text:
Teacher admits guilt in fatal DWI
Craig Kapitan
A former O'Connor High School math teacher who killed a woman in a drunken driving wreck four years ago after celebrating a possible promotion to head baseball coach began his intoxication manslaughter trial today by pleading guilty and asking a jury for probation.
Jose Castaneda, 34, a first-year teacher who previously played baseball in the minor league system for the New York Mets, was put on leave from Northside Independent School District immediately after informing administrators about the early morning May 10, 2008, arrest.
Since then, he has been hired to teach at Del Rio High, in his hometown.
Witnesses described Castaneda driving his large SUV at an estimated 90 to 100 mph on eastbound Interstate 10 at about 1 a.m. as he swerved across multiple lanes and smashed into the back of a Dodge Nitro driven by aeronautical technician Tamara Simpson, 29.
Simpson's vehicle then lost control, rolling down an embankment and coming to rest on a De Zavala Road access street.
"There was a lot of blood coming out of everywhere. Her feet were over top of the steering wheel and onto the dashboard," said motorist Philip Zapata Jr., who stopped to help.
Castaneda, he said, "was talking to the woman in the car, telling her, 'It's going to be all right.'"
Simpson, unresponsive, was pronounced dead at the hospital later that morning.
A blood draw taken 21/2 hours after the wreck showed Castaneda to have a blood alcohol level of .16 — twice the legal limit.
But before police could take the draw, they first had to find the defendant, Assistant District Attorney Charles Rich said during opening statements.
An officer reported finding Castaneda walking down the access road about a half-mile away.
Defense attorney Nico LaHood acknowledged his client left the scene after initially approaching Simpson's vehicle.
"He was in shock," LaHood said. "He freaked out and he walked off. He didn't flee. He was in shock."
Since the wreck, LaHood said, his client has enrolled in Alcoholics Anonymous and hasn't had another drop of alcohol. Castaneda would be of more use to society if he's allowed to stay out of prison, he suggested.
Prosecutors have not indicated specifically what sentence they will seek but told jurors they will be asking for a prison sentence.
Intoxication manslaughter is a second-degree felony punishable by up to 20 years in prison.
ckapitan@express-news.net
Twitter: @HearsaySA
Reach Craig on
Since moving to Texas in 2002, Craig Kapitan has reported on the Columbia Space Shuttle disaster and Hurricane Katrina; he's interviewed everyone from George H.W. Bush to Chuck Norris to a professional (little person) wrestler; and he has garnered national recognition for multi-part series on the downfall of a judge who gave his mistress an upper-hand in his courtroom and a Marine sniper whose life was nearly destroyed by PTSD.
But for the most part, Kapitan has covered the daily grind at courthouses in San Antonio and Aggieland, where he spent six years with The Bryan-College Station Eagle.
He has also worked for newspapers in the San Francisco Bay Area and in North Dakota.


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text:
Diagnosis & Treatment — Hospital
Who requires antivenom?
D Diagnostics
Antivenom indications: Rattlesnakes (in particluar Crotalus atrox, C.adamanteus, C.viridis, C.oreganus, C.horridus, C.scutulatus) (Gold et al 2002, 2004; Norris 2004, Warrell 2010)
Systemic signs of envenoming:
arterial hypotension (acute / persistent),
haemostatic defects (clinically, laboratory parameters: clotting time or more complex tests),
cranial nerve deficits (ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, dysphagia, dysarthria),
paralysis of the limb musculature,
paralysis of the respiratory musculature (→ respiratory insufficiency/failure),
paraesthesias
Local signs of envenoming:
(rapidly) progressive or already marked local swelling
Antivenom indications: Coralsnakes (in particular Micruroides euryxanthus, M.fulvius, M.tener) (Gold et al 2002, 2004; Norris 2004, Warrell 2010)
any sign of systemic envenoming
immediate pain
C Comments
Indications for use of antivenom in the United States have not been rigorously defined. Advantages of early administration highlighted (Gold et al 2004).
After bites of the most dangerous rattelsnakes (Crotalus atrox, C.adamanteus, C.viridis, C.oreganus, C.horridus, C.scutulatus), antivenom should be given early, even before systemic envenoming has become obvious (Warrell 2010). See also discussion Kitchens and Eskin 2008.
In patients with coral snake bites (Micruroides euryxanthus, M.fulvius, M.tener) should be given very early (Warrell 2010).
Autopharmacological effects
S Signs & Symptoms
Abdominal colic, vomiting, diarrhoea,
angio-oedema,
dyspnoea, bronchospasm,
arterial hypotension and shock.
Clinical.
T Treatment
Treatment of the anaphylactic/anaphylactoid shock,
possibly antivenom.
Generalised oedema (increased vascular permeability!).
chest X-ray.
Treatment of the hypovolaemia/hypovolaemic shock,
antivenom.
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema,
cerebral seizures (cerebral oedema) (increased vascular permeability!).
CCT,
Treatment of the non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema/cerebral oedema,
In most cases the cause of autopharmacological reactions is the direct toxin-induced release of biogenic amines. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions (type I) appear to be rare. To date only a few cases have been reported (Hogan and Dire 1990, Schmutz and Stahel 1985). This type of reaction requires sensitisation, i.e. prior exposure to the same venom or a cross-reacting venom (Parrish and Pollard 1959). Apart from bites, sensitisation can occur through working with the dry matter of venoms.
Patients frequently develop arterial hypotension following North American crotalid bites. The causes are anaphylaxis (see above), anaphylactoid reactions and direct effects of the venom on blood vessels during the early phase of envenoming (Mancuso de Mesquita et al. 1991). Arterial hypotension occurring later in the course of envenoming is caused by a reduction in the intravascular fluid volume, in the majority of cases most probably due to increased vascular permeability (Dart et al. 1992). This leads to systemic sequestration of large volumes of fluid, in addition to fluid sequestration within the bitten extremity. Pulmonary and cerebral oedema can also be explained by changes in vascular permeability. Bleeding into the extremity in which venom was injected contributes to the development of hypovolaemia. Untreated, there is a risk of hypovolaemic shock. Of 9 fatalities that were attributable to snakebites according to the registry of deaths in Arizona between 1969 and 1984, 5 were evidently caused by multiple organ failure as a consequence of persistent arterial hypotension. 2 of the victims kept snakes as pets (C. s. scutulatus), and the other 7 bites were attributed to C. atrox or C. s. scutulatus according to epidemiological criteria (Hardy 1986). Adequate intravenous fluid replacement and antivenom administration would very probably have prevented most of these fatalities, if not all of them. It is important to reverse the development of hypovolaemia as early as possible, which may require large volumes of intravenously administered fluids (Hardy 1991).
Species of snakes in North America that cause autopharmacological effects
Local swelling that can extend to the trunk,
local signs of haemorrhage (ecchymosis),
long-term sequelae: necrosis that can involve the subcutaneous tissue and musculature.
Clinical:
extent and intensity of the swelling, signs of haemorrhage.
Antivenom, as long as there are concurrent signs of systemic envenoming or if extensive or rapidly progressive swelling is present, especially with snakebites from those species known to cause necrosis;
symptomatic treatment:
fluid replacement if there is extensive or rapidly progressive swelling.
Tourniquets can cause local swelling and mimic local venom effects.
If this type of first aid measure is applied following North American crotalid bites, the risk of ischaemia distal to the tourniquet is high. Furthermore, as the venom of these crotalids is rich in components with a local cytotoxic effect, this favours the process of necrotisation in the region where venom was injected (Willson 1908, Hardy 1992b).
Swelling that involves large areas of an extremity or the entire extremity and that extends to the trunk carries the risk of development of hypovolaemic shock due to sequestration of large volumes of fluid.
On the whole, local effects of the venom are one of the most crucial aspects of envenoming caused by North American crotalids. There are numerous reports in the North American literature describing locally acting myotoxins, haemorrhagins and dermonecrotic components (Ownby 1990). However, these descriptions deal primarily with the results of animal experiments, which are not directly translatable to the situation in humans. In humans, the local swelling can reach monstrous proportions, involve the entire bitten extremity and even extend to the trunk. If a necrotising process occurs, the entire soft tissue covering can be affected. However, it has become increasingly clear that extensive necrosis of these proportions is associated with contra-indicated local first aid and therapeutic measures, and is to be expected in the (rare) cases in which intramuscular injection of venom occurs. For this reason the potential of these venoms to cause local tissue damage in humans was overestimated.
In a retrospective study of patients bitten chiefly by Crotalus atrox and C. s. scutulatus, those patients given only medical treatment suffered less local morbidity than those given a combination of medical and surgical treatment (Hardy 1988).
Severe local tissue damage including impairment of function and loss of limbs are undoubtedly possible complications of North American crotalid bites but are much less frequent if rational first aid and therapetuic measures are applied (Dart et al. 1992, Hardy 1992b).
The incidence of sequelae of crotalid bites, including those that most treating doctors would not classify as severe, but which are troublesome for the patient, has been underestimated to date (Dart et al. 1992). In the past it was estimated that 10% of patients suffered permanent damage following a bite (Russell 1969, 1983). A prospective study of the consequences of crotalid bites, in which patients themselves evaluated permanent damage, resulted in estimates of >20 % (Dart et al. 1992).
Evaluation of the efficacy of antivenom with regard to local effects, such as swelling and in particular necrosis, is controversial. However, there is agreement on the fact that the time that normally elapses between the bite and administration of antivenom represents a significant factor that can limit the chances for success of antivenom treatment with regard to local effects (Hardy 1992b). In one prospective study (n = 131), this interval was 81 min on average (Dart et al. 1992), and in 227 patients investigated in California, it was 1 h (median) (0.5–27 h) (Wingert and Chan 1988). In animal experiments antivenom only prevented local necrosis if venom and antivenom were administered simultaneously or if antivenom was administered immediately after the venom (Russell et al. 1973, Ownby and Colberg 1986).
Species of snakes in North America that cause local effects
In North America, local signs of envenoming, particularly swelling, are a reliable parameter of possible systemic envenoming in most crotalid bites. Important exceptions are some populations of Crotalus scutulatus ("type A"), C. mitchelli, C. lepidus and C. tigris, which can cause systemic envenoming without significant local effects (Minton 1987a). C. adamanteus can cause incoagulability of the blood without significant local findings (Kitchens and Van Mierop 1983).
Micrurus fulvius: local swelling does not develop at all or is insignificant.
Doppler,
pressure measurement.
Treatment of the compartment syndrome (see surgical literature).
Even extensive swelling of the extremities is not necessarily an indication of compartment syndrome.
In a retrospective study of patients who were primarily bitten by Crotalus atrox and C. s. scutulatus, 64 had swelling that extended as far as the axilla or inguinal region. None of these patients required surgical intervention. None of them developed symptoms that could have been attributed to compartment syndrome. All patients regained full functionality of the affected limb (Hardy 1991).
In a prospective study in which the majority of patients had been bitten by C. atrox and a smaller number by C. s. scutulatus, C. m. molossus and C. cerastes (snakes identified according to geographical criteria), patients were investigated using non-invasive angiological methods (pulse volume amplitude, blood pressure, skin temperature). In only one case was a reduced pulse volume amplitude recorded. This patient also had a decrease in blood pressure and the skin temperature of the bitten extremity. On angiography, thrombosis of the popliteal artery and the deep femoral artery was seen. The patient had applied a tourniquet following the bite, which may have caused the thrombosis. The thrombus was successfully removed using a Fogarty catheter (Curry et al. 1985).
Following C. adamanteus bites there is almost never the need to perform fasciotomy. Local necrosis is rare, even with bites that cause massive swelling (Kitchens 1992, pers. comm.).
In 700 patients who had suffered a rattlesnake bite, the need for surgical decompression was extremely rare, using objective criteria for the determination of increased intra-compartmental pressure (pressure >30–40 mmHg, measured with a Wick catheter). In this study surgical decompression was evidently only necessary in one patient. None of the patients experienced a neurological or functional deficit of the affected extremity that could have been attributed to increased intra-compartmental pressure (Garfin 1982).
These clinical and experimental findings indicate that following crotalid bites, intra-compartmental pressure does not increase to such an extent that ischaemia occurs. Massive swelling with restricted movement of the fingers and severe pain can, however, mimic compartment syndrome.
The decision to perform surgical decompression should only be made when the risk of ischaemia has been established objectively. There needs to be evidence of increased intra-compartmental pressure and reduced arterial blood flow, as well as exclusion of the possibility of arterial thrombosis (Curry et al. 1985, Hardy 1991). See also Compartment syndrome.
Haemostatic effects
Bleeding from injuries (apart from bite wounds),
bleeding into the skin (ecchymosis, petechiae),
gingival bleeding, epistaxis,
haematemesis, haemoptysis, bleeding per rectum, including melaena, haematuria (macro/micro) → arterial hypotension/haemorrhagic shock,
acute abdomen (intra-abdominal bleeding!),
flank pain/renal bed sensitive to percussion (ischaemia, renal haemorrhage!),
focal neurological signs, meningism (intracranial bleeding!),
pale sclerae (anaemia due to bleeding!).
laboratory parameters:
Hb, Hct,
clotting time,
PT/aPTT,
TT,
fibrinogen,
FSP,
D-dimers,
platelets,
blood group/blood sample for cross-matching.
Whole blood.
Replacement of clotting factors and platelets following antivenom administration to bridge the gap until the antivenom starts being effective, insofar as evident bleeding or the imminent threat of critical bleeding makes this necessary. Also in cases where antivenom is not available or is ineffective and bleeding or the risk of bleeding makes intervention necessary (Warrell 1990b). However, it is important to note that replacement of clotting factors and platelets is only effective in the short-term while circulating haemostatically active venom components are still present.
Treatment of the haemorrhagic shock.
Even coagulation disorders that are severe according to laboratory tests may only be clinically apparent to a slight degree or not at all (see Biomedical database entry Crotalus admanteus). Although defibrinogenation, caused by the direct fibrinogen-coagulating activity of the venom, generally has a benign course, there is nonetheless a risk of spontaneous haemorrhage with extensive loss of blood or focal bleeding (e.g. intracranial; Kitchens and Eskin 2008) as long as the haemostatic defect is not corrected (untreated, i.e. without antivenom treatment, days to weeks). The risk is even greater if a patient does not receive appropriate treatment at a hospital and is then exposed to trauma, even very minor trauma (Boyer et al 2001). Loss of large volumes of blood can occur due to blood oozing from the bite wound or from injuries or due to medical or paramedical intervention.
If antivenom is effective, spontaneous systemic bleeding should cease within 15–30 min, and blood coagulability should be restored within 1–6 h. The clotting time test is a simple means to regulate the antivenom dose. The initial dose should be repeated if the blood is still not coagulable 6 h after the first dose (Warrell 1990b).
Treatment of the haemostatic defect with blood product replacement should only be carried out if it is clearly indicated, i.e. there is already bleeding or there is an immediate risk of critical bleeding. In all other cases administration of antivenom should be a sufficiently effective and quick means of correcting the haemostatic defect (Burgess and Dart 1991). FabAV has been evaluated in two clinical trial (Dart et al 1997, 2001). Venom-induced abnormalities of the coagulation was reversible following antivenom treatment with recurrences as an important problem (Gold et al 2004). See clinical entry 'Crotalus sp.'
Species of snakes in North America that cause haemostatic defects
The risk of haemorrhagic complications following bites from North American crotalids whose venoms have direct fibrinogen-coagulating activity (Crotalus. adamanteus, C. horridus, juvenile C. atrox) depends on whether additional platelet defects and haemorrhage-induced effects are present. Defibrinogenation caused by direct fibrinogen-coagulating activity is per se benign. Predictions regarding the risk of bleeding can only be made following C. adamanteus bites in North America, as the only prospective study of haemostatic defects that has been performed involved bites by this species (Kitchens and Van Mierop 1983). From this study, the following indications for antivenom administration can be derived: for patients who have been bitten by C. adamanteus, the presence of defibrinogenation is not per se an indication for antivenom administration, as long as the patient is young and healthy, has a platelet count of >50 000/mm3, has nothing in his/her history that indicates a risk of haemorrhage and has no clinical signs of venom-induced bleeding, such as ecchymosis, discoid bleeds into the skin, gingival bleeding, haemoptysis, haematemesis or blood in the urine or stools. If these recommendations are followed and the patient does not fulfill the indications for antivenom treatment, he/she is kept in hospital until the defibrinogenation and thrombopaenia have returned to haemostatically safe levels (thrombin time ≤25 s) (Van Mierop and Kitchens 1980, Kitchens and Van Mierop 1983, Kitchens 1992, pers. comm.). A fatlity in a patient bitten by Crotalus adamanteus is of concern and raises questions about the currently held view (see above) on the nature and course of rattle snake bites which cause predominately defibrinogenation (Kitchens and Eskin 2008). See clinical entry 'Crotalus sp.'
According to available empirical and experimental data, bites by juvenile C. atrox and C. horridus carry a higher risk of haemorrhage. The same is probably also true for C. viridis bites. Agkistrodon sp. bites carry an extremely low risk of bleeding.
Neurological effects
Paraesthesias of the extremities and perioral paraesthesias, muscle fasciculations, tremor;
cranial nerve paralysis, such as ptosis, opthalmoplegia, dysphagia, dysarthria;
paralysis of the skeletal musculature, including the respiratory musculature, with respiratory insufficiency/respiratory failure.
physical investigations:
blood gas analysis,
forced expiration test (peak expiratory flow).
Antivenom,
endotracheal intubation and artificial respiration,
edrophonium (Tensilon®)/neostigmine.
Due to the problems with reversing neurotoxic envenoming with antivenom, the other two available treatment approaches need to be used concurrently and in a timely manner (Watt 1992):
Endotracheal intubation and artificial respiration: endotracheal intubation is certain to prevent any form of aspiration. Artificial respiration, even though it may have to be employed over a long period of time, can ensure survival of a patient with neurotoxin-induced respiratory failure.
The edrophonium (Tensilon®) test should be performed immediately in every patient with signs of paralysis, in order, if the result is positive, to make the most of the improvement in neuromuscular transmission that can be achieved through use of a longer-acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (neostigmine). In some cases this may avoid the need for artificial respiration (see the Biomedical database entry for Micrurus sp.).
Species of snakes in North America that cause neurological effects
Elapids: Micrurus fulvius.
Crotalids: Crotalus s. scutulatus "type A".
Paraesthesias of the extremities and perioral paraesthesias as well as muscle fasciculations are reported surprisingly frequently following rattlesnake bites (paraesthesias in 63%, fasciculations in 41% of cases; Russell 1983). Limb and perioral paraesthesias could be due to hyperventilation. However, an argument that is raised to counter this explanation is that this type of symptom is seen much less frequently following bites by other species of snakes.
Electrophysiological investigations in patients who had suffered a Crotalus horridus bite showed that the clinical observations can be explained by a reversible effect of the venom on the excitability of peripheral nerves (see the Biomedical database entry for C. horridus).
With one exception, neurological manifestations following North American crotalid bites are limited to the signs and symptoms discussed above. In addition to local swelling and haemostatic defects, C. s. scutulatus ("type A") bites can also cause neurological symptoms of envenoming, including paralysis. However, there are very few reports of obvious neurotoxic symptoms of envenoming following bites from this geographical variant of a single subspecies (Minton 1990a).
Micrurus fulvius causes paralysis that can progress to paralysis of the respiratory musculature and to respiratory failure.
The venom of Micruroides euryxanthus also contains neurotoxic components. However, to date only insignificant symptoms of envenoming have been reported following bites by this species, or none at all.
There have been no clinical trials on the efficacy of antivenom in the treatment of Micrurus fulvius and C. s. scutulatus ("type A") bites. Empirical data on the course of envenoming following Micrurus bites give the impression that established symptoms of paralysis are not influenced by antivenom treatment (Kitchens and Van Mierop 1987). Likewise, there is no significant effect of the polyvalent Wyeth anti-crotalid antivenom on the neurotoxic course of envenoming following C. s. scutulatus bites (Glenn and Straight 1978). This is not surprising, as neither "type A" venom nor Mojave toxin is included in the manufacturing process of the polyvalent Wyeth anti-crotalid antivenom.
Nor are there any clinical trial results available on the efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. C. s. scutulatus venom acts at the presynaptic level of neuromuscular transmission (Gopalakrishnakone et al. 1980), while Micrurus fulvius venom acts post-synaptically to depolarise the muscle fibre membrane (Brazil 1990).
Theoretically the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors should have a positive effect on the neurotoxic symptoms caused by Micrurus fulvius bites (Norris and Dart 1989).
Muscular effects
Muscle weakness,
muscle pain,
tenderness of the musculature on pressure,
resistance to passive stretch,
pseudotrismus,
dark-brown/red urine (differential diagnosis haemoglobinuria).
myoglobin in the serum/urine,
serum creatinine kinase (CK, CPK),
GOT (AST),
serum potassium,
serum phosphate,
serum calcium.
prevention of myoglobinuric nephropathy,
immobilisation (regeneration of the damaged musculature).
Significant systemic rhabdomyolysis is very rarely reported following North American crotalid bites (see Catalogue entry C. horridus). In contrast, local myonecrosis is common if the venom was injected intramuscularly. Local myonecrosis develops as the result of a complex process in which local thromboses and other causes of ischaemic tissue damage are also involved. However, in most bites the venom only reaches the subcutaneous tissue.
Species of snakes in North America that cause rhabdomyolysis
C. horridus
Cardiac effects
Cardiac dysrhythmias,
cardiac insufficiency/failure.
blood pressure, pulse,
ECG.
symptomatic treatment.
Toxins that act on the myocardium have been isolated from the venoms of North American crotalids.
However, there are no reports from North America of cases of envenoming that indicate a primary cardiac effect of the venoms of North American elapids and crotalids. Secondary cardiac disturbances do occur.
Species of snakes in North America that cause cardiac effects
Renal effects
Flank pain, renal bed sensitive to percussion,
eyelid oedema,
oliguria/anuria, polyuria.
urine output (balance, hourly),
serum creatinine,
serum bicarbonate.
treatment of acute renal failure.
There are only a few reports from North America of acute renal failure following crotalid bites (Danzig and Abels 1961, Ahlstrom et al. 1991).
Species of snakes in North America that cause renal effects
Crotalids.
How is the appropriate antivenom chosen?
See Emergency flowchart: North America,
see the WHO Antivenom list
see Biomedical database entries for additional information.
In North America it is necessary to distinguish between crotalid and elapid bites in order to be able to administer the appropriate antivenom. Each of these two groups is covered by a polyvalent antivenom.
Among the crotalids, rattlesnakes are easily identified by the rattle on the end of their tail (see Find terrestrial snake by morphology (regional).
The markings and colouring of the elapids (Micrurus fulvius, Micruroides euryxanthus) are likewise easily recognisable even for lay people.
In addition, regional differentiation according to sign and symptom complexes is relatively easy and unambiguous in North America (see Clinical flowchart: North America):
Local swelling, incoagulable blood (systemic bleeding):
Crotalids: Crotalus sp., Sistrurus sp. (Agkistrodon sp.).
(Local swelling), incoagulable blood (systemic bleeding), signs of paralysis:
Signs of paralysis of the cranial nerves, the extremities and the respiratory musculature:
If the selected antivenom is not effective, 3 possible causes need to be considered:
correct identification of the cause, but insufficient dose administered;
correct identification of the cause, but inadequate effect of the antivenom;
incorrect identification of the cause → revision of identification.
The effect of FabAV on local venom effects is not convincing regarding improvement of established damage. After antivenom has been infused local damage did not worsen, however. Validation would have needed a control group, however, which was not included into the trial for obvious reasons (Dart et al 2001; see clinical entry Crotalus sp.).
Response to FabAV is marked with ragard to venom effects on the coagulation, central nervous, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems (Dart et al 2001). Recurrence aisan important problem (Gold et al 2004; see clinical entry Crotalus sp.).
There is evidence from case reports (Clark et al 1997) that neurological envenoming following C. s. scutulatus bites can be successfully treated with FabAV (see clinical entry C. s. scutulatus).
When paralysis following Micrurus fulvius envenomation is established the effect of antivenom is limited or absent with regard to its reversion. Venom components which enter circulation or are already circulating can, however, be neutralized. For this reason immediate pain or any other sign or symptom of envenoming after or strong suspicion of a coral snke bite (see clinical entry Micrurus sp.) is an indication for antivenom (Gold et al 2004).
An ELISA test for detection of the venom of North American crotalids has been developed (Minton et al. 1984, 1987b). However, it is not yet commercially available (Norris 2004).
How are antivenoms administered and complications caused by antivenoms treated?
See Antivenom treatment.
Antivenom dosage
Crotalids: see clinical entry Crotalus sp.
Micrurus fulvius: see the Biomedical database entry.
Crotalids:
The recommended treatment schedule is based on a prospective multicentre clinical trial (N=11) and a randomized multicentre trial (N=31) of Crotalinae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine). (Dart et al 1997b, 2001, Gold et al 2004).
Prolonged or recurrent coagulopathy may occur. Patients may benefit from periodic rather than single-bolus dosing. Close monitoring for 2 weeks after the bite is recommended for patients with coagulopaty (Boyer et al 1999)
see clinical entry Crotalus sp.
Adverse reactions to antivenoms
Monitoring of the patient
1. After administration of antivenom (assessment of success of antivenom or indication for continued antivenom treatment)
Specific examinations are based on the signs and symptoms as well as laboratory parameters that were used to determine the indications for antivenom administration.
Systemic bleeding,
more complex haemostatic tests.
Crotalus s. scutulatus "type A":
more complex haemostatic tests,
signs of paralysis,
spontaneous breathing,
signs of respiratory insufficiency,
fist grasp,
upward gaze,
forced expiration test.
Elapids (Micrurus fulvius):
Even if the desired effect of antivenom administration, namely normalisation of the parameters relevant to envenoming (findings on physical examinations, physical and laboratory investigations), is achieved quickly, this does not mean that the symptoms of envenoming may not re-occur due to continued absorption of venom from a depot in the region of the bite. Patients bitten by species of snakes whose venom causes haemostatic defects should be kept in hospital for up to several days after initial treatment, and blood coagulability should continue to be monitored twice daily.
FabAV: IMPORTANT: Prolonged or recurrent coagulopathy may occur. Patients may benefit from periodic rather than single-bolus dosing. Close monitoring for 2 weeks after the bite is recommended for patients with coagulopaty (Boyer et al 1999)
The same considerations apply to patients suffering from elapid bites.
2. If there is no indication for antivenom treatment following the initial investigation
At least hourly:
state of consciousness,
ptosis,
heart rate and rhythm,
respiratory rate,
local swelling,
other newly appearing signs and symptoms.
6-hourly (or more frequently if there is cause for suspicion):
urine output.
1. Wounds, in particular necrosis
bacterial smears.
Excision of necrotic material,
surgical debridement under general or regional anaesthesia,
skin grafting (split-thickness).
2. Contractures and other forms of impairment or loss of function of the extremities
Physiotherapy,
surgical correction.
3. If antivenom was administered: serum sickness

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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Visit the Hidden Side of History with French L. MacLean
Waffen-SS Tiger Crews at Kursk
American Hangman
The Fifth Field
Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Gold and Guns
Stalingrad: The Death of the German Sixth Army on the Volga, 1942-1943
Custer's Best
The Cruel Hunters
The Camp Men
The Field Men
The Ghetto Men
2,000 Quotes From Hitler's 1000-Year Reich
Luftwaffe Efficiency and Promotion Reports for the Knight's Cross Winners
Dönitz's Crews
Quiet Flows the Rhine
The Devil's Graveyard
S,W &T
About the AuthorBlue Heron2020-11-07T14:45:51-06:00
French MacLean
Colonel French MacLean, U.S. Army (Ret.) is at it again – finishing up Waffen-SS Tiger Crews at Kursk, a study of over 200 Waffen-SS tank crewmen at the most significant tank battle of World War II. It often seems that he has gone from one historical enigma to another, and writing them for an audience of fellow "history travelers."
It's always been that way – one adventure after another. Born in Peoria, Illinois, the son of an infantry corporal who had fought in the Hürtgen Forest and the Battle of the Bulge, French chose the "road less traveled" and entered West Point in 1970, to pursue his dream of becoming an Army officer. It was a tough, but rewarding, four years, and he has been thankful he went ever since. One of the best features of the academy is the group of classmates you meet. Keith Alexander, who was one of the smartest guys in the class, became the director of the National Security Agency; Jack Pattison, our class First Captain; David Petraeus, who went on to four stars, a command of Iraq and Afghanistan and as the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency; and Martin Dempsey, who served as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, were all his classmates of 1974. French was in plebe boxing with Marty and the instructors always made fun of his last name, as that was the same as the old heavyweight champion, Jack Dempsey. So they put him in with classmates who were much bigger and taller, but Marty never went down. French never boxed Marty, but he did get a broken nose in the ring!
As an Army infantry officer, Second Lieutenant MacLean spent three years in Germany. Having no car, but able to speak German, he would take a train every free weekend to visit various battlefields in Europe, an activity he has continued to this day. He also served as an armored cavalry troop commander in the 1st Squadron of the 1st Cavalry Regiment in the 1st Armored Division. During his career, he would spend twelve years in Germany. After attending the School for Advanced Military Studies at Fort Leavenworth, he served in combat in the 5th Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment in the 3rd Armored Division on "Operation Desert Storm" in 1991 and deployed again to the Middle East on "Operation Iraqi Freedom" in 2003, finally ending up in Baghdad.
Just before "Desert Storm," French's great friend Martin Steglich, a former infantry lieutenant colonel in the German Army in World War II and a former colonel in the Bundeswehr invited French and Olga to his 75th birthday party, a Rhine River cruise, and a Knight's Cross reunion. Oberst (Colonel) Steglich had been the recipient of the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves during the war and introduced him to almost one hundred of these award recipients, who regaled French with some amazing stories from the war.
During his career, he served as the battalion commander for the 1st Battalion, 29th Infantry, as the Inspector General (IG) for the U.S. Army in Europe and as a Course Director, National War College, in Washington, DC. During the latter, he visited Pakistan, India, Brazil, Argentina, Egypt, Jordan and Israel. In Pakistan, he flew in a rickety old Russian helicopter through the Khyber Pass to the headquarters of the Khyber Rifles at Landi Kotal, where he fought the heat by quaffing down a cold beer. In Jordan, he was able to visit King Abdullah II and get a royal tour of his study that houses the world's premier collection of German Luger pistols – more adventures.
Being the IG was a watershed moment. He really learned how to search through records, interview observers and get to the bottom of some complex events. He also was frequently invited to go with the commander, General Montgomery Meigs, on battle staff rides to places such as the Battle of the Bulge and the Hürtgen Forest. French already knew the history, but General Meigs showed him how the history could teach not only today's generals, but also how leaders of businesses and organizations could learn from those events of the past.
After retiring from the Army in 2004, at a ceremony attended by close Army and Navy friends that was conducted on "Last Stand Hill" at the Little Bighorn Battlefield, he tried homeland security consulting in Washington, DC. The money was good, but there was no adventure in it, so he and his wife, Olga – herself a former Army officer – moved back to the Midwest. Then French partnered with his old friend Jack Pattison to teach businesses and government organizations how to conduct long-rang planning and how to make timely and effective decisions, saving those organizations time, while reducing their expenses and increasing their profits. A half-day seminar followed by a half-day practical exercise where they and the students apply the process to a decision faced by that company/organization has helped a lot of groups. The venture has proven quite successful and resulted in trips around Florida, Georgia and Illinois. They even use a teaching scenario about the Titanic and making key decisions, which the students loved!
Now, French and Olga's old brick Tudor home serves as a base for their travels, as well as providing a perfect environment in which to write. At any point in the year, French can be found at home working on his next book, on the road teaching with Jack, visiting the Little Bighorn and other battlefields, fishing and drinking coffee in Puerto Rico, hunting with his Army buddies or serving as a luggage-Sherpa for Olga, as she leads out on her own adventures.
So join us on an adventure, whether that's looking through the web site, reading one of the books, or just sending French an Email if you ever have a historical question – so that you can go on adventures of your own!
And remember. Don't let this virus beat you. Take precautions, but don't give up on the things you like to do and living life with your family and friends. And don't forget to read. Nobody ever got sick from reading a good book.
The Po Po Report
The Wisdom of Crowds
VII Corps Desert Storm Reunion, 26-28 February 2016
The Third Bullet by Stephen Hunter
An American Hero
The Fifth Field Wins the Lieutenant General Richard G. Trefry Award
1st Battalion, 29th Infantry Officers
Majors MacLean, Mark Kimmitt and Clint Anderson on SAMS Map Exercise
Olga at the Oktoberfest
My Better Half
Martin Steglich, French and Heinz-Georg Lemm
Handing Out Food to Children in Kuwait
Retiring on Last Stand Hill
Martin Steglich, Heinz-Georg Lemm and Walther-Peer Fellgiebel
Martin Steglich Hosting a Visit by French
Changing a Plan during Desert Storm
"Spartan 3" of the 5th Battalion,18th Infantry in a Bradley
With Marty Dempsey and Jack Pattison in the Palace
Near Some Oil Well Fires in Kuwait on Desert Storm
CIB Ceremony
Historical Sketches
Strategy, Weapons & Training
Español!
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To honor research that has made positive, significant contributions to technical communication practice and teaching. It rewards a lifetime of quality research in the field, a single high-quality empirical study, or a set of related high-quality studies.
For more information, visit the Ken Rainey Award page here.


Beautiful spacious apartment with private parking and garden on a fantastic location right in the Centre of Amersfoort. This 3-room apartment, located on the ground floor, is part of a small apartment complex consisting of 6 apartments.. It is traditionally built in 2001 using luxurious and durable materials. The apartment has a private parking and private patio-garden facing South with a free-standing wooden shed.
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The apartment is located in Amersfoort on a pleasant quiet street just steps away from the shops, the theatre and the many restaurants and terraces which so determine atmospheric Amersfoortse town. Across the street lies the idyllic courtyard "arms the Poth to the historic Rochuskapelletje. In short, a wonderful relaxed living environment with the many monuments and canals and all conceivable facilities (including a parking garage) virtually around the corner.


This webinar is targeted at all interested experts from academic and non-academic institutions, who are planning to submit proposals in the COST program. The training content is especially relevant for coordinators (Main Proposer).
You leave the webinar with in-depth knowledge of all phases of preparation of a COST application: from the project idea through the application process to the submission. Information will be provided on the main criteria for an efficient and successful preparation of a proposal for the next submission deadline on September 5, 2019, as well as future submission deadlines.
Integration of so-called "Inclusiveness Target Countries"


Contact German Shepherd Rescue by phone at (818) 848-3694 or visit their location in Los Angeles by going to their address at Burbank. Do you know the owner of this business? If so please remind them to claim their business listing. It is free! You can find businesses similar to German Shepherd Rescue by clicking Pets or Pet Shops links above, beside the Los Angeles city name. Driving directions and a printable map to Burbank to find German Shepherd Rescue are easily done by clicking on the "View Larger Map" link below! Click the "Send" button below if you have tried to visit German Shepherd Rescue at Burbank but were unable, so that we may correct our information.


These cases are for educational purpose only and should not be used for any official or legal purpose. Please consult official reports. Below you will be able to search for Massachusetts Appeals Court Slip Opinions and Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Slip Opinions relating to Alimony.
Andrews v. Andrews, Andrews v. Andrews, 27 Mass. App. Ct. 759 (1989): Judge treated husband's military pension as "stream of income" to be used as a source of alimony for the wife instead of being a capital asset which would be equitably divided. The wife was subject to an indefinite medical prognosis therefore the court reasoned alimony would be more appropriate because it could be adjusted up and down whereas equitable division could not be altered to meet the wife's changing circumstances.
Barron v. Puzo, 415 Mass. 54 (1993): Fourteen years after ex-husband made his final alimony payment, the ex-wife filed a complaint for modification seeking a new order for alimony. The ex-husband died shortly after the complaint was filed. The court held that the ex-wife's complaint did not survive the ex-husband's death and denied the new order because alimony that had been ordered was limited and fixed, and husband had paid in full to the explicit satisfaction of the divorce decree.
Becker v. Phelps, DOCKET 13-P-951 (2014): Termination upon Remarriage, Surviving Agreements. Parties agreed in a written agreement which survives (except for those elements of the agreement which deal with their children) that Wife would pay Husband two-lump sums of $500,000 in lieu of alimony, and interest payments every year on what is owed until the lump sums are paid. Before payment was completed, Husband remarried. Wife argued that under the alimony reform act, which passed after the agreement, payments should cease. The act states in G.L.c 208 § 49(a) that general term alimony shall terminate upon the remarriage of the recipient, and also provides that existing alimony awards are considered general term alimony. The appeals court held that the lump sum payments were not properly considered alimony because they are described in the agreement as payments made as consideration for Husband's waiver of alimony. However, the court considered the interest payments alimony because they are referred to as such in the agreement. The court held that because the agreement survives, it cannot be modified and all payments must continue, whether considered as alimony or otherwise. The Court did not credit Wife's argument that termination is distinct from modification- casting it as a hair splitting and contrary to legislative intent.
Bercume v. Bercume, 428 Mass. 635 (1999): Parties signed a separation agreement in which they waived their right to alimony. Wife filed for modification of alimony and the court held the court still maintains jurisdiction to modify a decree of alimony.
Bertocchi v. Ross, 50 Mass. App. Ct. 77 (2000): The trial court ma not order in a divorce judgment that an award of alimony to the wife will terminate upon the husband reaching the age of 65. The court may not order the termination of alimony on the occurrence of an event unrelated to the recipient's need for alimony or the supporting spouse's ability to pay.
Bowring v. Reid, 399 Mass. 265 (1987): A trial court judge who makes a determination of property division and or alimony must make findings that indicate that the judge considered all the MGL c. 208 § 34 factors. Where a judge fails to make such considerations, the case must be remanded for further proceedings and a proper determination.
Brady v. Brady, 8 Mass. App. Ct. 43 (1979): A trial court judge does not have the authority to order that future unpaid alimony and child support would be credited against his interest in the marital home by the department of welfare. Also the case was remanded for determination of alimony because the trial judge failed to acknowledge consideration of all relevant MGL c 208 § 34 factors in the judgment of divorce.
Braun v. Braun, 68 Mass. App. Ct. 846 (2007): Trial judge's order that Husband pay Wife 43% of his base salary plus 33% of all bonuses for alimony and child support, was not excessive. MGL c. 208 § 36 provides that an alimony payor can be required to provide life insurance in the name of the recipient as a security for alimony.
Brewer v. Brewer, (2017): Alimony case discusses percentage alimony orders.
Britton v. Britton, 69 Mass. App. Ct. 23 (2007): Husband appeals trial courts order that 40% of his income be paid to wife as alimony stating that the order is an "irrational alimony figure." Appeals court found no abuse of discretion where husband was left with an income that was $20,000 more than the amount the wife would receive in alimony. The main goal of alimony is to restore the dependent spouse to an economic style close to what was enjoyed during the marriage. That standard however should not limit the amount of alimony based on a spouse's need.
Broome v. Broome, 43 Mass. App. Ct. 539 (1997): The court may override an alimony provision that survives in a separation agreement only to prevent the ex-spouse from becoming a ward of the state.
C.D.L. vs. M.M.L., 72 Mass. App. Ct. 146 (2008): The trial judge correctly attributed $170,000 - $175,000 to the Husband for the purposes of determining alimony because the judge found that the Husband had withdrawn as a partner from a large law firm and currently had no income or employment. When attributing income to a spouse for the purposes of determining an award of alimony, a judge is not required to the parties' actual earnings, but may consider potential earnings capacity. Additionally, the trial judge correctly did not consider the Wife's investment income in determining an award for alimony because the investment income came to the Wife's possession as a result of the parties division of assets in this divorce action.
Cherrinton v. Cherrington, 404 Mass. 267 (1989): The former wife requested modification of her divorce judgment seeking an increase of child support payments, and alimony. The court held that: 1) the wife's request for alimony after a divorce judgment should have been filed as a unique complaint, separate from one for modification of judgment, 2) former wife should not be required to show material change in circumstance when request for alimony when the request is treated as a request for original award, and 3) the record did not indicate that the judge considered all the statutory factors when alimony was determined.
Cohan v. Feuer, 442 Mass. 151 (2004): Death of either spouse terminates an obligation to pay alimony unless the original decree, agreement or court order provide otherwise.
Cooper v. Cooper, 62 Mass. App. Ct. 130 (2004): An increase in the Husband's alimony obligation by 18% of the gross cash portion of his bonuses was not supported by the evidence. The trial court judge properly assessed the lifestyle of the parties but failed to explain to what extent the Husband's increased income would affect an alimony obligation and to what extent the separation agreement already provided the Wife with sufficient support to enjoy the lifestyle that she had during the marriage.
Daugherty v. Daugherty, 50 Mass. App. Ct. 738 (2001): The Wife was entitled to an award of alimony based on the Husband's "surplus" instead of the Wife's need because need is only one of the many factors that a trial court judge must use to determine an appropriate award of alimony and here the court found that the Wife work 54 hours a week at a laundry mat for 6 dollars an hour. The court properly inferred that the Wife had little chance for future acquisition of assets and income based on her employment.
D.L. v. G.L., 61 Mass. App. Ct. 488 (2004): The Appeals Court upheld the trial court's decision not to assign the interests of the husband in various family trusts, ruling that the husband's acquisition of the assets of the trusts was not fairly certain. However, the trial court could and did consider the trusts in relation to his opportunity for future acquisitions of capital assets and to the extent he had present discretionary interests in income from trusts could consider them as streams of income for purpose of setting alimony and child support. But alimony cannot be time limited based merely on the potential for the wife to receive a substantial inheritance at some indefinite future date.
Downey v. Downey, 55 Mass. App. Ct. 812 (2002): In an action for modification of a judgment of divorce nisi, the judge awarded alimony to the former wife, taking into account the fact that the loss of child support income upon the emancipation of the divorced couple's youngest child constituted a material change of circumstances, and also considered the history of the proceedings and other relevant circumstances of the parties. He concluded that the wife's resources were not sufficient for her support. The judge ordered the former husband to pay the former wife's attorney's fees, where the judge considered all relevant factors, including the husband's obstructionist conduct which prolonged the proceedings and caused the wife's counsel to engage in extraordinary discovery efforts.
Dwight v. Dwight, 52 Mass. App. Ct. 739 (2001): Ex-wife brought a complaint under the terms of her separation agreement which survived the divorce judgment. The court awarded the wife $2,600.00 per month in alimony, of which the Husband appealed. The court held that the Husband received a "substantial inheritance" which provided the Husband with an increased income which justified the higher alimony award. The court also held that there was a material change in circumstance which warranted the Wife to seek alimony.
Flannery v. Flannery, 429 Mass. 55 (1999): A claim for alimony payments under a support agreement against the estate of the deceased former husband more than five years after his death but before the estate was fully administered, was barred by the one-year limitations period set forth in G. L. c. 197, s. 9 (a), with respect to payments that accrued during the one-year period after the former husband's death, but not with respect to payments that accrued thereafter.
Goldman v. Goldman, 28 Mass. App. Ct. 603 (1990): It was error of the trial court to award a low amount of alimony because the judge determined that the Wife's contribution to the marriage was minimum due to the fact that her children had behavior problems. Additionally, the court's approval of the parties' lifestyle was irrelevant in its determination of alimony. There was no basis for limiting alimony to only eight years where the parties where in a long term marriage.
Gordon v. Gordon, 26 Mass. App. Ct. 973 (1988): The divorced Husband appealed judgment nisi granting him rehabilitative instead of permanent alimony. The Appeals Court held that the Husband was capable of earning income but the alimony order was not immune from modification if the Husbands predicted future employment failed to materialize.
Gottsegen v. Gottsegen, 397 Mass. 617 (1986): *Overturned by Keller v. O'Brien, 425 Mass. 774, 777 (1997)* The court may not limit an order of alimony because of a non statutory factor. The court could not terminate an award of alimony because the ex-Wife had begun to cohabitate with another man.
Greenberg v. Greenberg, 68 Mass. App. Ct. 344 (2007): Complaint for divorce filed in the Middlesex Division of the Probate and Family Court Department on July 24, 1992. Neither the findings nor the uncontroverted evidence support the conclusion that there was a change in the parties' circumstances justifying a downward modification in Frederic's alimony obligation. Frederic's request for double costs and attorney's fees related to this appeal is denied.
Grubert v. Grubert, 20 Mass. App. Ct. 811 (1985): When awarding alimony to a spouse, the "need" of a spouse is determined by "the 'station' of the parties --- by what is required to maintain a standard of living comparable to the one enjoyed during the marriage."
Harris v. Harris, 23 Mass. App. Ct. 931 (1986): Appeal from a modification judgment ordering that the husband's alimony obligation continues at specific rates until it is eliminated. The wife claims that the husband failed to sustain his burden of demonstrating that the parties have experienced a material change in their circumstances, let alone a "more than a material change" standard (Stansel v. Stansel, 385 Mass. 510, 515 ), which she argues was required to warrant a modification of the divorce judgment. She also argues that the court made erroneous findings of fact and failed to consider all of the factors set forth in G. L. c. 208, Section 34, prior to entering the modification judgment.
Heins v. Ledis, 422 Mass. 477 (1996): An award of alimony for the purpose of reimbursing the Wife for her lost investment in the Husband's veterinary business was held improper. Also, the Wife was not entitled to alimony terminating after six years or death of either party because the trial judge did not indicate that the Wife had a financial need nor did he justify the conditions once which alimony would terminate. Alimony is improper without a finding of financial need on the part of the recipient. A spouse does not have a right to alimony which would enable that spouse to live the lifestyle the parties were accustom to during the marriage to the other spouse's detriment.
Heistand v. Heistand, 384 Mass. 20 (1981): Husband was denied reimbursement for alimony alleging he overpaid because wife's so-called remarriage while she was still married. The second marriage was considered a legal nullity and the husband was still under an obligation to pay until divorce nisi in their marriage was final.
Huddleston v. Huddleston, 51 Mass. App. Ct. 563 (2001): Wife's inability to become self-supportive nor Husband's retirement and reaching the age of 65 years old are not sufficient changes in circumstance to warrant termination or an alimony award or elimination of the cost-of-living adjustments that were provided for in the parties prior modification judgment. Due to the parties separation agreement which required that the Husband maintain life insurance, with the Wife listed as the beneficiary, until alimony terminated, the Husband was also ordered to continue to maintain life insurance because alimony could not termination for the above reasons.
J.D.H. vs. P.A.H., 71 Mass. App. Ct. 285 (2008): Alimony award for Wife was proper where the judge found that the Wife suffered from mental illness and had been treated in the hospital, she was 50 years old and her mental health issues would affect her ability to find future employment.
Katz v. Katz, 55 Mass. App. Ct. 472 (2002): In a proceeding for modification of alimony, the Probate Court judge abused her discretion terminating the husband's alimony obligation without appropriate consideration of all the relevant circumstances. The evidence established the existence of assets that were available to the husband to pay some level of support without impoverishing him. The record established that is the wife did not receive any alimony she would be reduced to poverty.
Kehoe v. Kehoe, 31 Mass. App. Ct. 958 (1992): An award of $14,300 per year is improper where the parties were married for 23 ½ years and where the parties attained an affluent lifestyle. The dependent spouse is entitled to an award of alimony which will provide her with a standard of living that is comparable to that which she enjoyed during the marriage. It is also appropriate for the judge to consider the potential, instead of the actual, earnings of a spouse when determining an award of alimony.
Keller v. O'Brien, 420 Mass. 820 (1995): Wife's remarriage made a prima facie case for termination of the ex-Husband's alimony obligation absent extraordinary circumstances being shown as to why the ex-Wife would continue to need support.
Keller v. O'Brien, 425 Mass. 774 (1997): Were an alimony recipient remarries, it is that spouse obligation to show that continued alimony payments are necessary and must show that there is an "extraordinary" circumstance that warrants continuation of the alimony payments. The court also held that it was inequitable to award the payor spouse restitution of alimony payments paid to ex-Wife after her remarriage but before the entry of this judgment.
Kelley v. Kelley, 64 Mass. App. Ct. 733 (2005): In order to make a determination of whether or not an order of alimony can be modified, the judge must weight all relevant statutory factors. Here, the appeals court overturned a trial judge's decision to decrease the Husband's alimony obligation because the trial judge did not make a finding that there was a material change in circumstances relevant to the statutory factors.
Kernan v. Morse, 69 Mass. App. Ct. 378 (2007): Husband sought to reduce his alimony obligation because he had lost his job and the Wife's investment income had increased significantly. The Wife filed a motion for summary judgment against the Husband's complaint for modification. The trial court allowed the Wife's motion. The Massachusetts Appeals Court over turns the trial court's decision and remanded the case for further review and consideration of whether the Wife has any need for support based on her improved financial situation.
Larson v. Larson, 37 Mass. App. Ct. 106 (1994): Ex-Husband violated his duty to his ex-spouse when he retired early and failed to make other arrangements so that his ex-Wife could continue to receive alimony which was prescribed under the terms of their separation agreement. Under the agreement, alimony was a percentage of the Husband's income, which went down significantly upon his early retirement.
Levenson v. Feuer, 60 Mass. App. Ct. 428 (2004): Husband attempted to renegotiate the terms of his separation agreement which included that he make a lump sum alimony payment, after the divorce.
Lombardi v. Lombardi, 68 Mass. App. Ct. 407 (2007): Wife filed a complaint seeking to recover from husband's arrears in past alimony and child support payments. The husband argues that the wife's claim should be barred by the doctrine of laches for lack of personal jurisdiction since he resided in New York. The Appellate Court denies this claim stating that alimony obligation is ongoing, and the statutory basis for the exercise of personal jurisdiction is satisfied. The husband resided in Massachusetts, married there, and incurred alimony obligations that were reduced to a Massachusetts judgment. His subsequent and lengthy voluntary departure from the Commonwealth neither attenuates nor eradicates the substantiality of these contacts with Massachusetts. Furthermore, the doctrine of laches does not apply because his alimony obligation arises from a judgment that created a continuing and modifiable duty to pay, and that cannot be subject to a laches defense.
Lynch v. Lynch, 5 Mass. App. Ct. 167 (1977): The Appeals Court held that the fact that the Husband went above and beyond the requirements of the divorce judgment, does not obviate necessity of reviewing the Trial Court Judge's failure to award alimony for the Ex-wife.
Mansur v. Clark, 25 Mass. App. Ct. 618 (1988): A Probate Court judge correctly dismissed a wife's complaint for contempt alleging that her former husband had failed to meet his alimony obligation, where the husband's obligation to pay alimony arose exclusively from the parties' separation agreement and was not the subject of a court order. The Probate Court judge correctly dismissed a husband's complaint seeking modification of his alimony obligation where, in the absence of any court order relative to alimony, the husband's effort to achieve modification was directed to the alimony obligation imposed by the parties' separation agreement itself.
O'Brien v. O'Brien, 416 Mass. 477 (1993): The Supreme Judicial Court declared that a spouse who is dependent on public assistance is entitled to spousal support even after she surrendered her rights to future support for the purpose of removing her off public assistance. A judge may order support pursuant to statutory authority because to enforce the separation agreement would impose support obligations on taxpayers. The result is that one spouse may not cast off by agreement a duty to support the other spouse when the other spouse is or becomes a public charge.
Pagar v. Pagar, 9 Mass. App. Ct. 1 (1980): The wife appealed the Probate and Family Court orders to modify the husband's weekly alimony and child support obligation and reduce the arrearage amount. The Appeals Court reversed the orders, reasoning that the husband did not meet his burden of showing changed circumstances because he did not comply with Rule 401 in completing his financial statement. The court remanded as to the modification and contempt.
Parrish v. Parrish, 30 Mass. App. Ct. 78 (1991): In the circumstances of this court's remand of a divorce action for a new trial on the issue of a change in the support obligation owed by the husband, the judgment dismissing the wife's counterclaim was also reversed and the question of the payment of additional attorney's fees to the wife was also remanded for reconsideration. The judge properly dismissed a complaint for contempt seeking to compel payment for certain expenses that were not part of the support obligation ordered by the court.
Pierce v. Pierce, 455 Mass. 285 (2009): Review of the evolution of the law of alimony, which is wholly statutory, and discussion of the factors that a judge must take into consideration in making an award of alimony (or a modification of an award) and the balance that a judge must strike when financial resources are inadequate to maintain the marital standard of living.
Richman v. Richman, 355 Mass. 395 (1957): The Supreme Judicial Court affirmed the decree of divorce nisi, which included an award of alimony to the wife and an order that the husband pay her $10,000 forthwith. The husband appealed the order to pay $10,000. The court reasoned that the amount of alimony to a wife is based on the judge's discretion after considering all the facts, including the husband's financial worth, the wife's needs, and the parties' station in life and mode of living. Based on the evidence, the court found that the Probate Court judge's findings and order were not reversible because they were not plainly wrong.
Rosenberg v. Rosenberg, 33 Mass. App. Ct. 903 (1992): In high asset case, involving a long term marriage, the wife received $4,000,000 in cash and other assets equivalent to approximately 30 percent of a marital estate worth $22,000,000. The court approved a judgment awarding $2000 per week alimony in addition to this property settlement.
Rosenblatt v. Kazlow-Rosenblatt, 39 Mass. App. Ct. 297 (1995): The Appeals Court held that even though the Wife signed the antenuptial agreement the night before they were to leave for their wedding and the signature was not initially notarized, it was valid as to property division.
Sampson v. Sampson, 62 Mass. App. Ct. 366 (2004): The alimony award was vacated and the issue of property division was remanded for reconsideration because the probate judge's order left the wife in "economically strained circumstances while [the husband was] guaranteed continued enjoyment of the secure, comfortable marital lifestyle."
Schillander v. Schillander, 307 Mass. 96 (1940): Petition to modify support for wife and child was dismissed because Husband and Wife had an agreement independent of decree of alimony in divorce suit and in absence of statutory authority the court cannot change the support amount based on the Husband's petition because of changed conditions.
T.E. v. A.O, 82 Mass. App. Ct. 586 (2012): Both parties appealed the Probate and Family Court's order that the husband pay the wife $2,100 per month for one year and $29,500 as his contribution to the marital debt and diminished assets. The Appeals Court affirmed the alimony order, reasoning the trial judge did not abuse her discretion in considering the wife's emotional health issues, the trial judge aimed to provide for the wife's "realistic" needs, and the brevity of the marriage did not preclude an award of alimony. The Appeals Court also affirmed the property division, reasoning that the court may assign one party all or part of the estate of the other, and the trial judge considered all the equitable factors in General Laws c. 208, §34.
Thomsen v. Thomsen, 12 Mass. App. Ct. 1010 (1981): Ex-husband appealed from modification judgment that increased his alimony obligation to his ex-wife. The appeals court upheld the trial courts order because the court found that the ex-husband had been living an extravagant life while the ex-wife had not been able to due to her poor financial situation.
Vakil v. Vakil, 450 Mass. 411 (2008): Parties had an antenuptial agreement that provided, "Nothing herein shall be construed as to prevent the [wife] from seeking an award of periodic alimony at the time of a divorce if she is then eligible for such an award of alimony" and also states that "[the wife] shall not at any time make any claim or demand upon the [husband] in any manner or upon any condition if she contests directly or indirectly the granting of a divorce to the [husband]." Wife appeals trial court's decision to waive alimony because during the trial, the judge considered the wife's cross-examination regarding the husband's account of the irretrievable breakdown to be a contest to the divorce, thus waiving her eligibility to alimony. The wife then sought to amend her answer, seeking to withdraw her request that the divorce complaint be dismissed. The Appeals Court found that the alimony waiver provision was triggered because of the wife contesting the granting of a divorce both in her answer and in her cross-examination and that the motion to amend is denied because nine months had passed since wife filed her answer, and four months had passed since the pretrial conference. The SJC found this as an abuse of discretion because the cross-examination did not constitute an opposition to the granting of a divorce, but rather that the husband had physically abused the wife. Further the SJC found that delay alone is generally not sufficient reason to deny a motion to amend. This was reversed and remanded to include consideration of enforcement of the antenuptial agreement.
Wooters v. Wooters, 42 Mass. App. Ct. 929 (1997): Husband appeals Trial Courts order of alimony and Appeals Court held that alimony could be awarded based on percentage of Husband's income and the Husband was required to maintain life insurance and medical insurance even after the wife remarried.
Young v. Young, SJC - 12240 (2017): New alimony case discusses percentage alimony orders.
Yousif v. Yousif, 61 Mass. 411 (2008): Husband appeals a judgment entered by the Probate Court dismissing the wife's equity complaint. Appeals Court dismisses husband's complaint, stating that the evidence in the divorce action was sufficient to support a finding that the trust the husband created, as to which he was trustee and which named his sister and children as beneficiaries, was created in violation of fiduciary duty owed to wife and thus was void. There was evidence that husband had control and dominion over wife, that he obtained wife's signature on trust papers that she believed gave her an interest in land which had been purchased with marital funds, and that husband historically used bank accounts in his sister's name as a repository for cash which he controlled.


I love summer. One of the many things I love about summer is that most of my favorite foods involve the grill. My man is an awesome cook, and his grilling skills are perfection. So, when at all possible, he handles the grilling duties. Some days, he's working late and I have to take over...the food just never turns out quite the same (he did go to culinary school for a year, after all). Luckily, last night he was here to grill my favorite pork chops, and they were amazing! It's a super easy recipe that you and your family are sure to enjoy.
Season the pork chops (with a light coating of Jack Stack KC Barbecue Rub, chili powder, salt, and pepper), let the chops rest. To make your topping, dice the peach into small pieces, place in bowl. Cut half of a small/medium red onion and dice into small pieces. Squeeze the juice of a lime into the bowl of diced peaches and onions, add salt and pepper. Stir ingredients together. Place in refrigerator to chill while pork chops are on the grill. Grill 12 minutes per side or until done. Remove from grill, and drizzle desired amount of topping on each pork chop. Enjoy!


Microsoft Middle East & Africa (MEA) is a dynamic and rapidly growing region when it comes to our technology platform. To mirror this, we have a slew of jobs in the region that we are actively hiring for. Click on any of the links to view the job details, and then click the Apply to job button to submit your CV/resume. You can also filter for only jobs in a specific product line or division, and save that search.
I created a list that highlights some of the countries in MEA – feel free to subscribe directly to this list, or create your own.
View RSS to see the various jobs in MEA – you can subscribe to this list for real time updates. Here is an excerpt of the roles in UAE and Turkey.
Read more about the jobs available in the Middle East & Africa on SlingAlibi.


text:
Portrayed By Ben Roberts
First Appearance The Three Wise Monkeys
Final Appearance #005
Call Sign Sierra Oscar 5-4
Life at Sun Hill was never easy for Derek Conway. His office, next door to the Superintendent's, meant that he was always at the beck and call of Chief Superintendent Charles Brownlow and then Superintendent Tom Chandler. It was no wonder that Derek was a ambitious chap, unfortunately his Superintendents were not so enthusiastic and blocked Derek at every given opportunity. This did not go down well with Mrs Conway who managed to express her hatred of both Superintendents to their faces, often to cheers from the viewer. With the help of a pal at HQ he was shortlisted and then employed in the new job of Community Liaison Officer. Derek then followed this role with in a stint as acting Superintendent, a role in which he flourished. As so often in Derek's career he was looked over for the permanent role of Superintendent. Derek was Sun Hill's negotiator and in his role as negotiator he was able to over rule his superintendent and you could almost see the took joy in keeping them at arms length in these situations.
Despite his lack of career prospects Derek's sense of humour stayed in tact. His quiet sarcasm often had viewers in stitches along with some catastrophes that crossed his path. When I say catastrophes I actually mean when the bottles of scotch hidden around his office had run out. One such time was at the turn of the millennium, Derek and Jack Meadows spent the whole night in an unsuccessful search for alcohol.
He may not have been favourite with the top brass but Derek was well respected by junior ranks. Derek treated other officers well if they didn't cause him too much trouble although he seemed quite mystified by ambitious female officers such as Christine Frazer and Kim Reid. Unfortunately Sun Hill lost Derek to that big police station in the sky, when he was tragically murdered. After Derek it seemed no-one was fit to take on the role of Chief Inspector and that role stayed empty to the end of The Bill's days.
Where Can I See Ben Now?
We are waiting for news of Ben's next project. Please watch this space for news.


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U.S. Navy orders F414-GE-400 engines for F/A-18 aircraft
NewsAviation
Modified date: Dec 29, 2018
Photo by Carl Richards
The U.S. Navy has ordered 16 F414-GE-400 install engines produced by GE Aviation for the F/A-18 fighter aircraft, said Pentagon on 29 December.
According to a statement, General Electric Co. is awarded $70,7 million for modification P00016 to a previously awarded contract (N00019-17-C-0047) for the procurement of 16 F414-GE-400 install engines for the F/A-18 aircraft for the U.S. Navy.
Work is expected to be completed in December 2020.
According to GE Aviation, the F414 Enhanced Engine is delivering expanded capabilities for next generation combat needs. With up to 18% more thrust and twice the horsepower of its predecessor, the F414 Enhanced Engine is poised to complete missions on time and on task.
The F414-GE-400 combines the proven reliability, maintainability and operability of its successful F404 predecessor with advanced technologies to provide the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet with up to 35 percent more thrust and significant improvements in aircraft performance, survivability and payload.
Its simple, modular design is reliable and easy to maintain. F414-GE-400 engines also power Boeing's EA18G Growler electronic attack aircraft, also operational with the United States Navy. The F414-INS6 was selected by India's Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) to power the MKII version of the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft.
The F414G, the single-engine variant of the proven F414-GE-400, has been chosen to power Saab's Gripen E/F aircraft


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Ethereum kenya
Home for ethereum developers in Kenya and elsewhere
What the CFTC Chairman Actually Said About Ether Futures and Ethereum 2.0
U.S. regulators are not yet sure about what to make of ethereum's impending transition to a staking-based protocol.
Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Chairman Heath Tarbert, who recently declared his view that the world's second-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization is a commodity that could support a futures market, said this week his agency is still evaluating whether this will remain true after ethereum upgrades its network sometime in the coming year.
Speaking at CoinDesk's Invest: NYC conference on Tuesday, Tarbert said the CFTC and its sister agency, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), were both "thinking carefully" about the forthcoming Ethereum 2.0 upgrade which is designed to replace the coin's current proof-of-work (PoW) model for transaction validation.
Read more:https://www.coindesk.com/what-the-cftc-chairman-actually-said-about-ether-futures-and-ethereum-2-0
ethkenya
Alibaba's Ant Financial Starts Pre-Launch Testing of Business Blockchain
Chinese Army's Blockchain Provider Approved for New Hyperledger Certification Program
Global Protests Reveal Bitcoin's Limitations
The Surprising Reason Why Blockstack Could Be America's First Crypto IPO


4.3. goal of education - to be the central institution for societal and personal improvement, and to do so by balancing a complex set of processes.
5.2. State of Alabama Superintendent: Thomas R Bice Ed.D.
7.1.3. Ron Edmonds of Harvard University: argued strongly that all students could learn and that differences between schools had a significant impact on student learning.
7.3.1. different social classes have different educational experiences. The more wealthier families are more likely to further education than lower class due to educational expenses. There is direct correlation between parental income and child's performance on test.
7.4.1. Effects how much education a child is likely to achieve. Minorities do not receive the same educational experience as whites.
7.5.1. In the past women were less likely to attain the same level of education as men. Females are less likely to drop out of school than males. Females are more likely to have a higher level of reading proficiency than males. Males out perform females in math.
8.1.2. the fact that educational outcomes are to a large degree based on family background is fully consistent with this perspective.
8.1.3. do not believe that equality of opportunity is a sufficient goal.
8.2.2. vision of a just society is one where individual talent and hard work based on universal principles of evaluation are more important than ascriptive characteristics based on particularistic methods of evaluation.
8.2.3. expect that the schooling process will produce unequal results, but theses results ought to be based on individual differences between students, not on group differences.
8.2.4. believe that unequal educational outcomes are the result, in part , of unequal educational opportunities.
8.3.1.1. Jonathan Kozol (1991) documented the vast differences in funding between affluent and poor districts.
8.3.1.3. Children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds do not receive equality of opportunity, at least in terms of funding.
8.3.2.1. Coleman and Jencks - differences in school resources and quality do not adequately explain between-school differences in academic achievement was viewed by teachers as a mixed blessing.
8.3.3.2. Bernstein(1990) - suggested that schools in working-class neighborhoods are far more likely to have authoritarian and teacher-directed pedagogic practices, and to have a vocatoinally or social efficiency curriculum at the secondary level. Middle-class are more likely to have less authoritarian and more student-centered pedagogic practices and to have a humanistic liberal arts college preparatory curriculum at the secondary level. Upper-class students are more likely to attend elite private schools, with authoritarian pedagogic practices and a classical-humanistic college preparatory curriculum at the secondary level.
8.3.4.1. Elementary - divided into reading groups and separate classes based on teacher recommendations, standardized test scores, and sometimes ascriptive characteristics such as race, class, or gender.
9.1.1.3. Career ladders that recognize differences in knowledge, skill, and commitment must be created for teachers.
9.2.1. Takeover is, in appropriate cases, a necessary expression of a state's constitutional responsibility for public education.


The introduction of the I-SEM will significantly alter the electricity market from the existing SEM framework to the extent that is has necessitated the need to develop a new unit to monitor the markets that make up the I-SEM.
This unit, I-SEM Market Monitoring Unit, will monitor all I-SEM markets and detect market abuse, either within or across, these markets. The unit will be managed by Brian Mulhern (brian.mulhern@uregni.gov.uk).
Should participants or any third party notice any potential market anomalies, or have any comments or questions in relation to the I-SEM, the RAs have provided the below market queries email address.
Any communications received will, as always, be treated in the strictest of confidence. Please do not hesitate to contact the RAs, on the below 'market queries' email address with any queries/comments you would like us to address.
REMIT, the Regulation on Energy Market Integrity and Transparency, entered EU law on 28th December 2011 and provides for an EU-wide market rules and monitoring framework related to wholesale energy markets in electricity and gas.
A key pillar of REMIT is the reporting by market participants, or third parties on their behalf, of energy transaction data to ACER (Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators), which allow ACER to assess for compliances with REMIT's market rules.
Further information related to REMIT is provided by ACER here: https://www.acer-remit.eu/.
Any market participant, or third party, who has submitted a report via the ACER platform should also send a copy of any notification to the following email addresses.
Any market participant or third party, or who wish to get in touch with the RAs directly should they have any comments or questions in relation to suspicious trading behaviour within the I-SEM, should do so on the same email addresses.
As always, any communications received will be treated in the strictest of confidence and in accordance with GDPR.


Transform your backyard or patio into an oasis that you can call home. This random weave box sectional is woven by hand for an original design. Invite friends and family over to enjoy its soft, plush cushions while sipping your favorite drinks. Featuring a modern, box-style look, this outdoor sectional will match any deck or patio.


text:
Gregory M. Heestand, MD
Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine - Oncology
BioDr. Heestand is a board-certified medical oncologist with a focus on gastrointestinal cancers, primarily hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder cancer. He currently serves as the medical oncology champion of the Stanford Hepatobiliary Tumor Board, as well as the principal investigator of multiple clinical trials. He also collaborates with campus laboratories to help develop new biomarker and treatment technologies. Dr. Heestand is a member of the ECOG-ACRIN gastrointestinal committee and serves as a representative to the NCI Hepatobiliary Task Force. He is also the director of the Stanford Medical Oncology Fellowship Program.
Dr. Heestand and his team take great pride in helping patients and their families face gastrointestinal cancer.
Outside of the clinic, Dr. Heestand enjoys playing the piano, teaching his kids about music, cooking for friends and family, and surfing the internet for interesting things to read.
Thomas Holden, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Oncology
BioDr. Holden is a board-certified, fellowship-trained medical oncologist. He is a Clinical Assistant Professor at Stanford University School of Medicine.
He specializes in care for people with gastrointestinal cancer including those of the colon, rectum, esophagus, liver, pancreas, and stomach. Dr. Holden works closely with patients to prepare personalized, comprehensive, and compassionate care plans that optimize healing and quality of life.
Dr. Holden has conducted research into a wide range of subjects. He co-developed and established a multi-center trial investigating a new treatment regimen for gastric cancer. He has studied use of a fitness tracker to assess activity levels and toxicities in patients with colorectal cancer. He also has written invited commentary on the rapidly advancing field of genetic testing as well as a review on recent updates on the treatment of early-stage rectal cancer.
He has published his research findings in articles in peer-reviewed journals including JAMA, the Journal of Clinical Oncology, Cortex, and elsewhere. He has made poster presentations to his peers at meetings including the ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers symposium and House Staff Quality Improvement and Patient Safety Conference, a meeting held annually at Thomas Jefferson University.
Dr. Holden has volunteered his time and expertise to help improve access to health care for homeless and underserved populations.
In his free time, he runs, reads, plays the acoustic guitar, and travels.
tholden@stanford.edu
Sandra Horning
Professor of Medicine, Emerita
Current Research and Scholarly InterestsClinical Interests: Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Research Interests: clinical trials in Hodgkin's disease and malignant lymphoma including high dose therapy and autografting, complications of cytotoxic therapy, novel therapeutics, and clinicopathologic correlations.
sandra.horning@stanford.edu
Robert Hsieh
Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor, Medicine - Oncology
BioRobert W. Hsieh, M.D. Ph.D. is a medical oncologist who specializes in the treatment of prostate cancer, bladder cancer, kidney (renal) cancer and testicular cancer as a member of Stanford's multi-disciplinary Urologic Cancer Program. Dr. Hsieh obtained his M.D. and Ph.D. degrees at the University of Chicago (Pritzker School of Medicine) and subsequently came to Stanford to complete his Internal Medicine residency and Hematology and Oncology fellowship training (with a clinical focus on genitourinary cancers).
Dr. Hsieh has also had extensive experience in basic lab research (cancer stem cells, target identification and validation, pre-clinical drug discovery) having done post-doctoral work in the Clarke Lab in the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. He is currently involved in early phase clinical trials in immuno-oncology in industry.
875 Blake Wilbur Dr
Stanford Cancer Center Clinic E
Palo Alto, California 94304-2205
Jane Edna Huang, MD


Gov. Jay Inslee today appointed Paul Thompson to Snohomish Superior Court. He replaces Judge Ellen Fair who is retiring at the end of the year.
Thompson has spent the past 11 years serving as an attorney at the Snohomish County Public Defender Association. During his time at the Association, he served as a trial attorney for eight years and as misdemeanor supervisor for nearly three years.
Thompson has also worked as counsel for Defense of Chelan County where he represented clients charged with offenses in both the superior and district courts. He began his career as a legal intern in Spokane.
He is also the president of the Washington Defender Association and a board member for the Washington Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers.
"Paul is highly regarded by those who know him and have worked with him. His even and professional temperament, and his sense of justice, will be a fine addition to the Snohomish County bench," Inslee said.
Thompson received his law degree from Gonzaga University School of Law and his Bachelor of Arts degree from Eastern Washington University.
His appointment is effective January 2019.


text:
Natural Art
Crystal Cove sea glass adds splashes of color to miles of pristine beach.
A natural phenomenon, colorful sea glass washes up on the shores of Crystal Cove for visitors to discover while walking the beach. Smoothed by the constant motion of the ocean, sea glass is created from shards of broken bottles that date back as far as the early 1900s. Each piece is rated by color, with rich cobalt blues and aqua hues among the most rare shades. Every Wednesday at the Education Commons, join CCA in a free sea glass jewelry-making activity that turns these special pieces of Crystal Cove history into wearable art.
As sea glass is an integral part of the Crystal Cove experience, CCA is also excited to announce the launch of its new Sea Glass Circle membership program this month, which brings together
a distinguished group of community leaders who help protect the park's natural beauty. Gifts from Sea Glass Circle members are used for high-impact community projects that will expand conservation efforts, on-the-water education, recreation, arts programming and more, in addition to Phase III restorations on the 17 remaining north beach cottages. The Sea Glass Circle offers five membership levels, with 83 percent of generous gifts going directly to CCA programs and services. Become a member today!


Human DNA is described as a double helix that resembles a molecular spiral staircase. In humans the DNA is organized into 46 chromosomes.
The smallest, most fundamental material components of the human body are basic chemical elements. In fact, chemicals called nucleotide bases are the foundation of the genetic code with the instructions on how to build and maintain the human body from conception through old age. There are about three billion of these base pairs in human DNA.
Human chemistry includes organic molecules (carbon-based) and biochemicals (those produced by the body). Human chemistry also includes elements. In fact, life cannot exist without many of the elements that are part of the earth. All of the elements that contribute to chemical reactions, to the transformation of energy, and to electrical activity and muscle contraction—elements that include phosphorus, carbon, sodium, and calcium, to name a few—originated in stars.
These elements, in turn, can form both the inorganic and organic chemical compounds important to life, including, for example, water, glucose, and proteins. This chapter begins by examining elements and how the structures of atoms, the basic units of matter, determine the characteristics of elements by the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atoms. The chapter then builds the framework of life from there.


text:
unsigned short icmp_calculatechecksum(struct icmp_header *header, unsigned int len)
{

    unsigned short *payload = (unsigned short *)header;
    unsigned int sum = 0;

    while (len > 1)
    {

        sum += *payload++;

        if (sum & 0x80000000)
            sum = (sum & 0xFFFF) + (sum >> 16);

        len -= 2;

    }

    while (sum >> 16)
        sum = (sum & 0xFFFF) + (sum >> 16);

    return ~sum;

}

unsigned short icmp_hlen(struct icmp_header *header)
{

    return sizeof (struct icmp_header);

}

struct icmp_header *icmp_putheader(void *buffer, unsigned char type, unsigned char code)
{

    struct icmp_header *header = buffer;

    icmp_initheader(header, type, code);

    return header;

}

void icmp_initheader(struct icmp_header *header, unsigned char type, unsigned char code)
{

    net_save8(header->type, type);
    net_save8(header->code, code);
    net_save16(header->checksum, 0);

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Articles tagged: Charlie Woods
Tiger Woods' son has swing that looks just like 1 star golfer
Tiger Woods' son Charlie is really improving his golf game, and his swing is starting to look very similar to one of the top golfers in the world — and…
Video: Charlie Woods looks just like dad Tiger in sinking birdie putt
Charlie Woods looked an awful lot like his dad in sinking a 25-foot putt at the PNC Championship on Saturday. Tiger's 12-year-old son looked like he belonged on the fourth…
Video: Charlie Woods has already mastered the Tiger fist pump
Tiger Woods' 11-year-old son Charlie is as close to a clone of his father as you can possibly get, and we saw another awesome illustration of that on Sunday. Tiger…
These videos of Tiger Woods' son Charlie are mind-blowing
Tiger Woods and his 11-year-old son Charlie are teaming up this weekend in the father-son PNC Championship in Orlando. If not for the height difference between them, those who watch…
Tiger Woods' son Charlie already dominating the competition
Tiger Woods developed his obsession with golf when his father introduced him to the game at a young age, and the 15-time major champion has clearly passed that on to…