text:
Державна казначейська служба України (до 28.03.2011 р. — Державне казначейство України) — центральний орган виконавчої влади України, що реалізує державну політику у сфері казначейського обслуговування бюджетних коштів. Є учасником системи електронних платежів
Національного банку України.

Діяльність служби спрямовується і координується Кабінетом Міністрів України через Міністра фінансів України. Казначейство України входить до системи органів виконавчої влади та утворюється для реалізації державної політики у сфері казначейського обслуговування бюджетних коштів.

Історія
Указом Президента України «Про Державне казначейство України» від 27 квітня 1995 р. № 335 зі змінами, внесеними згідно з Указами Президента від 27 січня 1999 р. № 70/99 та від 15 лютого 1999 р. № 173/99, з метою забезпечення ефективного управління коштами Державного бюджету України, підвищення оперативності у фінансуванні видатків у межах наявних обсягів фінансових ресурсів у Державному бюджеті України було створено Державне казначейство України при Міністерстві фінансів України. Постановою Кабінету Міністрів України від 28 березня 2011 р. № 346 «Про ліквідацію урядових органів» Державне казначейство України було ліквідовано. Указом Президента України від 13 квітня 2011 р. № 460/2011 «Про Положення про Державну казначейську службу України», було затверджено відповідне Положення та встановлено, що Державна казначейська служба України є правонаступником прав та обов'язків Державного казначейства України — урядового органу державного управління, що діяв у системі Міністерства фінансів України.

6 грудня 2016 року хакерська атака на урядові сайти (Держказначейства України, Пенсійного фонду, мінфіну та інших) і на внутрішні мережі держорганів призвела до масштабних затримок бюджетних виплат. 7 грудня Кабмін виділив 80 млн гривень для захисту від хакерів. 40 млн — для закупки мережевого обладнання Мінфіну і ще 40 — для Держказначейства.

Керівник
Слюз Тетяна Ярославівна з 16 квітня 2014 р.

Структура
 Голова Державної казначейської служби України
 Перший заступник голови Державного казначейства України — Дуда Володимир Петрович
 Заступник голови Державного казначейства України — Стародубцева Любов Володимирівна
 Заступник голови Державного казначейства України — Кузнєцов Володимир Сергійович

 Адміністративно-господарський відділ
 Відділ державних закупівель
 Відділ забезпечення діяльності Голови
 Відділ координації роботи органів Державного казначейства України
 Відділ мережі та зведених показників бюджету
 Департамент бухгалтерського обліку операцій державного бюджету
 Департамент видатків державного бюджету
 Департамент інформаційних технологій
 Департамент консолідованої фінансової звітності
 Департамент методології з обслуговування бюджетів, бухгалтерського обліку та звітності
 Департамент міжбюджетних відносин
 Департамент обслуговування кошторисів головних розпорядників коштів та інших клієнтів
 Планово-фінансове управління
 Сектор режимно-секретної роботи
 Управління бюджетних надходжень
 Управління внутрішнього фінансового контролю і аудиту
 Управління захисту інформації
 Управління обслуговування боргових зобов'язань держави
 Управління організації діловодства та контролю виконавської дисципліни
 Управління персоналу
 Управління платіжної системи
 Управління фінансових ресурсів
 Юридичне управління

 Регіональні управління

Завдання
Основними завданнями Казначейства України є:
 внесення пропозицій щодо формування державної політики у сфері казначейського обслуговування бюджетних коштів
 реалізація державної політики у сфері казначейського обслуговування бюджетних коштів

Правова основа
Казначейство в своїй діяльності керується Конституцією України, законами України, постановами Верховної Ради України, указами і розпорядженнями Президента України, зокрема Указом Президента України від 13 квітня 2011 р. № 460/2011 «Про Положення про Державну казначейську службу України» , декретами, постановами і розпорядженнями Кабінету Міністрів України, а також наказами Міністерства фінансів України.

Примітки

Джерела
 Основи казначейської справи: Навч. посіб. / І. В. Форкун, Н. Л. Фролова. — Л. : Новий Світ — 2000, 2011. — 477 c.

Посилання

 Державне казначейство України  //Словник фінансово-правових термінів / за заг. ред. д. ю.н., проф. Л. К. Воронової. — 2-е вид., переробл. і доповн. — К.: Алерта, 2011—558 с.
  Державне казначейство України //
 Колишні керівники Державного казначейства України
 Управління та служби (прізвища, телефони)

Державна казначейська служба України
Міністерство фінансів України
Державні фінанси України


further to our last email, we are writing now with details of the agreements reached in resolving our dispute with the University management. We believe that this was an excellent outcome and provides clear basis for us to grow in size and influence at the University of Birmingham.
Much of the agreement was achieved in the spirit of ensuring good process in the area of potential redundancies and performance management. We believe that this represents a recognition by the University management that a hostile relationship with staff members and with BUCU is unconstructive and damaging to the interests of the University. It is therefore hoped, on the side of both BUCU and the University management, that this will mark a more constructive relationship. Obviously, should this situation fail to arise, and University management continue to undermine the interests of BUCU members, then we will need to address these problems again and once more assert our interests. What we have achieved for now, however, is a clear recognition that we represent the interests of staff at the University of Birmingham and that we are able to assert those interests in a form that cannot be ignored. We must, therefore, build on this achievement and continue to be diligent in our attempts to protect our working conditions and ensure the construction of a working environment conducive to successful academic careers.
1. We sought to avoid compulsory redundancies in Sociology, Education, the Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity, and Physiotherapy.
In Sociology, Education, the Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity we have managed to avoid all threatened compulsory redundancies. This was achieved through enhanced voluntary redundancy agreements, the creation of additional posts and extended arrangements for existing posts.
In Physiotherapy we have agreed a ringfencing procedure – whereby external recruitment will be delayed until the threat affecting existing staff has been addressed. This, combined with a number of enhanced voluntary redundancy agreements, has created a situation where compulsory redundancies are very unlikely to occur (although it remains much earlier in the restructure process for Physiotherapy so this cannot yet be confirmed definitively).
2. We sought the agreement of a redundancy avoidance agreement.
We have now reached an agreement with the University management on seeking to avoid compulsory redundancies arising from restructuring proposals . This contains a number of important procedural changes that will provide BUCU with a much firmer role both ahead of, and within, any redundancy consultation process that may occur when the University management considers restructuring.
i. To increase the consultation period beyond the statutory minimum. This was agreed, with a doubling of the consultation period beyond the (new) statutory minimum of 30 days, to 60 days.
ii. To create a redundancy avoidance committee. It was agreed that the Joint Negotiating and Consultation Committee (JNCC) would provide an opportunity for BUCU to be regularly consulted on developments within the University in order to avoid potential redundancy situations.
iii. For redundancy consultation periods to involved fortnightly meetings. This was agreed.
iv. To continue to conduct equality impact assessments, despite the removal of this statutory obligation. This was agreed.
v. For consultation to be meaningful and with a view to reaching an agreement. This was agreed.
vi. For the University management to consider a range of options that would avoid redundancies, including seeking redeployment opportunities outside of the University. This was agreed.
vii. That branch facilities time would be increased in order to enable branch officers to attend this increased number of consultation meetings. This was agreed.
3. We sought the agreement of a memorandum of understanding on performance management.
We have now agreed a memorandum of understanding on performance management with the University management (attached). This includes a number of procedural safeguards intended to prevent bullying or aggressive management practices, and a commitment that any future changes to performance management schemes will be adopted on the basis of collective discussions between the management and the union, with a view to reaching an agreement between both parties.
ii. Clarification of the use of Ordinance 3.21.5 will only be invoked when there is concern that staff performance might have declined below the "minimum satisfactory standards". This was agreed.
iii. Clarification that the Ordinance 3.21.5 process will be followed in full (i.e. rather than selecting the punitive sections only) and that it will be set out in writing. This was agreed.
iv. Ensuring that those undertaking the Ordinance 3.21.5 process are properly trained. This was agreed.
v. That the memorandum would apply to all 'live' and recent cases. This could not be agreed, and the negotiating team believe that we were unlikely to achieve the retrospective re-opening of previous cases. The memorandum will therefore only apply to future cases.


Our spiders collecte valuable information about win10programs.com, it's ranked #754709 in the world, its most visitors are living in Russia Ukraine . Win10programs.com has a pagerank equal to (0 of 10), it is located at Unknown, Unknown,Unknown.
Description Скачать программы бесплатно для Windows 10 без регистрации, вирусов и смс на русском языке. Сборка полезного софта на все случаи жизни для новейшей операционной системы.
Do win10programs.com is popular on the social networking platforms?
According to Alexa, Win10programs.com is ranked #754709 in the world, it has a large popular base in Russia Ukraine .
Do win10programs.com is listed in the global directories such as Dmoz, Yahoo and Yandex ?
Do search engines like Win10programs.com ?
Win10programs.com Has a PR equal 0.
Скачать программы бесплатно для Windows 10 без регистрации, вирусов и смс на русском языке. Сборка полезного софта на все случаи жизни для новейшей операционной системы.


text:
Fire Prevention & Protection, Firefighter Training, Leadership
Legislation Introduced in Congress to Provide Grants for Campus Fire Safety Education
By Ed Comeau
Legislation has been introduced by United States Senator Frank Lautenberg, Representatives Bill Pascrell and Peter King that will provide grants to schools to deliver fire safety education to students. The focus of S750 and HR 1609 is to encourage schools to provide education to students for their entire academic career, not just while they are living in the residence halls.
Over 85% of campus-related fire deaths identified by Campus Firewatch since 2000 have occurred in off-campus houses, where most students live. Reaching these students with education about what they can do to live a fire-safe lifestyle will help protect them, not only while they are in school, but for the rest of their lives.
"I am proud to reintroduce the Campus Fire Safety Education Act with Congressman King and Senator Lautenberg," said Congressman Pascrell in a prepared statement, a member of the House Ways and Means and Budget Committees. "This vital legislation will work to prevent tragedies like the catastrophic fire at Seton Hall University in South Orange, New Jersey, in 2000. That fire killed three young freshmen and wounded 58 other students in a dorm on campus. This legislation creates a new competitive grant program at our institutions of higher education that will increase fire safety awareness among college students, help improve their fire training, and save lives. It gives colleges and universities the resources they need to educate their students about the importance of fire safety and help ensure fire-safe behavior during their time in college and beyond."
"It is critical that college students have the tools they need to prevent fires and react swiftly and confidently when they happen," said Senator Lautenberg. "This legislation will ensure colleges have the resources to equip every student with important fire safety training. Our hearts were broken after the fire at Seton Hall, and I've been proud to partner with Representatives Pascrell and King to help make sure such a tragedy never happens again. We'll keep working hard so that when parents send their kids off to college, they know they are safe from fires."
"It is important that our colleges and universities have the necessary resources to provide essential fire safety and fire-behavior education to ensure the safety of all our students," stated Congressman King.
In March, 40 students, parents, fire officials and advocates met in Washington for the sixth-annual Campus Fire Safety Capitol Hill Day and visited almost 80 Congressional offices, advocating for these bills and others. This is a key effort in moving legislation forward, as well as having students, parents, fire and campus officials now contact their Senators and Representative, asking them to support these bills.
Information on the bills and links to contact legislators can be found at Campus Firewatch www.campus-firewatch.com/resources/legislation/.
firefighter grants
May Their Sacrifices Not Be in Vain: Homewood (IL) LODD Case Study

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
California's current driver's license suspension scheme (the so-called "Stop 'n Snatch" program) was enacted following the promise of federal highway funds in the Drunk Driving Prevention Act of 1988. The goal of the legislation was to take away the licenses of suspected drunk drivers at or near the time of their arrest and to insure a prompt suspension of their driving privileges. In practice, a person even suspected of DUI will lose her license automatically based solely on the opinion of the law enforcement officer.
Stop 'n Snatch
When an officer stops a motorist for suspected DUI, he usually snatches her driver's license and, on behalf of DMV, serves her with a document called an Administrative Per Se Suspension/Revocation Order and Temporary Driver License. Here is one.
This order suspends the motorist's driver's license and grants her driving privileges for thirty days, in theory long enough to complete the DMV suspension hearing process.
Ten Days to Request Hearing
If she acts within ten days, the motorist may also demand her own hearing and the chance to present evidence or to challenge the evidence against her. You may request a hearing by calling or writing any of the DMV Driver Safety Offices. A sample written hearing request is here.
The Oxnard branch is located at 4050 S. Saviers Road, Oxnard, California 93033. The telephone number is (805) 488-0863 and fax is (805) 488-3219.
The hearing you get is called an "administrative per se" (APS) hearing because it is administrative (not criminal) in nature and because it examines whether the motorist was "per se" intoxicated (driving with a BAC in excess of 0.08).
The motorist has a right to see all the evidence DMV intends to use against her at the hearing. Conversely, the motorist must advise DMV of any documents she intends to introduce at the hearing. If the motorist intends to use the sworn statement of an expert witness, she must provide it to DMV ten days prior to the hearing.
Because the motorist receives all of DMV's evidence in advance of the hearing, a skilled DUI attorney usually can predict how the hearing will go and what the decision will be.
Expert Preparation
In cases where there is a blood test or breath test, the DMV is usually entitled to presumptions that the test results are valid. (Yes, on top of everything else going against you, you have to prove your innocents at DMV.)
The only way in many cases to beat the presumption is to submit expert testimony by a forensic toxicologist. A skilled DUI attorney will have relationships with several toxicologists willing to review DMV cases and provide sworn statements where their opinions support the motorist.
In most cases it would be malpractice for an attorney not to suggest using an expert witness at a DMV hearing.
The APS hearing is conducted by a DMV "hearing officer" who serves as prosecutor, judge and jury (and expert witness where DMV records are introduced). Though rarely a lawyer, the hearing officer introduces all evidence against the motorist and then rules on all her objections to that evidence. This same hearing officer ultimately decides whether the suspension of the motorist's license will be upheld or set aside.
The issues to be decided at the hearing are whether or not
The officer had reasonable cause to believe the motorist was driving a vehicle with a BAC in excess of 0.08.
The motorist was lawfully arrested.
The motorist was, in fact, driving a vehicle with a BAC in excess of 0.08.
The hearing officer usually will send a written Notice of Decision within a week after the hearing. Here is an example of one.
Departmental Review
If the hearing officer decides against you, you have the right to ask his or her superiors at DMV to review the decision and grant you a set aside if they find the decision was wrong. This decision can take up to 120 days, and your license will be suspended throughout that time, even if they decide you were right and overrule the hearing officer.
In practice we have found it rare that DMV overrules its own hearing officers; where alleged DUIs are concerned, the department is in the business of taking licenses away, not reinstating them.
Writ of Mandate
An often more effective way to overturn the hearing officer's decision is to sue DMV in court and ask a judge to lift the suspension of your license. The order you seek from the judge is called a "writ of mandate"; a writ is just an order. It's called mandate from the Latin to command because the writ "commands" DMV to reverse its decision.
There are two advantages to using the writ procedure over the departmental review. First, most judges will grant a stay of the suspension pending the hearing on the writ. Second, a judge is far more likely to be fair and impartial than is DMV when reviewing the decision of its own hearing officer.
We at the Santa Barbara DUI Center handle writs of mandate for other attorneys. If you are currently represented by another attorney and have lost your DMV hearing, feel free to ask your attorney to give us a call.


text:
That Summer in Berlin
by Lecia Cornwall
Starring: Viviane Alden, a young British woman who travels to Berlin in 1936 under the guise of working as a photographer at the Olympics. Her true goal? To find evidence that Germany is rearming in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles.
What makes it unique: the high-stakes setting, which has extra layers of artifice for Viviane to parse since any country hosting the Olympics tries to put its best foot forward.
For fans of: the Miss Lily series by Jackie French; the Verity Kent series by Anna Lee Huber.
Marmee
by Sarah Miller
What it is: a heartwarming, leisurely paced reimagining of classic novel Little Women, from the perspective of the titular March family matriarch.
Read it for: a deeper understanding of the complexities of Margaret March's existence beyond the supporting role she played in the stories of her daughters Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy.
About the author: Sarah Miller writes juvenile nonfiction about historical topics and historical fiction for both children and adults. Her previous adult novel Caroline reimagined the story of the Caroline Ingalls of Little House on the Prairie fame.
In the Shadow of a Queen
by Heather B. Moore
What it's about: Princess Louise (one of Queen Victoria's younger daughters) is a strong-willed young woman with artistic and feminist inclinations who serves as her domineering mother's unofficial secretary until the possibility of marriage to a Scottish peer divides her family and forces her to decide what she really wants out of life.
For fans of: The People's Princess by Flora Harding; A Most English Princess by Clare McHugh.
Reviewers say: In the Shadow of a Queen is "a worthy portrait of a woman divided by duty and self-determination" (Publishers Weekly).
Miss Del Río
by Bárbara Louise Mujica
What it is: the dramatic, rags to riches story of Hollywood icon Dolores del Río, beginning with her days as an orphan in northern Mexico before the 1910 Revolution.
Appearances by: Marlene Dietrich, Orson Welles, and Frida Kahlo.
You might also like: Find Me in Havana by Serena Burdick.and The Only Woman in the Room by Marie Benedict.
by Janice Pariat
Starring: Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus during his 1732 Lapland expedition; German intellectual Johann Wolfgang von Goethe during a trip through Italy that would inspire one of his lesser-known books, The Metamorphosis of Plants; Edwardian era Cambridge student Evelyn, during a botany journey in India.
How it's told: in alternating perspectives, interspersed with reflections from modern Delhi resident Shai, whose travels in rural Assam parallel the respective journeys of the book's other three narrators.
For fans of: David Mitchell's nonlinear, stylistically complex, time-spanning novel Cloud Atlas.
The Color Line
by Igiaba Scego
What it is: the remarkable story of Lafanu Brown, an Afro-Chippewa woman who moves to Italy in the middle of the 19th century to escape American racism and pursue her dreams of being an artist.
How the story is told: through the eyes of a modern day Italian art curator of Somali origin who grows attached to Lafanu's art and story, seeing reflections of her own experience and that of her family.
Reviewers say: The Color Line is "fluid and refreshing" (Library Journal) and "an engrossing tale of ambition, survival, and love" (Publishers Weekly).
One Woman's War
by Christine Wells
What it's about: the wartime activities of Victoire Bennett, a British Naval Intelligence officer who some believe inspired James Bond mainstay Miss Moneypenny.
Read it for: the engagingly written characters including Victoire, a survival-driven Austrian double agent, and Ian Fleming himself.
For fans of: Kate Quinn's The Alice Network and Ariel Lawhon's Code Name Helene.
Carrollton Public Library
1700 Keller Springs Road, Carrollton Texas 75006
4220 North Josey Lane, Carrollton Texas 75010


You are everywhere - and yet never in the spotlight. You are incessantly working to help those of us with our needs, oftentimes neglecting your own. You find our downtrodden, our homeless, our hungry, and our dying. You bring them where they can get much needed help, and when you're able, you bring help to them. You tell us that the best way to help others is with our commonly shared human kindness. You never tire of telling us this. In fact, you have stationed yourselves inside our schools, hospitals, mental health clinics, our prisons, our military, our senior centers, and in public agencies to connect us with others that need human help.
You are few and we are so many.
There are some of us for whom ordered thoughts are luxuries. Sometimes our past is confused with our present. Our brains lie to us, and even though we know how to live our lives, our own minds mislead us with missing or imperfect information and we need help. Help that is really hard to find. But while we're out there, groping around for something, any clues that can get us organized again, we find an outstretched hand. Your hand. And you give us that so desperately needed nudge in the right direction, and we have a chance to get unstuck. You help us overcome our mental illnesses.
Sometimes, we are stricken with debilitating illnesses. There's no hope, you see, of ever getting better, because there just aren't cures for everything. That's ok, that's a part of life. But we need a little help with that sometimes. We manage the best we can, but medical insurance and hospital systems are too much for us to handle so we can't get the care we need just to keep on living. And you are there, showing us. Showing us where to look, how to navigate. Helping us through the door as medical social workers.
We are parents struggling and dying from addiction. We love our children, really we do, and always want the best for them, but we just…we can't get well. Not soon enough to help our kids grow and live. Yes, we have created innocent casualties of addiction, ones that have never deserved anything we've delivered to them. You step into our environments, most of the time when it's unsafe for you, and have helped our children when we can't or won't. You help us to minimize the damage we cause when we are slaves to drugs and alcohol.
We are forever in your debt, dear Social Worker. You are the quiet professional. The one who helps when no one else can, and you take no credit because there simply isn't enough time for that. You care for those of us who are in need, you answer your phone at 4am, you go to the homes where kids need you the most, and then you come back to fill out a mountain of paperwork after everyone is safe. We thank you.
From the bottom of our hearts and with all that we have to offer - Thank You.


I miss my mother every single day. At scary times when I try to conjure a sense of security around me as "Brave Mom," I miss my mother extra.
Those who follow our story know how Abraham can sometimes make tough days seem like holidays. Today was one of those days.
Surgery was scheduled for 8:00 a.m., and we'd come up to Chicago a day early to enjoy the city.
Although the hotel was a comforting luxury, we both had a rough night sleeping so near Navy Pier. Fireworks were a thrilling bedtime story, but the continued pulse of hot rods, motorcycles, and 3:00 a.m. rogue fireworks (with a quick follow up of sirens that chased away said rogues) made our 6:15 hospital arrival a bit robotic. Luckily, Aunt Marg is a great driver and RoboMom is incredibly efficient; consequently, we arrived early.
We definitely weren't robots for long. Every single worker we met from the minute we arrived at Lurie Children's Hospital lifted us up today: smiling receptionists at the ready; security guards comfortingly on duty; an anesthesiologist who kinda looked like me and definitely shared my sense of humor; a successful on-time surgery; and a smooth recovery without complication.
As soon as we were ready to leave, two candy-striper-age volunteers found a wheelchair quickly (no small feat) and easily escorted us downstairs -engaging Abraham with a true, sweet tale of his beloved neurosurgeon, Dr. DiPatri having been on "Cake Boss". We can totally picture it!
Add in our 70-mile transit time plus a huge Rosatti's carry-out order, and we were still safely home by noon!
So, everyone who sent us the happy feels today, we got them. Your energy wrapped us in a protective, loving grace and carried us through our day.
You always know just what to say and how to say it. Your mom was such a loving and lovable person. The apple doesn't fall far from the tree.
Carolyn, I appreciate your kind words more than I can say. Hearing from others who knew and loved her makes her feel so close. Thank you.


Part of their 3 week motoring Safari.
32 Bristol Owners from England shipped their cars out to South Africa in April this year. We chose a three week, four and a half thousand kilometre route through the Western, Eastern and Northern Cape which would maximise their driving experience on some of South Africa's magnificent roads.


turtle coloring page easy pages best ideas on for parking.
coloring pages ninja free turtle to print page parking,turtle coloring pages free printable floral ornament of page mandala colouring for adults,ninja turtle coloring pages free to print for parking color page baby,raphael ninja turtle coloring pages printable pictures to print page red packed free,coloring pages turtle cute print printable box ninja free to,teenage mutant ninja turtle coloring pages to print baby page stock vector sea for adults free download pictures,turtle coloring pages to print sea page portraits gorgeous free printable adult ninja pdf,sea turtle coloring page for adults pages to print realistic download online printable box,sea turtle coloring page for adults free download ninja pages to print little stock illustration of raphael printable,ninja turtle coloring pages printable free to print page parking t is for twisty noodle.
Be the first to comment on "Turtle Coloring Page Easy Pages Best Ideas On For Parking"


text:
Shayna Dyan Inman
SHAYNA DYAN INMAN - Born August 19, 1978, in Pasadena, Ca. and raised in Ventura, Ca. Shayna slipped away from us too soon after a brief illness on September 25, 2021. She was a 1996 graduate of Ventura High School. She leaves her parents Robert and Diane Inman of Ventura, Ca; brother Jeffrey Inman also of Ventura; Sister Kristina Smith and her husband Jeff Smith along with their children, Gavin, Taylor, Brooklyn and Danielle all of Catawba, NC; her Aunt Susan O'Conlon, Uncle Tom Tankersley, Aunt Judy Inman, Uncle Jim Inman, cousins Kelly and Mikey also of Ventura, CA. She is also survived by her two loving dogs, Bella and Cali. She is preceded in death by her niece, Morgan Smith. After graduation from Ventura High School in 1996, Shayna joined the U.S. Air Force to serve her country where she discovered her passion for travel, communications and event planning. She continued to explore these passions through many ventures after leaving the Air Force, from her Communication classes at the University of Southern California to her volunteer work at Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Shayna always pressed to leave a positive footprint on the world, all the while making a long list of life-long friends along the way. Always looking for the next adventure in life, Shayna moved to Cornelius, North Carolina in 2014, joining her sister, brother-in-law, nephew and nieces. It was in North Carolina she discovered her calling in Real Estate, where she carried on the "legacy" of a long line of family realtors. She became a realtor for ProStead Realty specializing in homes around Lake Norman and performed transaction management to assist other realtors in the area with her expertise. Her true passion, however, was to travel and to help others. In early 2020, she began to put her passion to work as a travel agent planner organizing charity excursions to assist those less fortunate internationally. Her most recent being a trip to Guatemala to raise money for the Organization of the Indigenous Maya (ODIM). She loved to travel and enjoyed trips to Europe, Africa, Central America and Australia. She lived her life in full color and top speed, finding her happiness in helping others. While living in Cornelius, Shayna became involved with and made many endearing friendships in several organizations and charities such as the Lake Norman Chamber of Commerce, served on the Board of the Chamber while she was the president of the Lake Norman Young Professionals, a member of the Rotary Club, a member of the Lake Norman Small Business Network, board member of the Lotta Foundation, and volunteered with the Pat's Place Foundation. She did the Ultimate Guatemala Challenge that raised money for underprivileged moms and babies through the Organization of the Indigenous Maya (ODIM). She was also a part of a women's' networking group. Shayna was a loving, giving and caring person. She will be missed by her family as well as friends and colleagues. All of us are left with broken hearts. Go teach the angels, girl! A celebration of life will be held at Lost Worlds Brewing in Cornelius, NC from 3pm-5pm. Services in her home-town Ventura, CA will follow at a later date. In lieu of flowers, please donate to one of the organizations listed in her obituary above. Please watch Shayna's Facebook page to stay informed of services and/or RSVP.
SHAYNA DYAN INMAN - Born August 19, 1978, in Pasadena, Ca. and raised in Ventura, Ca. Shayna slipped away from us too soon after a brief illness on September 25, 2021. She was a 1996 graduate of Ventura High School. She leaves her parents... View Obituary & Service Information
The family of Shayna Dyan Inman created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories.
SHAYNA DYAN INMAN -
Born August 19, 1978, in Pasadena, Ca. and...
Send flowers to the Inman family.


At M Properties, we deliver the property management services you need to properly care for your investments. Combining proven property management techniques with the latest technologies to improve efficiency, our company offers you a way to protect your rentals and keep your tenants satisfied. Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week – we are dedicated to your success.
We offer full-service property management that can address all facets of ownership, including marketing, tenant screening, routine and emergency maintenance, rent collection and more. You can take comfort in knowing that a professional is looking after your property, whether you live in the city or on another continent.
We offer our management services throughout San Francisco, Millbrae, Burlingame, Daly City and surrounding areas. Please contact our team now to discuss your management needs.


This inductive proximity sensor will detect the prescence of a metallic object within 5mm of the surface of the sensor. The detection distance may vary slightly depending on the shape, size, and type of metal the object is made of. It can detect through thin, non-metallic materials and has an LED indicator that turns on when the device is powered, and increases in brightness when an object is detected.


A well-rounded education with a range of coursework in the arts, humanities, mathematics, and sciences provides the basis for lifelong learning. By earning an Associate of Arts degree at Minnesota State College Southeast, you will gain a credential you can take with you to transfer into a four-year university program as a college junior.
The study of liberal arts and sciences isn't just about memorizing facts - it's learning how to learn, so you will be prepared to adapt to an ever-changing world. You are not training for a specific job, but gaining the communications and reasoning skills that will enhance your career opportunities in any area you might pursue in the future.
There is an increasing national need for all working-age adults to possess at least two years of higher education. Our region's workforce communities have indicated that they are seeking "well-rounded" individuals who possess strong critical thinking, problem solving, and communications skills. With an Associate of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences you will be better qualified to pursue your career options.
Students can finish an Associate of Arts degree within four semesters at MSC Southeast. All essential courses are offered every semester and the college offers evening classes, online classes and hybrid classes. A full array of Liberal Arts and Sciences courses are available at both the Red Wing and Winona campuses.
You can complete the Associate of Arts in Liberal Arts & Sciences in 4 semesters. Download a Sample Program Completion Plan (PDF).
An Associate of Arts degree is the foundation of your future education. This degree is designed for transfer to 4-year colleges and universities. However, the lifelong skills and abilities mastered in the Associate of Arts program will serve students who may enter the workforce directly after completing the degree.


All original material in the Digital Classicist wiki (excluding quotations and exerpts from other works) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license. You may reproduce, distribute, modify, build on or sell this material with no restrictions, so long as you credit the original source in all copies or derivative works.
This page was last modified on 31 July 2013, at 14:37.


The NAEO (National Amtelco Equipment Owners) Conference was February 19th - 22nd in fabulous Las Vegas, Nevada! Our boss, Dee Hawkins, EVP David Epstein, and IT manager Stephanie go every year to make sure we're all up to or exceeding current technology and equipment standards for a phone answering service. It's also an excellent way to brainstorm and share ideas for the upcoming year!


BankChampaign offers a FREE online banking system that gives you 24-hour account access using a computer or smartphone with an internet connection. To set up online banking for your accounts, Enroll Now or stop by any of our locations.
With online banking, you can access/monitor your accounts, issue stop payments, make loan payments, transfer funds and much more!
Go paperless! When you opt for our free eStatement service, you'll receive a monthly email alert as soon as your electronic bank statement is ready. Statements are stored online for 18 months, and older statements can be requested for a fee. To sign up, log into online banking and look for the eStatement tab. Not already enrolled in online banking? Contact us or stop by any of our locations today.
Pay one-time or recurring bills with no fees from one secure site! No more writing checks or trying to remember multiple user names and passwords at various websites. You determine when payments are made and how much is paid, while maintaining the ability to update or even cancel your payment anytime before it processes.
Easily monitor your accounts by setting up account alerts to appear at log-in or via email or text. You can be notified about balance information, direct deposits, overdrafts, debit transactions and security alerts.
BankChampaign offers various options for originating Automated Clearing House (ACH) transactions for recurring activities such as direct deposit and payroll processing. For more immediate one-time transactions, wire transfers are available.
Already enjoying online banking? Log into your accounts from this screen or from the home page.


Details of the matches and competition results have been reported on the club website. This report seeks only to provide a clearer view of the overall performance than can be easily gained from reading the website reports.
3. that our stronger players should not be asked to compete in an unreasonable number of games.
Of our 12 current skips, 11 offered to play in competitions. These were all asked to play in either 3 or 4 games in total, except for one of the 11 who had wished to restrict her games but was prevailed upon to take part in 2. Club members are quite selective about the particular matches and particular competitions in which they are prepared to play and so selection of rinks, especially for the competitions is far from straightforward.
Overall the club rinks performed well in inter-club matches but quite poorly against much stronger opposition in the more serious competitions where we often find our rinks seriously outgunned.
Overall – 5 wins, 1 peal.
The games were keenly competed and very enjoyable. In a well contested final Charlie and Peter triumphed over David and Paul.
Points competition: 10 members took part and played 7 disciplines. Winner Geoff Barber (29 points), runner-up Charlie Steele (27 points).


text:
Jobs secured for Lawnton station upgrade
Major works on the $10.4 million Lawnton station parking project are on-track to begin in coming months with the contract now awarded for construction.
The Palaszczuk Government will partner with Queensland Bridge and Civil to build more than 250 new commuter parks, supporting more than 15 jobs.
Member for Pine Rivers Nikki Boyd, who last year unveiled designs for the upgrade, said she looked forward to seeing jobs being created and works get underway on to bring parking capacity at the station to more than 400.
Located on the corner of Slater Avenue and Ebert Parade, the facility will include CCTV and lighting for commuter safety and security, as well as secure lock-up facilities for bicycles.
"Investing in Queensland infrastructure means creating Queensland jobs," Ms Boyd said.
"We're wrapping up works on the Strathpine station upgrade, building the $5.4 billion Cross River Rail, moving forward with a $371 million smart ticketing system – and now local commuters will benefit from new parks."
Member for Kurwongbah Shane King said With the train line connecting our community to many parts of Moreton Bay, the new university and the rest of the south east, it's critical that we continue to invest in public transport.
"Seeing this project create jobs is especially important now as we move from a public health response to COVID-19 to an economic response," Mr King said.
Construction is expected to begin July, weather permitting, with commuters able to use the facility by mid-next year.


One unfortunate consequence of the technological revolution and improvements in communication, travel and other advances of our time is disconnection from our extended families.
Even as recently as 50 years ago, our families lived all around us; if not in the same home, at least in the same village or town. My brother and sister lived down the street, my parents next door with grandma and grandpa.
While this way of living was certainly not without its challenges, there were lots of benefits. Grandma helped mother get dinner ready in the kitchen, Grandpa read the little ones a story. This was REAL help, right? When little Johnny was incessantly arguing with Mom and Dad, he was sent packing to Aunt Sally's house down the street to stay with his cousins for a few days. Johnny was happy to get space from his parents and Mom and Dad could use time apart too – it was good for everyone. You get the picture?
Does anybody still have that? If you do, you're lucky. For most of us, I would bet we are already largely disconnected –both physically and emotionally– from our immediate and extended family.
There is a solution. People say you can choose your friends, but you can't choose your family. In my house, we decided we could and we did. We began adopting our family from the people with whom we already liked to share our lives. And, if you haven't already, I highly recommend you begin doing the same.
These are the young men and women in their 20s or 30s whom you would like your children to grow up to be like.
When you find them, invite them for dinner. Watch the behavior of your children change immediately. While you are preparing dinner, uncles are giving your sons the undivided attention they get so little of in our fractured, over-busy world.
My family asked three young adult men whom we were particularly fond of to become uncles for our sons.
You know, take a real interest in them, hang out with them, play legos with them, throw the ball with them, tell jokes. And also, correct them when they are misbehaving, remind them to clear the table, you name it – the whole thing.
What a relief for my wife and I to not have to know everything or to have to be everything for our sons.
I don't know the first thing about fixing a bicycle, but Uncle Tyler does. And, I don't know the first thing about synching my ipod, But Uncle Simon does. And, I can't get my son to go outside, but Uncle Tom can. In fact, when I don't know what I am doing or I am just sick and tired of doing it, I just say, why don't you just call your Uncle!!!
Truth be told, it's a two way street, a reciprocal relationship.
In a real sense, these young adults, Uncles and Aunts, are role modeling for my children. In turn, my wife and I are role modeling for them. Make no mistake about it, when we're together everyone is on their best behavior.
Being an Uncle and Aunt in this way has other benefits too.
It is not uncommon for our adopted family to show up unannounced. (Coincidentally, it is usually around dinner time.) They get a hot meal, we get a change of scenery, the conversation improves and everyone usually ends up happier for it all.
Uncles and Aunts also have a free labor force – when they need help with something in their life, they can call on their adopted nephews and nieces to lend a hand. We help each other, share the work and meet the regular challenges of our lives -together- as a family.
We have taken it a step further, as we have also adopted elders, grandparent types, into our extended family. We welcome the people our society doesn't know what to do with –-the people who have all the wisdom and life experience. So Grandpa Paul or Larry or Grandma Joan can stop by, tell everyone stories about the good old days, show us some really cool tricks, and some really corny jokes. It's perfect.
Personally, I look to the elders in my life to keep me in balance, to check what I am doing in the community and in the world. They keep me sincere, patient, humble and moving in the right direction toward my goals and dreams.
With elders at the table, my wife and I, our younger uncles and aunts, and my three sons, we are four generations, an adopted family at the same table. Everyone begins to easily play their part and to act their age.
Now….The magic really begins to happen.
Love it. I don't get enough Lego time anymore.


text:
Generoso Vetta is the upper terminal railway station of the Monte Generoso railway, a rack railway that connects Capolago with the summit of Monte Generoso in the Swiss canton of Ticino. At 1,592 metres above sea level, it is the highest railway station in Ticino. The station is situated a short walk from the mountain summit, and only a few metres from the international border with the Italian region of Lombardy.

The old station building, which had a buffet, a restaurant and a hotel, closed at the end of the 2013 season and was demolished. A new building, designed by Mario Botta and including buffet, restaurant and rooftop viewing gallery, opened on 8 April 2017. In the meantime, the railway remained closed to passengers although it was used for the transport of construction materials and workers. The new building is known as the Fiore di Pietra or stone flower.

The station is served by the following passenger trains:

References

External links

Railway stations in Ticino
Mario Botta buildings
Modernist architecture in Switzerland
Railway stations in Switzerland opened in 2013

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
SRI VIJAY MATHUKUMILLI (Advocate) 24 October 2011
Jurisdiction of consumer court
Respected members,
i filed a complaint in state consumer forum against the Andhra University onbehalf of my client.
The Univeristy issued marks statement by oversight and was admitted by the univeristy themselves in written.
The Honourable Judge says that the academic matters will not come under the jurisdiction of State Consumer
Forum. And was asking me to bring some material evidence to prove that the consumer court have the
jurisdiction to deal the academic issues.
Can anyone suggest me please.
Sri Vijay
Rupam Ghosh (In practice) 24 October 2011
It is not clear from your query what relief you sought for when you filed consumer complaint against the university. Nevertheless primarily it appears you need to file a writ petition in the High Court.
Respected Rupam Ghosh sir,
Thank you for your response. In this case already writ petition was already filed and my client didnt get proper judgment. Meanwhile my client want to claim the issue in consumer forum.
Judge was not admitting the case and saying that there is no jurisdiction for consumer forum and asking me to give some evidence in that matter.
Hello Vijay, Judges were right na in refusing to admit because they dont feel they have jurisdiction to try your case but if you insist you need to produce the relevant judgement that they should accept your complaint there. If High Court has already passed order in the writ petition and you are not ready to accept it, then you will have to find a remedy against that order. You can not hop around from court to another. Moreover you may approach CAT instead of consumer court and see what do they say.
(Guest)
@Vijay: What about education cess?
Vice Chancellor's are Customer Care specialists and students are consumers because:
1. Students pay fees which are also taxed indirectly
2.Students buy books to pen for studies which are over taxed and moreover Manmohan Singh's RIGHT TO EDUCATION makes it obligatory for him to pay all expenses incurred by students during the course of his studies.
3. Since education has no meaning in India more so if the student is brilliant then ITS CONSPICOUS CONSUMPTION.
Gaurav (Advocate) 30 October 2011
The issue that whether Universities or Schools falls under the perview of Consumer Court or not is a debatable question. there are various judgement on this topic whic contradict each other. There are a few articles on this topic, which put some light on this topic.
https://legalsutra.org/1592/education-as-a-service/
https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040606/spectrum/cons.htm
(Text from https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040606/spectrum/cons.htm)
IN September 2000, the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission threw open the doors of the consumer courts to students and parents and said that universities and educational institutions were liable for negligent services. Three years hence it partially shut the door on students when it held that issues pertaining to examinations did not come under the purview of the consumer courts.
This is, indeed, unfortunate because if one were to look at the cases filed before consumer courts by students, most of them pertain to mix-up of answer sheets or wrong computation of marks or similar examination-related grievances. In fact, every year, even as school boards and universities announce examination results, there are invariably some cases of goof-up by examiners. And while students, who are victims of such negligence, suffer untold anxiety and stress and in certain cases even lose an academic year for no fault of theirs, those responsible for such mistakes get away scot-free.
When the Consumer Protection Act of 1986 first came into being and brought all paid services under the ambit of the consumer courts, it was naturally assumed that the services rendered by schools and universities, including conduct of examinations, would also come under the scrutiny of these courts. So students, like many other consumers, took their grievances before these courts and some got relief too.
However in 1996, the apex consumer court threw a bombshell. In its order in the case of Chairman, Board of Examinations, Madras vs Mohideen Abdul Kader, the apex consumer court made two important points: one, it was yet to decide on the applicability of the consumer protection law to educational institutions and the various services rendered by them and two, insofar as matters pertaining to examinations conducted by boards and universities were concerned, it was of the clear view that consumer courts did not have the jurisdiction to adjudicate over such disputes. Thus the order put a big question mark over whether students could use the consumer forums for redress of their grievances.
Then in 2002, nearly a decade and a half after the law came into being, the apex consumer court finally held that educational services did come under the purview of the consumer courts (Bhupesh Khurana vs Vishwa Buddha Parishad, OP no 168 of 1994). Then in several landmark judgements, the commission took educational institutions to task for their casual attitude to students' academic careers.
In the case of Sreedharan Nair vs Registrar, University of Kerala, for example, the national commission asked the university to pay Rs 50,000 as damages to Nair for the loss suffered by him on account of the university's failure to give him a law degree after completion of a three-year course in law.
Similarly, in the case of S.D. Seth Mathews vs Mahatma Gandhi University, where the student lost two valuable academic years because the Kerala University failed to inform him at the outset that the SSLC (compartmental) examination of Tamil Nadu was not recognised by it and did so only after the student had completed two years of B.A and B.Ed courses, the apex consumer court upheld the decision of the District Forum to award Rs 35,000 as compensation and Rs 5000 as costs. All these orders raised the hope that the apex consumer court would reverse its earlier order on the examination issue, too, and hold the examination boards accountable.
However, in the case of Parveen Rani vs Punjab School Education Board, the apex consumer court reaffirmed its earlier view in the case of Mohideen Kader that a candidate who appeared for the examination could not be regarded as a person who had hired or availed of the services of the university or board for consideration. The complaint here was about the student not receiving the marks sheet and certificate for eight years.
Subsequently, in the case of Amrit Paul vs Chairman, Punjab School Education Board, too, it reiterated that issues relating to marks sheets, declaration of results etc, did not fall within the definition of "deficiency" in service and hence liability could not be fastened on these statutory bodies. In this case, the complaint was about the board not announcing the results.
These orders not only block a student's access to inexpensive and quick justice through these courts, but also allow those who play with students' academic careers, to get away with negligent service.
Hopefully, there would be a reversal of this decision. But, in the meanwhile, school boards and universities should constitute independent ombudsmen to redress quickly and impartially, examination-related complaints of students. They should also hold those responsible for such mistakes accountable.
(Text from https://legalsutra.org/1592/education-as-a-service/)
In the last few years, a number of complaints have been aired in newspapers and courts against lapses of universities in various aspects of their services. The lapses range from wrong allotment of roll numbers to conducting exams and declarationo of results. Schools, college and technical institutes are increasingly becoming commercialised, fleecing through exorbitant fees, donations and capitation charges. Others misrepresent by projecting their affiliation to various universities n professional councils when in fact there in no such affiliation. In the process guillible parents are lured to admit their children in these institutions which play around with their careers
Initially the MRTP Commission and the consumer courts played a vital role in curbing the nefarious practices of such institutions. The MRTP Commission had instituted enquiries against a number of school and prevented them from making false claim about their services, curtailed the exorbitant fees charges by the and compelled them to declare the status of their recognition and the exact nature of the affilitation claimed. The Karnataka High Court delivered a judgment in NIITE Education trust caseholding that education is not a service as defined then by the MRTP Act.
However this stance was thereafter changed by the Vishwa Budha Parishad case where it went on to hold that a student in fact is a consumer of education. In light of the differences that are there in the decisions the paper looks to address the state of education under the Consumer Protection Act.
The issues raised by the researcher are the following:
When does education constitute service?
What are the differences between statutory and administrative functions of a University?
Does the same necessarily include only monetary compensation?
How have the courts interpreted higher educations in Universities in terms of it being a service?
What constitutes deficiency of services and what are the the redressals available for such deficiency of services?
Introduction.. 2
I. Consumer Protection and Education.. 3
II. Scope of Education as a Service. 4
II.I Student as a Consumer- 6
II.II. The requirement of Consumer Protection- 7
II.III Expanding Scope in Vishwa Budha Parishad- 8
III.IV Curtailing Scope in Ruchika Jain- 9
III. Role of Regulatory bodies. 10
III.I. Specific Regulatory Bodies- 10
III.II Other Bodies also serving as regulatory bodies- 10
III.III. Establishment of Educational Institution- 11
IV. Deficiency of Service. 12
Conclusion.. 14
References. 14
I. Consumer Protection and Education
The Demand for professional education has risen steeply in the last few years. This cannot be met fully by state-funded or state-aided institutions alone. This is why a new category of private, self-financing institutions have registered a phenomenal growth. They offer courses in engineering and technology, computer, medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, management, teacher education and law, for which there is great demand. Many of these institutions are deficient in matters like infrastructure, competent faculty and even a congenial campus environment. Hence there arises a need for both students and their parents to be aware of their rights and undertake comprehensive assessment of the infrastructure facilities and validity of the courses before committing their hard-earned money to such institutes. The reasons and the need for protection of education as a service are accounted for as follows:
Mushrooming of Institutes for Higher Education-The Demand for professional education has risen steeply in the last few years. This cannot be met fully by state-funded or state-aided institutions alone. This is why a new category of private, self-financing institutions have registered a phenomenal growth.
Commercialization of Education- With the increased demand for higher educational institutes the Government of India has privatised the same. With privatization, education has been treated as service rendered and thus should come under the purview of consumer protection.
Necessity for Quality Check- Many of these institutions are deficient in matters like infrastructure, competent faculty etc. Hence there arises a need for the students who are to be aware of their rights and undertake comprehensive assessment of the infrastructure facilities and validity of the courses before committing.
II. Scope of Education as a Service
The legislative intent behind The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (hereinafter referred to as the "Act") was to protect consumers' rights and provide a simple quasi-judicial dispute resolution system for resolution of complaints. Education has been regarded as an act of imparting knowledge and thus was too noble for a while to be included under the Act. However with in the recent times the demand for professional education like engineering and technology, computer, law, medicine has witnessed a steep increase and this demand cannot be fully met with the small number of state funded or state aided institutions. Thus a supply of private self financing institutions has increased to meet the demand. In absence of the checks and balances that are instated in the former group the new universities more often than not do not meet the required standards with regard to infrastructure, faculty and other facilities as documented in the prospectus. The necessity to ensure that these universities are offering the promised education increases.
To ascertain whether education can be read as a service the definitions of 'service' and 'consumer' are to be understood. As per the definition of consumer[1] includes both consumer of goods and services furthermore services[2] extends to a service of any descripttion that is made to available to potential users. The indicative list includes banking, financing insurance et al and is restricted with regard to services rendered free of cost or any other service under a contract of personal service. By the rule ofejusdem generis the indicative list can be extended to a service which is made available to potential users when a certain standard of quality is promised against a consideration due from the consumer to the service provider.[3] The scope of the section 2(o) was interpreted in Lucknow Development Authority v. M.K. Gupta[4] where the phrase "any descripttion" was widened and the Supreme Court opined
"…the inclusive clause succeeded in widening tits scope but not exhausting the services which could be covered in earlier part. So any service except when it is free of charge or under a contract of personal service is included"
In Tilak Raj v. Haryana School Education Boards, Bhiwani[5] the Haryana State Commission held that It is true that in the definition to service in clause (o) of subsection 1 of Section 2 of the Act education does not find mention in express terms like other activities which have been specifically so labelled. However, it deserves highlighting that the enumerated services are only part of the inclusive definition and in no way construct the essence and meaning of the word service for the purpose of the Act. that the same has been very widely undefined is manifest from the language employed which says that service means service of any descripttion which is made available to potential users.[6] The legislature has deliberately cast the net very wide to bring within its ambit the services of any descripttion. When rendered for consideration barring those under a contract of personal service. Whenever, education is imparted for a consideration it is obvious that there exists a quid pro quo for the provision that education and a monetary recompense therefore. On principle there does not seem nay logical reason fro excluding education form the ambit of definition of service under the Act.[7] It must therefore be held that on principle precedent sd the language of the stature education would squarely come within the arena of service under the Act.[8]
II.I Student as a Consumer- In Abol Pacheco Gracias v. Principal Baharat Vidyaputh College of Engineering [9] the complainant's son was admitted to the college for which he deposited a certain amount towards tuition fee hostel fee and other charges. Afterwards he got admission to Government Engineering College and therefore demanded the refund of fee from the opposite party the opposite party refunded the hostel fee and part of the tuition fee but the major portion of it was retained, the Maharasthra State Commission directed the College to refund the fee to the complainant observed
"A student is essentially a consumer of services in an educational institution. Therefore where there is no service there is no right with the College to appropriate fees. If it insists to collect fees without imparting education it will amount to deficiency"[10]
In S. Venkatapathy v. The Principal Adhyaman College of Engineering (1993)[11] the complainants were selected by the Directorate of Technical Education, Madras for admission to the first year B.E. Degree Course in the respondent college. They joined the College on remitting a fee of Rs.7000 each. Subsequently, the complainants were allotted to various Engineering Colleges in Madras City. When they requested the respondent college for 'transfer certificate' the college authorities insisted that they should not claim refund of the fee already paid and the complainants have no other go but to execute such an undertaking and get their 'transfer certificates'. The Tamil Nadu Commission while ordering the refund of fee and awarding interest and compensation, held that literally the complainants were coerced to give such an undertaking in order to get 'transfer certificates' so as to enable them to join the subsequent colleges at Madras. Such an undertaking taken by coercion is not valid in law and cannot confer any right to the opposite party to refuse the repayment of the fees.[12] The commission observed thus
Education is one of the most valuable services in human society and this service is rendered by the opposite party, College to the complainants and it is not rendered freely, but for consideration in the form of fees. The complainants are therefore consumers within the meaning of Section 2 (1)(d)(ii) of the Consumer Protection Act.[13]
II.II. The requirement of Consumer Protection- Some private educational institutions are making very tall claims and thereby creating big business and recover huge amounts by the way of fees.[14] It cannot, therefore, be denied that the relationship between the so called students and such institutes which are imparting/offering education/courses is that of the provider of service and recipient of service.[15] They will fall squarely within the meaning of Section 2 (1)(d)(ii) of the Act. It is known fact that to secure admission in public schools has become a very difficult task and the parents have to knock at the doors of many schools at the same time. For seeking admission to the Nursery Classes not only the wards but the parents are also interviewed which are held for a long period. One even finds very long queues at the stage of registration for such admission.[16] Many amongst these schools do dictate their terms and conditions by compelling the parents to sign printed standard form offering services essentially 'take it or leave it' basis.[17] The parents with anxiety to get the children admitted to those institutions have no bargaining power but to accept the conditions offered by the institution.[18] In Apeejay School v. M.K. Sangal,[19] the Delhi State Commission Held that such an agreement cannot be considered to be a conscionable one. The Commission observed that the imparting of education for consideration is covered under the definition of 'service' as provided under Section 2 (1)(o) of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. The Commission rejected the argument that the services rendered by the School were under a contract of 'personal services' and, thus held
This sort of service could not be construed as a contract for personal service either, as the school curriculum and its day to day functioning was not being managed, controlled and guided by the students, and under such a situation the service hired by the parents for their wards in such schools could not be considered 'personal service'.[20]
II.III Expanding Scope in Vishwa Budha Parishad- While expanding the scope of Consumer Law, National Commission opened new doors in Bhupesh Khurana and others v. Vishwa Budha Parishad and others[21]that imparting education falls within the ambit of service as defined under CPA. The apex consumer court has resolved the basic question whether educational institutions come under the ambit of consumer courts and held that they too are liable for deficient services rendered. The verdict was in response to complaint field by 12 students, who joined the Buddhist Mission Dental College in Bihar. The College in its admission advertisements for the BDS Course, gave an impression that it is affiliated to Magadh
University and recognized by the Dental Council of India. After joining the College the students to their dismay found that it was neither affiliated to Magadh University nor it is recognized by the Council. As a result, they not only lost two academic years but also the money spent on fees, hostel charges, etc. Holding the service rendered by the College to be deficient, the Commission directed it to refund all admission expenses with interest and pay compensation for the loss of two years and, also the cost of the petition. Apart from the redressal of the grievances of students, the importance of the award lies in the fact, that it brought educational institution under the ambit of the Consumer Protection Act. The Commission observed,
"Imparting of education by an educational institution for consideration falls within the ambit of 'service' as defined in the Consumer Protection Act. Fees are paid for service to be rendered by way of imparting education by the educational institutions." If there is no rendering of service, the question of payment of fee world not arises. The complaints (the student in this case) had hired the service of the respondents (the College) for consideration and so they are consumers as defined in Consumer Protection Act"[22].
It was thus held that fees are paid for services to be rendered by way of imparting education by educational institutions. This is a great move in the direction of Consumer Protection as many Five stars schools & colleges are mushrooming day by day. These claim of false affiliation with well known Universities in India as well as abroad and charge huge sums in the name of fees and other charges, which is unaffordable for the common man. Many of these institutions appoint unqualified staff and faculty to teach a particular stream and sometimes even such faculty is not available. Examinations are not held in time or results are not declared for months or even years, or certificates are not issued to them. Most of such Institutions are being run by fly- bynight operators with only commercial motives. In the last decade imparting education has become just another business rather than service to the society. To be cheated and lose hard earned money is one thing but more important fact is that the future of many students is at stake. In many such cases, which have come before the National Commission, the apex consumer court has clearly held that providing education is a service and has compensated the aggrieved consumer. In a number of cases the non supply of Roll Number, unexplained delay in deciding the application for admission, misrepresentation in advertisement and prospectus about the recognition of the college, non refund of the initial payment as college fee etc. have been held as deficiency in service.
III.IV Curtailing Scope in Ruchika Jain- However in the 2006 decision of Deputy Registrar (Colleges) & Anr. v. Ruchika Jain & Ors[23] it was held by the National Conumer Disputes Redressal Commission, New Delhi that hirer of education services for consideration and performance of statutory duties by a University or a college such as laying down rules et al. is not service.
In the very recent decision Bihar School Examination Board v. Suresh Prasad Sinha [24]the Supreme Court set aside a concurrent finding of a District Consumer Forum, the state panel and the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC), all holding that the boards were liable under the consumer law.
"We are clearly of the view that the (examination) board is not a service provider and a student who takes an examination is not a consumer."[25]
Thus a distinction between statutory and administrative duties were sought. Hence matters which can be dealt with the consumer forum cannot be matter such as conduct of examination, valuations of papers, fixing standards and syllabus for the courses and examination But malpractices such as claiming affiliation or recognition where there is no conducting courses after receiving frees etc amounting to deficiency of service can b certainly looked into by the Forum.[26]
It was also held by the Supreme Court in GDA v. Balbir Singh[27] that holding examination might be a statutory duty but administrative duties such as issuing correct mark sheets etc is a part of service covered under the Consumer Protection Act under the garb of non-statutory function.
III. Role of Regulatory bodies
Education, including university education is in the State list of the Constitution. However, the Centre is entrusted with the responsibility of coordinated development and maintenance of prescribed standards of education. Accordingly, the University Grants Commission was set up in 1956 followed by the establishment of a number of regulatory bodies called Councils in the field of professional education through parliamentary enactments.[28]
III.I. Specific Regulatory Bodies- While in the pre-independence days there was only one such Council – the Medical Council of India established in 1933 – three are now more than dozen. Besides the Councils, there are three other statutorily constituted regulatory bodies, viz., the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), the Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) and the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India (ICWAI).[29] They are responsible for regulating the standards of education and profession in their respective areas. Unlike the Councils, they themselves conduct the examinations and admit the qualified students as Associate Members as professionals.[30] The most widely known regulatory Council is the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), because of the large number of professional and technical disciplines it controls.[31]
III.II Other Bodies also serving as regulatory bodies- Medical student must qualify from a medical college recognised by the Medical Council of India and after fulfilling the specified conditions (e.g., internship in hospitals) becomes eligible for registration with the State level Medical Council to undertake practice legally. In professions, where no such registration is necessary, students qualifying from recognised institutions only are eligible for employment or can pursue further education.
For example, the National Council for Teacher Education, which regulates education, has issued a sort of statutory warning that qualification in teacher education obtained pursuant to courses offered by unrecognised institutions will not be treated as a valid qualification for purposes of employment under Central / State government institutions, universities, colleges, schools or other educational bodies aided by Central / State Governments.[32]
III.III. Establishment of Educational Institution- Elaborate rules and procedures have been prescribed by Government for establishment of private education institutions. The validity and recognition status of degrees awarded by the institution becomes extremely important since getting a degree which is not recognised by the Government is not only a financial loss but results in a valuable loss of time and almost ruins the career of such students who may have taken admission to such institutions. Consumer Courts have taken very serious note of such institutions in which the brochures / prospectus / advertisements of the institutions claimed that the courses were recognised by AICT and UGC etc. but when the candidates who passed out from such institutes it was found that the degrees awarded to them were not recognised. Such instances not only destabilise the financial position of the parents but very importantly the students are devastated mentally and are at loss to decide about their future. Parents and students must therefore check the validity of the degrees by logging on to the Website for All India Council for technical Education (AICTE) www.aicte.ernet.in, University Grants Commission www.ugc.ac.in, National Council of Teacher Education www.ncte-in.org and Medical Council of India www.mciindia.org. The list is indicative.[33]
It is therefore, essential that students must first ascertain whether the institutions in which they are seeking admission are recognised by the concerned regulatory authority.[34] The AICTE which has a comparatively larger number of institutions under its umbrella, publish several directories, each dealing with a group of courses. National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) and the Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI) have established their own websites. Lists of recognised institutions and courses are available from these sites.[35]
IV. Deficiency of Service
The deficiency in service is assessed on a case to case basis.
In Manisha Samal v. Sambal University[36] when the University of payment of fees for appearing in the examination allotted the same roll number to three different students on the same subject the national Commission held that it was a serious negligence on the part of the University and thus a deficiency of service. In Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak v. Shakuntla Chowdhury[37] the results of exam of complainant declared by University was found to be erroneous and incorrect the University pleaded that it was due to oversight and the mistake had been promptly rectified. It was held:
Whenever the University defaults from primal duty of care the examines would clearly be entitled to compensation under the Act for the deficiency in the services rendered and the commission awarded of Rs 500 to the complainant.[38]
It was further observed by the court that nevertheless the University having once undertaken the service of conducting the exam for prescribed fees is obviously under a duty of care to perform the said task efficiently. An incorrect declaration an publication of the candidate result would be an imperfection and shortcoming in performance of duty undertaken. Whenever it thus fails or defaults in the said duty of care it cannot escape the consequence thereof the mere general plea of the large number of examines and inevitable quantum of paperwork involved. In other case V. Murugeshan v. Registrar. University of Madras.[39] The TN State Commission held that where the university held 10 years to issue degree certificate to the complainant it was a case of gross deficiency of service on part of Univ. In this case the complainant app for a degree cert in 1992 and paid the requisite fee. The certificate was granted to him after a decade in 1992. The state commission after awarding a compensation of Rs 10,000, held that there can be no worse deficiency of service on the part of the University. The University is responsible body entrusted with education of student and if the University itself is lethargic and in different in the issue of certificates it is indeed a bad for degree holder. The national commission has held in number of cases that a University or the Board in conducting public examinations, evaluating answer books, resulting results and conducting rechecking of marks of any candidate on application made by concerned candidate is not performing in any service for hire and there is no arrangement of hiring of any service in such a situation as contemplated by the consumer protection act. In a case a complainant got diploma in 1989 it was only 1992 that he made a complain regarding deficiency in training in the examination conducted to test his proficiency to work on computer. The national commission found that there was no commitment on part of the Institution to provide him with a job after completion of course and therefore the commission held that it was not a bonafide consumer complain nor is there any deficiency in service
In Ramdeobaba Engineering College v. Sushant Yuvraj Rode[40] the complainant withdrew from the college to join another institute voluntarily and requested the college for refund of admission which was not made by the college the national commission held that non refund of admission fee is not deficiency in service. Admission fee is consideration for admission and the service which the college was to render to the student tin the matter of his perusing studies it the college after admission it is a quid pro quo of such service. In Akhil Bharatiya Grahak Panchayat v. Secy Sharda Bhavan Educational Society[41] a pharmacy college run by the respondent society deliberately admitted the students to the course in the violation of rules and regulations imposed by the Directorate of Technical education, Maharashtra and Pharmacy Council of India and consequently the students suffered considerable delay in obtaining registration after passing the examination and undergoing the practical training that the facts established cliearlt that there was unfair trade practice as well as deficiency in service ont eh part of the college authorities In Sudhakshar Kumar v. Registrar, Pubjab State Board Technical Education[42] the detailed marks certificates of the student contained incorrect father's name which caused a lot of harassment to him, the respondent referred to the case Joint Secy Gujarat Secondary Education v. Bharat Narottam Thakker[43] wherein it was observed the checking of the papers was not covered under Section 2(1)(o) The state commission held that the case now in hand is distinguishable because the respondent was supplied the correct name of father but it was misspelt while issuing the certificate. Thus the deficiency was writ large for which the respondent was held liable.
There is an ambiguous conflict in case law on the nature an dscope of cvarius functions of the educational institutions for the applicability of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. A student is neither a consumer not education service rendered by a University is a service when the University is performing a statutory duty.[44] However if there are malpractices while performing other duties then the University can be held liable under the Consumer Protection Act
Abol Pacheco Gracias v. Principal Baharat Vidyaputh College of Engineering (1992) 1 CPJ 105 (Mahar CDRC)
Akhil Bharatiya Grahak Panchayat v. Secy Sharda Bhavan Educational Society (1994) 2 CPR 583 (NCDRC)
Apeejay School v. M.K. Sangal, Bhupesh Khurana and others v. Vishwa Budha Parishad and others (2000) CTJ 801
Bihar School Examination Board v. Suresh Prasad Sinha 2009 (6) ALT 43
GDA v. Balbir Singh (2004) 5 SCC 65
Joint Secy Gujarat Secondary Education v. Bharat Narottam Thakker
Lucknow Development Authority v. M.K. Gupta AIR 1994 SC 787
Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak v. Shakuntla Chowdhury 1993 1 CPR 274 (Haryana CDRC)
Manisha Samal v. Sambal University (1992) 1 CPR 215 (Haryana CDRC).
10. of Deputy Registrar (Colleges) & Anr. v. Ruchika Jain & Ors (2006) 3 CPR 18 (NC).
11. Ramdeobaba Engineering College v. Sushant Yuvraj Rode (1994) 3 CPJ 160 (NCDRC)
12. S. Venkatapathy v. The Principal Adhyaman College of Engineering (1993) ICPR 595 (Tamil Nadu CDRC)
13. Sudhakshar Kumar v. Registrar, Pubjab State Board Technical Education (1999) 3 CPJ 193 (Chand. CDRC)
14. Tilak Raj v. Haryana School Education Boards, Bhiwani (1992) 1 CPJ 76
15. V. Murugeshan v. Registrar. University of Madras. (1993) 1 CPR 190 (Tamil Nadu CDRC).
D. S. Mehta "Education also comes under Consumer Protection Act" 15(03) Legal News and Views (Mar., 2001).
Rajinder Chaudhry Safeguard Your Interests As A Consumer While Seeking Admissions In Educational Institution <https://www.employmentnews.gov.in/career_details-safeguard-your-interests-as-a-consumer-while-seeking-admissions-in-educational-institutions-175-in.html>
Rutika Desai "Is Student "Consumer" and Education "Service" under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986" 49(03) Journal of Indian Law Institute 415, 417 (July., 2004)
V.K. Aggarwal "Accountability of Educational Institutions and the Consumer Protection Act" 87(09) All India Reporter 130, 131 (Sept., 2000)
Rifat Jan, Consumerism and Legal Protection of Consumers 213 (New Delhi; Deep & Deep Pub. Ltd. 2007)
[1] Section 2(d) "consumer" means any person who—
(i) buys any goods for a consideration which has been paid or promised or partly paid and partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment and includes any user of such goods other than the person who buys such goods for consideration paid or promised or partly paid or partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment when such use is made with the approval of such person, but does not include a person who obtains such goods for resale or for any commercial purpose; or
(ii) hires or avails of any services for a consideration which has been paid or promised or partly paid and partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment and includes any beneficiary of such services other than the person who 'hires or avails of the services for consideration paid or promised, or partly paid and partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment, when such services are availed of with the approval of the first mentioned person but does not include a person who avails of such services for any commercial purposes;
Explanation.— For the purposes of this clause, "commercial purpose" does not include use by a person of goods bought and used by him and services availed by him exclusively for the purposes of earning his livelihood by means of self-employment;
[2] Section 2(o) "service" means service of any descripttion which is made available to potential users and includes, but not limited to, the provision of facilities in connection with banking, financing insurance, transport, processing, supply of electrical or other energy, board or lodging or both, housing construction, entertainment, amusement or the purveying of news or other information, but does not include the rendering of any service free of charge or under a contract of personal service;
[3] V. K. Aggarwal "Accountability of Educational Institutions and the Consumer Protection Act" 87(09)All India Reporter 131 (Sept. 2000)
[4] AIR 1994 SC 787
[5] (1992) 1 CPJ 76
[7] V.K. Aggarwal "Accountability of Educational Institutions and the Consumer Protection Act" 87(09)All India Reporter 130, 131 (Sept., 2000)
[9] (1992) 1 CPJ 105 (Mahar CDRC)
[11] ICPR 595 (Tamil Nadu CDRC)
[12] Supra note 7 at 133.
[13] Ibid at 593.
[14] D. S. Mehta "Education also comes under Consumer Protection Act" 15(03) Legal News and Views(Mar., 2001).
[16] Supra note 14 at 33.
[18] Rutika Desai "Is Student "Consumer" and Education "Service" under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986" 49(03) Journal of Indian Law Institute 415, 417 (July., 2004)
[19] (1993) 2 CPR 62 (Delhi CDRC)
[20] Ibid at 63.
[21] (2000) CTJ 801
[23] (2006) 3 CPR 18 (NC).
[24] 2009 (6) ALT 43
[26] Supra note 14 at 131.
[27] (2004) 5 SCC 65
[29] Rifat Jan, Consumerism and Legal Protection of Consumers 213 (New Delhi; Deep & Deep Pub. Ltd. 2007)
[33] Rajinder Chaudhry Safeguard Your Interests As A Consumer While Seeking Admissions In Educational Institution <https://www.employmentnews.gov.in/career_details-safeguard-your-interests-as-a-consumer-while-seeking-admissions-in-educational-institutions-175-in.html>
[36] (1992) 1 CPR 215 (Haryana CDRC).
[37] 1993 1 CPR 274 (Haryana CDRC)
[39] (1993) 1 CPR 190 (Tamil Nadu CDRC).
[40] (1994) 3 CPJ 160 (NCDRC)
[41] (1994) 2 CPR 583 (NCDRC)
[42] (1999) 3 CPJ 193 (Chand. CDRC)
[44] Deputy Registrar Colleges and Anr v. Ruchika Jain and Anr 2006 (3) CPR 18 NC.
If you want to study various cases against universities/institutions, you can check the following link
https://www.consumercourt.in/university/
much valuable answer.
vishal kapur (Criminal Lawyer) 29 April 2012
Supreme Court in GDA v. Balbir Singh held that examination might be a statutory duty but administrative duties such as issuing correct mark sheets etc is a part of service covered under the Consumer Protection Act under the garb of non-statutory function.