One day I hope people 'like' God as much as they 'like' things on facebook and they 'retweet' (repeat) scripture as much as they 'retweet' twitterings. On that day the world will be changed.
The (insert fancy word for a meeting that takes place only every four years) Calvin Congress meets at Westminster Seminary in Philadelphia. The papers look like they'll be super. Come along and join in the fun. And if you're in the area I'd love to say hi and grab a coffee.
Breaking News: An Archaeological Discovery That May Change Everything!!!
Jerusalem: DP – Archaeologist Rob Farfella today announced at a packed press conference that he and his team of international archaeologists working for the Bradbury Archaological Referendum have discovered a parchment in Jerusalem that may indeed be ancient and may contain a series of laws that may date to the 10th century BCE and which may show that maybe some of the laws in the Hebrew Bible may be related potentially to laws that may have originated in Egypt or maybe Babylonia.
Farfella went on to describe the location of the artifact's extraction as maybe a controlled dig or maybe a shop in Jerusalem's Old City. Photos of the artifact may be forthcoming, possibly and potentially, if the IAA gives the discoverers permission potentially.
The excavation team has dubbed this potentially important manuscript 'Codex Farfellensis Imbecilicus'.
Reports from other sources indicate that there may be nothing at all to the claims being made in today's presser by Farfella and BAR. 'Skepticism is always appropriate when it comes to the announcements of the importance of such trinkets' said Cindy Tubors of Harvard U.
Other scholars may weigh in, maybe, said Tubors as she wandered off from the press conference to imbibe at the local tavern and lament the death of archaeological seriousness.
Whenever 'Christians' tell you that you should be quiet and not denounce evil you know that they are motivated by evil itself and by no means should you listen to them.
We cannot ask God to act if we are timid and fearful and afraid to speak out.
On the twitter. With this hashtag- #sbleabs18. Some really interesting tweets so far.
In catabaptistarum strophas elenchus was published by Zwingli on 31 July, 1527 and was translated into English in the early 20th century by S.M. Jackson and published in a very lovely little edition which, fortunately, is now in the public domain and accessible here in pdf (Chapter 5).
You'll enjoy it. In fact, you'll enjoy all of the books in the collection.
One of the most engaging books on Zwingli was written by the eminent, no, the pre-eminent scholar of Zwingli, Johann Melchior Schuler titled Huldreich Zwingli: Geschichte seiner Bildung zum Reformator des Vaterlandes and published January 1, 1818, on Zwingli's birth anniversary. You can get it free from Google books. So do.


Facilitating Parental Support: My school wants to encourage more parental involvement. Any suggestions?
Meet the Parents: I'm a new middle school science teacher, and the thought of back-to-school night is already making menervous. What should I expect? What should I do?
Intergenerational Science Activities: My school is planning an Intergenerational Day, in which students invite grandparents or other guests to attend school for part of the day. We're also inviting residents of a local retirement community. I'd like to participate with my fifth grade science classes, but I want our guests to be more than spectators. Do you have any suggestions for appropriate activities?
Take-home projects: I'm thinking of requiring some "take-home" projects for students this year. (I teach at the elementary level). I think these would provide a good opportunity for students and parents to work together on science topics. Do you have any suggestions or guidelines?
Vacation Activities for Students: How do you get families and students to participate in science in the summer? I'm looking for ideas to engage upper elementary students.
This entry was posted in Ask a Mentor and tagged classroom strategies, parents. Bookmark the permalink. Trackbacks are closed, but you can post a comment.
This year, I developed a booklet called "Family Science Adventures" to share at a science-themed Title I night, as well as each of my fourth grade science students.
I researched all Middle Tennessee's nature centers, museums, parks, etc. for science-oriented stops that parents and children could explore together. I placed a high priority on finding free and low cost destinations. Later, I expanded the radius to include "on the road" science destinations in neighboring cities.
I distributed the booklet and made an easy clickable guide on my classroom website.
The best part of compiling this science travel guide was finding new places and resources I never knew existed! We can't budget for more than one classroom field trip per year, but I hope my students and their families will incorporate these into their summer plans.
Sharon — Thanks for sharing this wonderful resource! Researching and creating this travel guide could also be an activity for older students to do. I volunteer for a nature center in my community, and I'm surprised at the people who don't know it's there or don't realize that it's free! I'm also surprised at people from out of state who see our sign on the highway and stop in for a break. I'm going to book mark your site for the next time I'm in Tennessee!


Best Buy customers often prefer the following products when searching for Red Griddle.
Browse the top-ranked list of Red Griddle below along with associated reviews and opinions.
"Thank you so much...Eggs came out perfect...Even though I have not used it to make fritters yet, I have been using the duo for making beans and stuff and am really happy with the heat distribution and the non-stick quality...I made a frittata that came out excellent and was very good"
"great electric fry pan...For the cost, its great...I am very pleased with the elite skillet...I especially like that it can be put in the dishwasher"
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Bake, fry and slow-cook savory meals with this 12-inch Tramontina enameled cast-iron covered skillet. Ideal for slow-cooking, the precise cast-iron construction ensures even heat distribution and the self-basting condensation ridges keep food moist for more succulent dishes. This Tramontina enameled cast-iron covered skillet features sturdy side handles for easy transportation while full of food.
"Works well as described...Works well and so far the finish is holding up"
Sauté and fry tasty dishes with this Rachael Ray Cucina 87633 skillet set that features one 9-1/4" and one 11-1/2" skillet with nonstick interiors for easy food release and cleanup.
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Sear, saute and fry your favorite foods in this Tramontina Ceramica deluxe fry pan. A soft-grip stainless steel handle fits comfortably in hand as you flip pancakes and crepes, while the heavy-gauge aluminum construction delivers even heat distribution. This Tramontina Ceramica deluxe fry pan is oven-safe up to 350 degrees, making it easy to transfer dishes from the stove to the oven.
Cook meals on the stove top or in the oven with this Tramontina 10-inch cast iron covered skillet. The sturdy cast iron distributes heat evenly, and the porcelain enamel finish protects the exterior and makes the interior easy to clean. Lift this Tramontina 10-inch cast iron covered skillet safely with the side handles.
Create delightful sautés and fried foods with this Rachael Ray Cucina 87631 14" skillet that features a helper handle to aid moving the pan between kitchen stations. The sturdy aluminum construction provides even heat for consistent cooking results.
"Very easy to clean...8"Skillet - 5 stars...Perfect for small meals...The finish is so slick it is almost impossible to burn your food"
SilverStone CXi 8" Skillet: Cook up your favorite foods inside this 8" skillet, which is made from aluminum to promote even heating. A ceramic nonstick coating with Cushion Smart technology makes it simple to remove food when you're done. The skillet is oven-safe to 350° and dishwasher-safe, so cooking and cleanup are quick and easy.
Prepare classic Spanish fare in this 15-inch Cuisinart paella pan. Its nonstick cooking surface, dimpled interior and flared sides ensure a richly developed socarrat without a messy cleanup, and the tempered glass cover provides a tight seal. This Cuisinart paella pan easily transitions from burner to oven to keep things warm until you're ready to serve.


A living room is the place where we gather on for family occasions or go to relax after a busy day at the office. Its' where we sit and chat with our friends and the room that we share with our guests. In a changing technological world, the TV has become a main focal point of this everyday living space. For a wonderfully effective way to display your entertainment center there is the classically considered Mirrored TV Unit.
Your friends will want to know where you got the idea for a mirrored tv cabinet and share in the delight of the enthralling display of light and the illusion of space on view.
Mirrored TV unit can be fully closed or with open shelves, allowing you to create a complete Mirrored Media Unit. TV Media stands can easily compromise the atheistic of living rooms, but with the choice of a mirrored piece, rather than detract, your glass furniture will only add dazzle to the overall look. Pair it up with one of our mirrored bookcases and your room will look even better. Your friends will want to know where you got the idea and share in the delight of the enthralling display of light and the illusion of space on view.
Vintage glam doesn't have to be confined to the bedroom. This is a concept and furnishing theme that conveys an artistic and crafted look to any room in the house. Your visitors will be bowled over with the instant impact of a Mirrored TV cabinet that houses your keepsakes, photographs and treasures as well as your favourite TV shows.
If you're not inclined towards low-key then your mirrored furniture choices can be as bold and individual as the ones on display in the homes of your favourite TV stars. Mirrored glamour isn't just the reserve of the rich and famous, it's for those with an eye on interior fashion trends.
Mirrored furniture TV cabinets and TV stands in the living room can be flawlessly finished with Mirrored picture frames and glass homeware to create a truly inspired space. Framing your TV with Mirrored objects produces a space that enhances your viewing pleasure. In addition it also provides the added feeling of light, space and beauty when your sharing your sanctuary with friends and family.
Dare to add more shine with glassware specifically chosen by Interiors InVouge for you? Check out what's available in the online shopping section of the website.
Which is more fashionable, wall units or TV stands?


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Samsung Go Netbook
By Darren Gladstone
Samsung Go
As much as I like what Samsung is doing with its new Go netbook (known as the N310 overseas), the company is about this close to surpassing Asus as the king of the shotgun-delivery method, releasing netbooks every 2 minutes. Never mind my cattiness, though. The Go is a stylish and far-from-subdued portable that's shaped like a big rubber pebble. In fact, I'd say that this colorful competitor could match Dell's run on the classroom with the Latitude 2100.
It's kind of hard not to start with the case. The Go is a little weighty for a netbook, but you don't notice that when you see the curved corners, which almost make it seem slimmer than what its measurements (10.3 by 7.3 by 1.1 inches) indicate. (It is still a little bigger than the Asus Eee PC 1005HA, though.) Its standout design makes it pop compared with many basic, boxy netbooks on the scene. The only problem: Did Samsung really need to emblazon its corporate logo in a 20,000-point font across the lid? I get that the company wants a little recognition for a good job, but there are more subtle ways to do it. Like neon lights.
That rounded design, with a rubberized shell, fools you into thinking that the Go is more rugged than it really is (kind of like the Latitude 2100). It comes in four hues: Mint Blue, Midnight Blue, Sunset Orange, and Jet Black. A little rubber stopper covers the VGA port and a flap covers the ethernet jack, but everything else sits out there just as you'd expect. But before I bore you with the standard litany of netbook ports, I'd like to talk about something else that pops with color: the 10.1-inch screen.
Like most netbooks, it has a native resolution of 1024 by 600 pixels. If you want something higher (good luck), you could always plug into a VGA port. The LED-backlit, glossy screen is nicely ensconced into the housing. I had to push the screen back to roughly a 45-degree angle; but once it was in that position, I could watch test video locally from the machine and streamed from Hulu with fairly crisp results. Not much in the way of a distracting glare, either, I'm happy to report. And the audio chirps out at a decent volume. Good news: It's not a tin can performance. Bad news: It's a netbook audio -- don't expect much in the way of bass.
Moving onto the sense of feel, keyboard has a lot going for it. The cut-out keys leave little islands of buttons floating on the surface. Since they're reasonably well spaced, typing on them is a breeze--so much so, that you have to go out of your way to hit the wrong key accidentally. And, I must say, the keyboard works very well.
The touchpad, while a good size, could be bigger--I'm still a fan of what the Toshiba NB205-310 was able to cram in. The single-bar mouse button works well enough. In short, it's there and I don't hate it. Glowing recommendation, I know.
Specs-wise, you'll find nothing particularly shocking here: Intel's 1.6GHz Atom N270 CPU, 1GB of RAM (upgradable to 2GB), and a 160GB hard drive lurk under the hood. Equally unsurprising, the WorldBench 6 score: 36. That's hitting the average score that we're seeing for netbooks.
Samsung spokespeople promise in the neighborhood of 10 hours of battery life from the six-cell battery. (That battery is the big difference between the U.S. model and the lower-octane foreign version.) Our results from the PC World Test Center: 9 hours, 6 minutes. That is a respectable second place to Toshiba's nearly 10-hour performance with the NB205-310.
Otherwise, examine the rest of the Go, and you'll get a sense of netbook déjà vu. Lining the rig are three USB ports (two of which are powered), a 1.3-megapixel Webcam, mic and headphone jacks, a flash card reader, Bluetooth, and 802.11b/g, in addition to the aforementioned ethernet and VGA-out jacks.
Good news: Samsung continues its generosity with software, providing a full easy-to-use suite. Samsung Recovery Solution III is a handy backup and system-restore program that even throws in a few suggestions regarding the possible causes of your machine's problems, giving you a recommended course of backup action to resolve the matter. Easy Network Manager lets you quickly and effortlessly connect to networks; it's a superfluous bit of software for anyone remotely savvy enough, but it puts a pretty face on the standard Windows XP option. And as its name suggests, the Battery Life Extender and Easy Battery Manager makes it simple to toggle the battery-saving modes.
The other bit of software baked onto the machine is Phoenix FailSafe, a tool meant to keep your data secure if your netbook gets lost or stolen. It can give you the option for IP-tracking your missing gear (and configure the netbook to snap pictures with the Webcam upon boot), as well as remotely encrypt or erase data or disable access.
Of course, all of this beauty comes at a price: The Go skews slightly toward the costly side, selling for $479 (as of 7/30/09; you'll probably see it for $449 online). Is it worth the cash? On paper--and considering my initial experiences--it would seem so. It's a little more fashion-forward than Toshiba's NB205 and comes in a close second on battery life. It's just the price tag that'll keep weighing it down in the end.
The Samsung Go is certainly not subtle, but this netbook is a stylish--and potentially kid-friendly--computer.
Stylish, rubberized design
Good keyboard
Obnoxiously large logo on the lid

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Rightmost line on the wall. Climb the asthetic face just right of a large scoop in the cliff. A bouldery start leads to comfortable stances and fun moves to a thinner finish.
nice find ladies. this was very enjoyable.
grade should be changed to 11a.
I don't carry a stick clip but I would 'fashion' one for this route if I did it all again. The first clip is made pretty high up on said bouldery start while making crimpy moves left. Didn't blow it but it would be easy to do. The remainder of the climb is classic rrg pickpocket style with fingery jugs, sidepulls, and underclings.
This route is very fun. There is definitely an 11b move after the first clip.
Make he first clip from the big flake before moving out left for sure.
agree that you can clip from the flake before moving out left to the boulder problem. pretty easy climbing through the middle of the route to a bit of business up near the anchors. however (beta alert), if you have long arms you can probably clip the anchors from the good ledge a few feet below (especially if your partner hangs the draws for you!).


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Q: Cannot read property 'split' of undefined in ionic image upload I tried testing my ionic image upload app in browser but since I can not upload image due to cordova_not_available been displayed on the screen, every time I click ed on the upload button this error pop up Cannot read property 'split' of undefined
in my upload.ts i have this
let filename = this.imagePath.split('/').pop();

A: It's probably because your variable this.imagePath is null or empty... how are you getting the value?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Today's travelers are using all types of devices and online channels to fulfill their travel planning needs. This is why hoteliers need to build and execute a comprehensive online marketing strategy to cover the most ground and always be where their customers are looking. By leveraging a wide variety of online marketing initiatives and unique channels, hotel marketers can increase online visibility and ultimately, the number of online hotel bookings.
But with a nearly endless list of potential marketing channels and marketing types, it can be difficult to know where to start or how to expand. Not anymore.
By leveraging the following marketing initiatives and channels, you'll be well on your way to maximizing your number of online bookings.
Accounting for over 3.5 billion searches per day, it's no question that Google is the king of all search engines. In order for hoteliers to get their share of visibility on the site, Google introduced Hotel Ads.
How it works: When a user searches for a hotel on Google, whether it be a generic or specific search, Google surfaces the most relevant hotel information, maximizing the chances of a booking. In order for Google to recognize which hotel is most relevant upon a given search, it requires advertisers to submit detailed hotel and price feeds.
By leveraging Hotel Ads, internationally recognized hotel chain, Hilton Worldwide, has seen a 45% increase in conversion and a 12% boost in ROI.
Following Google's lead, Bing is currently allowing select travel advertisers to test their new ad format, Bing Hotel Ads. With a near identical functionality to that of Google Hotel Ads, the format allows you to showcase real-time room rates, images, reviews, and key amenities to users on Bing search results pages and Bing Maps.
How it works: Once a user searches for a hotel on Bing, the channel will surface the most relevant hotel ads. By providing Bing with a high-quality, complete product data feed, it is able to easily recognize your hotel as being relevant upon a given search.
The format can help hotel chains boost direct online bookings, build brand awareness, and complement the existing text and dynamic search campaigns. To get started, you'll need to request further information from your Bing account manager directly.
With around 2 billion monthly active users, Facebook has become a mecca for advertisers to engage a diverse audience. For prospecting, Facebook created Lookalike audiences to help advertisers find users similar to those who previously interacted or booked with their brand. Facebook Dynamic Ads for Travel enable hoteliers to go one step further and showcase highly-personalized hotel ads to users who've previously engaged with their brand themselves and are, therefore, most likely to book.
These ads can also appear on Instagram, another social media behemoth now with 1 billion monthly active users. The photo-sharing network is perfect for hotel marketers to showcase beautiful imagery of their hotel's finest features. For example, if your hotel is equipped with an excellent chef, you could share an image of your hotel's most beautiful dish to get more people, even locals, into your restaurant and hotel.
How it works: Facebook Dynamic Ads for Travel are fuelled by the information you provide in your travel catalog. This means you only need to create a single ad template in order to dynamically promote all of your hotels to a defined target audience. By installing the Facebook Pixel onto your website, Facebook is able to track user behavior, identify who is most likely to buy, and present them with highly-relevant ads.
Since using Facebook Dynamic Ads for Travel, Melia Hotels International has seen a 670% boost in ROAS.
Interested in getting started? Learn everything you need to know in our ebook: Your Complete Guide to Facebook Dynamic Ads for Travel. Download your copy here.
Pinterest's 200 million monthly active users are highly-engaged and constantly looking for new ideas and inspiration. With a focus on beautiful imagery, it's become a perfect platform for hoteliers to advertise beautiful accommodations. In fact, 68% of Pinterest users create Boards for places they want to visit and 46% look for hotels for upcoming vacations.
How it works: Once you create a Pinterest page for your business, you can create a variety of posts (pins), that showcase the beauty and uniqueness of your hotel. Once a user sees this, either through browsing different Boards (groupings of similar listings), they can save the pin to their own board (Save Buttons) or visit your website directly.
In order to boost the visibility of your pins, you can also leverage Promoted Pins. The luxury hotel chain, Four Season Hotels and Resorts saw a 1700% increase in daily average clicks to their website with Pinterest's Save Buttons.
Popular travel website, TripAdvisor, boasts 490 million average monthly unique visitors and over 700 million user-generated travel reviews. With an easy-to-use hotel search engine and an unbeatable positive reputation, the channel is a perfect opportunity to both list and advertise your hotels to an active audience.
Hotels can both list and advertise on TripAdvisor. If you choose to create organic search listings, your hotel will appear in the results when a user makes a relevant search. With TripAdvisor Sponsored Placements you're able to boost your listing to drive high-quality traffic and heighten visibility.
How Sponsored Placements work: Since these ads are not feed-based, you'll need to leverage some of your already listed hotels. Once you've identified which properties to promote, you'll define a maximum daily budget that you're willing to pay for clicks. Then, once a traveler searches for a hotel in the area where yours is based, your listing will appear at the top of the results page.
One of the largest hotels in Sorrento, Italy, Grand Hotel Aminta, saw a 20% increase in direct bookings in the span of 40 days by using Sponsored Placements.
Trivago is a global hotel metasearch engine where its users can browse and compare hotel prices. Trivago is not involved in direct bookings, but rather facilitates matching holiday-makers with relevant hotel chains.
How it works: You or one of your booking system partners (OTAs) will provide hotel and price information to trivago in order to create the listing. Once a user clicks on your listing, they'll be redirected to your website where they can book directly. The more you bid, the higher your hotel will rank and, therefore, the more clicks it will get. However, this can result in a higher CPC as well. Independent hoteliers use trivago's Rate Connect tool to advertise their website rates on the channel.
Since using trivago's Rate Connect solution, independent hotel, The Wellness Center Casanova, has seen a 47% increase in direct bookings.
KAYAK was once known primarily as a flight meta-search engine. Now, however, it's also heavily focused on hotels. As an aggregator, KAYAK takes information directly from websites of hotels and promotes them upon relevant searches in their platform.
How it works: There are two approaches you can take to using KAYAK as an advertising channel. The first is simply to manually connect your website and allow KAYAK to list your hotel upon a relevant search. In this case, a user who clicks on any of your listings will simply be redirected to your hotel website. The second approach is to list through your booking engine (i.e. DerbySoft). This is more scalable, as it allows you to include real-time rates and availability in your KAYAK listing.
Criteo is known for its powerful display advertising & retargeting capabilities. According to the channel, 98% of shoppers abandon carts and leave websites without completing a purchase or booking. This stat alone shows the importance of retargeting almost-buyers. With Criteo Display Ads, you're able to re-engage shoppers who have previously interacted with your website, the ones who are most likely to convert.
Here, it's important to maintain control of which of your offers are displayed to which users. This way, you'll increase the quality of clicks, reduce bounce rates, and make the most of your ad spend. To do this, you'll need to create highly-tailored hotel catalogs using capable feed management software, like Productsup, for example.
How it works: Criteo has a massive portfolio of publishers, all of whom they pay for advertising space. By Providing Criteo a product feed and pixel-access to your website, they're able to display highly-tailored ads to the most relevant users, across thousands of website.
Travel advertisers leveraging Criteo display ads have seen a 244% increase in conversion rates on products that were previously abandoned in carts. Moreover, clicks from Display Ads have proven to keep shoppers on websites longer by up to five minutes, making it an average uplift of 241%.
Affiliate marketing has been a long-standing strategy within the hotel advertising industry. AWIN, an affiliate network that delivered a total booking value of 656 million GDP in 2017, is one of the best ways to pursue these revenue-boosting marketing strategies.
How it works: Advertisers upload their travel catalog to the network, along with a commission offer. Essentially, this defines how much you'll pay when an affiliate promotes your hotel to their audience. In the end, your hotel could appear on blogs, websites, mobile apps, or even in newsletters.
Keep in mind that, with affiliate marketing, better travel catalog quality will lead to better results. This is because it gives publishers more flexibility and creative freedom in promoting your hotel to their audience.
Whether it's listing or advertising, success on these channels is directly correlated to the quality of information you provide. If your hotel catalog contains poor-quality travel images or incomplete descriptions, you're going to miss out on clicks and potential bookings.
Moreover, getting granular with your campaign structure is not enough. In order to present the right ads to the users most likely to buy, you need to prepare a variety of high-tailored, localized hotel feeds. While you may not think this is possible with your current approach to feed management, it's actually easy with the right solution.
With the right feed management software, executing a highly-personalized marketing strategy for your hotels is possible, and can even be easy. By leveraging these channels, you're well on your way to "no vacancy" year round.


Enter a grade with comments within 7 days of an item's submission date or due date (whichever comes first). Grade students at least 2-3 times per week. Enter all final grades within two weeks of the completion date of the course.
Provide substantial feedback of at least one paragraph of comments of academic nature for each assignment/forum related to the subject matter showing that you reviewed their submission.
• All communication must be in the learning management system Populi for it to count toward this requirement. Any communication with students via email will not count toward this requirement.
• Provide at least one paragraph of academic feedback each week. Provide at least a couple of lines for every forum grading and assignment.
• Faculty will be informed if there are any problems with substantial feedback requirement. Any problems must be corrected for all weeks before the end of the term.
Within 3 weeks of the end of a term, send a 1 page response summarizing your suggestions on what to improve at the end of the course based on your experience, student's experience and their End of Course Review.
Follow all policies listed in the course syllabi and City Vision catalog.
Advise the Academic Dean at your earliest possibility if you are unable to perform all of the responsibilities of facilitating a course.
City Vision offers five eight-week terms. While time required by adjuncts varies by course, typically most courses will require 10-15 hours per week per course.
Official transcript(s) required for all relevant degrees and/or licenses from an institution accredited by an accrediting agency recognized by the U.S. Department of Education or accreditation in your home country recognized in the U.S.
Must be a Christian actively attending a church and able to support City Vision's statement of faith.
Adjuncts for undergraduate courses are currently paid $50 per student completing each eight-week course ($75/student for graduate courses) with a guarantee of at least $400. Most of our courses have between 10 to 20 students completing, which would provide $500 to $1,000 per term. Given our focus on serving the poor, many of our faculty view their services as a "ministry" and view their positions as part volunteering, recognizing that the pay is below what some schools with higher tuition pay adjuncts. This has enabled City Vision to be the 16th most affordable Christian college in America with our Business degree being the lowest-cost online Christian business degree in America. This has also enabled us to offer discounts so that our tuition is only $4,500 to developing countries, $4,500 for interns and $5,950 to Rescue Mission and Salvation Army staff, veterans, and other partners.
We are looking for our candidates that believe in and can help City Vision attain our vision and values. The following documents may be helpful to better understand our vision and values.
TechMission/City Vision hiring practices and EEO Statement are fully in compliance with both federal and state law. Federal law creates an exception to the "religion" component of the employment discrimination laws for religious organizations (including educational institutions), and permits them to give employment preference to members of their own religion. City Vision is in this category.


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package com.shipdream.lib.android.mvc.samples.benchmark.controller;

public interface Controller1 extends BaseController {
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A lens is merely a carefully ground or molded piece of transparent material that refracts light rays in such as way as to form an image. Lenses can be thought of as a series of tiny refracting prisms, each of which refracts light to produce their own image. When these prisms act together, they produce a bright image focused at a point.
There are a variety of types of lenses. Lenses differ from one another in terms of their shape and the materials from which they are made. Our focus will be upon lenses that are symmetrical across their horizontal axis - known as the principal axis. In this unit, we will categorize lenses as converging lenses and diverging lenses. A converging lens is a lens that converges rays of light that are traveling parallel to its principal axis. Converging lenses can be identified by their shape; they are relatively thick across their middle and thin at their upper and lower edges. A diverging lens is a lens that diverges rays of light that are traveling parallel to its principal axis. Diverging lenses can also be identified by their shape; they are relatively thin across their middle and thick at their upper and lower edges.
A double convex lens is symmetrical across both its horizontal and vertical axis. Each of the lens' two faces can be thought of as originally being part of a sphere. The fact that a double convex lens is thicker across its middle is an indicator that it will converge rays of light that travel parallel to its principal axis. A double convex lens is a converging lens. A double concave lens is also symmetrical across both its horizontal and vertical axis. The two faces of a double concave lens can be thought of as originally being part of a sphere. The fact that a double concave lens is thinner across its middle is an indicator that it will diverge rays of light that travel parallel to its principal axis. A double concave lens is a diverging lens. These two types of lenses - a double convex and a double concave lens will be the only types of lenses that will be discussed in this unit of The Physics Classroom Tutorial.
If a symmetrical lens were thought of as being a slice of a sphere, then there would be a line passing through the center of the sphere and attaching to the mirror in the exact center of the lens. This imaginary line is known as the principal axis. A lens also has an imaginary vertical axis that bisects the symmetrical lens into halves. As mentioned above, light rays incident towards either face of the lens and traveling parallel to the principal axis will either converge or diverge. If the light rays converge (as in a converging lens), then they will converge to a point. This point is known as the focal point of the converging lens. If the light rays diverge (as in a diverging lens), then the diverging rays can be traced backwards until they intersect at a point. This intersection point is known as the focal point of a diverging lens. The focal point is denoted by the letter F on the diagrams below. Note that each lens has two focal points - one on each side of the lens. Unlike mirrors, lenses can allow light to pass through either face, depending on where the incident rays are coming from. Subsequently, every lens has two possible focal points. The distance from the mirror to the focal point is known as the focal length (abbreviated by f). Technically, a lens does not have a center of curvature (at least not one that has any importance to our discussion). However a lens does have an imaginary point that we refer to as the 2F point. This is the point on the principal axis that is twice as far from the vertical axis as the focal point is.
As we discuss the characteristics of images produced by converging and diverging lenses, these vocabulary terms will become increasingly important. Remember that this page is here and refer to it as often as needed.


This week, a major controversy developed over the Rago Arts and Auction Center's plans to auction off 450 photos and artifacts from WWII era Japanese American concentration camps. The collection was originally curated by historian Allen H. Eaton while he was researching his 1952 book, Beauty Behind Barbed Wire: The Arts of the Japanese in Our War Relocation Camps. Citizens and organizations mobilized quickly and succeeded in preventing the auction, but questions remain about how the art was collected in the first place and who the rightful owners are now. In an effort to shed light on some of those questions, this post delves into the history of the book and the artwork at the center of the controversy.
*The following material has been excerpted from the Densho Encyclopedia; visit the full entry to learn more.
Pictorial Magazine Vol. 3 No. 10, February 1952.
Known as the "dean of American crafts" and "acknowledged authority on the crafts of various ethnic groups in the United States," Eaton began working for the Russell Sage Foundation, one of the country's largest charitable foundations in 1920, where he would remain for the next 26 years. While there, he established himself as an expert on immigrant life and folk arts, mounting pioneering exhibitions and authoring landmark books including Immigrants Gifts to American Life (1932) and Handicrafts of the Southern Highlands (1937). In 1937, he also worked on the Rural Arts Exhibition in Washington, DC for the Department of Agriculture, which led to his becoming a friend and correspondent of Eleanor Roosevelt.
With the incarceration of West Coast Japanese Americans in concentration camps during World War II, Eaton approached Dillon Myer, director of the War Relocation Authority (WRA), the agency in charge of administering the camps, about the possibility of documenting the arts and crafts of the inmates and of putting together an exhibition of American ethnic handicrafts that might tour the camps. Though not unsympathetic, Myer declined WRA funding of Eaton's project, inviting him to seek other funders. The Sage Foundation also declined to fund the project, perhaps due in part to Eaton's being near retirement age by that time. Still intrigued by the possibilities of the Japanese American project, he took a vacation in 1945 and visited five of the camps, identifying objects and photographers at those camps. He also found photographers and curatorial assistants at the other four camps to do the same. The photographers included WRA photographers such as Tom Parker, inmate photographers including Toyo Miyatake (who in addition to taking photographs at Manzanar, was dispatched to Poston and Gila River), and local professionals from the area near specific camps.
Eaton had in the meantime secured funding for the project from the Rockefeller Foundation, through the sponsorship of the Society of Japanese Studies, along with the Japan Society. Delayed from finishing the book due to work on other projects—his New England handicrafts book was published in 1949 and he went to Europe in 1950 as part of the Economic Co-operation Administration of the Marshall Plan—he finished the manuscript in 1951. Harper & Brothers, which had published his New England book, agreed to publish the Japanese American book once the Japan Society committed to buying enough copies of it. Beauty Behind Barbed Wire was published on the 10th anniversary of Executive Order 9066, on February 19, 1952. Eaton was 73 years old by the time the book came out.A second edition of the book appeared in 1955, with a new three-page postscript that adds information on the Evacuation Claims Act and the Immigration Act of 1952.
Read more about Beauty Behind Bars in the Densho Encyclopedia.


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Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (ASQ): development and validation
Research methods in psychiatry
Amanda Baker1,2,
Naomi Simon3,
Aparna Keshaviah1,2,
Amy Farabaugh1,2,
Thilo Deckersbach1,2,
John J Worthington1,2,
Elizabeth Hoge4,
Maurizio Fava1,2 and
Mark P Pollack5
1Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
2Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
3New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
4Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
5Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Correspondence to Dr Amanda Baker; awbaker{at}mgh.harvard.edu
Background The Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (ASQ) is a brief self-report questionnaire which measures frequency and intensity of symptoms and was developed to improve assessment of anxiety symptoms in a clinical setting. We examined the reliability and validity of the ASQ in patients with anxiety disorders and/or depression, non-clinical control subjects and college students.
Methods 240 outpatients with generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder or major depressive disorder were administered the ASQ and additional questionnaires measuring depression and anxiety, as were 111 non-clinical control subjects and 487 college students. Factor analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficients and logistic regression were used to assess reliability and validity. Test–retest reliability of the ASQ was measured using a subset who were re-administered the ASQ after 4 weeks.
Results Factor analysis revealed measurement of a single dimension by the ASQ. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were strong. The ASQ total score also significantly distinguished patients with an anxiety disorder from the clinical controls above and beyond the clinician-rated Hamilton Anxiety Scale.
Conclusions The ASQ is a valid, reliable and effective self-rated measure of anxiety and may be a useful tool for screening and assessing anxiety symptoms in psychiatric as well as college settings.
outcome and process assessment (healthcare)
psychiatry and psychology
psychiatric status rating scales
Collectively, anxiety disorders are the most common mental health problem in the USA, affecting approximately 18% of adults in the general population per year, and 29% of adults at some point during their life-time.1 Anxiety itself is an adaptive and universal human reaction to stressful situations. Determining when anxiety reaches the level of clinical interference with daily activities or the level of diagnosing an anxiety disorder is guided by (1) intensity (the level of distress experienced by the person) and (2) frequency/duration (whether the anxiety occurs often and persists for longer than would be expected under the circumstances). For the diagnosis of an anxiety disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) to be made, the presence of a specific symptom profile associated with significant distress or impairment is required.2 Therefore, it is clinically important to be able to reliably measure both the intensity and frequency of anxiety symptoms during a specified period of time, and to measure how that changes over time.
Anxiety symptoms manifest in physical, affective, cognitive and behavioural domains. Physical symptoms of anxiety typically reflect autonomic arousal, such as shortness of breath, chest tightness, racing heartbeat, upset stomach, dizziness, trembling and numbness/tingling. Emotional symptoms of anxiety range from feelings of nervousness and edginess to terror and panic. Cognitive symptoms of anxiety include worry, apprehension, trouble concentrating and negative thoughts regarding possible threat. Behavioural symptoms of anxiety are typically aimed at diminishing or preventing the perceived threat or distress through avoidance, escape and safety-seeking behaviours; both behavioural and cognitive symptoms of anxiety often lead to poor functioning at home, work or in social situations.
Over the last 20 years, research has advanced the development, validation and dissemination of evidence-based psychological and pharmacological treatments for anxiety disorders.3 4 However, until recently, evidence-based approaches to assessing anxiety and anxiety disorders have received much less attention in the literature. Moreover, the current approach to assessing anxiety commonly remains disorder-based, therefore not capturing the nosological research that suggests a more dimensional approach to understanding and classifying anxiety and other psychiatric disorders.5 6 The most common measure used to assess anxiety in treatment outcome studies is the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A),7 8 which is a primary measure for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and is often used to assess general anxiety symptoms across conditions. Although the HAM-A is a valid and reliable measure, it is clinician-administered, requires extensive training to use and is time consuming. The HAM-A has also been criticised for focusing too heavily on somatic symptoms, although this is understandable given that it was developed before the separation of GAD and panic disorder.9 Researchers have also pointed out that the HAM-A does not adequately measure the central symptoms of GAD, and that the majority of symptoms assessed by the HAM-A (eg, cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms) are not among the associated symptoms of GAD in the DSM, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) or DSM-5.10 These issues have resulted in a lack of sensitivity of the HAM-A to symptom change, as observed in a clinical trial in which worry symptoms decreased significantly, but HAM-A scores did not.11 Another potential problem with the HAM-A scale is that it does not provide guidance on how to balance severity/intensity and frequency/duration when rating a given symptom, thus limiting its reliability. The HAM-A also has been shown to have only moderate discriminant validity between symptoms of anxiety and depression.8
Alternatives to the HAMA-A include self-report measures of anxiety, the most commonly used being the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).12 The BAI is a self-report scale, but research has suggested that the BAI is not a broad measure of anxiety as a whole, but rather of physical symptoms of anxiety only.13 Significantly higher BAI scores have been observed in individuals with panic disorder than those with other anxiety disorders.14 In addition to the BAI, the GAD-715 is another ultra-brief self-report measure being used mostly in primary care settings to screen and assess GAD but has not been widely adopted for use by the research community. The GAD-7 is an excellent tool for measuring presence/absence of anxiety dysfunction and as an initial screener, but assesses only frequency but not intensity of symptoms.
As a possible alternative to the HAM-A and BAI, our research team from the Massachusetts General Hospital developed a new measure of anxiety—the Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (ASQ). The ASQ is a brief and practical self-report assessment for evaluating the severity of anxiety symptoms over the past week. The ASQ contains 17 items, selected by a panel of experts in anxiety disorders, that measure the frequency and intensity of anxiety symptoms on a 0–10 Likert-type scale, for example, "How intense or bothersome have the symptom(s) been in the past week and how frequently have you experienced the symptom(s) in the past week?" (see the Appendix for the full scale). The ASQ was designed to be a global measure of anxiety (ie, measuring more than just physical symptoms), and to assess a range of symptoms central to anxiety, including nervousness, worrying, irritability, trouble relaxing, insomnia, lack of energy, difficulty concentrating, somatic symptoms and impairment in functioning due to anxiety. For each anxiety symptom, the individual reports both frequency and intensity of that symptom, yielding two subscales (ASQ frequency and ASQ intensity, with scores obtained by summing the 17 questions within that subscale). The ASQ total score is obtained by summing the 17 frequency and 17 intensity scores together, with no reverse scoring used. The ASQ takes an average of 2–3 min to complete, and as such, is briefer than the BAI, with fewer items and a broader range of answer choices (0–10 rather than 0–3).
The present analysis examines the reliability and validity of the ASQ in both a clinical sample (patients and healthy controls seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders, and a college student sample (students from two Boston area colleges with various levels of undiagnosed anxiety and depression). We also sought to demonstrate the ability of the ASQ to detect symptoms of anxiety independent of symptoms of depression, and investigated demographic predictors of ASQ total score.
Analysis population
A total of 240 outpatients with GAD (n=70), social anxiety disorder (SAD, n=57), major depressive disorder (MDD, n=88) or panic disorder (n=25) according to DSM-IV were administered the ASQ and additional questionnaires measuring depression and anxiety (see figure 1 for flow chart). The ASQ was also administered to 111 non-clinical, healthy control subjects. Subjects in the clinical sample were recruited and provided written consent. Analyses of reliability and internal consistency were based on those 152 patients with GAD, SAD or panic disorder (ie, excluded those with MDD and healthy controls). Demographic characteristics of these patients and controls are summarised in table 1.
Study Flow Diagram. ASQ, Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the analysis population
The college sample comprised a total of 487 college students recruited from two local colleges in Boston for participation in an on-campus mental health screening (see figure 1 for flow chart). All participants received a description of the parent study's aims and screening procedures and provided written informed consent to participate in the screening. A detailed description of the parent study can be found in the study by Farabaugh et al.16 Demographic characteristics of the college sample, including self-identified race and ethnicity, are described in table 1.
All participants in the clinical sample completed the ASQ in a clinical research setting. A subset of patients who were participating in either a study of mindfulness-based stress reduction for the treatment of GAD17 or a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of three potential pharmacological treatment strategies for patients with treatment refractory SAD18 completed the ASQ again after 4 weeks (allowing enough time to not have a memory of previous answers), and were also re-administered questionnaires measuring depression and anxiety.
Data from the college student sample were collected during the screening portion of a larger study assessing depression and suicide risk in college students.16 Participants completed self-report measures described below in the assessment section. Data were collected at baseline, and for a subset of students at one of the colleges, measures were repeated after 4 weeks.
Diagnosis and clinical severity
The ASQ (see online supplementary appendix) is a 17-item self-report inventory designed to measure symptoms of anxiety. The intensity (how intense or bothersome the symptom has been) and the frequency of each symptom (within the past week) are rated on a 10-point scale with anchors. Intensity anchors include none (0), mild (1–3), moderate (4–6), severe (7–9) and extreme (10) distress. Frequency anchors include never (0), occasionally (1–3), often (4–6), usually (7–9) and all the time (10). When clusters of symptoms are presented in a single item (eg, gastrointestinal symptoms of stomach upset, nausea, constipation, diarrhoea or irritable bowels), the participant is instructed to rate the intensity and severity for the most troublesome symptom. Total ASQ scores range from 0 to 340, and intensity and frequency subtotals range from 0 to 170. Constructs assessed include anxiety, nervousness, worry, irritability, muscle tension, trouble relaxing, restlessness or being on edge, concentration and memory difficulties, anticipatory anxiety, four clusters of somatic symptoms, and functional impairment due to anxiety.
The HAM-A is a 14-item clinician-rated scale measuring anxiety severity. Each item is defined by a series of symptoms and is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (no symptoms or absent) to 4 (very severe). Total HAM-A scores range from 0 to 56.7 Only the clinical sample was administered the HAM-A. The BAI12 is a 21-item self-report measure of intensity of anxiety. Each item is scored from 0 to 3, with higher scores indicative of greater anxiety severity. Prior studies suggest that the BAI comprises between two to four factors, which often are made up of one cognitive and at least one somatic factor.19–21 Only participants in the college sample were administered the BAI.
The Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a 10-item clinician-rated measure of MDD symptom severity. Each item is scored from 0 to 6; total MADRS scores range from 0 to 60. Higher MADRS score indicates more severe depression.22 Only the clinical sample was administered the MADRS. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II)23 is a 21-item self-rated assessment of depression that measures both psychological symptoms and physical symptoms. Each item is scored from 0 to 3, with higher scores indicative of greater depression severity. Prior research has supported the reliability and validity of the BDI for use in various populations.24–26 Only participants in the college sample were administered the BDI-II.
Analysis overview
The clinical analyses are based on 240 patients' and 111 controls' responses to the ASQ, HAM-A, MADRS and Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S).27 In most analyses, the 152 patients with GAD, SAD and panic disorder were combined to form a group with any anxiety disorder. The college analyses are based on 487 college students' responses to the ASQ, BAI and BDI. College students were not administered diagnostic assessments, but we examined ASQ results by presence or absence of high anxiety symptoms (n=71, defined a priori as BAI total ≥16) and/or high depressive symptoms (n=74, defined a priori as BDI total ≥14).
Below, in the results section, we detail the methods and results of our examination of the reliability and validity of the ASQ in clinical and college samples, along with demographic and clinical predictors of ASQ total score. The square root transformation was applied to the ASQ, HAM-A, BAI and MADRS total scores measures to improve or achieve normality. All analyses were conducted using SAS V.9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA) and employed a two-sided α=0.05 for significance.
Unidimensionality of the ASQ
To examine the construct validity of the ASQ, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis with a four-factor model without any factor rotation. We examined eigenvalues, factor loadings, the proportion of the total variance explained and Cattell's scree plot. In the clinical sample, the analysis was based on 152 patients with an anxiety disorder (GAD/SAD/panic disorder), but was repeated by diagnosis as well.
Table 2 shows the results of the exploratory factor analyses, and figure 2A and B show Cattell's scree plots in the clinical/college samples. The magnitude of difference between the eigenvalues for factor 2 vs factors 2, 3 or 4, along with the presence of a single elbow after factor 1, supports the unidimensionality of the ASQ. Factor 1 accounted for 62%/74% of the total variance in the clinical/college samples, respectively, and each of the remaining factors accounted for <15% of the total variance. Items generally loaded strongly onto factor 1 and weakly onto the remaining factors, with the exception of question 7 (Trouble falling or staying asleep) intensity and frequency in the clinical sample, and question 10 (Trouble remembering things) intensity in the college sample, which loaded almost equally onto two different factors. The evidence for unidimensionality of the ASQ remained strong in factor analyses conducted by diagnosis within the clinical sample.
(A) Cattell's Scree Plot for the ASQ - Clinical Sample. (B) Cattell's Scree Plot for the ASQ - College Sample.
Exploratory factor analysis results (without rotation)
Reliability of the ASQ
To examine the internal consistency of the ASQ, Cronbach's α was calculated for the entire ASQ scale, and separately for the intensity and frequency subscales in the clinical and college samples. We also examined whether reliability changed within subgroups of gender, race/ethnicity, and comorbidity.
Test–retest reliability of the ASQ total score was measured using Pearson's correlation between week 0 and week 4. In the clinical sample, we restricted the test–retest analysis to a subset of GAD/SAD (n=43) patients who had no change in global severity (as measured by the CGI-S) between week 0 and 4, to ensure that any differences observed in the ASQ total score were unlikely to be explained by improvement or progression of the patients' anxiety symptoms. This was done as to not have confounding results between reliability and clinical change over time. Instead, we isolated participants who were known to have no substantial change in clinical symptoms, which was operationalised as no change in score on the CGI-S scale (eg, CGI-S=4 at week 0 and CGI-S=4 at week 4). These 43 patients also had either no change in treatment or decreased their medication between weeks 0 and 4. In the college sample, the test–retest analysis was based on a subset of students with longitudinal data at one of the colleges (n=27), with no further restrictions made. We compared the ASQ test–retest reliability with that of the HAM-A/BAI in the clinical/college sample, respectively, using two-sided 95% CIs around the correlation coefficients.
Reliability of the ASQ was extremely high in the clinical/college samples, respectively, with a Cronbach's α of 0.94/0.96 for the scale overall, 0.89/0.93 for the intensity subscale and 0.90/0.93 for the frequency subscale. Reliability remained high by disorder and presence of comorbidity/chronic medical conditions (table 3), as well as within categories of gender and race/ethnicity (results not shown). Each question was positively and strongly correlated with the total. While question 7 (Trouble falling or staying asleep) had the lowest correlation with other questions with respect to both intensity (r=0.35) and frequency (r=0.33) in the clinical sample, removing this question did not improve the Cronbach's α. Similarly, while question 10 (Trouble remembering things) had the lowest correlation with the total with respect to both intensity (r=0.54) and frequency (r=0.50) in the college sample, reliability did not improve with its removal.
Reliability of the Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (ASQ)
In the clinical sample, test–retest reliability of the ASQ was high and not significantly different from that of the HAM-A among the GAD/SAD patients with no change in CGI severity between weeks 0 and 4. Pearson's correlation for the ASQ total between week 0 and week 4 was 0.72 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.84, p<0.001), while that of the HAM-A total was 0.75 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.85, p<0.001). The test–retest reliability of the ASQ total was also high in the college sample, and did not significantly differ from that of the BAI total. Pearson's correlation for the ASQ total between week 0 and week 4 was 0.77 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.89, p<0.001), while that of the BAI total was 0.80 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.91], p<0.001).
Concurrence with existing measures of anxiety
To examine the concurrent validity of the ASQ with the HAM-A/BAI (clinical/college samples), we calculated Pearson's partial correlations between the ASQ total and HAM-A total in the clinical sample (controlling for presence of any comorbidity), and between the ASQ total and BAI total in the college sample (controlling for presence of a chronic medical condition).
The partial correlation (95% CI) between the ASQ total and HAM-A total, controlling for comorbidity, was 0.68 (0.58 to 0.75) among patients with an anxiety disorder, 0.59 (0.43 to 0.71) among patients with MDD and 0.43 (0.27 to 0.57) among controls. In patients with an anxiety disorder, the correlation with the HAM-A was strongest among those with panic disorder (r=0.80), followed by those with GAD (r=0.61) and those with SAD (r=0.48). In the college sample, the partial correlation (95% CI) between the ASQ total and BAI total, controlling for chronic medical conditions, was 0.79 (0.75 to 0.82). Thus, concurrent validity with existing measures of anxiety was high in both samples, and in the clinical sample was highest among patients with panic disorder, which is unsurprising given the HAM-A focus on somatic symptoms.
Differentiation between anxiety and depression
In the clinical sample, we examined the ability of the ASQ to discriminate between patients with an anxiety disorder and healthy controls, above and beyond the discriminant ability of the HAM-A. To do so, we generated a multivariate logistic regression model with diagnostic group (GAD/SAD/panic vs controls) as the outcome, ASQ total score as the covariate of interest and controlling for HAM-A total score. Below, in the results section, we report the resulting OR and 95% CI associated with a 10-point increase in ASQ total score (each question on the ASQ is scored on a scale of 0–10). We also examined the ability of the ASQ to discriminate between patients with an anxiety disorder diagnosis and patients with an MDD diagnosis, restricting the analysis to those with no comorbid diagnoses.
In the college sample, we were unable to examine whether the ASQ predicted anxiety diagnosis above and beyond the BAI, since the presence of high anxiety was defined using the BAI total score rather than diagnosis (as diagnostic assessments were not undertaken for the student sample). Instead, we examined the ability of the ASQ to discriminate between those with and without high anxiety, as well as between those with high anxiety but low depression versus those with high depression but low anxiety (ie, akin to examining patients with no comorbidity).
The ASQ total significantly discriminated between those with an anxiety disorder and healthy controls, both univariately (χ2=30.63, p<0.0001) and after accounting for the discriminant ability of the HAM-A (χ2=12.42, p=0.0004). A 10-point increase in ASQ total score resulted in double the likelihood of being classified as having an anxiety disorder versus being a control (OR, 95% CI 2.2, 1.4 to 3.3), after controlling for the HAM-A.
Of the 152 patients diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, 75 had one or more comorbid disorders, as did 49 of the 88 patients diagnosed with MDD. When we examined the ability of the ASQ to differentiate between anxiety and depression among patients with no comorbidity, we found that the ASQ total score was a significant univariate predictor of diagnosis (χ2=6.83, p=0.0090), although the effect size associated with a 10-point increase in total score was small (OR, 95% CI 1.1, 1.03 to 1.2). Once we controlled for the HAM-A, the ASQ total was no longer a significant predictor of anxiety only versus depression (χ2=2.31, p=0.13), although power may have been limited for this analysis.
In the college sample, the ASQ total was able to significantly distinguish between patients with high versus low anxiety (based on a BAI total score cut-off of 16). Results were similar when we controlled for the presence of high or low depression. We also found that the ASQ total was a borderline significant predictor of high anxiety/low depression versus high depression/low anxiety (p=0.092; OR, 95% CI 1.1, 0.98 to 1.2 associated with a 10-unit increase in ASQ total score).
To better dismantle the detection of depression by the ASQ and HAM-A in the clinical sample, we examined partial Pearson's correlations (and their 95% CIs) between the ASQ/HAM-A and the MADRS, controlling for presence of comorbidity and separately by diagnosis. As seen in table 4, the ASQ total was less strongly correlated with the MADRS overall than was the HAM-A, although differences were not statistically significant. Because the MADRS measures both anxiety and depression constructs, we examined the correlations with only those MADRS items that targeted depression by summing question 1 (apparent sadness) and question 2 (reported sadness). We found that the magnitude of the correlation coefficients substantially decreased when correlating the ASQ with the MADRS q1+q2 rather than the MADRS total score and that among patients with MDD, the correlation with MADRS q1+q2 was virtually zero.
Correlation of the ASQ vs HAM-A with depression—clinical sample
Thus, it appears that the ASQ has high discriminant validity when comparing patients with an anxiety disorder versus healthy controls, and that the ASQ captures aspects of anxiety not captured by the HAM-A such as the explicit frequency and intensity of symptoms. The ASQ was also able to distinguish between anxiety and depression.
Predictors of ASQ total score
Covariates examined as predictors of the ASQ total score included diagnosis (clinical sample only), gender, age (years), presence of a comorbidity/chronic medical condition (clinical/college sample), race (white, black/African-American, Native American/Alaska Native, Asian, other), ethnicity (Hispanic/Latino, non-Hispanic/Latino) and MADRS/BDI total score (clinical/college sample). In the college sample, race/ethnicity were collected in combined fashion as non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Asian/Pacific Islander, other. Covariates were first tested individually, and significant individual predictors were then entered into a multivariate linear regression model. In the clinical sample, we controlled for diagnosis in all models. The assumption of linearity of each continuous covariate with the outcome was verified. For comparison, we also examined predictors of the HAM-A/BAI (clinical/college samples).
After controlling for diagnosis (which was a significant univariate predictor), gender, age, presence of comorbidity and MADRS total score were all significant predictors of the ASQ total score individually in the clinical sample. Correlations between these covariates were generally small, indicating that collinearity was not of great concern (the largest correlation, between MADRS total and presence of comorbidity, was r=0.50). In the final multivariate model in the clinical sample (table 5), significance of each covariate was maintained, with the exception that comorbidity became borderline significant (χ2=3.68, p=0.055). Patients with the highest ASQ total scores were those with a primary diagnosis of GAD, female patients, younger patients, those with one or more comorbid diagnoses and patients with higher MADRS total scores. The significance of gender and age as predictors of ASQ total score persisted even among healthy controls. For comparison, we found that patients with the highest HAM-A total scores were those with a primary diagnosis of GAD (β (SE)=3.1 (0.13), t=614.33, p<0.001 vs controls), female patients (β (SE)=0.2 (0.085), t=8.11, p=0.004) and those with one or more comorbid diagnoses (β (SE)=0.3 (0.10), t=8.97, p=0.003). Unlike with the ASQ, HAM-A total scores did not significantly differ by age or MADRS total score, nor were age or gender significant predictors of HAM-A total score among controls.
Multivariate predictors of ASQ total—clinical sample
Significant univariate predictors of the ASQ total score in the college sample included presence of a chronic medical condition (χ2=6.16, p=0.013) and BDI total score (χ2=573.81, p<0.001). The correlation between BDI total score and chronic medical condition was statistically significant, but low in magnitude (r=0.11, p=0.013). In a multivariate model, chronic medical condition was no longer significant (χ2=0.89, p=0.34) after controlling for BDI total score. Students with the highest ASQ total scores were those with higher BDI total scores (β (SE)=1.7 (0.073), χ2=573.8, p<0.0001), and once depression was controlled for, the ASQ total score did not significantly vary by any other demographic covariates examined. For comparison, students with the highest BAI scores also tended to have higher BDI total scores (β (SE)=0.7 (0.038), χ2=345.5, p<0.001), but we also found that BAI total scores were significantly higher among females (β (SE)=0.4 (0.11), χ2=10.4, p=0.001).
The results of this validation study of the ASQ suggest that it is a highly reliable, consistent and valid self-rated anxiety measure that is comparable, and in some cases superior, to the gold-standard measure frequently used in treatment outcome studies—the more time consuming, clinician-rated HAM-A. In both clinical and college student samples, we found that the reliability of the ASQ was extremely high, with Cronbach's α ranging from 0.89 to 0.96 both for the entire measure and the frequency and intensity subscales. Factor analyses upheld construct validity by confirming a single dimension in patients with an anxiety diagnosis in the clinical sample and among college students overall, supporting its relevance for identifying those with a core set of anxiety symptoms that occur concurrently. The evidence for unidimensionality of the ASQ remained strong when examined by diagnosis as well (based on the eigenvalue plots). This offers a significant advantage in using the ASQ over the HAM-A which is not unidimensional. Additionally, the test–retest reliability of the ASQ was high and comparable to that of the HAM-A (r=0.72).
The ASQ also discriminated well between patients with and without anxiety disorders, and between anxiety and depression symptoms in patients without comorbid disorders. However, it was unable to significantly distinguish between patients with an anxiety disorder and MDD when comorbidity existed. When we examined correlations between the ASQ/HAM-A and apparent and reported sadness (items 1 and 2 of the MADRS), our findings revealed that the correlation between the MADRS and the ASQ is largely due to the items more closely tied to anxiety symptoms rather than those of depression symptoms. These findings align with previous research suggesting a significant overlap between GAD and depression,5 and the current research domain criteria at the National Institute of Mental Health focusing on better elucidating a core set of negative valence symptoms that may not align with traditional diagnosis of depression and anxiety disorders.28 They also provide further evidence that the ASQ picks up fewer features of depression than does the HAM-A.
As a brief, self-report assessment for measuring symptoms of anxiety, the ASQ has multiple advantages over other such scales, and can provide clinicians and researchers with a more efficient means of evaluating anxiety symptom severity. Moreover, as the ASQ measures the frequency and intensity associated with the wide range of physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioural symptoms experienced by patients struggling with anxiety over time, this scale offers a significant advantage over the BAI, which focuses predominantly on physical symptoms. While literature has been mixed, some studies have suggested that the BAI is more a measure of symptoms of panic than of general anxiety,13 given its somatic focus. In studies of the BAI, individuals with panic disorder endorse significantly higher scores on the BAI than those with other anxiety disorders (eg, Beck and Steer14). The ASQ, on the other hand, appears to be a more global measure of anxiety, with implications both for the clinical and research-oriented assessment of anxiety.
ASQ and HAM-A total scores differed significantly by demographic and clinical characteristics. The magnitude and direction of effects of predictors were similar for the ASQ and HAM-A, with the main differences being that whereas ASQ total scores were higher among females than males and among younger versus older patients, no significant differences in HAM-A total score were observed by gender or age. However, the magnitude of the effects were small, with female gender and each decade decrease in age associated with only a 0.4-point increase in the square root of the ASQ total score. Our findings in the college sample that higher ASQ and BAI total scores were observed among those with higher BDI total scores may be due to comorbidity, and are limited by the relatively low level of symptom severity and lack of diagnostic assessments.
Future studies should examine whether the ASQ can discriminate between other psychopathological groups in clinical populations with anxiety; the present study was limited to samples with anxiety and/or depression. Validation in racially and culturally diverse populations is also needed, as the present study was largely comprised of white participants. Additionally, research on the ASQ's sensitivity to clinical change (ie, treatment gains) as well as validation against other measures of anxiety (eg, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory,29 the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales)30 is needed. Our reliance on CGI score to determine lack of clinical change is a limitation of this evaluation of test–retest reliability. Additionally, having self-administered questionnaires in the college sample and clinician administered questionnaires in the clinical sample is a potential confounding factor that should be eliminated in future studies. Although the 10-point Likert scale may offer added sensitivity to therapeutic effects, it may also be useful in future studies to see if the scale can be collapsed to fewer anchors by reducing the Likert scale for increased ease of use. To further establish the ASQ as an empirically supported assessment, studies with larger samples of clinical groups as well as studies correlating the ASQ with physiological and behavioural indices of anxiety (eg, startle response, fear-conditioning, etc) would be useful. Also, examining how the ASQ relates to other aspects of anxiety such as worry or experiential avoidance would be beneficial. These future directions would further solidify the clinical utility as well as utility in reliably detecting change in clinical trials of the ASQ.
Taken together, our results show that the ASQ is a valid and reliable measure across age and gender groups, correlating highly with existing anxiety measures, yet able to capture symptoms of anxiety not captured by the HAM-A. The ASQ allows for specific reporting of the frequency and intensity of symptoms, and offers the additional advantages of being self-rated in format, and brief in administration.31 It is thus a good candidate for use in outcome studies for GAD and other anxiety disorders, and its strong test–retest reliability supports its utility in longitudinal clinical assessments. Finally, the ASQ provides a global assessment of general anxiety that parallels the mental health field's paradigm shift towards a more dimensional approach to assessing psychological disorders.
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Dr. Amanda Baker received her Ph.D. from Boston University in 2013 and completed her pre-doctoral internship and post-doctoral training at Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School. She is currently a research and clinical psychologist at the Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders in the Psychiatry Department at Massachusetts General Hospital and assistant professor at Harvard Medical School where she has worked since 2013. Dr. Baker is an active member of several professional societies such as the Anxiety and Depression Association of America where she is vice-chair of the Early Career Special Interest Group and the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. Her main research interests include the development, validation, and dissemination of empirically based psychosocial treatments for anxiety and related disorders.
Contributors NS, AF, TD, EH, MF and MPP conceived of the project and designed the study and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. NS, AF, TD, JJW and EH collected the data. AK and AB designed the analyses and conducted the statistical plan. NS and AB wrote the initial draft of the manuscript.
Funding Jed Foundation and Highland Street Foundation.
Competing interests NS has the following disclosures to declare: Research Grants: Department of Defense, PCORI, Highland Street Foundation, NIH; Speaking/CME/Consulting: MGH Psychiatry Academy, Axovant Sciences, Springworks, Praxis Therapeutics, Aptinyx, Genomind; Equity: Spouse: G1 Therapeutics; Royalty/patent: Wolters Kluwer (royalty). AB has the following disclosures to declare: Research Grants: NARSAD; Speaking/CME/Consulting: MGH Psychiatry Academy; Royalty/patent: New Harbinger Publications; MF has the following disclosures to declare: Research Support: Abbott Laboratories; Acadia Pharmaceuticals; Alkermes, Inc.; American Cyanamid; Aspect Medical Systems; AstraZeneca; Avanir Pharmaceuticals; AXSOME Therapeutics; Biohaven; BioResearch; BrainCells, Inc.; Bristol-Myers Squibb; CeNeRx BioPharma; Cephalon; Cerecor; Clarus Funds; Clexio Biosciences; Clintara, LLC; Covance; Covidien; Eli Lilly and Company; EnVivo Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Euthymics Bioscience, Inc.; Forest Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; FORUM Pharmaceuticals; Ganeden Biotech, Inc.; GlaxoSmithKline; Harvard Clinical Research Institute; Hoffman-LaRoche; Icon Clinical Research; Indivior; i3 Innovus/Ingenix; Janssen R&D, LLC; Jed Foundation; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development; Lichtwer Pharma GmbH; Lorex Pharmaceuticals; Lundbeck, Inc.; Marinus Pharmaceuticals; MedAvante; Methylation Sciences, Inc; National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia & Depression (NARSAD); National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); National Coordinating Center for Integrated Medicine (NiiCM); National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA); National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); Neuralstem, Inc.; NeuroRx; Novartis AG; Organon Pharmaceuticals; Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development, Inc.; PamLab, LLC.; Pfizer, Inc.; Pharmacia-Upjohn; Pharmaceutical Research Associates, Inc.; Pharmavite LLC; PharmoRx Therapeutics; Photothera; Reckitt Benckiser; Roche Pharmaceuticals; RCT Logic, LLC (formerly Clinical Trials Solutions, LLC); Sanofi-Aventis US LLC; Shenox Pharmaceuticals, LLC; Shire; Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI); Synthelabo; Taisho Pharmaceuticals; Takeda Pharmaceuticals; Tal Medical; VistaGen; Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories. Advisory Board/Consultant: Abbott Laboratories; Acadia; Affectis Pharmaceuticals AG; Alkermes, Inc.; Amarin Pharma, Inc.; Aspect Medical Systems; AstraZeneca; Auspex Pharmaceuticals; Avanir Pharmaceuticals; AXSOME Therapeutics; Bayer AG; Best Practice Project Management, Inc.; Biogen; BioMarin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; BioXcel Therapeutics; Biovail Corporation; Boehringer Ingelheim; Boston Pharmaceuticals; BrainCells, Inc.; Bristol-Myers Squibb; CeNeRx BioPharma; Cephalon, Inc.; Cerecor; Clexio Biosciences; CNS Response, Inc.; Compellis Pharmaceuticals; Cypress Pharmaceutical, Inc.; DiagnoSearch Life Sciences (P) Ltd.; Dinippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Inc.; Dov Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Edgemont Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Eisai, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; EnVivo Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; ePharmaSolutions; EPIX Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Euthymics Bioscience, Inc.; Fabre-Kramer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Forest Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Forum Pharmaceuticals; GenOmind, LLC; GlaxoSmithKline; Grunenthal GmbH; Indivior; i3 Innovus/Ingenis; Intracellular; Janssen Pharmaceutica; Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC; Knoll Pharmaceuticals Corp.; Labopharm, Inc.; Lorex Pharmaceuticals; Lundbeck, Inc.; Marinus Pharmaceuticals; MedAvante, Inc.; Merck & Co., Inc.; MSI Methylation Sciences, Inc.; Naurex, Inc.; Navitor Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Nestle Health Sciences; Neuralstem, Inc.; Neuronetics, Inc.; NextWave Pharmaceuticals; Novartis AG; Nutrition 21; Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc.; Organon Pharmaceuticals; Osmotica; Otsuka Pharmaceuticals; Pamlab, LLC; Perception Neuroscience; Pfizer, Inc.; PharmaStar; Pharmavite LLC; PharmoRx Therapeutics; Polaris Partners; Praxis Precision Medicines; Precision Human Biolaboratory; Prexa Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; PPD; PThera, LLC; Purdue Pharma; Puretech Ventures; PsychoGenics; Psylin Neurosciences, Inc.; RCT Logic, LLC (formerly Clinical Trials Solutions, LLC); Relmada Therapeutics, Inc.; Rexahn Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Ridge Diagnostics, Inc.; Roche; Sanofi-Aventis US LLC.; Sepracor Inc.; Servier Laboratories; Schering-Plough Corporation; Shenox Pharmaceuticals, LLC; Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Somaxon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Somerset Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Sunovion Pharmaceuticals; Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Synthelabo; Taisho Pharmaceuticals; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited; Tal Medical, Inc.; Tetragenex; Teva Pharmaceuticals; TransForm Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Transcept Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Usona Institute, Inc.; Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Versant Venture Management, LLC; VistaGen. Speaking/Publishing: Adamed, Co; Advanced Meeting Partners; American Psychiatric Association; American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology; AstraZeneca; Belvoir Media Group; Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Cephalon, Inc.; CME Institute/Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; Forest Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; GlaxoSmithKline; Imedex, LLC; MGH Psychiatry Academy/Primedia; MGH Psychiatry Academy/Reed Elsevier; Novartis AG; Organon Pharmaceuticals; Pfizer, Inc.; PharmaStar; United BioSource, Corp.; Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories. Stock/Other Financial Options: Equity Holdings: Compellis; PsyBrain, Inc. Royalty/Patent, Other Income: Patents for Sequential Parallel Comparison Design (SPCD), licensed by MGH to Pharmaceutical Product Development, LLC (PPD) (US_7840419, US_7647235, US_7983936, US_8145504, US_8145505) and patent application for a combination of Ketamine plus Scopolamine in major depressive disorder (MDD), licensed by MGH to Biohaven. Patents for pharmacogenomics of Depression Treatment with Folate (US_9546401, US_9540691). Copyright for the MGH Cognitive & Physical Functioning Questionnaire (CPFQ), Sexual Functioning Inventory (SFI), Antidepressant Treatment Response Questionnaire (ATRQ), Discontinuation-Emergent Signs & Symptoms (DESS), Symptoms of Depression Questionnaire (SDQ) and SAFER; Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; Wolkers Kluwer; World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Ethics approval This study was approved by Massachusetts General Hospital Institutional Review Board (approval numbers: 2003P-000051 and 2004P001522).
Data availability statement Data are available upon request


Would like to report a handful of small typos and some other points.
"Since only the Animal superclass has a careFor method, it executes." -> why 'only'? Lion has it, too.
"All classes in Java inherit from java.lang.Object, either directly or indirectly, which means that all classes inherit any methods defined in Object." -> Javadoc uses 'the' rather than 'any'; after all, Object does declare a single uninheritable method, namely private static native void registerNatives().
In the code example, "Lynx extends BigCat" should be "Lynx extends cat.BigCat"
We want to call attention to the package declarations. Using the fully qualified class names let us do that.
Because only Animal declares the method. Lion inherits it. In fact the sentence is about Lion calling that very method that it inherits.
Semantics . The JavaDoc and Java Spec have to be more precise and apply to all of Java, not just what is on the exam. A book goes for understanding. A study guide has the goal of getting you ready for what is on the exam. It is clear what the sentence means. The registerNatives method is way outside the scope of the exam.
We didn't say the code doesn't compile. We said that four isn't effectively final.
Line 6 didn't specify args so boolean b should probably be removed at this point as we are not discussing unintentional overloading yet.
"Cannot declare static fields or methods" -> + static initializers + member interfaces (and classes, too?); compile-time constants are allowed, though.
Same static-related clarifications apply to the local inner classes, as well.
True. Beyond the scope of the point we are making there.
Recorded as an errata against page 346. The index is auto generate from the text.
Why uninherited methods cannot be overriden?
OCA/OCP Java SE 7 Programmer I & II Study Guide (K/B), need help confused on chapter 2 overriding.


text:
Hans Christian Andersen, danski pisatelj in pesnik, * 2. april 1805, Odense, † 4. avgust 1875, København.

Kot pravljičar je bil izjemen predvsem zaradi pripovednega sloga in vsebine, saj je brez težav izkoriščal ljudske fraze in udomačeno izrazje za nastanek izrazito drugačnih pripovedi, ki so odstopale od tradicije pripovedništva in literarnih običajev. Pravljice so znale biti izrazito žalostne in celo strašne ter so se lahko tudi žalostno končale. Mnogim se je zdelo njegovo pisanje pomembno, saj je tudi ob najbolj intimno presunljivih dogodkih pripovedi bil hkrati za odraslega bralca resno kratko čtivo, a tudi zanimiv in presenetljiv za otroka. Kot pisec je izbiral tako teme in pojme, ki so bile blizu mnogim tedanjim kulturam, kar ga je napravilo mednarodno zanimivega.

Kot pomembna skupna tema pravljic in pripovedk so osebe, ki so na robu družbe zaradi svoje nenavadnosti, neznatnosti ali nemočnosti. Elementi njegovega življenja so v nekaterih zgodbah izrazito izstopajoči kot vir žalosti in razočaranj, pa tudi sreče in modrosti. Kot odraščajoč mladostnik, študent pa tudi pisec je doživel mnogo bivanjskih in ljubezenskih razočaranj pa tudi utrpel mnogo razočaranj nad prijatelji, znanci in literarnimi kritiki, katerim se je zaupal.

Življenje
Rodil se je 2. aprila 1805 (njegov rojstni dan je mednarodni dan mladinske knjige) v mestu Odense  na Danskem. Njegov oče je bil norčav čevljar s sorodstvom med plemenitimi ljudmi, a je umrl, ko je bilo pisatelju 11 let. Andersenova mati je želela, da se izuči za krojača, on pa je sanjal o drugih stvareh. Že v otroških letih se je prepuščal sanjarjenju, želel je postati pesnik in igralec. Tekom življenja je napisal nekaj romanov in gledaliških iger, ki pa so potonile v pozabo, slave je bil deležen predvsem zaradi pravljic. Da bi bil lahko dober igralec in pisec, se je še enkrat a klasično izučil ko je bil najstnik in bi moral šolo že končati. Bil je tako starejši kot ostali, tudi sicer visokorasel in prenapetega nerodnega obnašanja, zato so se mu posmehovali sošolci. Že zelo zgodaj ob prihodu v København se močno in z veliko ambicijo rine v svet gledališča, umetnosti in plesa, z željo biti igralec. Pri prebijanju skozi družbene razrede mu opazno pomaga ravnatelj Kraljevega gledališča v Kobenhavnu, ki mu financira tudi šolanje in omogoči stik s tedanjimi kulturniki in igralci. Ambicija igralstva se spremeni, saj mu glas mutira, tudi ni posebej atletičen, tako postane pisec, pesnik, pripovedovalec, celo dramatik. Obupan in z malo denarja, a veliko usmiljenja plemenitašev in gledaliških funkcionarjev opravi tako šolanje kot prve korake v književnost, dramatiko in poezijo. Klasično izobrazbo dobi z velikim zamikom, večinoma preko učiteljev in inštruktorjev, a veliko vlaga v izobraževanje. Objavljen je z velikimi projekti, marsikateri so tedaj tudi cenjeni, a zelo slabo se sooča s kritikami. Počasi spoznava umetniški svet igralcev, pevcev in plesalcev, kateremu nikoli povsem ne pripada kot književnik. Zelo pa je cenjen kot pripovedovalec kratkih pravljičnih fantastičnih zgodb, kjer za razliko od bratom Grimm in drugih zbiralcev ljudskega izročila ponudi tudi povsem originalne zgodbe.

Četudi je šolanje po njegovih spominih bilo neugodno doživetje, mu je omogočilo, da je bil kasneje, leta 1828, sprejet na Univerzo v Københavnu. Ob študiju producira tudi njegovo prvo pomembnejše literarno delo, ki se naslanja na nemško romantiko in pisca E.T.A. Hoffmanna. Po temu spodbudnemu odzivu se loti pisanja dramskih del, kjer pa se nikoli vidno ne izkaže. Večina kasnejših romanov se opira na njegovo življenje. Andersenove prve pravljice Eventyr, fortalte for børn (1835; "Pripovedke za otroke") so vsebovale sedaj znano Princesko na zrnu graha. Tako je objavil tudi drugi in tretji knjigo s takšnim naslovom 1842, nato pa je izdajal nove izdaje pa tudi izdaje s starimi in novimi pravljicami. Izšle so tako Billedbog uden billeder (1840; Slikanica brez slikic). Nove zbirke so nastale v letih 1843, 1847 in 1852.

Kot pravljičar je bil izjemen predvsem zaradi pripovednega sloga in vsebine, saj je brez težav izkoriščal ljudske fraze in udomačeno izrazje za nastanek izrazito drugačnih pripovedi, ki so odstopale od tradicije pripovedništva in literarnih običajev. Pravljice so znale biti izrazito žalostne in celo strašne ter so se lahko tudi žalostno končale. Mnogim se je zdelo njegovo pisanje pomembno, saj je tudi ob najbolj intimno presunljivih dogodkih pripovedi bil hkrati za odraslega bralca resno kratko čtivo, a tudi zanimiv in presenetljiv za otroka. Kot pisec je izbiral tako teme in pojme, ki so bile blizu mnogim tedanjim kulturam, kar ga je napravilo mednarodno zanimivega.

Kot pomembna skupna tema pravljic in pripovedk so osebe, ki so na robu družbe zaradi svoje nenavadnosti, neznatnosti ali nemočnosti. Elementi njegovega življenja so v nekaterih zgodbah izrazito izstopajoči kot vir žalosti in razočaranj, pa tudi sreče in modrosti. Kot odraščajoč mladostnik, študent pa tudi pisec je doživel mnogo bivanjskih in ljubezenskih razočaranj pa tudi utrpel mnogo razočaranj nad prijatelji, znanci in literarnimi kritiki, katerim se je zaupal.

Svetovno slavo so mu prinesle pravljice, ki so bile prevedene v več kot 125ih jezikih. Njegove zabavne in pogosto tudi otožne pravljice so prvič objavili leta 1835, kjer niso bile sprejete povsem naklonjeno. Izdajale je še mnogo pravljic in sčasoma so bile v tujini vedno bolj sprejete. Kot osebnost ni bil docela pošten in skromen, njegova umetniška vzvišenost ni bila toplo sprejeta na Danskem. Četudi je razmeroma veliko potoval, je le o svojih potovanjih pisal le malo, a je ohranjenih nekaj potopisov. Politično je postal podpornik Skandinavstva, gibanja za stapljanje kultur Danske, Norveške in Švedske, ki so v marsičem imele različne družbene ureditve in znatne razlike tudi v jeziku. Umrl je 4. avgusta 1875, star sedemdeset let zaradi starostne poškodbe ob padcu. Ob smrti je bil že precej slaven tako v tujini kot doma in mu je že bila podeljena majhna penzija, ki jo dobijo posebej zaslužni kulturni delavci. Je eden najbolj znanih pisateljev in pravljičarjev na svetu.

Njegovo življenje in dela so bila večkrat upodobljena in odigrana. Socialna občutljivost, skrbnost in upodabljanje idej, ki so bile pretanjene in spoštljive tako do staršev kot otrok, a ne povsem ljudske in zato pogosto manj temne od tedajšnjih pripovedk. Zbrane pravljice so vedno bolj postajale izročilo narodov, on pa je podobno kot La Fontaine s basnimi postal avtorski pripovedovalec.

Dela

Pravljice
 Ajda,
 Bedak Jurček,
 Bezgova mamka,
 Cesarjeva nova oblačila,
 Cesarjev slavček,
 Glava,
 Deklica z vžigalicami,
 Divji labodi,
 Globina zvona,
 Grdi raček,
 Hranilnik,
 Juha iz špile,
 Kaj je doživel osat
 Kraljična na zrnu graha,
 Lan,
 Leteči kovček,
 Mala morska deklica,
 Marjetica,
 Na račjem dvoru,
 Ole Luk-Oie,
 Palčica,
 Pastirica in dimnikar..,
 Pero in črnilnik,
 Poslednje sanje starega hrasta,
 Ptica ljudske pesmi,
 Rdeči čeveljci,
 Rožni škrat,
 Popotnik, Senca,
 Snežna kraljica,
 Srečine galoše,
 Srečna družina,
 Stanovitni kositrni vojak,
 Stara cestna svetilka,
 Svinjski pastir,
 Škrat in trgovec, Veter pripoveduje o Valdemarju Daaju in njegovih hčerah,
 Vžigalnik,
 Zaročenca,
 Zlatolaska in trije medvedi.

 Drame
 Slavček,
 Daleč od dvorca,
 Kakor napravi stari, je zmerom prav.

 Življenjepis
 Pravljica mojega življenja''

Sklici

Zunanje povezave
 Podatki o pravljičarju

Danski pesniki
Danski pisatelji
Ljudje, po katerih so poimenovali asteroid
Mladinski pisatelji

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia