text:
\section{Test on a Standard SEOP Geometry\label{sec:3dtests}}

\begin{figure}[bt]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{Figures/110ccfulltrans.png}
    \caption{A visualization of the 100-cc cell simulation. The image on the left shows the predicted flow-lines for the gas as it moves through the cell. The flow lines are color-coded by the predicted temperature of the gas at each point. The slice of the cell is color-coded by the predicted Rb number-density in the cell. The graph on the right shows three of the simulated quantities averaged over the optical-pumping region of the cell: (1) Rb polarization, (2) absorbed laser power, and (3) temperature. The Rb polarization and absorbed laser power are both normalized to one. The temperature is normalized to the fraction above the set-point temperature, in this case, 110 $^{\circ}$C.}
    \label{fig:110ccfulltrans}
\end{figure}

After verification, limited tests were conducted on a standard, SEOP-cell geometry to assure that all modules would work in concert. A 100-cc-cell geometry with Rb in the optical-pumping body was chosen as the first geometry to test (see Figure \ref{fig:geometry}). The test was conducted with the following boundary conditions:
\begin{itemize}
    \itemsep 0 em
    \item Laser Power: 75 W
    \item Laser Spectral Width: 0.3 nm
    \item Laser Beam Radius: 1 mm smaller than optical pumping region radius
    \item Wall Temperature: 110 $^{\circ}$C
    \item Flow Rate: 1.5 SLM
    \item Wall-Relaxation Time: 56 min.
    \item Fraction $^{129}$Xe: 1\%
    \item Fraction N$_2$: 10\%
    \item Fraction He: 89\%
    \item Cell Pressure: 73 psig (assumed to be at sea level)
\end{itemize}

Initially, a steady-state solution for the model was attempted. However, when this failed to converge, the model was solved as a transient problem with 0.1 sec. per time-step. A total of 611 time-steps were simulated. However, due to a file-corruption error, the last 6 time-steps were discarded.

Due to possible instability with the module, the $^{129}$Xe polarization module was not used during the transient simulation. Instead, after the transient simulation reached steady-state in (1) temperature, (2) Rb polarization, and (3) laser power absorbed, the last transient solution was used as the initial conditions for a steady-state calculation with the HP$^{129}$Xe polarization module enabled. Steady-state was defined as less than a 0.05\% change in all of the three other metrics.

The transient simulation shows convergence to a steady-state solution after the 611 time-steps (Figure \ref{fig:110ccfulltrans}). The predicted $^{129}$Xe polarization is comparable to the observed $^{129}$Xe polarization, made in Ref. \cite{Freeman2014}, from a 100-cc cell similar to the geometry simulated in the FEM model. In the Ref. \cite{Freeman2014} study, a 100-cc cell was observed to absorb 30\% of the incident light and produce HP$^{129}$Xe polarized to $\sim$15\% at 90 $^{\circ}$C. The FEM model predicted that  the simulated 100-cc cell would absorb 7.9\% of the incident light and produce HP$^{129}$Xe polarized to $\sim$4.7\% at 110 $^{\circ}$C. The HP$^{129}$Xe polarization for the FEM simulation was taken as the average polarization across a slice 5 cm from the edge of the outlet of the model's geometry.

The discrepancy between the observed light absorption of the 100-cc optical pumping cell and the simulated cell may be from a couple sources. First, as previously mentioned, the FEM model enforces a Gaussian spectral profile throughout the optical pumping cell. This assumption may affect the calculated total absorption of the light. The affects of the imposed Gaussian distribution are not entirely understood, however, as stated in section \ref{sec:verification}, the Gaussian spectral distribution was found to not significantly alter the average Rb polarization in the FEM model when compared with a model that does not enforce a Gaussian spectral distribution.

Second, the Rb-source distribution in the model may not accurately describe the distribution in the optical pumping cell tested in Ref. \cite{Freeman2014}. The authors do not describe the Rb-metal distribution in their 100-cc cell (e.g. a Rb droplet, a thin layer of Rb on the side of the cell, etc.). The distribution and location of the Rb-metal in the cell may affect the details of the dynamics in the optical-pumping region.

The discrepancy between the observed HP$^{129}$Xe polarization may be similarly explained by the Rb-source distribution in the model. Because the Rb-source distribution may not reflect the conditions in the actual cell that was tested, the Rb number-density calculated in the model may be lower than the number-density that was realized in the actual cell. This would result in a lower spin-exchange rate than what was realized in the actual cell, and thus, a lower predicted HP$^{129}$Xe polarization.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{Figures/110cellsteadystatexepol.png}
    \caption{A visualization of the steady state solution to the HP$^{129}$Xe polarization. The visualization on the left shows the polarization in the optical pumping section of the cell. The maximum polarization is $\sim$6\%. The visualization on the right is the polarization 5 cm before the edge of the outlet of the cell. The total polarization averaged over this section is 4.7\%.}
    \label{fig:110xepol}
\end{figure}
\section{Summary and Future Work\label{sec:conclusion}}
A new open-source, FEM-based SEOP model has been coded, tested against an existing model, and tested with a three-dimensional geometry. The model provides predictions of HP$^{129}$Xe polarizations that are comparable to existing, accepted models when the conditions are limited to the scope of those existing models. The three-dimensional model predicts HP$^{129}$Xe polarizations that are comparable to existing observations. The new FEM model provides the ability to visualize important SEOP phenomena such as laser heating, Rb-vapor distribution, and gas flow. The model can compute solutions for complicated geometries including current designs for optical pumping cells.

The most immediate improvement that can be made is to add the ability to multi-thread computations. The lack of multi-threading limits the speed at which solutions can be computed, which in turn, limits transient studies to simulate only the first several hundred seconds after initialization. The three-dimensional simulation described in section \ref{sec:3dtests} required $\sim$22,000 cpu-min., and it only simulated the first $\sim$60 sec. of the cell after initialization. Important, long-term behavior cannot be thoroughly investigated. Multi-threading capabilities with appropriate increases in other computational resources could potentially decrease the amount of time required to calculate a single time-step and open up the possibility of exploring the long-term behavior of these systems.

Better approximations to spin-exchange parameters and other model parameters may increase the fidelity of the model's predictions. However, it is suspected that a major source of error in the model is likely due to the choice of Rb source distribution. Because all the parameters are correct to an order of magnitude, it is unlikely substantial gains will be realized by pursuing more accurate approximations to these parameters unless it can be shown that the current estimates of the parameters are incorrect by large margins.

Further simulations on various optical pumping cell geometries will be reported in a follow-up report.
\section{Details of the Derivation of the Difference Between the Freeman Model and the FEM Model\label{sec:diffderiv}}
In section \ref{sec:verification}, it is stated without proof that the assumptions of the Freeman model give rise to an exponential dependence on flow rate when a uniform Rb polarization is assumed, while the assumptions of the FEM model give rise to a linear dependence on flow rate when a Rb polarization gradient is assumed. In this appendix, the derivation of that result will be given.

The FEM model uses the advection-diffusion equation to model $^{129}$Xe polarization. The form of that equation in one dimension is:
\begin{multline}
    D_{Xe}\frac{\partial^2 P_{Xe}(x)}{\partial x^2}+v\frac{\partial P_{Xe}(x)}{\partial x}+\left(\sigma+\Gamma\right)P_{Xe}(x)= \sigma P_{Rb}(x).
    \label{eq:xediff}
\end{multline}

The Rb polarization is assumed to have a linear gradient given by:
\begin{equation}
   P_{Rb}(x)=\frac{P_L-P_0}{L}x+P_0
   \label{eq:linrbdef}
\end{equation}
where $P_L$ is the highest polarization of the Rb at the point $x=L$, and $P_0$ is the lowest Rb polarization at the point $x=0$. From Ref. \cite{Walker2011}, it is clear in the limit as $L \to \infty$ that $P_{Xe} \to \frac{\sigma}{\sigma+\Gamma}P_L$. The solution to eq. \eqref{eq:xediff} is given by:
\begin{multline}
     P_{Xe}(x) =  K_1e^{x\frac{v+\sqrt{v^2-4D_{Xe}(\sigma+\Gamma)}}{2D_{Xe}}}+K_2e^{x\frac{v-\sqrt{v^2-4D_{Xe}(\sigma+\Gamma)}}{2D_{Xe}}} -\\ \frac{v \sigma (P_L-P_0)}{L(\sigma+\Gamma)^2}+\frac{\sigma(P_L-P_0)x}{L(\sigma+\Gamma)}+\frac{\sigma P_0}{(\sigma+\Gamma)}.
\end{multline}

For $v^2>>4D_{Xe}(\sigma+\Gamma)$, this can be simplified to:
\begin{multline}
         P_{Xe}(x) =  K_1e^{-\frac{vx}{D_{Xe}}}+K_2+\\ \frac{\sigma}{\sigma+\Gamma}\left(P_{Rb}(x)-\frac{v(P_L-P_0}{L(\sigma+\Gamma)}\right).
\end{multline}

If $\frac{vL}{D_{Xe}}>>1$, then
\begin{multline}
    P_{Xe}(L) = K_2+\frac{\sigma}{\sigma+\Gamma}\left(P_L-\frac{v(P_L-P_0}{L(\sigma+\Gamma)}\right).
\end{multline}

For $L \to \infty$, we get:
\begin{equation}
    P_{Xe}(L\to\infty) \to K_2+\frac{\sigma}{\sigma+\Gamma}P_L = \frac{\sigma}{\sigma+\Gamma}P_L,
\end{equation}
which implies:
\begin{equation}
    K_2=0.
\end{equation}

Therefore, solving the one-dimensional advection-diffusion equation for the polarization of $^{129}$Xe  at $x=L$ assuming a linear Rb polarization gradient gives:
\begin{equation}
    P_{Xe}(L) = \frac{\sigma}{\sigma+\Gamma}\left(P_L-\frac{v(P_L-P_0}{L(\sigma+\Gamma)}\right),
\end{equation}
which linearly decreases as the flow rate, $v$, increases.

The Freeman model uses eq. \eqref{eq:xediff} with the diffusion term absent and an average Rb polarization, $\bar P_{ave} = \frac{P_L+P_0}{2}$. The solution to this equation can be trivially shown to be:
\begin{equation}
    P_{Xe}(L) = \frac{\bar P_{ave} \sigma}{\sigma+\Gamma}\left(1-e^{-\frac{(\sigma+\Gamma)L}{v}}\right),
\end{equation}
which exponentially decreases as a function of $v$.
\section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction}
Spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) is a technique whereby the ensemble nuclear spin-angular momentum of certain noble gasses can be increased to of order 10\%. The technique is currently most notably used clinically and pre-clinically in lung imaging using MRI \cite{Oros2004HyperpolarizedMRI}, but it has also been used in the NMR characterization of porous media \cite{Terskikh2002AMaterials} and protein dynamics \cite{Schroder2013XenonAlert}.

The physics of SEOP are described comprehensively in other places \cite{Walker2011, Appelt1998Theory129Xe}. Briefly, the technique involves two steps: (1) optical pumping of an alkali-metal vapor and (2) spin-exchange from the alkali-metal vapor to a noble-gas nuclei. In the first step, optical pumping, a beam of circularly-polarized light is directed onto a transparent cell containing a macroscopic amount of alkali metal. The cell is heated, usually to between 100-200 $^{\circ}$C, in order to vaporize some amount of alkali metal. The laser interacts with the metal vapor to create close to 100\% spin polarization of the alkali vapor.

In the second step, spin-exchange, the alkali vapor transfers spin-angular momentum to the noble gas nuclei. A gas mixture is introduced into the cell containing a noble gas and some other inert gasses, and through collisional interactions, the metal vapor transfers its spin-polarization to the noble gas. The alkali metal vapor atoms become depolarized in this interaction, but because of optical pumping, the alkali atoms are quickly repolarized.

One popular method of SEOP involves the hyperpolarization of xenon-129 ($^{129}$Xe) using rubidium (Rb) vapor. Hyperpolarized $^{129}$Xe (HP $^{129}$Xe) gas is typically produced in a continuous manner using a flow-through polarizer \cite{Driehuys1996High-volume129Xe, Ruset2006Optical129Xe, Schrank2009a}. A flow-through polarizer operates by flowing a $^{129}$Xe gas mixture through an optical pumping cell containing Rb vapor. The $^{129}$Xe spin-exchange interaction occurs on a short enough timescale that considerable $^{129}$Xe polarizations can be achieved during the short transit through the optical pumping cell.

Currently, there are no SEOP models that attempt to account for the full three-dimensional flow-dynamics of optical pumping cell geometries. Computational models for SEOP can be broken into two groups: finite difference models and finite element models (FEM). The finite difference models appear to have been the first in use, but detailed descriptions of the models do not appear extensively in the literature. Models of this type approximate flow through the cell by either a one-dimensional, plug-flow model (such as used in Ref. \cite{Freeman2014}) or two-dimensional, laminar-flow model(such as Ref. \cite{Ruset2005}).

The first computational model of spin-exchange optical pumping to be extensively described in the literature was done so by Ref. \cite{Fink2005}. It originally described a model approximating an optical pumping cell geometry with only a half-cylinder. The model included the effects of laser heating, fluid dynamics, and heat transfer. The original model only investigated a static optical pumping cell in which the gas was not flowing. This was later extended in Ref. \cite{Fink2007} to analyze two geometries with gas flow: a half cylinder and a simplified geometry of the optical pumping cell used by Ref. \cite{Ruset2006Optical129Xe}.

Recently, Ref. \cite{Burant2018CHARACTERIZINGCONTRAST} has described an FEM fluid model of an optical pumping cell. However, it does not appear the model included SEOP, and it only included fluid flow, heat transfer, and diffusion of Rb metal vapor.

Here, we present an open-source FEM code that attempts to model the dynamics of SEOP using the full three-dimensional geometry of a common optical-pumping-cell design. The model incorporates fluid flow, Rb vapor diffusion, thermal transfer, laser absorption, and $^{129}$Xe polarization.
\section{\label{sec:model}Model Description}
The FEM model presented here utilizes the finite-element method to numerically solve five differential equations. The author used an open-source code, ElmerFEM-CSC, to implement the model. The model simulates (1) fluid flow through the cell, (2) diffusion and transport of the Rb vapor, (3) heat transfer through the gas stream, (4) absorption of the laser by the Rb and subsequent polarization, and (5) spin-transfer between the Rb vapor and the $^{129}$Xe. Of the five modeled quantities, ElmerFEM-CSC contained modules for solving the first three. Descriptions of these three modules can be found in Ref. \cite{Raback2015}. The last two equations, for laser absorption and $^{129}$Xe polarization, were obtained by modifying existing ElmerFEM-CSC modules to accommodate the expressions that describe the dynamics of those processes.

That this is an open-source model is a notable difference from the other models described in section \ref{sec:intro}. The other FEM models were produced using commercial codes that are not easily accessible to many researchers. Other finite-difference codes have not been formally published in an open-access environment.

The specifics of the expressions used to describe laser absorption and $^{129}$Xe polarization very closely followed Ref. \cite{Fink2005}. Major differences between the current model and other models will be highlighted in the following sections.

\subsection{\label{sec:laserasborb}Laser Absorption Model}
Laser absorption is one of the key features of an SEOP model. The expression for modeling laser absorption by the Rb-metal vapor is \cite{Wagshul1989OpticalPolarization}:
\begin{equation}
    \frac{\partial \psi(\nu,z)}{\partial z} = -n_{Rb}(z)\sigma_s(\nu)\frac{\Gamma_{SD}(z)}{\gamma_{opt}(z) + \Gamma_{SD}(z)}\psi(\nu,z)
\end{equation}
where $\psi$ is the photon flux density, $z$ is the azimuthal spacial coordinate, $\nu$ is the frequency of the light, $n_{Rb}$ is the number-density of the Rb, $\sigma_s$ is the cross-section for absorption by unpolarized Rb, $\Gamma_{SD}$ is the spin-destruction rate of the Rb, and $\gamma_{opt} = \int_0^{\infty} \psi \sigma_s \partial \nu$ is the optical pumping rate. The expression is easily solved using finite-difference methods, and it was used in many previous models. However, the presence of the integral expression is challenging for standard finite-element methods.

Instead, the FEM model presented here uses the method described by Ref. \cite{Fink2005}:
\begin{equation}
    \frac{\partial\gamma_{opt}}{\partial z} = -\beta \gamma_{opt} n_{Rb}\left(1-\frac{\gamma_{opt}}{\gamma_{opt}+\Gamma_{SD}}\right)
    \label{eq:op}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
    \beta=2\sqrt{\pi \textrm{ln}(2)}\frac{r_e f \lambda_l^2 w'\left(i\sqrt{ln(2)}(r+is)\right)}{\delta\lambda}.
    \label{eq:beta}
\end{equation}
Here, $r_e$ is the classical radius of the electron, $f$ is the oscillator strength of the Rb D-1 line, $\lambda_l$ is the laser wavelength, and $\delta\lambda_l$ is the laser-line width. $w'(Z)$ is the real part of the Faddeeva function; with $s$ denoting the ratio of the laser-to-Rb-line-frequency difference and the laser line width, and $r$ denoting the ratio of the Rb-absorption-line width and the laser-line width.

Equation \eqref{eq:op} solves explicitly for $\gamma_{opt}$ with the assumption that the beam's spectral profile is Gaussian throughout the optical pumping cell. This is notably different from finite-difference models, in which the shape of the spectral profile changes during passage through the optical pumping cell.

The laser absorption solver used the ElmerFEM-CSC Advection-Reaction module as its template. The equation solved by the Advection-Reaction Module is \cite{Raback2015}:

\begin{equation}
    \frac{\partial c}{\partial t}+\vec{v}\cdot\vec{\nabla} c+\Gamma c = S
    \label{eq:advect-react}
\end{equation}
The following modifications were made to eq. \eqref{eq:advect-react}.

First, $\vec{v}$ can be constrained to be a unit vector, $\hat{n}$, pointing in the direction of the laser beam propagation. The spatial derivative of eq. \eqref{eq:op} can be rewritten as  $\hat{n} \cdot \vec{\nabla}\gamma_{opt} = \frac{\partial\gamma_{opt}}{\partial z}$.

Second, $\Gamma$ from eq. \eqref{eq:advect-react} can be set equal to:
\begin{equation}
    \Gamma=-\beta n_{Rb} \left(1-\frac{\gamma_{opt}}{\gamma_{opt}+\Gamma_{SD}}\right).
\end{equation}
The non-linear portion of the equation is solved iteratively by the Picard method \cite{Raback2015}.

The source term, $S$, is set to 0.
\subsection{\label{sec:alkalidiff} Diffusion of the Alkali Metal}

In many previous models, the Rb-metal vapor distribution was assumed to be uniform.  In this FEM model, a diffusion model of the Rb-metal vapor is implemented using the diffusion module supplied with ElmerFEM-CSC. Simulated geometries include temperature-dependent sources and sinks, which use the Hertz-Knudsen equation for the boundary condition of the source/sink \cite{Fink2007}:
\begin{equation}
    j_{Rb}=\alpha_{Rb}\frac{p_{sat}(T)-p}{\sqrt{2\pi M_{Rb}k_B T}}
\end{equation}
where $p_{sat}(T)$ is the saturation partial pressure for a given temperature, $p$ is the instantaneous partial pressure, $M_{Rb}$ is the molecular mass of the Rb, $k_B$ is Boltzmann's constant, $T$ is the absolute temperature, and $\alpha_{Rb}$ is the evaporation coefficient of Rb. The saturation partial pressure $p_{sat}(T)$ for Rb is calculated by the Killian equation \cite{Killian1926ThermionicPotassium}. The evaporation rate $j_{Rb}$ can be positive (sources) or negative (sinks) depending on the local values of $p_{sat}(T)$ and $p$.

Although $\alpha_{Rb}$ has not been measured for Rb, Ref. \cite{Fink2007} notes that the ideal value of $\alpha_{Rb}=1$ is expected. For all the simulations presented here, this value of $\alpha_{Rb}$ was used. For the current model, the saturation and instantaneous partial pressures were converted to the absolute mass concentration used as default in ElmerFEM-CSC diffusion module \cite{Raback2015}.

\subsection{\label{sec:wallrelax} Wall-Relaxation of HP $^{129}$Xe}
In most previous simulations, wall-relaxation is modeled as a constant term in the HP $^{129}$Xe spin-relaxation term. In this simulation, the diffusion-based model of HP $^{129}$Xe wall-relaxation is a refinement of the expression presented in Ref. \cite{Fink2005}. In that model, the wall boundary-conditions were modeled as completely depolarizing HP $^{129}$Xe spin-polarization at the walls. The authors offered an alternative model with the depolarization set to 1\% rather than 100\%. However, they noted that the lack of experimental data hindered more precise estimates.

The present model attempts to refine this approximation and connect the boundary condition at the walls to the wall-relaxation time. The wall-relaxation time (at room temperature) can easily be measured for a given cell by filling the cell with HP $^{129}$Xe and monitoring the amplitude of the HP $^{129}$Xe NMR as a function of time. It is known that this relaxation time is typically 10s of minutes \cite{Freeman2014}.

\begin{figure}[b]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{Figures/diffest-gray.jpg}
    \caption{A plot of the decay curve (eq. \eqref{eq:poldecaycurve}). The modeled sphere had a radius of $R$=0.03 m and a diffusion coefficient of $D_{Xe}=1*10^{-5} \frac{\textrm{m}^2}{s}$. The mass transfer coefficient of $\alpha_{RW}=3.5*10^{-5}\frac{\textrm{m}}{\textrm{s}}$ was calculated using eq. \eqref{eq:masstrans} for a wall-relaxation time of $\tau_{wall}=$300 sec. The overall decay curve (solid blue) overlaps with the first-order term (dashed red). The second-order term does not contribute more than 1 part per thousand to the overall decay curve, and it decays to less than $10^{-8}$ after less than 100 seconds. The higher-order terms contribute less and decay even more quickly. This wall-relaxation time is even shorter than discussed in the text, and illustrates the robustness of the assumption at reasonable wall-relaxation times. Compare the overall decay curve with the decay curve from Figure \ref{fig:sphererelax}}.
    \label{fig:diffest}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{Figures/wallrelaxspheresim-gray.png}
    \caption{The visualization of an FEM diffusion model using the same parameters as those in used in Figure \ref{fig:diffest}. The left graphic depicts the concentration of the species (normalized to one) at $\tau_{wall}=300$ sec. The graph on the right is the averaged concentration as a function of time. Note that the curve is qualitatively identical to the theoretical curve in Figure \ref{fig:diffest}.}
    \label{fig:sphererelax}
\end{figure}

The present model uses the solution to the diffusion equation for surface-evaporation in a sphere. Like with the evaporation of the Rb, we wish to have an expression that relates the flux of polarization to the surface:
\begin{equation}
    j=-D_{Xe}\frac{\partial P}{\partial r}=\alpha_{RW} P,
\end{equation}
where $\alpha_{RW}$ is the so-called mass transfer coefficient.

The solution to the diffusion equation for a spherical geometry with this boundary condition is \cite{Crank1975}:
\begin{equation}
    \frac{P(r)}{P_i}=\frac{2LR}{r}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\textrm{exp}(-D_{Xe}\beta^2_nt/R^2)}{\beta^2_n+L(L-1)}\frac{\textrm{sin}(\beta_n r/R)}{\textrm{sin}\beta_n}
    \label{eq:diffsol}
\end{equation}
where the $\beta_n$'s are the roots of $\beta_n\textrm{cot}\left(\beta_n\right)+L-1=0$, $L=\frac{R \alpha_{RW}}{D_{Xe}}$, $P$ is the polarization after time $t$, $P_i$ is the initial polarization, and $R$ is the radius of the sphere. The total polarization, $P_{tot}$, decay curve is given by \cite{Crank1975}:
\begin{equation}
    \frac{P_{tot}}{P_i}=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{6 L^2 \textrm{exp}(-D_{Xe}\beta^2_n t/R^2)}{\beta^2_n\left[\beta^2_n+L\left(L-1\right)\right]}.
    \label{eq:poldecaycurve}
\end{equation}

The wall-relaxation time, $\tau_{wall}$, is usually found by fitting the decaying HP$^{129}$Xe NMR amplitude to an exponential function:
\begin{equation}
    \frac{P_{tot}}{P_i}=\textrm{exp}\left(\frac{-t}{\tau_{wall}}\right).
    \label{eq:wallrelax}
\end{equation}

In the limit of $\beta_n >> \beta_1 \textrm{;} \forall n \neq 1 $, the larger $\beta_n$s can be ignored, and only the $\beta_1$ term will significantly contribute at long timescales. In this case, we can compare the time-dependent portion of just the first term of eq. \eqref{eq:poldecaycurve} to  eq. \eqref{eq:wallrelax}, and we find that $\tau_{wall}=\frac{R^2}{D_{Xe}\beta_1^2}$.

It turns out that for typical values found in SEOP systems (i.e. $R>5$ cm, $D_{Xe}\approx0.1\frac{\textrm{cm}^2}{\textrm{s}}$ and, $\tau_{wall}>10$ min.), $\beta_1\approx1$, in which case $L<0.5$, the ratio $\frac{\beta_2}{\beta_1}\gtrapprox4$, and all other $\beta_n$s are much larger. For wall-relaxation times longer than 10 min., the ratio between the $\beta_n$s and $\beta_1$ is even greater.

Using this approximation, we can solve for $\alpha_{RW}$ and find that:
\begin{equation}
    \alpha_{RW}=\frac{D_{Xe}}{R}\left(1-\sqrt{\frac{R^2}{D_{Xe}\tau_{wall}}}\textrm{cot}\left[\sqrt{\frac{R^2}{D_{Xe}\tau_{wall}}}\right]\right).
    \label{eq:masstrans}
\end{equation}

Equation \eqref{eq:masstrans} is a poorly behaved equation and needs to be applied with care. In particular, for a given $\tau_{wall}$, the expression has asymptotes at $R=\pi n \sqrt{D_{Xe}\tau_{wall}}$; $n=1,2,3,...$. The spacing of the asymptotes is proportional to multiples of the diffusion length. Physically, this indicates that the HP$^{129}$Xe cannot undergo wall relaxation faster than it takes for a polarized $^{129}$Xe atom at the center of the sphere to travel to the wall. Therefore, eq. \eqref{eq:masstrans} is only valid for $\tau_{wall}>\frac{R^2}{\pi^2 D_{Xe}}$.

As an example of the validity of the assumption that the higher-order terms in eq. \eqref{eq:diffsol} and \eqref{eq:poldecaycurve} do not significantly contribute, Figure \ref{fig:diffest} shows the theoretical contributions to the decrease in concentration of the polarized species as a function of time for a sphere. The first-order term almost precisely overlays the overall decay. The higher-order terms quickly decay and do not significantly contribute to the decay curve.

The expression from eq. \eqref{eq:masstrans} was used to model the wall-relaxation of HP$^{129}$Xe that diffused to the wall. An FEM model using this expression was checked computationally in a simple spherical model to give the correct transient relaxation time and decay curve (see Figure \ref{fig:sphererelax}).

\subsection{\label{sec:thermtrans} Thermal Transfer through Cell Walls}
The present model attempts to capture the nuances of thermal transfer through the optical pumping cell walls. The model assumes the optical pumping cell is in a forced-air oven where the temperature of the air is held constant. Heat transfer in the walls of the cell is solved by imposing the boundary condition:
\begin{equation}
    -k\frac{\partial T}{\partial n}=\alpha_T\left(T-T_{ext}\right)
    \label{eq:tempboundary}
\end{equation}
where $k$ is the heat conductivity of the gas mixture in the cell, $T$ is the temperature at the boundary, $T_{ext}$ is the temperature at which the external flowing air is held, and $\alpha_T$ is the heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient is calculated by combining the affects of the optical pumping wall (usually glass; thermal conductivity $k_{wall} = 1.005 \frac{\textrm{W}}{\textrm{m} \cdot\textbf{K}}$) and that of forced-air convection (heat transfer coefficient $\alpha_{air} \approx 35 \frac{\textrm{W}}{\textrm{m}^2 \cdot\textbf{K}}$). These two terms can be combined into a single heat transfer coefficient boundary condition by using the expression \cite{Bird2007}:
\begin{equation}
    \frac{1}{\alpha_T}=\frac{t_{wall}}{k_{wall}}+\frac{1}{\alpha_{air}}
    \label{eq:overheattranscoef}
\end{equation}
where $t_{wall}$ is the thickness of the wall. The expression assumes that the contact area of the different boundaries are approximately equal, which is true when $t_{wall}$ is small compared with the other linear dimensions of the optical-pumping cell.

\subsection{\label{sec:modelother} Other Considerations}
Other quantities, such as viscosity and heat capacity, were calculated using standard expressions (see Table \ref{tab:simexp}). These quantities were used as inputs for the standard modules in ElmerFEM-CSC. For more information, see appendix \ref{sec:modeldetails}.
\section{Model Details\label{sec:modeldetails}}
\begin{table*}[p]
\caption{The table lists all of the expressions that are used to calculate various parameters in the model. The first column lists the term in the model. The second column lists in which model the term is specifically used. The third column lists the expression used. Note that because the model is coded in SI units, the actual implementation of some of the expression may have been multiplied by a constant to make all the units consistent. The final column lists the reference from which each expression is derived. In all cases, the notation used by the reference has been kept. For the meaning of the particular notation in the expressions, the reader should refer to the particular reference. *Note: A previous version of this pre-print incorrectly listed the expressions used for specific heat ratio and viscosity.\label{tab:simexp}}
\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|}
\hline
\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{\textbf{Term}}& \textbf{Model} & \textbf{Expressions} & \textbf{Reference} \\
\hline
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}}Gas Mixture\\ Density\end{tabular}&
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}} Navier-Stokes\\ Heat \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}} $\rho=\frac{P}{TR}$ \\ $R=C_p\frac{\gamma-1}{\gamma}$ \end{tabular} &
\cite{Raback2015}\\
\hline
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}}Gas Mixture\\ Viscosity\end{tabular}&
Navier-Stokes&
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}
    $\mu = \mu'\left(\frac{T}{T'}\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}\frac{T'+S}{T+S}$ \\
    $\mu_{tot}=\sum_i x_i (\mu_i)^{\frac{1}{3}}$
\end{tabular}&
\\
\hline
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}}Heat Capacity\\ at Constant Pressure\end{tabular}&
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}} Navier-Stokes \\Heat \\Rb Diffusion  \end{tabular}&
$C_{p,mix} = \sum_i x_i C_{p,i}$&
\cite{NIST69}\\
\hline
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}}Specific Heat\\Ratio\end{tabular}&
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}Navier-Stoke \\ Heat\\ Rb Diffusion\end{tabular}&
$\gamma = \sum_i x_i \gamma_i$
\\%\cite{Bird2007}\\
\hline
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}}Alkali Evaporation\\Rate\end{tabular}&
Rb Diffusion&
$j_{Rb}=\alpha\frac{ p_{sat}-p}{\sqrt{2\pi M_{Rb} k_BT}}$&
\cite{Fink2007}\\
\hline
Diffusion Constant&
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}Rb Diffusion\\$^{129}$Xe Polarization\end{tabular}&
$D_{1,2}=\frac{1.8583\times10^{-7} T^{3/2}\sqrt{\frac{1}{M_1}+\frac{1}{M_2}}}{p\sigma^2_{1,2}\Omega}$&
\cite{Bird2007}\\
\hline
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}}Optical Pumping\\ Rate\end{tabular}&
Laser Absorption&
$\frac{\partial \gamma_p}{\partial z}=-\beta\gamma_p n_{Rb} \left(1-\frac{\gamma_p}{\gamma_p+\Gamma_{SD}}\right)$&
\cite{Fink2005}\\
\hline
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}}Alkali Spin\\ Destruction Rate\end{tabular}&
Laser Absorption&
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}$\Gamma_{SD}=\Gamma_{Rb}+\Gamma_{Xe}+\Gamma_{N_2}+\Gamma_{He}+\Gamma_{VW}$\\$\Gamma_{Rb}=\kappa_{Rb}[Rb]$\\$\Gamma_{N_2}=170\left(1+\frac{T-90 ^{\circ} C}{194.36 ^{\circ} C}\right)[N_2]$\\$\Gamma_{He}=24.6\left(1+\frac{T-90 ^{\circ} C}{96.4 ^{\circ} C}\right)[He]$\\$\Gamma_{Xe}=\kappa_{Xe}[Xe]$\\$\Gamma_{VW}=\frac{6469}{f_{Xe}+1.1f_{N_2}+3.2f_{He}}$\end{tabular}&
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}\cite{Ruset2005}\\ \cite{Nelson2001} \\ \cite{Walter2002} \\ \cite{Baranga1998}\end{tabular}\\
\hline
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}}Xenon Spin-\\Exchange Rate\end{tabular}&
$^{129}$Xe Polarization&
$\gamma_{SE}=\kappa_{SE}[Rb]$&
\cite{Fink2005}\\
\hline
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}}Xenon Spin-\\Relaxation Rate\end{tabular}&
$^{129}$Xe Polarization&
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}$\Gamma_{SR}=\Gamma_B+\Gamma_{VW}$\\ $\Gamma_b=\kappa_{Xe}[Xe]$\\$\Gamma_{vdW}=\frac{\Gamma^{Xe}_{vdW}}{1+\frac{r[B]}{[Xe]}}$\end{tabular}&\cite{Chann2002}\\
\hline
Wall-Relaxation&
$^{129}$Xe Polarization&
$\alpha=\frac{D_{Xe}}{R}\left(1-\sqrt{\frac{R^2}{D_{Xe}\tau}}\textrm{cot}\left[\sqrt{\frac{R^2}{D_{Xe}\tau}}\right]\right)$&
\cite{Crank1975}\\
\hline
Thermal Conductivity&
Heat&
\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}$k=1.9881 \times 10^{-4}\frac{\sqrt{T/M}}{\sigma^2\Omega}$\\$k_{mix}=\sum_\alpha \frac{x_{\alpha}k_{\alpha}}{\sum_\beta x_\beta \phi_\beta}$\end{tabular}&
\cite{Bird2007}\\
\hline
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}}Heat Transfer\\ Coefficient\end{tabular}&
Heat&
$\frac{1}{U}=\frac{1}{h_0}+\sum_{j=1}^n\frac{x_j-x_{j-1}}{k_{j-1,j}}-\frac{1}{h_n}$&
\cite{Bird2007}\\
\hline
Laser Heating&
Heat&
$Q=h\nu_l n_{Rb} \gamma_p\frac{\Gamma_{SD}}{\gamma_p+\Gamma_{SD}}$&\cite{Fink2005}\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table*}
Section \ref{sec:model} was meant to highlight the important differences between the FEM model and previous models. However, readers that are interested in using the model may be interested in some more details of that model. The most recent version of the model can be found at \url{https://github.com/drschrank/elmerfem} and is free for use under the GNU license requirement found in the source code.

Although the model can be used in a steady-state formulation of the differential equations, transient simulations are frequently useful because initial simulations on some optical pumping geometries fail to converge when solving the steady-state equations. During testing, the transient time-step for the simulation was 0.1 sec/step.

Two different linear solvers with different convergence limits were used for the modules. The generalized minimal residual method (GMRES) and biconjugate gradient stabilized method (BiCGSTAB) were both used for the Navier-Stokes equation. The BiCGSTAB was used exclusively for all the other modules. Non-linear and linear convergence limits were all less than $10^{-4}$ and were usually $10^{-6}$.

As described in section \ref{sec:model}, the model consists of five modules which are calculated in sequence. The first module which is calculated is the solution to the Navier-Stokes equation. It was provided with ElmerFEM-CSC and was used without modification. ElmerFEM-CSC provides two applicable compressiblity models for gas flow: the ``Perfect Gas'' compressibility model, which solves the full Navier-Stokes equation, and  the ``Incompressible'' compressibility model, which solves the Navier-Stokes equation with the assumption that $\vec{\nabla} \cdot j=0$. The ``Incompressible''compressiblity model requires less computational resources, and it is appropriate when the Mach number of the fluid flow is low, which is the case for all reasonable SEOP models. When using the ``Incompressible'' model, the density can be calculated as a function of temperature at each time-step. The Navier-Stokes calculation is dependent on the solution to the heat equation, which is discussed later.

The second module which is calculated is Rb diffusion. This module uses the Advection-Diffusion module. This module was also provided with ElmerFEM-CSC and was used without modification. This module's solution is only dependent on the resulting gas flow calculated by the Navier-Stokes equation.

The third module is the laser absorption module. This module was based on the Advection-Reaction (eq. \eqref{eq:advect-react}) module, which was provided by ElmerFEM-CSC. The module was modified to use the Picard method to approximate the non-linear solution by a series of iterative steps (see Ref. \cite{Raback2015} section on linearization of the Navier-Stokes equation for an example). The specific equation solved using this method is described in section \ref{sec:laserasborb}. The solution to this module is only dependent on the solution to the previous module, the Rb diffusion module.

The time-dependent portion of eq. \eqref{eq:advect-react} is ignored by ElmerFEM-CSC solvers when the model is used to solve steady-state problems. However, for the transient simulations, the time-dependent term had to be included. To handle this, the time-dependent term was multiplied by a coefficient that is much smaller than the characteristic time-steps used in the model. This modification effectively causes each time-step to be a steady-state solution of eq. \eqref{eq:op}.

The fourth module is the $^{129}$Xe polarization module. This module is based on the Advection-Diffusion module which was provided by ElmerFEM-CSC. The method by which the equation was solved was not changed. The only changes made were the assignments to the various constant parameters of the Advection-Diffusion equation, and the solver was forced to always use the ``absolute mass'' setting because the equation in this form is easily adapted to eq. \eqref{eq:xediff}.

The solution to this module is only dependent on the laser absorption module, and the solution does not effect any of the other modules. This allows for the possibility of running simulations with only the other four modules active and then using a final, steady-state solution of the other four modules to calculate the solution to the $^{129}$Xe polarization.

The final module is the heat equation module. This module was provided by ElmerFEM-CSC without any modification. The solution is dependent on both the laser absorption solution and the Navier-Stokes solution.

Parameters for the various modules are listed in table \ref{tab:simexp}. The values of particular constants used in the equations in the table can be found in the references listed in the table.
\section{\label{sec:verification}Verification}

Although the model contains the relevant SEOP physics, it is necessary to verify that the model is providing an adequate computational solution to those expressions. In order to confirm that the FEM model conformed to accepted results, a comparison study was run with the model described in Ref. \cite{Freeman2014}, the Freeman model.

The Freeman model differs from the model described here in several important ways. The Freeman model uses a finite-difference method rather than a finite-element method. The Freeman model is a one-dimensional simulation. The fluid velocity, temperature, and the Rb-density distribution are approximated as uniform in the Freeman model. The laser spectral profile used in the Freeman model is not constrained to be Gaussian; rather the spectral profile is discretized and calculated at each spacial node in the model. Finally, in the Freeman model, the $^{129}$Xe polarization is calculated using the average Rb polarization rather than Rb polarization at each spacial node.

It was possible to reproduce aspects of this model in the infrastructure of the FEM model described here. The geometry of the FEM model was drawn as a cylinder. The Navier-Stokes fluid model, heat transfer model, and Rb-diffusion model were disabled. They were replaced with uniform axial flow, a uniform temperature, and a homogeneous Rb number-density. In addition, for this comparison, the wall-relaxation described in section \ref{sec:wallrelax} was replaced by an additional term in the HP$^{129}$Xe relaxation expression. The outlet $^{129}$Xe polarization of this FEM model was compared with the predicted $^{129}$Xe polarization from the Freeman model.

The results of this comparison are shown in Figure \ref{fig:modelcomparison}. The two models predicted very close to the same polarization at low temperature for all flow velocities. The discrepancy between the models increases with both the temperature and the flow velocity. The Freeman model nearly always predicts a lower polarization. The largest absolute and relative discrepancies are 9 percentage-points (16\%) and 19\% (8 percentage-points), respectively.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Figures/FEM_vs_Freeman.png}
    \caption{The predicted $^{129}$Xe polarization from the Freeman model and the FEM model as a function of temperature and flow velocity using substantially similar assumptions regarding flow, temperature distribution, and Rb number-density distribution. Each curve represents a different flow velocity (0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 SLM) from a different model. The dotted lines are the predictions of the Freeman model, and the solid lines are the predictions of the FEM model. The Freeman model almost always predicts a lower polarization than the FEM model. This is thought to be because the FEM model includes a combination of a diffusion model for the $^{129}$Xe polarization solver and a heterogeneous Rb polarization spatial-distribution.}
    \label{fig:modelcomparison}
\end{figure}

A couple of explanations for this discrepancy were considered and rejected. One explanation for this discrepancy is that the calculated laser absorption differs in the two models. The Freeman model does not enforce the assumption of a Gaussian spectral profile of the laser, while the FEM model described here does. The assumption of a Gaussian spectral profile might influence the calculated Rb polarization, and thus the final $^{129}$Xe polarization. However, when a comparison of the 0.2 SLM flow-rate series was conducted, it was both found that the average calculated Rb polarization differed by no more than 0.2 percentage-points (0.2\%) and that the FEM model usually predicted a \textit{lower} Rb polarization. Thus, it seems unlikely that the Gaussian spectral profile, which is enforced by the FEM model, would result in a higher prediction for the $^{129}$Xe polarization.

Another possible cause for the discrepancy between the two models was the Rb polarization spacial-distribution that existed in FEM model. Although the Freeman model does calculate a spacial-distribution for the Rb polarization, the final $^{129}$Xe polarization calculation uses a spatially-averaged value. In order to test if this was the cause of the discrepancy, the  flow direction in the FEM model was reversed so that it was directed parallel to the direction of laser propagation instead of anti-parallel.

The Rb polarization in the FEM model is highest where the laser first enters the cell geometry. Therefore, reversing the direction of the flow in the model changes the spatial-distribution of the Rb polarization for the simulated $^{129}$Xe. In the anti-parallel flow configuration, the gas will first encounter Rb with a lower-than-average Rb polarization and progress to a region of higher-than-average Rb polarization. In the parallel flow configuration, this order is reversed.

Although the reversed-flow FEM model did result in a  lower prediction of the $^{129}$Xe polarization, this affect alone was not sufficient to account for the discrepancy between the Freeman model and the FEM model. The predicted $^{129}$Xe polarization at 150 $^{\circ}$C from the FEM model decreased by only $\sim$1 percentage point when the flow was reversed.

A final possible cause, which was considered, was that the FEM model incorporates diffusion of the $^{129}$Xe polarization while the Freeman model does not. This difference, coupled with a Rb polarization spatial-distribution discussed above, will cause the FEM model to predict higher $^{129}$Xe polarizations than the Freeman model by significant amounts. The solution to the one-dimensional \textit{diffusion-reaction equation}, assuming a linear Rb polarization as a function of axial position, causes the final predicted $^{129}$Xe polarization to fall off linearly as a function of gas velocity. Solving the \textit{advection-reaction equation}, which is used in the Freeman model, with a Rb polarization independent of axial position causes the final predicted $^{129}$Xe polarization to fall off exponentially with gas velocity. The details of this derivation are provided in appendix \ref{sec:diffderiv}.

This final combined effect from both the diffusion-reaction equation and the Rb-spatial distribution is likely the cause of the discrepancy between the predictions of the Freeman model and the FEM model.

\begin{figure}[tb]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=.25\textwidth]{Figures/RbGeometry.png}
    \caption{A visualization of the geometry chosen on which to test the FEM code. The geometry is a 100-cc standard optical pumping cell. The entire geometry (optical pumping region, inlet, and outlet) was drawn using Onshape CAD software, and a mesh was created from this geometry using Salome 9.2.1. The Rb source was modelled as a thin, cylindrical film that encircled the middle of the optical pumping region of the cell (black section in figure). An additional Rb sink was prescribed in the entire outlet tube for the geometry (not pictured).}
    \label{fig:geometry}
\end{figure}

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text:
Fifty adults and a baby found living in four houses in Barking and Dagenham
PUBLISHED: 07:00 21 October 2015 | UPDATED: 08:19 21 October 2015
Sebastian Murphy-Bates
Four mattresses were found crammed into a lounge at Hedingham Road, Dagenham
Fifty-one people - including a six-week-old baby sharing a bed with two adults - were found crammed into four houses during a nighttime raid.
Cllr Rodwell emerges from an overcrowded property in Lodge Ave
The Post joined seven police officers, council housing officers, council leader Cllr Darren Rodwell, a Hungarian interpreter and a television camera crew for the secret crackdown on "rogue landlords" earlier this month.
Cllr Rodwell said a robust approach is needed to stop landlords capitalising on the housing crisis.
"London is suffering with buy-to-let landlords not living up to their social responsibility," he said. "It's quite amazing how people think it's acceptable to make money out of vulnerable people – whether it's residents living in these properties or around them.
"It drives me even further to make sure we've got the resources to tell rogue landlords they're not welcome."
Officers entering the property in Hedingham Road, Dagenham.
But his message is not being heard by some landlords, who are willing to let out cramped houses furnished with fire hazards.
I saw it was often tenants struggling, and often failing, to speak English who were confronted with the raids.
At a three-bedroom house in Lyndhurst Gardens, Barking, a short, balding man was baffled by officers' interest in a double bed in his front room.
But police found six adults and four children living there in what housing officers said is an illegal sub-let not involving the landlord.
Police suspected these beds were shared between six people in Lodge Avenue
Fifteen people were living in a three-bedroom house in Lodge Avenue, Barking, which had faulty electrics, no fire alarms and frayed wires hanging overhead.
After electricity on the top floor failed when officers disconnected a risky radiator, Cllr Rodwell emerged from the property.
"It's terrible," he said. "There's open sockets, broken sockets, a heater I haven't seen since my dear old nan was around and the main circuit box was open – it's a fire waiting to happen."
And he was appalled to find 16 people – including a six-week-old baby and a bullmastiff dog – living in a three-bedroom house in Bosworth Road, Dagenham, after being let by a council-approved agency.
"They probably don't know and probably don't care as long as they get their money," Cllr Rodwell said, as the apparent occupants told police they didn't live there.
A final raid in Hedingham Road, Dagenham, revealed evidence of about 10 people paying £4,000 a month to share a three-bedroom terraced house and a bed in a shed.
Cllr Rodwell told the camera crew he was upset with what he'd seen after the front room window revealed four mattresses lining the floor of what used to be a living room.
"We've [potentially] stopped a building going up in flames," he said. "I'm really proud of our officers and our residents for letting us know about these beds in sheds."
Dagenham dawn raid crackdown on overcrowded immigrant housing
Cllr Darren Rodwell
Crowdfunder and Trust For London team up to support projects tackling poverty and inequality
To celebrate the launch of Connected Communities, Crowdfunder has teamed up with Trust For London to award £5,000 to five projects making a difference in Barking & Dagenham.
Apply for grants to protect the historic and natural 'gems' of the Essex border
Here's why we should preserve and restore the historic and natural landscape and how you could help with one of Land of the Fanns' community project grants, of up to £5,000.
Is a Big Mac with Bacon #StillABigMac or #NotABigMac?
It's the debate fans across the UK are discussing - so where better to find out more about the iconic burger than behind the scenes in a local McDonald's restaurant?
Pre-season: Dagenham & Redbridge 0 Charlton Athletic 4
View Live
Barking and Dagenham Post twice-weekly newsletter
"It wasn't his time": Family of Kane Johnson speaks of pain amid desperate search for answers
Emotional tributes as college announces award in late drama student's name
Video	Guilty: Dealer who murdered actor with same drug he supplied to serial killer
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text:
Mary Maguire
Mary Maguire, c. 1937
Hélène Teresa Maguire
(1919-02-22)22 February 1919
Long Beach, California, U.S.
Robert Gordon-Canning (1940–1944) (divorced) (1 child)
Philip Henry Legarra (1945–1971) (his death)
Michael Maguire (father)
Mary Jane Maguire (née Carroll) (mother)
Michael (1941–1942)
Mary Maguire (born Hélène Teresa Maguire;[1][2] 22 February 1919 – 18 May 1974) was an Australian-born actress who briefly became a Hollywood and British film star in the late 1930s.
2.1 Hollywood 1936–1938
2.2 Britain
3 Personal life
4 The marrying Maguires
Maguire was born in Melbourne, Australia, to Michael "Mickey" Maguire, footballer, racehorse owner, hotel proprietor, and former welterweight boxer[3][4] and Mary Jane Maguire (née Carroll).[5] Nicknamed "Peggy" by the family, she was the second of five sisters. She grew up in Melbourne and Brisbane, her father managing the famous "Bull and Mouth Hotel" in Bourke Street, Melbourne,[6] and later the iconic Bellevue Hotel, Brisbane.[7] In Melbourne she attended the Academy of Mary Immaculate in Fitzroy.
Maguire began acting when she was cast in the film Heritage by director Charles Chauvel at the age of 16. Elsa Chauvel wrote in her 1973 memoirs: "This lovely child was brought to our notice by a Brisbane publicity man... fresh from a Queensland convent."[8] Changing her name to Mary, Maguire then starred in The Flying Doctor, an Australian-British co-production that was filmed in Australia by director Miles Mander and also starred American actor Charles Farrell.[9]
Hollywood 1936–1938
With encouragement from Miles Mander, Maguire and her family moved to Hollywood in September 1936.[10] Mander gave her an introduction to fellow Australian expat John Farrow, who arranged for an interview with a casting director that led to a contract with Warner Bros.[11]
Maguire made her U.S. debut in the B movie That Man's Here Again with comedian Hugh Herbert, followed by Confession with Kay Francis and Ian Hunter, Alcatraz Island with Ann Sheridan and John Litel, and Sergeant Murphy with Ronald Reagan.[12]
In February 1938, she left Warners for 20th Century Fox. Reports said she was seen in the company of 20th Century Fox executive Joe Schenck, who "believed in her career."[13]
In 1938, after appearing in Mysterious Mr. Moto, she moved to Great Britain, where she appeared in a number of films,[14] including Keep Smiling, a Gracie Fields comedy. As one of only a handful of Australian actors working internationally in film at the time, her career attracted considerable attention from Australian newspapers between 1936 and 1946.
Maguire's reasons for leaving Hollywood in 1938 are unclear. There is some evidence that she had originally intended to travel to Britain in 1936.[15] On the other hand, in November 1937 a newspaper reported she had "mutinied" and been temporarily removed from Warner Brothers' payroll because she wanted dramatic roles rather than ingénue roles.[16] Subsequently, she starred in British dramas such as The Outsider opposite George Sanders, Black Eyes, opposite Otto Kruger, An Englishman's Home with Edmund Gwenn and This Was Paris with Ann Dvorak.
Maguire being welcomed home at Brisbane, 1936
In mid 1939, she announced her engagement to Robert Gordon-Canning MC, a First World War veteran thirty years her senior. He had been active in far-right British politics, including the British Union of Fascists and The Link.[17] When their engagement was announced, Maguire felt the need to publicly disassociate herself from Gordon-Canning's political views and anti-Semitism. In July 1939, she told a journalist from The Australian Women's Weekly: "I have no Fascist sympathies... and do not intend to take part in my fiancé's political life... I was given my big chance in Hollywood where there are many Jews. It would be both ungrateful and unkind of me to ally myself because of marriage with the Fascist Party."[18] They married in August 1939, attracting great publicity, partly because she was carried to the wedding in an invalid chair, supposedly with a broken ankle.[19][20] Several years later, she revealed that she had been suffering tuberculosis at the time of the wedding. Her sickness, which she characterized as "a wonky lung", was attributed to "exposure to inclement weather in Hollywood".[21]
Ironically, amongst his previous fascist publications, Gordon-Canning had written disparagingly of the influence and tone of Hollywood films.[22] Although he was interned in July 1940, and she was still ill,[23] a son, Michael Robert, was born in February 1941; he died in early 1942.[24] Maguire's last film was This Was Paris, made in 1942 in England, a story of the activities of fifth columnists in Paris before its fall.[25] She and Gordon-Canning divorced in 1944,[21] and Maguire described the marriage as a "closed chapter" in her life. She attempted to restart her Hollywood career, but although still aged only 26, her efforts were to no avail.
Her second marriage was to Philip Henry Legarra, a U.S. engineer,[26] who had been sent to Britain to promote the Mustang fighter plane.[27]
She died at Long Beach, California, in 1974.
In 2019, Michael Adams published a biography of Maguire, Australia's Sweetheart: The Amazing Story of Forgotten Hollywood Star Mary Maguire.[28]
The marrying Maguires
Elsa Chauvel claimed the Maguire sisters were known as "The Marrying Maquires" because they took "London by storm" when they arrived there, making "spectacular marriages".[8] The oldest Maguire girl, Patricia, married Peter Rudyard Aitken, the son of Lord Beaverbrook, and was the mother of the current 6th Baronet Green of Wakefield.[29] The third Maguire daughter, Joan, acted on stage in London under the name Joan Shannon.[30] Carmel Maguire married John Wodehouse, 4th Earl of Kimberley, and was the mother of the current Earl.[31] The youngest of the girls, "Lupe" (actually christened Mary), married British hire car "king" Godfrey Davis, also having appeared in a minor part in The Man in Grey (1943).[32]
1933 Diggers in Blighty Minor Role [33]
1935 Heritage Biddy O'Shea / Biddy Parry
1936 The Flying Doctor Jenny Rutherford
1937 That Man's Here Again Nancy Lee
1937 Confession Hildegard
1937 Alcatraz Island Annabel Sloane aka Ann Brady
1938 Sergeant Murphy Mary Lou Carruthers
1938 Mysterious Mr. Moto Ann Richman
1938 Keep Smiling Avis Maguire
1939 The Outsider Lalage Sturdee
1939 Black Eyes Tanya Petroff
1940 An Englishman's Home Betty Brown
1942 This Was Paris Blossom Leroy – Butch's Girlfriend (final film role)
^ A. W. Simpson (1992) In the Highest Degree Odious: Detention without Trial in Wartime Britain, p. 215. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-825949-2
^ rootsweb.ancestry.com
^ "Mr. M. Maguire dies in London", The Sydney Morning Herald, 7 June 1950; via Trove
^ Boxing Record Accessed 12/06/2013
^ National Library of Australia scrapbook compiled about Mary Maguire (senior)
^ The Argus, Melbourne, 19 November 1924
^ The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 February 1941
^ a b Elsa Chauvel (1973) My Life with Charles Chauvel. p. 60, The Shakespeare Head Press, Sydney. ISBN 0-85558-062-3. The convent was, in fact, Loretto Convent, Brisbane—the school some of the Maguire girls attended after relocating from Melbourne.
^ Australians in Hollywood: Mary Maguire, National Portrait Gallery (Australia).
^ The Sydney Morning Herald, 17 September 1936
^ "Australian Conquests in Hollywood". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 28 November 1936. p. 13. Retrieved 3 March 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Vaughn, Stephen (1994). Ronald Reagan in Hollywood: Movies and Politics. UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44080-7.
^ Schallert, E. (12 February 1938). "Lessons for Ladies Purchased by Warners for Bette Davis". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 164855787. (registration required)
^ The Argus, Melbourne, 18 May 1938
^ The Sydney Morning Herald, 3 August 1936
^ The Argus, Melbourne, 5 November 1937
^ See further details at British National Security Archives
^ "Mary Maguire to Marry English Fascist Captain". The Australian Women's Weekly. 29 July 1939. p. 28. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
^ Photo of the marriage, The Herald and Weekly Times
^ "Marriage in Wheel Chair". Daily Telegraph. Sydney. 11 August 1939. p. 1. Retrieved 15 July 2020 – via Trove.
^ a b "Mary Maguire finds US lover and is divorced by husband". Truth. Brisbane. 26 November 1944. p. 12. Retrieved 8 May 2016 – via Trove.
^ Thomas Linehan, Brunel University, "A Dangerous Piece of Celluloid? British Fascists and the Hollywood Movie Archived 4 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine See Gordon-Canning's writings, including Mind Britain's Business Archived 8 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine and The Holy Land, Arab or Jew? (1938) Archived 11 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^ The Argus, Melbourne, Friday 12 July 1940
^ The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 February 1941 However, the son died in early 1942 and was interned at a church in the Gordon-Cannings' ancestral seat of Hartpury. See wishful-thinking.org.uk
^ Turner Classic Movies entry
^ "Mary Maguire Back". The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 March 1946. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
^ McFarlane, Brian (8 February 2019). "Australia's Sweetheart review: Michael Adams on the story of Mary Maguire". The Age. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
^ Australia's Sweetheart by Michael Adams, details at National Library of Australia
^ Janet Aitken Kidd (1987 )The Beaverbrook Girl. Collins, London. ISBN 0-00-217602-5
^ The Evening Post, New Zealand, 11 July 1940, p.18
^ Obituary of 4th Earl of Kimberley
^ The Argus, Melbourne, 11 November 1937, reports an effort by Carmen and Lupe to break into pictures
^ The Queenslander 21 June 1934
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mary Maguire.
Mary Maguire on IMDb
Photograph in evening gown, 1938 State Library Victoria, accessed 23 March 2015


text:
Martha Minow, The Government Can't, May, or Must Fund Religious Schools: Three Riddles of Constitutional Change for Laurence Tribe, 42 Tulsa L. Rev. 911 (2007).
Abstract: Part of the Legal Scholarship Symposium: The Scholarship of Laurence Tribe. Three linked puzzles arise with the constitutionality of public funding private schools - where the funding scheme excludes religious schools: how can the demands of both the Establishment and Free Exercise clause be satisfied; what does respecting precedent mean when there is a recent reversal of one line of cases, and when does federalism demand deference to the supremacy of the federal constitution or instead respect for state autonomy? The puzzling conjunction of the free exercise and establishment could lead government actors has led the Supreme Court to call for "play-in-the-joints," allowing some distance between government aid and religious institutions even at if it limits the free exercise of some individuals who at the margin may choose a non-religious path in order to get the public subsidy. The second puzzle - how to respect precedent when a recent new precedent overturns an older one - suggests some respect people's reliance on surrounding precedents, here governing the pre-existing relationship between religion and government. The third puzzle, federalism's Janus-faced tribute to state autonomy, requires federal supremacy but should permit the variety that decentralization enables. Given these puzzles, consideration of policy effects is justified; it is relevant to consider how mandating public funding of vouchers and tax credits redeemable at parochial schools as part of any public educational aid would likely lead many more families to opt for private religious schools, schools - and would alter the character of schooling and socialization in America. Taken together, stare decisis and the religion clauses suggest that federal courts now should leave room for state experimentation and variety rather than a uniform national solution on the issue of compelled public aid to religious schools. This approach is informed by Professor Tribe's approach to constitutional doctrine not a straight-jacket but instead a tool for addressing complex difficulties in light of past resolutions of analogous difficulties as well as past and enduring normative commitments.
Discrimination & Civil Rights
Law & Public Policy


The bomb was planted on a motorcycle and blew out the glass facade of the building near the site of violent protests over a proposed economic law just days before.
Seven people have been arrested in Vietnam, including three on terrorism charges, for bombing a police station in Ho Chi Minh City last month in a rare attack that injured three people.
Two officers and a cook were injured in the explosion.
Officials Thursday did not make a direct connection to the protests and said only that it was a carefully orchestrated attack by alleged terrorists connected to a "foreign" group.
"The organisation of the attack... was with support from outside forces," HCMC Police Colonel Nguyen Sy Quang told reporters Thursday, without naming the alleged group.
"They had careful preparation and had tested explosives many times," he added.
Three of the men face terrorism charges, while another four face charges of providing explosives. At least three others are being sought in connection with the attack.
Authorities also seized dozens of detonators and 10 kilograms (22 pounds) of explosives that the group allegedly planned to use for further attacks.
The bomb attack came just 10 days after huge -- and rare -- rallies erupted in several cities across Vietnam last month where thousands gathered to protest against a draft law on special economic zones that would grant investors 99-year leases.
The proposed law sparked fears that China would take over the investment zones, igniting popular and deep-seated resentment against Vietnam's powerhouse communist neighbour.
China was not named in the draft law, and the government proposed reducing leases, but it was not enough to quell the anger.
Hundreds of uniformed and plainclothes police manned public parks and roads in Ho Chi Minh City the weekend after the rallies to block planned follow-up protests.
An American student Will Nguyen was detained in the demonstrations and is being investigated for "disturbing public order".
His family has rallied the US government to demand his release and hopes the case will be raised during a visit by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to Hanoi on Sunday.
Scores were arrested in the nationwide protests on June 10.
A hardline administration in place since 2016 has been accused of quashing dissent and jailing activists at an unprecedented rate.
On Monday, a 44-year-old activist Le Anh Hung was arrested in Hanoi, his mother told AFP, saying authorities told her he was accused of tarnishing the prestige of Vietnam's leaders.


The "A Tale of Champions" cycle of Chapter Packs for A Game of Thrones: The Card Game places a strong emphasis on the unique knights, lords, and ladies who would be at the forefront of the tourney environment. Where Loyalty Lies continues this focus with the introduction of 12 bold, new unique characters, including all-new characters and new versions of existing characters. Players will find more support for the cycle's exciting new Joust and Melee keywords, which are certain to lead to all manner of new deck types.
With 60 new cards (three copies each of 20 different cards), Where Loyalty Lies offers players exciting new bannermen for each of the Great Houses of Westeros, though fans of House Lannister and their machinations should be particularly pleased with this new Chapter Pack.


Diana Al-Hadid's first solo exhibition at the gallery, titled Ground and Figures, presents a combination of various work: three-dimensional paintings, drawings on mylar, sculpture, and a site-specific installation. While continuing her course of inventing visually distinct and compelling work, for which she is well recognized, this exhibition advances several aspects of her practice in scope, scale, and subtle shifts of color palette.
Myriad topics influence Al-Hadid including anatomy, architecture, geology, history, and art history. These separate subjects synthesize and an aberrant aesthetic emerges as a result. Everything in her repository culminates into creating impossibly intricate works, simultaneously ethereal and ragged. Each piece bridges a realm, dimensionality is immeasurable, and matter is not tangible.
Al-Hadid created an installation specifically for this exhibition, applying a bottomless design, similar to the San Marco piece. This ambitious work drops a 30-foot long "wall" from the ceiling, spanning the width of the gallery space. Combining landscape and portrait imagery from various Old Master paintings, she constructed this to include a sizable egress, irregular and fissured, allowing people to move through the work. Inviting interaction, this installation is the first of its kind, giving the sense of traversing a painting, or passing through a threshold between a distant past and an obscure frontier.


text:
Home Science, Technology & Research Food systems, gender and challenges faced by Dhaka's textile workers
Food systems, gender and challenges faced by Dhaka's textile workers
The textile industry is an important source of revenue and employment in Bangladesh, where an estimated 60% of the approximately 4 million people who work in it are women. The millions of young women who migrate from rural areas to Dhaka to work in the garment factories of its peri-urban area move there to earn more than they can at home, but that migration implies adapting to an urban space that is highly unequal, gendered and otherwise challenging.
When it comes to marginalized populations such as textile workers, who may be unregistered and considered 'temporary' residents, urban policy and development planning officials often overlook issues such as food availability and water security. Meanwhile, research on the intersection of gender and food security tends to focus on rural contexts, even though little is known about whether the rural-urban migration of young women represents a move toward empowerment, or to an urban environment fraught with challenges and hardship.
To address this cross-sectoral knowledge gap, scientists from Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) and international organizations designed a research project titled 'Transforming the rules of the game: Gendered livability in peri-urban Dhaka.' The study, which was implemented in 2022 and funded by the CGIAR GENDER Impact Platform, focused on understanding issues related to the peri-urban food and water systems and how they affect the lives of young women garment workers.
At the end of project implementation in December, 32 participants – 56% women – gathered in Dhaka for a stakeholder consultation workshop. Participants included representatives of government, local and international agricultural organizations, NGOs, universities, and the private sector, and had expertise in areas as varied as nutrition, food systems, environment, and urban development.
BAU professors Sadika Haque and Bentul Mawa, who led research on the impact of climate change and rural—urban migration on the food governance system, explained that women who work in Dhaka's garment factories live in residential areas with very limited public services such as waste management, water and health care.
"Women garment workers have very few options for purchasing food and little time for shopping or household chores. They also have to cope with concerns such as increasing food prices, or the possibility of problems with local people in an area far from friends and families, and where they may be unfamiliar with local norms," said Sadika Haque.
BAU sociology professor Samina Luthfa explained that garment factory workers are involved in global value chains that exploit women in the Global South and are characterized by structural inequality. Those women workers commonly face workplace problems and gender relation challenges.
"Factory managers view workers as easily replaceable cheap labor, and young women workers commonly endure exploitative conditions," Luthfa said. "At the same time, the residential areas they live in are very insecure in terms of clean water, food, and nutrition," she added.
Luthfa highlighted that many women garment workers face underlying gendered issues such as husbands depending on their earnings or being pressured to pay the debts of their family or in-laws.
"Evidence suggest that the income women earn from factory jobs isn't leading to empowerment. Rather, its positive impacts are limited by gender inequality and patriarchal gender norms that persist in both the workplace and households," she said.
According to Dr. Mohammad Yunus, Senior Research Fellow at the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, many of the challenges women workers face result from the wages and working conditions themselves.
"There is a vicious circle of child under-nutrition that starts with women working in exploitative conditions, for low salaries, and inadequate diets. In current peri-urban factory working conditions, women's involvement in economic activities won't lead to empowerment, which needs to be addressed.
"Some of the gender-based exclusion and marginalization that women workers face could be addressed by changing regulations, laws and policies. Raising our collective voices to policy makers is therefore very important," observed Dr. Rudaba Khondoker, Bangladesh Country Director, Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN).
Social scientist Sharifa Parvin explained that the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and Wageningen University Research (WUR) are working with the Government of Bangladesh to make Dhaka's peri-urban food system more gender inclusive and equitable. Under a five-year project called "Support for Modelling, Planning and Improving Dhaka's Food System," which ends in June 2023, FAO and WUR have collaborated 12 government and non-governmental partners in areas that include improving food and nutrition security and food safety.
Nozomi Kawarazuka, a social scientist with the International Potato Center (CIP), explained that the CIP-led CGIAR Research Initiative on Resilient Cities will complement the FAO project and expand on its achievements in the coming years. That Initiative, which has begun work in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Philippines and Peru, aims to develop approaches, impact pathways and partnerships to take interventions to scale, in those countries and others.
"The knowledge gained from this research will help guide and strengthen future interventions," said Kawarazuka. "One thing that is certain is that efforts to improve peri-urban food systems have to address women's needs and constraints."
The workshop was organized by the Alliance of Bioversity & CIAT, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), International Potato Center (CIP) International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Interdisciplinary Institute for Food Security (IIFS), Mymensingh District, and supported by the CGIAR GENDER Impact Platform.
Source of original article: International Potato Center (cipotato.org).
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text:
Q: CSS Grid - Highlight cells up to the hovered cell In a grid, I want to highlight group of cells - a rectangle shape - starting from top left cell up to the cell under the mouse position.
Let's say our grid initially looks like this:

.grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 50px);
  grid-template-rows: repeat(5, 50px);
  gap: 5px;
}

.grid-item {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  background: lightgray;
}

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And now the user hovers with the mouse over cell number 18. The grid should look like this now:

.grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 50px);
  grid-template-rows: repeat(5, 50px);
  gap: 5px;
}

.grid-item {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  background: lightgray;
}

.grid-item-blue {
  background: lightblue;
}

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I prefer css solution.
Is is possible using css only? If not, how would you do this in JS?

A: Here is pure CSS solution with flexbox but too complex.

.grid {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  flex-flow: wrap-reverse;
  direction: rtl;
  width: calc(50px*5 + 5px*4);
}

.grid-item {
  width: 50px;
  height: 50px;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  background: lightgray;
  margin-bottom: 5px;
}

.grid-item:not(:nth-child(5n + 1)) {
  margin-right: 5px;
}

.grid-item:nth-child(5n - 4):hover,
.grid-item:nth-child(5n - 4):hover~.grid-item,
.grid-item:nth-child(5n - 3):hover,
.grid-item:nth-child(5n - 3):hover~.grid-item:not(:nth-child(5n + 1)),
.grid-item:nth-child(5n - 2):hover,
.grid-item:nth-child(5n - 2):hover~.grid-item:not(:nth-child(5n + 1)):not(:nth-child(5n + 2)),
.grid-item:nth-child(5n - 1):hover,
.grid-item:nth-child(5n - 1):hover~.grid-item:not(:nth-child(5n + 1)):not(:nth-child(5n + 2)):not(:nth-child(5n + 3)),
.grid-item:nth-child(5n):hover,
.grid-item:nth-child(5n):hover~.grid-item:not(:nth-child(5n + 1)):not(:nth-child(5n + 2)):not(:nth-child(5n + 3)):not(:nth-child(5n + 4))
{
  background: lightblue;
}

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A: Here's a pure css Idea if you don't mind nesting the content on more level just to put it over the fake background.

.grid {
    overflow:hidden;
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 50px);
    grid-template-rows: repeat(5, 50px);
    gap: 5px;
}

.grid-item {
    background: lightgray;
    position: relative;
    display: flex;
}

.grid-item>span {
    z-index: 2;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
}

.grid-item:hover:before {
    position: absolute;
    content: '';
    background: linear-gradient(to left,#ff000000 0px 50px,#ffffff 50px 55px) 0 0/55px, linear-gradient(to top,lightblue 0px 50px,#ffffff00 50px 55px) 0 0/1px 55px ;
    z-index: 1;
    width: calc(55px * 9);
    height: calc(55px * 9);
    bottom: 0;
    right: 0;
}

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A: I think it very hard to do this with pure CSS, especially if you plan to expand this grid. However it can be done with javascript

document.querySelector('.grid').addEventListener("mouseover", function (event) {
    Array.from(this.querySelectorAll('.grid-item')).forEach(node => {
        var nodePosition = node.getBoundingClientRect();
        if (nodePosition.x <= event.clientX && nodePosition.y <= event.clientY) {
            node.classList.add('grid-item-blue')
        }
        else {
            node.classList.remove('grid-item-blue')
        }
    })
});
.grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 50px);
  grid-template-rows: repeat(5, 50px);
  gap: 5px;
}

.grid-item {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  background: lightgray;
}
.grid-item-blue {
  background: lightblue;
}

<!DOCTYPE html>

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You can also use debouncing to reduce the number of times the mouseover callback function is triggered.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
You are here: Home Geology Water Cycle
All living organisms, the atmosphere, and the lithosphere maintain between them a circulation of water in the solid, liquid, or gaseous form referred to as the water or hydrologic cycle. In the hydrologic cycle, water from oceans, lakes, swamps, rivers, plants, and even you can turn into water vapor. Water vapor condenses into millions of tiny droplets that form clouds. Clouds lose their water as rain or snow, which is called precipitation. Precipitation is either absorbed into the ground or runs off into rivers. Water that was absorbed into the ground is taken up by plants. Plants lose water from their surfaces as vapor back into the atmosphere. Water that runs off into rivers flows into ponds, lakes, or oceans where it evaporates back into the atmosphere.
The water cycle describes how water evaporates from the surface of the earth, rises into the atmosphere, cools and condenses into rain or snow in clouds, and falls again to the surface as precipitation. It involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.
The water falling on land collects in rivers and lakes, soil, and porous layers of rock, and much of it flows back into the oceans, where it will once more evaporate. The cycling of water in and out of the atmosphere is a significant aspect of the weather patterns on Earth.
Fronts of Air Masses
Importance of Tides of Ocean Water
Monsoon Winds of the Arabian Sea
Horns and Serrated Ridges: Erosional Landforms
Soil Formation Process
Movement of the Indian Plate
Tropical Deciduous Forests in Indian Subcontinent
Explain Total Internal Reflection of Optical Fibres
Lorentz Force
Differentiated, undifferentiated and concentrated Marketing Strategies
Define Angiosperm Plants
Define Autumn Wood or Late Wood
Advantage and Disadvantage of Net Present Value (NPV)
River Regime
Himachal and Uttaranchal Himalayas
Measuring Earthquakes
Precipitation in the Atmosphere
Pressure and Winds of Cold Weather Season


text:
Q: Comparison of Bayesian Neural Network with Multilayer Perceptron I have a machine learning project with not so much data, so I have the following reasons to use Bayesian neural network (not Bayesian network / directed graphical models) for my work:

*

*There are indeed some nonlinear interaction between features in my model, so I do not want to use linear regression. And as I tried, xgboost does not work well for this dataset.

*I heard Bayesian neural network is more tolerance of small dataset than multilayer perceptron.

*I can get a free estimate of the uncertainty of my prediction.

However, I have the following question about Bayesian neural network as I have no experience with it:

*

*Is it true that Bayesian neural network work better than multilayer perceptron? I synthesized some data using a function I chose, then gradually reduce the number of data gradually and measure the mean squared error from both model. Up until the point when the number of data is too small for both models, multilayer perceptron always perform better than Bayesian neural network.

*How should I compare the performance of these two models? For my regression task, I used mean squared error for multilayer perceptron. But how about Bayesian neural network? Shall I use the MAP value of the parameters and report the corresponding mean squared error? Or shall I sample parameters multiple times and report the average mean squared error?

A: *

*Well, in Bayesian NN you need to set a prior over your NN weights. Setting that properly is needed for it to deliver good performance. Also, if this is a full Bayesian setting where prediction is done under the the distribution over the parameters, corresponding to, $$P(y|x) = \int P(y|x,\theta)P(\theta|D)d\theta$$ then it also depends how you approximate that integral.

*No, if it is full Bayesian and not just MAP, you need to report an expectation over your prediction. Which is to draw samples from the posterior distribution parameter and report the expectation (i.e., average) over the prediction.


text:
NBA Results:
1985 Kansas City Kings
Kansas City Kings
Schedule and Results:
More Sacramento Kings:
2020 / 2019 / 2018 / 2017 / 2016 / 2015 / 2014 / 2013 / 2012 / 2011 / 2010 / 2009 / 2008 / 2007 / 2006 / 2005 / 2004 / 2003 / 2002 / 2001 / 2000 / 1999 / 1998 / 1997 / 1996 / 1995 / 1994 / 1993 / 1992 / 1991 / 1990 / 1989 / 1988 / 1987 / 1986 / 1985 / 1984 / 1983 / 1982 / 1981 / 1980 / 1979 / 1978 / 1977 / 1976 / 1975 / 1974 / 1973 / 1972 / 1971 / 1970 / 1969 / 1968 / 1967 / 1966 / 1965 / 1964 / 1963 / 1962 / 1961 / 1960 / 1959 / 1958 / 1957 / 1956 / 1955 / 1954 / 1953 / 1952 / 1951 / 1950 / 1949
This page features all the games played by the Kings in the 1984-85 NBA Season and Playoffs.
Home > NBA Year by Year > 1985 > Teams > Kansas City Kings > Schedule and Results
1984-85 Kansas City Kings
Playoffs: DNQ
* this franchise is now called Sacramento Kings
Kansas City Kings 1984-1985 Schedule and Results
All the scores of the games played by the Kings in the NBA 1984-85 Regular Season and the 1985 Playoffs, with teams, results, winning and losing streaks, partial and final records and evolution of the playoff series.
Regular Season Record:
31-51 (.378), 9th in Western Conference
Playoffs Record:
Kansas City Kings 1984-1985 Game Schedule and Results
scroll for more >>
1 Oct 27, 1984 Kings vs. Portland Trail Blazers L 119 - 140 lost 1	 0 - 1
2 Oct 30, 1984 Kings vs. Chicago Bulls L 104 - 109 lost 2	 0 - 2
3 Nov 1, 1984 Kings vs. Houston Rockets L 106 - 109 lost 3	 0 - 3
4 Nov 3, 1984 Kings vs. Denver Nuggets L 114 - 128 lost 4	 0 - 4
5 Nov 6, 1984 Kings @ Houston Rockets L 94 - 108 lost 5	 0 - 5
6 Nov 9, 1984 Kings @ New Jersey Nets W 101 - 99 won 1	 1 - 5
7 Nov 10, 1984 Kings @ New York Knicks L 100 - 113 lost 1	 1 - 6
8 Nov 16, 1984 Kings @ Los Angeles Lakers L 116 - 128 lost 2	 1 - 7
9 Nov 17, 1984 Kings @ Los Angeles Clippers L 113 - 121 lost 3	 1 - 8
10 Nov 20, 1984 Kings vs. Utah Jazz W 129 - 122 won 1	 2 - 8
11 Nov 21, 1984 Kings @ Washington Bullets L 92 - 97 lost 1	 2 - 9
12 Nov 23, 1984 Kings @ Indiana Pacers W 122 - 105 won 1	 3 - 9
13 Nov 24, 1984 Kings vs. Boston Celtics L 124 - 135 lost 1	 3 - 10
14 Nov 27, 1984 Kings @ Seattle Supersonics L 96 - 104 lost 2	 3 - 11
15 Nov 29, 1984 Kings @ Golden State Warriors L 107 - 110 lost 3	 3 - 12
16 Nov 30, 1984 Kings @ Los Angeles Lakers L 121 - 130 lost 4	 3 - 13
17 Dec 5, 1984 Kings vs. Atlanta Hawks W 121 - 100 won 1	 4 - 13
18 Dec 7, 1984 Kings @ Phoenix Suns L 113 - 121 lost 1	 4 - 14
19 Dec 9, 1984 Kings @ Utah Jazz L 120 - 123 lost 2	 4 - 15
20 Dec 11, 1984 Kings vs. San Antonio Spurs W 121 - 120 won 1	 5 - 15
21 Dec 12, 1984 Kings @ Dallas Mavericks L 107 - 116 lost 1	 5 - 16
22 Dec 14, 1984 Kings @ Denver Nuggets W 123 - 117 won 1	 6 - 16
23 Dec 15, 1984 Kings vs. Seattle Supersonics W 110 - 105 won 2	 7 - 16
24 Dec 18, 1984 Kings vs. Phoenix Suns W 127 - 116 won 3	 8 - 16
25 Dec 20, 1984 Kings @ Portland Trail Blazers W 118 - 113 won 4	 9 - 16
26 Dec 22, 1984 Kings vs. Detroit Pistons W 129 - 123 won 5	 10 - 16
27 Dec 26, 1984 Kings @ Utah Jazz L 122 - 133 lost 1	 10 - 17
28 Dec 27, 1984 Kings vs. Houston Rockets W 96 - 92 won 1	 11 - 17
29 Dec 29, 1984 Kings vs. Indiana Pacers L 115 - 123 lost 1	 11 - 18
30 Jan 2, 1985 Kings vs. Phoenix Suns L 107 - 115 lost 2	 11 - 19
31 Jan 4, 1985 Kings vs. Los Angeles Clippers W 132 - 112 won 1	 12 - 19
32 Jan 5, 1985 Kings @ Dallas Mavericks L 107 - 135 lost 1	 12 - 20
33 Jan 7, 1985 Kings vs. Golden State Warriors W 110 - 101 won 1	 13 - 20
34 Jan 8, 1985 Kings @ Houston Rockets L 110 - 112 lost 1	 13 - 21
35 Jan 10, 1985 Kings vs. Dallas Mavericks L 110 - 117 OT lost 2	 13 - 22
36 Jan 11, 1985 Kings @ Denver Nuggets L 121 - 143 lost 3	 13 - 23
37 Jan 13, 1985 Kings @ Seattle Supersonics L 114 - 119 lost 4	 13 - 24
38 Jan 15, 1985 Kings vs. Cleveland Cavaliers L 112 - 116 lost 5	 13 - 25
39 Jan 17, 1985 Kings vs. San Antonio Spurs L 130 - 141 lost 6	 13 - 26
40 Jan 19, 1985 Kings vs. Washington Bullets W 103 - 98 won 1	 14 - 26
41 Jan 22, 1985 Kings @ San Antonio Spurs L 113 - 117 lost 1	 14 - 27
42 Jan 24, 1985 Kings vs. Milwaukee Bucks L 119 - 120 lost 2	 14 - 28
43 Jan 26, 1985 Kings vs. Golden State Warriors W 120 - 111 won 1	 15 - 28
44 Jan 29, 1985 Kings @ Chicago Bulls L 97 - 103 lost 1	 15 - 29
45 Jan 30, 1985 Kings @ Detroit Pistons L 116 - 120 lost 2	 15 - 30
46 Feb 1, 1985 Kings @ Boston Celtics L 123 - 142 lost 3	 15 - 31
47 Feb 2, 1985 Kings @ Cleveland Cavaliers L 106 - 124 lost 4	 15 - 32
48 Feb 5, 1985 Kings vs. San Antonio Spurs W 135 - 116 won 1	 16 - 32
49 Feb 7, 1985 Kings vs. Utah Jazz L 96 - 114 lost 1	 16 - 33
50 Feb 12, 1985 Kings @ San Antonio Spurs L 109 - 127 lost 2	 16 - 34
51 Feb 14, 1985 Kings vs. Denver Nuggets L 123 - 138 lost 3	 16 - 35
52 Feb 16, 1985 Kings @ Seattle Supersonics W 111 - 106 won 1	 17 - 35
53 Feb 17, 1985 Kings @ Portland Trail Blazers L 96 - 115 lost 1	 17 - 36
54 Feb 19, 1985 Kings vs. Portland Trail Blazers W 116 - 96 won 1	 18 - 36
55 Feb 21, 1985 Kings vs. Los Angeles Lakers L 117 - 123 lost 1	 18 - 37
56 Feb 23, 1985 Kings vs. Dallas Mavericks L 98 - 121 lost 2	 18 - 38
57 Feb 26, 1985 Kings vs. Phoenix Suns W 110 - 103 won 1	 19 - 38
58 Feb 28, 1985 Kings vs. Philadelphia 76ers L 119 - 127 lost 1	 19 - 39
59 Mar 2, 1985 Kings @ Phoenix Suns L 111 - 114 lost 2	 19 - 40
60 Mar 3, 1985 Kings @ Los Angeles Clippers W 126 - 122 OT won 1	 20 - 40
61 Mar 5, 1985 Kings vs. New Jersey Nets W 134 - 113 won 2	 21 - 40
62 Mar 7, 1985 Kings vs. Denver Nuggets W 142 - 140 won 3	 22 - 40
63 Mar 8, 1985 Kings @ Milwaukee Bucks L 114 - 127 lost 1	 22 - 41
64 Mar 10, 1985 Kings vs. Los Angeles Clippers W 129 - 111 won 1	 23 - 41
65 Mar 12, 1985 Kings vs. Portland Trail Blazers W 120 - 114 won 2	 24 - 41
66 Mar 13, 1985 Kings @ Dallas Mavericks L 100 - 118 lost 1	 24 - 42
67 Mar 15, 1985 Kings @ Utah Jazz L 112 - 115 lost 2	 24 - 43
68 Mar 17, 1985 Kings vs. Utah Jazz W 107 - 101 won 1	 25 - 43
69 Mar 20, 1985 Kings @ Philadelphia 76ers W 118 - 117 OT won 2	 26 - 43
70 Mar 22, 1985 Kings @ Atlanta Hawks W 121 - 102 won 3	 27 - 43
71 Mar 23, 1985 Kings vs. New York Knicks W 113 - 105 won 4	 28 - 43
72 Mar 25, 1985 Kings vs. Seattle Supersonics W 121 - 106 won 5	 29 - 43
73 Mar 26, 1985 Kings @ Houston Rockets L 93 - 115 lost 1	 29 - 44
74 Mar 28, 1985 Kings @ Denver Nuggets L 115 - 133 lost 2	 29 - 45
75 Mar 30, 1985 Kings vs. Golden State Warriors W 137 - 121 won 1	 30 - 45
76 Apr 3, 1985 Kings @ Los Angeles Clippers L 122 - 124 lost 1	 30 - 46
77 Apr 5, 1985 Kings @ Los Angeles Lakers L 125 - 132 lost 2	 30 - 47
78 Apr 6, 1985 Kings @ Golden State Warriors L 125 - 141 lost 3	 30 - 48
79 Apr 9, 1985 Kings vs. Dallas Mavericks W 117 - 105 won 1	 31 - 48
80 Apr 11, 1985 Kings vs. Houston Rockets L 123 - 125 lost 1	 31 - 49
81 Apr 12, 1985 Kings @ San Antonio Spurs L 112 - 117 lost 2	 31 - 50
82 Apr 14, 1985 Kings vs. Los Angeles Lakers L 116 - 122 lost 3	 31 - 51


The current federal transportation bill (MAP-21) expires May 31, 2015. Please join business leaders and regional stakeholders calling attention to the state of our transportation infrastructure, and urging Congress to act now to avoid significant negative impacts to Virginia and Hampton Roads.
The lack of long-term federal funding bill results in tremendous uncertainty at state and local levels for transportation project planning, and it discourages private sector investment based on risk associated with no long-term funding commitment by the federal government. For more information, email Joe Dillard at info@connecthamptonroads.org. Pre-event meet & greet 8:30-9:00 am, Refreshments provided. Newport News Transportation Center 150 35th. St., Newport News, VA 23607 FREE Parking available on-site. Directions: In Newport News, take Exit 5 (I-664) - STRAIGHT on 35th St. and cross over Washington Ave. Take LEFT on WEST AVE, next LEFT on 34th St. PARK in designated Lot on LEFT at 150 35th St.


Optimisation problems based upon real-world instances often contain many objectives. Many existing Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm techniques return a set of solutions from which the user must make a final selection; typically such a set of solutions may take the form of a non-dominated set. The size of such fronts, especially for larger numbers of objectives, can make it difficult for the user to make a selection of the final solution. This paper outlines an initial investigation into combining elements of Parallel Coordinate plots with multi-objective evolutionary algorithms to allow the user to specify solution areas of interest prior to executing the algorithm. The algorithm encourages the evolution of solutions in these areas through selection pressure. The user is presented with one solution from each area on a Parallel Coordinates plot allowing a simple, informed decision as to the solution to be chosen. This paper uses a Workforce Scheduling and Routing Problem (WSRP) to demonstrate the approach. The WSRP formulation used was previously cited in literature as a multi-objective problem, we formulate it as a 5 objective problem. Our initial results suggest that this approach has potential and is worth investigating further.


You have moved past the joining discount, and sometimes a flash discount pops up. We have something else in store for you; the everyday discount is for our committed clients, to reflect the business you bring us. This discount will be applied to FwdToAmazin services.
The everyday discount kicks in starting with your second order. Clients that opt-in for the non refundable CDN$50 joining fee receive a everyday discount initially set at 7.5% .
At the end of each quarter we evaluate each and every one of our clients to find out how much business we've done together.
Clients that have placed an average of two (2) orders, or more, per month will see their everyday discount increase by 1%.
Clients that have placed an average of between one (1) and two (2) orders, per month will see their everyday discount increase by 0.5%.
Clients that have placed an average of more than zero (0), but less than one (1) order, per month will see their everyday discount remain stable.
Clients that have placed no order, will see their everyday discount decrease by 0.5%.
Clients that have left an invoice unpaid for 15 calendar days, or more, will see their everyday discount decrease by 0.5%.
Clients that have abandoned inventory, will see their everyday discount set to 0%.
The minimum everyday discount is 0% and the maximum is 15%.
If you are eligible to an everyday discount, you are still eligible to flash discounts. This could really lower your Cost of Goods, at that means more profits.


The Zoo in Ahtari was more like a nature park. We were so lucky as we got a private tour after hours. It's funny visiting an animal park at ten in the evening when it looks like morning outside. Most of the animals were awake, so we were so lucky. The trainer even let us go into the wolf den, so we got to be very close to some beautiful wolves.
So, fur – where does it belong? I don't own any fur, but I do have a beautiful leather jacket from Harriet's Muse? Growing up in Canada I saw lots of fur coats. I love fur; it's so beautiful, but is it worth it? I know all the reason we don't want to use or wear fur, but I don't really know the reasons supporting fur. Except luxury, I don't really know much about fur manufacturers or the industry. It's something that i'll have to read more about.
I loved the owls. They are just so mystical.
There are lots of great fake furs around though. Do you know any of them? I think I need to make a list.
Harriet's Muse Back Stage at Vauxhall Fashion Scout Back stage at Harriet's Muse's show! What a success!


text:
using namespace rapidjson;

namespace chrono {
namespace vehicle {

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TrackBrakeShafts::TrackBrakeShafts(const std::string& filename) : ChTrackBrakeShafts("") {
    Document d; ReadFileJSON(filename, d);
    if (d.IsNull())
        return;

    Create(d);

    GetLog() << "Loaded JSON: " << filename.c_str() << "\n";
}

TrackBrakeShafts::TrackBrakeShafts(const rapidjson::Document& d) : ChTrackBrakeShafts("") {
    Create(d);
}

void TrackBrakeShafts::Create(const rapidjson::Document& d) {
    // Invoke base class method
    ChPart::Create(d);

    // Read shaft inertia
    m_shaft_inertia = d["Shaft Inertia"].GetDouble();

    // Read maximum braking torque
    m_maxtorque = d["Maximum Torque"].GetDouble();
}

}  // end namespace vehicle
}  // end namespace chrono

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Results: Do you REALLY know Naruto?
Do you REALLY know Naruto?
OK. There's been a whole lot of controversy about my first two quizzes. I just want to say, "GET OVER IT!" I'm going to keep making Naruto quizzes wether you agree with the answers or not. So deal. This is my third one.
Got an 83%, probably because I clicked the choice on the Itachi question saying if it's a scored quiz there shouldn't be opinion questons. Lol. Cool.
i got 100% oh yeah beat that!!!
do u no ur naruto???
How well do you know the show Naruto?