Maybe a couple more and then I'll probably get back to the usual posts interspersed with things I've learned over the last year or so or a 'kind of' diary entry. Waking up today (Tuesday 8th December 2015) in many ways is far worse because I now have to think about life without Sue, and move on as they say. But I don't want to 'move on'. Although I've talked about 'moving on' I have no idea what that means without Sue. For now, I'll walk through Sunday and the day of the Funeral – yesterday Monday 7th December 2015. The whole Service was recorded. And I think it was just such an amazing service. The church was pretty well full. The Gospel was clearly proclaimed. The singing was wonderful. Without a doubt, God was in that service! And to bless!
So on Sunday I stayed at home all day. I planned on going to the evening service but in the end just couldn't face it. Instead I joined Robert and the folks at IBC in Sacramento for their morning service on-line. I seriously wondered how I would get through the Burial and the Service on Monday. I was dreading it. I even thought about not turning up. Monday came and I started the day by lying awake worrying if the burial would be in the right place and a number of other things I seemed to only just be thinking about. Didn't people throw roses or something into the open grave? What an idiot – I just hadn't thought it all through and now it was too late to do anything about it. I read my Bible and prayed. Then I got up.
It helped that the family were here. Ruth and Adrian were on their way with the kids. I was hoping my suit would fit. It was horrible not having Sue making sure I had dressed myself correctly. I came downstairs, saw myself in the mirror and just felt so sad that Sue wasn't with me – we did everything together. Rhodri & Sybil also arrived and we gathered in the living room because I wanted us to pray before leaving. Chris and Adrian prayed. As we stood to leave, I said, 'remember, as Sue would have said, her body is there, but she isn't'. We then got in the cars and made our way to the cemetery.
One of the first things I noticed when we arrived at the cemetery was that Ruth came with a bunch of single Roses. Dear Ruth. I wasn't sure how many would be at the burial. But I soon realised there were a lot more than I expected. All waiting for us to approach. Everything was in place. The grave was where I had hoped it would be (but worried about). I felt calm and at peace. Julie from the Funeral Directors briefly explained what would happen and directed us to the right spot – right in front of the grave with the coffin ready to be lowered. Everyone gathered round. Paul (Pastor Paul Watts) spoke beautifully, movingly and with much conviction. As Christians we can speak with conviction the truths of the Gospel even when death is quite literally right before our eyes.
My dear, dear, darling Sue's body is now in the ground waiting for the resurrection at the final day, when Jesus will be revealed in all those that have believed and those that have rejected Him will call upon the very rocks to cover them from the face of the Lamb of God who will now be their Judge.
One of the things that stood out as testimony was the diversity of people that came to the burial or the service or both. People she had worked with from 30 years before, others from more recent times, friends and even girls from where she had her hair done. She touched a lot of people, all sorts of people, not all from the church either, but couldn't see it in herself as you will hear.
I needn't say too much about the funeral as the whole service was recorded (link above & below). But once we were all there and seated Paul began to lead the service. (Our Son Chris and Ruth's husband Adrian gave tributes. Our friend Trevor Thomas read from the Scripture and Chris's Pastor Geoff Thomas prayed.) The church was well-nigh full. Sue endeared herself to a lot of people. I don't know what I thought throughout really. But the Gospel was faithfully preached and very clearly. We pray for fruit. There were a couple of times my emotions nearly got the better of me but I hung in there. Afterwards it was a case of trying to meet and thank as many people as possible. Sharon the lady that first spoke to Sue about Jesus was there with her husband and 'naughty boy' Paul. My Best Man Mike was there. It was lovely to see so many. By the end of the service I was shattered. So many people at our church (Lower Ford Street Baptist Church, Coventry) helped make the day happen. I am so thankful to God for all the people there that have prayed and helped and supported. 'See how they love one another'.
The day(s) after is another story. Now what do I do?
Posted on 9 December, 2015 22 January, 2017 by xercisedPosted in Burial, Death, Funeral, Gospel, Grief, Grieving, Ministry, Preaching, ThanksTagged Gospel, Jesus Christ, Sermons, Worship.


It's unfortunate that the peak sunset colors were at high tide, but at least his slippers will be dry. You should work in color more often. Very refreshing.
Is he painting with oils whilst relaxing with watercolour that you have drawn with pencils? This is a wet but amusing interpretation of the impressionist rule of painting on site...a touch of Vincent Van Gogh there somewhere!
I love it! Absolutely wonderful!


text:
Under SAS, the PTO must Institute as to All Separate Challenge Grounds Against All Claims
July 2, 2018 PatentDennis Crouch
Back in 2016, Adidas petitioned the USPTO Director to institute inter partes review (IPR) proceedings against two of Nike's patents. U.S. Patent Nos. 7,814,598 and 8,266,749. Acting on behalf of the Director, the PTAB instituted review of all challenged claims. The caveat – Although Adidas had raised two different grounds for challenging the claims, the USPTO instituted only on ground 1.
Here, the invention basically has three steps: (1) knitting fabric in a cylindrical form and then (2) cutting out a shoe-upper pattern from the fabric; and (3) incorporating the cut-out into a shoe. Grounds 1 and 2 were obviousness challenges with overlapping prior art citations: Ground 1 (Reed and Nishida) and Ground 2 (Castello, Fujiwara, and Nishida). In its final determination – focused just on Ground 1 – the PTAB sided with the patentee Nike and held that Adidas had not met its burden of proving obviousness.
On appeal, Adidas argued that the case should be remanded under SAS Institute Inc. v. Iancu, 138 S. Ct. 1348 (2018). Although SAS focused on institution of all challenged claims – Adidas argues here that the case stands for the proposition that an IPR petition may only be granted/denied as a whole – if is granted, it must be granted as a whole, including all grounds for challenging all claims. Further, Adidas argues for remand because the PTAB has changed its own rules and now institutes review on all challenges raised in a petition. See Guidance on the Impact of SAS on AIA Trial Proceedings (Apr. 26, 2018).
The Federal Circuit has now sided with Adidas – ordering remand to consider all grounds raised by the petition as required by SAS. [Read the Decision: AdidasNike]
The appellate court writes:
The [Supreme] Court explained in SAS that in establishing inter partes review, Congress set forth "a process in which it's the petitioner, not the Director, who gets to define the contours of the proceeding." The Court held that if the Director institutes review proceedings, the review must proceed "in accordance with or in conformance to the petition," a "petition describing 'each claim challenged' and 'the grounds on which the challenge to each claim is based,'" (quoting 35 U.S.C. § 312(a)(3)). "Nothing suggests the Director enjoys a license to depart from the petition and institute a different inter partes review of his own design." The [Supreme] Court found that "the petitioner's petition, not the Director's discretion, is supposed to guide the life of the litigation," and "that the petitioner's contentions, not the Director's discretion, define the scope of the litigation all the way from institution through to conclusion."
Nike argued that Adidas had also waived its right to present the alternative grounds by failing to raise the issue before the Board. On appeal, the Federal Circuit found "waiver inapplicable" in this case because the request on appeal was filed as "a prompt remand request due to the significant change in the law."
Looking back at the institution decision and reasons for denial on Ground 2, the PTAB explained that the petition "fail[ed] to identify 'with particularity' the grounds and evidence that form the underlying basis for Petitioner's patentability challenge. For instance, with respect to claim 1, the claim chart offered to point out where the features of the claim are present in the prior art spans four pages and constitutes bulk citation to portions of Castello, Fujiwara, and Nishida. See Pet. 34–37. Such an approach does not provide meaningful "particularity" sufficient for the panel to ascertain where, specifically, Petitioner identifies the limitations of the claim in the prior art."
← Legislation: Restoring America's Leadership in Innovation	United States Declaration of Independence →
17 thoughts on "Under SAS, the PTO must Institute as to All Separate Challenge Grounds Against All Claims"
Remember the hub-bub (not so long ago) about the PTAB "stacked panels" (be they explicit or implicit), off-the-record "collusions" (in order for the Office to "enforce" its desired policies), and other such complaints that reflect that the USPTO has one of the worst separations between judicial and political forces of any administrative agency?
The phrase I note below should resonate and shine like a spotlight on such shadow ventures (did you SAWS what I did there? )
S.M I don't see the relevance of your first paragraph to this question,* but as to Board "New Grounds of Rejection", Have you seen any for a new prior art reference [versus subsituting 103 for 102 or 112 or the like] even in ex parte appeals. 37 CFR 41.5o "New Grounds of Rejection" specifically says: "The Board's primary role is to review the adverse decision as presented by the Examiner, and not to conduct its own separate examination of the claims."
*As I recall the Board member's name change to APJ was quite a long time ago, and by the Director [but is now in 35 USC 6, etc.] At that time the Interference Board Chief APJ said that the only change in the job, hiring, salary or benefits was that he thought he got better luck in making restaurant telephone resevations as "judge."
What was that quip from the Supreme Court about executive branch and "judges" there?
S. Morse says:
New grounds of rejection (NGR) has changed over time. At one time you might see an Examiner-in-Chief (EIC) searching through the paper shoes back in a group (now, "Technology Center"). More often, though, adding a new reference would occur when an EIC had another, perhaps related, case that had a killer reference that could not be ignored.
NGR is currently out of favor because the Chief-before-last, in order to raise production, nullified the notice-and-comment rulemaking for NGR and decreed that NGR can be entered only when the panel is unanimous. That was also when credit for dissents and concurrences was taken away, effectively raising production quotas. With the ex parte backlog disappearing, I wouldn't be surprised if NGR comes back in full. That would help avoid detailing APJs to other parts of the Office, which has occurred when cases are scarce.
When the Board of Interferences and the Board of Appeals merged in 1982, the denizens took the statutory title of the Board of Appeal's EICs. I kinda liked the sound of "Examiner-in-Chief," although it was sometimes misunderstood as including a supervisory role over examiners. Commissioner (later Director) Lehman in the early 90s decided that examiners should not try to interpret law and wanted the Board to serve that role. He sent a memo to the Board indicating they could refer to themselves by the more modern title of "Administrative Patent Judge." (As you likely know, Administrative Law Judges were once called Hearing Officers). The statutory change in title from EIC to APJ did not occur until March 2000.
A Board decision containing NGR is a Board decision, though not a final decision. The appellant has the option of submitting an amendment and/or new evidence and continuing prosecution before the examiner, or requesting rehearing by the Board. If a rehearing is denied, the decision becomes final and appealable, without returning to the examiner's jurisdiction.
Thank you S. Morse for putting more meat, and dates, on the old bones of my old memory. [You must not be a spring chicken yourself.]
Yes, if the applicant does not want the benefit of any active prosecution response to a new ground of rejection, and is willing to rely solely on mere attorney argumention in an unlikely rehearing the applicant can do so.
Bones… meat… skin… ALL go to what I first posted.
Thank you, thank you very much.
At that time the Interference Board Chief APJ said that the only change in the job, hiring, salary or benefits was that he thought he got better luck in making restaurant telephone resevations as "judge."
"Don't you know who I am?" <—–LOLOLOLOLOLOLOL
Washington DC is filled with the worst people.
Maybe that's why the Patent Office left DC in the 1960's.
Given that the phrase "The [Supreme] Court explained in SAS that in establishing inter partes review, Congress set forth "a process in which it's the petitioner, not the Director, who gets to define the contours of the proceeding." The Court held that if the Director institutes review proceedings, the review must proceed "in accordance with or in conformance to the petition," a "petition describing 'each claim challenged' and 'the grounds on which the challenge to each claim is based,'" (quoting 35 U.S.C. § 312(a)(3)). "Nothing suggests the Director enjoys a license to depart from the petition and institute a different inter partes review of his own design." The [Supreme] Court found that "the petitioner's petition, not the Director's discretion, is supposed to guide the life of the litigation," and "that the petitioner's contentions, not the Director's discretion, define the scope of the litigation all the way from institution through to conclusion."" is used, it is worth linking:
link to patentlyo.com
Many "old-timers" of the PTAB may need to disabuse themselves from thinking that they are "super-examiners."
They never did think that. Years ago I was a part of a friendly informal dinner conversation with practitioners and 'old timer' Board members in connection with an AIPLA meeting. That subject came up, and they enjoyed telling me a story about one new APJ who noticed that the examiner below had completely missed the boat, so in a few minutes the APJ pulled up a much better prior art reference to cite. That APJ obviously got in trouble for doing that, which was why they all remembered it. APJs take a very strict view of the word "Appeal" in "Board of Appeal." If an examiner fails to find and cite relevant art the Board is not going to fix that even if it is obvious to them that there was a deffective prior art search. Those patents get allowed and of course are then highly vulnerable to reexaminations or IPRs.
I have heard and personally witnessed the opposite, Paul.
No doubt. But what decade were the ol timers talking about? Were they appointed by the President, the Undersecretary, or the Sec. Of Commerce? Were they examiners in chief or apj's? EICs by statute? APJS by Internal memo? APJS by statute? Btw, APJs are not "old timers." EICs, some are, that survive.
New Grounds of rejection fall in and out of fashion, but will re-appear when the ex parte appeal backlog goes away. Meaning, soon.
The thing you got to remember, the present Board members have examining functions delegated from the Director In Ex Parte Appeals. Have been for many years. What other Judges can enter 'new grounds of rejection?' Even Pauline said the business of the PTO is issuing patents that are valid.
Plus, Board new grounds of rejection are only possible in ex parte appeals and are required to be labeled as such and are not Board decisions they are remands back to examiners.
The last paragraph above in this blog emphasises that good well targeted "claim charts" are a vital skill for inter partes post grant petitioners.
Or as former SAPJ McKelvey put it more bluntly [a good lesson for Dennis' law students], citing an article III case: "Courts are not required to engage in a truffle hunt through a partys briefs."
"Judges are not like pigs, hunting for truffles buried in briefs." United States v. Dunkel, 927 F.2d 955, 956 (7th Cir. 1991). A per curiam opinion, but sounds like Richard Posner.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


they also need to fix the effects for the people mover when its inside space mountain, half the time your literally in pitch black darkness, for awhile there was white and green like glowing stars/effects, and soundtrack playing, then it all was turned off.
I'd love it if they'd add some movement to the figures on the Space Mountain lift hill.
Move it to Future World during the inevitable rebuild and change the story so it's a trip to Brava Centauri.
Calling them "figures" is quite the stretch. I don't think anyone wants to see those department store mannequins moving any time soon. I like my current nightmare-free dreams at night.
Jokes aside, the whole lift hill section(and the entire ride) needs a facelift. It was always a confusing section to me. Are we in space already? According to the astronauts spacewalking on the spaceship above you we are, but according to the mission control you creep by we're counting down to launch and then suddenly you're in space. Not to mention how much I miss being able to see the cars zipping around above our head before you board your vehicle for takeoff. Always got me excited as a kid being able to look up and think "that's going to be me soon".
How about we get the lighting on the lift fixed and dust cleaned up first?
I don't think anyone would argue with you. Keep the same layout and seating setup.
I was just thinking of those conflicting ideas recently. The way I think of it is you're being launched from the space station directly into space.
I love Space Mountain the way it is- especially the lift section with the old school props and lighting, and am glad it hasn't changed. To me, it feels more realistic than the obviously CGI ceiling in the loading area and the pixelated screens in the queue.
You know, I wonder if TomorrowLand didn't get the love it needed when the movie bombed out, thus robbing Disney (Iger) of a movie IP to redo the land around. Now they just don't know what to do since its harder to move some IP in there that doesn't just become Toy Story - Space Rangers & Tron Land.
Another failing of only resorting to IP for attractions and not getting bold with something new.
Blindly bashing IP qua IP is silly. If something fits aesthetically and thematically, there's nothing wrong it.
Monsters, Inc.... doesn't really fit in Tomorrowland. TRON, on the other hand, is exactly perfect.
I totally understand how that is in today's world a very pricey objective, but so was DLR in general.
I'd just like to hear actual plans (I'm impatient; and yes I know D23 is coming). They seem to just close things (Stitch) and then fumble trying to figure out what to put there, and then they paint a lot of things. But what's the rhyme and reason? Do they have an ACTUAL plan? That's been one of my biggest problems. It all feels thrown together at times. Like, what's the goal with the orange creamsicle and white on the restrooms? Not complaining, but it all just feels so random (even if it's not). Anyone else feeling this way?
Other parks get their plans laid out. We're left kind of guessing what's going on.
I assumed the original poster was referencing the mission control mannequins as seen below.
The thing is, the coaster itself is nearing the end of its lifetime and should've been rebuilt back in 2009. I'm all for the retro stylization of it but replace the tracks, supports, and trains. The props should stay (and were supposed to back when it was supposed to happen) and the addition of a in-car soundtrack would've been added instead of the Crappy-o-phonic sound system that works when it feels like it right now.
I find it funny how the one major change to the queue was reverted recently. All of that work to just dump it in the end.
I love the aesthetic of WDW's SM, but it needs love because right now it looks (and rides) bad. Hilariously enough, the version they ran at Halloween without any lighting was more enjoyable because there wasn't any light-bleed anywhere and they just had some random song blaring over the speakers. You couldn't see the flaws with it anymore.
Make it some sort of science experiment/technology exhibition hosted by Prof. Farnsworth? I'm in!


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Building while homeschooling has been interesting. I'm constantly working on finding my groove, but here are some things I've learned along the journey.
Learning to automate oil support, educate online, and establish learning programs has been so helpful. All of those tools enable me to leverage my time. Tools like Synduit for campaigns and Oil Camp for continuing education.
This has been instrumental with our non-traditional lifestyle. I love connecting with our team and I find that most people just need constant contact and friendship to nurture them into growing their business. The friendships I have gained have become anchors to me no matter where we are!
I incorporate my kids into my business. They help me with videos, fill sample bottles, and even share with people! It's fun to see them grow as service centered individuals and encourage their little entrepreneurial ideas as we work together to achieve the goals that we set forth as a family!
We have been using oils for 7 years and decided to leap into the business full time when Scott got laid off from a job he hated 5 years ago. Since then, we have moved 6 times to grow or support our doTERRA team and homeschool our 3 children.
Older PostHow to do a gut cleanse using doTerra terrazyme?


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text:
15 Dec Read the new SAC Book here
Posted at 09:51h in News by Vaneshree Maharaj
Satellite Application Centre (SAC) book The Satellite Application Centre (SAC) book was created in commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the CSIR Satellite Applications Centre at Hartebeesthoek, now incorporated under the South African National Space Agency (SANSA) and known as Space
09 Apr Enduring partnership with French space agency
The ongoing business relationship between the Hartebeesthoek tracking station and the French space agency, Centre Nationale'Etudes Spatiales(CNES) resulted in SANSA signing the largest space mission support contract yet with the French agency since the first contract in the early 1980s
02 Feb Spectacular video data transmitted from SANSA's ground station
On Saturday 31 January 2015, a United Launch Alliance Delta II rocket launched the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite for NASA. SMAP is an Earth satellite mission designed to measure and map Earth's soil moisture and freeze/thaw state to
16 Jul SANSA plays a vital role in NASA's OCO-2 satellite launch
On 2 July 2014, NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite was successfully launched from the Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. Minutes later, the Hartebeesthoek (HBK) ground station in South Africa acquired the rocket signal and was able to provide
15 Jul Staying competitive
Ka-band antenna upgrade gives Space Ops the international edge A recent Ka-band antenna upgrade is putting SANSA Space Operations at Hartebeesthoek in a uniquely competitive position to monitor a new wave of satellites launched over the southern hemisphere. In 1997 Hartebeesthoek installed
25 Apr Final manoeuvres on NASA's LADEE performed from SA ground station
An artist's concept of NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft seen orbiting near the surface of the moon. Image Credit: NASA Ames/Dana Berry Hartebeesthoek, 25 April 2014. It has been confirmed that NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer
14 Mar New upgrade gives SANSA the international edge
A recent Ka-band antenna upgrade is putting SANSA Space Operations at Hartebeesthoek in a uniquely competitive position to monitor a new wave of satellites launched over the southern hemisphere. In 1997 Hartebeesthoek installed the first Ka-band tracking, telemetry and command antenna
25 Oct How do we archive satellite data
Posted at 07:11h in Earth Observation, News by Vaneshree Maharaj
SANSA data systems management unit is responsible for the downloading and processing and archiving of satellite imagery from Earth observation satellites. The team operate between the facility in Hartebeesthoek, where satellite data is received and Pretoria, where researchers process the
05 Mar SANSA's Ku-IOT antenna update
On Valentine's Day 2013, the South African National Space Agency (SANSA) received an eagerly-awaited gift - a new Ku-IOT antenna. The SANSA Space Operations' 9m Ku-IOT antenna is now being assembled by Stratosat on site, at Hartebeesthoek. The antenna's foundation


text:
Both Directions At Once: The Lost Album
John Coltrane /
Label: Universal
Nr kat.: 0602567493006
Styl: Jazz
Wysyłka w dni
Koszt od 10,00 zł
104.90złPLN / 1szt.
Kupując ten towar za gotówkę zyskasz: pkt.
Obserwuj Dodaj do porównania
PLAY ALL / John Coltrane - 01 Untitled Original 11383.mp3 (Both Directions At Once: The Lost Album) / John Coltrane - 02 Nature Boy.mp3 (Both Directions At Once: The Lost Album) / John Coltrane - 03 Untitled Original 11386.mp3 (Both Directions At Once: The Lost Album) / John Coltrane - 04 Vilia.mp3 (Both Directions At Once: The Lost Album) / John Coltrane - 05 Impressions.mp3 (Both Directions At Once: The Lost Album) / John Coltrane - 06 Slow Blues.mp3 (Both Directions At Once: The Lost Album) / John Coltrane - 07 One Up, One Down.mp3 (Both Directions At Once: The Lost Album)
01 Untitled Original 11383.mp3 / John Coltrane - 01 Untitled Original 11383.mp3 (Both Directions At Once: The Lost Album)
02 Nature Boy.mp3 / John Coltrane - 02 Nature Boy.mp3 (Both Directions At Once: The Lost Album)
04 Vilia.mp3 / John Coltrane - 04 Vilia.mp3 (Both Directions At Once: The Lost Album)
05 Impressions.mp3 / John Coltrane - 05 Impressions.mp3 (Both Directions At Once: The Lost Album)
06 Slow Blues.mp3 / John Coltrane - 06 Slow Blues.mp3 (Both Directions At Once: The Lost Album)
07 One Up, One Down.mp3 / John Coltrane - 07 One Up, One Down.mp3 (Both Directions At Once: The Lost Album)
Nr kat. 0602567493006
Jazz fans take note: Both Directions at Once: The Lost Album more than lives up to its name. It features previously unreleased recordings by the late, great John Coltrane and his regular accompanying players (pianist McCoy Tyner, bassist Jimmy Garrison and Drummer Elvin Jones). The reels of tape the tracks were salvaged from were dated 1963, around the time that the quartet laid down some of its most forward-thinking work for the legendary Impulse label. Much of the material consists of original Coltrane compilations, though there are a few notable covers (including a great version of jazz standard "Nature Boy") dotted throughout. As you'd expect, Coltrane's performance is incredible from start to finish.
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( 2LP+MP3 / )
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Inne z tej wytwórni
Both Directions At Once: The Lost Album (Deluxe Edition)
(2CD / )
Sex Pistols /
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Cannabis: Bande Originale Du Film (Soundtrack) 180g
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text:
Q: Apache NiFi: programmatically stop the Custom Processor I'm programming of custom NiFi Processor which extends  org.apache.nifi.processor.AbstractProcessor
I don't want the processor to repeat the same iteration, so how to programmatically stop the processor after transfer the FlowFile to the appropriate destination processor?

A: There currently isn't a way for a processor to stop itself. Processors are meant to be continuously running and triggered based on their scheduling strategy, or the presence of data in a queue leading in to a processor.
Andy explained this well in a question yesterday:
How to turn off Nifi Processor Schedule

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CrossFit Overview: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
João Gustavo Claudino1,2,
Tim J. Gabbett3,4,
Frank Bourgeois5,
Helton de Sá Souza6,
Rafael Chagas Miranda6,
Bruno Mezêncio1,
Rafael Soncin1,
Carlos Alberto Cardoso Filho1,
Martim Bottaro7,
Arnaldo Jose Hernandez8,
Alberto Carlos Amadio1 &
Julio Cerca Serrão1
CrossFit is recognized as one of the fastest growing high-intensity functional training modes in the world. However, scientific data regarding the practice of CrossFit is sparse. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the findings of scientific literature related to CrossFit via systematic review and meta-analysis.
Systematic searches of the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Bireme/MedLine, and SciELO online databases were conducted for articles reporting the effects of CrossFit training. The systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines. The Oxford Levels of Evidence was used for all included articles, and only studies that investigated the effects of CrossFit as a training program were included in the meta-analysis. For the meta-analysis, effect sizes (ESs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated and heterogeneity was assessed using a random-effects model.
Thirty-one articles were included in the systematic review and four were included in the meta-analysis. However, only two studies had a high level of evidence at low risk of bias. Scientific literature related to CrossFit has reported on body composition, psycho-physiological parameters, musculoskeletal injury risk, life and health aspects, and psycho-social behavior. In the meta-analysis, significant results were not found for any variables.
The current scientific literature related to CrossFit has few studies with high level of evidence at low risk of bias. However, preliminary data has suggested that CrossFit practice is associated with higher levels of sense of community, satisfaction, and motivation.
For a large majority of studies, a low level of evidence and a high risk of bias were found. There is a need to improve the methodological approaches in further studies.
In the scientific literature, there is a gap to be filled in the area of controlling training load. Given the importance of managing training load in reducing injury risk and optimizing athletic performance, these approaches could be used to support CrossFit practice.
Initial reports of higher levels of sense of community, satisfaction, and motivation during CrossFit training were found in the scientific literature.
CrossFit is recognized as one of the fastest growing modes of high-intensity functional training. According to the official CrossFit website (map.crossfit.com), CrossFit boxes are located in 142 countries across seven continents with more than 10,000 affiliates [1]. This strength and conditioning program is used to optimize physical competence in ten fitness domains: (1) cardiovascular/respiratory endurance, (2) stamina, (3) strength, (4) flexibility, (5) power, (6) speed, (7) coordination, (8) agility, (9) balance, and (10) accuracy [2]. CrossFit training is usually performed with high-intensity, functional movements called "workout of the day" (WOD) [3]. In these training sessions, high-intensity exercises are executed quickly, repetitively, and with little or no recovery time between sets [4]. With the focus on constantly varying functional movements, CrossFit training uses the main elements of gymnastics (e.g., handstand and ring exercises), weightlifting exercises (e.g., barbell squats and presses), and cardiovascular activities (e.g., running or rowing) as exercise tasks [5]. According to Glassman, who is the founder of CrossFit, the methodology that drives CrossFit training is entirely empirical. Furthermore, Glassman described that "meaningful statements about safety, efficacy, and efficiency, the three most important and interdependent facets of any fitness program, can be supported only by measurable, observable, repeatable facts, i.e., data" [3].
CrossFit is also considered an option for high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Consequently, HIIT has become one of the top 3 worldwide fitness trends since 2013 according to the American College Sports Medicine (ACSM) annual survey [6,7,8,9]. Notably, CrossFit was indicated as the primary reason HIIT workouts were ranked so high [6,7,8,9]. However, a consensus paper produced by the Consortium for Health and Military Performance (CHAMP) and ACSM associated a potential emergence of a high injury risk with programs such as CrossFit [10]. While positive influences on body composition and physical fitness were recognized, the consensus highlighted a "disproportionate musculoskeletal injury risk from these demanding programs, particularly for novice participants, resulting in lost duty time, medical treatment and extensive rehabilitation". In addition, the consensus suggested the existence of a training paradigm requiring advanced level technique during maximal timed exercise repetitions without adequate rest intervals between sets, as well as an insufficient recovery time between high-volume loads and training sessions. This overload situation can lead to early fatigue, additional oxidative stress, less resistance to subsequent repetitive exercise strain, greater perception of effort, and unsafe movement execution [10]. Furthermore, this training context associated with inadequate training load progression increases the risk of overuse injury, overreaching, and overtraining. The consensus authors suggested, as a possible solution, individual monitoring of training load to minimize these risks [10]. Despite the proposed risks of CrossFit, others have suggested that high-intensity functional training programs, including CrossFit, have similar or lower potential for injury than many traditional physical training activities [11]. However, the authors also stated that controlling training volume must be done in order to reduce injury risk in military populations. For an effective training process and adaptation to occur, the monitoring [12], quantification [13], and regulation [14] of training load is necessary. However, managing training load poses a considerable challenge for sport scientists [15, 16]. Despite this challenge, managing training load is fundamental to achieving the objectives of reducing injury risk and optimizing sports performance [17,18,19,20,21,22].
Although there are a large number of CrossFit participants, empirical evidence demonstrating the improvements in physical fitness that arise from this form of training are far from substantive. Furthermore, an overview of CrossFit's outcomes has not been verified. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to analyze the findings of the scientific literature related to CrossFit through a systematic review and meta-analysis.
One author conducted the literature search, collated the abstracts, and applied the initial inclusion criteria. The keyword "CrossFit" was used during the electronic search. The following electronic databases were searched on the 25th of November 2016: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Bireme/MedLine, and SciELO (Fig. 1). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines were adhered to in this manuscript. In the initial analysis, all CrossFit articles included in this manuscript were peer-reviewed and not limited to specific years or language. During the second phase of study selection, two authors reviewed and identified the titles and abstracts based on the inclusion criteria.
Study selection PRISMA flow diagram
To meet the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, studies investigating humans "in vivo" or "in obitus" and analyzed the effects of CrossFit as a training program were considered. The meta-analysis was only conducted on variables from short-term intervention studies (i.e., ≥ 3 weeks) with healthy male and/or female participants split into distinct gender groups (the procedures were consistent from those of another meta-analysis) [23]. Moreover, the variables analyzed were to be found in more than one study. If pertinent data were absent, authors were contacted and the necessary information requested via e-mail. If the original data were not provided by the authors, the mean and standard deviations were extracted from graphical representation using Ycasd [24] or estimated from the median, range, and sample size [25]. The remaining articles were included in the systematic review.
Study Quality
The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement was adapted and used for checking the quality of reporting by two authors independently. Thus, the articles' quality was evaluated based on the 25 items identified in the CONSORT criteria, providing a maximal possible score of 37. The CONSORT items are distributed in sections and topics such as "Title and abstract"; "Introduction" (Background and objectives); "Methods" (Trial design, Participants, Interventions, Outcomes, Sample size, Blinding, Statistical methods); "Results" (Participant flow, Recruitment, Baseline data, Numbers analyzed, Outcomes and estimation, Ancillary analyses, Harms); "Discussion" (Limitations, Generalizability, Interpretation); and "Other information" (Registration, Protocol, Funding) [26]. Additionally, the Oxford Levels of Evidence [27] were used to evaluate the level of evidence for all articles found in the literature on CrossFit. Where the five levels (i.e., Level 1 = systematic reviews; Level 2 = randomized controlled trials with low/moderate risk of bias or observational studies with dramatic effect; Level 3 = cohort study, non-randomized controlled trials with low/moderate risk of bias or randomized controlled trial at high risk of bias; Level 4 = case series, case report, case-control studies, cohort study, historically controlled studies or non-randomized controlled trials at high risk of bias; and Level 5 = mechanism-based reasoning/expert opinion) are determined based on the following questions: (i) "How common is the problem?"; (ii) "Is this diagnostic or monitoring test accurate? (diagnosis)"; (iii) "What will happen if we do not add a therapy? (prognosis)"; (iv) "Does this intervention help? (treatment benefits)"; (v) "What are the COMMON harms? (treatment harms)"; (vi) "What are the RARE harms? (treatment harms)"; and (vii) "Is this (early detection) test worthwhile? (screening)".
Bias Analysis
For the systematic review, two authors independently assessed the quality of the included studies using the Cochrane risk of bias tool [28] with a priori formulated criteria adopted from the studies of Pas et al. [29] and Winters et al. [30]. Five domains of bias were appraised: selection bias (random allocation and allocation concealment), performance bias (blinding of personnel and participants), detection bias (blinding of outcome assessment), attrition bias (loss to follow-up), reporting bias (outcome reporting), and other biases. Each item was scored as low (+), high (−), or unclear (?) risk of bias. Studies were considered low risk of bias when all domains were scored as low risk of bias or if one item was scored as high risk or unable to determine. If two domains were scored as high or unable to determine risk of bias, the study received a moderate risk of bias. Finally, when more than two domains were scored as high risk of bias, the study was regarded to possess a high risk of bias. In case of disagreement between authors, consensus was sought during a consensus meeting. If no consensus was reached, a third author was asked to provide a final verdict. Publication bias was determined for the meta-analysis using an approach where differences in baseline assessments were checked for all intervention groups. Next, the interventions were divided into non-significant (p > 0.05) or significant (p < 0.05) results to determine the percentage of interventions with non-significant differences (these procedures were followed as per another meta-analysis) [23].
For the meta-analysis, the heterogeneity of the included studies was evaluated by examining forest plots, confidence intervals (CI), and I2. I2 values of 25, 50, and 75 indicated low, moderate, and high heterogeneity, respectively [31]. Random effects were analyzed using the DerSimonian and Laird [32] approach. The meta-analysis was conducted based on the number of variables from short-term intervention studies. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05, and the magnitude of differences for each dependent variable was calculated using effect size (ES) with 95% CI [32]. The ES classification was large > 0.80; moderate = 0.20–0.80; small < 0.20 [33]. Inferential statistics were used for the descriptive analysis of the data. All data were analyzed using CMA v3 trial (Biostat, New Jersey, USA) and Excel 2010 worksheet (Microsoft, Washington, USA).
The initial search found 204 articles (Fig. 1). When the inclusion criteria were applied, 32 articles were included in the systematic review. When the inclusion criteria were applied for the meta-analysis, five of these articles met the criteria and were included in the manuscript [4, 5, 34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63]. However, during this manuscript peer-reviewing process, one of 32 articles had a retraction published [64].
Quality assessment of the 31 included articles ranged from 22 to 84% with a mean CONSORT rating of 37% [26]. Only 9% (i.e., absolute number = 3) of the included articles [38, 53, 54] had ratings exceeding 50% (Additional file 1: Table S1). Ethical approval was obtained in all articles. The evidence level ranged between levels 2 and 4 for included articles. However, just 6% (i.e., absolute number = 2) of articles were considered level 2 (i.e., randomized controlled trials with low risk of bias) (Fig. 2) [53, 54].
Risk of bias and level of evidence
For the systematic review, only 6% of the assessed articles were at low risk of bias (Fig. 2) [53, 54]. These articles performed adequate randomization and allocation methods, blinding strategy, and clinical trial registry. In contrast, a majority of the non-controlled trials, cross-sectional studies based on an electronic questionnaire, and correlation studies or case report/case series did not explicitly describe if and how they controlled for detection bias. For the included articles in the meta-analysis, 78% of the intervention groups resulted in non-significant (p > 0.05) differences in baseline assessments (i.e., 83 interventions with non-significant differences ÷ 106 overall interventions = 78%).
The pooled sample size for this manuscript was 3597 with 81% of participants in the CrossFit group and the remaining 19% in the control group. Male participants (60%) were utilized more so than females (40%). CrossFit samples were composed of adolescents (male 4%, n = 112 and age = 15 ± 1 years; female 3%, n = 94 and age = 15 ± 1 years), adults (male 56%, n = 1638 and age = 30 ± 7 years; female 37%, n = 1065 and age = 30 ± 7 years), and elderly (male 0.2%, n = 5 and age > 60 years; female 0.1%, n = 2 and age > 60 years). The sample profile included 6% competitors (i.e., in the CrossFit Games), 63% trained individuals (i.e., in the CrossFit program more than 6 months), 22% physically active individuals, and 9% sedentary individuals. The average duration of each CrossFit intervention was 9 ± 3 weeks.
In summary, the following aspects of CrossFit were examined in the scientific literature: body composition (n = 4), psycho-physiological parameters (n = 12), musculoskeletal injury risk (n = 7), life and health aspects (n = 4), and psycho-social behavior (n = 11) (Table 1).
Table 1 Main findings of CrossFit's scientific state of the art
Among the included short-term intervention studies, five CrossFit fitness domains were found in the literature, i.e., cardiovascular/respiratory endurance [50, 53], stamina [50, 53], strength [53], flexibility [53], and power [50, 53]. Five domains were yet to be verified, i.e., speed, coordination, agility, balance, and accuracy.
Forty-three variables were found from short-term intervention studies in the meta-analysis. These variables represented cardiovascular/respiratory endurance and stamina (i.e., absolute and relative maximal oxygen consumption, VO2max), as well as body composition (i.e., body mass, body mass index, relative body fat, fat mass, lean body mass, and waist circumference). No significant results were found for any of the variables (Fig. 3).
Meta-analysis of short-term intervention studies
Although CrossFit has a large number of participants, a high level of evidence demonstrating positive outcomes has yet to be established in the literature. Therefore, the present study aimed to verify the findings of scientific investigations related to CrossFit fitness domains as well as present outcome validity of CrossFit via systematic review and meta-analysis. Five of ten CrossFit fitness domains (cardiovascular/respiratory endurance, stamina, strength, flexibility, and power) were found in short-term intervention studies, with the remaining fitness domains (speed, coordination, agility, balance, and accuracy) lacking. Furthermore, CrossFit's outcome evidence was provided for studies examining body composition, psycho-physiological parameters, musculoskeletal injury risk, life and health aspects, and psycho-social behavior. With respect to these studies, few achieved a high level of evidence at low risk of bias.
Meta-analyses were performed on body composition parameters including body mass index, relative body fat, fat mass, lean body mass, and waist circumference. All variables had non-significant results, reinforcing the need for more high-quality studies on CrossFit as well as long-term interventions.
Psycho-physiological Parameters
A study comparing CrossFit training with a training approach based on ACSM recommendations reported CrossFit training as more strenuous and considered a "very hard" activity by participants [52]. CrossFit participants also reported greater fatigue, greater muscle pain and swelling, and limb movement difficulties during or within 48 h after the workout [52]. Furthermore, the authors reported the five most frequently used and hardest WODs were "Fran," "Murph," "Fight Gone Bad," "Helen," and "Filthy Fifty." Except for "Fran," the psycho-physiological responses to these WODs were not reported. "Fran" and another popular WOD known as "Cindy" presented greater magnitudes for heart rate (95–97% of HRmax), %VO2max (57–66%), blood lactate (14–15 mmol/L), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) [44]. Perciavalle et al. [59] also observed lactate concentrations around 14 mmol/L following a WOD called "15.5". "Cindy" (98% HRmax and RPE = 9) also presented an acute blood oxidative stress response similar to a traditional bout of high-intensity treadmill running (running at a minimum intensity of 90% maximum heart rate over 20 min) [47].
Researchers have reported a decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines without decrements in muscle power following two consecutive days of CrossFit training sessions [62]. The WODs employed included a rest interval between sets and exercises (i.e., 2–5 min, for more details see Table 1). Thus, IL-6 displayed an increase immediately after training WOD 1 and WOD 2 while IL-10 displayed an increase immediately after WOD 1 only and decreased 24 and 48 h following WOD 2 when compared to baseline values [62]. These findings should be considered with caution as while there are designated rest intervals in some CrossFit workouts (e.g., Fight Gone Bad, 5 × 500 m row), the inclusion of rest intervals is not common practice in CrossFit prescriptions.
In an acute study, the WOD "CrossFit triplet" (i.e., three burpees, four push-ups, and five squats; for details see Table 1) was associated with significant changes in physiological responses [51]. Participants achieved approximately 12,000 mmHg for rate pressure product, 6 mmol/L for blood lactate, and 54% of HRmax [51]. According to the authors, "CrossFit triplet" was of moderate to high intensity and thus considered a viable interval training option that provides sufficient intensity in a safe manner [51].
In the correlation studies, whole-body strength, power, endurance, and experience seemed to be important measures associated with performance in CrossFit [42, 43]. Butcher et al. [43] reported whole-body strength as a predictor of performance in some WODs such as "Grace," "Fran," and "Cindy". The authors also found VO2max, Wingate power, and anaerobic thresholds were unsuccessful in predicting WOD performance. Conversely, Bellar et al. [42] found VO2max and anaerobic power to be significant predictors of performance after one CrossFit training session. The authors also divided 32 young healthy men into two groups and found CrossFit experience, or CrossFit training history, was also a predictor of performance during a WOD. Nonetheless, more research is required as the present literature is inconclusive regarding predictors of CrossFit performance.
Based on the systematic review, in general, WODs present highly varied psycho-physiological demands: heart rate between 54 and 98% of HRmax, blood lactate levels between 6 and 15 mmol/L, %VO2max between 57 and 66%, RPE between 8 and 9 (out of 10), and rate pressure product around 12,000 mmHg. Some WODs (e.g., "Fran," "Cindy," and "15.5") can be identified as high-intensity level whereas others (e.g., "CrossFit triplet") can be considered moderate.
Musculoskeletal Injury Risk
In one of the first publications on musculoskeletal injury risk, a descriptive epidemiological investigation used an electronic questionnaire to examine 132 CrossFit participants [34]. Results revealed 74% of CrossFit participants suffered at least one injury. The most common injury sites were shoulder and lower back followed by arm/elbow, with an injury rate of 3.1 events every 1000 h of training [34]. A total of 186 lesions were reported with some participants injured more than once in a period of 18 months. Nine of these cases required surgical intervention. In another study that examined the epidemiological profile of CrossFit participants, an injury prevalence of 31% was recorded [4]. In addition, when the participants were separated according to CrossFit experience, those who practiced CrossFit for more than 6 months (35%) showed significantly (p = 0.004) higher injury rates than those who practiced for less than 6 months (23%). This study also reported a 45% injury prevalence rate among athletes with more than 2 years of practice [4].
Another descriptive epidemiological study employed an electronic questionnaire to verify injury risk of the shoulder in CrossFit participants (n = 187). The authors found that 24% of participants reported at least one shoulder injury in the last 6 months of practice, with an injury rate of 1.9 per 1000 h. The most common attributed causes of injury were inadequate form of movement (33%) and exacerbation of previous injury (33%). Furthermore, 64% of those who suffered an injury reported a reduction in training for 1 month or less due to injury [61].
Similar electronic questionnaire and experimental approaches have also been used to examine injury risk in CrossFit (n = 381). Musculoskeletal injuries accounted for 19% of all injuries, with men injured more frequently than women (p = 0.03). The shoulder was injured most often during gymnastic movements whereas the lower back was injured most often during power lifting movements [41].
In addition, two case reports offered insight on injury risk. The first case study examined a traumatic tear of the latissimus dorsi myotendinous junction inflicted during the "muscle up" exercise [45]. This injury usually occurs in the acute configuration of forced abduction and external rotation during resisted contraction. Performing this exercise requires sound technique and high levels of strength, particularly at the transition point of the maneuver. The participant in this case report returned to complete pre-injury level of activity within 6 months after the inciting event, with mild residual functional deficit. The second case report was a retinal detachment due to CrossFit training [35]. A 25-year-old male presented an inferior scotoma in the right eye after engaging in a CrossFit workout which required "pull ups" with an elastic band tied around the waist and secured to the pull up bar, thus partially supporting body weight. The retina was successfully reattached, and vision was successfully recovered after 4 months.
The acute effects of high-intensity CrossFit training on tendon properties were evaluated via ultrasonography (n = 34). Thickness of the patellar and Achilles tendons increased significantly after the session. These findings suggest the high-intensity loads associated with concentric and eccentric muscle actions during CrossFit exercise may result in an increase in patellar and Achilles tendon thickness. However, long-term interventions are needed to investigate the effect of recovery between high-intensity sessions as a deterministic factor in altering the structure of biomaterials within tendons and the subsequent effects of changes in tendon morphology on risk of injury [5].
In summary, the number of injuries that affect CrossFit participants varies between 19 and 74% with 1.9–3.1 per 1000 training hours. In this sense, the percentage of injury is relatively high while the incidence of injuries per 1000 h is low. These results may reflect a sampling bias or inadequate management of training volume. Although higher training volume and perception of intensity have been found in CrossFit participants [49, 52], further studies directly comparing the injury rates of CrossFit with other ACSM-recommended training modalities are warranted.
The second aspect highlighted by the CHAMP and ACSM consensus was monitoring individual-specific training load and its potential to minimize injury risk [10]. Although the cause of injury is multifactorial, injury can result from the summation of load that imposes a force that exceeds the capacity of the biological tissue involved [65]. To attenuate this deleterious outcome, an integrated approach that incorporates individual-specific monitoring [12], quantification [13], and regulation [14] may aid in decreasing injury risk. Monitoring is defined as the verification of responses to the training loads performed that were previously planned by the coach [12]. Quantification is defined as the sum of the training load that was effectively executed by the athlete [13]. Regulation is defined as the adjustments in the training loads lifted in relation to the athlete responses [14]. However, no studies investigating training load management were found in the systematic review, which presents a gap in current knowledge. Presently, controlling training load is based on the coach's anecdotal and scientific background which can be highly varied around the world. Due to the potentially positive impact an evidence-based integrated approach to training load management could have on reducing injury, risk while achieving training objectives (i.e., enhancing sports performance) [17,18,19,20,21,22] warrants greater research in this area.
Life and Health Aspects
Though sparse, case report and case series studies were found in the literature examining life and health aspects. Only two reported cases of rhabdomyolysis were found [39, 52]. However, this does not rule out the need to develop strategies of recovery between training sessions, respecting biological individuality of participants.
Other life and health aspects related to CrossFit training were found in the literature. Lu et al. [48] reported three cases of cervical carotid dissection that were associated with CrossFit workouts. Specifically, participant 1 suffered a distal cervical internal carotid artery dissection near the skull base and a small infarct in Wernicke's area. The individual was placed on anticoagulation and on follow-up was near complete recovery. Participant 2 suffered a proximal cervical internal carotid artery dissection that led to arterial occlusion and recurrent middle cerebral artery territory infarcts, in addition to significant neurological sequelae. Participant 3 had a skull base internal carotid artery dissection that led to a partial Horner's syndrome but no cerebral infarct. None of the three individuals died. While direct causality cannot be proven, the authors speculated the high-intensity CrossFit workouts likely led to the internal carotid artery dissections in these participants.
Similarly, Alexandrino et al. [37] examined 10 cases of stroke in participants aged between 27 and 65 years (80% being male). Among them, one man (32 years old) had an intracerebral hemorrhage stroke during a CrossFit session. The participant did not die, but he was left disabled ( no. 3 in the modified Rankin scale = moderate disability; requiring some help, but able to walk without assistance). The authors' conclusion was that stroke during sport activity is rare, occurring mostly in healthy young males and that cervicocerebral arterial dissection is the primary mechanism of stroke, often without an explicit history of trauma.
Finally, researchers demonstrated neither beneficial nor deleterious effects on pelvic floor strength or support in nulliparous young women after CrossFit training [58]. The majority of these studies were evidence level 4 with high risk of bias and, as such, did not permit any recommendation.
To date, no studies have examined the effect of CrossFit training on resting blood pressure or heart rate. Further research examining the acute and chronic effects of CrossFit training on these health indicators is warranted.
Psycho-social Behavior
A greater sense of community in CrossFit sessions was verified when compared to traditional training whether in a group or analyzed on an individual basis. This social interaction level was assessed via questionnaire in physically active participants [60, 63]. However, sense of community was not related to participant retention/adherence for any of the modalities analyzed [63].
The retention/adherence of participants was assessed in a randomized intervention study involving obese individuals (BMI > 30). The same number of dropouts was also revealed after 8 weeks of traditional training when compared to CrossFit with aerobic and resistance training. Nonetheless, the intention for continuing physically vigorous activity was greater for the CrossFit group [38]. Furthermore, a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer core 30-item questionnaire revealed 5 weeks of CrossFit training was well received by cancer survivors with an adherence rate of 75%. This intervention was also considered feasible and effective in improving emotional function [46].
Motivation for the practice of physical activity was also assessed by questionnaire in four groups: CrossFit, resistance exercise, alone, and in individuals who train with a personal trainer. Enjoyment, challenge, and affiliation were identified in the CrossFit group more than all other training groups. Such source of motivation is compatible with that presented in sports practice. Individuals who trained with a personal trainer had higher health-related motives. However, this group was older than the other groups, which may represent a confounding factor in the response [54].
In schoolchildren (i.e., 12 to 16 years) participating in CrossFit exercise, an older age has been associated with higher ratings of perceived intensity and less enjoyment. In the between-sex comparison, boys perceived greater intensity and enjoyment [49]. Among adults, no sex difference was identified for the perceived motivational climate of CrossFit sessions, although the achievement goals varied between males and females [40]. With respect to achievement goals, the mastery-based motivational climate is initially predominant, but when a domain of the tasks is reached, the performance approach becomes predominant. These variations are also present between sexes, with females emphasizing mastery avoidance (i.e., to do as well as I can) and males emphasizing the performance approach (i.e., to do better than others) [40].
Although the goals within CrossFit practice vary with practice time, the same does not appear to be true for psychological functioning as well-being, affection, body awareness, and self-esteem were not influenced by the time or frequency of CrossFit practice [56]. Similar results were found in an 8-week intervention study in adolescent students (i.e., 15 years), where no improvement in mental health was observed. However, a subgroup of individuals at risk of psychological distress presented significant improvements in mental health [53]. In another study of the same research group, high levels of retention (i.e., 82%), adherence (i.e., 94%), and satisfaction (4.2–4.6 where 5 is the highest level) were found in the students after 8 weeks of CrossFit Teens training [54].
Lastly, CrossFit's motivational characteristics, which aim to lead the individual to achieve the best performance possible, generated a 5% prevalence of exercise addiction in CrossFit participants which is similar to other exercise programs. This observation has also been shown to be even greater in men and young individuals (i.e., < 30 years). Exercise addiction was associated with a tendency to exercise despite injury, feelings of guilt when unable to exercise, passion turning into obsession, and taking medication to be able to exercise. These negative attitudes toward exercise can facilitate damage, such as injuries and losses in social relations, within participants [57].
In summary, there is preliminary evidence of a higher sense of community, satisfaction, and motivation among CrossFit participants. However, it is still necessary for new studies to verify the positive relationship between these factors and retention/adherence of participants.
Brief Statement
Before finalizing, we wish to emphasize that this study did not seek to define CrossFit as "bad" or "good." Rather, this investigation sought to present the possible benefits and risks associated with CrossFit according to current findings in the scientific literature. The low level of evidence at high risk of bias revealed by this study does not allow a stronger position on the advantages and disadvantages of CrossFit. The authors believe this disparity demonstrates the need to improve current methodological approaches in further studies, thus influencing current practice.
Until now, current CrossFit scientific literature has been based on studies that investigated the effects of CrossFit on body composition, psycho-physiological parameters, musculoskeletal injury risk, life and health aspects, and psycho-social behavior. Meta-analysis did not find a significant effect of CrossFit training changes in body mass index, relative body fat, fat mass, lean body mass, and waist circumference. Unfortunately, the number of studies investigating CrossFit with high level of evidence at low risk of bias is sparse. As a result, these findings neither firmly establish the benefits or risks of CrossFit, nor provide definitive practical recommendations concerning CrossFit training. Despite this disparity, there is the existence of initial evidence of higher levels of sense of community, satisfaction, and motivation among CrossFit participants.
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We would like to thank the authors of the cited articles who collaborated to obtain the data and "Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ Programa de Excelência Acadêmica" (CAPES/PROEX), "Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico" (CNPq), "Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais" (FAPEMIG), and "Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo" (FAPESP).
No sources of funding were used to assist in the design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data or in writing of this manuscript.
After publication, all data necessary to understand and assess the conclusions of the manuscript are available to any reader of Sports Medicine-Open.
School of Physical Education and Sport, Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
João Gustavo Claudino, Bruno Mezêncio, Rafael Soncin, Carlos Alberto Cardoso Filho, Alberto Carlos Amadio & Julio Cerca Serrão
Faculty of Physical Education, University of Itaúna, Itaúna, Brazil
João Gustavo Claudino
Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Australia
Tim J. Gabbett
Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Frank Bourgeois
Department of Psychobiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Helton de Sá Souza & Rafael Chagas Miranda
College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
Martim Bottaro
Orthopedics and Traumatology Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Arnaldo Jose Hernandez
Helton de Sá Souza
Rafael Chagas Miranda
Bruno Mezêncio
Rafael Soncin
Carlos Alberto Cardoso Filho
Alberto Carlos Amadio
Julio Cerca Serrão
JGC contributed in the design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing. TJG contributed in the interpretation of data and in writing. FB and HSS helped in the design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing. RM, BM, RS, CACF, AJH, and MB contributed in the design and interpretation of data and in writing.. ACA and JCS helped in the design, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to João Gustavo Claudino.
All authors – João Gustavo Claudino, Tim J. Gabbett, Frank Bourgeois, Helton de Sá Souza, Rafael Chagas Miranda, Bruno Mezêncio, Rafael Soncin, Carlos Alberto Cardoso Filho, Martim Bottaro, Arnaldo Jose Hernandez, Alberto Carlos Amadio and Julio Cerca Serrão – declare that they have no conflicting interests.
Table S1. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). (DOCX 43 kb)
Claudino, J.G., Gabbett, T.J., Bourgeois, F. et al. CrossFit Overview: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med - Open 4, 11 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-018-0124-5
Received: 26 June 2017
High-intensity functional training
Training load


text:
Jewish Voice for Peace to host convicted terrorist at confab
Citing general memorial service, left-wing group also rejects request by Israel advocacy group for commemoration of deadly 1969 bombing for which Rasmea Odeh was jailed
By Josefin Dolsten	22 March 2017, 4:22 am 3 Edit
In this Monday, Nov. 10, 2014, file photo, Rasmieh Yousef Odeh, 67, of Chicago is interviewed outside federal court in Detroit, after the Palestinian immigrant was found guilty of immigration fraud for failing to disclose her conviction and imprisonment in a Jerusalem supermarket bombing that killed two people. (AP/Carlos Osorio)
JTA — An Israel advocacy group criticized a pro-BDS group for denying its request to hold a memorial event for Israeli terror victims at its conference, which will feature a convicted terrorist as a speaker.
Jewish Voice for Peace, which is organizing the confab, said however that it had already planned its own general memorial event.
The Israel advocacy group StandWithUs had asked to hold a multi-faith memorial service for the victims of a 1969 deadly bombing in Jerusalem during JVP's upcoming biannual conference. The gathering, which will take place March 30-April 2 in Chicago will feature among its speakers Rasmeah Odeh, a Palestinian woman convicted by Israel of involvement in the 1969 terror attack that killed two.
JVP — which supports the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement against Israel — confirmed to JTA that the event venue, the Hyatt McCormick Chicago hotel, had passed along the request but said that it decided not to allow the service to be held, noting that it was holding its own memorial event.
The quarrel comes amid criticism from some in the Jewish world about the anti-Israel views of Odeh and Linda Sarsour, two pro-Palestinian activists who have recently taken public role in various feminist events and who are speaking together at a plenary at the JVP meeting.
Rabbi Alissa Wise, JVP's deputy director, said that her group had the right to decide the schedule at its gathering.
A Jewish Voice for Peace protest in New York City, July 2014. (courtesy Jewish Voice for Peace)
"This is the Jewish Voice for Peace national member meeting. StandWithUs are not members of Jewish Voice for Peace, and this is our gathering, and we have designed the memorial circle and the program that fits our needs," Wise told JTA on Tuesday. "It's fine for them to ask, and it's fine for us to set our own boundaries."
The JVP-organized multi-faith "memorial circle" will not focus on any particular event, Wise said.
"It's really a space that we hold with music and poetry for people to pause in time and connect to their feelings and their grief and their mourning for the loss of life that has taken place in recent days, and past decades in the long history for organizing for justice in the region," Wise said.
StandWithUs said it was "apprehensive" about the JVP memorial event.
"We are apprehensive about a memorial service in which a convicted and unrepentant terrorist will participate, and a service that even refuses to acknowledge Odeh's victims. We are outraged at an organization that blocked a memorial for them," Peggy Shapiro, Midwest Director for StandWithUs, said Tuesday in a statement to JTA.
The Hyatt McCormick Chicago did not respond to a request for comment by JTA.
On Monday, Shapiro called JVP's decision "disgraceful," and slammed the group for hosting Odeh.
"Not only is JVP honoring a convicted terrorist at their conference, they have denied a request to hold a memorial service for her victims — Edward Joffe and Leon Kanner. These two young Jews no longer have voices because they died in an attack perpetrated by Rasmea Odeh, and it seems JVP is committed to silencing them even further by refusing to allow us to hold this service in their memory," Shapiro said in a statement. "There is nothing Jewish or peaceful about this disgraceful decision."
Odeh confessed to planting the bomb in the 1969 attack that killed Joffe and Kanner and injured nine others, though in recent years has claimed the confession was given under torture, which is disputed by Israeli officials.
She was convicted and sentenced by an Israeli military court in 1970 to life in prison for two bombing attacks on behalf of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. She spent 10 years in an Israeli prison before being released in a prisoner exchange with the PFLP in 1980.
Jewish Voice for Peace said earlier this month that it was "proud" to host Odeh, questioning the validity of her Israeli conviction.
"The accusations against Odeh stem from a context of long-standing anti-Palestinian and anti-Muslim persecution by both the Israeli state and the United States, policies which are escalating under the Trump administration," JVP said in a March 7 statement.
Odeh was one of the leaders of the grassroots feminist International Women's Strike. Sarsour, who organized January's Women's March on Washington and also helped plan the Women's Strike, recently said there is no space in the feminist movement for those who do not criticize Israel.
terror victims
Israel advocacy
StandWithUs
Rasmea Odeh


The trade association for the U.K. auto industry has called for an urgent end "to the political and economic uncertainty" caused by Brexit, following the latest signs that Britons are sharply pulling back on buying cars due to economic jitters.
Figures from the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) show that new car registrations slumped by 3.4% in March to their lowest level in six years, with the drop felt in both the private and business sectors.
Britain, the world's fifth largest economy, will crash out of the EU in just over eight days unless Parliament passes Prime Minister Theresa May's withdrawal agreement, or the European Union agrees to extend the existing April 12 deadline. Should a no-deal Brexit happen, then Britain would have to operate under WTO rules, meaning all cars would incur 10% tariffs the moment they cross the U.K.-EU border.
Car demand across March is considered to be a key bellwether for the U.K. auto industry, as it coincides with the yearly change in license plates. Traditionally, this has driven buyers into showrooms for the prestige of owning the very latest registration number.
SMMT figures show that demand for private vehicles fell by 2.8% during the month, while business sales nosedived by 41.4%. Declines were also registered across almost every vehicle segment, including popular SUVs (-1.8%) and small family cars (-4.0%).
According to the SMMT, only superminis and vans bucked the negative trend, registering 4.3% and 10.6% increases respectively—a development made more surprising by the fact that most British vans run on diesel, which is currently 10p per-liter more expensive than gasoline at the fuel pumps. However, diesel car sales sank by a dramatic 21%—the 24th straight monthly decline.
The March sales figures are the latest bad news for the U.K. car industry. In 2018, new car sales fell at their fastest rate since the global financial crisis a decade ago, with car purchases down 6.8% on the previous year.
The auto sector, which employs over 850,000 workers, has also been hit by the recent decisions of Japanese car giants Nissan, Honda and Toyota to scale back production in the U.K., partly as a result of Brexit but also because the recent EU/Japan trade deal enables Japanese firms to export cars directly into Europe tariff-free.


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Bringing together civil society organisations and the scientific community to advocate for the elimination of viral hepatitis.
We are excited to announce the creation of a NOhep Village, taking place at the Global Hepatitis Summit on 14 – 17 June 2018 in Toronto. The NOhep Village will be an innovative and interactive space and a unique opportunity to foster networking and collaborative learning between patient groups and the scientific community to create a greater and better connected community of advocates. The Village will showcase the work of civil society and patients through civil society exhibition stands, short talks and panel discussions, videos and networking areas. This innovative new space is brought to you by the World Hepatitis Alliance, a patient-led and patient-driven non-governmental organisation who work with governments, national members and other key partners to raise awareness of viral hepatitis and influence global change. With 258 members in 86 countrie,s they are uniquely placed to link the scientific community with civil society organisations from across the globe. The ISVHLD Global Hepatitis Summit is a global liver meeting taking place on 14 – 17 June 2018 in Toronto and will bring together top clinicians and researchers from around the world. In addition to delivering the highest quality scientific program, the upcoming summit will add a new dimension; an important focus on global public health.


We are happy to announce the debut of talented London artist Russ Jay (son of the legendary DJ Norman Jay) who offers up a lovely deep, soulful cut featuring the silky vocals of Natalie Wood.
Smooth synth chords, atmospheric layers and rhythmic vocal stabs work seamlessly together on this well crafted song showcasing his tight production skills and gifted ear for quality.
Migs delivers an effective Vocal remix along with a deep steady Dub version, taking things into a more stripped down dance floor focused direction, which stars an infectiously dirty bass groove and hypnotic vocal elements.
Tony Humphries: Nice deep-soulful tunes.
Sam Divine (Defected): Big release!
DJ Mes (GuestHouse Music): Migs can't be stopped!
Nick (Groove Assassin): Love the Migs Dub.. bassline!!
Scott Wozniak: Very nice debut from Russ! Quality deep house vibes! Full support from NYC.
Jeff Craven (Large Music): Straight to the Salted dub for me…love the vibe Miguel is bringing right now. Cool vocals!
Nathan Lee (Hed Kandi): Migs Salted Vocal – Huge track… Sublime.
Tom (Blacksoul Music): Salted dub is for me. brilliant!
Yogi (Random Soul): Reminding me of Naked Music in the best possible way… loving the original guys! uber floaty vocal and slick production!
Soledrifter: Salted Vocal for me. All 3 are great though!
Jay-J (Shifted Music): Diggin it! Nice Vibes.
Seb Skalski (SpekuLLa Records): Migs Dub is awesome!!!
Jeannie Hopper (Liquid Sound Lounge): Love it!
Kevin Kind: When can you go wrong with a Migs Vocal mix?
Arco: Awesome release! Very cool remix from Miguel Migs!
Jask: Favorite Track, Migs' Deep Salted Dub – Loving this!
Bobi (City Radio UK): Just pure quality! I'm feeling this track…it's perfect to set the mood.
Steve Mill (Large Music): I love the dub!
Richie Hartness (Untitled Music): Great vibe, feelings with a real retro mood.
Husky (Random Soul): Nice vibes, Love Natalie's vocals.
Sean-Michael Yoder (Ibiza Voice): Loving the dub version.
Dutchican Soul (Niels): Really cool original track, great vocal performance and as always Migs with his great signature mixes! Supporting!
DJ Therry (Jerk House Connection): Solid Vibes. Excellent as always. Full support!
Sean Johnson (Dizzy Funk Soundsystem): Original got vibes! Nice work!
Benji Candelario (RhythmMix.com): Good tunes!!!
Tom Buck (HouseVibes): Love this EP. Original mix doing the business for me, great for the floors by the sound of it!
Ian Bang (www.DV.FM): Great tracks – going for the Dub for the dancefloor, and the original for warmup.
Joey Silvero (Distant People Mix Show): That bass goes right through you! Love this full support distant people.
Iain Boney Clark (Groove City Radio): Love this! Playing it on my House Matters show this Tuesday coming.
C&M Productions (truhouse radio): Like the Original and the Salted Dub!
Chris Brooks (Artscape Festival, ESL): Serious business here!
Willyum / Will Putney (Worship Recordings): Now that's smooth! Great stuff, will play…!
Sam Hopkins (AccuRadio): The Deep Salted dub is a keeper! All three mixes are killer, but the deep dub is lovely!
Alexander Filimonov (Kiss FM Ukraine): Nice release, will support.
Craig Bartlett (LAMERICA UK): Lovely vibe full support from me.
Alex (Muno.pl Poland): Miguel Migs Salted Vocal for me!
DJ Miss Kelly Marie (High On Heels Collective): Love this, gets my full support! Beautiful vocal and the dub is perfect for later on!!
DJ Kate Wildblood (Perfect Distractions): Bringing the heat back to the dancefloor.
Feodor AllRight & Elena Mechta (AMDJS Radio Show): Top numbers!
Rob Paine (Worship Recordings): Nice Chune Miguel!
Brian Hurst (Soulandjazz.com): A promising debut.
Juan Sunshine (MoD Recordings): Wiiiccked!
Francis Preve (Academik Records): Original has a nice opener vibe. Good stuff.
Venus Kitagawa-Stojsic (Spafax Airline Network): Always love Migs' Deep Salted Dubs the best!
Grant Paterson (Edinburgh Evening News): Deep salted mix is off the hook, full support, nice and chunky.
Andrew Chibale: Love the original version… sounds fresh!
Alan O' Malley (Multi Storey Soul): 'Original' is heavy, love the vocal. Got my support on the show!!
Kevin Manning (Dj Consuelo): Good vibes!
Ben Doran (2nd Sunday): Nice tracks!
Mason Rothert (Below Zero / Thump): Hit! Love it.