national and provincial dialogues to discuss and promote such reconciliation.
Amnesty International also called on the UN and its member states, the European Union and African Union to renew international and political support for the current peacekeeping operation (MONUC) during the post-election period.
Kolawole Olaniyan said:
"The progress made during the DRC's transitional period is almost wholly due to international support and institution-building. Many areas of the DRC remain deeply volatile and adequate numbers of peacekeepers and other MONUC personnel will be needed in the DRC for some time to come."
Since 1996, the DRC conflict has led to a total militarization of the country with more than 20 armed groups, tribal and community militias, paramilitary groups and government forces committing serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law, and destroying all basic socio-economic infrastructures.
A peace agreement signed in December 2002 led to the establishment in June 2003 of a transitional power-sharing government which had the task of cementing the peace and unifying the country. However, conflict, widespread human rights violations and ethnic divisions have persisted in large areas of eastern DRC. It is estimated that 1,200 Congolese people continue to die every day from continuing violence or from preventable diseases and starvation, brought about by the insecurity, displacement and lack of access to humanitarian or medical care. In the provinces of North-Kivu, South-Kivu, large parts of Orientale (notably Ituri district), Katanga, and Maniema, people continue routinely to suffer killings, rape, torture, forced displacement and looting by armed groups and government forces.
A national programme for the integration of the former government army and armed groups into a unified national army, the Forces armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC), and the demobilization of all other fighters has been only partly completed. The FARDC remains largely unintegrated, untrained, badly equipped and fed, with confused chains of command. A large proportion of the human rights abuses being committed in the current context are reportedly the responsibility of FARDC personnel, who have yet to demonstrate the capacity or will to protect civilians. Armed groups, such as the one led by alleged war criminal Laurent Nkunda in North-Kivu, continue to resist the peace process and pose a serious threat to stability in the DRC.
Take action on improving human rights in the DRC
Action for individuals


Our dishes may contain nuts or have been in contact with nuts, please let the waiting staff know of any allergies or dietary requirements. Game dishes may contain shots. The menu may be subject to changes to get the best seasonal produce and make your evening a special one.


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Complete France > News
21 things to know about French property in 2021
Hannah Evans
Published: 7:22 PM January 9, 2021
Updated: 6:41 PM September 8, 2021
There are several changes to French property coming in 2021 that you might want to be aware of (c)bluejayphoto/Getty Images - Credit: bluejayphoto/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Brexit, mortgages, taxes, prices - it's all covered in our round-up of the changes to come this year.
All new-build houses must contain walk-in showers (c)HT-Pix/Getty Images - Credit: HT-Pix/Getty Images/iStockphoto
1. If you have a second home in France and wish to stay there for more than 90 days out of 180, for example if you wish to spend half the year there, you will need to apply for a temporary long-stay visa.
2. Britons who moved to France before the end of 2020 need to apply for a residency permit (titre de séjour) before 30th June 2021, in order to receive the permit before October 2021. You can find the necessary forms here.
3. For now, the process for Britons moving to France after 2020 is the same as for other non-EU nationals. You will need to obtain a long-stay visa from the French Embassy in the UK, and move within three months of the issue date.
4. Part of the visa process includes a test of resources. Generally, this requires applicants to have an income equivalent to at least minimum wage. For retirees, if you have less than this minimum income, capital resources are likely to be taken into account.
5. MaPrimeRénov is extended to all owners. The scheme, which provides aid to those renovating their homes to be more energy efficient, can now be used by anyone.
6. The Pinel scheme has been renewed, but only for new homes that are part of a shared property – for example, a flat in a newly constructed complex. The scheme allows people to benefit from a tax reduction when they invest in new real estate in France.
7. The PTZ (prêt à taux zéro - zero interest loan), a means-tested loan for first-time buyers, has been extended until the end of 2021.
8. As part of the taxe d'habitation reform, 80% of French households have already benefitted from the abolition of the tax. The remaining households will see the housing tax gradually reduced from 2021 until it is fully abolished by 2023. You can calculate the reduction in your housing tax here.
9. British pet passports are no longer valid, following Brexit. If you have a property in France and wish to bring your pet with you from the UK, speak to your vet about obtaining the necessary health certificate.
10. The right to share a property between two separated people has become less expensive. For couples who purchased a property jointly, the rate of the sharing fee falls from 2.5% to 1.8% in January 2021.
11. The 2020 environmental regulations (RE 2020) which have been postponed until summer 2021 will mean that energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions during the construction of new homes must be reduced by at least 30%.
12. New build houses must also contain a walk-in shower, and from July flats with lifts must also be built with walk-in showers.
10 Can you guess which 3 French towns are the best to live in?
13. From this year, landlords of properties classed as 'passoires thermiques' (with an energy label of F or G) will be prohibited from raising rent unless they carry out renovations to improve the energy rating.
14. Personalised housing assistance (APL) will now be calculated based on income over the last 12 months, rather than the last 2 years.
15. Mortgage rates have fallen again at the start of 2021. The average borrowing rates are currently 1.05% for a 15-year term, 1.25% for a 20-year term and 1.45% for a 25-year term.
16. Co-owners of condominiums are authorized to hold general meetings by videoconference until April 2021, and to vote on issues by postal vote.
17. Annecy tops Le Figaro's list of the best French cities to invest in in 2021, while Niort was named the best town to invest in.
18. Property prices in France are predicted to stabilise in 2021, having shown resilience despite Covid-19. A rise of 3.5% is forecast, indicating a slower rate of growth than 2020 but a rise nonetheless.
19. Prices in the suburbs of Paris are predicted to rise faster than in the centre in 2021, with a projected increase of 7% in Île-de-France at the end of February, compared to 3.4% in Paris. This is a result of the ongoing trend for Parisiens to move out of the capital to settle in quieter areas.
20. Most estate agents are now fully set-up to conduct viewings, meetings and administrative procedures virtually in 2021. The transition to digital and increased accessibility to agents has built confidence in buyers and sellers.
21. All homes in France should have access to superfast broadband (at least 30 megabits per second) by the end of the year, as part of the ongoing Plan France Très Haut Débit.
For further information on travelling to, moving to and living in France post-Brexit and during the Coid-19 pandemic, continue to check the gov.uk website.
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Tesco offers mobile phone insurance on new pay monthly phones that it sells. The insurance includes cover against loss or theft, accidental damage, malicious damage, water and liquid damage. In addition, smartphones are covered by Tesco Phone Recovery, which provides next-day replacement of your phone.
Are replacement phones under insurance reconditioned phones?
How do I pay a missed dd to keep my insurance on my phone?
I wish to cancell my Tesco mobile phone insurance.
Hi Jacqueline, please note that you cannot cancel your insurance policy here. This is not the Tesco website.
I can't believe I had to give it a 1 star just to write a review!!!!
AVOID at all cost....... the man on the other end of the phone was pointless you would get more sense talking to a computer!
Terrible service. It was advertised as replacing the phone the next day. I am now waiting 4 days and still no phone. Staff do not care and have awful attitude. I do not recommend this product.
Oh dear I've been with tesco two years with two phone contracts. Just recently got an upgrade to the iPhone X and decided to get insurance as I've learnt my lesson from my last phone I had to replace the screen numerous times and it's expensive phone so want to make sure it's covered. I ended up leaving it behind on the bus. Bus depot haven't had it handed in so I've cancelled it. I was also under the impression that it was a 24 hour thing. But you have to send out a claim statement. I'm waiting now for a phone call to make the excess payment then they'll send one out. Feels like I've lost a limb and I need my phone for my work clients.  Fingers crossed it shouldn't be any longer.
Awful awful service after paying 85 pounds for new phone and sending broken phone back kept getting emails and letters saying phone not returned after sending proof of postage 3 times they still took 250 pounds out of my bank absolute nightmare.
Aviod this insurance. Rude and unhelpful staff, surprised Tesco want to be associated with them.
Disgusting company. Without a phone for 2 weeks now...several phone calls and still it goes on. I've never been treated this badly by a company.
Absolutely disgusting insurance company .. nothing but problems with them.
Been paying insurance for 5 years and never made a claim but had upgraded twice since becoming a customer. Cracked screen so went and asked for a replacement as only 6 months old but was told i wasn't insured so had to pay out of pocket for new phone, misled from day 1 and very unhelpful staff,quick to take your money but won't provide the service,worst provider on the market!Don't go near it!!
Absolutely rubbish. Avoid at all costs! Replacement phone should of arrived Sunday. Still waiting today for my ex partners replacement phone. And the staff are unable to tell us when it will be arriving due to a technical issue with their couriers DPD. All those monthly premiums made for nothing. No call backs to update us. And when we asked when would someone be able to update us on the situation, they couldn't answer that either. Non existent service with non existent customer services!
They don't tell you when you get a new phone that you have to cancel your previous insurance and take out another. You only find out when you make a claim and they say you aren't covered. Rubbish!
On a recent trip to Wales I accidentally smashed my iPhone 6 to the point where the screen was falling out. I called Tesco straight away and within 24hrs I had a brand new phone! The guy of the phone was super polite and helped talked me through every step including the part about sending my phone back and keeping proof of this to avoid charges. I was really impressed with the speed and efficiency of the replacement phone but I did feel they were trying to catch me out a little when sending the phone back to them as they asked for an email copy of shipping proof which I luckily kept. I'd recommend them just be aware to keep your proof of shipping otherwise you might suffer a hefty fine.
Made a claim because my phone screen was broke, got sent a faulty phone and was told I had to make a new claim. Expected to pay an �85 excess fee for something that wasn't my fault. Woman I phoned was very unhelpful. Do not recommend at all, I am cancelling there insurance.
Tesco cancelled my phone insurance for no reason. They said they sent notification but I do not remember seeing it. Now we have a broken phone and no insurance. I would have got insurance elsewhere had I known. Don't bother. Rubbish.
Tesco insurance is a rip off.
Tesco mobile insurance. What a rip off, don't go there. DPD delivery service with claims, don't even turn up on the date they tell you. Quality!


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Nitin Gadkari to review progress of Delhi-Mumbai Expressway
NEW DELHI : Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways Shri Nitin Gadkari will be reviewing the progress of Delhi-Mumbai Expressway(DME) on 16th – 17th September covering the States of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat .Being developed at a cost of 98,000 crores, the 1380 km long Delhi Mumbai expressway will be the longest expressway in India. It will enhance connectivity between National Capital, Delhi and Financial Capital, Mumbai. The expressway will connect urban centers of Delhi through Delhi-Faridabad-Sohna section of the corridor along with a spur to Jewar Airport and Jawaharlal Nehru Port to Mumbai through a spur in Mumbai.
In addition, the expressway which passes through the six states of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra will improve the connectivity to economic hubs like Jaipur, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Kota, Chittorgarh, Udaipur, Bhopal, Ujjain, Indore, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat bringing economic prosperity to millions.
Delhi Mumbai Expressway, envisaged under the vision of Prime Minister's 'New India', was kick started in 2018 with the foundation stone being laid on 9th March 2019. Out of the 1,380 kms, contracts for more than 1,200 kms have already been awarded and is under progress.
State level awarded, cost and total length
9 km of the total expressway being built at a cost of more than 1,800 crores will pass through Delhi with contracts for 9 kms already awarded
160 km of the total expressway being built at a cost of more than 10,400 crores will pass through Haryana with contracts for 130 kms already awarded
374 km of the total expressway being built at a cost of more than 16,600 crores will pass through Rajasthan with contracts for all 374 kms already awarded
245 km of the total expressway being built at a cost of more than 11,100 crores will pass through Madhya Pradesh with contracts for 245 kms already awarded
423 km of the total expressway being built at a cost of more than 35,100 crores will pass through Gujarat with contracts for 390 kms already awarded
171 km of the total expressway being built at a cost of more than 23,000 crores will pass through Maharashtra with contracts for 80 kms already awarded
Expressway Key Features
The new expressway is expected to halve the commute time between Delhi and Mumbai from nearly 24 hours to 12 hours and shorten the distance by 130 km. This will generate annual fuel savings of more than 320 million liters and reduce CO2 emissions by 850 million Kg which is equivalent to the planting of 40 million trees. Over two million trees and shrubsare planned to be planted along the highway as part NHAI's commitment towards environment conservation.
Minimizing environmental and wildlife impact has been a cornerstone for Delhi Mumbai Expressway. The expressway is the first in Asia and only the second in the world to feature animal overpasses to facilitate unrestricted movement of wildlife. The DME will have 3 animal and 5 overpasses with a combined length of 7 km dedicated for unencumbered wildlife movement. The expressway will also include two iconic 8 lane tunnels which are a testament to the engineering prowess of the country, one tunneling through Mukundra sanctuary without disturbing the endangered fauna in the region for 4 kms and the second 4 km 8 lane-tunnel will pass through the Matheran eco-sensitive zone.
The marquee project is an engineering marvel as
More than 12 Lakh Tons of Steel will be consumed in the construction of the expressway, which is equivalent to building 50 Howrah bridges
Almost 35 crore cubic meter of earth will be moved which translates to 4 crore truck trips during the course of construction
80 lakh tons of cement will be consumed for the project which is approximately 2% of India's annual cement production capacity
DME passes multiple diverse regions such as forests, arid lands, mountains, rivers and extensive work has gone to ensure that the highway stands the test of time. Perpetual pavement design has been adopted for Delhi – Vadodara section, which passes through arid regions and rigid pavement design has been adopted for Vadodara – Mumbai section with high rainfall to increase the longevity of the project.
DME has also created employment for thousands of trained civil engineers and more than 50 Lakh Man days of work.
One other unique aspect of the Delhi Mumbai Expressway is the setting up of 94-way side amenities(WSA) to improve user convenience and safety along the corridor. Way side amenities will house petrol pumps, motels, rest areas, restaurants and shops. These Wayside amenities will also have helipads for increasing connectivity and evacuating people in case of medical emergencies.
Haryana (Location 1)
Length in State:160 km of the total expressway passes through the state of Haryana and the section is being built at a total capital cost of more than 10,400 crores with contracts for 130 kms already awarded.
Connectivity:The corridor will improve connectivity across the state in the districts of Nuh and Palwal through multiple interchanges to connect the expressway with major highways like KMP and DND Sohna.
Marquee Feature:The corridor will feature a marquee elevated corridor of 3 km across the DFCC Corridor which, at an elevation of 18m will be one of India's tallest highway corridors to be constructed. The average height of elevated RoBsis generally 6-9m.
WSA:The state will also have 6 wayside amenities located at strategic locations to provide world class amenities to commuters while also generating employment opportunities in the state of Haryana.
Importance:By connecting the state of Haryana to the states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra, this corridor will bring economic prosperity and growth to the state of Haryana.
Completion Schedule:The complete section of the expressway in the state of Haryana is targeted to be completed and open to traffic as part of the 214 km long Delhi – Jaipur (Dausa)- Lalsot section by March'2022.
Rajasthan(Location 2 and 3)
Length in State:374 km of the total expressway passes through the state of Rajasthan and the section is being built at a total capital cost of more than 16,600 crores with contracts for all 374 kms already awarded.
The corridor will pass through the districts of Alwar, Bharatpur, Dausa, SawaiMadhapur, Tonk, Bundi and Kota to connect the state's growing economic aspirations.
Key interchanges have been planned along the corridor to enhance the connectivity of the corridor with existing highway networks through interchanges along the expressway. One such marquee interchange is situated near Dausa and will connect the expressway with the existing Agra-Jaipur Highway.
In addition, an additional spur from Bundikui to Jaipur is planned to completethe Delhi – Jaipur Expressway and reduce the commute time between delhi and Jaipur from 4 hrs to less than 2 hrs.
Marquee Feature:
Rajasthan is a state rich with wildlife, flora and fauna. The expressway passes through some world-famous sanctuaries like Ranthambore Tiger Reserve and Chambal sanctuary. Multiple steps have been taken to ensure minimal impact to the ecosystem. The expressway is the first in Asia and only the second in the world to feature animal overpasses to facilitate unrestricted movement of wildlife. The DME will have 3 animal and 5 overpasses with a combined length of 7 km dedicated for unencumbered wildlife movement. The expressway will also include India's first iconic 8 lane 4km tunnel which will tunnel through Mukundra sanctuary without disturbing the endangered fauna in the region.
In addition, multiple bridges are being built across the rivers of the state like Banganga river, Banas river, Mezriver and Chambal river.
An iconic 1100 m long elevated stretch has been planned across the Chakan Dam which will be an engineering marvel.
WSA: The state will also have 28 wayside amenities located at strategic locations to provide world class amenities to commuters while also generating employment opportunities in the state of Rajasthan.
Completion Schedule:All the packages in the state of Rajsathan are under progress with the Delhi – Jaipur (Dausa)- Lalsot section of 214 km targeted to be completed and open to traffic by March 2022. The remaining section from Lalsot to Kota is targeted to be completed by March 2023.
Madhya Pradesh (Location 4)
Length in State:Of the total expressway, 245 km traverses through the state of Madhya Pradesh and is being built at a total capital cost of more than 11,100 crores. The complete section has been awarded and is in advanced stages of construction with over 100 km already constructed with construction underway for the remaining 145 km.
Connectivity: Interchanges have been planned at 7 key locations. With 3 in Mandsaur region including Bhanpura – Jhalawar, Suwasra Road in Garoth, Tak – Sithamau interchange. Similarly, 3 more in Ratlam with Ujjain Nagada road, Mahu – Neemach road, and RatlamSilana road. One more interchange is planned near Jhabua – Kushalgarh road. Through these interchanges, the expressway will connect with key cities and towns of the state like Garoth, Ujjain, Ratlam, Indore and Jhabua.
One of the key features of the corridor in the stateof Madhya Pradesh is the large-scale hill transformation undertaken to ensure efficient crow-flight alignment. Through the initiatives, an iconic 600 m elevated major bridge has been constructed through the hilly terrains of Jhawda.
Yet another important feature in the state of Madhya Pradesh is the construction of an iconic bridge over Chambal river.
WSA:11 WSAs with world class features are being constructed in the state of Madhya Pradesh. While providing comfort and safety to commuters, it will also be a source of generating employment in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
Completion Schedule:The 245 km long Madhya Pradesh section of the expressway is in advanced stages of construction and targeted to completed and open to public traffic by November 2022.
Gujarat(Location 5/6)
Length in State: 423 km of the expressway is built across the state of Gujarat at a total capital cost of more than 35,100 crores with contracts for 390 kms already awarded and remaining package to be awarded shortly. Two sections of the corridor, Delhi – Vadodara Section and Vadodara Mumbai Section will pass through the state.
Connectivity: Gujarat is a key economic hub of the country and multiple interchanges have been planned across the state to provide connectivity to the towns and cities of Dahod, Limkheda, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Bharuch, Surat and Valsad. The expressway will also be connected to the state capital through the Vadodara – Ahmedabad Expressway. 60 major bridges, 17 interchanges, 17 flyovers and 8 RoBs have been planned across the state of Gujarat.
One key feature of the corridor in the state of Gujarat is the innovative pavement design planned with perpetual design in the Delhi – Vadodara section and rigid pavement design for the Vadodara – Mumbai section based on the climatic conditions to maximize the economic lifetime of the expressway.
An iconic bridge built across the Narmada river near Bharuch. The 2km long extradosed cable span bridge will be India's first 8 lane bridge to be built across the expressway. This, along with the iconic interchange near the city of Bharuch expected to refresh the face of the expressway development in the country.
WSA: 33 WSAs are being planned to be built across the state of Gujarat to provide world class amenities to commutes as well as generate employment opportunity in the state.
Completion Schedule: One key section of the overall expressway, the Vadodara – Ankleshwar section of 100 km is in advanced stages of construction and targeted to be open to traffic by March 2022. The remaining section from Ankleshwar to Talsari is targeted to be completed by Mar 2023.
Overall Corridor Completion Schedule
The two sections of the expressway, the Delhi – Dausa – Lalsotsection which is part of the Delhi-Jaipur Expressway and the Vadodara-Ankleshwar Section which connects Vadodara to the economic hub of Bharuch are likely to opened for traffic by Mar' 2022The complete expressway is planned to be completed by Mar' 2023.
The key challenges during the pre-construction stage were extensive land acquisition and timely clearances such as environment, forest and wildlife. Land acquisition for an area of 15,000 ha. was completed in short span of time with land acquisition for Delhi to Vadodara section completed in less than 1 year. In addition, the statuary clearances were obtained in parallel to save time during implementation.
To ensure faster implementation, use of technology was promoted through-out the project lifecycle where advanced technologies such as LiDAR, GPR, Digital maps were used during the preparation of Detailed Project Report followed by use of Drone based surveys, Equipment telematics, pre-casting during the construction stage. Additionally, the packaging of the construction was also planned scientifically to minimize overrun of time through intelligent tendering processes which enabled simultaneous working at multiple stretches.
Map of Delhi – Mumbai Expressway
Transport, Trending News DME, Government


It's no secret that roots-focused Americana music has come back onto the scene with an acute ferocity. But while others are mining the past for inspiration, trying to connect modern times with those of a slower, rustic and community-based livelihood, Duquette Johnston emerges with this balance already infused in his being and his music, and with his new album Rabbit Runs A Destiny, he shows how expansive and innovative it can be when you embrace home and yet are willing to leave it. Over his last three records, Johnston explored his relationship with Alabama, where he's been a fixture in the music scene for over twenty years, offering many raw looks at his time coming out of 90's rock and roll (he founded and played bass for Verbena before the band signed to Capitol Records), the costs of fame and the toll it can take on the creative mind. But through the trials, three exquisite records emerged, each building on the others' strengths and revealing Johnston's knack at writing songs in his own commanding voice. One listen through his new album, though, may be a bit unsettling for those familiar with Johnston's older work, because it is such a departure, both lyrically and sonically. With mastermind Armand Margjeka at the producer's helm, Rabbit Runs A Destiny runs the gamut, from stripped-down acoustic tracks to enormous crashes of drums, haunting strings and thick vocal harmonies, provided mostly by Isaaca Byrd of Nashville-based band The Bridges and singer/songwriter Natalie Prass. "Part of my deal with doing this record with Armand," Johnston says, "was me trusting him as a producer, because this was the first time I've let anyone else do that for me." duquett-pressphoto-3200 That sort of challenge can instill enough fear to limit the potential of a record, but Johnston's unequivocal confidence in Margjeka's abilities truly paid off, as the album's ten songs are rich, fully developed and vivid beings, each a look at the intersection of psyche and reverie. Another aspect of embracing change with Rabbit Runs A Destiny was the decision to only use musicians Johnston had never played with before. While Johnston and Margjeka bore the brunt of the album's instrumentation, guitarist Kyle Ryan (Mindy Smith, Madi Diaz), bassist Adam Popick (Rachael Yamagata, James Farrell), string player Eleonore Denig (Marc Broussard, Katie Herzig) and drummer Evan Hutchings (Brandi Carlile, Sara Watkins) all contributed to the album, fleshing out the arrangements and giving them an intensity further developed by Margjeka's adroit production hand. Rabbit Runs A Destiny is new territory for Duquette Johnston, unveiling a voice that's willing to be both vulnerable and strong. Anchored by sweeping, and often majestic, sonic landscapes, Rabbit shows a musician firmly in control of his craft, but unafraid to grow and dig deeper. These songs mark a new journey for Duquette Johnston, and one that's worth hitching a ride to follow.


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Home Back to Texas Injury Law Blog
Texas Injury Law Blog
Featuring Articles written by Grossman Law Offices' Attorneys and Staff
Texas Dram Shop Law
Austin PD Miss The Point By Blaming Reflectors Instead of Drunk Driver
By Michael GrossmanMarch 27, 2017Reading Time: 5 minutes
For all their purported benefits to the environment and individual health, bicycles retain something of a bad rap as a means of transportation. Some of that may stem from their slightly-ambiguous status as a vehicle (should they stay on the sidewalk? Should they be in the road? In places without bike lanes, how much of either is the rider entitled to?), and some might come from the occasionally combative attitudes of their more zealous riders.
Regardless of where that antipathy may come from, though, bikes and their riders face bias from the people with whom they share the road. It's not just civilian motorists who exhibit these opinions, either--even police get in on a little bike-hate now and then, as was demonstrated after a recent auto-cyclist accident in South Texas.
Austin, TX: Tuesday, March 14
According to Austin police, 53-year-old cyclist Charlie Bunton Jr. was struck and killed by an intoxicated driver late Tuesday night.
The collision happened at approximately 11:40 p.m. in the westbound lanes of East Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, near Scottsdale Road. Bunton was riding alone at the time; the driver, 38-year-old Joshua Brosemer, remained at the scene after the crash.
Austin-Travis County EMS paramedics arrived at the scene and attempted to perform CPR on Bunton, but were unable to revive him. Joshua Brosemer was arrested by police on DWI charges.
Sadly, these events happen all too often across the State of Texas. But as common as fatal drunk driving accidents are, what happened next made Mr. Bunton's tragedy all the more shocking.
Preliminary interviews with investigators seemed to place some of the blame for the crash on Bunton himself, alleging that he was riding in the dark without proper reflectors. Furthermore, MLK Road was described by officers as "never safe for cyclists," given that its posted speed limit is 50 miles per hour and drivers exceed that limit all the time. The road also does not have designated bike lanes as some others around Austin do. This information was delivered in an "everybody knows that" manner, suggesting that some police believe that riding a bicycle on MLK is something of a self-fulfilling prophecy.
There's a sort of cruel logic behind these thoughts: Pedestrians and bicyclists historically do not fare well in collisions with automobiles, and it behooves them to remain conscious of that history when putting feet or wheels to the pavement. State laws mandate certain behaviors to help assure cyclist safety; for instance, Section 551.104 of the Texas Transportation Code requires those who ride at night to have reflective equipment on their bicycles. Beyond that, common wisdom suggests that they should also wear light-colored clothes or additional reflectors on their person.
While that's all very important and makes perfect sense, it seems to me that the far greater sin here is that someone was driving a car while under the influence of alcohol. Just think about this in the simplest terms possible. Imagine you're walking down the street and and someone comes up to you and says, "Sir/Ma'am, what's worse: driving while drunk or riding a bike without proper reflectors?"
Is it possible that the alcohol was merely circumstantial and that the defendant driver's alleged intoxication played no role in Mr. Bunton's death? Of course. But by that same token, isn't also possible that Mr. Bunton's reflectors are merely circumstantial and the real cause of the accident was that someone allegedly chose to drive drunk, dull their senses, and then, presumably, haul tail down a road that the police themselves have deemed too dangerous because its apparently some sort of lawless no-man's land where speed limits are not enforced?
Revisiting their statement that it's unsafe to ride a bicycle down MLK due to drivers failing to follow the speed limit... I just don't know what to do with this facepalm-inducing statement. If a woman were raped in a bad neighborhood, would anyone find it to anything less than caustically insulting for an officer to suggest, "Well, that's just something everyone knows about this part of town; there's gonna be some raping. Better steer clear."
For what it's worth, I generally try to avoid virtue signaling or any semblance of moral outrage in my writing, because I find that when most writers do so it is most often cliched, unwarranted, and disingenuous. In other words, run-of-the-mill "won't someone PLEASE think of the children?" sentiment usually rings hollow. However, I just can't help myself as it relates to Mr. Bunton's wreck, because of the outlandishness of the statements made by the officers.
Every Accident Has Multiple Underlying Causes - But What's The MAIN Cause?
Everything that happens is to some degree a result of everything that came before it. In that sense, everything from Charlie Bunton's choice of breakfast cereal to Joshua Brosemer's footwear could be considered a factor in the fatal crash. Fortunately the law doesn't really accommodate this holistic, philosophical approach to liability, so General Mills and Skechers are probably safe from being named as defendants.
As such, when examining an accident to determine negligence, we identify its proximate cause--the most relevant causal factor in a chain of events leading to an injury. Dismissing my examples about cereal and shoes, we instead start to look at two main areas of concern: On one hand, there's a cyclist riding at night, possibly without proper reflectors. On the other, there's a person operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol. These are the two most likely elements to be weighed by a jury as the proximate cause, and out of the two, the drunk driver seems more likely to be the one to blame. While his specific BAC at the time of testing was not released, the fact that he was arrested on intoxication charges suggests it was over .08, which is enough to impair judgment, coordination, and reaction time.
Given the nature of drunk driving, it is unclear whether more reflective surfaces would even have given Charlie Bunton an increased chance of avoiding the crash. Those who operate vehicles while under the influence have hit everything from traffic signs to pedestrians to 18-wheelers in the dark of night and in blazing harsh daylight. Operational prudence on the part of a sober driver, pedestrian, or cyclist is no guarantee of safety when faced with a drunk driver. Because of this uncertainty, it doesn't seem reasonable for the police to judge Bunton harshly for simply taking his Schwinn on a night ride. I won't go so far as to say his reduced visibility was a non-factor, but compared to the other elements of the crash, it shouldn't really be the primary consideration.
The Driver is Only Part of the Problem
Texas dram shop law is designed to hold bars and restaurants accountable for over-serving individuals who then hurt themselves or others. Safe roads are a matter of public interest, and most establishments are on board with the promotion of public welfare. Those that continue to serve patrons who show signs of obvious intoxication, however, are partly liable for damages caused by those patrons. That can mean a range of things, from bar fights to car crashes, and in those instances, people hurt by the intoxicated person can seek compensation from the bar that liquored him or her up.
It is in everyone's best interests not to further enable a person who is in a state conducive to harm. You don't hand Jason Voorhees a shiny new machete and point him toward the nearest summer camp. In the same vein, it's unwise to provide a clearly-intoxicated individual further alcohol, given the chances that he or she will drive after paying the tab. The more a patron is over-served, the greater the likelihood that someone will be injured, be it the driver or an innocent third party. Drunk driving collisions aren't 100% guaranteed, of course, but their likelihood is drastically increased over that of non-alcohol-related accidents.
Again, most bars and restaurants that serve alcohol, even in a place with as rich a nightlife as Austin, are on board with TABC regulations. They recognize the validity of the requirements, and are aware that they are designed to protect public welfare. It only takes one bar to overlook the intoxicated state of a paying customer to set up a recipe for disaster, though.
In the end, it's up to a jury to decide where the responsibility lies in a case like Charlie Bunton's. No one is automatically guilty by virtue of the American justice system, and that protection from inherent guilt and/or liability serves us all. The facts would need to be laid out, evidence weighed, and responsibility assigned by the court. If the decision falls between a cyclist and a drunk driver, though, which really seems to be the more likely cause of the accident?
Having won literally thousands of cases, Michael Grossman is one of the most experienced personal injury and wrongful death attorneys in The State of Texas.
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Governments of the G20 countries, desperate for tax revenues to support their spending addictions, are at war with taxpayers seeking to maximize returns on their earnings and investments.
This tug of war is not new. William Pitt the Younger (Great Britain's youngest prime minister at 24) introduced the first income tax in 1799, based on the nation's fervour to fight France and Napoleon. He said it was necessary "to repress those evasions [of excise taxes] so disgraceful to the country, so injurious to those who honourably discharge their equal contribution, and, above all, so detrimental to the great advantage which it is intended to promote." No political speechwriter has said anything new about tax avoidance ever since.
A tax system must raise sufficient revenue to finance a government's insatiable appetite for spending. The amount of revenue that a tax system raises is a simple mathematical function: Revenue = Tax Base x Tax Rate.
A system with a broad base is usually simpler than a system with a narrowly constrained base. This is because a broad-based system requires fewer lines of demarcation between classifications of income and expenditures and, hence, fewer avenues for avoidance by shifting types of income. For example, a system that taxes all forms of gains, regardless of their source, requires fewer rules than a system that distinguishes between different sources of economic gains, each with its own rules.
The second variable is the tax rate that one applies to the tax base. It is a fallacy to assume, as governments often do, that the higher the tax rate, the greater the revenue collected from the tax base. Thus, ignoring behavioral responses to tax rates, a rate of 40% will, in theory, double the revenue than a tax rate of 20%.
However, this assumes that the tax base will not shift to lower tax jurisdictions. Indeed, many economists maintain that a reduction in tax rates stimulates economic growth and enhances revenues, which, in turn, leads to additional tax collections. The debate is about 215 years old.
At least three different rates that affect tax revenues, planning and avoidance: the marginal rate, the average rate and the effective rate. Each rate provides a different perspective, and the effective rate is perhaps the best tool for making international comparisons.
The marginal tax rate is the level of tax that applies on the top dollar of taxable income. For example, a Canadian who earns $30,000 taxable income will pay basic federal tax at 15%; an individual who earns taxable income of $150,000 will pay at a federal marginal rate of 29%. In contrast, the top central government rate in Switzerland is 13.2%. Marginal rates are useful in tax planning because they pinpoint the amount of savings on the top dollar of income.
The average rate reflects the weighted average of all of the marginal tax rates. For example, if Jane earns taxable income of $30,000, her average federal tax rate as an individual is $4,500 or 15%. If Harry earns taxable income of $140,000, his total tax is $30,145, which makes his average rate of tax 22% – that is, 7% lower than his federal marginal rate of 29%. Average rates tell us our overall tax bill.
The effective rate is the most meaningful rate of tax for taxpayers. It is the total tax payable divided by net income before exclusions and exemptions. In the above example, Harry may have earned $60,000 of capital gains in the year. By excluding one-half of his capital gains from taxable income, Harry has, in effect, reduced his effective tax rate on his economic income of $170,000 to only 18%. Effective rates are the most meaningful because they tell us what we are actually paying on all income and the amount of tax leakage for governments.
In making international comparisons, marginal and average rates of tax are not helpful because they do not take into account the differences in calculating the taxable base to which one applies the actual rate. Income exclusions and deductions can substantially reduce the effective rate of tax and provide incentives to move income.
The British supported Pitt's income tax on the basis that it was better to lose some of their property to the government than to lose all of it to Napoleon. The income tax was abolished, at least temporarily, when Napoleon met his Waterloo in 1815.
The Paris-based OECD's latest foray on the subject is the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting or BEPS project. A project report released in May picks up where Pitt left off, saying "that there is a growing perception that governments lose substantial revenue because of profit shifting that erodes the taxable base." Pitt's ghost could have written that speech.
Vern Krishna is tax counsel with Borden Ladner Gervais LLP and executive director of the Tax Research Centre at the University of Ottawa.


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Provincial government proposes wage cap for public service workers
'Will help to lower the deficit and protect thousands of jobs'
By Dan Blakeley Published: Jun 6th, 2019 9:55am Last Updated: Jun 6th, 2019 9:58am
It's called the Protecting a Sustainable Public sector for Future Generations Act – legislation introduced at Queen's Park that, if passed, will cap public sector wage increases at an average one percent annually for each of the next three years.
It would affect both unionized and non-unionized workers.
The government says limiting raises will help to lower the deficit
and in turn, protect thousands of jobs it says would otherwise be at risk.
"We are taking these steps precisely so we can protect vital services and the workers who deliver them," said Treasury Board President Peter Bethlenfalvy. "If we do not take this action, we could be putting tens of thousands of jobs at risk, which our government refuses to do."
In a release, the government notes "public sector compensation represents roughly half of all government expenditures, totaling over $72 billion annually. By taking steps to ensure increases in public sector compensation reflect the fiscal reality of the province, the government is working to protect jobs, workers and vital services, now and as the government tackles Ontario's debt."
The Ontario Public Service Employees Union says with 2% inflation, this isn't a wage cap, it's a wage cut.
The government maintains this approach will allow public sector employees to maintain eligibility for compensation increases and be able to negotiate terms and conditions.
image via pexels.com
Jobs, Ontario Government, public sector, sustainability, wage cap
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Yes, I stole Masa's awesome birthday format! Even the last sharing quality time with other oshi part! Credit to Masa plz & plz don't ban me!
Happy 16th Birthday to my dearest Ikuchan!
She was & will be featured in Nogizaka's front row four out of five times.
Got to cook in front of a national audiences, three times!
Confronted her fear of... pigeon!
annnnnnnnnd of course she got herself a new intro!
Welcome back YKT! To commemoration your awesome trip, here's some pictures of the members you like hanging around!
Here's hoping for more opportunities & successes to Ikuchan's new year!
Challenges might arise, maybe even frequently, but I'm sure Ikuchan will be able to confront them, as she did so well this past year!
This girl is a total dork. I've seen fans refer to her as Ikudork and it's very fitting. She is really fun on Nogizakatte Doko. She knows how to turn epic fail into epic laughs. That's an idol I can be into for sure. But I'm not eating anything she cooks.
OMG! What a post! You're hereby banned for making such an awesome post that there's no way anyone can top that, not even Masa.
This post and your numerous posts about Ikuchan has really made an impact on me, and I now count Ikuchan as one of my faves.
Ikuchan is really blessed to have a fan like you! I think you're the best gift for Ikuchan's birthday. OMG, sorry if that sounds kinda corny. But it's true!
had a great sweet 16 with her family and friends!!!
And may the coming year bring her much love and joy!!!
Ikuta Erika will make a guest appearance on Ep.5 of the FujiTV Drama "Biblia Koshodou no Jiken Techou" (ビブリア古書堂の事件手帖).
She will be starring 田辺美鈴役. The selection process was done through an audition, & it is noted that Ikuchan once again made an outstanding impression.
Biblia Koshodou no Jiken Techou is starred by Ayame Gouriki.
For more related picture, plz go to the Ikuchan Picture Thread.
Ikuchan's Radio Ad for Megashaki!
Ikuta Erika is such a good actress! There I said it! I just finished episode 5 of Biblia Koshodou no Jiken Techou. She was really great playing a conniving and manipulative person who steals and gets another to take the fall. (TINY font size because it's a spoiler).
^Ikuchan is indeed a great actress!
I'm glad you enjoyed her acting!
Speaking of which, I should post access to this episode!
Also something funny happened when I was watching it.
Spoiler alert tho. Highlight to see.
At the tail end of the drama, it shows someone following Ayame, even up till she was walking up the stairs. During this time, someone beside me joked that "since Ikuchan is gonna be a bad guy, maybe she is the stalker & will kick Ayame down the stair & proclaim herself the protagonist lol." At the exact same time as the sentence was finished, the random dude kicked Ayame down the stairs!
Not saying I enjoy watching Ayame getting kick down the stair, but its just such a coincident that its really really funny!
she is a treasure for fans.
Here is a live performance- play it loud and play it often!
Indeed. I enjoyed all the performances, but seriously, how adorable was this young lady when her turn came? A happy happy rendition of a song I'd never heard before but will have to check out the original of now.
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text:
Diaries (16)
Field notes (10)
Historians (18)
Art historians (13)
Sculptors (13)
Museum finance (6)
Warshaw, Isadore (20)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (6)
Brown, Robert F. (5)
Kuniyoshi, Yasuo (4)
Lipchitz, Jacques (4)
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (4)
Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.) (4)
Sachs, Paul J. (Paul Joseph) (4)
Thayer, Abbott Handerson (4)
Bloom, Hyman, 1913- (3)
Calder, Alexander (3)
Center for Advanced Visual Studies (3)
Duchamp, Marcel (3)
Fogg Art Museum (3)
Gropius, Walter (3)
James, William (3)
National Air and Space Museum. Archives Division. (3)
O'Keeffe, Georgia (3)
Philadelphia Museum of Art (3)
Sheeler, Charles (3)
Smithsonian Institution (3)
Zorach, William (3)
Artschwager, Richard, 1923- (2)
Association for Computing Machinery. (2)
Barr, Alfred H., Jr. (2)
Assiniboine Indians (1)
Burundians (1)
Caroline Islanders (1)
Caroline Islands (1)
Chinese Americans (1)
Chuukese (Micronesian people) (1)
Cochiti Indians (1)
Cree Indians (1)
Indians of Central America (1)
Indians of South America (1)
Inuits (1)
Irish Americans (1)
Boston (Mass.) (3)
Cambridge (Mass.) (2)
Detroit (Mich.) (2)
Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections (9)
Query: Cambridge Art Center
266 records — Page 10 of 27
June 16-September 6, 1976
Carol Kramer Papers
Kramer, Carol, 1943-2002
31 Linear feet (64 boxes, 2 cassette tapes, 1 oversize box, 1 map drawer)
NAA.2006-14
National Anthropological Archives
The bulk of these papers document the professional life of Carol Kramer, a leading figure in ethnoarchaeology, specializing in the Middle East and South Asia. She was also a major advocate for the professional development of women in anthropology and archaeology. Dating 1943-2002, the collection includes field notes, writings, correspondence, daily planners, teaching files, photographs, sound recordings, maps, computer disks, and botanical specimens. Her ethnoarchaeological research in "Shahabad" (a.k.a. "Aliabad") in Iran and in Rajasthan, India is well-represented in the collection.
C. Malcolm Watkins Papers
Watkins, C. Malcolm
1935-1979 and undated
12.59 cu. ft. (23 document boxes) (1 half document box) (1 16x20 box) (1 oversize folder)
Record Unit 7322
The papers of C. Malcolm Watkins provide comprehensive documentation of his professional career from 1934 to 1980. The collection documents his interest in early American culture; his research on ceramics, historic archeology, and early California history; his curatorial and administrative activities in the Department of Anthropology, USNM, ...
Peter Howard Selz papers
Selz, Peter Howard, 1919-2019
0.696 Gigabytes
AAA.selzpete
The papers of art historian and writer Peter Howard Selz measure 31.5 linear feet and 0.696 GB and date from 1929 to 2018, with the bulk of the materials from 1950 to 2005. The papers document Selz's long career via correspondence, writings, professional files, project files, membership and association records, artists' research files, exhibition files, personal business records, printed and digital materials, and nine scrapbooks.
Smithsonian Folklife Festival records: 2009 Smithsonian Folklife Festival
National Museum of American Art. Office of the Director
These records consist primarily of administrative subject files maintained by the Office of the Director, documenting his or her activities in the museum, in the Institution, and with outside people and organizations. Also included are files on the National Museum of American Art Commission, its meetings, and its commissioners. Some materials ...
Exhibition Records (Declined)
National Museum of American Art. Curatorial Department
1 cu. ft. (1 record storage box)
Accession 00-014
This accession consists of exhibition proposals declined by the National Museum of American Art (NMAA) and the Renwick Gallery. Materials include correspondence, notes, memoranda, proposals, brochures, and color slides.
Pratt, Read Corporation Records
Nickse, Hugo
Johnson, Hanford
Comstock, Cheney and Co.
Pratt, Read and Company
84 Cubic feet (106 boxes, 28 oversize folders)
Records documenting Pratt, Read and Company; its early competitor and later partner, Comstock, Cheney and Company; and a number of predecessor, subsidiary and related companies. Other topics include the late 19th century African ivory trade and Pratt, Read's production of troop-carrying gliders during World War II.
Warshaw Collection of Business Americana Subject Categories: Commercial Laundries
Warshaw, Isadore, 1900-1969
0.23 Cubic feet (consisting of .5 box.)
NMAH.AC.0060.S01.01.Commercial
A New York bookseller, Warshaw assembled this collection over nearly fifty years. The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana: Commercial Laundries forms part of the Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Subseries 1.1: Subject Categories. The Subject Categories subseries is divided into 470 subject categories based on those created by Mr. Warshaw. These subject categories include topical subjects, types or forms of material, people, organizations, historical events, and other categories. An overview to the entire Warshaw collection is available here: Warshaw Collection of Business Americana


text:
MP govt to provide subsidised solar water pumps to farmers
Posted on May 8, 2017 in Environment and Ecology
Editorial Comment: Though electric power supplied through the grid will be saved by employing solar water pumps and a more extensive agricultural area brought under irrigation, the sustainability of the extraction of ground and surface water would need to be examined. One way people are using to prevent overextraction is by collectivising groundwater. For an example please see the story Groundwater as Commons demonstrated in Mahbubnagar, Telangana.
Dr. Mihir Shah committee on Restructuring the CWC and CGWB submitted its report in 2016 - titled A 21st Century Institutional Architecture for India's Water Reforms (checked on 10 May 2017). It states that
The new challenge is to mange our aquifers sustainably so that we make sure we do not kill the goose that lays the golden eggs.
BHOPAL: The Madhya Pradesh government would soon provide nearly 18,500 solar-powered water pumps to farmers in the state at subsidised rates.
"We are going to make available solar borewell and surface pumps fitted with remote monitoring system to the farmers under the Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Solar Pump Scheme shortly," New and Renewable Energy Department Principal Secretary Manu Srivastava told PTI.
"The rates of solar pumps already arrived at after the bidding are the lowest in the country. The performance of each pump can be monitored on a real-time basis from anywhere in the world," he said.
MP Urja Vikas Nigam (MPUVN) would be the nodal agency to make available the solar pumps to the farmers, he said.
"We have already picked up the firms (through bidding) which are going to supply solar power to the state. The rates are much below the benchmark prices of Government of India," Srivastava, who is also the managing director of MPUVN, said.
"The rates of the direct current pumps are the lowest in the country. These pumps will have a five-year maintenance provided under a contract," he said.
"There is also a provision of comprehensive insurance of the complete pump system for five years," he said.
"It is for the first time that any state government has embarked on such a huge programme of supply of solar pumps to farmers," Srivastava claimed.
He said that earlier Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan governments had provided 11,000 and 10,000 solar pumps respectively to farmers at subsidised rates.
"The sale of green energy pumps in such a huge number is going to save crores of rupees of the MP government annually," said Rajendra Kothari, the former director of PHD Chamber of Industries and Commerce (MP and Chhattisgarh).
A senior official of the state energy department said in the last fiscal, the MP government provided power subsidy of Rs 70 billion (Rs 7,000 crore) to farmers for use of the water pumps.
The sale of solar pumps is going to rev up the agricultural productivity of the state, he said.
MP has the highest agricultural growth rate of over 20 per cent since last couple of years, the official said.
The use of solar pumps will increase the cultivable land area, reduce dependence on diesel pumps and make multi-cropping possible, he said.
This would also help in doubling the income of farmers and provide sustainable livelihood on a long-term basis, he said.
"The use of solar pumps is bound to reduce carbon foot-print. These pumps, driven by green energy, are bound to come as a boon for the marginalised farmers of tribal dominated districts like Mandla, Dindori, Chhindwara, Seoni, Balaghat, Alirajpur, Jhabua," he said.
The sale of these pumps is likely to reduce the distribution losses of the cash-strapped MP Power Management Company (MPPMC) Limited and power distribution companies (discoms), a senior power official said.
The revenue losses of the discoms are high due to non-payment of electricity dues in Bhind, Morena, Sheopur, Shivpuri and Gwalior districts, he added.
First published by The Times of India
Story Tags: ecological sustainability, energy, agriculture
Kutch's Water Champions In The Making
Off-grid solar can meet India's power demand
Is solar power the real solution to India's energy crisis?
Groundwater as Commons demonstrated in Mahbubnagar, Telangana
A ray of hope for solar-powered agriculture


text:
František Ondřej Poupě nebo také Franz Andreas Paupie (26. listopadu 1753, Český Šternberk – 1. prosince 1805, Brno) patří mezi významné osobnosti českého pivovarnictví, byl přímo zakladatelem českého odborného pivovarnictví. Lidové noviny ho nazvaly "geniálním sládkem", zajímal se o kvasnou chemii, proslul také jako konstruktér pivní váhy.

Život
Byl synem kováře Františka a matky Anny. Základní vzdělání nabyl v Českém Šternberku. Po základní škole se vyučil u svého bratra, jenž byl sládkem ve Velké Bíteši, poté František působil i v pivovaru v Třebíči. Zkušenosti o výrobě piva získával i v cizině. Od roku 1780 byl sládkem v pivovaru knížete Windischgrätze ve Štěkni na Strakonicku, až do roku 1787, kdy se stal sládkem v pivovaře v Tachově.

Roku 1783 se ve Štěkni oženil s Annou Herzovou, která mu přinesla věnem 2 000 zlatých a s níž měl celkem šest dětí: Anna (* 1784), Tereza (* 1786), Alžběta, Josefa, Johanka a František. Později se s rodinou přestěhoval do Prahy, pracoval pro pivovar v Jinonicích u Prahy.

Rozšiřoval si své teoretické znalosti a zaváděl je do praxe a tím se zlepšovaly metody výroby piva. Ke konci 18. století napsal dvoudílný spis – Umění vařit pivo fyzicko-chemicko-hospodářsky popsané. V tomto díle je popsaný postup při výrobě piva a stalo se první českou vědeckou publikací o výrobě piva. Mezitím Poupě onemocněl patrně plicní chorobou a byl také velice zklamán, protože jeho dílo nenacházelo takový ohlas, jaký si představoval. V těžké chvíli mu pomohla hraběnka Marianna Clam-Martinicová, která mu nabídla místo sládka ve Slaném. Právě zde Poupě začal používat teploměr a takzvanou pivní váhu. V roce 1801 vydal takovou první českou učebnici o pivovarnictví – Počátkové základního naučení o vaření piva.

V roce 1798 vyhrál konkurs na sládka v městském pivovaru v Brně. Zde Poupě prožil svá nejlepší léta. Díky němu se zvyšovala kvalita piva i příjmy pivovaru. V průběhu jeho působení vzrostl výstav z 16 tisíc na 28 tisíc hektolitrů a Poupě chtěl žádat o navýšení maximální kapacity. Založil zde také první pivovarskou školu na světě. Dobré zprávy o pivovaru se šířily do celé střední Evropy. František Ondřej Poupě zemřel v roce 1805 na obnovenou plicní chorobu.

Dílo
 Umění vařit pivo fyzicko-chemicko-hospodářsky popsané – německy
 Titul: Die Kunst des Bierbrauens physisch - chemisch - oekonomisch beschrieben, Praha 1794  3 díly:
 1. díl vydán v Praze 1794 Karel Barth, 2. vydání v Praze 1820 Donat Hartmann
 2. díl vydán v Praze 1820 Donat Hartmann
 3. díl vydán v Praze 1821 Donat Hartmann
 Počátkové základního naučení o vaření piva – vydáno v Olomouci 1801, Antonjn Alexius Sskarnycl, první česká odborná učebnice

Odkazy

Literatura
 Basařová, Gabriela (1934-) Hlaváček, Ivo (1926–2008): České pivo, Praha 1999, Nuga,
 Nohejl, Miloslav (1896–1974): Neslýchaná věc. Tři povídky o "učeném" sládku F. O. Poupěti, Praha 1957, Státní nakladatelství dětské knihy (SNDK), edice Živé prameny, svazek č. 35
 Bělohoubek, Antonín: Život a působení Františka Ondřeje Poupěte, Praha 1878, Vydáno komisí knihkupectví Fr. Řivnáče

Reference

Externí odkazy

 Kdo byl kdo v našich dějinách
 Sládek Josef Tomáš Suk: Nový Poupě : katechismus pro sladovnické učenníky a tovaryše, 1880

Sládci
Češi
Narození v roce 1753
Narození 26. listopadu
Narození v Českém Šternberku
Úmrtí v roce 1805
Úmrtí 1. prosince
Úmrtí v Brně
Muži

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