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Focusing on ancient population genomics
The Uralic cline in the Global25
The Uralic cline is a concept that was discussed in some detail in the recent Lamnidis et al. palaeogenomics paper on the origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe (see here). It pertains to the most northerly genetic cline that links the populations of West and East Eurasia, and is largely made up of Uralic-speaking peoples rich in Y-haplogroup N1c.
This is what the Uralic cline looks like when inferred from my Global25 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) data. Note that the plot features most of the Lamnidis et al. ancient samples, and they're all more or less sitting along my version of the said cline. The relevant datasheet is available here.
Admittedly though, as pointed out by Lamnidis et al., the Bolshoy samples probably aren't those of Uralic speakers because they're dated to 1523±87 calBCE, which predates most linguistic estimates of the spread of known Uralic languages into the Kola Peninsula. So the important question is why do they cluster along the Uralic cline and 2/2 of the male samples belong to N1c?
The most logical explanation, I'd say, is that the Uralic cline actually represents an older, pre-Uralic contact zone between the east and west. Nevertheless, I think it's likely that the Proto-Uralic language formed somewhere in this ancient contact zone, and the early Uralic-speaking peoples used it to their advantage to spread rapidly both east and west, especially during the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age, when they, and their N1c, finally reached the East Baltic region (see here).
Corded Ware people =/= Proto-Uralics (Tambets et al. 2018)
How did Y-haplogroup N1c get to Bolshoy Oleni Ostrov?
The mystery of the Sintashta people
Posted by Davidski at 12:43:00 AM 122 comments:
Steppe ancestry in Chalcolithic Transcaucasia (aka Armenia_ChL explained)
In 2016 Lazaridis et al. published a paper featuring five ancient samples from the famous Areni-1 cave complex, in what is now Armenia, dated to the Chalcolithic (see here). This is how they described the ancestry of these ancients, which they labeled Armenia_ChL, in the supplementary PDF to their paper (page 94):
We do not have a pre-Chalcolithic sample from Armenia. We first model it [Armenia_ChL] as a 2-way mixture of any of WHG, EHG, CHG, Iran_N, Levant_N, Anatolia_N (Table S7.18), but we find no pair of these populations that could be ancestral to Armenia_ChL. We next model it as a 3-way mixture (Table S7.19), and determine that Armenia_ChL can be modeled as 18.3±1.5 EHG, 29.2±2.4% Iran_N, and 52.5±2.2% Anatolia_N. In the absence of a pre-Chalcolithic sample, we cannot be certain whether the Neolithic population of Armenia (which borders Anatolia from the east) was similar to that of Northwestern Anatolia and experienced gene flow from the east and north, or the reverse.
Since then, a lot of opinions have been posted in the comments at this blog and elsewhere about the possible origin and significance of Armenia_ChL. It seems to me that many people see Armenia_ChL as more or less an example of the indigenous Neolithic and Chalcolithic peoples of the South Caucasus. But some have argued that Armenia_ChL was in large part of Central Asian origin and concocted various mixture models to try and back up this rather strange claim.
To me, it was always obvious that Armenia_ChL harbored very recent admixture from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, because I couldn't reconcile its relatively high level of Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) ancestry with a deep origin south of the Greater Caucasus range.
Moreover, in any decent Principal Component Analysis (PCA), like the one below, Armenia_ChL appears to form two subtle sub-clusters, with three of its individuals "pulling" more strongly towards Eastern Europe. This suggests that the EHG admixture in Armenia_ChL was present at variable levels and thus likely to be recent, because it didn't yet have time to diffuse evenly throughout the population.
Also, two out of the three Armenia_ChL individuals who are "pulling" north belong to steppe-specific mitochondrial (mtDNA) haplogroups. Armenia_ChL I1634 belongs to mtDNA haplogroup H2a1, which is seen in ancient samples from the Pontic-Caspian steppe associated with the Khvalynsk, Sredny Stog and Catacomb cultures, while Armenia_ChL I1409 belongs to mtDNA haplogroup U4a, which is found in numerous ancient samples, especially foragers, from the Pontic-Caspian steppe and other parts of Eastern Europe (see here). Coincidence? Surely not.
The idea that Armenia_ChL represents a long-standing indigenous Transcaucasian population also took a major hit recently with the release of the Wang et al. manuscript on the genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus. The preprint included samples from the Eneolithic Caucasus dated to earlier than Armenia_ChL (4594-4404 calBCE vs 4330-3985 calBCE) which looked typically Caucasian and lacked any discernible signals of ancestry from the steppe. Below is a PCA from Wang et al. featuring both the Eneolithic Caucasus and Armenia_ChL samples.
Unfortunately, modeling the recent ancestry of Armenia_ChL is still difficult, because the genotype data from Wang et al. haven't yet been released, so currently there is still no pre-Armenia_ChL sample available from the Caucasus for me to work with.
The earliest post-Armenia_ChL sample is Armenia_EBA I1658, dated to around a thousand years too late (3347-3092 calBCE). However, this individual is associated with the Kura-Araxes culture, which is generally seen as a direct successor to the native Neolithic cultures of Transcaucasia, and appears to be practically indistinguishable from the Eneolithic Caucasus trio in the Wang et al. PCA. Thus, pending the release of a pre-Armenia_ChL sample I might be able to use Armenia_EBA I1658 as an effective proxy for such a population.
Below are a couple of successful two-way qpAdm mixture models for Armenia_ChL and Armenia_ChL I1634, featuring Armenia_EBA I1658 and Sredny_Stog I6561 (the output for Armenia_ChL I1409 looked wobbly, probably due to a lack of markers). The reason I decided on Sredny_Stog from the North Pontic steppe as the surrogate for the steppe ancestry is because of the position of Armenia_ChL in the Wang et al. PCA relative to Eneolithic Caucasus, which suggests gene flow into the former from a more westerly steppe source than, say, Khvalynsk from the Samara region. Using these reference samples, the inferred ratio of steppe admixture in Armenia_ChL is around 15%, which I think makes sense, more or less, considering its position in both of the PCA above.
Armenia_ChL
Armenia_EBA_I1658 0.862±0.050
Sredny_Stog_I6561 0.138±0.050
chisq 17.038
tail prob 0.148174
Full output
Armenia_ChL_I1634
The presence of a significant, unambiguous signal of steppe ancestry in a group from a rich archeological site in Chalcolithic Transcaucasia might be very important in the context of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) homeland debate. That's because it suggests that there was a movement of peoples potentially speaking dialects of PIE from the Eneolithic Pontic-Caspian steppe, the main candidate for the PIE homeland based on historical linguistics data, into cultural hubs south of the Caucasus, which may have acted as early dispersal points for Indo-European languages into other parts of the Near East, such as Anatolia. Admittedly, though, I'm still a fan of the Balkan route for the introduction of Hittite and other Anatolian languages into Anatolia, despite recent claims in scientific literature that this scenario wasn't corroborated by ancient DNA (see here).
Citation...
Lazaridis et al., Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East, Nature volume 536, pages 419–424 (25 August 2016), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19310
Yamnaya: home-grown
Posted by Davidski at 1:52:00 AM 50 comments:
I have some interesting news. It looks like Khvalynsk_Eneolithic I0434 can be used as essentially a perfect proxy for the Eneolithic steppe trio from Wang et al. 2018 when modeling the ancestry of the Yamnaya people of what is now the Samara region of Russia. Consider the qpAdm mixture models below, sorted by taildiff.
One of the best fitting models that also fairly closely matches archeological data, which suggest that Yamnaya was an amalgamation of the Khvalynsk, Repin and Sredny Stog cultures, is in bold. The worst fitting, and basically failed, models are listed below the dotted line. Note that almost all of these models feature reference populations from West and Central Asia.
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Iberia_ChL 0.681534184 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Globular_Amphora 0.525961242 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Iberia_Central_CA 0.515960444 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Sredny_Stog_I6561 0.485311962 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Varna 0.430411416 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Blatterhole_MN 0.328782809 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Baden_LCA 0.234307235 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Protoboleraz_LCA 0.231310724 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + ALPc_MN 0.200002422 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Trypillia 0.193900977 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Balaton_Lasinja_CA 0.187031564 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Tiszapolgar_ECA 0.153940224 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Tisza_LN 0.145465993 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Balkans_ChL 0.111720163 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Armenia_EBA 0.0108890099 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Armenia_ChL 0.00882375703 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Levant_BA_North 0.0078751978 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Minoan_Lasithi 0.0675240088 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Peloponnese_N 0.046998906 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Hajji_Firuz_ChL 0.00269860335 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Shahr_I_Sokhta_BA1 0.00261908387 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Sarazm_Eneolithic 0.00120345503 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Seh_Gabi_ChL 0.00111898703 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Geoksiur_Eneolithic 0.000178295163 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Tepe_Hissar_ChL 0.000163698274 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Bustan_BA 0.000151088148 > full output
Why is this potentially important? Because unless Khvalynsk_Eneolithic I0434 was a recent migrant from the North Caucasus piedmont steppe, which is where the remains of the Eneolithic steppe trio were excavated, then Yamnaya's ethnogenesis might not have anything at all to do with Asia or even the Caucasus region. At least not within any reasonable time frame anyway. Here's a map showing the geographic locations of all of the populations relevant to the highlighted mixture model above.
I won't be fussed if it turns out that the majority of the ancestry of the Yamnaya, Corded Ware and other closely related ancient peoples was sourced from the Eneolithic populations of the North Caucasus piedmont steppe. But I think it's useful to make the point that there are still very few ancient samples available from the steppes between the Black and Caspian seas, so we don't yet have much of a clue how the groups living throughout this region during the Eneolithic and earlier fit into the grand scheme of things.
Update 24/12/2018: I decided to repeat the analysis, but this time with Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers (CHG) as one of the outgroups (or right pops). The reason I initially didn't include CHG in the outgroups was because I didn't want to discriminate, perhaps unfairly, against West and Central Asians with high levels of CHG-related ancestry, and in favor of Europeans with no or minimal CHG-related input. But in my opinion, the new results clearly make more sense, with Sredny Stog and Varna at the top of the list.
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Iberia_ChL 0.16554258 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Baden_LCA 0.0853031796 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Protoboleraz_LCA 0.0766892008 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Tisza_LN 0.0661622403 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Tiszapolgar_ECA 0.0626469042 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Balaton_Lasinja_CA 0.0536293042 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + ALPc_MN 0.0505788809 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Balkans_ChL 0.0436885241 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Blatterhole_MN 0.0329758292 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Peloponnese_N 0.0181930605 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Armenia_EBA 0.014715999 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Armenia_ChL 0.0060437014 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Levant_BA_North 0.00514574731 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Sarazm_Eneolithic 0.001118931 > full output
Khvalynsk_I0434 + Bustan_BA 0.00021203609 > full output
Update 17/02/2019: I basically managed to confirm my analysis with samples from the Wang et al. Caucasus paper. See here.
Big deal of 2018: Yamnaya not related to Maykop
"The Homeland: In the footprints of the early Indo-Europeans" time map
Late PIE ground zero now obvious; location of PIE homeland still uncertain, but...
Labels: admixture, Afanasievo, ancestry, ancient DNA, Caucasus, Corded Ware, Dereivka, Khvalynsk, Maykop, Poltavka, Pontic-Caspian steppe, R1a-M417, R1b-M269, Repin, Sredny Stog, Steppe Maykop, Yamnaya
What happened to Maykop?
The Maykop culture was probably the result of population movements from Transcaucasia and beyond into the Northwest Caucasus during the Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age. Its peak lasted for roughly 700 years, from about 3700 BC to 3000 BC, after which it seems to have vanished suddenly. Why? Are there any decent papers on the topic?
The currently rather popular idea that Maykop gave rise to the Yamnaya culture is likely false. It was probably somehow involved in the rise of the contemporaneous Steppe Maykop culture in the steppes abutting the North Caucasus. But, thanks to ancient DNA, we now know that the people associated with this culture were distinct from those associated with Yamnaya.
In fact, when Steppe Maykop disappeared, Yamnaya spread into much of its former territory, and this turnover registers clearly in the time transect of ancient genomic data from the North Caucasus steppes (see here).
My view is that Maykop was generally an alien entity to the indigenous peoples of the steppes. These natives may have emulated it in some ways, but there's no need, I'd say, to go as far as to assume that Maykop was the vector for the spread of Indo-European languages into the Pontic-Caspian steppe.
Indeed, it seems to me that when the technological and economic advantages of Maykop over the steppe peoples eventually eroded, it couldn't hold its ground on the edge of a vastly different and perhaps largely hostile world, and quickly disappeared.
Here's a quote from a recent paper by Trifonov et al. on Maykop jewellery that I found very enlightening in regards to these issues (emphasis is mine):
These deep-rooted Near East traditions of ritualization of the production and use of jewellery pieces made of gold, silver and gemstones in the Maykop culture, on the one hand, maintained familiar canons of ritual behaviour and, on the other, made perception of sophisticated symbolism of gemstones more difficult for neighbouring cultures with different living standards, levels of social development and value systems to understand. The jewellery traditions of the Maykop culture had no successors in the Caucasus or the adjacent steppes. In the third millennium BC , the goldsmiths of Europe and Asia had to reinvent the technique of making thin-walled jointless gold beads from scratch (Born et al. 2009).
I do wonder, in fact, if the language spoken by the Maykop people was even part of a still existing language group, let alone if it belonged to the Indo-European language family.
Posted by Davidski at 8:36:00 PM 155 comments:
The story of the earliest wine
Here's an interesting YouTube video about the origin and spread of wine making. Many of you might also appreciate the discussion about the Kura-Araxes Culture (about 26 minutes into the presentation)...
A potentially violent end to the Kura-Araxes Culture (Alizadeh et al. 2018)
How relevant is Arslantepe to the PIE homeland debate?
Likely Yamnaya incursion(s) into Northwestern Iran
Posted by Davidski at 12:43:00 AM 70 comments:
On the spread of dairy pastoralism to East Asia (Jeong & Wilkin et al. 2018)
Over at PNAS at this LINK. Below is the abstract and a table with the uniparental haplogroups for the 20 ancient samples from the paper. Emphasis is mine.
Recent paleogenomic studies have shown that migrations of Western steppe herders (WSH) beginning in the Eneolithic (ca. 3300–2700 BCE) profoundly transformed the genes and cultures of Europe and central Asia. Compared with Europe, however, the eastern extent of this WSH expansion is not well defined. Here we present genomic and proteomic data from 22 directly dated Late Bronze Age burials putatively associated with early pastoralism in northern Mongolia (ca. 1380–975 BCE). Genome-wide analysis reveals that they are largely descended from a population represented by Early Bronze Age hunter-gatherers in the Baikal region, with only a limited contribution (∼7%) of WSH ancestry. At the same time, however, mass spectrometry analysis of dental calculus provides direct protein evidence of bovine, sheep, and goat milk consumption in seven of nine individuals. No individuals showed molecular evidence of lactase persistence, and only one individual exhibited evidence of >10% WSH ancestry, despite the presence of WSH populations in the nearby Altai-Sayan region for more than a millennium. Unlike the spread of Neolithic farming in Europe and the expansion of Bronze Age pastoralism on the Western steppe, our results indicate that ruminant dairy pastoralism was adopted on the Eastern steppe by local hunter-gatherers through a process of cultural transmission and minimal genetic exchange with outside groups.
Jeong & Wilkin et al., Bronze Age population dynamics and the rise of dairy pastoralism on the eastern Eurasian steppe, PNAS published ahead of print November 5, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813608115
Posted by Davidski at 10:59:00 PM 37 comments:
I was going to write this post after the genotype data from the Wang et al. preprint on the genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus became available, because I wanted to demonstrate a few key points with analyses of my own. But I've got a hunch that the formal publication of the manuscript, and thus also the release of the data, has been indefinitely delayed for one reason or another. So here goes anyway, the big deal of 2018...
This year, ancient DNA has revealed that the populations associated with the Maykop and Yamnaya archeological cultures were genetically distinct from each other, and, in all likelihood, didn't mix to any significant degree. Case in point: an ADMIXTURE analysis from Wang et al. 2018.
No doubt, this is quite a shock for many people, especially those of you who consider Maykop to have been a Proto-Indo-European-speaking culture that either gave rise to Yamnaya or at least Indo-Europeanized it. So now, if you still want to see Maykop as the Indo-Europeanizing agent in the Pontic-Caspian steppe, you'll have to rely solely on archeological and linguistics data, and also keep in mind that ancient DNA has slapped you in the face.
In just a few years, ancient DNA has provided us with plenty of shocks, but this is arguably among the biggest.
However, I honestly can't say that it was a huge surprise for me, because I tentatively predicted this outcome more than two years ago based on a handful of mitochondrial (mtDNA) haplotypes (see here). Certainly, analyzing genome-wide genetic data is what I thrive on, but if that's off limits, then eyeballing even a few mtDNA markers can also be very useful.
Wang et al. easily demonstrate the lack of any meaningful genetic relationship between Maykop (including Steppe Maykop, which shows an unusual eastern influence) and Yamnaya using a range of methods. But, judging by their conclusion, in which they still seem to want to see Maykop as the said Indo-Europeanizing agent in the Pontic-Caspian steppe, they're not exactly enthused by their own results. And they also make the following claim (emphasis is mine):
Based on PCA and ADMIXTURE plots we observe two distinct genetic clusters: one cluster falls with previously published ancient individuals from the West Eurasian steppe (hence termed 'Steppe'), and the second clusters with present-day southern Caucasian populations and ancient Bronze Age individuals from today's Armenia (henceforth called 'Caucasus'), while a few individuals take on intermediate positions between the two. The stark distinction seen in our temporal transect is also visible in the Y-chromosome haplogroup distribution, with R1/R1b1 and Q1a2 types in the Steppe and L, J, and G2 types in the Caucasus cluster (Fig. 3A, Supplementary Data 1). In contrast, the mitochondrial haplogroup distribution is more diverse and almost identical in both groups (Fig. 3B, Supplementary Data 1).
I'd say that what they're almost suggesting there is that the Caucasus and Steppe clusters, hence also the Maykop and Yamnaya populations, shared significant maternal ancestry. If this were true, then perhaps it might mean that the Pontic-Caspian steppe was Indo-Europeanized via female-biased migrations from Maykop? Yes, perhaps, if this were true. However, it's not.
To be sure, Yamnaya does show a close genome-wide genetic relationship with an earlier group from the North Caucasus region: the so called Eneolithic steppe people. But they can't be linked to Maykop or even the roughly contemporaneous nearby Eneolithic Caucasus population, and seem to have vanished, at least as a coherent genetic unit, just as Maykop got going. Wang et al. managed to sequence three Eneolithic steppe samples with the following mtDNA haplogroups: H2, I3a and T2a1b.
H2 is too broad a haplogroup to bother with, but here are the results for I3a and T2a1b from the recently launched AmtDB, the first database of ancient human mitochondrial genomes (see here).
In a database of 1,131 ancient samples, I3a shows up in just five individuals, all of them associated with Yamnaya-related archeological cultures and populations: Poltavka (BARu), Unetice (UNC), Corded Ware (CWC), and Bell Beaker (BBC). Similarly, T2a1b shows up in just four individuals, all of them associated with Corded Ware (CWC) and Bell Beaker-derived Bronze Age Britons (BABI). And if I go back a step to T2a1, then the list reveals two Yamnaya individuals from what is now Kalmykia, Russia.
Thus, using just two mtDNA haplotypes I'm able to corroborate the results from genome-wide genetic data showing a close relationship between Eneolithic steppe and Yamnaya. So like I said, useful stuff.
This obviously begs the question: what does the AmtDB reveal about Maykop mtDNA haplotypes, especially in the context of the genetic relationship, or rather lack of, between Yamnaya and Maykop? Yep, again, the AmtDB basically corroborates the results from genome-wide genetic data.
But don't take my word for it. Stick the currently available Maykop mtDNA haplogroups into the AmtDB and see what happens (for your convenience I've made a list available here). Considering the close geographic and temporal proximity of Maykop to Yamnaya, you won't see an overly high sharing rate with Yamnaya and closely related populations. Moreover, Maykop shows several haplogroups that appear highly unusual in the context of the Eneolithic and Bronze Age steppe mtDNA gene pool, and, instead, link its maternal ancestry to those of the early European farmers, West Asians or even Central Asians, such as HV, M52, U1b, U7b and X2f.
Yamnaya isn't from Iran just like R1a isn't from India
Big deal of 2016: the territory of present-day Iran cannot be the Indo-European homeland
Posted by Davidski at 4:06:00 PM 71 comments:
Labels: ancient DNA, Bell Beaker, Caucasus, Corded Ware Culture, CWC, Eneolithic steppe, Late Proto-Indo-European, Maykop, mtDNA, PIE, Pontic-Caspian steppe, Proto-Indo-European, Yamnaya
But Iosif, what about the Phrygians?
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Getting the most out of the Global25
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On the origin of the Corded Ware people
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Ancient human genomes suggest (more than) three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
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I'm hoping that 2022 is the year when this problem is finally straightened out. Over to you David Reich, Nick Patterson, Iosif Lazaridis...
4mix: four-way mixture modeling in R
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Ancient DNA vs Ex Oriente Lux
In recent years you may have read academic papers, books and press articles claiming that the Early Bronze Age Yamnaya culture of the Pontic...
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The 15 Most Important Pixar Quotes, According to You
A picture's worth a thousand words, so clearly a motion picture's worth even more. Out of those tens of thousands of words across 14 different movies, here's what you said were the cream of the crop when it comes to Pixar quotes.
Using mathematics (counting) and super advanced technology (Twitter), we wound up with the following top movie moments, ranked from highly voted to highest voted:
15. "He touched the butt." –Finding Nemo
And you now refer to all boats as "butts." And laugh every time you do it.
14. "I am your wife! I'm the greatest good you're ever gonna get." –The Incredibles
Seriously, Frozone needs to chill.
13. "I never look back, darling. It distracts from the now." –The Incredibles
Miss Mode killing it, as always.
12. "Adventure is out there!" –Up
Do you have the spirit of adventure, too?
11. "I shall call him Squishy, and he shall be mine and he shall be my Squishy." –Finding Nemo
But let's be real, everything Dory says is quotable (see No. 2).
10. "I do not like the cone of shame." –Up
We wish we could hug him through the screen.
9. "Thanks for the adventure. Now go have a new one." –Up
BRB, sobbing for days.
8. "No capes!" –The Incredibles
Do not question her, Bob.
7. "Put that thing back where it came from or so help me!" –Monsters, Inc.
How do we score front row tickets to the company play?
6. "You are a toy!" –Toy Story
Woody serving up some realness.
5. "Honey … where is my super suit?" –The Incredibles
Finders keepers.
4. "Not everyone can become a great artist, but a great artist can come from anywhere." –Ratatouille
And a great quote sounds even greater with a French accent.
3. "This isn't flying. This is falling with style." –Toy Story
2. "When life gets you down, do you wanna know what you've gotta do? Just keep swimming." –Finding Nemo
See No. 11.
1. "To infinity … and beyond!" –Toy Story
For reasons of obviousness.
Which Pixar quote would you add to the list? Tell us in the comments below!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A recent BuzzFeed report suggested that Donald Trump was seeking new ways to curry favor with Latinos. He could use a boost. A July Pew poll found that Latino voters favor Hillary Clinton over Trump by a whopping 66% to 24%. Maybe that's because Trump has previously called Mexican immigrants drug dealers, criminals and rapists, and insulted a judge's Mexican heritage. It's no wonder that even Latina Republicans are calling him racist.
So…it's probably not great that his staffers are sharing racist memes of Mexicans on social media. But, according to a new report in the Associated Press, that's exactly what's happening.
The wire service looked at the social media accounts of 50 current and former Trump campaign employees and found a cornucopia of badness.
For instance, Craig Bachler, Trump's statewide director of coalitions shared this offensive meme showing an overweight Mexican man wearing a sombrero that made fun of his English.
This is hardly Trump's first time having to deal with staffers who stray into deeply racist territory. Last August, the campaign fired a staffer for allegedly writing racially charged and disparaging posts dating back to 2007. One called civil rights leader Rev. Al Sharpton's daughter the n-word, and another called President Barack Obama a "Socialist Marxist Islamo Fascist Nazi Appeaser," CNN reported.
Bachler and the Trump campaign did not respond to emailed requests for comment.


Earlybird Kindergarten Mathematics Common Core Edition helps Kindergarten students build a strong foundation in mathematics through fun-filled lessons and activities. Hands-on tasks, meaningful activities and attractive illustrations rich in mathematical content engage students' active participation in the learning process.
This Earlybird Kindergarten Mathematics series has been updated to align with the Common Core State Standards.
Designed to provide a systematic and focused introduction to essential mathematical concepts and basic reasoning skills, and easy-to-follow guidance in various forms to allow for meaningful intervention by both parents and teachers.
It comprises: Textbook Parts A and B (includes Math at Home activities) Activity Book Parts A and B Teacher's Guide Parts A and B The above information is from Earlybird Kindergarten Mathematics Common Core Edition with permission from the publisher.
Textbooks A and B are designed to form the foundation level for Primary Mathematics Common Core Edition. Mathematical concepts are developed in a systematic, engaging, and fun way. Every unit comprises several lessons, each with a focused learning outcome. Detailed teaching notes at the bottom of the pages provide guidelines to help teachers develop lessons and concepts systematically. Written exercises that focus on repetition ensure the reinforcement of mathematics facts and concepts. Review/Assess pages at the end of each unit assess the students' mastery of key learning objectives. Math at Home activities in tear-out sheets provide opportunities for meaningful family involvement in the students' leaning process. Detailed, step-by-step instructions for parents are provided in the teaching notes.


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'I Can Do That': Joe Jonas & Nicole Scherzinger Perform "It Sucks To Be Me" While Ciara Does A Split
Lisa Timmons @timmonslisa | June 17, 2015 5:51 am
Nicole Scherzinger Does The Splits
Watch Nicole get sexy on NBC's 'I Can Do That'.
For those of you with enough patience to endure another week of I Can Do That, I salute you. I also question your sanity, since I'm at least being paid to watch this. We have returned to see celebrity contestants Nicole Scherzinger, Joe Jonas, Ciara, Alan Ritchson, Cheryl Burke and comedian Jeff Dye perform yet another over-the-top act they learned only a week before, with the studio audience voting for their favorites of the night.
This installment was a veritable snoozefest after we spent most of last week's episode freeze-framing the DVR to see just how much of her crotch Nicole Scherzinger was willing to flash to America. (The answer is "a lot.") This week, there were a lot less splits (a paltry single one, this time performed by Ciara) but Scherzy did get a chance to show off her lovely singing voice and make beautiful music with former boy bander, Joe Jonas.
Host Marlon Wayans is still nursing his mysterious hand injury, again with a bandage perfectly coordinating with his suit. We also still know as little about the points system signifying how often each player has "won" during a performance as we do about Marlon's busted hand. So far, Cheryl's in the lead with 11 points and poor Ciara is pulling up the rear with 6 points. Again, no update on what the points signify. Maybe it's a Weight Watchers thing and everyone gets an extra slice of cake at the end of the season?
A quick flashback reminds us that Cheryl and Jeff were the first to team up to perform with Pilobulus, a sort of performance art/dance/feats of strength group. I don't know. In any case, Jeff and Cheryl have to wear shiny purple sateen unitards. Get ready for lots of jokes about Jeff's junk, y'all!
Again, Cheryl can't stress enough how what she's training for is so different than ballroom dancing and therefore, definitely a challenge. Spoken with the faux humility of a woman with 11 points to her credit. The primary goal of their movements is to act like a single unit, as a robot-type figure with Jeff having to flip over everyone. His height (6'4″) proves to be a challenge for the dance troupe to lift and flip him. Similarly, Cheryl's petite stature is an obstacle for her to hoist herself onto the raised glass stage. I bite my nails as I wonder, "Can they do it?"
During their performance, they enact a scene from outer space using shadows created from their bodies. The shadow spaceship and aliens are cool, I guess. At the end, they all writhe and move around like a sanitized version of The Human Centipede. It's nothing mind-blowing, if you ask me, but to see Ciara's reaction, you'd think they were juggling live hamsters while wearing flaming hula hoops.
Ultimately, there are lots of jokes about Jeff's penis almost being exposed. Alan laughs a little too hard. Nobody cares what you think, Alan. Just take off your shirt, dummy, and leave the talking to people whose biggest claim to fame isn't being a ninja turtle in a shitty remake.
Speaking of Alan, we're reminded that he and Ciara are up for some kind of martial arts performance with The Jam Performance Team. During their training, Alan reveals in a confessional that he didn't actually do most of his martial arts stunts as Raphael, the ninja turtle. Next thing he's gonna tell us he didn't eat any pizza either. After their training is over, we're forced to watch some hokey, pulpy martial arts gag in which Alan and Marlon face off.
For his performance, Alan is once again shirtless. This is, of course, because Alan's real talent is having muscles. Both he and Ciara look great in their coordinated red pleather outfits. The whole performance is pretty silly but at least Ciara managed to throw in the splits. To this, Joe cracks that the show's new name is, I Can Do More Splits Than You. Ha! I'm loving sassy Joe this week.
For the last performance, it's Joe and Nicole paired up to perform "It Sucks To Be Me" from Avenue Q. Since they're both musicians, the training seems to go well. The biggest challenge appears to be the puppeteering aspect, since both appear to have little issue with the singing bit. After they're done, we're treated to another stupid gag about how the puppets are off lounging at the pool. I think Joe's punishment for being funny is having to be in all of these jokey interstitials that never quite land.
When they're introduced as the last act of the night, I enjoy that Marlon is never quite able to pronounce Nicole's last name. Stepping out to the stage with her puppet on her arm, Nicole is giving me Jennifer Aniston with her straightened hair and demure outfit. She looks and sounds great, as does Joe, whose Kermit impression totally works for his little puppet character. I actually guffaw at his Jonas Brothers joke while they sing, "It Sucks To Be Me." Nicole at one point says, "It's pronounced Scherzinger!" Ha! Ya hear that, Marlon?
At the end of their performance, I'm convinced they're going to win this week. Also, Joe trash-talking Alan is my new favorite thing.
After Marlon calls Joe "feisty," we learn that Alan and Ciara are in third place for the week. To my shock, Joe and Nicole land in second place with Cheryl and Jeff taking the lead this time. Do they win immunity? A visit from their loved ones? We may never know.
Now for next week's acts: First up is Burn the Floor, which is a ballroom dance troupe. It's literally Cheryl's day job. Even though Alan loudly declares, "I wish I could dance like that so bad," he makes no effort to go up the steps. In fact, nobody moves. It's at that point that Cheryl basically makes Jeff go up the steps. Cheryl says Jeff shouldn't pick her because she would prefer a challenge, even after he tells her, "That's why I wanted you, Ding Dong." Ha! That kind of makes me love Jeff. Ciara finally convinces Jeff to pick her. Nicole reminds us that she's Season 10 Dancing With The Stars champion. Jeff chooses to ignore this and then picks Ciara.
The second performance is called Skating Aratas. There's more shirtless dude action, so I naturally assume Alan will be doing this one. It's a man and woman on rollerskates. He spins around, whipping her body with her head always almost grazing the ground. It looks super dangerous and impossible to learn in a week. Shockingly, Joe picks this. If he's smart, he'll pick Alan to fling him around his neck. However, he opts to go with his partner from last week, Nicole.
The leftovers, Alan and Cheryl, are saddled with more aerial stunts. This time, it's a dance routine that they have to perform while dangling from the ceiling on ropes. As for next week, it's not clear whose crotch is going to be on display, but the potential for injury does sound promising. Till then!
Tags: Ciara, Joe Jonas, Nicole Scherzinger


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Home / Shop / Goods / Music / LP / Single LP / PRE-ORDER SASSAS Records V1.4: Julia Holter / Yoshi & Tashi Wada / Sharon Lockhart & Alex Slade
PRE-ORDER SASSAS Records V1.4: Julia Holter / Yoshi & Tashi Wada / Sharon Lockhart & Alex Slade
SASSAS Records V1.4 features an unreleased track by Julia Holter, who will select a performance from the SASSAS archives for the B side. The cover by Sharon Lockhart & Alex Slade is signed and numbered in a limited run of 110 copies.
SKU: sassas010401 Categories: LP, SASSAS V1, Single LP
Upcoming SASSAS Records release: Julia Holter / Yoshi & Tashi Wada / Sharon Lockhart & Alex Slade
Side A: Unreleased track by Julia Holter
Side B: Yoshi & Tashi Wada, Live [excerpt] from sound. at Baldwin Hills Scenic Overlook
Cover Art: Sharon Lockhart & Alex Slade
Price upon request.
SASSAS Records builds upon the organization's sixteen years of producing innovative programming that operates at the nexus of experimental sound and art practices. V1, the introductory first volume, includes three LPs featuring tracks by Aaron Dilloway, Nels Cline, and Lee Ranaldo, with covers by Dave Muller, Sterling Ruby, and Analia Saban.
Each release features a B-side selected from the SASSAS archive by the A-side artist. Packaging for each album includes a 12" LP on 180 gram vinyl with SASSAS Records label and logo designed by Tom Recchion, the signed and numbered cover artwork, an insert with details on the tracks, digital download code, and an archival sleeve.
JULIA HOLTER
Julia Holter is an American artist, singer, songwriter, producer and composer based in Los Angeles. A CalArts graduate, she released her first studio album, Tragedy, in 2011. A second album, Ekstasis, followed in 2012. Holter also collaborates with other musicians including Nite Jewel, Linda Perhacs, and Michael Pisaro. In 2013, she released her third album, Loud City Song, to resounding critical acclaim. Her newest album, Have You In My Wilderness is out September 2015.
SHARON LOCKHART
Sinc e the 1990s, Lockhart has memorialized specific, quotidian moments in particular communities using film and photography. She has been a Radcliffe fellow, a Guggenheim fellow, and a Rockefeller fellow. Her films and photographic work have been widely exhibited at international film festivals and in museums, cultural institutions, and galleries around the world. She is currently an associate professor at the University of Southern California's Roski School of Fine Arts and lives and works in Los Angeles, California.
Alex Slade is a Los Angeles artist working in both photography and sculpture. Photographic series have focused on images of large-scale real estate projects such as a social housing project in Berlin, housing development-sized vacant lots, abandoned shopping malls, and suburban development in the Inland Empire. His work has been included in exhibitions throughout the U.S. and internationally. He is currently the Assistant Chair of the Fine Arts Program at Otis College of Art and Design.
12.5 x 12.5 x 2.5 in


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StudyBoss » Dog » The Man and Dog Relationship in John Muir's Stickeen
The Man and Dog Relationship in John Muir's Stickeen
Essay on "Stickeen"
"Stickeen" by John Muir is an adventure essay written in 1909. This subject of this essay is the relationship between a man and a dog he meets on an expedition to Fort Wrangel and their journey through an intense storm on a glacier. "Stickeen" was written simply to be an adventure story. It's a simple adventure story yet there is so much more intertwined: the essay not only describes the relationship between a man and a dog, but the depth and power shown in the relationship. Nature plays a secondary role and a large portion of this essay is devoted to descriptions of nature. Long descriptions of nature with a focus on accuracy of detail are often associated with the Naturalist movement, of which John Muir was a part. Muir's focus on descriptions of nature also most likely stemmed from an eye injury which left him blind for a month. After his sight returned, he resolved to observe and explore the natural world. He was one of the most prominent members of the Naturalist movement and worked to preserve many famous national parks such as Yosemite and Mount Rainier. Muir is often referred to as the father of our national parks system.
Muir writes in very long, detailed paragraphs filled with specific descriptions down to the tiniest detail. "…I could see, down fifty feet or so beneath, the margin of the glacier mill, where trunks from one to two feet in diameter were being ground to pulp against outstanding rock-ribs and bosses of the bank. About three miles above the front of the glacier." This attention to detail characterizes nature. In fact, nature becomes a character in the story where it develops and changes alongside other characters. It also reveals Muir's great love and devotion towards nature. His attention to detail of nature is also a characterization of the naturalist style of writing. Muir also considered himself a protector of nature; therefore, the better he described these beautiful places, the more he proved his point of the importance of preserving them.
"…he spent the dull days in sluggish ease, motionless, and apparently as observing as a hibernating marmot. But I discovered that somehow he always knew what was going forward. When the Indians were about to shoot at ducks or seals, or when anything interesting was to be seen along the shore, he would rest his chin on the edge of the canoe and calmly look out. When he heard us talking about making a landing, he roused himself to see what sort of place we were coming to, and made ready to jump overboard and swim ashore as soon as the canoe neared the beach. Then, with a vigorous shake to get rid of the brine in his hair, he went into the woods to hunt small game. But though always the first out of the canoe, he was always the last to get into it. When we were ready to start he could never be found, and refused to come to our call. We soon found out, however, that though we could not see him at such times he saw us, and from the cover of the briers and huckleberry bushes in the fringe of the woods was watching the canoe with wary eye. For as soon as we were fairly off he came trotting down the beach, plunged into the surf and swam after us, knowing well that we would cease rowing and take him in." here Muir is describing the dog Stickeen who, at times, almost seems human with his complexity of personality traits. This could be one of Muir's genuine observations from his keen eye and many travels. And it seems in line with his devotion to nature where he is giving a loving eye to animals, almost as an extension of nature.
Muir was a successful naturalist writer. His works would be enjoyed by anyone who likes naturalist writing. Muir has a very important role in American history, as he is responsible in large part for the preservation of many natural resources and was a major force in establishing the Conservationist movement.
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StudyBoss. April 2020. The Man and Dog Relationship in John Muir's Stickeen. [online]. Available from: https://studyboss.com/essays/the-man-and-dog-relationship-in-john-muirs-stickeen.html [Accessed 16 January 2021].
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Categories Essay Tags Dog, Family Post navigation


Send Us Your Questions and Stories for an Upcoming Series On Workforce Shortages In N.H.
The Exchange is working on a series of shows about workforce shortages in New Hampshire. New Hampshire boasts one of the nation's lowest unemployment rates, but the state is also facing a serious workforce shortage.
The Exchange will spend several shows exploring how we got here, the sectors and regions most affected, and discussing possible solutions.
What does New Hampshire need in order to attract, and maintain, a more robust workforce?
Are you struggling to find qualified candidates to hire?
Are you having trouble finding a good job in New Hampshire?
What particular barriers to employment do you see in your industry (such as healthcare, skilled labor, and tourism)?
What examples of good workforce recruitment have you seen?
If you left the state or work outside of New Hampshire because you couldn't find a job here, why?
Submit your stories and questions below. You can also email exchange@nhpr.org, or leave us a voicemail: 800-892-6477.
You Asked, We Answered: Can Minimum Wage Workers Afford Rent In New Hampshire?
New Hampshire's minimum wage is the lowest in New England. It's the same as the federal rate: $7.25 an hour. Meanwhile, Maine sets its minimum wage at $10; Vermont, at $10.50; and Massachusetts, $11, is on the way up to $15.
New Hampshire is surrounded by states with a minimum wage of $10 or more. How do higher wage commuters impact rents along the border?


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Babolsar
June weather forecast and climate
Babolsar, Iran
ClimateJFMAMJuneJASONDYear
Weather in June
Average temperature in June
Average humidity in June
Average rainfall in June
Average rainfall days in June
Average snowfall days in June
Average daylight in June
Average sunshine in June
The first month of the summer, June, is also a moderately hot month in Babolsar, Iran, with temperature in the range of an average low of 20.1°C (68.2°F) and an average high of 27.8°C (82°F).
In Babolsar, the average high-temperature marginally rises, from a moderately hot 23.5°C (74.3°F) in May, to a still warm 27.8°C (82°F). In Babolsar, in June, the average low-temperature is 20.1°C (68.2°F).
In June, the average heat index is calculated to a hot 31.2°C (88.2°F). Exhaustion is likely with prolonged exposure and activity. Sustaining activity may result in heat cramps.
Note that heat index values are valued for light wind and location in the shade. Exposure to direct sunshine can increase heat index values by up to 15 Fahrenheit (8 Celsius) degrees.
Note: The heat index, also known as 'real feel', 'apparent temperature', 'feels like', or 'felt air temperature', is an index that combines air temperature and relative humidity to determine the human-perceived temperature equivalent. Additional factors like activity, metabolic differences, wind, and clothing affect individual temperature impact. Bear in mind that direct sunshine exposure increases weather impact, and may raise heat index by up to 15 Fahrenheit (8 Celsius) degrees. Heat index values are especially crucial for babies and toddlers. Young children are generally more endangered than adults, as they usually less sweat. And also, due to larger skin surface relative to their small bodies and higher heat production as a result of their activity.
With an average relative humidity of 77%, June is the least humid month in Babolsar, Iran.
In Babolsar, Iran, during June, the rain falls for 4.7 days and regularly aggregates up to 20.8mm (0.8") of precipitation. In Babolsar, during the entire year, the rain falls for 100.3 days and collects up to 884.6mm (34.8") of precipitation.
In Babolsar, Iran, snow does not fall in April through September and November.
With an average of 14.6h of daylight, June has the longest days of the year.
June has the most sunshine of the year, with an average of 8.1h of sunshine.
What is the temperature in June in Babolsar?
The average high-temperature, in June, in Babolsar, Iran, is 27.8°C (82°F), while the average low-temperature is 20.1°C (68.2°F). The average heat index (a.k.a. 'real feel', 'felt air temperature'), that takes the relative humidity and factores it into the air temperature reading, in June is estimated at 31.2°C (88.2°F).
What is the least humid month in Babolsar?
The least humid month in Babolsar, Iran, is June, with an average relative humidity of 77%.
What is the average humidity in June in Babolsar?
In Babolsar, the average relative humidity in June is 77%.
How many days does it rain in June in Babolsar?
In June, the rain falls for 4.7 days. Throughout June, 20.8mm (0.8") of precipitation is accumulated.
When it does not snow in Babolsar?
April through September and November are months without snowfall.
When are the longest days in Babolsar?
The month with the longest days in Babolsar, Iran, is June, with an average of 14.6h of daylight.
What is the average length of the day in June in Babolsar?
In Babolsar, the average length of the day in June is 14.6h.
What month has the most sunshine in Babolsar?
With an average of 8.1h of sunshine, June has the most sunshine of the year in Babolsar, Iran.
How long on average sun shines in June in Babolsar?
In June, the average sunshine in Babolsar is 8.1h.
Average high temperature in June: 27.8°C
The warmest month (with the highest average high temperature) is July (30.4°C).
The month with the lowest average high temperature is February (11.5°C).
Average low temperature in June: 20.1°C
The month with the highest average low temperature is July (22.3°C).
The coldest month (with the lowest average low temperature) is January (3.6°C).
Average humidity in June: 77%
The month with the highest relative humidity is December (87%).
The month with the lowest relative humidity is June (77%).
Average rainfall in June: 20.8mm
The wettest month (with the highest rainfall) is October (163.2mm).
The driest month (with the lowest rainfall) is May (19.3mm).
Average rainfall days in June: 4.7 days
The month with the highest number of rainy days is March (11.5 days).
The month with the lowest number of rainy days is June (4.7 days).
Average snowfall days in June: 0 days
Months with the highest number of snowfall days are January and February (1 days).
Months with the lowest number of snowfall days are April, May, June, July, August, September and November (0 days).
Average daylight in June /
Average daylight in June: 14.6h
Average sunshine in June: 8.1h
The month with most sunshine is June (Average sunshine: 8.1h).
The month with least sunshine is December (Average sunshine: 3.9h).
Weather Atlas: Babolsar, Iran - June weather forecast and climate information. Babolsar, Iran - June weather averages including high and low temperatures, humidity, rainfall, snowfall, daylight, sunshine, UV index, and sea temperature. [1166212]


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I'm New to Trinity
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TBC Community update
We have created this update page to provide all you need to know related to services, programming, and community life at TBC during this season. Please click for details to learn about the guidelines we've put in place for our in-person gatherings on Sundays. We've developed some creative ways to continue meeting together--whether in-person or online. Please scroll down to see what we're doing to stay safe and stay connected.
A MESSAGE ON gathering in person
Our building is open on Sunday morning and we're excited to worship with you in person. Anyone is welcome to come, but please click here for what we're doing to keep everyone safe and to see what you can expect Sunday mornings to look like.
For those who aren't attending, our livestream will continue on Sunday mornings so you can keep participating from home as you have been.
Some groups are gathering together again! Higher Ground (a ministry for those dealing with addiction) meets Thursday evenings at 7 PM in the Gathering Hall. Square One Men's Study is meeting Thursdays at 6:30 AM in the Gathering Hall (visit our Men's Page for more info). Joy Groups for women is offering both in-person or online options (visit our Women's Page for more info). Masks required for all in-person gatherings.
Community Bible Study (CBS) is meeting online on Tuesdays at 7 PM to study the book John for the 2020-2021 season. Open to both men & women. Click to visit their website for details.
sunday services from home
If you aren't ready to worship at TBC yet, that's okay because church is more than a building. It is believers united in Christ, growing together and encouraging one another through the bond of the Holy Spirit. One way we can do this is to worship together from home at 9:20 AM Sunday mornings. We invite you to join us! To view the livestream service on Sunday morning, click the button below (or click the Livestream button on the church app).
Watch Service Live
We want to be mindful of those in our congregation who may need meals, supplies, or other care, and we want to keep lifting each other in prayer. As the body of Christ, this is an opportunity for us to not only Love God, but also to Love Others and Serve Others:
If you or someone you know needs practical help, please let us know by filling in the Care Form below. (You can also find the form under the Sign Up button on the app.)
If you can help run an errand or deliver groceries, let us know that as well through the Care Form.
If you'd like to donate financially to provide supplies, click to Give and choose the Deacon Fund.
When we're facing difficult times, there's no greater activity than for God's people to gather together to pray! You're invited to join us in corporate prayer at 11:15 AM on Sundays, using a program called Zoom. To participate, please click here.
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You may give by clicking the button below. Or you may use the Give button on our app.
If you typically donate by check, you can still mail your checks to the church at: 300 N Benson Rd, Fairfield CT 06824.
Please note: we've added the Deacon Fund as a new option for online giving. As always, a donation to the Deacon Fund helps meet an urgent need within our church body. But during this season, it will also help provide groceries and supplies for those attending TBC who need assistance. (If you're donating online, once you enter a dollar amount, a drop-down menu will appear so you can choose the fund you want. If you're writing a check, indicate "Deacon Fund" on the memo line.)
TBC Programs
Here are some plans for how we can continue to build one another up and encourage one another:
Children's Ministry (birth-grade 5)
For family worship time, we've launched a new, innovative "Discipleship in a Box" program. Please click to visit our Children's Page for details and to sign up for this fun and free monthly subscription! The Children's Page also includes several resources for parents and kids to help enhance family worship time at home. Contact Donna@TrinityFairfield.org with questions.
Student Ministry (Grades 6-12)
Transformed Student Ministries is committed to building relationships with students that help them develop a deeper relationship with Christ. In addition to our new "Discipleship in a Box" program, we're also offering virtual Youth Group, virtual Cookie Day, and more. Please visit our Youth Page for more details. Reach out to Robert@TrinityFairfield.org with questions or concerns, or to receive email updates on our youth program.
Joy Groups: A New Women's Bible Study
We're offering both in-person and online small Bible study groups which meet at a time that each group chooses. If you'd like to participate, please click to visit our Women's Page for details and to sign up and select your online vs. in-person preferences. If you have any questions related to Women's Ministry, please contact Women@TrinityFairfield.org.
Square One Men's Bible Study
Square One is meeting in-person on Thursdays at 6:30 AM in the Gathering Hall. Please visit the Men's Page for details. You can also join us online through a private Square One Facebook group (click to view). If you have any questions related to Men's Ministry, contact Men@TrinityFairfield.org.
You can listen to past sermons and popular TBC worship songs throughout the week. On our YouTube channel (click to go there) you can find sermons on our "Sunday Messages 2021" and our "Sunday Messages 2020" playlist. Or you can listen to worship songs on our "Popular Worship Songs at TBC" playlist. We also have a mid-week podcast designed to take Sunday's message and bring it into your daily life.
On the TBC app, press our Sunday Resources button which has all you need for Sunday mornings and beyond in a single button. It contains a link to sermons, to giving, to our worship playlist, to announcements, and more. (If you don't already have our app, click here to download it for Android or Apple phones.)
Sunday Service at 9:30 AM
Trinity Baptist Church | 300 N Benson Rd, Fairfield CT 06824 | 203-255-3977
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Home > News > Craig Crews Awarded 2020 Heinrich Wieland Prize
Craig Crews Awarded 2020 Heinrich Wieland Prize
Please join us in congratulating Craig Crews, John C. Malone Professor of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, and Professor of Chemistry, of Pharmacology, and of Management. He has been awarded the 2020 Heinrich Wieland Prize from the Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation for his work on PROTACS and targeted protein degradation. The Heinrich Wieland Prize honours distinguished scientists for their outstanding research on biologically active molecules and systems in the fields of chemistry, biochemistry, and physiology as well as their clinical importance.
News & Events Links
Old Newsletter Archive


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Infinite has performed thousands of successful AS/400 migrations since its founding. Since that time, Infinite has developed and released many successful products and services packages designed to migrate AS/400-based applications written in RPG and COBOL.
Infinite i migrates RPG and COBOL legacy applications developed for the IBM i / AS400 so they can run on other operating systems, specifically Windows and Linux. In order to use Infinite i you must have a complete set of source code. Unfortunately, not having source will not allow us to recompile the AS/400 code and execute it on an alternate platform. Applications run on the new platform very similarly to the way they run on the AS/400. Infinite i supports physical and logical files, subfiles, command language, stored procedures, etc.
What languages does Infinite i support?
Infinite i has compilers to support RPG/400, ILE RPG, SQL RPG/400, COBOL/400, SQL COBOL/400, COBOL ILE, CL/400, CMD/400, DDS/400 (pf, lf, dspf, prtf).
Does Infinite i convert my source code into another language?
No. We believe that maintaining the integrity of the initial software is important. Your native COBOL or RPG source code remains intact and is recompiled into object code that executes natively under Windows or UNIX. Your investment in development and support staff, documentation and training remain secure.
Is it possible to continue development once an application has been re-hosted?
Infinite i offers the developer options for future development. If an ISV plans to offer the same application on multiple platforms, they may prefer to develop on the AS/400 where they are more comfortable and recompile on Infinite i. Infinite i includes development tools to allow changes to be made, built and tested. The SEU, PDM and the language compilers implement full source validation. Or the developer may choose to use other toolsets for development in Java or .NET. Infinite has a suite of plug in middleware for use with development tools from the WebSphere family, the WebLogic family the JBoss family or the Microsoft family of products. Once migrated, RPG or COBOL applications can be executed in the Cloud using the Infinite Cloud family of products which are integrated with Infinite i. The Infinite Cloud family plug into JBoss, WebSphere and Web Logic. So, you can develop in RPG, COBOL or use other industry standard tools in Java or .NET and easily integrate new programs or modules into your newly re-hosted RPG or COBOL programs.
Does Infinite i require an AS/400 host at any stage (other than migrating source)?
No, once the application and data are migrated, Infinite i provides a platform for the High Level Language source code and is entirely independent of the AS/400. During the initial migration, the entire content of the libraries are downloaded from the AS/400 to Infinite i, including the objects (compiled programs, files, etc) that provide additional migration information.
Is it possible to transfer RPG source from Infinite i to AS/400 host? If yes, will source be compatible in the AS/400?
Yes, the source stays in AS/400 format. When an ISV or end-user plans to offer the same application on multiple platforms, some developers prefer to develop on the AS/400 where they are more comfortable and recompile on Infinite i. All the source and data transfer back and forth between the AS/400 and Infinite i is accomplished by simple Save Files and FTP Transfers.
What does an end-user or ISV have to provide Infinite so they can begin migrating AS/400 code?
The Infinite Project Manager will send instructions to the client in how to create a Save File (SAVF) on the AS/400. The Infinite team will then move it to the new system and begin recompiling it into native executables for the target platform. The Infinite i compilers and toolsets handle most of the migration themselves. The remediation comes from testing and interactive project management between the Infinite team and the client team.
How does a developer debug an application that encounters an error on the target platform but works on the AS/400?
Debugging is managed similarly to debugging on the AS/400. Compiled listings include the same error codes as the compilers on the AS/400, including references to missing dependent objects, syntax errors, data type errors, etc. In the event of failures that are not programming errors, Infinite Software support should be contacted to determine if a product bug exists.
Do the compiler licenses include the ability to rerun the conversion at any time?
Yes, the compiler licenses will allow for the re-running of conversions and at any time.
How is your performance versus the AS/400?
Customers who have done proprietary testing and benchmarking on a comparable system (processor speed, memory, disk response time) found performance as good as or better than their application running on an AS/400. Obviously the performance of Infinite cannot be isolated from other factors – system, network throughput and application architecture.
What version of Oracle does the Infinite i Deployment Environment support?
Infinite i has been tested and certified on the following databases: Oracle: 11g MS SQL: 2008. Infinite i (Version 9.2) also fully support's Oracle Exadata Database Machine, Oracle Exalogic elastic Cloud, SPARC SuperCluster , Oracle Database11g R2, Oracle Solaris 11, Oracle Web logic Server 11g R1 and SPARC SuperCluster.
Does Infinite i support OS/400 API's?
Infinite i supports most OS/400 APIs. In the typical selling cycle, the prospect will engage us to do a sample migration. We take a representative module of your software with test data and actually migrate it to your target platform (Windows or Linux). You will be able to see any exceptions and we will work with you to resolve each one of them.
Are there any limitations to the RPG Compiler?
Infinite i supports the commonly used commands and there are usually workarounds for the less commonly used ones. Most issues arise because of AS/400 hardware references that no longer exist. For example communication commands referencing controllers and line descriptions are not supported, however communication protocols on the new platform usually provide a solution.
Are there any limitations to the COBOL/400 compiler?
The COBOL/400 compiler in Infinite i is consistent with the IBM COBOL/400 compiler in terms of features and functionality. The only limitation is partial support for DISPLAY / ACCEPT with ROW / COLUMN.
Can the definition of PIC X(250000 be used to work around the OPM COBOL limitations of field size?
It is possible to use this definition in the COBOL programs. It is however not possible to define the same field length in a file.
Are there any limitations to the ILE COBOL compiler?
The COBOL/ILE compiler in Infinite i is consistent with the IBM COBOL/ILE compiler in terms of features and functionality.
Is there support in the Infinite i for 'C'?
Infinite i provide C-APIs that allow an interface with the environment when writing standard C-programs. These C programs are compiled using the CRTCPGM command to create a C program in the environment from where the C program can then be called from a COBOL, RPG or CL program or vice versa.
How long does it take to migrate an application?
Timing can vary based on the amount of code to be converted. A typical migration consisting of 12,000 objects – 3,000 programs combined with physical and logical files, display files and command language – may take less than four weeks to complete including migration, analysis, testing and validation. On average, the re-hosting and modernization process takes about 90 days.
How does Infinite i migrate, store and access DB2/400 data?
The Infinite i re-hosting components include a complete replication of the AS/400 DB2/400 database. This database resides on the new host and operates just like the database you are accustomed to. The end user may elect to use Oracle or SQL Server in place of the internal database. All three options include support for specific DB2/400 features like Physical Files, Logical Files, Joined Files, Triggers, Referential Integrity, Commitment Control and Journaling.
Can Infinite i work along with/support other tools or software, for example MQSERIES (MSMQ)?
Infinite i can interface with MQSERIES or MSMQ via C API calls. The underlying runtime support within Infinite i allows any HLL program (written in ILE RPG, RPG/400 or COBOL/400) to invoke external C programs. This generic mechanism allows also calling MQSERIES or MSMQ API functions to send or receive transactional messages and communicate with any type of host that runs these products.
Does Infinite i support Journaling and Commitment Control?
Infinite36 is a powerful suite of programs that provides an operating environment for execution of System/36 applications, supports other features of the System/36 operating environment, and allows continued development on either platform. It combines all the benefits of Open Systems with the power and stability of Midrange Systems.
Infinite36 was introduced in the late 1980s (and was sold under private label by IBM) to allow applications written on the proprietary IBM System 36. Infinite36 has been deployed worldwide because companies invested heavily in custom code to support their business and wanted to retain it. At the same time, IBM made successive efforts to obsolete the System 36 and move the applications to the AS/400. The gain required from this move considered with the effort to do so made this an unattractive option for developers. Infinite36 provided a second option.
Infinite36 is comprised of two main components. The Developer Toolset includes COBOLII and RPGII compilers that recompile the mid-range applications to run native on the new platform. The Deployment Environment along with user licenses is an SSP-compliant series of DLLs that allow RPG code to execute and provides an OCL environment under Windows or Linux. Because this environment is written in C and because C is the Natural Language for Java, Java programs can be written using JVN to co-process. This would be similar to writing COBOL applications with RPG applications to co-execute in the System/36 environment.
What platforms can Infinite36 deploy on?
Infinite36 can be deployed on Windows or Linux.
How does Infinite36 handle the System 36 Database?
The latest version of Infinite36 for Windows or Linux incorporates new database technology that is multi-threaded and provides for expanded and more sophisticated integration with MS SQL. The new version can also write to Oracle 11g. Like the new operating systems, this new 64-bit version of Infinite36 writes to 64-bit database versions of MS SQL and Oracle. This new capability is designed to work with BI tools for reporting and data analytics that are part of the Microsoft and Oracle database stack. In addition, data from other applications can be easily integrated with, reported from, and analyzed by the Microsoft or Oracle tools.
What databases can Infinite36 run on?
Infinite36 supports Oracle DB as well as SQL Server.
Can Infinite36 be run on 64-bit architecture?
Yes, Infinite36 is 64-bit compatible.
Does Infinite36 have Graphical User Interface (GUI) capabilities?
Yes, Infinite36 is fully compatible with Infinite's Infinite Cloud GUI toolset.
Yes, Infinite36's support for XML support allows data from flat files to be used to generate XML for consumption by other applications.
Does Infinite36 support Network Printing?
Yes, Infinite36 fully supports Network Printing.
Does Infinite36 support sending printer reports via Email?
Yes, Printer reports generated by Infinite36 can now be automatically emailed to a named recipient via a new MAILTO keyword of the PRINTER OCL statement.
Does Infinite36 support Barcode printing?
Yes, RPG programs can now easily print barcodes using the SUBR50 subroutine. The printer database has been extended to include escape sequences that cause specific printer models to enter and exit barcode print mode. This ensures that RPG programs to generate reports with barcodes are independent of the type of printer to which the report will be printed. Further the programmer is freed from the onerous task of generating the appropriate escape sequences manually within the RPG code.
How does Infinite36's database differ from a traditional System36 database?
The System/36 architecture is a flat file structure, which means that data is not externally available as it is with database applications. This architecture is very limited and generally does not provide real time reporting. Typically the implementation of database functionality within an application requires a major code rewrite to create the database calls.
The latest version of Infinite36 for Windows or Linux incorporates new database technology that is multi-threaded and provides for expanded and more sophisticated integration with MS SQL. The new version can also write to Oracle 11g. Like the new operating systems, this new 64-bit version of Infinite36 writes to 64-bit database versions of MS SQL and Oracle. This new capability is designed to work with BI tools for reporting and data analytics that are part of the Microsoft and Oracle database stack. In addition, data from other applications to be easily integrated with, reported from, and analyzed by the Microsoft or Oracle tools.
The Infinite Cloud toolset has been developed to modernize green screens from the IBM i (AS/400) and mainframe. The toolset takes host-based green screens, and automatically and dynamically renders them graphically with point-and-click capabilities. This functionality does not require programming or screen design. Once the screens are graphical, the toolset deploys them to the web.
Is Infinite Cloud a screen scraper?
No, Infinite Cloud works very differently than a screen scraper. A screen scraper does a simple translation of an entire text screen into a graphical one. Infinite Cloud transforms each object on the screen (i.e. labels, input fields, etc.) into XML objects that can in turn be "consumed" by other applications.
Can I use Infinite Cloud with my AS/400-based and re-hosted versions of my application?
Yes, Infinite Cloud is designed to be used with multiple host types – System36, AS/400, Infinite i, Infinite36, and Mainframe. So you have one set of screen customizations no matter what platform you deploy on.
What benefits are there to using Infinite Cloud?
The Infinite Cloud toolset automatically creates beautiful and functional GUI screens from a single template. The use of a single template makes the GUI process easy and fast. This can all be done with no changes to the original source code. Infinite Cloud creates AS 400 GUI screens in days not months. Infinite Cloud provides an easy-to-use GUI solution for AS/400 and Mainframe green screen applications. Infinite Cloud uses on-the-fly technology that can be used by existing AS/400 users with little or no training.
The Infinite Cloud toolset automatically creates browser pages from the newly graphical screens. These screens are now accessible from any browser, tablet, or smart phone. This will automatically deploy to the web or cloud with no code changes required. Desktop integration provides bidirectional support for MS Office and other desktop apps.
Infinite Cloud is written in Eclipse, and converts AS/400 screens into Java-based screens. Because of its Eclipse foundation, any third party plug-ins can be utilized with Infinite Cloud. Additionally, any browser-based content can be incorporated or accessed using Infinite Cloud.
Infinite Cloud architecture is ready to work in a cluster environment, allowing the product process capacity to grow as required by the business.
Can Infinite Cloud interface with Java applications and plugins?
Yes, Infinite Cloud is written in Eclipse, and converts AS/400 screens into Java-based screens. Because of its Eclipse foundation, any third party plug-ins can be utilized with Infinite Cloud. Additionally, any browser-based content can be incorporated or accessed using Infinite Cloud. Once Infinite Cloud has been deployed, the application can be accessed via the web from any device such as PC, Laptop, Tablet, and Smart Phone. Infinite Cloud will automatically deploy AS/400 screens to your choice of IIS or Apache and No IBM hardware upgrades are necessary to deploy Infinite Cloud's GUI. Infinite Cloud uses industry standard plug-ins and can easily integrate with third party interfaces.
How does Infinite Cloud handle User Authority?
The Infinite Cloud application offers a portal to the host application environment. User, Group, Function and Field authority set in the underlying host application is retained at the Infinite Cloud graphical view. Within the Infinite Cloud application, there are configurable parameters to enable or disable access to its editor tools. Access to the Infinite Cloud installation and its tools would be determined by the customer's installation environment. For example, Server Administration permissions are required for a user to install the Infinite Cloud project.
Does Infinite Cloud support Single Sign On?
Yes, Single sign on authorities and credentials are supported between the Infinite Cloud client and to the host application environment, i.e., Infinite i host. The same profile defined under the host application environment is valid for logging in via the Infinite Cloud client portal. Infinite Cloud also provides a configurable file to associate this logon with a database table lookup to access other enterprise-wide applications from Infinite Cloud.
Can Infinite Cloud act as a Portal?
Yes, The Infinite Cloud client is a portal to the host application environment as well as applications available to the user via network or system security. The Infinite Cloud Integration Agent (configurable XML object) supports rendering graphical controls that provide access to other systems outside of the underlying host application.
What is the footprint on Infinite i for the GUI and/or server programs?
Infinite Cloud is an Eclipse application that uses Java tools and deploys on Apache Tomcat. The system operates comfortably in any environment – Windows or Linux. It is designed to enable a light footprint on the host environment.
How are user sessions handled, and are there any limitations for the single user, or the customer installation as a whole?
Yes, when the Infinite Cloud web service opens a connection; it returns a unique Session ID. This Session ID is passed in the communication between the host application and the Infinite Cloud web service. The Host Application calls to the web service to close the connection using the Session. If the Host application fails to invoke the web service disconnect, the Infinite Cloud connection pool closes the connection after a configurable period of time to keep resources usage as low as possible. The number of available user sessions is defined for the Infinite product license and should include sufficient total user sessions plus any additional concurrent sessions a single user may invoke. If the maximum number of user session plus concurrent sessions is reached, the installed license prohibits any additional connections until sessions become available.
Infinite Cloud deploys on any server running Linux with Apache and Tom Cat. That might be an X86, Sun, HP or Power server.


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Q: Using similitudes to prove Pythagoras' Theorem Right triangle collage
(See above link for the image I refer to in this problem.)
I'm teaching myself about similitudes, and it's been bothering me that I've been struggling to come up with the similitude that represents the map from the bigger right triangle to the smaller blue right triangle. The original problem asked to use similitudes to prove Pythagoras' Theorem, but I want to make sure I first understand similitudes.
I'm trying this out with a specific example, by letting the big triangle be a 3-4-5 right triangle $(b=3, a=4, c=5)$ where I set the right angle of the triangle at the origin where the $x$- and $y$-axis intersect. I worked with the general similitude form:
$
   s\left( {\begin{array}{c}
   x \\
   y \\
  \end{array} } \right)=
  \left( {\begin{array}{cc}
   r\cos(\theta) & -r\sin(\theta) \\
   r\sin(\theta) & r\cos(\theta) \\
  \end{array} } \right)\left( {\begin{array}{c}
   x \\
   y \\
  \end{array} } \right) + \left( {\begin{array}{c}
   e \\
   f \\
  \end{array} } \right)
$
Since I want to map to the small blue triangle, I let $r = 3/5$. So, mapping from the big triangle to the small triangle, we go from the point $(0,0)$ to $(\frac{12}{5}\cos(53.13^\circ),\frac{12}{5}\sin(53.13^\circ))$ - I did this through some triangle similarity & right-triangle trig. The point $(0,3)$ stays at $(0,3)$, and $(4,0)$ goes to $(0,0)$.
I said $e=\frac{12}{5}\cos(53.13^\circ)$ and $f=\frac{12}{5}\sin(53.13^\circ)$. Intuitively I thought we would need to rotate the larger triangle $223.18^\circ$, but solving for $\theta$ leaves me with $53.18^\circ$. Either way, I cannot get the transformation from $(4,0)$ to $(0,0)$ to work out with my value of $\theta, e,$ and $f$.
Is there something glaringly wrong about how I'm thinking about similitudes? (Teaching myself)

A: It seems like the approach you're taking is by composing basic affine transformations with each other.
$
   s\left( {\begin{array}{c}
   x \\
   y \\
  \end{array} } \right)=
  \color{red}{\left( {\begin{array}{cc}
   r\cos \theta & -r\sin\theta \\
   r\sin\theta & r\cos\theta \\
  \end{array} } \right)}\left( {\begin{array}{c}
   x \\
   y \\
  \end{array} } \right) + \color{green}{\left( {\begin{array}{c}
   e \\
   f \\
  \end{array} } \right)}
$
Multiplying by the red is a scaling and a rotation, and adding the green is a translation.
You overlooked one detail: You cannot transform the big right triangle to either of the smaller blue and red triangles with only scaling, rotation and translation. You need a reflection as well.
Since any reflection works, let's use a basic one where we flip over the $y$-axis first.
$
   s\left( {\begin{array}{c}
   x \\
   y \\
  \end{array} } \right)= \color{blue}{\left( {\begin{array}{cc}
   -1 & 0 \\
   0 & 1 \\
  \end{array} } \right)}
  \color{red}{\left( {\begin{array}{cc}
   r\cos \theta & -r\sin\theta \\
   r\sin\theta & r\cos\theta \\
  \end{array} } \right)}\left( {\begin{array}{c}
   x \\
   y \\
  \end{array} } \right) + \color{green}{\left( {\begin{array}{c}
   e \\
   f \\
  \end{array} } \right)}
$
$
   s\left( {\begin{array}{c}
   x \\
   y \\
  \end{array} } \right)=
  \color{purple}{\left( {\begin{array}{cc}
   -r\cos \theta & r\sin\theta \\
   r\sin\theta & r\cos\theta \\
  \end{array} } \right)}\left( {\begin{array}{c}
   x \\
   y \\
  \end{array} } \right) + \color{green}{\left( {\begin{array}{c}
   e \\
   f \\
  \end{array} } \right)}
$
This may also be why your intuition of what $\theta$ should be doesn't match the value you solved for.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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home Biography Eric Mondo
Eric Mondo
Riddhi Published On Tue May 18 2021 Modified On Tue May 18 2021
Facts of Eric Mondo
Full Name Eric Mondo
First Name Eric
Last Name Mondo
Birth Name Eric Mondo
Profession social media personality and fashion model
Birth City Massachusetts
Gender Identity Male
Sexual Orientation Gay
Horoscope Aries
Marital Status Dating
Relation With Hunter Goga
Networth 200000
Networth $200 k
Date of Birth April 17,1992
Body and Relation Status of Eric Mondo
What is Eric Mondo marital status ? Dating
Who is Eric Mondo in Relation with? Hunter Goga
Eric Mondo is an American social media personality and model who has more than 110 thousand followers o his self-titled Instagram as of 2021.
Short-Bio Of Eric Mondo
Eric Mondo was born on April 17, 1992, in Franklin, Massachusetts, the United States. So as of this writing, he is 29 years old.
His mother's name is Janine Mondo and has a younger brother, Brad Mondo(hairstylist, entrepreneur, and social media personality). As per his post of April 24, he lost his father on April 23, 2021. His post read,
Two days ago my dad passed away after living with Parkinson's for many years. I looked up to him in so many ways. Thanks to all for the love and support.
Eric Mondo with his father
Source: Instgarm@ericmondo
He is of American nationality and has Italian descent.
Openly Gay; Who Is He Dating?
The 29-years-old, Eric Mondo is an open member of the LGBTQ community. He is currently in a dating relationship with Hunter Goga who is also a social media star.
Eric Mondo with his partner, Hunter Goga
The pair has been very opened up when it comes to sharing about their love life. We can see a lot of pictures of them on their soil media platform.
How Much Is Eric Mondo's Net Worth?
Eric Mondo is supposed to hold a net worth of $200 Thousand as of 2021. Most of his net worth is possible from his career as a model and social media platform.
From his Instagram sponsored post he is supposed to receive $336 to $560 per paid post. From his collaborative Youtube channel Brad & Eric he makes around $3 to $46 per month and $34 to $550 per annum.
His brother is a popular hairstylist, entrepreneur, and social media personality who has $3 million worth.
While talking about his carer, he is famous for his self-titled Instagram where he has more than 100k followers.
Also, see: Jonathan R.Dariyanani, Jessica Olsson, Carol Hagen
American social media personality
American fashion model


Our Summer concert, held on 2nd July was fantastic!
The hall was full of friends and relations, staff and Governors. There were lots of parents eating biscuits!The audience were entertained with an afternoon of Music including singing, instrumental pieces and tunes we wrote ourselves. The theme was 'Celebration' as we tried to include parts of our work from Music lessons to worship songs.
The whole school sang a round before the youngest children shared their songs with actions. This was followed by the guitar medley performed by a group of Year 3 children who have been working with the Dorset Music Service. After a quick change, the Elm Tree Class surfed onto the stage and entertained us with a Beach Boys song.
Next, our oldest class sang a silly song about recycling before transporting the audience to the Rainforest for an atmospheric performance of a piece they had composed themselves.
We sang two rousing songs to end, one from our Maths curriculum and one from our Worship collection.
The programme of events was co-ordinated by our Music subject leader, Mrs Mackonochie and Alfie designed the front cover.
A BIG 'Thank you' to everyone who took part and all the people who came to watch and listen.