· Test Assertions Part 1 - Test Assertions Model Version 1.0. Latest version.
· Test Assertions Guidelines Version 1.0. Latest version.
This document defines an XML vocabulary for representing test assertions aligned with the Test Assertions Model.
This document was last revised or approved by the OASIS Test Assertions Guidelines (TAG) TC on the above date. The level of approval is also listed above. Check the "Latest version" location noted above for possible later revisions of this document.
Technical Committee members should send comments on this specification to the Technical Committee's email list. Others should send comments to the Technical Committee by using the "Send A Comment" button on the Technical Committee's web page at http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tag/.
For information on whether any patents have been disclosed that may be essential to implementing this specification, and any offers of patent licensing terms, please refer to the Intellectual Property Rights section of the Technical Committee web page (http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tag/ipr.php).
Test Assertions Part 2 - Test Assertion Markup Language Version 1.0. 30 November 2011. OASIS Committee Specification 02. http://docs.oasis-open.org/tag/taml/v1.0/cs02/testassertionmarkuplanguage-1.0-cs02.html.
The names "OASIS" "Test Assertion Markup Language" and "OASIS TAML" are trademarks of OASIS, the owner and developer of this specification, and should be used only to refer to the organization and its official outputs. OASIS welcomes reference to, and implementation and use of, specifications, while reserving the right to enforce its marks against misleading uses. Please see http://www.oasis-open.org/who/trademark.php for above guidance.
Within this specification, the key words "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not" and "may" are to be interpreted as described in Annex H of [ISO/IEC Directives] if they appear in bold letters.
[XSD1] Henry S. Thompson, David Beech, Murray Maloney, et. al., editors. XML Schema Part 1: Structures. http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-1/ . World Wide Web Consortium, 2000.
[XSD2] Paul V. Biron and Ashok Malhotra, editors. XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes. http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/ . World Wide Web Consortium, 2000.
This specification defines markup for test assertions conforming to the model defined in the OASIS TAG TC Test Assertions Part 1, Test Assertions Model [TAM] Section 3 (Test Assertion) .
All element and attributes names are given in lower camel case (lower-case, with embedded concatenated words starting upper-case if any). Type names consist of the element name with the suffix '_type' appended.
Where the model specifies an attribute named 'content', usually with a base datatype 'string', the markup provides for this either with a base type of xsd:string assigned to an element's type (or a datatype derived from xsd:string such as xsd:normalizedString or xsd:token) or by allowing mixed content for the element's type.
Elements 'testAssertion' and 'testAssertionSet' are global elements and can be top level elements in a TAML markup instance (e.g., be root elements of an XML document). All other TAML elements are local in a markup instance under the TAML schema (i.e., are descendant children of a global element as provided by the schema).
The namespace prefix in use for the test assertion markup throughout this document is taml, understood to be bound to the namespace: http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/tag/taml-201002/.
Many of the elements in the Test Assertion Markup Language allow extensions both in their attributes and in their children elements. With the exception of any extension inside these three elements: taml:testAssertionSet/taml:common, taml:testAssertion/taml:report and taml:testAssertion/taml:normativeSource/taml:comment, which do not put any restriction on the use of namespaces in their user-defined child elements, all other additional attributes and elements shall be in a namespace other than the taml namespace (as indicated in compact RelaxNG notation by using the subtraction: "- taml:*").
Instances of this markup are intended to be used either "standalone" i.e. in documents that do not contain any other markup foreign to this specification, or "embedded", i.e. as elements inside documents the root element of which belongs to a namespace foreign to this specification. Instances of this markup are XML elements representing either test assertions, or test assertion sets.
The compact Relax NG notation is used for representing the XML definitions.
The XPath notation may be used for representing attributes or elements, relative to their containing element, e.g.: taml:testAssertion/@id for the attribute 'id' of the taml:testAssertion element.
The taml:testAssertion element is representing the class 'testAssertion' in the Test Assertions Model [TAM] Detailed semantics of this class and its elements can be found in the Test Assertions Model.
The XML representation of most model elements that are mandatory - i.e. attribute or association of cardinality (1..1) - is optional in the markup. This is because such elements, although mandatory, may be implicitly represented at test assertion set level. When such a mandatory element is not represented in a test assertion instance (taml:testAssertion), this test assertion shall be embedded in a test assertion set (see Section 2.4) and this test assertion set shall contain a taml:common element that contains the missing test assertion part as a child element.
The testAssertion element has an optional language attribute, 'lg', which is an addition for TAML purposes (it has no correspondence in the Test Assertions Model). This attribute is used to explicitly declare which prose or expression language is used for the expressions in the associated element - in that case throughout the test assertion. It is possible to declare the language for an individual part of a test assertion such as the predicate or the prerequisite (discussed later). If the 'lg' attribute is provided for a 'testAssertion' element, that attribute value shall be used as the default value of the 'lg' attribute for any descendant element of the 'testAssertion' element for which an 'lg' attribute is allowed and optional but not provided.
The optional 'name' attribute is an addition for TAML purposes, and provides for attaching an informal, human-readable name to the test assertion for convenient display and intuitive referencing, in addition to the formal identification attribute 'id'.
The testAssertion attribute 'schemaVersionId' should be used as version identifier of the markup language published schema.
Conformance to the Test Assertions Model [TAM] requires that a test assertion shall have a normative source, a target and a predicate although the representation of these may be implicit. So the normativeSource, target or predicate elements may be absent from a testAssertion element as their contents could be inherited from a test assertion set taml:common element. .
Conformance to the Test Assertions Model [TAM] requires that a test assertion may have prerequisite(s), prescription level and tags, either implicitly or explicitly. It also specifies a part called a variable represented here by taml:var.
One additional, optional element added for convenience to the usability of the markup and for tool support is 'taml:report'. It does not correspond to a part defined in the Test Assertions Model [TAM] but is specified here as an addition for TAML purposes .
<taml:normativeSource>[Rule 6-1] Within the schema, an element xsd:complexType SHALL NOT own the attribute mixed with the value true.
In the above example, XPath2.0 (as indicated by taml:testAssertion/@lg= "http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath20/") is the default expression language for all parts of the test assertions that have @lg as optional attribute but do not use it, such as taml:target , taml:predicate, and taml:report.
The taml:normativeSource element is representing the class 'normativeSource' in the Test Assertions Model [TAM]. Detailed semantics about this class and its elements can be found in the Test Assertions Model. The taml:normativeSource element allows for mixed content.
The normative source may include elements named 'refSourceItem' so that one or more references may be used to point to the original text as it exists in the specification itself.
The refSourceItem element provides for metadata which may be used to specify the identification of a normative source item resource. The uri attribute may contain a URL, URI or IRI pointing to the location of the source item. The attribute @srcname represents the name attribute in the model. The other metadata attributes include information about the kind of resource involved and most appropriately its provenance (such as authorship identifiers to certify its authenticity) and version, etc. The actual content of the refSourceItem element may be a string describing informally this source.
An alternative to using a reference to point to the normative source in a specification is to actually quote verbatim the source item so the normative source includes an element named 'textSourceItem' which allows a direct, verbatim quote of the specification text.
The attribute @txtname represents the name attribute in the model.
An alternative again to quoting verbatim the source item is to derive a form of words equivalent in meaning to the source item and for this the normative source includes an element named 'derivedSourceItem'. This is particularly useful when the source consists of tables, diagrams, graphs or text spread over several parts of the specification.
The compact Relax NG definition of taml:derivedSourceItem is same as for taml:refSourceItem (see refSourceItem_def).
The derivedSourceItem element provides for metadata which may be used to specify the identification of the normative source item resource from which the source information has been derived. The element has a structure similar to the refSourceItem element. The main difference with refSourceItem is that the content of the derivedSourceItem element shall represent the derived re-wording of the source.
The comment element may be used to simply add comments of any kind (or as further specified in a conformance profile for this markup or a customization thereof) to a normative source test assertion part. The taml:comment element allows for mixed content.
The interpretation element may be used to simply add an alternative description in prose of any kind to a normative source test assertion part. This allows a prose expression to be added to improve human understanding of its logic.
The taml:target element is representing the class 'target' in the Test Assertions Model [TAM] . Detailed semantics about this class and its elements can be found in the Test Assertions Model.
The content of taml:target may identify a single item (an implementation or part of it) under test, or a class of items to which the test applies. For example, in the NIEM example of test assertion (section 2.3.1) the target contains an XPath expression: //xsd:complexType, which indicates that any element that matches this expression inside an XML schema document under test, will qualify as a target for this test assertion. The 'target' element has a 'type' attribute which should be used to identify the target category, when defined. A target 'idscheme' attribute may be used to specify the identity scheme associated with this target type or category. For example, its value can be a function such as an XPath expression, that produces a unique ID for each target instance, as illustrated in the NIEM example of section 2.3.1. In case the test assertion applies to a single target instance (as opposed to a category of targets), the 'idscheme' attribute may contain the identifier of this target.
The target content may be an expression in a specialized formal expression language which should be identified using the 'lg' attribute. Such an expression or function should identify the set of target instances to which the test assertion applies. This content may also be a textual representation of the target instance(s) under consideration. The taml:target element allows for mixed content.
The taml:prerequisite element is representing the class 'prerequisite' in the Test Assertions Model [TAM] . Detailed semantics about this class and its elements can be found in the Test Assertions Model.
The prerequisite may be expressed using a specialized formal expression language which may be identified using the 'lg' attribute. The prerequisite content is stating a logical expression or statement to be evaluated (as "true" or "false") over the target, or over some collateral artifact or a set of these, e.g. identified using variables (see later), or over a combination of these. The taml:prerequisite element allows for mixed content.
The taml:predicate element is representing the class 'predicate' in the Test Assertions Model [TAM]. Detailed semantics about this class and its elements can be found in the Test Assertions Model.
The predicate may be expressed using a specialized formal expression language which may be identified using the 'lg' attribute. The predicate content is stating a logical expression or statement to be evaluated (as "true" or "false") over the target, and optionally over a set of collateral artifacts, e.g. identified using variables. The taml:predicate element allows for mixed content.
The taml:prescription element is representing the class 'prescription' in the Test Assertions Model [TAM]. Detailed semantics about this class and its elements can be found in the Test Assertions Model.
The allowable values for the attribute 'level' of the element prescription may be extended beyond the predefined values of mandatory, preferred and permitted.
The base datatype of any custom extended enumerations for prescription levels shall be W3C XML Schema [XSD2] datatype 'QName'. Custom enumerations shall be prefixed with a namespace prefix associated with a namespace declared in the markup. Default namespaces (without a prefix) shall not be used.
Besides the use of the 'level' attribute, the element content (xsd:normalizedString) may be used to express further or more detailed information regarding the prescription level using prose or as a logical expression.
The taml:description element is representing the class 'description' in the Test Assertions Model [TAM]. Detailed semantics about this class and its elements can be found in the Test Assertions Model.
The description element may be used to add a description in prose of any kind (or as further specified in a conformance profile for this markup or a customization thereof) to a test assertion. The taml:description element allows for mixed content.
The taml:tag element is representing the class 'tag' in the Test Assertions Model [TAM]. Detailed semantics about this class and its elements can be found in the Test Assertions Model.
The content of the taml:tag element is representing the "content" attribute of the corresponding class 'tag' in the model.
The taml:var element is representing the class 'variable' in the Test Assertions Model [TAM]. Detailed semantics about this class and its elements can be found in the Test Assertions Model..
The content of the taml:var element is representing the "content" attribute of the corresponding class 'variable' in the model. The var/@vname attribute corresponds to the name attribute in the model, and shall be used in a var element and have a non-empty value. The var/@vtype attribute may be used to indicate the intended type of this var element content, e.g. in case it is to be used in some expression.
When declared inside a test assertion, the scope of a variable includes all the parts of this test assertion. The variable may be referred to in any part of a test assertion e.g. using a notation such as '$variable1' where the corresponding variable is named 'variable1'. The taml:var element allows for mixed content.
The taml:report element is not representing any class in the Test Assertions Model [TAM]. It is added for convenience when test assertions are expected to contain reporting information to be used by test cases derived from these test assertions.
The optional taml:report element is used to associate a message and a label with each possible evaluation of a target instance, as listed in the Test Assertion Model (Section 3.2.4).
The combination of allowing both mixed content (text can be interspersed with the XML tags) and extra elements from other namespaces ('xsd:any') means that the content of this element can be a mixture of text and XML elements.
• "notQualified" corresponds to the target evaluation outcome "Target not qualified".
• "pass" corresponds to the target evaluation outcome "Normative statement fulfilled [by the Target]".
• "fail" corresponds to the target evaluation outcome "Normative statement NOT fulfilled [by the Target]".
Further values - e.g. 'warning', 'undetermined' - may be added. .
The optional when attribute may be used to state an additional condition that must be satisfied in order for this report element to apply, when more than one report elements are associated with the same outcome described by the label attribute.
The content of optional attribute "message" shall describe the general meaning of the assertion evaluation outcome, e.g. provide a standard error message.
The taml:report element allows for mixed content.
The test assertion set markup described here is an extension to the markup that strictly represents the test assertion model. For convenience, it represents a container element for sets of test assertions. However, test assertions elements may be part of XML documents that do not make use of the container element described here.
The taml:testAssertionSet element is the container element for test assertions.
The attribute taml:testAssertionSet/@setname gives a name to the test assertions set. The attribute taml:testAssertionSet/@setid uniquely identifies the test assertions set.
The testAssertionSet element may be used to group together test assertions either by direct inclusion of the test assertions within the test assertion set, or by references to externally-defined test assertions (using taml:testAssertionRef).
A testAssertionSet element may be used to wrap together all the test assertions in a document. A document containing a set of test assertions may have testAssertionSet as the top element.
The common element may be used to group together parts or definitions that are common to all test assertions in the set, e.g. "global" var definitions, tag definitions, parts of a test assertion that are implicitly shared by all. Any individual test assertion in the set can however override the elements in the common element. The common element may contain additional descriptions and elements not specified here, that help understand the purpose of this set and its relationship with external material.
The taml:common element allows for mixed content.
A test assertion set in which references are made to existing test assertions defined outside of the test assertion set element (whether in the same document or other documents) shall use the testAssertionRefList child element to do so.
The attribute taml:testAssertionRefList/@listname gives a name to the reference list. More than one reference lists may be used inside a test assertion set element.
The attribute taml:testAssertionRefList/@sourcedoc may be used to specify a URL resolving to a document or a resource that contains the externally-defined test assertions referenced in this list.
The element taml:testAssertionRefList/taml:testAssertionRef identifies one externally-defined test assertion, and can be repeated.
A test assertion set may refer to one or more test assertions by their test assertion identifiers to locate them in external resources, rather than include the test assertions literally within the set.
The taml:testAssertionRef element is identifying an externally-defined test assertion by its test assertion ID, and optionally by a document (@sourcedoc) where the test assertion is defined.
The attribute taml:testAssertionRef/@taid is the ID of the referenced test assertion (id attribute in the taml:testAssertion element).
The attribute taml:testAssertionRef/@name is the name of the referenced test assertion if any, for convenience.
The attribute taml:testAssertionRef/@sourcedoc may be used to specify a URL resolving to a document or resource that contains the externally-defined and referenced test assertion. In case this attribute is also used over the parent taml:testAssertionRefList, the URL of the reference overrides the URL of the parent.
The value (string) of taml:testAssertionRef may be used for describing the referred test assertion, for convenience.
• Does not make use of any extension element or attribute allowed by the TAML Schema.
• Satisfies all normative mandatory provisions ( "shall", "shall not" keywords) in Sections 2.3 (Test Assertion).
• Uses the markup in compliance with the general semantics of a test assertion and its parts as described in the Test Assertions Model [TAM] specification.
• May use any extension element or attribute allowed by the TAML Schema.
• If the test assertion makes use of extension elements, a derived test assertion obtained by removing all extensions is still a strictly conforming test assertion that uses the markup in compliance with the general semantics of a test assertion.
• Does not make use of any extension element or attribute allowed by the TAML Schema (except for the <common> element and its content)..
• Only contains or refers to strictly conforming test assertions.
• Satisfies all normative mandatory provisions ( "shall", "shall not" keywords) in Sections 2.3 (Test Assertion), (2.4 Test Assertion Set).
• If it has a <taml:common> element, only uses children elements in it that would qualify as children elements of strictly conforming testAssertion elements.
• Satisfies all normative mandatory provisions ( "shall", "shall not" keywords) in Sections 2.3 (Test Assertion), 2.4 (Test Assertion Set).
CD 3 draft for PR #3. Simplified Test Assertions Set section, modified the schema accordingly.
candidate draft for PR #3. Various edits.
candidate draft for PR #3. Additional edits: - renamed several occurrences of attr @name in schema, in order to distinguish them fro TA name.
- removed section 2.5 that is redundant with same content in TA model, and just restated the reserved tag names.
- added subsections for each part of normativeSource.
- other editorial improvements sugegsted by Dennis.
- several editorial improvements, including better abstracts in front page..
- added @vtype to the var element.


We are Wolverhampton Youth Offending Team, a co-located multi-agency team with a holistic approach to working with children, young people and their families.
We work with children aged 10 to 18 who are involved in the criminal justice system, from early stages of intervention in pre-court disposals to intensive orders (up to 25 hours per week) and custodial sentences. In addition, we write reports that are used by the courts to help them sentence young people and we work with the victims of crime using Restorative Justice approaches to where ever possible to facilitate the process of mediation and to repair the harm caused.
In supervising young people who have offended we have to balance the wellbeing of young people with managing risk to the community. Central to our approach and intervention is the understanding of what our young people have experienced in their lives, in particular the impact of trauma on their development, as a response to intense or chronic stress factors. Our work focuses on trauma-informed practice, which balances the need to create boundaries for their behaviour; promote desistence from future offending whilst protecting people from harm.
The child's individual needs: We complete comprehensive assessments using ASSETPLUS, which seeks to identify risks of harm; likelihood of reoffending and Safety & wellbeing concerns, leading to providing personal intervention plans that respond to young people's individual needs & risks. We recognise that young people who have experienced inconsistent and unstable environments have sometimes not developed good problem-solving skills and impulse control and we work with them to help them learn and practise new skills. We try to help them regulate the behaviour that might have arisen from their experience of trauma, by teaching them to recognise their triggers and responses according to a 'fight or flight' mechanism when they are in situations they perceive as threatening.
The family: We work with families in order to try to support them to achieve stability in the home environment. Engaging with parents/carers encourages a consistent approach to parenting and also explores some of the difficulties they might be experiencing as a family on a wider perspective.
School/college: One of our primary aims is to support children and young people into education, training or employment. Many of the young people we work with are not engaged in constructive use of their time and we acknowledge that this is a major contributor to risk of offending.
Liaison with other agencies: We work in partnership with the court; our colleagues in Social Care; Health; Police; Education providers and any other agencies or voluntary group involved in a child's life so that a joined-up approach is maintained.
Interventions: We use a range of interventions with our young people, including tailored programmes on subjects such as knife crime awareness, car crime, managing anger, social media awareness, healthy relationships. We also cover victim awareness and direct or indirect reparation to a victim or to the community in placements such as the YOT allotments, or Albrighton Moat, or by carpentry to make items for charitable purposes.
The Special educational needs and disability code of practice 0 – 25 years' (SEND code) sets out rights to children and young people in custody.
The right to keep an Education, Health and Care Plan (EHC) plan on hold while being detained.
Having special provision as set out in the EHC Plan continued during custody (including health).
The right to request an EHC Plan while detained.
For children and young people in youth custody, arrangements for carrying out the health part of Education, Health and Care needs assessments and arranging for the health provision will be slightly different. This is because NHS England is responsible for young people in custody. .
The Youth Offending Service is a good first point of contact if you are a parent of a child in custody or are a young person in custody and want to take forward the rights in relation to Special Educational Needs.
In the first instance contact the Senior Operations Manager on 01902 553722.
Youth Offending Team follows Wolverhampton City Council's complaints and compliments procedure. See the links below.


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Home Chevron icon It indicates an expandable section or menu, or sometimes previous / next navigation options. Sports
Bill Belichick smashed a telephone after getting bad advice on a challenge
Tyler Lauletta
Bill Belichick.
Jim Davis/The Boston Globe via Getty Images
Bill Belichick and the Patriots suffered their worst home loss in 20 years on Monday night against the Bills.
Belichick never seemed more angry than after getting some bad advice on a challenge from the Patriots staff watching from above.
After Belichick's challenge lost, he got back on the phone to give a piece of his mind to whoever told him to throw the red flag and then took out his frustrations on a telephone.
Bill Belichick and the New England Patriots had a rough night Monday.
The 38-9 defeat they suffered at the hands of the Buffalo Bills was the worst home loss of the Belichick era in New England, and it assured the Patriots they'd finish the season with a losing record for the first time since 2000.
But on a night when nothing went right for the Patriots, nothing seemed to fill Belichick with more rage than a bit of bad advice he got from upstairs regarding a challenge.
In the third quarter with the Patriots already trailing 24-9, Bills tight end Dawson Knox came down with the ball on the sideline. In real time, the play looked close, and Belichick apparently got the tip from whichever Patriots staff member was watching from above for challenge opportunities.
Belichick threw the red flag.
But as replays would show, Knox clearly made the catch in bounds. The challenge failed, and the Patriots were down both a timeout and a challenge for the rest of the game.
—Nick (@Nick_Wojton) December 29, 2020
As the replay was shown on the big screens in the stadium, Belichick was immediately fuming. He grabbed the phone to give some choice words to whoever gave him the order to throw the challenge flag. Rather than hang up at the end of his call, he smashed the phone into a wall.
—Cork Gaines (@CorkGaines) December 29, 2020
SEE ALSO: Patrick Mahomes called Ryan Fitzpatrick's game-winning throw the 'best no-look pass of all time'
More: Sports NFL New England Patriots Bill Belichick

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The fabulous Amy Shearn (and her daughter Harper!) talk about Amy's new book UNSEEN CITY, ghosts, NYC, writing and so much more
I first met Amy Shearn at a book reading in 2015, and was instantly smitten with her dress and with her because she is just the coolest, funniest person around.Want proof? Here you go:
Amy is also extraordinarily talented. She is the author of the novels The Mermaid of Brooklyn and How Far Is the Ocean From Here. Her third novel, Unseen City, is, truthfully, extraordinary. Want proof of that? Look at some of this praise:
"Luminous...The presence of ghosts is easily believable, helped along by the characters' shared sense of grief. Shearn's nimble storytelling unearths a fascinating and fraught history."—Publishers Weekly
"Like the ghosts who inhabit its pages, the novel lingers long after you've put it down."—Kirkus Reviews
"Amy Shearn's modern fable Unseen City is anchored by smart, sly humor. It delves into the layered social, psychological, and historical architecture of New York City, a place that's paved over the bones of its dead, who are transmuted by needs of the living or clarified by their own unmet demands. Somewhere between the two poles lies the finite present, a co-constructed mythology that's revealed to be volatile, and as susceptible to emotional anesthesia as it is to radical hope."—Foreword Reviews
Amy has an MFA from the University of Minnesota, and currently lives in Brooklyn. You can find her at amyshearnwrites.com or @amyshearn.
And here is a fantastic video Amy made with her daughter Harper, which was also shot and edited by her son Alton! And wait, there's more! Harper was interviewed for her writing on this blog when she was in first grade! Read it here!
And here is the interview! Thank you Amy!
I always ask, what was haunting you when you wrote this book? And do you now feel unhaunted? Did the writing give you an answer you were looking for?
What a great question! When I was writing this book, I was haunted by many questions: How does one shape a meaningful life? Who can really manage to live in New York City and to whom does the city belong (a sub-question there being: How is gentrification a kind of ghost story)? And of course the old favorite: How do we go on with this life knowing we will experience tremendous loss and eventually die ourselves?
Also. When I first started shaping this book, I knew I wanted a historical storyline to intertwine with the present-day. But as soon as I started researching the history of various neighborhoods in Brooklyn I realized that (of course! inevitably!) any story about the history of this country is in some way a story about racism and racist violence. This was back in 2013, 2014, the years when the Black Lives Matter movement was really getting going, and I felt very aware of and haunted by the news and the anti-Black violence that is so woven into the story of this country. These two things combined in my head in a way I couldn't stop thinking about -- how life in America haunted by the legacy of racism and violence; how white people often feel like it's not "our" issue but how it needs to be everyone's issue and everyone's problem to focus on and try to work out. My book is just a novel of course, and only tells a pretend story about pretend people, and is inevitably from a white writer's perspective, and I've certainly not answered any questions or solved any problems. I do not feel unhaunted by this one, as is appropriate. But I feel like I did strengthen my "radical empathy" muscles and stretched myself as a writer in this project of trying to create a story that engaged with important issues of social justice. I had never felt confident enough in my writing before to try to tackle anything on that scale before.
As for the other preoccupations, I think they might also just be evergreen questions for me. But I definitely have other things in mind, haunting me if you will, as I begin work on something new!
I love anything that has to do with NYC, and this wonderful novel feels like the best sort of Valentine. Is it? How and how not?
Ah, thank you! It's funny you say that because I truly have a complicated relationship with NYC – I think maybe everyone does? I've never lived anywhere else where it feels like everyone who lives there is constantly going "Wait, do I really want to be here? Is it worth it? Should I move? I should move. Wait, no. I'll never leave! Wait, actully I think I need to leave. Wait-" But I feel like that's what it's like to live here – because it's, you know, objectively speaking, terrible in so many ways, you're always having to choose it again and again. Then again, maybe I say that because I'm a transplant from the Midwest, and came here 15 – almost 16! – years ago without much of a plan and not totally expecting to stay. I'm perpetually surprised to find that my entire adult life is rooted here, that my children are New Yorkers.
So anyway, I wrote this in a time when I really did need to fall back in love with the city – my kids were small, life felt particularly hard and unaffordable, it often seemed (as it does for my book's character Meg) that the city was trying to expel me, like a splinter or something, because I wasn't rich enough or connected enough or high-powered enough. Learning more about the city's history actually did help, in the same way that you feel more kindly or understanding towards a person once you learn more about their backstory.
I also wrote a lot in the book about weird spaces, hidden stories, and long walks, which truly are my favorite things about the city. I was definitely writing a valentine to taking long walks throughout the city, which is the one thing New York is absolutely the best for.
I also admit that I love librarians, and you've made this one even more enchanting because she has to live with her sister's ghost in her apartment. Can you talk about where that character came from?
Ha! I love librarians too! I am often confused to find that I am not actually a librarian, like, how did that happen? How did I forget to become a librarian?
My second book, which came out while I was starting to write this one, was about a Brooklyn mother of two, and I was frustrated by how many people (totally understandably! but still) assumed the character was essentially really me. I wanted to create more distance with my next protagonist, and to imagine a very different life. Meg is single, has always been single, never wants to get married or have children, doesn't work in media like I do, and is a very pure reader. I know that doesn't sound that different from me, but weirdly because I'm a writer I feel like I can never really read in that same pure way as I did as kid, when I wasn't also trying to figure out how the writer did this or that – I'm sure you know what I mean. So to me, it's fun to imagine that. And because I felt overwhelmed by my children in those years, and (I now realize) unhappy in my marriage, the life of someone who kind of gets to be self-focused seemed quite seductive.
Now, IRONICALLY ENOUGH, I'm divorced, and I'm the same age that Meg is in the book (we're 40, TYVM), and so sometimes, when my kids are at their dad's, I do live alone, so… that's just… really weird. I'm still not a librarian though. But stay tuned I guess.
As for her ghost! Some years ago I had a revelation about my parents. When they met, they were in their 20s, and they had both just undergone huge, traumatic, unexpected losses in their immediate families – the sudden death of both my mother's brother and my father's father. I'd always clocked this as nothing more than an odd coincidence until it occurred to me that (duh!) this must have been a large part of what bonded them together. When I asked them about this my mother said, "Yes, it was like we were two lost souls who found each other." Gross right? Just kidding. Anyway, so this also sort of obsessed me, this idea that loss can bring people together. So I wanted to create two characters, Meg and Ellis, who are in a unique position to understand each other's pain, and who are drawn together because of it.
There's a lot about the things that haunt us in the book, and not just the sibling ghost or the library guy who is dedicated to excavating the mysteries of a haunted house.
I also deeply loved that the house, as well as NYC, was sort of a character in itself, something I admit I always feel drawn to. This house has had an upbringing, starting with growing up (so to speak) in Brooklyn before gentrification turned it from joke to a must destination. And so does the city, with vestiges of draft riots, poverty, love. Can you talk about this please?
Oh, thank you! Another thing that was going on in my life when I first started writing this book was that my then-husband and I were trying to buy a house. Our budget put us into the "Would you like a burnt-out shell or just a pile of rubble?" price range of Brooklyn real estate. So needless to say we were not looking at beautifully staged spaces; we were looking strictly at houses where it seemed like something terrible had happened immediately before we entered them. One we literally called "the murder house" because it just… had that vibe to it. I was fascinated by how you could feel the imprint of the people who had lived in these spaces – the tread of their feet on worn carpet, the misalignment of a door that was maybe slammed too many times. It made me think a lot about the spaces we live our lives in, and how those spaces shape our selves. And it also made me think a lot about gentrification and what role I did or did not want to play in it. Like, if we bought a foreclosed home in a neighborhood where we would be the only white people, was that profiting off institutionalized injustice, benefiting from the pain of whoever had lost their home?
We didn't end up buying a house. But I did, obviously, retain an interest in the way houses and buildings tell narratives about the people who live in them and the cities around them. I love the wisdom and world-weariness of buildings that obviously used to live different lives – and there are so many of these in New York City. (Maybe because I'm from the Midwest, I'm perpetually impressed and surprised by how OLD everything here is.) The war munitions factory that eventually houses artists and lovers in lofts. The mogul's stately mansion that gets sliced and diced into quirky little apartments. The farmhouse (as in the book) that finds Brooklyn has sprouted up all around it. I love them!
How do you think people find the persons that should be theirs? I sometimes think we have radar that guides us.
Oh wow, I really don't know. I like this radar idea. I do find that we somehow draw in the people we need in any given moment.
Lately I have had so much love and gratitude for my friends – I am lucky to have these incredible, supportive, brilliant, generous women in my life who have lifted me up and held space for me as I navigated my divorce (and EVERYTHING else, you know, this year has been so many years!), and maybe this person-radar is to thank for that. I mean when I think about it, there are in this friend roster a few representatives from each stage in my life, which is pretty incredible – like a high school friend, a college friend, a grad school friend, new motherhood friends, current neighborhood friends – you know? Maybe my past self knew that I would someday need deep friendships with incredible women to lean on. I find that more and more my female friendships are the most important and nurturing relationships in my life -- they are truly my people, my kindred spirits. So, I'm glad my radar found and collected them over the years.
Tell us what kind of writer you are, and what the process was for this particular book.
What an interesting thing to think about! I hope it doesn't sound too precious when I say that for me being a writer feels like as much a part of me as being a woman or a mother or something like that – like, it's just there, it's always going to be there. I've had such a, hm, checkered publication history that every time I'm writing a book I have no idea if it will be published or by whom or how, and yet I keep doing it anyway and I know that I always will no matter what; writing is just how I process life, and I feel weird and cranky when I'm not writing. Of course in addition to writing books, which feels like my art and my vocation, if you will, I write various essays and articles for work – though that feels like such a different thing!
So, anyway, this book. This was the first book I've ever written where I did a ton of research before even beginning, and then created a very detailed outline, including a sort of map for myself. I did a lot of work before writing any pages. I had Pinterest boards for all of my characters – I wanted to see and know everyone very clearly before I began. Then I divided up the storylines/narrators – there are now only two, but in the first draft I think I had 5 or 6 different narrators! And then I wrote each narrator's storyline on its own, in these disparate narrative chunks. This worked well for the shape of time I had in those days, if that makes sense. My kids were little and I had very scant childcare, so I couldn't reliably write every day. But I would find these sorts of islands of time. A couple times my mother came into town for a week or so at a time and watched the children and I spent all day every day writing one of these storylines. One summer I scraped together enough dollars to send the kids to day camp for the first time ever, it was so exciting, and then I had two weeks of half-days during which I wrote one of the storylines. That kind of thing.
But I wasn't able to really braid all these storylines together until the kids were both in school fulltime. My daughter was in 1st grade, and my son was in full-day pre-k (I know it's not very cool to say this nowadays, but I have a soft spot for DiBlasio -- entirely because he made universal pre-k a thing in NYC and this allowed me to finish my book), and after being home with them for nearly 8 years I decided I could gift myself a few months before looking for more renumerative work. I spent every school day working on the book. I have never before or since had anything like this, really – a fairly reliable six hours or so to write, day after day. The level of concentration and flow you can achieve is truly remarkable! This was the time and space I needed to combine all the bits of novel I'd written over the years. By that winter I had gone back to work fulltime, but that was a really great fall for me creatively!
THEN there was a whole series of sagas re: publication, and at one point my brilliant agent Julie Stevenson guided me through a pretty significant revision, etc, etc. So there were still a good many years between my "finishing" it, and now. To wit, my daughter is now in middle school. But hey, what is time anyway?
That was probably a lot more detail than you needed! But the point is: there's always a way. It's not the same way with each book, or at least it definitely isn't for me. In fact, the next book, which my agent is currently reading, was an entirely different process! That book, a quick, epistolary comedy called Dear Edna Sloane, was written in one year, mostly during my lunch breaks from my day job. Each book totally is shaped by the process – like, of course a lunch break novel is in letters! You know?
And do you yourself believe in ghosts? (I do.)
Ahhh! I think I convinced myself, over the course of writing this book, that ghosts are totally real. I started off liking a ghost as a metaphor. But – I just think there has to be a lot about the way the world works that we can't prove or fully understand. And – this is going to sound so dumb – but a few years ago my dog, a terrible mutt named Quimby, died. And afterwards I could have sworn I felt her presence, sometimes even seemed to see her out of the corner of my eye. It was so strange, and felt so physical – like there was some imprint of her left there. It faded after a while. And maybe that's where we get mythologies/ideas like purgatory or the Bardo – trying to explain why we have that weird sense that someone who's dead is still hanging around.
What's obsessing you now and why (besides the pandemic and politics.)
Oh gosh, well, given the way my own life has changed in the past year, and watching what's happening to other nuclear families during the pandemic (my own split was pre-pandemic! strange coincidence of timing, there) -- I have been thinking a lot about the inadequacy of our contemporary American iterations of marriage and childrearing and family. My friends and I frequently joke about starting an all-female artists commune in the country where we would share childcare responsibilities and support each other's creative work… and sometimes I'm not sure we're totally joking! I mean, communal living feels like an utter science-fiction fantasy in Covid times. But I do think that we're all set up to fail right now. Heterosexual marriage, in so many cases, ends up producing a kind of mini-society that's fueled by the free (and totally overlooked) labor of wives and mothers. Our country's totally backwards attitude towards childcare and education and whose responsibility they are – it's all been laid bare by the pandemic. So I've been thinking a lot about that, and about how we ask women and especially mothers to shape their lives and selves in order to make everything work a certain way. I'm in the very very wispy first stages of writing something new, but I know this obsession is going to work its way in…
No, you are perfect, obviously! You are the world's best literary citizen in addition to being an awe-inspiring writer, Caroline. I'm so grateful to you for everything you do!
Maddie Dawson talks about her new book A HAPPY CAT...
The fabulous Amy Shearn (and her daughter Harper!)...
Katherine Vaz on the Nothing is Cancelled Book Tou...
Honor Moore talks about OUR REVOLUTION: A MOTHER A...


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The Circuit of the Americas isn't just about Formula 1 – but will grand prix racing ever really catch on in the States?
Past, present, and future
America has often taken a home-grown approach to motorsport: not only does the American public tend to prefer its own series (notably Indycar and NASCAR) but also its own drivers. At the moment, although there's an American team in the form of Haas, there are no American drivers in Formula 1; which is going to be key to enhancing the appeal. Alexander Rossi is the driver who has come closest to F1 in recent years, and there was some talk of Santino Ferrucci as well – until he rammed his Formula 2 team mate at Silverstone this year and got fired – but unbelievably you have to go back to 1993 to find the last full-time American in F1: Michael Andretti. And his best result, not helped by having Ayrton Senna as his team mate, was third in Monza. There's only ever been one American F1 World Champion too, Phil Hill in 1961.
But there have been many other American drivers in other international series, who have achieved a huge amount of success. It's all to do with conditioning. Until recently, there have been no established single-seater series with the specific aim of feeding F1: instead it's been Indy Lights and Formula Atlantic, geared towards Indycar. Now that's changing, thanks to Formula 3 and Formula 4 in America, both of which are supplied by Pirelli and both of which are on the bill of support races this weekend at the United States Grand Prix.
Endurance and gravel
When it comes to endurance racing – and other forms of sports car racing – America has a much stronger record. Hurley Haywood, Price Cobb and Al Holbert are all among the Le Mans winners, while there have been two American Nurburgring 24 Hours winners as well. There's a simple reason for all that: endurance racing is as hard-wired in the American psyche as popcorn, thanks to epic tracks such as Daytona and Laguna Seca. Formula 1 has nowhere near the same amount of public exposure, which ironically is the reason why a few F1 drivers – including Nigel Mansell – made Florida their home. They just don't get recognised or bothered there.
There's also a huge amount of support in America for off-road racing. Even the greatest circuit driver that America has produced – the legendary Mario Andretti – started his career on dirt ovals: traditionally the introduction to any form of motorsport in America.
Perhaps the most-recognised American driver, especially among the younger generation, is another off-road specialist: Ken Block. He's not even especially known for his competition activities, but instead for his 'Gymkhana' demonstration videos. However, Block has competed on the World Rally Championship in the past (claiming a career best result of seventh on the 2013 Rally Mexico) and currently takes part in rallycross.
Where rallying meets the circuit
And that takes us back to Austin. The Circuit of the Americas is also home to America's only rallycross track – where off-road meets circuit racing – which was built earlier this year between Turns 12 and 15. Only a few weeks ago it hosted a round of the World Rallycross championship, which was extremely well-attended. Pirelli's last World Rally champion, Sebastien Loeb, finished just off the podium and described it as one of the most complicated tracks in rallycross, where overtaking is practically impossible. The same isn't true of the F1 track, which offers several passing opportunities. But it's interesting to note that rallycross – which has been contested by a number of former grand prix drivers this year, such as Jacques Villeneuve, Scott Speed, and Alex Wurz – is using an increasing number of Formula 1 venues. Barcelona kicked off the rallycross world championship this year, and two new additions to the calendar in 2019 are Spa – which is going to build an epic new rallycross circuit featuring Eau Rouge corner – and Yas Marina in Abu Dhabi.
Having featured on the World Endurance Championship as well, the Circuit of the Americas is now firmly embedded in the country's motorsport consciousness, and since 2016, Formula 1's promoters (Liberty Media) have also been American, with an agenda of establishing more races in the United States. All that's missing is an American F1 driver.
Jeffrey Herlings' secret:
a question of feeling
Thinking outside
of the Boxster
Racing to


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CalSEED Program Funding Reauthorized by the California Energy Commission
Lindsey Roark – lindsey.roark@newenergynexus.com
Oakland, CA – The California Energy Commission (CEC) announced today that it has reauthorized funding for the California Sustainable Energy Entrepreneur Development (CalSEED) program through 2025. CalSEED is funded through the CEC's EPIC program which invests approximately $120M annually for innovative clean energy technologies and approaches benefiting the ratepayers of California's three largest electric investor-owned utilities. Through the CalSEED initiative $25M will be deployed to back over 80 startups in coming years.
"The CALSEED program has been successful in helping entrepreneurs working on promising climate solutions to get the support they need to scale up," said David Hochschild, Chairman of the CEC. "The Energy Commission is proud to partner with New Energy Nexus with the next round of CALSEED funding and to help these innovators bring new clean energy technologies to life."
Over the past 5 years, CalSEED has successfully funded 4 cohorts of entrepreneurs developing break-through technologies for California in the Concept ($150,000) and Prototype ($450,000) stage through non-dilutive funding up to $600,000. In 2020 for the fourth cohort, 28 companies were selected for an award. Since 2017 a total of 97 start-ups have received around $20M.
The CalSEED program is designed to incubate key energy innovations across the "valleys of death" and readies them for equity investment and full-scale commercialization. Several CalSEED awardees have proven this model successful by raising large sums of money in seed round investing, including Cuberg and Coreshell from CalSEED's 3rd cohort and Gridware from the 4th cohort, who just last month raised $5.3M for their wildfire prevention technology.
"Without CalSEED, we would have spent a significant amount of time for fundraising that would have distracted the team from focusing on developing our technology and refining it with our early customers," said Cheng Jin of Powerflex, a software company that enables workplaces to support mass EV charging using renewable energy and was acquired by EDF Renewables in 2019. "The availability of a moderate amount of funding in the early stage of a technology startup is so critical as it could very well mean the difference between continuing forward and closing shop."
CalSEED's approach starts with 'social equity in, social equity out', by which we encourage a diverse pool of applicants and equitable clean energy solutions that are accessible to everyone. Nearly $9M have been awarded to entrepreneurs from underrepresented groups through the program. ReJoule, a cleantech startup that designs and builds battery diagnostics to enhance performance of lithium batteries and founded by a brother and sister from an immigrant family, is one of them.
"I love how the program encourages diversity, equity and inclusion," said Zora Chung, Co-Founder of ReJoule, a company from the second CalSEED cohort. "If we are to truly enable the clean energy transition, we need to be aware of the impact we have on communities that have historically been left behind or bear the brunt of the impact of climate change."
Launched in 2016, CalSEED was created to accelerate California's clean energy goals, serving as a key avenue for economic development by backing diverse entrepreneurs to succeed in technology creation and commercialization. Through the EPIC fund, the CEC has effectively spawned a new innovation pipeline with CalSEED providing the first stage in the ecosystem for early-stage clean energy entrepreneurs looking to advance their concept or prototype. Other elements of the ecosystem include the four innovation clusters – the Los Angeles Cleantech Incubator, Fresno's Bluetech Valley, Southern California Energy Innovation Network and Berkeley's Cyclotron Road – and the CalTestBed initiative with the University of California for prototype evaluation.
After the challenges presented in 2020, an important component of 'social equity out' is ensuring that "continued CalSEED funding supports a swift and equitable economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic by empowering cleantech founders to upskill and employ workers to build back better," said Mariah Lichtenstern, member of CalSEED's Technical Review Committee. "The New Deal of our era must have environmental and social governance at the center."
CalSEED's reauthorization comes at a pivotal time for climate policy within not only California but the US, as the Biden administration's ambitious goals highlight the need for early-stage startups.
"Reauthorizing EPIC and now CalSEED demonstrates California's continued commitment to clean energy," said Erik Stokes, Chief of the Energy Deployment and Market Facilitation Office at the CEC. "We don't have all the technology solutions we need to address climate change. And there's a number of clean energy technology solutions that are commercial but still cost prohibitive for most of the population. Innovation can help solve these issues."
"CalSEED is advancing new, clean energy technologies that have the potential to move the needle on California achieving its carbon reduction and climate goals," says Kristin Larson, Project Manager from Center for Sustainable Energy. "We are proud to be members of the CalSEED Technical Review Committee since 2016 as the project has been a successful incubator for new, clean energy technologies that enhance resiliency and push California into a future of decarbonized communities."
"Of the first $20M we put $9M into under-represented founder teams to build the business that will get California to 100% clean energy. In the next 3 years we want to increase this ratio and spread the benefits of ownership, leadership and wealth-building that these companies represent to more Californians as well as the benefits of clean, low cost, climate friendly energy services" said Danny Kennedy, CEO of New Energy Nexus. "We thank the CEC for the opportunity. Shine on!"
About CalSEED
CalSEED is and early-stage grant fund and accelerator for startups. It is an initiative made possible by the California Energy Commission. With this re-authorization the CalSEED initiative will provide $25M to support innovators working on early-stage clean energy concepts. CalSEED is a program of New Energy Nexus. For more information, please go to calseed.fund
About New Energy Nexus
New Energy Nexus is a non-profit international organization that strives towards an abundant world with a 100% clean energy economy for 100% of the population in the shortest time possible. To achieve this goal, we support diverse clean energy entrepreneurs with funds, accelerators and networks. We started in California and now operate programs in New York, China, India, Southeast Asia and East Africa. For more information, please go to newenergynexus.com
About the California Energy Commission
The California Energy Commission is leading the state to a 100 percent clean energy future. It has seven core responsibilities: developing renewable energy, transforming transportation, increasing energy efficiency, investing in energy innovation, advancing state energy policy, certifying thermal power plants, and preparing for energy emergencies. For more information, please go to energy.gov.ca
The California Sustainable Energy Entrepreneur Development Initiative (CalSEED) is made possible by the California Energy Commission and funded through the Electric Program Investment Charge. CalSEED is administered by New Energy Nexus.
436 14th Street, Suite 1220 Oakland, CA 94612
Email Us: info@calseed.fund
© 2021 CalSEED


Vintage Linen Kitchen Towel New Old Stock A Scots ToastWelcome to Carol's True Vintage and Antiques Shop!
Categories: Dishcloths & Kitchen Towels, Mid Century Modern, Vintage Kitchen.
Tags: A Scots Toast, beige black towel, collectible kitchen, kitchen towel, Linen kitchen towel, linen towel, New old stock, printed linen towel, printed towel, scotish towel, unused towel, vintage linen, vintage towel.
This is a great old unused linen kitchen towel. It is from Scotland and marked "A Scots Toast". It is marked The year of the Scot and it has Thistle on the bottom corners of the towel. It is marked "May the best you've ever seen Bee the worst you'll ever see; May the mouse ne'er leave your girnal WI' a tear drap in its e'e; Till ye're auld enought to dee' May you aye be just as happy as I wish you now to be!" It hasn't been used and is in mint condition. It is 29″ long and 18″ wide. Beige with black printing and farmhouse picture at the top. It is marked Innes & Cromb Design.


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Hang out by a liquor store in Chicago and you're likely to get shot, one study finds
99 bottles of beer on the wall, 99 bottles of beer…
A study conducted by Northwestern University's Medical School resulted in news that might not be too surprising for some. According to the study, gun violence occurs more frequently near liquor stores and bars than any other place.
The study looked at shootings which occurred over a 10-year period, from 1999 to 2009, in the south and west sides of Chicago, where there has historically been a high crime rate. The study revealed that a person is 500 times more likely to get shot if they are within close proximity to liquor stores in either the South Side or West Side, as opposed to other areas in the neighborhood which are farther away from the stores.
But it should come as no surprise, as it's already a well-known fact that alcohol and guns don't mix.
"You're adding alcohol to an already volatile situation in a distressed community," noted Marie Crandall, M.D., lead investigator of the study and associate professor of surgery at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and a physician at Northwestern Memorial Hospital.
"If you light a match in the rainforest and throw it on the ground, the match will go out," she explained. "If you light a match in a haystack in the middle of a drought, a powder keg will go off. These neighborhoods are powder kegs because they are challenged with high rates of unemployment, faltering economies, loss of jobs and institutionalized poverty and racism."
And while the Windy City has certainly had a leading role in the latest gun violence debate, this study has been unique in that it is apparently the first of its kind to look at the specific high-crime neighborhoods of Chicago, rather than focusing on the city as a whole.
But, of course, this study isn't the only one that has shown a link between alcohol consumption and increased violence – whether it be at the end of a gun or other object.
Ban the 40s and reduce violence? That's what one college professor claims.
"Is prohibition the solution to violence?" Robert Nash Parker, University of California, Riverside sociologist and author of "Alcohol and Violence: The Nature of the Relationship and the Promise of Prevention," questions.
"Not for the vast majority of communities," Parker said. "However, results show that for isolated communities with a concern for public health and safety, prohibition may be a viable option."
He claims that certain strategies, like banning the sale of 40-ounce containers of beer, have resulted in reduced violent crime in some U.S. cities.
Crandall hopes that the results of the Chicago study will encourage city officials to discuss possible solutions for reducing crime. And one idea that Crandall thinks might help is similar to Parker's: Close liquor stores in certain areas and replace them with food stores instead.


Should we be treating the cause of mental illness rather than the symptoms?
A cow parsley tattoo, hibernating ladybirds, and a lurcher called Annie.
How do you rebuild after traumatic events? Bridget Kendall and her guests discuss.
The 1960s saw anti-psychiatrists including RD Laing question the notion of insanity.
Colin Murray Parkes illuminates the importance of secure attachments for human happiness.
The Care in the Community concept dominated the 1980s.
Aleks Krotoski explores how effective the digital world is as a confidante.
Jim Al-Khalili interviews Prof David Nutt about research into drugs and the brain.
Clare Balding meets Stuart and his dog Poppy, walking round England for charity.
Susie Orbach meets school secretary Harriet, who is struggling since failed IVF.
Psychotherapist Susie Orbach meets Helen, a high-achieving corporate lawyer.
Sally Herships explores how trauma that we haven't experienced directly can shape us.
How personal insecurity is used to drive exceptional performance in elite City workplaces.
A four-part history of us - our borders, our peoples and the stories we tell ourselves.
Susie Orbach has her first meeting with Jo, a new patient and an out-of-work actress.
Psychotherapist Susie Orbach meets John, a retired railway trade unionist.
Julia Bradbury discusses the challenges of emergency medicine with Dr Martin McKechnie.
Julia Bradbury talks to Laura Rutherford, a volunteer with the Samaritans.
Julia Bradbury explores the challenges of working in a mental health inpatient unit.
Susie Orbach meets Louise and Richard, who are expecting their first child in a few days.
FutureProofing discovers how we can protect and improve our mental health in future.
Global ideas on tackling mental illness, in a discussion led by Bridget Kendall.
Ernie Rea and guests explore religious perspectives on mental health.
Clare Balding walks with a mental health walking group in Shrewsbury.
Are vulnerable patients dying after being discharged from mental health care too soon?
How unsung heroine Barbara Robb exposed glaring gaps in the care of the mentally ill.


Are you looking for a Landscape Master's Degree taught 100% in English?
Would you like to experience workshops developed in unexpected abandoned landscapes (obsolete power plants, airports, empty urban areas)?
Would you like to enjoy internships in prestigious European institutions?
Gain experience with top-skilled professional multidisciplinari teams working on landscape and heritage projects in Barcelona and other European cities!
Reader at the University of Salford, UK. Her research interests include: Innovation-Driven Regeneration, Heritage –Led / Culture – Led Sustainable Urban Regeneration, IT and sustainable spatial planning. She is author of over 100 publications in her field, including 4 books and several peer reviewed papers.
19:00 Sala Carreras Candi, MUHBA, Plaça del Rei.
I am an architect with a specialization in sustainability. At the time of signing up for the Master, what caught my attention was the interdisciplinary nature of the program and the possibility of learning to work with strategies, initiatives, projects and actions related to intervention and, above all, landscape and heritage management. The coolest thing of the course was the international workshops where I have been able to work with people from other countries and share opinions, work methodologies and experiences on real issues while also enjoying the possibility of visiting fascinating places.
Master's Degree in Landscape Intervention and Heritage Management.


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Scopula habilis is a moth of the  family Geometridae. It is found in Nigeria.

References

Endemic fauna of Nigeria
Moths described in 1899
habilis
Insects of West Africa
Moths of Africa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Brief History of the Technique
SPR Measurements, Application Field and Comparison with Other Techniques
The Basics of Label-free Biomolecular Interactions
Instrument Presentation
How SPRi is Used
How are the Molecules Immobilized on the biochip?
Conclusion & Bibliography
Technologies » Brief History of the Technique
Brief history of SPRI1
In 1902, Wood, observing the spectrum of a continuous source of white light using a diffraction grating in reflection, noticed thin dark bands in the diffracted spectrum2.
Theoretical analysis undertaken by Fano3 in 1941 led to the conclusion that these anomalies were associated with surface waves (surface plasmon) supported by the network.
It was in 1968 that Otto4 showed that these surface waves can be excited by using attenuated total reflection. In the same year, Kretschmann and Raether5 obtained the same results from a different configuration of the attenuated total reflection method.
Following this work, the interest for surface plasmons has increased considerably, in particular for characterizing thin films and for studying processes taking place on metal interfaces. Marking a turning point in surface plasmon applications, Nylander and Liedberg, for the first time in 1983, exploited the Kretschmann configuration for gas and biomolecules6 detection. The different possible exploitations in this field, and the need for more and more robust and reliable devices allowing the understanding of biomolecular phenomena, gave birth to companies specialized in the development and the sale of SPR devices.
Who discovered the SPR phenomenon?
Between 1902 and 1912, R.M. Wood (1868-1955) at Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, USA) noticed that when he shined polarized light onto a metal-backed diffraction grating, a pattern of unusual dark and light bands appeared in the reflected light. Although he speculated about how the light, gratings and metal interacted, a clear answer to the phenomenon was not provided.
When were the plasmon waves described for the first time?
In the 1950s more experimentation was done on electron energy losses in gasses and on thin foils. Pines and Bohm suggested that the energy losses were due to the excitation of conducting electrons creating plasma oscillations or plasmons. Further research revealed that the energy loss resulted from excitation of a surface plasma oscillation in which part of the restoring electric field extended beyond the specimen boundary. Therefore, the presence of any film or contaminant on the specimen surface affects the surface plasma oscillation. This effect was described in terms of excitation of electromagnetic 'evanescent' waves at the surface of the metal, and in the 1970s evanescent waves were described as a means to study ultra-thin metal films and coatings.
In the late 1960s, optical excitation of surface plasmons by means of attenuated total reflection was demonstrated by Kretschmann and Otto.
When was the first SPR instrument used to study interactions between two partners?
In the 1980s, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and related techniques exploiting evanescent waves were applied to the interrogation of thin films, as well as biological and chemical interactions. These techniques allow the user to study the interaction between immobilized ligands and analytes in solution, in real time and without labelling of the analyte. By observing binding rates and binding levels, there are different ways to provide information on the specificity, kinetics and affinity of the interaction, or the concentration of the analyte.


text:
Collective Punishment Policy Resumes: Israeli Punitive House Demolitions in the OPT
On Wednesday 03 December 2014, the Israeli High Court (HCJ) heard a petition by eight human rights groups calling to ban punitive house demolitions. The petition seeks to "challenge the practice of punitive house demolitions on a principle level" and not to protect a specific house. The Court has not decided on the issue yet.
Israel has broadened its policy of collective punishment through the reimplementation of punitive house demolitions against Palestinians. Israel's basis for punitive house demolitions is Regulation 119(1) of the Defense (emergency) Regulations of 1945 enacted during the British Mandate, which Israel incorporated into its law. Israeli authorities consider the regulation to remain 'part and parcel' of the penal law of the Occupied Territory.
Since 1967, some 48,000 Palestinian homes have been demolished.[1] Israel ended its punitive policy of house demolitions in 1998, but reinstated it after the outbreak of the second Palestinian Intifada in 2000. During the period of 2000-2005, Israel destroyed more than 650 Palestinian homes resulting in the displacement of more than 4,000 people. Israeli Occupying Forces (IOF) stopped using this measure in 2005 after a military committee found little evidence in the effectiveness of the policy. The policy was however used in 2009, when the homes of two Palestinians accused of killing an Israeli soldier were punitively demolished and sealed in East Jerusalem.
Punitive house demolitions have been increasingly used by Israel since February 2014. Al-Haq has documented 10 cases of punitive house demolitions carried out by Israel, which left 28 people displaced including 6 children. There are currently 4 pending demolition orders in East Jerusalem alone. Irrespective of the illegality of punitive house demolitions, Israeli Prime Minister has affirmed that the policy will continue to be used.
Demolitions in Hebron – August 2014
On 18 August 2014, the Israeli Occupying Forces demolished the houses of Amer Abu 'Easheh and Hussam Qawasmeh, and irreversibly destroyed the apartment of Marwan Qawasmeh on the allegation that they were suspected of abducting and killing three Israeli settlers. During this time, neither Marwan Qawasmeh nor Amer Abu 'Easheh were in custody, nor were they previously brought before a court to determine their guilt or innocence. Both were extra-judicially killed on 23 September 2014. Hussam has been detained since 11 July 2014 and has been brought before an Israeli military court, with charges of planning and financing the abduction of settlers. He has not been sentenced to date.
The HCJ ordered that any demolition or sealing of the house could not take place before 1 p.m. on 14 August 2014, in order for petitioners to submit appraisals by engineers on the demolition's potential damage to adjacent properties. The appraisals were reviewed by the military.
The houses demolished and irreversibly destroyed in Hebron were:[2]
The two-story house of the prisoner Hussam Qawasmeh, 41, in the neighborhood of Wadi Abu Kteleh, was demolished at 4:38 am. The house was inhabited by nine people, including six children. The windows of his neighbor's house were shattered as a result of the demolition.
On Al-Dahdah Street, the apartment of Amer Abu 'Easheh, 32, was demolished at 3:30 am. The apartment is located on the top floor of a three-story building owned by his father. The apartment was inhabited by Amer's wife and his three children. The explosion of the apartment led to the collapse of the joint wall between Amer's apartment and that of his brother, who lives with his family.
Also on Al-Dahdah Street, the apartment of Marwan Qawasmeh was made uninhabitable by Israeli Occupying Forces, who poured concrete cement into the house. The apartment is owned by Marwan's father, and was inhabited by Marwan and his pregnant wife.
Israeli Occupying Forces arrived at the area at around 1:00 am on 18 August 2014, with units of the Engineering Corps of the Israeli Army as well as cement trucks for the house of Marwan Qawasmeh. The Engineering Corps planted the explosives at the houses of Hussam and Amer, and cement was poured into the apartment of Marwan. The IOF left at around 5:00 am. Thirteen individuals including nine children were left without homes after the operation.
Demolition in Occupied East Jerusalem – November 2014
On 19 November 2014, Israel demolished the home of Abdelrahman Al-Shaludi, 21, in the Al-Bustan neighborhood of Silwan in Occupied East Jerusalem. Al-Shaludi drove his car into a tram station, resulting in the killing of two Israelis on 22 October 2014. He was shot and killed immediately after the incident by the IOF.
Abdelrahman's family, including his parents, two brothers and three sisters, live in an apartment in a five-story building. His extended family lives in the other apartments in the building. At around 1:00 am on 19 November 2014, the family was asleep when the IOF broke into and raided the apartment. The Israeli soldiers wore masks and pointed their guns at the family. Abdelrahman's two sisters, Nibras, 12, and Raneem, 7, were terrified and started crying. The soldiers asked the members of the family to each carry his/her blanket and evacuate the apartment. Abdelrahman's house was already emptied of furniture, as the family had received a demolition order a few days before.
All families living in the apartment complex were evacuated. The families waited for nearly three hours outside, where at about 4:00 am the apartment was destroyed with explosives. Two apartments in the same building and a car parked nearby were damaged by the explosion. Abdelrahman's parents and siblings are now living with relatives. Israel has barred them from returning to and rebuilding their home. (Al-Haq Affidavit 10167/2014).
An HCJ judgment, issued on 11 August 2014, in the case of the Hebron demolitions provides insight into Israel's policy of punitive house demolition and the complicity of state institutions, including the judiciary, in supporting these illegal practices. The petition was filed by the families of the suspects and HaMoked.
In its judgment, the Court stated that the purpose of Regulation 119 was not to "punish terrorists or as a means for collective punishment of uninvolved parties", and acknowledged that the demolitions "violate the rights of innocent parties" Including young children, which is "regretful". The Court provided that the main principle underlying Regulation 119 is that authority should be exercised "proportionally": house demolitions are justified as "proportionate" when balanced against the need to deter other Palestinians from carrying out attacks on Israel. The force used remains at the discretion of the Military Commander, without court interference.
The HCJ further rejected the claim that Regulation 119 was discriminatorily exercised based on the petitioners' argument that the Military Commander did not issue an order for the demolition of the homes of the Israeli settler suspects who admitted to murdering Palestinian teenager Mohammed Abu Khdeir. The HCJ provided that "the comparison is not in place…in view of the fact that Regulation 119 has a deterring rather than a punitive purpose, the mere execution of hideous terror acts by Jews, such as the abduction and murder of the youth Mohammed Abu Khdeir, cannot justify, in and of itself, the application of the regulation against Jews". While punitive house demolitions are illegal under international legal standards and should not be carried out against any part of the population, the HCJ's parsing of standards in order to justify the policy's use against Palestinians only is representative of broader discriminatory laws and policies that target Palestinians while fostering Israeli settler impunity.
Israel's policy of punitive house demolitions amounts to collective punishment. The collective punishment of protected persons is absolutely prohibited under Article 33(1) of the Fourth Geneva Convention, including "[c]ollective penalties and likewise all measures of intimidation".[3] As noted above, even the Israeli High Court has acknowledged that such measures do in fact violate the rights of innocent people, although it notably refrained from stopping the military from enacting such measures. Moreover, international humanitarian law further prohibits the destruction of property belonging to the occupied population, unless required by military necessity. The "destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly", is considered a grave breach of the Fourth Geneva Convention, and accordingly a war crime. War crimes may give rise to individual criminal responsibility of the Israeli soldiers and commanders responsible for the planning and executing house demolitions.
Israel's policy of punitive house demolitions is also in breach of international human rights law. Three of the four suspects were killed by the IOF. None of the three was arrested, brought to trial or convicted. In the case of the suspects from Hebron, the Court argued that "the existence of administrative evidence [against suspects] is sufficient" to exercise the house demolitions and there is "no need to wait for the filing of an indictment or for a conviction". These actions are a clear infringement on the suspects' fundamental right to fair trial under Article 14 of the ICCPR, which protects individuals from the unlawful and arbitrary deprivation of other basic rights especially the right to life and liberty of person.
[1] ICAHD. "Atavistic Revenge: The Punitive Demolitions of Palestinians homes". 19 November 2014. Web. 27 November 2014.
[2] Al-Haq, Field Report 18 August 2014.
[3] Similar provisions to Article 33 are also found in Article 50 of the Hague Regulations which prohibits collective punishment for which the persons are not jointly and severally responsible.


Richmond Famous is a bimonthly podcast about creative folks doing creative things in food in Richmond, Virginia. Hosted, produced and edited by Nicole Lang Key and Laura Sant, every episode features a badass local or RVA-curious person in the food & beverage industry that you ought to know about.
Join us every other Monday for stories and interviews featuring the amazing humans who grow, produce, prepare, and think about the food we eat in Richmond: we're talking with chefs, bartenders, entrepreneurs, historians, artists, activists, and everyone in-between at our kitchen table.
Originally from Massachusetts, Nicole gave her youth to NYC and when it was spent decided to move to Richmond in 2010, after visiting and falling for the friendly people and reasonably priced food and drink.
She's been a bakery owner, a singer in a touring band, a prep cook, a record store girl, an operations manager, and a jingle writer. She's a big fan of common courtesy, pimento cheese, peace and progress. She likes to write about food and people and also sometimes make films about food and people.
Aside from podcasting, Nicole has dabbled in writing, tiptoed in filmmaking, and had stints performing in rock and/or roll outfits. She has worked in restaurant operations since 2012.
When not eating and drinking she enjoys television and taking out books from the library to gather dust on her bedside table until its time to return them.
Laura fell in love with Richmond for the first time in 2000, when she moved here as a tiny baby college student to study graphic design. After a few years working as an art director, she realized she hated advertising, loved food, and was constitutionally incapable of staying focused on one thing, so she left for Chicago, where she spent several years studying pastry and working in restaurants and bakeries. The food thing stuck, and in 2012 she moved to NYC to work as an editor at Saveur.
She fell in love with Richmond a second time when she began dating a Richmonder and realized there are still places in the world where you can have a washer-dryer in your home, a cocktail for $9, and a 15-minute commute. So in 2016, she packed up her tiny Brooklyn apartment and made Richmond her home for the second time.
These days she works as a freelance writer and illustrator and lives with that Richmonder in a house in Church Hill, where they wash their clothes whenever they feel like it.


text:
#import <iWorkImport/TSCH3DChartAnimation.h>

@interface TSCH3DChartAnimation (ChartElementBlend)
- (void)addToChartRotationAnimationElementBlendAnimClips:(id)arg1 sceneObject:(id)arg2 shouldUpdateAlwaysRenderFlag:(_Bool)arg3;
- (void)addToChartElementBlendAnimClips:(id)arg1 sceneObject:(id)arg2 shouldUpdateDelayOpaqueFlag:(_Bool)arg3 shouldUpdateBlendOpaqueFlag:(_Bool)arg4 shouldUpdateAlwaysRenderFlag:(_Bool)arg5 needPerElementBlending:(_Bool)arg6;
- (void)addToRadialElementBlendTimings:(id)arg1;
- (void)addToCraneElementBlendTimings:(id)arg1;
- (void)addToRotationBasedElementBlendTimings:(id)arg1;
- (void)addToGrowElementBlendTimings:(id)arg1;
- (void)addToZAxisElementBlendTimings:(id)arg1;
- (void)addToChartElementBlendTimings:(id)arg1 range:(const box_e9f23397 *)arg2 interpolation:(id)arg3;
@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Do you know that it is God's will for you to be used greatly for His kingdom? God has prepared in advance works that only you can do. It doesn't matter your age or stage, God is working to bring a great harvest from your life! To do the the Harvest study, please click on the link!


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