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Talk Jobs: Does a furlough mean my job is waiting for me?
Jeanine "J.T." O'Donnell and Dale Dauten
Dear J.T. & Dale: My employer furloughed me. They say we'll be hired back as soon as they can. But my co-worker says that won't happen. ---
Should I wait or start looking for a new job now? — Joseph
DALE: First, let's start by defining "furlough." Here's a tidy explanation from The National Law Review: "The terms furlough and layoff are often used interchangeably today, although they stem from a time when unionized workforces were more prevalent. Generally speaking, a 'furlough' refers to a voluntary or involuntary short-term program where employees are forced to take unpaid leave to reduce payroll costs, but remain employed and maintain benefit eligibility. A 'layoff' is an actual employment termination with possible re-hire at some point in the future." So, Joseph, if the company is still providing benefits, then I'd say they are truly committed to bringing you back. I'd also expect such an employer to be in regular communication with you. Apparently that isn't happening
J.T.: Even if it is, I would start looking for a new job. Many employers furloughed employees with the hope of hiring them back. But at this point, the reality is a lot of furloughed workers will end up not going back. And, given how many people are out of work, the competition for open positions is fierce. I would start the job search and do what you can to network in hopes you can land a new job. Think of it this way, you getting a new job means that should your old job be available, someone else in dire need will be lucky enough to get it.
Dear J.T. & Dale: In a strange twist of events my daughter graduated from college and got a job. Two months into it, she got offered a better position so she quit and went to that job. Then four months after that she got offered an even better job and quit to go to that job. Unfortunately, she had only been at this new job three months and just got laid off. Now every time she applies to a job she gets rejected. Do you think it's because of the job jumping? — Victoria
J.T.: Yes, I would say that is 100% of the problem. When you see somebody has switched jobs as frequently as your daughter, you assume either they are extremely disloyal and move for a better opportunity whenever one comes along, or they're a poor performer and have been fired over and over again. Either way the job jumping sends a bad message.
DALE: I often tell people who are struggling to land a job to "burn your resume," meaning stop expecting it to land a job for you. In this case, your daughter's work history has burned her resume for her. It simply is never going to get past the first level of screening. Who is going to hire, or even bother to interview, someone who seems as though she's likely to be gone within a few months? Yes it's unfair, but even though your daughter changed jobs to take better positions, resume screeners are going to assume the worst — that she's repeatedly gotten fired or is a malcontent.
J.T. So tell your daughter to stop applying to jobs online. To solve this, she's going to need to start to networking and eventually get in a position to plead her case in person. Ideally, she should focus on organizations where she knows she could bring a lot of value and see if she can't talk to people there about what she's learned through this experience. She'll earn credibility by admitting that while she thought she was making good choices by changing jobs, she's since realized that there is value in staying in one place. But, again, she will have to be able to make that case to people face to face so they can hear the sincerity in her voice and realize that hiring her could be a great thing because now she really does need to demonstrate loyalty in order to put this behind her.
Jeanine "J.T." Tanner O'Donnell is a career coach and the founder of the leading career site www.workitdaily.com. Dale Dauten is founder of The Innovators' Lab and author of a novel about H.R., "The Weary Optimist." Please visit them at jtanddale.com, where you can send questions via email, or write to them in care of King Features Syndicate, 628 Virginia Dr., Orlando, FL 32803.

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Blog › Cities move from grey to green systems
Cities move from grey to green systems
GCBL staff | 12/06/07 @ 4:50pm
Cities like Cleveland looking for more sustainable-and cheaper- solutions to handling storm water are slowly replacing big, expensive grey with lots of smaller green infrastructure. Green infrastructure refers to best management practices for storm water, such as rain gardens, vegetated swales, permeable pavements, rain barrels, and green roofs that mimic the natural capacity of the landscape to absorb precipitation where it falls. Its benefits include allowing storm water to infiltrate into soil instead of rushing into sewers and streams with a toxic brew of oils or heavy metals.
This past July, Cleveland hosted the National Association of Clean Water Agencies conference where water department directors from Chicago, Portland, Milwaukee and Philly explained how storm water agencies and green infrastructure work. They reported positive results, but cautioned that the organizations that have lead the way-storm water agencies-don't form overnight. Most of the time cities have to reverse decades-old patterns that have them spending billions of dollars on ever larger pipes and systems, which still fail to handle all the run off from ever increasing paved surfaces. Streams were still being blown out or polluted, and streets flooded during high rains.
Some municipal governments have unpaved the way with city ordinances, which often needed updating in order to get residents working with them on green infrastructure. In most cities, ordinances prevented citizens from simply disconnecting their downspouts to capture the water in a rain barrel, or feed it into a rain garden on their property. Once considered controversial-inviting your resident stakeholders to take an active role in slowing storm water and reducing overall water usage-now it's paying dividends.
Cleveland officials are taking note, and are looking to add a layer of green infrastructure to their existing efforts. In October, Cleveland Office of Building and Housing-with assistance from the Office of Sustainability Director Andrew Watterson and Fran DiDonato, a project manager working on sustainable policies-proposed updating the city's ordinances to allow private property owners to disconnect downspouts from the sewer and attach them to approved receptacles on their property (guidelines will be written that include rain barrels and rain gardens). Watterson's office also proposes allowing permeable pavement to be used on private property. Both rule changes have been introduced in Cleveland City Council which will vote on the matter after committee hearing and Mayor Jackson's approval, DiDonato says.
"This will let the city get out of the way so that home and property owners can manage their own storm water," DiDonato says. "It also lets us promote and understand how to really do this."
The city plans to offer workshops in the spring on how to properly disconnect downspouts and, possibly, combine a workshop on how to make a rain barrel. Besides the written guidelines, DiDonato says her department will also assist Building and Housing in setting up a register for those installing rain barrel and rain garden.
Permeable pavement will not impact the city's paving projects, DiDonato says, but the Sustainability Office is looking into the cost and benefits of permeable pavement for the city. For the present, it will make it easier for LEED projects such as Flats East Bank, for example, to include porous concrete since variances will no longer be required.
How much impact, how much storm water percolates through, and what's the cost-benefit Clevelanders can expect from setting up rain barrels, rain gardens or permeable pavement? Using Chicago nonprofit Center for Neighborhood Technology's online Green Values Storm Water Calculator we can estimate if 2,000 property owners on quarter-acre lots built rain gardens, it would reduce their water discharge by 24 percent per lot and provide $100 in benefits. The cost to build and maintain the rain garden is estimated at about $4.25 per square foot, and that's why most regional storm water agencies help property owners offset those costs by collecting taxes based on the amount of impervious surface is on a property. Similarly, if porous pavement is used, it is estimated to reduce annual water runoff by 25% per lot, at a premium of $1,126 over conventional pavement.
10 best ecological restoration
10 best ecological restoration >
Cities are healthier as a whole when nature is invited in.


The second free betting predictions list comes with three medium risk football picks. According to our tipsters these free betting predictions are the last ones they picked for today. The matches are from Sweden 1st Division, Norway Tippeligaen and Egypt 1st Division. They suggest to read the analysis bellow before you place any bets. Good luck to all who follow our free football tips and EURO 2016 analysis.
Trolhaeten has been ok at home, their defense though is not solid but they should be able to score at least one goal here, on the other hand Taringa has not been great on the road but yet they should also be able to score today.
We can see both teams scoring and this one to have at least three goals.
Stroemsgodset play very offensively and achieved a lot of goals. They are one of the most efficient teams, in the 13 matches have achieved 24 goals.
Because a lot of attacking play, concede, and so far received 17 goals. They are on the 6th place with 23 points.
At home play very well and achieved many goals. During the break, they played a friendly match against Gothenburg and the result was 2:2.
Aalesund is in 12th place with 12 points. Matchs them are not as effective but we think that in this match will be at least three goals. Their mutual matches are full of goals.
The Team in 7th Place is temporarily held by Ismaily SC who currently have 50 Points from 33 Games and +9 Goal Difference.
But the interesting fact is that they are only 4 Points behind the 3rd Place Position, and knowing this information – They will make a push to occupy that spot in the near future. But this plan will all go away instantly should they not be able to successfully gather 3 Points against a struggling baby bird – Aswan FC.
Aswan FC are in 15th Place (out of 18) with 35 Points and -14 Goal Difference which tells us they are more than capable of conceding 2 or 3 Goals easily. We really just need one Goal scored against them because I do not believe they have the Attacking strength to get on the scoresheet themselves.
With that said + Research + Analysis + My Tips = Ismaily FC to Win in Ordinary Time.
Please note that these free betting predictions are written from different tipsters. Also note that the odds may vary at the moment while you will place your bets.


With every season of the Bachelor, Reality Steve is always on hand to provide fans with spoilers well before the episodes air which include not only complete breakdowns of each episode, but eliminations and even who the eventual winner is. When Nick Viall was named this season's Bachelor over Luke Pell, many viewers were not pleased, but others are cheering Nick on in the hopes that the fourth time is the charm for the former Bachelorette runner-up. Keep in mind, there are never any guarantees that Reality Steve's spoilers are correct, and he has been both right and wrong in the past, but his track record is very good. So, if you just can't wait to find out which beauty Nick picks this season keep reading for his final six and winner.
Danielle Maltby ends up being one of the frontrunners for most of Nick's season and unsurprisingly she makes to the final six. Maltby is a 31-year-old neonatal nurse from Nashville, Tennessee, who tragically lost her fiance before the two could get married, and comes close to winning Nick's heart. In episode seven, which airs on February 13th, Nick and Danielle go on a 1-on-1 date while the group is in the Bahamas, and it is during the date when Nick eliminates her which is reportedly very difficult for her.
Kristina Schulman seems very much Nick's type so it isn't too surprising that the 24-year-old dental hygienist from Kentucky makes it to Nick's final six. As one of the final six, Kristina also gets to be one of the ladies who accompanies Nick to the Bahamas, but unfortunately for her, it doesn't take too much longer before he decides she isn't the one. Episode seven ends up being pretty dramatic, as after the mid-date elimination of Danielle M., Nick reportedly goes to the girl's room ahead of the rose ceremony to eliminate Kristina right then and there. While two girls are sent packing in the episode, there actually doesn't end up being a rose ceremony because of these rather ruthless eliminations.
After the quick eliminations of the previous episode, Corinne Olympios ends up being one of Nick's final four. In episode eight, the 24-year-old business owner from Miami, Florida, is eliminated after Nick gets a special visit from none other than Andi Dorfman who apparently offers him advice. With her placement in the elimination, there are already talks of Corinne being the next Bachelorette, but that decision is still a long ways off.
With his three finalists narrowed down, the remaining women along with Nick head off to Lapland, Finland, for the overnight dates and remaining rose ceremonies. Rachel Lindsay — who is a 31-year-old attorney from Dallas, Texas, ends up being one of those final three, and comes awfully close to winning Nick's heart. While there is no telling exactly how the overnight dates go, it seems sparks don't fly between Nick and Rachel Lindsay as he ends up eliminating her at the rose ceremony, leaving Raven and Vanessa as his final two!
Fans are going to have to wait to find out who Nick chooses because, between Rachel's elimination and the finale episode, the Women Tell All episode will be airing. When episode eleven finally airs in mid-March fans will finally find out whether it is Raven or Vanessa. Although it seems Nick and the 25-year-old boutique owner from Hoxie, Arkansas, grow close over the season, she is not the one for him as he breaks her heart in the final rose ceremony.
Like many of the previous seasons, it is made fairly evident early on that Nick really likes Vanessa Grimaldi, a 39-year-old special education teacher from Montreal, Canada, so it won't be surprising that she is given the final rose in Finland. Not only is Nick confident enough to give her the final rose, but he also proposes and the two become engaged immediately! While this season is sure to throw in some twists, once again it seems the favorite from the beginning is the winner, much like Ben Higgins' season with Lauren Bushnell and JoJo Fletcher's with Jordan Rodgers. Of course, only time will tell if Reality Steve is spot on, and if the pair remain together!


These days most of us are full of warm thoughts and kind offerings to touch the heart…. Chocolate is a great start especially if it is wrapped into a perfect valentines sweet offering to your Valentine.
Thanks to Health.com I have come across 8 delectable treats for you and your Valentine to enjoy and feel good about in more than sweet ways…..
This dessert is heavenly and always a crowd pleaser.
Posted on February 13, 2013, in Food glorious food from the heart and soul, Holiday treats, special extra treat, you ask for it and ill find it out and tagged almost good for you valentines treats, Valentines day, valentines sweet treats. Bookmark the permalink.	Leave a comment.


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A Heated Debate: Climate Change and Conflict in Africa
GIGA Focus Afrika
Number: 2 | 04/2020 | ISSN: 1862-3603
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© Reuters / Goran Tomasevic TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY
The worst drought in a century in Southern Africa at the end of last year slowed the iconic Victoria Falls on the Zimbabwean–Zambian border to a rill, fuelling renewed discussion about climate change. It also epitomised the potential repercussions of the phenomenon for livelihoods and security on the African continent. However, current research only sees a weak connection between climate and violent conflict.
Sub-Saharan Africa is the world region most affected by climate change. Parts of East Africa, the Sahel, and Southern Africa have been the most severely impacted on. Existing research largely sees climate change as a "threat multiplier," and perceives high poverty and low state capability as more influential drivers of conflict.
General assessments of how climate affects conflict mask important differences: In some parts of Africa, extreme weather events (such as droughts) and rising temperatures threaten the most vulnerable already – namely, those that are poor and rely on rain-fed agriculture. Pastoralist agricultural production and pronounced differences between ethnic groups are particularly dangerous risk factors. Yet uncertainty about climate's precise effects is still high.
Under certain conditions, climate change can lead to increased conflict but also cooperation in affected communities across Africa. New research needs to investigate more thoroughly the mechanisms underlying how individuals and communities react to weather extremes and long-term climatic changes. It is of particular relevance to understand how increased societal cooperation as well as adequate state policies can help overcome climate change's adverse effects among those most vulnerable people.
Policy Implications
Following up on its last report from 2014, in 2022 the climate–conflict link will be re-evaluated for the next Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report. Better understanding the pathways that lead to violent conflict and focusing on the most vulnerable members of society, namely those who directly rely on rain-fed agriculture, is a necessary precondition for devising adequate policies to tame climate change's adverse effects on security. Supporting the mitigation of climate change's detrimental effects for the most vulnerable in Africa should be a key focus for European and German Africa policy.
Climate Change: Increased Competition over Scarce Resources
Recent media and non-governmental organisation reports indicate that competition over land and other scarce resources is increasingly turning violent in many African countries. According to Amnesty International (2018), more than 3,600 people died as part of conflicts between farmers and herders in Nigeria from the beginning of 2016 and October 2018. The organisation links these violent clashes to competition over land, water, and pastures. Similarly, in the border region of Kenya, South Sudan, and Uganda struggles between pastoralist groups seem to have intensified. In a recent article, The Economist (2019) directly connects the violence of Boko Haram in Nigeria to diminishing livelihoods and the corresponding susceptibility to radical ideologies caused by the shrinking of Lake Chad: "As the lake receded, people moved towards it, plagued by swarms of tsetse flies. Herdspeople, farmers and fisherfolk competed for access to the shrunken supply of water."
These extreme weather events epitomise a general trend across sub-Saharan Africa. The world region's environmental conditions are changing already, and climate change will have further profound consequences. Surface temperatures have increased by 0.5°C over the last 50 years across most parts of Africa, and are projected to increase faster compared to the rest of the world. This will have three major consequences: First, droughts have already become more frequent and intense – analysts expect them to get worse, especially in Central and Southern Africa. Second, rainfall will become increasingly unpredictable; more extreme rain will lead to worse floods on dry soils. Third and finally, desertification will reduce the arable land available to farmers and pastoralists, and will thereby increase resource scarcity and environmental stress. Higher temperatures and droughts will reduce crop yields, and have adverse effects on the health of the livestock – most notably cattle – people depend on.
Ultimately, the impacts of climate change threaten the food security and the livelihoods of affected communities. However, the nexus between this changed climate and violent conflict in Africa is less straightforward than media reports imply. To start with, there are different forms of conflict – most prominently, "armed conflict" between the state and rebel groups or "non-state conflict" between communities (for instance between herders and farmers). While increased competition over resources can – under specific conditions – trigger violent conflict between communities, there is less evidence in the literature for it having the same effect on armed conflict between the state and rebel groups. In addition, there are multiple potential pathways. For instance, there remains uncertainty about the level and effect of environmentally induced migration. On the one hand, people leaving regions that have become uninhabitable will increase the pressure on arable land and water sources in the areas they head to. On the other, out-migration also reduces the environmental stress in regions strongly affected by climate change. Thus, violence is by no means inevitable.
Based on existing analyses, Figure 1 below presents some of climate change's potential effects on violent conflict in Africa. It is not meant to be an exhaustive list, rather to demonstrate the multiple potential pathways from the former to the latter – as well as the complexity of their relationship.
© Author's own representation, based on current research (see, for instance, Brzoska and Fröhlich 2016)
Figure 1 Potential Pathways from Climate Change to Violent Conflict in Africa
In addition, geographical variation is considerable when it comes to the risks of climate change. According to predictions, two regions in Africa are especially vulnerable to climate-related (violent) conflict: East Africa, and the arid lands in West Africa lying below the Sahara Desert, the Sahel. Here, the climate could change drastically and competition over shrinking fertile land be particularly pronounced. What factors exactly put these two regions at particular risk?
The people in both regions strongly depend on natural resources for their livelihoods, especially rain-fed farmland and pastures.
The high prevalence of pastoral communities in East Africa and a combination of pastoral and agricultural livelihoods (pastoralists versus herders) in the Sahel might create antagonisms between different communities.
A rapidly growing population in the last decades has raised demand for already-scarce arable land.
State capacity to adapt to and cope with the effects of climate change is low in the two regions. Widespread poverty and a history of violence in many parts of both the Sahel and East Africa pose additional risks.
The Sahel especially is expected to see further increased weather extremes. Rainfall there varies significantly, which leads to more frequent and intense droughts and floods.
© Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (Peng et al. 2019) and UCDP's Georeferenced Event Dataset (Sundberg and Melander 2013)
Figure 2 Droughts and Violent Conflicts in Africa (2016) Note: Droughts are measured using the Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index accumulated across all 12 months of the year (the main trends hold for three- and five-year averages up until 2016). Areas coloured red indicate unusually dry conditions over the year. Extremely arid areas, such as the Sahara Desert, are not covered.
Figure 2 above depicts the regions in Africa that were hit by severe droughts in 2016, the last year for which comprehensive data is available, as well as the incidence of deadly violence as assessed by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP, incidents where at least one individual was killed by political violence; data also for the year 2016). The goal here is not to imply a direct causal connection between climate change and violent conflict, but to highlight their complex relationship: While there is a clear geographical overlap between substantial droughts and lethal violence (with the Sahel and parts of East Africa being hotspots for both drought and violent conflict), a number of conflict events did not coincide with droughts in this particular year.
Climate and Conflict: A Heated Debate
The relationship between climate change and violent conflict is complex, and contested. The scientific findings are not as clear as some media reports make the relationship out to be. In fact, there has been a heated debate within the scientific community about whether and how climatic conditions substantially increase the risk of violent conflict. In 2009, Burke et al. published a highly influential paper in which they claimed a strong historical link between civil war and high temperatures in Africa. They combined their findings with climate projections, estimating that by 2030 armed conflict will have increased by 54 per cent – with an additional 393,000 battle-related deaths caused by rising temperatures.
Other scholars have strongly criticised these alarming findings. Buhaug (2010) took issue with the operationalisation of conflicts, the narrow time horizon, and with the statistical methods used, and showed that the conflict-driving effect is extremely sensitive to model specifications. Consequently, he concludes that "[t]he simple fact is this: climate characteristics and variability are unrelated to short-term variations in civil war risk in sub-Saharan Africa. The primary causes of civil war are political, not environmental" (Buhaug 2010: 16481).
Part of the reason for this controversy is also that studies use different thresholds for "violent conflict." Most assess 25 fatalities, the standard number in conflict research, while others work with the measure of one killed person; other researchers besides focus on rebel and communal violence, or simply citizens' support for violence. Sampling bias in case selection is considered a further problem (Adams et al. 2018). However, the current consensus seems to be that – compared to other factors – climate and climate change only exert a weak effect on violent conflict, be it non-state or in particular the armed conflict between rebels and the state. In order to identify the points of agreement within the scientific community, Mach et al. (2019) recently conducted an expert elicitation process. These experts estimated that to date climate-related factors have affected only about 5 per cent of intrastate conflicts. They conclude: "Climate variability and/or change is low on the ranked list of the most influential conflict drivers across experiences to date, and the experts rank it as the most uncertain in its influence" (Mach et al. 2019: 2).
Another perspective even argues that the joint exposure to environmental hazards creates an opportunity for enhanced cooperation. Going by this argument, natural disasters can create a "community of fate" wherein societal differences are superseded by the need to overcome the damage caused by a catastrophe. For example, a recent study showed that droughts in East Africa increased the social trust within and across ethnic groups when all groups are equally affected (De Juan and Hänze 2019). Another argument on "environmental peacebuilding" extends this perspective to the process of peace-making between states. Here, environmental problems act as a "foot in the door" to further cooperation. Again, this phenomenon is most evident in Africa (Ide 2018).
Underlying Mechanisms: How Climate Change Affects Conflict
Not only do scholars consider climate's general effects on violent conflict to be low compared to other factors, there is also considerable uncertainty about the underlying mechanisms that create this connection. Highly aggregated research trying to link climate variability and conflict has often provided unclear results. Climate's effects are always conditional on further political, economic, and social factors. Consequently, there have been prominent calls in the scientific literature to more thoroughly investigate how and when climate change affects conflict. We need to know why in some communities suffering weather extremes violent conflict emerges while in others it does not.
For instance, the research findings on worsening livelihood conditions remain ambivalent. Buhaug et al. (2015) find no link between reduced agricultural output and violent conflict in sub-Saharan Africa, even in the countries where rainfall variability has the biggest impact on food production (similar for Syria, Fröhlich 2016). However, a meta-analysis demonstrates that worsening livelihood conditions in East Africa increase the risk of livestock raiding and communal conflict (van Baalen and Mobjörk 2018). A second prominent but hitherto little understood pathway linking climate variation to conflict is migration. Environmental stress can trigger the decision to migrate, and in turn increase competition over land in the receiving regions. In this sense, migration is both a way to adapt to changing environmental conditions and a potential driver of conflict.
State policies are one – if not the most important – factor that significantly influence the risk climate change poses, for instance shaping the effects of environmental migration. While there is an urgent need for more systematic research on the interplay between climatic changes and state policies, we do have evidence that the wrong policies can be devastating. In Nigeria, climate-induced land degradation and increasing violence in the north of the country have forced pastoralists south, where they clash repeatedly with farmers. The encroachment of farmland blocks traditional migration routes, while farmers suffer from the damage that livestock inflict on their crops. In Nigeria's Benue State, an anti-grazing law has exacerbated already-high tensions between farmers and herders. This law permits cattle to only graze on established ranches, effectively outlawing traditional Fulani pastoralism. This prompted violent attacks from Fulani herders that not only led to the killing of dozens within Benue State but also in neighbouring states, after herders were driven out of the former (International Crisis Group 2018).
Botswana's government, on the other hand, devises proactive plans to adjust to climate change. "In Botswana, where drought is frequent, President Mokgweetsi Masisi said the government plans to stop calling it an emergency and instead make drought relief part of the national budget." According to media reports, the country's president said, this "Drought Management Strategy […] would classify drought as a permanent feature in our budget plans" (source for both: Dube 2019).
State policies can also strengthen social processes that help to ameliorate the influence of climatic changes on violent conflict – while lacking state capacity and divisive government policies are considered important risk factors (Salehyan 2008). For instance, in rural Kenya, interethnic community dialogue undermines the progression from droughts to violence. Where citizens reported that such intercommunity dialogue exists, worsening climatic conditions reduced the willingness of individuals to support violence. The same effect was found regarding traditional and governmental rules that regulate access to and the use of water and pastures. "Dedha" is an instructive example of traditional rules in northern Kenya. It establishes that while wells in the area are organised by only one person, no pastoralist can be turned away from accessing them and elders have the task of arbitrating in potential conflicts over use and access (Linke et al. 2018).
What We Should Do to Reduce Climate Change's Adverse Effects
As outlined, identifying causes and mechanisms is a necessary precondition for designing promising policies to tame climate change's adverse effects on human security across Africa. Currently, scholarly agreement on the required individual measures to make societies more resilient against violent conflict amplified or even triggered by climate change is low, while uncertainties are high. However, decreasing the vulnerability to weather extremes and integrating climate change as a risk factor into efforts for peacebuilding are especially important. International development assistance should focus on building state capacity and decreasing vulnerability among those that rely on rain-fed agriculture and cattle herding, particularly in the Sahel and parts of East Africa. These individuals are already suffering from increased droughts and competition over scarce resources. Climate change will further threaten their livelihoods in the coming years. Particularly important measures to counter the adverse effects faced by these individuals include (Mach et al. 2019):
Improve food security by stocking up reserves and keeping prices stable during times of drought.
Buffer income-shocks by providing support and securing access to credits for farmers, and by improving irrigation systems to reduce dependency on rain-fed agriculture.
Encourage economic diversification within (use of different crops) and beyond the agricultural sector, for instance by providing specific support and credit schemes to small-scale farmers.
Strengthen state capacity and create specific government agencies to provide equal levels of support to herders and pastoralists affected by climate change. Strengthen mechanisms to mitigate antagonisms between ethnic groups and communities who find themselves competing over scarce resources.
Invest more into research on the mechanisms that link climate and conflict in affected communities, and in knowledge transfer to help devise strategies to overcome climate-related conflicts.
Pay attention and react to the impact of climate change on the allocation of scarce resources, and to the situation of marginalised groups. Strengthen local-level government institutions and conflict-resolution mechanisms.
Enable "adaptive migration" by way of new institutions for regulating environmental migration, by strengthening consultative mechanisms between incoming immigrants and citizens in the "receiving" areas, as well as by enhancing support for both.
European and German Africa policy are extremely well placed to support the realisation of these measures to tackle climate change's adverse effects for the most vulnerable in Africa. They also represent an innovative way to further strengthening the link between "climate and security," as a trademark feature of German foreign policy.
The author is extremely grateful to Niklas Hänze for the substantial research he contributed to this GIGA Focus; he also created Figure 2. In his B.A. thesis at the University of Osnabrück, Niklas Hänze has focused on the relationship between climate change and political trust. He has also worked on "Climate and Cohesion – the Effects of Individual and Group-Level Drought Exposure on Intra-Ethnic and Inter-Ethnic Trust" together with Alexander De Juan.
Adams, Courtland et al. (2018), Sampling Bias in Climate–Conflict Research, in: Nature Climate Change, 8, 3, 200–203.
Amnesty International (2018), Harvest of Death: Three Years of Bloody Clashes between Farmers and Herders in Nigeria, London: Amnesty International.
Brzoska, Michael, and Christiane Fröhlich (2016), Climate Change, Migration and Violent Conflict: Vulnerabilities, Pathways and Adaptation Strategies, in: Migration and Development, 5, 2, 190–210.
Buhaug, Halvard (2010), Climate Not to Blame for African Civil Wars, in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 38, 16477–16482.
Buhaug, Halvard et al. (2015), Climate Variability, Food Production Shocks, and Violent Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa, in: Environmental Research Letters, 10, 12, 1–11.
Burke, Marshall B. et al. (2009), Warming Increases the Risk of Civil War in Africa, in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 49, 20670–20674.
De Juan, Alexander, and Niklas Hänze (2019), Climate and Cohesion – The Effects of Droughts on Intra-Ethnic and Inter-Ethnic Trust, manuscript, Osnabrück: University of Osnabrück.
Dube, Mqondisi (2019), Botswana Drought Makes Wasteland of Harvests, Livestock, in: Voice of America, 29 November, www.voanews.com/africa/botswana-drought-makes-wasteland-harvests-livestock (24 March 2020).
Fröhlich, Christiane J. (2016), Climate Migrants as Protestors? Dispelling Misconceptions about Global Environmental Change in Pre-Revolutionary Syria, in: Contemporary Levant, 1, 1, 38–50.
Ide, Tobias (2018), Does Environmental Peacemaking between States Work? Insights on Cooperative Environmental Agreements and Reconciliation in International Rivalries, in: Journal of Peace Research, 55, 3, 351–365.
International Crisis Group (2018), Stopping Nigeria's Spiralling Farmer-Herder Violence, Africa Report 262, Abuja, Dakar, Brussels: International Crisis Group.
Linke, Andrew M. et al. (2018), Drought, Local Institutional Contexts, and Support for Violence in Kenya, in: Journal of Conflict Resolution, 62, 7, 1544–1578.
Mach, Katharine J. et al. (2019), Climate as a Risk Factor for Armed Conflict, in: Nature, 571, 7764, 193–197.
Peng, Jian et al. (2019), A Pan-African High-Resolution Drought Index Dataset, in: Earth System Science Data Discussions, October, 1–26.
Salehyan, Idean (2008), From Climate Change to Conflict? No Consensus Yet, in: Journal of Peace Research, 45, 3, 315–326.
Sundberg, Ralph, and Erik Melander (2013), Introducing the UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset, in: Journal of Peace Research, 50, 4, 523–532.
The Economist (2019), How Climate Change Can Fuel Wars, 23 May, www.econo mist.com/international/2019/05/23/how-climate-change-can-fuel-wars (24 March 2020).
van Baalen, Sebastian, and Malin Mobjörk (2018), Climate Change and Violent Conflict in East Africa: Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Research to Probe the Mechanisms, in: International Studies Review, 20, 4, 547–575.
General Editor GIGA Focus
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Soest, Christian von (2020), A Heated Debate: Climate Change and Conflict in Africa, GIGA Focus Afrika, 02, April, urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-67161-7
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Back in undergraduate architecture school, for a studio in which we were given liberty over the site of a US Embassy, I chose London and buried the building underground, linking it directly to the nearby subway. The excavated building was an extreme form of security, but it also acknowledged the importance and convenience of the London Underground. With that old project of mine in mind, I was pleasantly surprised to learn about Wasted, a project curated by Arts Co that was part of this year's London Design Festival and was located in the tunnel connecting the Underground to the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A).
Architect Ian Douglas-Jones and designer Ben Rousseau lined the tunnel with the foil-lined paper sacks that carry tea to Britain from other countries, such as Argentina. As the architect explains, "Wasted showcases the throw away by-product of our penchant for tea, recomposed along with other disposables to form an immersive and jewel-like, semiprecious environment."
The "other disposables" include fire-hoses that droop down the center of the space and help define a seating area; the tunnel becomes a space to sit and contemplate, not just a conduit for movement.
But lest the project exist solely to make visitors question their drinking habits and the waste created from partaking in afternoon tea, it also "forms the launch of E&K Arts, a range of everyday, beautiful products created in collaboration with artists from waste."
It's pretty easy to see how this environment crafted from tea sacks is fitting for the launch of "chic, environmental products from reclaimed materials." It utilizes a portion of the waste product unseen (foil liner) so that the origins of it are basically unknown. Douglas-Jones and Rousseau take their medium and sculpt an enchanting space that elevates the mundane into something special.
This subterfuge of a sort raises questions about luxury goods and their relationship to art and design. Elvin & Kresse's (the E&K in E&K Arts) saddle bag -- made from old fire hoses -- goes for £99.00 ($165), hardly an inexpensive item but less than a comparable Louis Vuitton or Dior bag. Nevertheless, will cheap, recycled materials become the next mark of luxury, for their design as much as for their eco-sensitivity? Will the LV and Dior stamps lose favor to Freitag, E&K and others opting for recycled rubber over calfskin? In time perhaps, especially if their designs are as striking as Wasted.


• Contextualization: obtain a complete overview by defining the theme and placing it in the context of the topic and programme.
• They help you identify the key points more easily. By attending lessons, you'll gradually get to know the teacher's expectations and you'll find out what is considered most important. You'll study more effectively afterwards, because you'll revise the important points right away.
• They ensure you stay in contact with your classmates and keep abreast of what's happening in the subject.
The teacher may present a book's contents, but he or she will provide comments and explanations that will help you in your subsequent study. To get the most out of a class, you should try to be an active listener, ask questions and follow the teacher's line of reasoning.
• Take notes, but don't write down everything the teacher says word for word. Focus on understanding. Concentrate on grasping the general idea.
• If you lose the thread at any time, you should respect your classmates' concentration: leave a blank space and fill in what you didn't understand at the end of the class.
• Insert comments in your class notes, but don't rewrite them.
• However, they shouldn't replace guides or books. It doesn't matter if your notes contain errors; the books contain the exact information.
• Don't leave more than 24 hours without completing your notes.
• Don't write an outline or summary until the end of each topic.
"Courage is what it takes to stand up and speak; courage is also what it takes to sit down and listen" – Winston Churchill.
The sequence is also interesting: pay attention – understand – memorize.
"Asking questions is proof that you think," Tagore.
Throughout the year, you'll certainly have questions about subjects. You should try to resolve them as quickly as possible, since gaps in your knowledge have a tendency to grow.
You can always ask during the lesson or at the end of class. You'll have time between classes.
• First try to resolve any questions you have by consulting books or asking your classmates. If this doesn't help, ask your teacher. That way, you'll make better use of the explanation provided.
• Every teacher has a set timetable for dealing with students' needs. Make a note of it in your work plan.
• These help identify how well you are absorbing what you are studying: whether you understand the basic concepts, if your style is appropriate, if you're up to date on the subject, what aspects the teacher considers important, where your knowledge gaps and doubts lie, etc.
• It's important to carry out these exercises and submit any work. Evaluate the results: they are a good indicator of the quality of your work. If the results are negative, go and see your advisor in order to find solutions and improve your performance.
All the information you need can be obtained from the University Library.
• Superficial learning: you memorize the procedure and then repeat the topic or method. You're able to recall and repeat most of what you have just read.
• Each university degree programme is a science that imparts a thought system.
• Talk to your advisor to find out what questions to ask yourself about the lessons, books, notes and problems. If you know the reason for something, it's easier to learn how to study it.
• Don't forget that in the First Year, you'll be expected to learn the specific study skills and acquire the basic knowledge required for your degree.
• "Getting" the subject as a whole; relating ideas to others and giving them unity.
• Besides understanding something, it's important to learn it by heart. It's not enough to read it numerous times; you have to know how to recall it. It's a process of retrieving information from within.
• Don't adopt an overly comfortable position.
• It provides a good study environment where you're less likely to be interrupted.
• Don't waste time with your classmates. Breaks can be risky. If you go out for a break and meet someone, don't forget you're there to study.
• It's a good idea to include time for group study in your weekly timetable.
• To make sure you don't fall behind in a subject.
• To explain the things you've understood. This requires a very clear understanding of the subject matter.
• To clarify any questions that hadn't occurred to you.
Not all subjects are equal, although they are all important for your degree programme. Each subject has its own unique features and an appropriate way to study it.
• You lack basic understanding and don't realize it until the final exams.
• You don't enjoy studying it.
• You think you're doing well, but you haven't checked.
• They don't help you reason, but encourage a passive attitude.
• They programme you to automatically resolve standard problems.


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Among the odd targets and new obsessions that can take fly fishers beyond tradition these days are bowfin, a primitive fish that survives from the Jurassic period. Karl Weixlmann, a fishing guide and author of Great Lakes Steelhead Salmon & Trout, describes the fish and the strategies for catching them: "The best fly rod targets are the cruisers that can be spotted along the edges of weed beds, reeds and lily pads. Like largemouths, they are frequently found back in heavy cover and underneath matted weeds, making flipping flies with a weighted head one of the most productive techniques." In the Erie Times News.


text:
Super Rich Fantasy: I Grow Stronger By Spending Money - Chapter 297
Super Rich Fantasy: I Grow Stronger By Spending Money
Chapter 297 - 297 That Was Close, I Was Almost Fooled
297 That Was Close, I Was Almost Fooled
"What's wrong with Elder Ye?"
Qian Yuan and Shen Changling felt that Ye Xuan's gaze on them was a little strange. His dark eyes revealed a little red, without any emotion, but only indifference and endless coldness.
He gave people the feeling that he was a god high above, looking down at the ants crawling under his feet. This kind of Ye Xuan gave people a particularly weird feeling, not to mention that he had never used this kind of gaze on people before, so they couldn't help but feel a little strange now.
"Are you alright?"
Ye Xuan shook his head, a red light flickering in his eyes. He said in a cold voice, "I'm fine."
Not only did his answer not reassure the two, but it also made them even more worried because Ye Xuan really didn't look like he was fine.
Ye Xuan's incantation continued, and the two frowned as they listened. They had clearly agreed to only recite half of the incantation in case of any accidents or unexpected situations.
Looking at the situation now, Ye Xuan wanted to finish reciting the whole incantation. If it really worked, wouldn't it attract the high priest's attention?
After all, among them, the high priest was the most familiar with the altar, and it was hard to guarantee that he would not sense it.
Qian Yuan and Shen Changling looked at each other and saw the worry in each other's eyes.
"Nothing will happen to Elder Ye if he continues like this, right? He doesn't look like he's in good condition."
"Ye Xuan, don't continue reciting the incantation. We agreed to only read a portion of it."
Hearing the words of the two people beside him, a violent feeling emerged in Ye Xuan's heart for no reason. He only felt that it was too noisy, and the red light in his eyes grew even more intense.
"Shut up, stop talking! What do you guys know?"
At this moment, his face was full of hostility. He still had the same face, but it was as if he had changed into a different person. Then, a somewhat conflicted expression appeared on his face, as if he had been separated into two different people. That was the remaining rationality in his body.
"You guys be careful…"
"Not good, something has happened!"
Qian Yuan and Shen Changling realized that something was wrong with him. They quickly exerted force in their palms, and white and blue spiritual power transformed into ropes that tied Ye Xuan's body, trying to pull him out and away from the altar.
However, Ye Xuan's feet seemed to be rooted to the ground. No matter how hard the two tried, they couldn't drag him away at all. The speed at which he chanted the incantation became faster and faster, and the altar had already started up.
The unknown symbols and patterns appeared once again. Although he didn't understand the meaning behind them, he could feel the great danger within.
Shen Changling was still fine. Since he was a human, he was not affected so quickly. But Qian Yuan was different. The familiar sense of powerlessness came back.
The pressure brought by the altar was gradually increasing. It was as if all the life and essence in Qian Yuan's body had been sucked away. His entire body was limp and weak, and he almost fell to the ground.
Looking at Qian Yuan's pale face, Shen Changling was anxious. Now that Ye Xuan was stuck in place, if Qian Yuan fell, he would not be able to save the two of them with his own strength.
"What's wrong with you?"
Qian Yuan laughed bitterly as he replied, "This altar is extracting my power again."
Currently, he only had half of his strength, but he was suppressed by this altar again. He couldn't even protect himself now, let alone save Ye Xuan.
Shen Changling was dumbfounded. He didn't expect this situation at all. At this moment, he could take care of Ye Xuan but couldn't take care of Qian Yuan. Unfortunately, he wasn't strong enough and couldn't save any of them.
Fortunately, on the other side, Ye Xuan's rationality finally took over. Looking at Qian Yuan's pale face, he said simply, "Hurry up! Blood essence!"
Qian Yuan's reaction was quick, and he quickly understood the meaning behind Ye Xuan's words. A mouthful of blood from the tip of his tongue accurately sprayed into the altar.
The golden dragon blood was slowly fading as if it was being absorbed by something very quickly. Taking advantage of this, Ye Xuan took the initiative and stopped chanting the incantation.
With Qian Yuan in one hand and Shen Changling in the other, he jumped off the altar. After doing this, he could not help but wipe the sweat on his forehead. "That was really close."
Ye Xuan turned around. The dragon blood had disappeared, and the altar had returned to its original state as if everything that had just happened was an illusion.
Just a little bit more and he would have sacrificed Qian Yuan and Shen Changling. Fortunately, he stopped at the last moment.
How could such a strange and evil altar be satisfied with just two lives? Not to mention how many lives were lost when it was created.
Just after the high priest woke up, many demonic beasts had fallen into the devil's claws.
If Ye Xuan really did as the voice said, even if he really obtained supreme power, his mind would soon be eroded and he would completely lose himself. He would become a puppet of this altar and only know how to kill and sacrifice lives.
This kind of power was not what he wanted to pursue.
Qian Yuan and Shen Changling were still in shock. "No wonder you looked like that just now. We nearly thought that we were done for."
It was all thanks to Ye Xuan's strong willpower. Besides, he had the system in his hands, so there was no need to take such a shortcut. If it were someone else, he really wouldn't dare to say it.
After enjoying the feeling of possessing great power, how could he easily bear to give it up?
Not to mention that he was only temporarily paying with two lives.
After escaping from danger, Qian Yuan and Shen Changling couldn't help but sigh.
"It seems that the incantation is useful, but it's too dangerous. It's easy to get lost in the altar. It won't work against the high priest."
Ye Xuan shook his head and replied, "No, although it's dangerous, the chances of success are still very high. I'm completely confident that I can kill the high priest."
"But what if you are really bewitched by the altar…"
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text:
Judicial Decision-Making
Eyal Zamir and Doron Teichman
in Behavioral Law and Economics
Published in print July 2018 | ISBN: 9780190901349
Published online June 2018 | e-ISBN: 9780190901387 | DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190901349.003.0016
Behavioral Law and Economics
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190901349.001.0001
Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law
This chapter discusses the rich behavioral research on judicial decision-making. It opens with general theories of the cognitive process of judicial decision-making, focusing on the story model and coherence-based reasoning. It examines how various heuristics and biases—such as the compromise and contrast effects, hindsight bias, omission bias, and anchoring—are reflected in judicial decision-making. Special attention is given to the limited ability of fact-finders to disregard inadmissible evidence, the interactions between race and judicial decision-making, the role of non-consequentialist...
This chapter discusses the rich behavioral research on judicial decision-making. It opens with general theories of the cognitive process of judicial decision-making, focusing on the story model and coherence-based reasoning. It examines how various heuristics and biases—such as the compromise and contrast effects, hindsight bias, omission bias, and anchoring—are reflected in judicial decision-making. Special attention is given to the limited ability of fact-finders to disregard inadmissible evidence, the interactions between race and judicial decision-making, the role of non-consequentialist moral judgments in judicial decision-making, and the impact of the choice between rules and standards on the predictability of judgments. Finally, the chapter discusses two fundamental questions in the behavioral analysis of judicial decision-making: group decision-making, and decision-making by judges (as opposed to laypersons).
Keywords: judicial decision-making; compromise effect; contrast effect; hindsight bias; omission bias; anchoring; inadmissible evidence; rules versus standards; group decision-making
Chapter. 21954 words.
Subjects: Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law


On Saturday, August 11, 2018, the 40th annual Brewster Brew Run will take place. This charity event is 5.2 miles long and carries a $20 entry fee with proceeds going to Brewster Rescue and Safety. Generally speaking, the run brings in $20,000 annually for a worthy cause, while also allowing you to get out there and enjoy yourself.
If you're visiting Cape Cod this summer, sign yourself up for the Brewster Brew Run because not only does it give you something to strive for on your vacation, but you'll also meet some locals and have a great time at the party after.
That is because the run is called the Brew Run for a reason. At the end of the race, you're given a free beer to enjoy while you reminisce about your run and begin looking forward to next year's edition. And, of course, you're free to buy a few more beers after your free one because you'll have earned it after your run on Cape Cod.
This year's race will start at 4 PM and is 5.2 miles in length. There are five water stations along the way, and parking is available at both Townhall and Eddy Elementary School. The parking lots are about half a mile east of the Woodshed Bar, but there is a free shuttle available to take you to and from the starting line.
Digital timers are used at all checkpoints and the finish line, and all timing is done professionally. This timing is notable for serious runners who are looking to beat a personal best. There are restrooms along the course, and strollers are not permitted.
Keep in mind that the race is known as much for the prizes given out afterwards as the run itself. Since this is a charity event for the Brewster Rescue Squad, numerous local businesses donate awards to be handed to racers, so make sure you stick around after completing the run to see if you've won something.
The race starts and finishes in the same area: by the Woodshed Bar on Route 6A. After beginning the race on Route 6A, runners will turn onto Lower Road, where they will pass the Cobb House Museum and the Brewster Cemetery. Lower Road is also where you'll find checkpoint number one.
Following a lengthy stretch on Lower Road, the course takes a turn south on Paine's Creek Road, home of checkpoint number two, before heading east on Stony Brook Road. This stretch of the route passes Smith Pond before making another turn onto Tubman Road. Tubman Road is where you'll come across checkpoint numbers three and four, the latter of which is where the road meets Long Pond Road, which is close to the parking lot for the Cape Cod Rail Trail.
Finally, the route heads on Long Pond Road until it meets Harwich Road, which you'll follow to the finish line on Route 6A. As was mentioned previously, the race as a whole is 5.2 miles long, with the fastest runners completing the course in under 28 minutes while running at a pace of 5:15 per mile. The majority of runners can finish the road race in under an hour, so you'll likely have a cold beer in your hand by 5 PM if you choose to participate this year.
Proceeds raised through entry fees and other donations go to Brewster Rescue and Safety. The money is then used to train firefighters, paramedics, and other life-saving individuals. New equipment is also purchased with the proceeds raised by this and other events, ensuring members of Brewster Fire and Rescue are prepared to handle any issues that come their way. In fact, a brand new, state-of-the-art fire station officially opened on June 23, 2018, and the department received a new ambulance in July 2018, as well.
Brewster didn't have a fire department until 1926, and its first fire station wasn't built until 1941. Before the construction of the fire hall, the town's fire truck was stored in firefighter Edward Dillingham's garage. As you can see, the department has come a long way over the years, and much of this development is due to the efforts put in by local citizens raising money for this excellent cause.
You'll find plenty of ways to spend your time outdoors during your Cape Cod vacation, with the Brewster Brew Run bring one of the more rewarding activities available. While it is recommended that you're an active person in good running condition if you choose to participate in the race, you don't have to be an experienced half marathon runner or have any marathon training whatsoever to give it a try.
If you plan to be on Cape Cod during the second weekend in August, head over to Brewster to give the annual Brew Run a try or, at the very least, stop by for a beer after the race and show your support for a great cause.


text:
1.1.1: Small Business Development in America
Small Business in US History
Back to '1.1.1: Small Business Development in America\'
Americans have long revered small businesses for not only building the economy but also bolstering democracy. For more than a century, the United States has implemented laws aimed at preventing big business from competing unfairly with small businesses. Whether small businesses create a disproportionate number of jobs is not clear, but they clearly have influenced big businesses, which have adopted the flexible practices of smaller companies.
Christopher Conte, a former editor and reporter for The Wall Street Journal, is a freelance writer who reports on a variety of public policy issues.
Calvin Coolidge, the president of the United States during the "roaring" 1920s, famously declared that "the business of America is business". For the first century of the country's existence – until the 1880s – it would have been equally accurate to say that the business of America was small business since virtually all businesses in the nation were small in those years. Large-scale enterprises have eclipsed small business to a significant degree since then, of course, but the vast majority – almost 90 percent of American employers have fewer than 20 workers – are still small. Moreover, small businesses continue to have a strong hold on the American imagination.
Businesses had no choice but to be small in America's early days. Transportation was slow and inefficient, keeping markets too fragmented to support large-scale enterprise. Financial institutions also were too small to support big business. And productive capacity was limited because wind, water, and animal power were the only sources of energy. Whatever the reason businesses were small, Americans liked it that way. Small business, they believed, cultivates character and strengthens democracy. As Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, put it, a nation of farmers and small businesspeople would avoid dependence, which "begets subservience and venality, suffocates the germ of virtue, and prepares fit tools for the designs of ambition".
The American belief in small business was put to the test beginning in the late 1800s. Railroads, the telegraph, the development of steam engines, and rapid population growth all created conditions in which some businesses – especially capital-intensive ones such as primary metals, food processing, machinery-making, and chemicals – could become bigger and, in the process, more efficient. Many people celebrated the higher wages and lower prices that came with large-scale enterprise, but others worried that the qualities Jefferson extolled might be lost in the process. "Even as they embraced what they viewed as the superior efficiency and productivity of big business", wrote historian Mansel Blackford in A History of Small Business in America", Americans continued to revere small businesspeople for their self-reliance and independence".
Legislation vs. Economic Reality
As Blackford describes, policy-makers have sought repeatedly to reconcile Americans' appreciation for the benefits that big business brings them with their reverence for the small businessperson. In 1887, the U.S. Congress enacted the Interstate Commerce Act to regulate railroads, partly to protect smaller businesses from what was deemed a natural monopoly. Then, the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) and the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) sought to prevent big companies from exercising excessive power in the marketplace. Later, the Robinson-Patman Act of 1936 and the Miller-Tydings Act of 1937 aimed to rein in large chain-store retailers.
In each of these laws, however, small-business enthusiasts had to mollify legislators who opposed government interference in the economy and saw big business as more efficient than small business. The result was a series of compromises that limited the ability of big businesses to use their power to stifle competition at least somewhat, but did not prevent them from growing big through methods deemed fair. The Sherman Act, for instance, did not crack down on bigness per se, and in fact often was used to prevent collusion among small businesses as well as big ones. Similarly, the Clayton Act did not outlaw bigness itself, but merely prohibited "unfair" methods of competition.
In 1953, lawmakers took a different approach: They established the Small Business Administration (SBA), a federal agency that provides training and helps small enterprises secure financing, land contracts with government agencies, and raise equity capital. The SBA's actual impact is difficult to gauge. But economists believe small business has survived over the years more as a result of economic realities – and its own ingenuity – than as a result of legislation. In some industries – furniture-making, lumber milling, and many service businesses, for instance – small businesses continued to play an important role because the kind of economies of scale that allowed businesses to grow big in other sectors were largely absent.
In some sectors, small businesses found market niches where there was too little demand to require large-scale production. Blackford cites Buckeye Steel Castings Company of Columbus, Ohio, which was formed in 1881 and thrived for many years by producing automatic railroad car couplers, for instance. He also describes how a variety of small, Philadelphia-based textile companies survived into the 20th century by producing for the constantly fluctuating seasonal-clothing market. More recently, a number of information technology companies have emerged to produce software for highly specific computer applications, and numerous small Internet companies sell products aimed at narrow market segments.
Some businesses have stayed small simply because their owners don't want them to grow bigger. And economists have noted one other role of small businesses: In economic downturns such as the Great Depression of the 1930s and the recessions of 1973-1975 and 1980-1982, many people who lost their jobs in larger companies formed their own small businesses to stay afloat through the hard times.
Overall, while the dream of running one's own business has fueled a steady rise in the number of small businesses in America, the general trend since the 1880s has been for small businesses to grow in number along with the population, but for their relative share of economic output to decline as large corporations have emerged in various sectors. The SBA itself has tacitly acknowledged the trend toward largeness by redefining small business upward. In the 1950s, the agency counted any manufacturer employing fewer than 250 people as small, but today it considers companies with as many as 500 employees to be small. Still, the vast majority of American businesses are small. In 2002, for instance, there were only 16,845 companies employing more than 500 people, compared to 5,680,914 employing fewer people, according to the SBA.
The Significance of Size
Small business demonstrated its durability during the 1970s and 1980s in particular. At the time, foreign competition led to a decline of basic, large-scale manufacturing companies in such industries as steel, automobiles, and textiles. In the new global economy, services became relatively more important while manufacturing became less important, and that meant a growing role for small companies, which traditionally have dominated many service sectors. But some economists saw additional reasons why small business would become a more important part of the economic landscape. In the highly competitive and rapidly changing global economy, they argued, companies that could innovate, customize products, and adapt quickly to changing circumstances would have an edge. Small business, with less hierarchical management systems and less unionized workforces, seemed to have just these strengths. What is more, small businesses got an extra boost because declining transportation costs and the emergence of the Internet made it easier than ever for them to compete on the global stage.
The surge in enthusiasm about small business peaked in 1987, when David Birch, an economist and founder of the research firm Cognetics Inc., wrote that small businesses create most of the new jobs in the economy. Birch's findings attracted enormous attention and are still cited to this day. But many economists dispute them. In a 1993 study, for instance, the National Bureau of Economic Research found that while firms employing fewer than 500 people really did create more jobs between 1972 and 1988, they also went out of business far more often. Their net impact on job creation was thus no greater than that of larger firms, the private, nonpartisan research organization concluded.
In any event, small business may have held its own in recent years, but it has not regained the market share it lost to big business over the previous century. In part, that's because big businesses have become more competitive themselves by learning some lessons from their smaller competitors, according to The Economist magazine. In 1995, the British publication reported that big businesses increasingly are behaving like small ones, "pushing decision-making down through management ranks, restructuring themselves around teams and product-based units, and becoming more entrepreneurial".
Today, large and small enterprises appear to have reached some kind of equipoise. The small business share of the U.S. gross domestic product, for instance, which was 57 percent in 1958, has hovered at around 50 percent since 1980. If Calvin Coolidge were still alive, he might view such figures and stand by his belief that the business of America is business. But he might add that business in America comes in all sizes, large to small.
The opinions expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. government.
Source: Christopher Conte and the U.S. Department of State, from the January 2006 edition of eJournal USA
This work is in the Public Domain.
Jump to... Jump to... Course Syllabus Course Textbooks What is Entrepreneurship? The Definition of Entrepreneurship Entrepreneur Assessment Survey The Drive of an Entrepreneur Introduction to Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship Is... Entrepreneurs vs. Intrapreneurs Entrepreneurial Thought Leaders Seminar Creating a Business Plan What Makes Someone an Entrepreneur? Why Become an Entrepreneur? Principles of Entrepreneurship Nine Key Frameworks for Entrepreneurship An Entrepreneurial Model Due Diligence What Legal Entity is Right for Your Business? Did You Say "Intellectual Property"? It's a Seductive Mirage Business Ethics in a Nutshell Entrepreneurship Myths Unit 1 Assessment Building a Team Who Are Managers? Leadership, Entrepreneurship, and Strategy Leading People and Organizations Emotions at Work Designing a High-Performance Work System Making the Team Work: Executives, Board, and Partners Hiring Your First Employee Small Business Hiring Tips Recruiting Workers Selecting and Managing Your Team: Employee Training Managing Groups and Teams Team-Building Conflict and Negotiations Unit 2 Assessment Developing a Business Plan How to Write a Business Plan Ten Dos and Don'ts of Writing a Business Plan Small Business Plan Outline Operations Business Plan Template How to Write an Executive Summary How to Write a Mission Statement for Your Business Simple Mission Statements Product or Service Descriptions Marketing Plan, Strategies, Distribution, and Channels Selecting and Managing Your Team Operations Management Developing a Management Plan Startup Business Plans: Finance and Operations Section Can You Afford to Start Up? Calculating Startup Costs Entrepreneurship 101: Financial Planning Planning and Managing Your Business Template Startup Financial Model Franchising Disadvantages of Franchises Advantages of Franchises Investing Wisely Through Franchising Unit 3 Assessment What is Marketing? Marketing on a Global Scale Is Your Business Doing Effective Market Research? Primary Market Research Primary and Secondary Research Marketing Research and Market Intelligence General Economic Conditions Consumer Income, Purchasing Power, and Confidence The Political Environment Applicable Legislation Cultural Values Demographics The Product Life Cycle External Factors and Trends Selecting Target Markets and Target-Market Strategies Leveraging Information Technology Identifying the Target Market Adding Products and Services Developing a Market Segmentation Competition Competitive Perceptual Positioning and Perceptual Mapping Selecting a Target Market Defining Promotion The Many Goals of Persuasion Pricing Marketing Channel Strategies The Marketing Plan Elements of a Marketing Plan The Purpose of a Marketing Plan The Marketing Plan More on the Marketing Plan Conducting a Situational Analysis Defining the Target Market Competition Based on Value Customer Relationships and Selling Strategies Scanning and Analysis Market Segmenting, Targeting, and Positioning Strategic Planning Marketing Budgets Integrated Marketing Communication Marketing and Promotion Functions Performed by Channel Partners Marketing Plan Discussion Questions and Activities Unit 4 Assessment Financing Your Organization Can You Afford to Start Up? Financial Statements Standardizing Financial Statements Finance and Forecasting Break-Even Analysis Funding the Company Sources of Financing Financing Company Operations Starting a Small Business – Optional Quiz Small Business Financing The Advantages of a Business Loan Venture Capital Facts about Government Grants How to Barter, Give, and Get Stuff Customer Financing for Your Business Crowdfunding Starting Out with Government Funding: SBIR and STTR Grants Asset-Based Loans Angel Investors and Your Business How to Organize and Lead an Entrepreneurial Venture and Growth Strategies for Startups How Does a VC Think About Exit Strategy? Exit Strategies How Do You Determine the Value of a Private Company? Getting Out Unit 5 Assessment BUS305 Study Guide Course Feedback Survey BUS305: Certificate Final Exam


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Jack Drops His iPhone 6 So We Don't Have To, And Other Drop Tests
Liang Hwei
Yesterday, the iPhone 6 hit the stores, with many people in Singapore hitting stores to collect their pre-ordered iPhone 6 and 6 Plus early. According to The Straits Times, friends Justin Chow, 28 and Jessica Koh, 26 even arrived at 5.45am at the Singtel event to queue for the phone despite having made preorders already. But Singapore wasn't the only country with excited fans getting their hands on the iPhones.
This video of the first guy to get an iPhone 6 in Perth, Australia went viral yesterday as it made people around the world cringe in horror. Jack Cooksey, while being interviewed on the local channel 9 news, attempted to open the box on live television, when the brand new coveted iPhone 6 fell and made a sickening crack on the sidewalk.
It's unclear whether the phone suffered any severe damage, but it was enough to rile the crowd to gasp in horror. I personally shrieked when I heard the phone hit the concrete floor.
However, it's possible that the phone is actually unscathed. Android Authority has released their own video of an drop test for both iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 plus. The results are impressive – despite a few scuff marks, the glass on both phones stay uncracked and intact, despite being dropped from varying angles.
However, various other people have done their own versions of the drop test since then, all of which result in impressive and unfortunate shatters when dropped on its edge. You can even see bits of glass flying in the next video from the poor, unsuspecting iPhone 6 Plus. Perhaps Android Authority was lucky?
The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus both sport ionized-strengthened glass which is said to be scratch-proof. However, it is obviously not shatterproof, which makes the ionized-strengthened glass seem a far cry from the Sapphire glass everyone had hoped for.
At least we know now that we can't rely on iPhone's 'super glass', and that we should be more careful when we finally get our hands on the iPhone 6, lest we end up like poor Jack.
It's Official: iPhone 6 And iPhone 6 Plus Is Here, StarHub As S'pore Partner
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Quiz: Do You Know These Basic Facts About the State of Texas?: HowStuffWorks
Do You Know These Basic Facts About the State of Texas?
By: Heather Cahill
Image: Image by Erik Pronske Photography/Moment/GettyImages
One of the largest states in the country, Texas has a lot of history and fun facts. Its long history of changing hands between different countries has shaped the state into what we know it as today. From battles to independence to an official state, it has had quite a unique journey. When you visit Texas today, you get to witness a little piece of this history, as well as the unique traditions and interesting attractions of today. Think you know all about them? Then get ready to test yourself!
Texas is home to many important sites like the Alamo, as well as countless cities that we know and love. You'll need to know the people, places, and things that make the state what it is. You'll also want to know some geography, such as the biggest, smallest, and unique landmarks. Sports teams, venues and official representatives of the state will also help you ace this quiz. Hopefully, you'll find it to be easier than you think!
So, if you're a proud Texan, or want to prove that you could be a great honorary Texan, then it's time to show your stuff. Take the quiz to see how much you really know about the state!
What is the largest export from Texas?
Petroleum is one of the largest exports from Texas. Different types of petroleum dominate the top spots while various other parts such as airplane and machinery are also some of the state's top exports.
Who often attacked the Republic of Texas?
Mexico often attacked Texas during the period of its independence. During this time, more and more people in the United States got on board with adding it as a state. Texas was a large area of land with a lot of value to Mexico and the United States.
What sport do the Dallas Cowboys play?
Texas is home to countless sports teams, including the famous Dallas Cowboys. Did you know that the Cowboys have won the Super Bowl five times? That makes the team second place for the most Super Bowls won.
Which of the following actresses is from Texas?
Eva is from Corpus Christi, Texas, where she grew up with her family. Did you know that she was in many beauty pageants in her youth?
What odd event is held in Texas annually?
Rattlesnake Roundup
Guiness World Records
UFO Festival
Twins Festival
A rattlesnake roundup is probably something you'll only find in the state of Texas! The event is held in Sweetwater, Texas, and it's even popular enough to attract tourists to spectate.
What is the most populous city in Texas?
There are over two million people in Houston, Texas. San Antonio takes second place, but the difference between the two cities is about one million people.
Which Texas city is not part of the Texas Triangle?
The missing city from this list is Dallas-Fort Worth. Another name for this network of cities is "Texaplex." It is one of many different networks of this kind throughout the United States.
What is the capital of Texas?
Austin, Texas has been the capital of the state since 1839 when the state became known as the Republic of Texas. Austin was specifically built for the purpose of becoming the capital. There were many different capitals before it, however.
What is the state song of Texas?
"On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away"
"These Green Mountains"
"Texas Our Texas!"
"The Old North State"
"Texas Our Texas" is the name of the state song for Texas. The song was adopted in 1929 after it was written by Gladys Yoakum Wright and William John Marsh. Did you know that William was from England?
Which city in Texas has not been used in a song title?
Luckenbach
McAllen hasn't been used in a song title, unlike many other cities in the state. You might have heard songs like "My Abilene" or "Amarillo by Morning" all about the historic cities.
Which retail chain first got its start in Texas?
The first name that 7-Eleven had was "Tote'm Stores" when it got its start in Texas. About 20 years later, it turned into the brand we know it as today.
Where can space shuttles land in emergencies in Texas?
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
El Paso International Airport
Dyess Air Force Base
East Texas Regional Airport
The Dyess Air Force Base is used for emergency space shuttle landings. Astronauts can also get some of their required training on the base preparing them for their jobs in the future.
Which of the following countries once ruled of Texas?
Texas has been ruled by many other countries. The state has a long history of switching through the hands of many countries, as well as becoming its own republic at one time.
What animal could you see in Texas in the early-1900s?
Camels once inhabited Texas in the mid-1800s. Despite being present in Texas, they did not last in the state. By the early 1920s, the camels became a scarce sight and were eventually never seen again.
Who was Stephen Fuller Austin?
The founder of Texas
The first President of the United States
The first person on the moon
The first farmer in Texas
Stephen Fuller Austin is called the founder of Texas or the "Father of Texas." The city of Austin gets its name from him. Did you know that Stephen Fuller Austin's father was responsible for the migration of 300 families to the Texas area?
What soft drink was invented in Waco, Texas?
Dr. Pepper got its start in Waco, Texas in 1885. The invention came form the mind of a pharmacist. We have Texas to thank for the tasty soft drink!
Which president was born in Texas?
Dwight D. Eisenhower is one of the only two presidents born in Texas. The other president is Lyndon Johnson! In contrast, many presidents have unfortunately passed in the state.
What is the state dance of Texas?
The square dance is not only the official state dance of Texas but also many others! The dance originated in Europe and it was introduced to the United States when settlers came.
Which Texas attraction is larger than the smallest state in the country?
Space Center
Global Life Park
The King Ranch
Who would have thought that a ranch could be larger than an entire state?! Rhode Island is smaller by about 24 thousand acres. King Ranch reaches over 800 thousand acres of land in contrast.
In what city is the Texas State Fair held in?
The Texas State Fair is held in Dallas annually and is quite a large attraction in the state. The fair continues for quite a long time, almost a month long of fun!
Which of the following is a nickname for Texas?
The Natural State
The First State
You may know Texas as the Lone Star State. This nickname comes from the first flag after becoming independent from Mexico. Do you know what was on it? You guessed it – a Lone Star.
What industry has been growing as of late in Texas?
Food and service
The technology sector in Texas is one of the largest growing industries in the state. Many tech companies call Texas home including Dell, Apple and Amazon.
Is it true or false that Texas has its own power grid?
This is true. There are a total of three power grids in the United States. Texas is the proud owner of one of them, which they have all to themselves.
How many flags does Texas fly?
Six flags fly above the state due to the many countries who have ruled the land at times. The six flags represent France, Mexico, Spain, the United States, the Confederate States of America and the Republic of Texas.
When did Texas become part of the United States?
1845 was a landmark year for the state as it became officially part of the United States. While Texas largely prided itself on its independence, many applauded the move to join the United States.
Who won the Battle of Alamo?
Mexico was the victor of the Alamo, but both sides put up a good fight. Texas was outnumbered by Mexico who had just under 2,000 troops while Texas fought with just over 200 troops.
What is the state animal of Texas?
Texas has two state animals, one small and one large. The longhorn serves as the large animal while the armadillo serves as the small one. Both are quite a common sight in Texas.
Who was the first President of Texas?
Sam Houston was the man that inspired the city of Houston's name, and he was also the president of the Republic of Texas not once, but twice! Did you know that he also had a great relationship with the Cherokee peoples? He lived with them at one time in his life.
What river is the largest in the state?
Pecos River
Sabine River
Red River of the South
The Rio Grande is the largest river in Texas, but in contrast, the shortest river in the state is the Comal River. The river is over 3,000 kilometers long and runs through any more states other than Texas as well!
Is it true or false that snow is common in Texas?
Texas is known for being a hot place, but believe it or not, snow is very common in certain areas. In northern parts of the state and in the mountains, you'll often catch snow for some months of the year.
How did Texas become part of the United States?
By a vote
Through their own acceptance
Ordered by the Queen
By territorial annexation
Texas was a territory of many different countries before becoming its own independent republic. After this, it took Texas about 10 years to officially become a state.
Who were the Texas Rangers?
A police force
A herd of horses
The Texas Rangers were a police force first instated by Stephen Fuller Austin. The Rangers are still around today and they deal with quite a lot of tasks for their job.
What word did Texas get its name from?
The word "Tejas" is from the Native American language Caddo and the reason Texas got its name. It's a very endearing word as it means "friends." Unfortunately, the amount of people who can speak the language is getting smaller and smaller.
How many branches are in the Texas Military?
Did you know that Texas has its own military? The three branches are: Army National Guard, National Guard and State Guard. The military even has its own magazine called "The Dispatch."
Where in Texas will you find the Astrodome?
The Astrodome is a historic venue for concerts and sporting events in Houston. You may know it as the home of the baseball team, the Houston Astros. Did you know that some people considered it to be another Wonder of the World?
Can You Identify These Texas Animals?
Which Southern State Is Your Heart In?
Can You Guess the Missing Letter in These Texas Towns?
How Well Do You Know the Small Towns of Texas?
What's Your Texas IQ?
Can You Name the U.S. State from 3 Random Facts?
Match the Fact to the U.S. State
Could You Live in Texas?
Are You the Smartest Person in Texas?
Can You Identify the U.S. State From a Crossword Clue?


GREE Forum > Forums > Crime City > General > Uhh...losing points in this event is straight up WRONG!
View Full Version : Uhh...losing points in this event is straight up WRONG!
Can I ask why this event is set up to where you can LOSE points? I went to sleep for 8 hours and lost a massive amount of progress I had made in hate & revenge. I'm glad I did not use any gold, I'd be pretty furious if I had. What's next? Losing IP in war when getting beaten by an opponent? Fix this to where no points are lost and a loss is just simply a loss.
It's even worse for people spending gold because you are paying a 150% markup for only 50 stamina!
Go get them back from the person who took them. That's the point.
Not really possible when suddenly they are 75,000 points ahead.
Points isn't an indicator to strength. It's just a reference. You've lost points. And he might be on winning side of larger chain attacks. It's possible your weapon strength and bonuses are closer than points indicate. Also you get a retry bonus. Each time you retry it gets stronger. You can get your points back if you want them. If not from him, then take them from someone else.


The Southington Festival Chorale invites the public to attend their 2015 Holiday Concert on Sunday, Dec. 6, at 3 p.m., at Plantsville Congregational Church, 109 Church St.
The chorale has a new director, Christopher Hartel, who is introducing some pieces new to the chorale from Christian and Jewish traditions. In addition to the choral numbers, the concert will include a piano solo by accompanist Miguel Campinho, and the opportunity for the audience to join in singing carols.
There will be a reception following the concert. In a press release, Chorale members said that they hope that the concert will be such fun that new members will be inspired to participate in the winter-spring season. Open rehearsals begin again on Jan. 11.
Admission to the concert is $10 for adults, $8 for seniors and teens, with children under 12 free. For families of four or more, admission is $25. Come and enjoy a musical way to prepare for the holidays.


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PlayStation 2 Internal Hard Disk Drive (40GB)
The Internal Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is designed exclusively for use with the PlayStation 2. The HDD was originally released in Japan on July 19th 2001 and later in North America on March 23rd 2004. A network adaptor (sold separately) is required for connection to the PlayStation 2 and to receive power. The HDD has a 40GB capacity that can be used by games to speed up loading times and as a backup for the memory card. There were approximately 145 North American and Japanese game releases that supported the device.
Unofficial software HD Loader allowed users to copy complete games to the HDD allowing them to be played without using the original disk.
Date : Unknown
Manufacturer : Sony
Physical Description : Original Box. Upper poly insert. Lower poly insert. Sealed instruction manual. Sealed hard disk drive (includes original silica gel pack).