text:
之前之后
Rebranding GT Wonder Boy for launch
GT Wonder Boy is a child-friendly social AI invented by GT Robot Technology. It is an artificial intelligence that adapts and learns as your child grows. It provides companionship, sparks conversations, and ignites children's imagination and curiosity. GT Wonder Boy was reported extensively by local media platforms like The Straits Times and featured in major international IT conventions such as the Beijing World Robot Conference 2017 and CES 2019 at Las Vegas.
A new series of the GT Wonder Boy was slated to be sold to the public exclusively at Courts – Funan IT Mall on 29th June 2019. Hence, Adwright was appointed to position the product to be ready for Courts' retail demographics. A new comprehensive brand image had to be conceptualised to launch the robot comprising of brand naming, communicative brochure, packaging, display shelving and advertising design.
Adwright conducted online research on various AI companion robots available in the market. The team examined how the AI's benefits and functions were being communicated to the product's intended audiences.
From the research findings, Adwright refined GT Wonder Boy's brand communication with parents by emphasising on the AI's child-related benefits. A list of product functions and benefits were adapted and designed into icons which were used on every communication material.
For GT Wonder Boy to be commercialised and made available to the public, a new name was needed. The name had to be memorable yet catchy for children and parents.
WoBo
– Derived and inspired by "Wonder Boy", WoBo is an acronym of the original name. It gave the original name a fresh take and sound while retaining its brand equity. The name 'WoBo' was also simple and child-like; easy for children to relate, call out, and be attracted to.
The name 'WoBo' was ultimately selected out of the 3 proposed names. The simplicity and catchiness of 'WoBo' caught the attention and hearts of the executives at GT Robot Technology.
The logo displayed a friendly, futuristic and neon-influenced design inspired by WoBo's head and eyes. The logo typography composed of a set of uniquely designed letters that represented the cutting edge AI technology and the stylistic symbol of WoBo's head and eyes. The newly minted logo and brand identity were then applied across the product's packaging, display shelves, advertisements, and microsite to ensure consistent brand messaging.
The visual message concept was also adapted to brochures which would be given during the Courts retail launch. The brochures incorporated the functional and emotional aspects of the key messages with technicalities of WoBo's functions. The brochure served as an introductory tool to educate audiences on how WoBo can aid with their daily life through its various actions. The brochures also acted as a visual material that aimed to convert consumers into interested customers.
Key Visual Messages
Visual messages were created to facilitate the launch of WoBo. The visuals envisioned WoBo to be integrated into the lives of families. Hence, images of families with children having fun with WoBo were used. This associated WoBo as a human-like AI which is adaptive to children and families. The tagline, "WoBo is your child's first AI Buddy", was created to position WoBo as an AI that communicates and grow with children. The overall message presented WoBo as a multi-functional AI companion, educator, and entertainer. The message was then reinforced with the emotive icons.
Adwright created the wireframe and design for WoBo's launch website. The website was designed with a futuristic, dark and neon-lit appearance. The website implemented user-experience elements to display WoBo's features in an interactive interface. Web visitors were guided with a variety of videos showing the operating process of WoBo – from its start-up to its various actions. The videos attracted attention and informed audiences about the AI's capabilities. The purpose of the microsite was to educate potential customers on how to operate, command, and interact with WoBo.
WoBo was successfully launched on 29th June 2019 in Courts with a consistent brand image spanning across different materials. Adwright had transformed a technologically advanced robot into something the consumer can relate to and be interested in befriending their child with.
Point of Sale Display Design
An open display platform was designed for the Courts retail launch at Funan. The display platform featured visuals created by Adwright with bright LED lights, to create brand consistency and association. Five units of WoBo were displayed on the surface of the display for the public to interact with. Tablets were also placed beside each unit which displayed the microsite that was created by Adwright. The microsite showcased the various commands that store visitors could use to interact with WoBo directly. Besides the tablets, a 32 inch TV was attached on the retail display which played videos about WoBo's commands and actions.
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Many symptoms are brought forth where you would need to visit an ENT specialist. A sore throat that is ringing in your ears and it is refusing to go away. There could be a condition that is causing problem to your nose, throat or ears. It could be very well possible that these areas are not directly related to these areas of the body as well.
Some common symptoms that point you to visit an ENT specialist.
If the pain is experienced in your upper teeth or the face, accompanied by other symptoms such as nasal congestion then it is time to meet a specialist. The most common symptom that might spring up is allergy but other serious issues could crop up at any point of time as well.
You might be bothered about the issue of a sore throat that does show no signs of getting better. A visit to a doctor and a dose of antibiotics is a cause of concern. A loss of voice and difficulty in swallowing are some of the common symptoms in this case.
If this condition has taken over you, then pain along with a degree of discomfort is felt. The pressure that is put on your head does cause dizziness along with headache Seasonal allergies or bacterial infections could stem at any point of time. If the congestion still goes on it could lead to a deviated septum.
There could be various reasons on why one is not able to breathe properly through the nose. The main reason could be a deviated spectrum or any form of viral infection. The best ENT surgeon in India is going to eradicate the problem.
A headache that simply refuses to die down is one of the common problems which are misunderstood by patients. The headache could stem from a sinus issue or it could arise from anatomic abnormalities. With the aid of CT scan you can go on to diagnose headaches and this could identify the cause and then look at the options as far as treatment evolves.
All the above conditions may present forth a situation where you need a specialist.
What happens if you have cancer during pregnancy?


text:
New York, again the epicenter of the coronavirus pandemic, learns to live with the virus – The Washington Post
NEW YORK — When Kass Wu moved to New York City to attend university in the summer of 2020, it seemed that the worst of the pandemic was over. After a spring in which hundreds of people died of the coronavirus each day, the city was slowly beginning to reopen and life returning to normal. Wu, 31, was excited to explore her new home and meet people.
It wasn't until this summer, a year after Wu arrived, that the city finally felt somewhat normal — an impression that proved fleeting, as New York yet again finds itself at the center of the pandemic. In recent weeks, the highly contagious omicron variant of the novel coronavirus has quickly spread through the city, which now has one of the highest rates of new cases in the country despite taking more precautions than many communities and having a vaccination rate higher than the national average. So far, hospitalizations have remained comparatively low, given the high number of infections, although the number of children hospitalized with covid-19 has increased dramatically this month.
"This summer, I got a little taste of New York, and I was starting to really like it," said Wu, a student at the State University of New York College of Optometry. "Just when I thought everything was getting better, it's hitting us again."
City officials, businesses and residents are trying to strike a delicate balance — preventing a full-blown public health crisis while trying to keep the city open and running. This month, New York Gov. Kathy Hochul (D) instituted a statewide requirement that masks be worn in all indoor public places unless businesses or venues implement a vaccine requirement.
'Crazy' omicron surge could peak soon, but the virus is unpredictable as the pandemic enters its third year
Outgoing New York Mayor Bill de Blasio (D) has flatly ruled out a lockdown as was imposed in the early days of the pandemic, and he announced this week that schools will reopen as planned on Jan. 3. But parts of New York are shutting down fully or partially of their own will. As the city logged record-high numbers of infections this week, officials struggled to provide basic services to New York's 8.8 million residents.
The Metropolitan Transportation Authority started suspending subway service on Wednesday because there weren't enough healthy transit workers to operate the entire system. As of Thursday night, service on three subway lines had been stopped.
Meanwhile, the New York City Fire Department has pleaded with residents to call 911 only if they were experiencing a "real emergency." With a third of the agency's paramedics out sick, department officials said the system was being overwhelmed by calls from people with mild covid-19 symptoms who wanted ambulance rides to hospitals to be tested for coronavirus infection. The New York Police Department canceled days off for any officer healthy enough to work through the New Year's holiday after hundreds of officers tested positive for the virus.
The federal government has dispatched 60 Federal Emergency Management Agency medical workers and 30 auxiliary ambulances to New York, and has set up nine new testing sites, said Jeff Zients, the White House coronavirus response coordinator. Three more testing sites are to open Sunday, he said.
"We've been working around-the-clock to surge reinforcements to communities as they battle omicron," Zients said at a news briefing Wednesday, "helping to staff hospitals, administer monoclonal antibody treatments, transport patients, add testing capacity and get more PPE to where it is needed."
Biden faces tough task of rallying exhausted Americans against omicron threat
Even without an official lockdown, many New York City businesses are struggling to keep their doors open during the critical holiday season. According to a survey from the Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce, 77 percent of small businesses in the borough have seen less business this holiday season than they did last year. Almost 60 percent of businesses have experienced employees calling out sick in recent days, and 20 percent were forced to close altogether during the holidays, according to the survey. Throughout the city, many bars and restaurants noted a dramatic drop in business.
"We're really, really in a challenging position right now for a lot of these small businesses that were just barely hanging on," Randy Peers, the president and chief executive of the Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce, told CBS New York.
Among the businesses that have been hit particularly hard by employee shortages is CityMD, a health-care company that runs 150 urgent care centers in New York and New Jersey. As of Thursday night, the company had closed dozens of clinics because of the number of its employees who had come down with the virus. Many of CityMD's locations were packed in the days before Christmas as New Yorkers scrambled to get tested before spending the holiday with friends and relatives. The block-long lines for tests have largely disappeared in recent days, but at some testing sites this week, there were still lines out the door.
March 2020: New York City is the epicenter of coronavirus in the U.S. Is this due to density — or testing?
Still, the famous Times Square New Year's Eve ball drop was held, with limited spectator capacity, and Eric Adams (D) took the oath of office as New York mayor in Times Square shortly after the ball drop.
Wu, who is outgoing and quick to spark up a conversation with a stranger, said she longs for the New York she experienced this summer as she tries to find safe ways to get out of her home and enjoy the city. She went out to dinner on Tuesday night, only to be spooked when she heard the table of women next to her downplay the threat of the virus.
"I will try to say hello to the people in my building, and they won't say anything. I don't know if that's a New York thing or a covid thing," Wu said. "But it's hard to meet new people. No one wants anything to do with a stranger right now. I'm just feeling lonely."
As the omicron variant surged in the city in recent days, more than half a dozen Broadway shows closed after breakthrough covid-19 cases among casts and crews.
Tyler Mell, a Brooklyn-based actor, said he feels a dual responsibility to his community. He wants to remain healthy and protect high-risk people like his homebound grandmother, whom he plans to visit Saturday, but he also knows that theaters need people to fill the seats. On Wednesday, he went to the Classic Stage Company's theater double-masked to see a revival of Stephen Sondheim's musical "Assassins."
"I've been trying to do my part to support theater," he said. "And it's been so great to be back. I saw Company on the night Stephen Sondheim died, and it was just an incredible experience."
The 25-year-old native of Cold Spring, N.Y., said he feels safe in theaters. He is vaccinated, has received a booster and double-masks when he attends performances. During the height of the pandemic, as live theater disappeared, he went back to college and finished his BFA degree. He graduated in December and hopes to start auditioning in the spring — if theaters do not shut down again.
How luxury survived the pandemic
"You just can't compare this to what it was like in 2020. We now have vaccine mandates and leaders who are taking this seriously," he said. "We have figured out how to live with this thing. I think it's going to be like the flu, every year you get a booster."
Throughout the city, there's a sense that completely closing down is no longer an option. Hannibal Bracey, a 36-year-old who works at Trader Joe's in Union Square, says he has no choice but to work.
"I'm living in one of the most expensive cities in the world," he said. "I can't just not work."
Bracey said that since being vaccinated and receiving a booster, he feels that he has done as much as he can to stay safe. The coronavirus has become just another fact of life for him, he said.
"As a Black man, I can get killed doing anything. I could get murdered over a 20 dollar bill like George Floyd," he said. "So there's always something threatening my life, and covid has just become another one of those threats."
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Breaking News Live Updates – 15 January 2022: Virat Kohli Quits As Test Captain; EC Extends Ban on Physical – News18
Attend Committee for Public Education meeting to fight the deadly reopening of Australia's schools amid COVID surge – WSWS

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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// +----------------------------------------------------------------------
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// +----------------------------------------------------------------------
// | Copyright (c) 2012-2014 http://www.shuipfcms.com, All rights reserved.
// +----------------------------------------------------------------------
// | Author: 水平凡 <admin@abc3210.com>
// +----------------------------------------------------------------------

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Fits : 911 2.0L-3.3L 01/1963 - 07/1989.
URO. Engine Compartment Seal. 911 1974-89.
URO. Porsche 914 engine compartment seal.
OEM. 911 1965-89. 912 1976. 930 1978-79.
URO. 911 1965-89. 912 1976. 930 1978-79.
CLASSIC LINE brand of Denmark. 911 1965-89. 912 1976. 930 1978-79.
Connector hose for filler neck. Fits 911 912 1965-1989.
Excellent Quality Fuel tank for all 356 without external fuel flap. 50L. Imported from Denmark.
Excellent quality new fuel tank for 1965-73 Porsche 911 and 912 models. Made in Denmark.
Extra capacity tank for 1974-89 Porsche 911 that use the Space Saver spare. Excellent quality, imported from Denmark.
URO. 911 1978-1986. 930 1978-79.
Victor Reinz brand, German. Same as 616-101-901-01 All 356 and 912.


text:
Healing the Heroes of 9/11
Home | News and Stories | Healing the Heroes of 9/11
Physician Iris Udasin, who works with other health care providers at the World Trade Center Health Program at Rutgers, attends to former Piscataway, New Jersey, firefighter Frank Geffre, one of the thousands of 9/11 survivors whose health has been compromised by the toxins at Ground Zero. (Photo by John Munson)
The World Trade Center Health Program, part of Rutgers' Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, has been helping Ground Zero victims since 2003.
By Robin Lally
The 20th anniversary of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, came and went this fall, now a fading memory of the day's honors for victims and heroes. But for many people—first responders and those who lived near Ground Zero—they are reminded of the devastation each day because of their faltering health, compromised by exposure to airborne toxins.
The World Trade Center Health Program, part of Rutgers' Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, has been helping victims since 2003. Physician Iris Udasin and a team of doctors, nurses, case managers, and mental health professionals have been treating those sickened by the toxic fumes, seeing 200–300 people annually for the first few years and jumping to more than 2,000 for the last 15. The clinic, located in Piscataway, New Jersey, is one of six serving 9/11 first-responders and survivors in New York and New Jersey, in addition to a national program for those now living outside the metropolitan area. It treats patients for ailments ranging from respiratory, neuromuscular, and gastrointestinal disorders to cancers and post-traumatic stress disorder in addition to rare diseases associated with the toxins.
Although first-responders constitute most of the patients, construction workers and people who lived or worked near the World Trade Center receive care, too. Some had been seeking answers for health problems for years, going from doctor to doctor, before finding the clinic. "I want to make sure that everyone who was affected 20 years ago is getting the benefits they deserve," says Udasin. "It's horrible enough to have to live with these illnesses, but at least these patients know that they did the right thing and are now getting the care they deserve."
Led by medical director Iris Udasin, the World Trade Center Health Program at Rutgers University Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute cares for more than 4,000 patients who suffer from health conditions resulting from the attacks of September 11th.
Story originally appeared in Rutgers Magazine.
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text:
'LaunchTown' event lets students share ideas about technology
Kasey Hughes, Staff Writer|April 26, 2019
LaunchTown Experience, a place where young innovators come together, pitch new ideas and have the potential to receive funding that supports their startup endeavors.
Annually, LaunchTown Experience hosts startup competitions in various locations that are open to college students all across Ohio. This year, through the support of President Bob Helmer and VP Bill Reniff, the event was co-hosted in Baldwin Wallace's very own Center for Innovation and Growth (CIG).
In all, LaunchTown embodies now three major competitions that grant a portion of $20,000 to selected winners. The funding is provided by the Burton D. Foundation, which also supports LaunchNET, a co-circular program that helps student entrepreneurial ventures.
"It's a really renowned program throughout the area, specifically Northeast Ohio," said Hannah Schleuter, LaunchNET Program Manager at Baldwin Wallace. "Each year they have a different venue and location because they're trying to broaden their reach within the community. They want to show entrepreneurship can thrive all throughout Northeast Ohio."
The three major competition areas are LaunchTown SOAR, for high-tech startups created by graduate students, LaunchTown LIFTOFF, for high-tech startups created by undergraduates and LaunchCHEF, for startups related to food. Students who pitched ideas had the potential to win a portion of $20,000 that would contribute to the expansion of their startup, she said.
"It was kind of exhibition style. We had the underclassmen share their exhibits out in the hallway," said Schleuter. "At the same time in the conference room, [there were] the LaunchCHEF winners. [It] was really unique and engaging and the exhibitionists presented their ideas in a very well-planned way. I talked to a lot of students that had a story associated with why they started their ventures… it was nice seeing the passion in them."
After the 100 guests tasted the products created by LaunchCHEF, the five LaunchTown SOAR teams presented their final pitches to the panel of judges. Each team was given five minutes to convince the judges that their high-tech startup was the most useful, Schleuter said.
The winner was a Kent State University student that created Shear Force Mat, a device that helps people with diabetes when they experience foot issues, she said. The four other contestants were from the University of Akron, Cleveland State University and Case Western Reserve University.
Following the LaunchTown SOAR finalist presentations, the keynote speaker, Brandon E. Chrostowski, founder of EDWINS Leadership & Restaurant Institute, presented on social justice entrepreneurship, said Lacey Kogelnik, Director at the CIG. EDWINS is a unique approach at giving formerly-incarcerated adults a foundation in the hospitality industry while providing a support network necessary for a successful reentry, as posted on the restaurant's website.
After Chrostowski shared his knowledge on social justice entrepreneurship, the winners from all three competitions were recognized and celebrated. Shear Force Mat, PWR Technologies and Not Yo' Daddy's Mexican Hot Sauce will be utilizing the money rewarded to move forward with their ideas, she said.
"The prize money is used to help students advance with their ventures," said Kogelnik. "The goal [of the event] is to encourage these social enterprises…"


Life Skills is a term that describes the learned capacity that help us to live more harmoniously and to do deal with the challenges of life effectively.Essentially, life skills enhance a person's emotional, physical and mental well-being.
As a general term, Skills refers to the the know-how or abilities required to act effectively. A skilled person spends less resources, time and energy to produce the desired results.
It is a mistake to think that someone is born with certain skills, the truth is that all skills in life can be learned and improved through practice and consistent action.
cognitive skills for analyzing and using information, personal skills for developing personal agency and managing oneself, and inter-personal skills for communicating and interacting effectively with others." (UNICEF).
As we have established, Life skills are the ability for malleable and positive behavior that enable people to deal skillfully with the demand and life difficulties .
This concept depends on community expectation and social norm .Skills that nature and aid individual to develop into diligent and fruitful members of society are considered as life skills.
In addition, having life skills reduces chances of engaging yourself in drugs and other addictive behaviors due to hopelessness.
The most difficult part in any trial is how to get started. However, once you get started, you will always feel good and motivated to keep improving and pursuing to be the best.
Communication skills is a set of skills that helps an individual to communicate effectively.
We interact regularly with other individuals and express ourselves, mastering these communication skills is first principle to social and personal development. Communication is conveying information from one place to another this can be through speaking, listening, writing and reading. Advancing your communication skills assists in all aspects of life.
The capability to communicate information faultless, understandable and as planned is fundamental life skill and should be taken for granted.
Effective communication skills at work. Individuals who works extra hard a times do not always receive the attention they need , this depends on how the ideas are delivered to power persuasion , effective communication skills enables us to develop effective ways to reach wide variety of people.
Professionally, when applying for a job or when looking for promotion it is important to show good communication skills such as ; speaking relevantly with spectators, keeping good eye contact, listening and presenting your ideas effectively.
Most of these are fundamental skills that employers wants. An individual with good communication skills is the most outstanding candidates in job interviews.
Effective communication skills in education. Effective communication skills enhances our personal relationship and welfare. Training good communication skills from early stage is the best way to develop these skills in our natural environment.
It is crucial to improve our communication with children to help them become competent in adulthood .Finally, we should be good communicators in order to educate in communication.
Effective communication skills in everyday life; we require these skills to communicate frequently both in small and complicated interaction we need effective communication.
Communicating well makes life enjoyable and reduces wastage of time.
Effective communication skills in a difficult conversation; miscommunication is very usual especially when interactions are complex .it is important to consider the feedback of the audience so that you can have an idea on how frame and deliver your message without offending your listeners.
Interpersonal skills are the skills that we use daily when interacting and communicating with people both in person and groups. Individuals with good interpersonal skills are successful in personal and professional lives.
In addition, People with good interpersonal skills have the ability to communicate appropriately with others whether family ,friends, clients and colleagues. Interpersonal skills are crucial in all zones of life.
Good interpersonal skills are usually viewed as the foundation of a good working and social associations. It is hard to develop important life skills without good interpersonal skills.
Many careers needs constant interaction with other individuals. Even if you are brilliant in technical aspects of your job and stubborn to work with in the office, it will be hard to be treated with respect.
The most important part in developing your interpersonal skills is to know you strength and weaknesses. You may have the ideas of the areas that you require to develop but it is important to seek feedback form other individuals, this will enable you to do interpersonal self-assessment.
The most essential thing you can do to a person is to listen attentively to what they are saying. In addition, it is important to consider both verbal and non-verbal communication .Using tactics like questioning and reflection shows that you are listening and interested. Practice clarity and seek feedback from others individual to make sure that message has been understood. Asking questions efficiently enables you to know other people understanding and learn more from them.
Emotional intelligence is the measure of individual capability to know and control their emotions, and emotions for other individuals both in person and in groups.
It is important to develop a mature emotional intelligence skills which help you understand, empathize and negotiate with other individuals.
Self- awareness. This is ability to realize your personalities which including strength and weakness, and your emotions and motivations and how to control them.
Motivation.it requires positive attitude and clear goals to inspire yourself to achieve great achievement .Although you may have encountered either negative or positive attitude you can put effort to learn and think positively, It is important to ignore the negative thoughts and focus on positive thoughts in order to achieve your goals.
Empathy. The ability to know how individuals feel is crucial for success of your life and career.
Presentation skills can be defines as potential that helps a person to; interact with spectators; transmit messages clearly ;involve the spectators in presentation ;clarify and understand the mindset of the audience.
These skills rectify the way you put your messages and they enable your influential powers.
Interacting with other people is important in the current era. The importance of good presentation skills is enhanced on the following basis.
They enable a person to enhance development opportunities.in addition. It educates the personality of the presenter and upgrade his confidence level.
It is important for business executives to understand the spectators especially when striking deals and obtaining clients. Good presentation skills enables a person to frame his message according to the characters of the spectators. This increases chances of prosperous transmission of information.
Business executives have to arrange conference and give presentations daily .good presentation skills increases personal chances of prosperity and helps him to add great value to organization.
Research the audience before presenting. This will help you understand the characters of spectators. You can make information that will be better understood by your target listeners.
Structure your presentation effectively. The appropriate way to do this is to start by telling your listeners in the introduction what you are going to present. Follow this by presenting the idea and wide up the presentation by repeating the main points.
Leadership skills are the skills you use when organizing other people to reach a common goal.
Leadership skills require you to inspire others to enable them finish a series of chores whether in management position or when leading a project.
Efficient leaders are crucial to any firm. They can help create strong team which ensures initiated projects and other functions are well performed.
Good leaders supports a positive environment that enables an organization to remove barrier form their team. Good leadership characters motivates colleagues to put positive leadership traits in their personal work.
How to improve leadership skills.
Take leadership training courses. You can take online or in person course that enable you learn and teach about leadership skills.
Read books and other materials on leadership. Reading book and materials may help you develop your leadership skills .you can visit book stores and library where to you can get this book and for inspiration.
Parenting skills are the ability of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parents with good parenting skills are referred to as good parents.
Good parenting skills are in different classification which are; love and affection, behavior management, stress management, life and relationship skills and healthy safety.
Children depend on parents to be compatible, children who cannot rely on parents have high level of anxiety which affects their behavior. Children can express what they are feeling through behavior.
If you observe change in behavior in a child it is important to think your own predictability.
Stress and anger management, knowing how to manage and control your anger is very crucial part of child development because children imitate their parent's way of handling matters. For instance ,short tempered parents loses temper and reacts which leaves their children confused and anxious to know what mistake they have done.it is important to control your mood swings so that it cannot interfere with your child development and break the closeness you had with your child.
Boundaries and behavior management. It is important to teach your child about boundaries from the young age .A parent or a guardian should ensure that a child has adhered rules which governs effectively. Giving your child rules and boundaries enables him to identify what is good and what is bad and gives a child clean way to walk on. This enables behavior management to child since he know what he can do and what he cannot.
Validating, children do not have fully developed understanding to know why they are feeling a certain way, it is important to let your child share their thoughts and feelings without criticizing, judging or abandoning them. It is very crucial to let your child feel heard and understood .As a good parent you should show them love despite what they are thinking and feeling.
Team work is sense of unity and enthusiasm for common responsibility and interests among a group of individuals jointly related in chore. Team work is the bond that enhances unity and support in an organization.
Team work has the ability to support so much of what is important in work. The advantage gained as a result of team work is more important for effective management of resources.
When giving team roles it is important to focus on personal strengths of the team members to create a conducive atmosphere of success and achievements.
Focus on positive feedback. It is crucial to ignore negative feedback and focus on positive compliments .Positive feedback motivates and encourages positive surrounding within the team and ensures that everybody in the team feels treasured.
Build a routine. It is essential to create working schedule for better performance and to reduce antipathy within the team. For instance, there should be a schedule in a place to solve problems and negotiation. When a team encounters a challenge they should know the route is to solving it.
Time management is the process of organizing and practicing conscious control of time spent on specific activities. Mostly to increases effectiveness, efficiency or productivity.
Using time effectively accords an individual choice to manage affairs at their own time time cannot be managed because it is fixed .However, time management can be aided by a number of skills and techniques used when finishing a certain chore ,projects and complying achievements with a due date. Time management is regularly important in projects growth and it is influenced by project accomplishment period and range.
You become more efficient. Good time management enable a person to do what you are supposed to do without short cuts and without reducing in quality in order to do other task later.
You achieve what you want and need quickly better time management helps you accomplish what you started sooner.
Develop more qualities. when you use skills and techniques you will find that they work hand on hand with qualities we have but does not utilize such as self-discipline, self -confident and determination develop.
You enjoy life more. The more usefulness you put on time the higher ability to learn to do what is important so that you can enjoy your life more. Good time management brings fulfillment and pleasure. The importance of time relies on the usefulness we put on our time.
Mindfulness improves well –being. Increasing your value for mindfulness reinforce many attitudes that contribute to a happy and contented life. Mindfulness enable an individual to engage in projects and create a greater volume to deal with untimely events. Mindfulness boost self-esteem and enables individuals to interact with others.
Mindfulness improves physical health. Mindfulness helps a person to reduce stress, lower the blood pressure and treat heart disease.
Mindfulness improves mental health. Psychotherapists have found that mindfulness can treat problem like depression, drug abuse, eating disorders.
"Skills & Competencies – CASEL". Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
Monaghan, L. Goodman, J.E. (2007). A Cultural Approach to Interpersonal Communication. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
McHugh Schuste, Pamela (2010). Communication for Nursing: How to Prevent Harmful Events and Promote Patient Safety. USA: F. A. Davis Company.
Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School (2008). Program on Negotiation Webcasts.
Meditation classes raise attorneys mindfulness (2009). New Orleans CityBusiness.


text:
\section{introduction}

Ultrafast nonlinear optical signals in the condensed phase usually use heterodyne detection, whereby the signal interferes with a reference local oscillator beam.  The signal then scales linearly with the number of molecules $N$ and is distinguished by its power dependence in the incoming fileds and its direction (phase matching) \cite{mukbook,boydnonlinear}. Matter information is contained in multipoint correlation functions of the dipole operator.  We will refer to such signals as direct.  While linear spectroscopy reveals the one-photon excitation spectrum of the sample, nonlinear spectroscopies contain multi-photon transitions and can probe dynamics in a controlled way.  For example, in a pump-probe stimulated Raman experiment, a sample is excited by two interactions with an initial light pulse to a vibrational coherence which is then probed by a second pulse following a time delay $T_1$.  This technique probes the vibrational structure of the molecule and is a 3rd-order process in the electric field (and is therefore related to $\chi^{(3)}$, the 3rd-order susceptibility).  An extension of this technique is a 5th-order Raman process in which, following the initial delay $T_1$, a second pair of interactions transfers the sample from one vibrational coherence to another.  The system then evovles freely during a second interpulse delay $T_2$ before being probed.  This more general 5th-order ($\chi^{(5)}$) technique offers the possibility of probing the coupling between participating vibrational modes.
\par
Another type of signal is also generated by a sequential process: some fields interact with one molecule to generate a field which then acts on another molecule, together with the external fields, to finally produce a signal.  Such signals scale as $N^2$ and are known as cascading.  The cascading signals have the same power dependence in the incoming fields and the same phase matching and are thus hard to distinguish from the direct signal \cite{blank1999,golonzka2000,astinov2000diffractive2, astinov2000diffractive2,kubarych2003,li2008two,mehlenbacher2009,bennett2014cascading}.  In neat liquids, cascading dominates the direct signal due to the quadratic \textit{vs.}\ linear scaling in molecular density.  It is then hard to separate the direct signal, which carries a higher level of molecular information.  An important example is the direct 5th-order Raman $\chi^{(5)}$ process which is accompanied by a product of two 3rd-order $\chi^{(3)}$ signals. Separating the two had drawn considerable attention and took several years to recognize \cite{tanimura1993two,tominaga1996fifth,tominaga1996temporally,steffen1997time, steffen1997analysis,TokmakoffFleming,blank1999,golonzka2000, kubarych2003,li2008two}.  This has been the main obstacle for multidimensional Raman spectroscopy (5th-and-higher orders) \cite{mehlenbacher2009}.
\par
A number of ideas have been pursued to separate these undesired cascading signals.  The $N$ \textit{vs.}\ $N^2$ scaling is an obvious way to separate the cascading and direct contributions but in many cases (e.g., 5th-order Raman in neat molecular liquids), it is not possible to vary the molecular density over a sufficiently-large range in order to seperate the $N$- and $N^2$-scaling contributions.  Another idea comes from the fact that, in an infinite homogeneous sample, it follows from Maxwell's equations that the electric field emitted by a polarization is $\frac{\pi}{2}$ phase-shifted relative to the polarization itself.  From a macroscopic perspective, the electric field $\mathbf{E}$ created by a polarization $\bm{\mathcal{P}}$ is given by the Maxwell equation
\begin{align}
\left(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}-c^2\nabla^2\right)\mathbf{E}(\bm r,t)=-\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}\bm{\mathcal{P}}(\bm r,t)
\end{align}
which in the frequency domain reads
\begin{align}
\mathbf{E}(\bm k,\omega)=\frac{\omega^2}{\omega^2-k^2c^2+i\eta}\bm{\mathcal{P}}(\bm k,\omega)
\end{align}
where $\eta$ is a positive infinitessimal selecting the appropriate boundary conditions of an outgoing wave.  In the limit of perfect phase matching $\omega^2\to k^2c^2$, we have
\begin{align}
\mathbf{E}(\bm k,\omega)=i\pi\delta(\omega^2-k^2c^2)\omega^2\bm{\mathcal{P}}(\bm k,\omega).
\end{align}
This gives a $\pi/2$ phase shift between the polarization and the resulting field.  We will derive a more general, geometry-dependent result and show under what conditions it reduces to this simple macroscopic relation. The extra emission event (from the source molecule) in a cascading process thus renders the cascading signal out of phase relative to the direct nonlinear signal ($E\propto P-iPP$) \cite{mukbook, li2008two,frostig2015single}.  This property has been parlayed into a number of successfully-implemented techniques to select for the direct 5th-order Raman signal and eliminate the cascading contributions \cite{golonzka2000, blank1999, zhao2011, frostig2015single} (techniques based on polarization-sensitive measurements have also been pursued \cite{gelin2013simple}).
\par
In this paper, we extend our earlier treatment of cascading to study this phase shift on a microscopic level \cite{bennett2014cascading}. We show that the $\pi/2$ phase-shift described above occurs in the limit of macroscopic homogeneity only for certain geometries and does not hold for samples consisting of only a few particles. The essence of this geometry-related phase comes from 2D integrations as was described by Feynman for the emitted field by an infinite sheet of dipoles \cite{feynman2013}. After tracing over quantum field degrees of freedom, general expressions for cascading signals are given that are valid in the non-perturbative regime with respect to arbitrary external fields. The result can then be expressed solely as a product of two single-molecule dipole correlation functions and a geometric factor describing the relative positions of the molecules in the sample. This presentation allows the calculation of cascading signals using only the single-molecule calculations familiar from standard treatments of nonlinear spectroscopy and a sum of c-numbers associated with the geometry. This paper extends our previous line of reasoning \cite{bennett2014cascading} which framed cascading signals as a subset of a more general class of vacuum-mediated interactions which includes local-field effects and other higher-order processes.  We then obtained microscopic expressions for the first few orders (in external fields) for these vacuum-mediated effects.  The focus of this paper is the study of the macroscopic continuum limit and a comparison with a microscopic collection of (few) molecules.
\par

\section{Direct \textit{vs}.\ Cascading Signals}\label{sec:cascading}
In the semiclassical approach to nonlinear optical spectroscopy, a quantum material system interacts with only a few classical modes of the radiation field and the remaining infinite number of modes, which are in their vacuum states, are neglected.  However, taking the vacuum modes into account in a fully quantum electrodynamical (QED) treatement can result in several many-body effects caused by photon exchange, i.e., the emission of a photon by one molecule and its absorption by another.  These effects include the scrambling of the time ordering of incoming short pulses where the free-induction decay produced by one molecule can be long-lived and interacts with another molecule, a local-field $\chi^{(1)}$ effect \cite{mukbook,lozovoy2001cascaded,cundiff2002time,bennett2014cascading}.  Additional local-field effects include corrections to the transmission/reflection of a thin film \cite{benedict1991reflection} and the Rabi oscillations of a quantum dot \cite{paspalakis2006local}.  Nonlinearities are also induced in ensembles of noninteracting harmonic oscillators which are otherwise linear \cite{glenn2015photon}.  Dipole-dipole coupling, responsible for, e.g., Forster resonant energy transfer (FRET) and spontaneous quantum synchronization, is also induced by the exchange of photons \cite{thirunamachandran1980intermolecular, zhu2015synchronization}.  Superradiance, a cooperative spontaneous emission process, is another well-studied effect that finds its origin in the quantum nature of the radiation field \cite{dicke1954coherence}.  Quantum-field effects due to quantum fluctuations of the laser field rather than the unoccupied modes of the electromagnetic field have also been noted in stimulated signals \cite{leon2016genuinely}. This paper analyzes the aforementioned cascading contribution to heterodyne-detected nonlinear spectroscopic signals by treating them as the lowest-order many-body correction due to photon exchange.
\par
Cascading shares a common origin with other collective effects observed in spectroscopic experiments.  For example, superradiant emission also arises from collective coupling of the constituent molecules of the sample to a photon mode and scales quadratically in the number of molecules \cite{gross1982superradiance}.  However, in superradiance the spontaneously emitted photons (or the associated excited-state population decay) are ordinarily the object of detection while in cascading the exchanged photons are virtual and the relevant experiment is a heterodyne detection with respect to the externally-applied signal (laser) field. The Lamb shift and collective analogues are also due to virtual-photon exchange but these effects are observed as alterations of a material resonance rather than an entirely new signal as in cascading \cite{scully2009collective}.  Forster transfer (discussed more thoroughly in the conclusion) can also be derived perturbatively as a vacuum-mediated interaction.  When the field-matter interaction is treated in the dipole approximation, all of the above depend on the dipole-dipole coupling tensor, giving the derivations a similar flavor \cite{thirunamachandran1980intermolecular, salam}.
\par
We consider a sample made of identical, noninteracting molecules with non-overlapping charge distributions for which the coupling to the radiation field can be treated in the dipole approximation.  The total system dipole operator then takes the form of a sum over molecular dipoles $\hat{\bm{\mathcal{V}}}(\bm{r},t)=\sum_a\hat{\mathbf{V}}(t)\delta(\bm{r}-\bm{r}_a)$.  The material is subjected to a set of classical laser modes $\mathbf{E}_j$ so that the total electric field is
\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf{E}}(\bm{r},t)\equiv \sum_j \mathbf{E}_j(\bm{r},t)+\hat{\mathbf{E}}_\text{v}(\bm{r},t)
\end{align}
where $\hat{\mathbf{E}}_\text{v}$ is an electric field operator representing the infinitely-many vacuum modes.
The material system is coupled to this total electric field via the interaction Hamiltonian
\begin{align}\label{eq:Hint}
\hat{H}_{\text{int}}=-\int d\bm{r}\hat{\mathbf{E}}(\bm{r},t)\cdot\hat{\bm{\mathcal{V}}}(\bm{r},t)=-\int d\bm{r}\sum_j\mathbf{E}_j(\bm{r},t)\cdot\hat{\bm{\mathcal{V}}}(\bm{r},t)-\int d\bm{r}\hat{\mathbf{E}}_\text{v}(\bm{r},t)\cdot\hat{\bm{\mathcal{V}}}(\bm{r},t) =\hat{H}_{\text{LM}}+\hat{H}_{\text{vM}}
\end{align}
where the laser modes and the quantum vacuum interact with the material via Hamiltonians $\hat{H}_{\text{LM}}$ and $\hat{H}_{\text{vM}}$ respectively.
\par
Heterodyne-detected nonlinear spectroscopic signals are given by the rate-of-change of photon number in some signal mode $s$, taken to be in a coherent state.  Commuting the photon number operator with Eq.\ (\ref{eq:Hint}) and integrating over time to get the total photon number change gives the signal
\begin{align}\label{eq:Sdef}
S(\bm k_s,\Lambda)=\Im\bigg[\int d\bm{r}dt\mathbf{E}^*_s(\bm{r},t)\cdot\langle\hat{\bm{\mathcal{V}}}(\bm{r},t)\rangle\bigg] =\Im\left[ \mathbf{E}_s^*(\omega_s)\cdot\bm{\mathcal{P}}(\bm k_s,\omega_s)\right]
\end{align}
where $\mathbf{E}_s$ is the signal field, which we have assumed to have a precisely-defined propagation direction $\hat{\bm k}_s$, and $\Lambda$ stands for the set of parameters defining the classical fields which must be specified to simulate particular signals.  The total polarization is given by the expectation value of the total dipole operator $\langle\hat{\bm{\mathcal{V}}}(\bm{r},t)\rangle=\bm{\mathcal{P}}(\bm{r},t)$, and can be written in terms of time-ordered exponentials
\begin{align}\label{eq:VtimeExp}
\bm{\mathcal{P}}(\bm{r},t)= \text{Tr}\left[\hat{\bm{\mathcal{V}}}(\bm{r},t)\mathcal{T}e^{-i\int_{-\infty}^t d\tau \hat{H}_{-,\text{LM}}(\tau)}e^{-i\int_{-\infty}^t d\tau \hat{H}_{-,\text{vM}}(\tau)}\rho_\text{eq}\right]
\end{align}
where $\rho_\text{eq}$ is the equilibrium field+matter density matrix and ``$-$" subscript stands for the commutator $\hat{H}_-\rho=\hat{H}\rho-\rho\hat{H}$. Expanding Eq.\ (\ref{eq:VtimeExp}) order-by-order in $\hat{H}_\text{LM}$ but to zeroth order in $\hat{H}_\text{vM}$, i.e., neglecting the vacuum modes altogether, yields the standard semiclassical nonlinear optical signals, which we term the direct signal $S_\text{d}$.  All field-matter interactions in the perturbative expansion then occur on a given molecule and the signal is obtained by summing over molecules.  These signals thus scale linearly with the number of molecules in the sample $N$, are proportional to the single-molecule signal suitably averaged, and contain no cooperative many-body contributions.
\par
The presence of the quantum vacuum modes of the radiation field creates corrections to this picture.  We can systematically generate such corrections by expanding the second exponent in Eq.\ (\ref{eq:VtimeExp}) (the vacuum-mode terms).  Since $\text{Tr}[\hat{a}^{(\dagger)}\vert 0\rangle\langle 0\vert]=0$, the 2nd-order expansion is the lowest non-vanishing correction.  This represents successive emission and re-absorption of a photon by the material.  When the same molecule both emits and absorbs this photon, the result is the lowest-order radiative correction, or one-loop correction, to the energy (Lamb shift with radiative decay \cite{cohen1992atom}).  The terms in which the absorber and emitter are different molecules lead to a transfer of a coherent excitation between the two molecules which is the origin of cascading.  This is depicted diagrammatically in Fig.\ \ref{fig:CascArb}.
\par
A derivation given in Appendix \ref{app:derivation} gives the total system polarization $\mathcal{P}$ in terms of the individual molecular polarizations $P$ as
\begin{align}\label{eq:Ptotal}
\mathcal{P}^\nu(\bm k_s,\omega)=P^\nu(\bm k_a,\omega)f(\bm k_a-\bm k_s)+\int d\omega_b  \tilde{P}^{\nu\nu_\text{v}}(\bm k_a,\omega_s;-\omega_b)P^{\nu'_\text{v}}(\bm k_b,\omega_b)  G^{\nu_\text{v}\nu'_\text{v}}(\bm k_s-\bm{k}_a,-\bm{k}_b,\omega_b).
\end{align}

where the $\nu$'s denote cartesian coordinates (with summation implicit), $P^{\nu}(\bm k,\omega)$ is the polarization of a single molecule and $ \tilde{P}^{\nu\nu'}(\bm k,\omega;\omega')$ is the polarization of a molecule resulting from a single perturbative interaction with the polarization of another molecule in the sample and arbitrarily-many interactions with the classical fields (defined formally as a dipole correlation function in Eq.\ (\ref{eq:Poldef2})).  In Eq.\ (\ref{eq:Ptotal}), $\bm k_a$ and $\bm k_b$ stand for any linear combination of the set of incoming classical field modes and represent the set of laser modes that interact with molecules $a$ and $b$ respectively in a perturbative expansion. Since we work in the dipole approximation, the $\bm k$-dependence of the polarizations comes only as $\delta$-functions, originating in the spatial phase factor,  that specify the linear combinations. In practice, one must sum over the possible subsets that generate different choices of the $\bm k_a$, $\bm k_b$ (we have omitted integration over $d\bm k_{a}d\bm k_{b}$ for brevity). Finally, $G$ is the photon Green's function defined in $(\bm r,t)$-space in Eq.\ (\ref{eq:Gdef}).
\par
The first term in Eq.\ (\ref{eq:Ptotal}) is the direct nonlinear signal and comes proportional to the sample's form factor
\begin{align}\label{eq:fdef}
f(\bm{k})\equiv\sum_a e^{i\bm{k}\cdot\bm{r}_a}.
\end{align}
This factor carries information on the position of the molecules in the sample and, in the continuum limit, goes over to the delta function $f(\bm{k})\to(2\pi)^3n\delta(\bm{k})$, where $n=\frac{N}{V}$ is the molecular concentration. This corresponds to momentum conservation and yields the phase matching condition.   The second term in Eq.\ (\ref{eq:Ptotal}) is the cascading signal in which the polarization of molecule $b$ serves as a source, along with the external fields, for the polarization of molecule $a$.  Note that when this is expanded to order $m$ in the classical modes, we will have $\sum_{p+q=m-1}P^{(p)}P^{(q)}$.  The traditional nomenclature is to refer to those terms with $p,q=1$ as local-field corrections and the remainder as cascading (the most familiar being $p=q=3$ but 3,5 cascading has also been discussed \cite{cho2000intrinsic}).  Even though Eq.\ (\ref{eq:Ptotal}) represents a more general class of 2nd-order, vacuum-mediated interactions, we will refer to them collectively as cascading. The key quantity in Eq.\ (\ref{eq:Ptotal}) that connects the polarization emitted by molecule $b$ with the effective field ``felt" by molecule $a$ is the $(\bm k,\omega)$-space photon Green's function
\begin{align}\label{eq:gfunckkw}
G(\bm k,\bm k',\omega)=\sum_{ab}e^{-i(\bm k\cdot\bm r_a+\bm k'\cdot \bm r_b)}G(\bm r_a,\bm r_b,\omega)=\sum_{ab}e^{-i(\bm k\cdot\bm r_a+\bm k'\cdot \bm r_b)} \left(-\nabla^2\delta_{\nu_\text{v}\nu'_\text{v}}+\nabla_{\nu_\text{v}}\nabla_{\nu'_\text{v}}\right)\frac{e^{i\frac{\omega_b}{c}r_{ab}}}{2\pi r_{ab}}
\end{align}
which contains all information about the sample geometry and determines the relative phase of the cascading \textit{vs}.\ direct contributions to the signal.  Moreover, Eq.\ (\ref{eq:Ptotal}) reveals the important point that, in the off-resonant limit where $P(\omega)$ only has the phase imprinted by the external fields, the relative phase of cascading versus direct processes will be controlled entirely by $G(\bm k,\bm{k}',\omega)$. In the limit of a large, homogeneous sample, the spatial dependence of the photon Green's function is reduced to the single variable  $\bm r_a-\bm r_b$, the difference vector, and we have
\begin{align}\label{eq:Glimits}
G^{\nu_\text{v}\nu'_\text{v}}(\bm k_s-\bm{k}_a,-\bm{k}_b,\omega_b)\to f(\bm k_a+\bm k_b-\bm k_s)G^{\nu_\text{v}\nu'_\text{v}}(-\bm{k}_b,\omega_b)\to f(\bm k_a+\bm k_b-\bm k_s)\frac{\omega_b^2}{\omega_b^2- k_b^2c^2+i\eta}\frac{-4\delta_{\nu_\text{v},\nu'_\text{v}}}{3}
\end{align}
where $G(\bm k,\omega)$ directly controls the phase (i.e., if this quantity is real then the cascading process is in phase with the direct process and if it is purely imaginary the two processes are out of phase) and the second relation follows on taking the integral in the continuum limit.  In this regime, the total polarization is thus
\begin{align}\label{eq:Ptotal2}
\mathcal{P}^\nu(\bm k_s,\omega)=P^\nu(\bm k_a,\omega_s)f(\bm k_a-\bm k_s)- i\frac{4\pi nk_bc}{3}\tilde{P}^{\nu\nu_\text{v}}(\bm k_a,\omega_s;\mp k_bc)P^{\nu_\text{v}}(\bm k_b,\pm k_bc)f(\bm k_a+\bm{k}_b-\bm{k}_s).
\end{align}
where we have assumed perfect phase-matching $k_bc=\omega_b$ and both choices of $\pm$ must be summed over.
\par
Equation (\ref{eq:Ptotal2}) is in the form of the simple macroscopic expression discussed in the introduction that is in common use to understand the cascading contribution to nonlinear signals.  It reveals that the cascading contribution carries an additional factor of molecular density $n$ compared to the direct signal.  Recalling that the form factor also scales linearly with $n$ in the continuum limit, the direct signal is linear while the cascading is quadratic.  The crucial factor of $i$ responsible for the phase shift that is used to filter out cascades is found to originate in the phase-matching condition.  Finally, it is worthwhile to note the linear dependence on $k_bc$ in the cascading contribution, indicating that it will be stronger at higher, such as x-ray, frequencies.
\par
In making the assumption that $k_bc=\omega_b$, we have neglected the principal value of the denominator in Eq.\ (\ref{eq:Glimits}) which generates a cascading contribution that is \emph{in phase} with the direct signal.  Additionally, the situation can be expected to be different in the case of few-molecule samples or oddly-shaped macroscopic systems.  In the next section, we examine these effects in greater detail.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics{CascArb.pdf}
\caption{This diagram depicts the material quantities relevant for an arbitrary cascading (or, more generally, 2nd-order vacuum-mediated interaction) contribution.  The vertical lines represent the density matrices of molecule $a$ or $b$ and associated propagators.  We use doubled lines to clarify that the propagation is with respect to the full Hamiltonian, including interactions with externally applied fields, and not simply the field-free material propagation.  The straight line intersecting the density matrices of molecule $a$ represents the heterodyne signal field while the wavy lines represent interactions with vacuum modes.  In contrast to the more familiar double-sided Feynman diagrams, we make no distinction between action on the ket or bra.  This is permissible since we work in Liouville space and convenient since it permits us to work in the $+/-$ representation in which the Liouvillian $H_-$ is more compactly written.  This therefore greatly reduces the number of diagrams. Since we work in the $+/-$ representation and without the rotating wave approximation, dressing the interactions with arrows (to indicate positive or negative Fourier components) is unneccesary.  This diagram corresponds to the quantities relevant for equation (\ref{eq:Sexp1}).}
\label{fig:CascArb}
\end{figure}

\section{Sample Geometry and the Phase of the Cascading Signal}\label{sec:geometry}
From the previous section, it is clear that, for the off-resonant response, the $\bm{k}$-space photon Green's function (Eq.\ (\ref{eq:Glimits}) determines the phase of the cascading signal.  In the semiclassical description, the effective electric field emitted by molecule $b$ is given by a phase-shift of the polarization $E\propto iP$.  The extra factor of $i$, which in this semiclassical picture comes from the additional emision event inherent in cascading processes, renders the cascading terms out of phase with the direct nonlinear terms.  This effect has been used to discriminate between the two \cite{golonzka2000, blank1999, zhao2011, frostig2015single}.  In this section, we evaluate the photon Green's function for different geometries and show under what conditions the cascaded signal acquires this well-defined phase shift.
\par
To simplify the analysis, we will separate the summations (integrations) over the positions over the two molecules.  We thus re-write
\begin{align}
&G^{\nu_\text{v}\nu'_\text{v}}(\bm k_s-\bm{k}_a,-\bm{k}_b,\omega_b)=\sum_a e^{i(\bm k_a+\bm k_b-\bm k_s)\cdot\bm r_a} I^{\nu_\text{v}\nu'_\text{v}}(\bm r_a,\bm k_b,\omega_b)\\
&I^{\nu_\text{v}\nu'_\text{v}}(\bm r_a,\bm k_b,\omega_b)=\sum_b e^{i\bm k_b\cdot(\bm r_a-\bm r_b)}G^{\nu_\text{v}\nu'_\text{v}}(\bm r_a,\bm r_b,\omega_b),\label{eq:Idef}
\end{align}
where the second summation differs from the discrete Fourier transform of $G$ with respect to $\bm r_b$ only by the spatial phase factor $e^{i\bm k_b\cdot\bm r_a}$.  In the macroscopic homogenous limit, $I$ does not depend on the choice of $\bm r_a$ and we have
\begin{align}
I^{\nu_\text{v}\nu'_\text{v}}(\bm r_a,\bm k_b,\omega_b)\to I^{\nu_\text{v}\nu'_\text{v}}(\bm k_b,\omega_b)=G^{\nu_\text{v}\nu'_\text{v}}(\bm{k}_b,\omega_b)
\end{align}
in line with Eq.\ (\ref{eq:Glimits}).  Thus, we will primarily be concerned with the evaluation of Eq.\ (\ref{eq:Idef}).

\subsection{A Simplified Treatment for a Scalar Field}\label{sec:response-scalar-contin}
The presence of the dipole coupling tensor $\left(-\nabla^2\delta_{\nu\nu'}+\nabla_{\nu}\nabla_{\nu'}\right)$ in Eq.\ (\ref{eq:gfunckkw}) complicates matters somewhat. For clarity, we first treat the problem by replacing the electromagnetic field, which is a vector gauge field, with a scalar field.  This simplified model still maintains all qualitative features of the original model. The effects will be extended for the original electromagnetic field setting later and we will show that the scalar model describes the relation between the cascaded and direct signals absolutely adequately.
\par
We assume the following interaction Hamiltonian
\begin{eqnarray}
H_{{\rm int}} = -\int d\bm{r}\varphi(\bm{r})\rho(\bm{r}),
\end{eqnarray}
where $\rho(\bm{r})$ is the scalar polarization, and $\varphi(\bm{r})$ is the scalar field that replaces the full electromagnetic counterpart, so that the Maxwell equations are replaced with the Helmholtz equation ($(\nabla^2+k^2)\phi(\bm r)=0$), whose Green's function (that replaces the Green's function of the Maxwell equations, also known as the Green's function of the electromagnetic field) has the form
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{G-sclalar} G(\bm{r}, \bm{r}'; \omega) = \frac{e^{i\frac{\omega}{c} |\bm{r} - \bm{r}'|}}{|\bm{r} - \bm{r}'|}.
\end{eqnarray}
We will further switch to the uniform continuum limit wherein all properties of the cascaded signal, compared to its direct counterpart are fully contained in the integral

\begin{eqnarray}
\label{define-I}  I(\bm{r}_{a}, \bm k_b,\omega_{b}) = \int_{V} d\bm{r}_b e^{i\bm{k}_{b} \cdot (\bm{r}_b - \bm{r}_{a})}G(\bm{r}_a, \bm{r}_{b}; \omega_{b}),
\end{eqnarray}
where $V$ denotes the integration region, occupied by the sample. We will focus on three special cases. In cases (i) and (ii) there is a poor phase matching, whereas in case (iii) phase matching is good.

Case (i): the region $V$ is a convex $3D$ region with the size large, compared to the wavelength. Introducing an inhomogeneous spherical coordinate system, associated with the convex region $V$, centered at $r_{0}$, with the $z$-axis oriented in the direction of $\bm{k}_{0}$ (see Appendix \ref{sec:measure-sphere}) we recast the integral $I$ in the form
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{I-spherical}  I = \int_{0}^{R}r_b^{2}dr_b \int_{0}^{\pi}\sin\theta d\theta \int_{0}^{2\pi}d\varphi \xi^{3}(\theta, \varphi)(\xi(\theta, \varphi)r_b)^{-1}e^{i\xi(\theta, \varphi)(\frac{\omega_{b}}{c} + k_{b}\cos\theta)r_b},
\end{eqnarray}
where $R$ and $\xi(\theta, \varphi)$, are determined by the shape and size of the region $V$, as well as the position $\bm{r}_{a}$. Assuming a natural condition $k_{b} < \omega_{b}$, integration over $r_a$ can be performed for any values of $\theta$ and $\varphi$, resulting in
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{I-spherical-2}  I = -\int_{0}^{2\pi}d\varphi  \int_{0}^{\pi}\sin\theta d\theta\frac{1}{(\frac{\omega_{b}}{c} + k_{b}\cos\theta)^{2}} + \int_{S^{2}}d\bm{n}\left(\frac{1}{(\frac{\omega_{b}}{c} + \bm{k}_{b} \cdot \bm{n})^{2}}- \frac{iR\xi(\bm{n})}{\frac{\omega_{b}}{c}+ \bm{k}_{b} \cdot \bm{n}} \right)e^{iR\xi(\bm{n})(\frac{\omega_{b}}{c} + \bm{k}_{b} \cdot \bm{n})}.
\end{eqnarray}
The second integral over the unit sphere represents the integral over the boundary of the sample. If the point $\bm{r}_{a}$ is not within the wavelength region from the boundary (which is the typical case), the integrand is a fast oscillating function and the integration can be performed using the saddle point method. In Appendix \ref{sec:saddle-point} we estimate this contribution and demonstrate that the second integral is negligible compared to the first one. Performing the integration in the first term in the r.h.s.\ of Eq.\ (\ref{I-spherical-2}) explicitly, we arrive at
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:Gscalar3D}
\label{I-spherical-3}  I = -\frac{4\pi}{\left(\frac{\omega_{b}}{c}\right)^{2} - k_{b}^{2}}.
\end{eqnarray}
This result is natural and just means that, when $\bm{r}_{a}$ is not within a wavelength distance from the boundary, the result is the same as in an infinite medium. Since the contribution of the thin layer in the vicinity of the boundary is minor, the cascaded signal can be computed using the simple expression for $I$, given by Eq.\ (\ref{I-spherical-3}).  Note that we have implicitly assumed poor phase matching, i.e., Eq.\ (\ref{eq:Gscalar3D}) only applies in a principal value sense and neglects the perfect phase matching point $\omega_b=k_bc$.  In the absense of such phase matching, $I$ is clearly real and the cascading signal is in phase with the direct signal.  We will see later that the singular point gives an imaginary, out-of-phase contribution which is dominant under good phase matching.

Case (ii): $V$ is a convex $2D$ region with the size large, compared to the wavelength, such as a molecular monolayer or thin film with thickness smaller than the wavelength.  We can use an inhomogeneous polar coordinate system, resulting in the following expression for the integral $I$
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{I-polar}  I = \int_{0}^{R}r_bdr_b \int_{0}^{2\pi}d\varphi \xi^{2}(\varphi)(\xi(\varphi)r_b)^{-1}e^{i\xi(\varphi)(\frac{\omega_{b}}{c}+ k_{b}\cos\varphi)r_b},
\end{eqnarray}
where in this $2D$ case $\bm{k}_{b}$ naturally denotes the projection of the cascading field wave vector onto to the monolayer/film plane. Performing integration over $r_b$ we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{I-polar-2}  I =- i \int_{0}^{2\pi}d\varphi \frac{1}{\frac{\omega_{b}}{c}+ k_{b}\cos\varphi} +i \int_{0}^{2\pi}d\varphi \frac{1}{\frac{\omega_{b}}{c}+ k_{b}\cos\varphi}e^{i(\frac{\omega_{b}}{c}+ k_{b}\cos\varphi)a\xi(\varphi)} = I_{0} + I_{1}.
\end{eqnarray}
Neglecting the second contribution coming from a fast-oscillating integral as in the $3D$ case, we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{I-polar-3}  I = I_{0} =- i \int_{C}\frac{dz}{2\pi iz}\frac{1}{\frac{\omega_{b}}{c} + k_{b}(z + z^{-1})/2} =- i \int_{C}\frac{dz}{2\pi i}\frac{1}{k_{b}z^{2} + \frac{\omega_{b}}{c}z + k_{b}} = \frac{-i}{\sqrt{\left(\frac{\omega_{b}}{c}\right)^{2} - k_{b}^{2}}}.
\end{eqnarray}
This means that, in the off-resonant case where the susceptibilities are real, the direct and cascaded signals are in phase for $3D$, whereas in the $2D$ case there is a $\pi/2$ phase shift between the two signals.

Case (iii): the region $V$ is a cylinder of generically irregular shape located on a reflecting plane. Let $\bm{r} = (x, y, z)$ describing Cartesian coordinates. We assume the region $V$ to be a cylinder of thickness $l$, so that $0 \le z \le l$, where $z = 0$ identifies a reflecting plane. The shape of the cross section of $V$ at $ 0 \le z \le l$ is generally irregular but convex and may depend on $z$. We also assume $\bm{k}_{b} = (0, 0, k_{b})$ to be directed along the $z$-axis, i.e., the cascading wavevector is normal to the plane.  The derivation of this signal follows a similar form to case (ii) but is followed by an integration over $z$.  It is given in detail in Appendix \ref{app:Case3} and results in
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{I-case-iii-phase-matched}  I(\bm{r}_{a},\bm k_b, \omega_{b}) = 2\pi i\frac{c}{\omega_{b}} z_{a} e^{ik_{b}z_{a}}.
\end{eqnarray}
where we have taken the limit of good phase matching so that  $|\omega_{b} - k_{b}|l \ll 1$ and $z_a$ is not within the wavelength scale from the borders.
\par
To summarize, we note that the $i$ factor in the r.h.s.\ of Eq.\ (\ref{I-case-iii-phase-matched}) appeared due to the $2D$-integration over a cross section (Eq.\ \ref{I-M-of-z})), exactly along the lines of the Feynman's argument \cite{feynman2013}. The third contribution in Eq.\ (\ref{I-case-iii}), which is due to the reflecting surface, vanishes in the good phase matching limit. This tells us that in this limit the effect of the reflecting boundary is negligible, even if it is not perfectly reflecting. Finally, we note that, for a co-linear beam geometry, we have $\bm k_b c=\omega_b$ and this phase-matching condition is automatically satisfied.  In this case, as long as a sufficient number of molecules are involved so as to permit the continuous $2D$-integration over a cross-section of the interaction region, we will obtain a cascading signal exactly out-of-phase with respect to the direct signal.

\subsection{The Full Vector Guage Field}
The previous section demonstrated how to perform the sorts of integrals needed to evaluate $G(\bm r_a, \bm k_b, \omega_b)$ for different geometries utilizing a simplified scalar field.  Restoring the vector nature of the coupling gives for the real space Green's function,
\begin{align}\label{eq:GvectorReal}
G^{\nu\nu'}(\bm r_a,\bm r_b, \omega_b)=\left(-\nabla^2\delta_{\nu\nu'}+\nabla_{\nu}\nabla_{\nu'}\right)\frac{e^{i\frac{\omega_b}{c}r}}{2\pi r}=\frac{-e^{i\frac{\omega_b}{c}r}}{2\pi r^3}\left[(\delta_{\nu\nu'}-3\hat{r}_{\nu}\hat{r}_{\nu'})(1-i\frac{\omega_b}{c}r)-(\delta_{\nu\nu'}-\hat{r}_{\nu}\hat{r}_{\nu'})\left(\frac{\omega_b}{c}\right)^2r^2\right],
\end{align}
where we have used $r=|\bm r_a-\bm r_b|$ for brevity.  Equation (\ref{eq:GvectorReal}) has terms proportional to $r^{-3}$, $r^{-2}$, and $r^{-1}$.  The last of these terms is purely transverse and, aside from the $\omega_b^2$ factor,  matches the Helmholtz Green's function used as an example in the previous section.  In the limit of an isotropic sample, we have $\hat{r}_{\nu_v}\hat{r}_{\nu'_v}\to\frac{1}{3}\delta_{\nu_v\nu'_v}$ and this $r^{-1}$ term is the only to survive yielding
\begin{align}
G(\bm k_b,\omega_b)=\frac{-4}{3}\frac{\omega_b^2}{\omega_b^2-k_b^2c^2+i\eta}
\end{align}
where we have omitted the cartesian components since the result is proportional to $\delta_{\nu_v\nu'_v}$. This is the equivalent to Eq.\ (\ref{eq:Gscalar3D}) for the vector coupling field and holds under the same geometric assumptions as that equation.  In fact, in the isotropic limit, we may directly obtain the result for the full vector Green's function by simply multiplying the corresponding result obtained above for a scalar field by the factor $\frac{\omega_b^2}{3\pi c^2}$.  More generally, the far-field term is dominant when $\frac{\omega_b r}{c}\gg 1$, corresponding to seperations of greater than $2\pi\lambda$ or roughly 6 times the wavelength of the cascading light.  Thus, for intermolecular seperations much less than this, the static dipole-dipole coupling is dominant while for much larger distances, the long-range $\frac{1}{r}$ term is dominant.
As demonstrated above, it is this far-field term that leads to a factor of $i$ in the case of a thin sample under good phase matching $\vert k_b-\frac{\omega_b}{c}\vert l\ll 1$.  Note that the $r^{-2}$ term comes with an $i$ factor and hence, when the sample is anisotropic, we may expect that the cascading signal has both in-phase and out-of-phase contributions relative to the direct nonlinear signal.
\par
The limit of an infinite, homogeneous sample can be obtained in a somewhat simpler fashion by integrating over space before handling any vacuum mode summations.  The result is a $\delta$-function selecting the participating vacuum mode and we obtain (see Appendix \ref{app:AltMacro})
\begin{align}\label{eq:Saltfinal}
S_\text{c}(\bm k_s, \Lambda)=-n^2\Im\left[E^{*\nu_s}_s(\omega_s)\int d\omega_bP^{\nu_s\nu_v}(\omega_s;\omega_b)P^{\perp\nu_v}(\bm k_b,\omega_b)\delta(\bm k_a+\bm k_b-\bm k_s)\frac{k_b^2c^2}{\omega_b^2-k_b^2c^2+i\eta}\right],
\end{align
where we omit factors of $2\pi$ for brevity.  It is thus apparent that the cascading signal consists of a real, principal value part and an imaginary part with a $\delta$-function selecting $\omega_b^2c^2=k_b^2$.  Note that $\bm k_b$ is a linear combination of classical modes interacting with molecule $b$ and $\omega_b$ is the corresponding linear combination of frequencies. Both parameters are therefore externally controlled (up to permutation since which particular classical modes interact with molecule $b$ versus $a$ must clearly be summed over) and we obtain a $\pi/2$ phase shift (factor of $i$) only under perfect phase matching $\omega_b^2=k_b^2c^2$.  As demonstrated in the previous section, this phase-shifted component is dominant for finite samples when the phase-matching is such that $|\omega_b-k_bc|l \ll1$ where $l$ is the optical path length.
\par
Equation (\ref{eq:Saltfinal}) strongly resembles the commonly invoked marcroscopic relation that the cascading field comes as a product of two polarizations $E_\text{c}\propto PP$. Our microscopic derivation reveals the precise sense in which they are related, i.e., through integration over the $(\bm k,\omega)$-space photon Green's function.
\par
The case of two-molecules is also easily treated and instructive.  Arranging our coordinate system such that the two molecules both lie on the $z$-axis, we obtain the simplified form of the integrated Green's function
\begin{align}
I^{\nu\nu'}(\bm r_a,\bm k_b, \omega_b)=\frac{-\delta_{\nu\nu'}e^{i(\frac{\omega_b}{c}r-\bm k_b\cdot\bm r)}}{2\pi r^3}\left[(1-3\delta_{\nu\nu'z})(1-i\frac{\omega_b}{c}r)-(1-\delta_{\nu\nu'z})\left(\frac{\omega_b}{c}\right)^2r^2\right].
\end{align}
We immediately notice that the Green's function is now a diagonal tensor.  In this two-molecule case, the phase of the cascading signal is sensitively dependent on the distance between molecules and the angle between the cascading beam and the intermolecular axis and comes via the factor $e^{i(\frac{\omega_b}{c}r-\bm k_b\cdot\bm r)}$.  Considering, for example, a co-linear beam geometry perpendicular to the intermolecular axis, we have $\bm k_b\cdot\bm r=0$ and the phase $e^{i\frac{\omega_b}{c}r}$ is a sensitive probe of the intermolecular distance.  Similarly, with a co-linear beam geometry parallel to the intermolecular axis, we obtain a phase of $e^{i(\frac{\omega_b}{c}r-k_b r)}=0$ and the long-range cascading signal is \emph{in phase} with the direct signal.  Finally, we note that the long-range term which usually generates cascading does not contribute to the $G^{zz}$ component.  This means that, if the dipoles are aligned along the axis connecting the two molecules, no long-range cascading takes place.

\section{Conclusions}

Cascading is a vacuum-mediated exchange of coherent polarization between two molecules in a sample.  Being a coherent process, it generates terms with the same phase-matching and scaling with external field amplitudes as direct signals that are ordinarily of more interest since they reveal higher nonlinearities.  In this paper, we have provided a microscopic QED derivation of cascading processes to arbitrary order in the classical modes and connected this to the common macroscopic result obtained via Maxwell's equations.  In particular, we have demonstrated that the $i$ factor used to discriminate cascading from direct signals originates in phase-matching and geometric concerns. In few-molecule samples for example, the cascading signal will generally produce both in-phase and out-of-phase terms of varying dependence on the intermolecular separation vector $\bm r$ and cascading wavevector $\bm k_b$. The uniform integration over the interaction volume cross-section was found to be responsible for this phase-shift, along the same lines as explicated by Feynman for a sheet of dipoles \cite{feynman2013}.  A phase-matching condition $\vert \frac{\omega_b}{c}- k_b\vert l\ll1$, where $l$ is the thickness of the sample, was identified as necessary for the in-phase component of the cascaded signal to vanish. This condition can be achieved in thin films or guaranteed by a co-linear beam geometry. Because they scale quadratically in molecular concentration, the cascading terms often dominate direct nonlinear signals. Additionally, the cascading signal scales linearly with the frequency $\omega_b$ of the emitting polarization.  This implies that cascading processes will become even more dominant at higher frequencies, such as in x-ray Raman experiments, necessitating a thorough understanding of cascading processes for data analysis purposes \cite{mukamel2013multidimensional}.
\par
We are now in a position to appreciate the difference between cascading and fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET).  FRET processes are evaluated by taking the square of the Hilbert space amplitude for molecule $b$ to emit a photon then aborbed by molecule $a$ \cite{craig1984molecular,salam2010molecular}.  But this square transition amplitude involves 4 orders in the vacuum mode, and is thus 2 orders higher than cascading.  In fact, in a FRET process the emitting molecule \emph{populates} a photon mode while in cascading the only intermediate photon state is a coherence between the 0- and 1-photon states.  Despite these differences, the derivations in Appendix \ref{app:derivation} have much the same flavor as QED derivations of FRET \cite{craig1984molecular,andrews1989unified,salam2010molecular,scholes2005resonance}, with the principal difference being that cascading depends directly on the dipole coupling tensor rather than its square.  The derivation of Appendix \ref{app:derivation} can thus be extended to account for FRET and other higher-order processes.  At fourth-order, the same as FRET, we also encounter a 3-body cascading contribution that comes as
\begin{align}
\mathcal{P}_{3-\text{body}}^\nu(\bm k_s,\omega_s)&=
\int d\omega_bd\omega_c\tilde{P}^{\nu\nu_\text{v}\mu_\text{v}}(\bm k_a,\omega_s;-\omega_b,\omega_c)P^{\nu'_\text{v}}(\bm k_b,\omega_b)P^{\mu'_\text{v}}(\bm k_c,\omega_c)\\ \notag &\times\sum_{abc} e^{i(\bm k_a+\bm k_b+\bm k_c-\bm k_s)\cdot\bm r_a}I^{\nu_\text{v}\nu'_\text{v}}(\bm r_a,\bm k_b,\omega_b)I^{\mu_\text{v}\mu'_\text{v}}(\bm r_a,\bm k_c,\omega_c)
\end{align}
and will, under phase matching, provide terms that scale cubically in the molecular concentration $n$. Higher-order corrections generate $n$-body cascading terms that follow similarly.  From the perspective of Feynman diagrams, cascading is like a vertex insertion (with four free branches corresponding to the two in-states and two out-states of the participating molecules) while the Lamb shift is the corresponding self-energy insertion.  Both come from vacuum interactions but only the former can be incorporated into a Dyson equation.  The $n$-body cascading terms similarly behave like vertex insertions with $2n$ free branches.
\par
An interesting future extension of this work would be to consider manipulating the cascading signal from a system of molecules embedded in an optical cavity, systems which have drawn recent interest \cite{Hutchison12ac,Shalabney15angew,Simpkins15acsp,kowalewski2016non,kowalewski2016cavity,herrera2016cavity}.  Optical cavities alter the density of electromagnetic field modes from its free-space value, suppressing cascading in all but the cavity mode.  In particular, we note that the field mode participating in a cascading process is determined only for infinite samples (when the mode summation collapses to a $\delta$-functino as in Appendix \ref{app:AltMacro}) while, for few-molecule samples, all vacuum modes participate.  By strongly coupling a few-molecule sample to an optical cavity, we can effectively force the cascading to occur with a particular field mode (the cavity mode). On the other hand, by suppressing the density of field-modes at the cascading wave-vector for a macroscopic system, the cascading signal can be suppressed for arbitrary sample-sizes and beam geometries.  Moreover, molecular coupling to the cavity mode can be tuned by the cavity volume and made much larger than the coupling to the vacuum field.  This would allow for enhancement and control of the cavity-mode cascading.

\acknowledgements
The support of the National Science Foundation (grant CHE-1361516) as well as from the Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences division, Office of Basic
Energy Sciences, Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy through award No. DE-
FG02-04ER15571 is gratefully acknowledged. Support for K.B. was provided by DOE.

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Previous Article Un Noël à la campagne 4: Beef tournedos with bone marrow and steamed vegetable parcels.
Next Article Old French story plates.
This is a wonderful and refined dessert.
What a beautiful finish to your wonderful menu, Ronelle. I will miss anticipating each course too 🙂 I hope you had a wonderful Christmas and best wishes for a very happy 2013!
All those tastes and textures brim over with happiness. Merry Christmas! Joyeux Noel!


text:
Q: Unable to print data using console.table I am using console.table in my program, test.js to display data but with no luck.
require('console.table');

var values = [
      ['max', 20],
      ['joe', 30]
];
console.table(['name', 'age'], values);

And when I run this app I get nothing on the screen
$ node test.js
$

I have already installed console.table
$ npm install --save console.table
npm WARN mysqldb@1.0.0 No description
npm WARN mysqldb@1.0.0 No repository field.

+ console.table@0.8.0
updated 1 package in 0.687s

$ node test.js
$

I am using Ubuntu 16.04, kindly advice.

A: Have you install console.table package or not.
If you didn't install then first install using
npm install --save console.table

Try this

require('console.table')
var values = [
      ['max', 20],
      ['joe', 30]
];
console.table(values);

This is my output

I am trying your script as well and I am getting result

Well for upper version of node.js you need not to install console.table if still you install you have to use console.table like as follows.
    delete console.table;
    require('console.table');

or
    require('console.table')({force: true})

A: This issue is not of console.table .
Actually console.table does not work on version node 7+
version node 6.11
the output is this

and in version node 8.0
the output is

A: I have used a frame work called columnify - npm install columnify
const columnify = require('columnify');

//Connect to datbase (mycompany) collection
        db.collection('employee').find({}, {projection:{_id:    0}}).toArray((err, allRecords) => {

            //Error checking
            if (err) {
            console.log('Error encontered!!!');
            } else {

            console.log(columnify(allRecords));

                process.exit(0);
            };

        });

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A (Audience) Your loved ones back in District 12: your mother, Prim, Gale, Madge and residence in the Seam.
F (Format) A personal letter or letters.
T (Topic) This is the time to say your final goodbyes. You know that you will not be returning and your final words may be the only thing that can bring your loved ones peace. Let them know what they meant to you, as well as your wishes for them as they try to move on in a world without you.
When Katniss and Peeta attend the banquet in the Capitol, she notices that her mockingjay has spawned a new fashion sensation (page 78). When she returns home, she talks about the mockingjay being a symbol of the rebellion (pages 91-92).
Using text evidence, contrast what the mockingjay symbolizes to members of the Capitol with what it symbolizes to the rebels in the Districts. Infer what the mockingjay might symbolize to President Snow.
1. Identify a conflict and explain what type of conflict it is (Internal: Character vs. Self) or (External: Character vs Character, Nature, or Society.) Make a prediction about how you think the conflict will be resolved.
2. Cite text evidence to explain how the author revealed information about a character: dialogue, description, internal thoughts.
3. Cite text evidence to explain how the author uses dialogue to reveal information about a character, move the story forward or provoke a character to made a decision.
4. The author only gives us Katniss's thoughts. How would this story be different if it were told from another character's perspective? Write 5 lines explaining what you think another character might be thinking or feeling in this section.
5. Student choice: Write 5 lines on anything Catching Fire related: questions you have, what you hope is included in the movie, something you are wondering about, a part that confuses you.
Dialogue is written conversation between two or more characters. In fiction, dialoge is usually set off with quotation marks. Writers use dialogue to reveal information about a character, move the story along, or provoke characters into making decisions.
As you read chapter two, pay specific attention to the dialogue between Katniss and President Snow. Focus on what they are talking about, and how their conversation will affect Katniss's future decisions.
After we read chapter 1 we will work together as a class to anayze the dialogue on pages 20-21 and 28-29.
The mood in a story is the feeling or atmosphere the writer creates.
Life back in District 12 has changed for Katniss, now that she has returned a victor from the Hunger Games. Using text evidence, describe two ways life has changed for Katniss. Explain how these changes affect the mood in chapter 1.
Catching Fire: Part 1 "The Spark"
Against all odds, Katniss has survived the Hunger Games. She and fellow District 12 tribute Peeta Mellark are miraculously still alive. Katniss should be relieved, happy even. Yet nothing is the way Katniss wishes it to be. Gale holds her at an icy distance. Peeta has turned his back on her completely. And there are whispers of a rebellion against the Capitol --a rebellion that Katniss and Peeta may have helped create.
Much to her shock, Katniss has fueled an unrest that she's afraid she cannot stop. And what scares her even more is that she's not entirely convinced she should try. As time draws near for Katniss and Peeta to visit the districts on the Capital's cruel Victory Tour, the stakes are higher than ever. If they can't prove, without a shadow of a doubt, that they are lost in their love for each other, the consequences will be horrifying. Katniss is about to be tested as never before.
Type 2: Using text evidence to support your opinion, write 8 lines explaining why you think the second book in the Hunger Games series is called Catching Fire.
Hunger Games Review: Part III "The Victor"
Chapter 19: What events prompt Katniss to go looking for Peeta? Describe the condition Peeta is in when she finds him.
Chapter 20: What gift does Katniss receive in a silver parachute? What does she use it for?
Chapter 21: Why does Thresh spare Katniss's life?
Chapter 22: Contrast the way Katniss and Peeta feel about each other.
Chapter 23: What events cause Foxface's death?
Chapter 25: Contrast Peeta and Katniss's reasons for wanting to eat the nightlock berries.
Chapter 26: Why do you think Katniss believes "that the most dangerous part of the Hunger Games is about to begin"? In your opinion, are her feelings valid? or is she overreacting?
Hunger Games Review: Part II "The Games"
Chapters 11-12: Identify an example of a character vs. character conflict, and a character vs. nature conflict from this section. Explain which conflict you think would be the most difficult to face.
Chapter 13: How does the Capital interfere in the games? What do you think is most likely their motivation for doing this?
Chapters 14 -15: Describe Katniss's relationship with Rue.
Chapter 18: What can you infer about Distric 11's action of sending Katniss the gift of bread?