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Understanding Fixed Point and Floating Point Number Representations
In my previous post we learnt the fundamental concepts of how binary could be used to represent real numbers (i.e. numbers with a fractional component). When it comes to storing these numbers though there are two major approaches in modern computing. These are Fixed Point Notation and Floating Point Notation.
In today's post, we continue to build our background computer science knowledge and look at the details of these storage formats. This knowledge will be useful in upcoming posts when we dive into Data Types the fundamental building blocks of an iOS application.
As we learnt in my last post, fractional binary numbers have two parts, the bits that represent the integer number (the part before the radix point) and the bits that represent the fractional part (the part after the radix point).
Think about this! What if we had only a limited number of binary bits in which to store our fractional binary number? This is common in many modern computers systems, How would we know how many bits to use for the integer part and how many bits to use for the fractional part?
This is the problem that both Fixed Point and Floating Point Notations representations attempt to solve.
To get started then, let's take a look at Fixed Point notation. It is the simpler one of the two representations.
Fixed Point Representation
Examples of Fixed Point Numbers
Advantages and Disadvantages of Fixed Point Representation
Floating Point Notation
Normalized Scientific Notation
IEEE 754 Representations
Mantissa (a.k.a. Signficand) Bits
Summary of IEEE 754 Representations
Representing Zero
Denormalized Form
Not a Number (NaN)
Summary of Special Values
Fixed Point Notation is a representation of our fractional number as it is stored in memory. In Fixed Point Notation, the number is stored as a signed integer in two's complement format.
On top of this, we apply a notional split, locating the radix point (the separator between integer and fractional parts) a fixed number of bits to the left of its notational starting position to the right of the least significant bit. I've illustrated this in the diagram below.
When we interpret the bits of the signed integer stored in memory we reposition the radix point by multiplying the stored integer by a fixed scaling factor. The scaling factor in binary is always 2 raised to a fixed exponent. As the scaling factor is a power of 2 it relocates the radix point some number of places to the left or right of its starting position.
During this conversion there are three directions that the radix point can be moved:
The radix point is moved to the right: This is represented by a scaling factor whose exponent is 1 or more. In this case additional zeros are appended to the right of the least-significant bit and means that the actual number being represented is larger than the binary integer that was stored.
The radix point remains where it is: This is represented by a scaling factor whose exponent is 0 and means that the integer value stored is exactly the same as the integer value being represented.
The radix point is moved to the left: This is represented by a scaling factor whose exponent is negative. This means that the number being represented is smaller than the integer number that was stored and means that the number being represented has a fractional component.
Let's take a look at a couple of examples.
Lets assume we have an 8-bit signed binary number 000110112 that is stored in memory using 8-bits of storage (hence the leading zeros).
In our first scenario, lets also assume this number was stored as a signed fixed-point representation with a scale factor of 22.
As our scale factor is greater than 1, when we translated the bits stored in memory into the number we are actually representing, we move the radix point two places to the right. This gives us the number: 11011002 (Note the additional zeros that are appended to the right of the least significant bit).
In our second scenario, let us assume that we start off with the same binary number in memory but this time we'll assume that it is stored as a signed fixed-point representation with a scale factor of 2-3. As the exponent is negative we move the radix point three places to the left. This gives us the number 00011.0112
The major advantage of using a fixed-point representation is performance. As the value stored in memory is an integer the CPU can take advantage of many of the optimizations that modern computers have to perform integer arithmetic without having to rely on additional hardware or software logic. This in turn can lead to increases in performance and when writing your apps, can therefore lead to an improved experience for your users.
However, there is a downside! Fixed Point Representations have a relatively limited range of values that they can represent.
So how do we work out the maximum and minimum numbers that can be stored in a fixed-point representation and determine whether it is suitable for our needs? All we do is take the largest and smallest integer values that can be stored in the given number of bits and multiply that by the scale factor associated with our fixed-point representation. For a given signed binary number using b bits of storage with a scale factor of f the maximum and minimum values that can be stored are:
Minimum: −2b−1/2f
Maximum: (2b−1−1)/2f
If the number you want to represent fits into this range then things are great. If it doesn't though, you have to look for an alternative! This is where Floating Point Notation comes in.
Floating Point Notation is an alternative to the Fixed Point notation and is the representation that most modern computers use when storing fractional numbers in memory. Floating Point Notation is a way to represent very large or very small numbers precisely using scientific notation in binary. In doing so, Floating Point Representation provides a varying degrees of precision depending on the scale of the numbers that you are using.
For example, the level of precision we need when we are talking about the distance between atoms (10-10 m) is very different from the precision we need when we're talking about the distance between the earth and the sun (1011 m). This is a major benefit and allows a much wider range of numbers to be represented than is possible in Fixed Point Notation.
Floating Point Representation is based on Scientific Notation. You may have used Scientific Notation in school.
When we use Scientific Notation in decimal (the form you're probably most familiar with), we write numbers in the following form:
+/- mantissa x 10exponent
In this form, there is an optional sign indicating whether the overall number is positive or negative, followed by a mantissa (also known as a significand) which is a real (fractional) number which in turn is multiplied by a number base (or radix) raised by an exponent. As we know, in decimal this number base is 10.
Floating Point Representation is essentially Scientific Notation applied to binary numbers. In binary, the only real difference is that the number base is 2 instead of 10. We would therefore write Floating Point Numbers in the following form:
+/- mantissa x 2exponent
Now, you may not have realised it but when we write numbers in scientific notation (whether they be binary or decimal) we can write them in a number of different ways.
In decimal we could write 1.5 x 102, 15 x 101 and 150 x 100 and yet all these numbers have exactly the same value.
This provides flexibility but with this flexibility also comes confusion. To try and address this confusion a common set of rules known as normalized scientific notation are used to define how numbers in scientific notation are normally written.
Normalised Scientific Notation is a nomenclature that standardises the way we write numbers in scientific notation. In the normalized form we have a single key rule:
"We choose an exponent so that the absolute value of the mantissa remains greater than or equal to 1 but less than the number base."
Let's look at a couple of examples!
If we had the decimal number 50010 and wanted to write it in scientific notation we could write it as either 500 x 100 or 50 x 101.
In normalized form though, we would apply the rule above and move the radix point so that only a single digit, greater than or equal to 1 and less than (in this case) 10 were to the left of the radix point.
In this case this would mean moving our radix point two places to the left so we had 5.0 x 10?.
We would then need to work out our exponent. To get back to our original number we would need to move our radix point two places to the right. Remember what we learnt earlier? If we have to move our radix point to the right to get back to our original number that means the exponent is positive. This gives us: 5.0 x 102.
Lets look at a slightly more complicated example, this time in binary.
What if we had the binary number 10.12? What would this be in scientific notation? Again we apply the rules: We need to have a mantissa that is greater than or equal to 1 and less than our number base (which this time is 2).
That would mean our mantissa would need to be 1.01 x 2?. To get back to our original number we would need to move our radix point 1 place to the right. What does right mean? That means the exponent is positive.
Last example. This time one that is a little more tricky!
Imagine I had the number 0.1112 and wanted to write it in normalized scientific notation? Again, we apply the rules. We need a mantissa greater than or equal to 1 and less than 2.
That means we want to write our mantissa as 1.11 x 2?.
Now, to get back to our original number we would need to move our radix point 1 place to the… left. What did we learn about moving to the left? That means our exponent is negative. That gives us: 1.11 x 2-1.
As you've probably worked out by now, Floating Point numbers are used everywhere in modern computing. Whether it be the percentage of the market that have upgraded to the latest version of iOS, the current position and orientation of your iPhone in space or the amount of money flowing into your your bank account following the release of your latest blockbuster app!
Because of its wide use, the format used to store Floating Point numbers in memory has been standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers in something called IEEE 754. This standard defines a number of different binary representations that can be used when storing Floating Point Numbers in memory:
Half Precision – Uses 16-bits of storage in total.
Single Precision – Uses 32-bits of storage in total.
Double Precision – Uses 64-bits of storage in total.
Quadruple Precision – Uses 128-bits of storage in total.
In each of these cases, their basic structure is as follows:
(-1)sign x mantissa x 2exponent
When it comes to storing Floating Point Numbers in memory, only three critical parts of that basic structure are stored:
Mantissa
The diagram below shows these parts are stored in memory:
As I hinted at above, all four binary representations defined in the IEEE 754 standard, have the most significant bit as a sign bit and use it to store the sign of the overall number. In similar vein to what we have seen in previous posts, if the sign bit is clear (a value of 0) the overall number is positive. If the bit is set (a value of 1) the number is negative.
The Exponent represent the power to which the mantissa will be raised. There are always a fixed number of exponent bits when storing a floating point representation in memory and the exact number of bits that are used is defined by the particular IEEE 754 representation (Single Precision, Double Precision etc). We'll take a look at this shortly.
In all cases, the exponents in each of these representations need to be able to represent both positive exponents (in order to represent very large numbers) and negative exponents (in order to represent very small numbers). To avoid the complications of having to store the exponents in two's complement format, something called an exponent bias is used.
Exponent Bias
Exponent Bias is where the value stored for the exponent is offset from the actual exponent value by a bias. The bias is simply a number that is added to the exponent to ensure that the value that is stored is always positive. The table below shows the number of bits used for the exponent in each of the formats, the allowed range of values the different exponents can have before applying the bias along with the allowed values after applying the bias:
Representation Bits Normal
(Pre Bias)
(Post Bias)
Half Precision
+1 to +30
Biased values of 0 (all bits clear) and 31 (all bits set) have special meaning.
Single Precision
-126 to +127
+1 to +254
Biased values of 0 (all bits clear) and 255 (all bits set) have special meaning.
Double Precision
-1022 to +1023
+1 to +2046
Biased values of 0 (all bits clear) and 2047 (all bits set) have special meaning.
Quadrupal Precision
-16382 to +16383
+1 to +32766
Biased values of 0 (all bits clear) and 32767 (all bits set) have special meaning.
In the IEEE 754 representations, the mantissa is expressed in normalized form. The formats follow the same rules for normalization as we saw with Scientific Notation, and puts the radix point after the first non-zero digit.
In binary though, we also get a nice little bonus!
As we are expressing our numbers in binary, we get the benefit of knowing that the first non-zero digit will always be a 1 (after all we can only have 1's or 0's). Given this, we are therefore able to drop that first bit, simply assuming it is there, and instead gain an additional (implicit) bit of precision.
When numbers are stored, we only store the part of the mantissa that represents the fractional part of the number, the part to the right of the radix point. The table below shows the effect of the implicit integer bit and the effect that it has on the overall precision:
Precision Bits
Effective Precision
1 bit (implicit) + 10 bits (explicit)
1 bit (implicit) + 112 bits (explicit)
112 bits
In summary then, the IEEE 754 standard defines four main formats for the representation of binary floating point numbers in memory:
Total Bits
Sign Bit
Mantissa Bits
Exponent Bits
1 implicit + 10
1 implicit + 112
In addition to these formats, the IEEE 754 standard also defines a number of numerical symbols that it is also worth knowing about. We'll explore these briefly in the next section.
As we have seen, when representing numbers in Floating Point and storing them in memory, we write our numbers in a normalized form before dropping the implicit set bit before the radix point. When the numbers in memory are interpreted, the implicit bit is re-instated. This implicit assumption that the bit immediately to the left of the radix point is set to 1 causes problems though. What if we wanted to represent zero?
To get around that problem, the IEEE 754 standard defines zero as a special case and represents it by using an exponent of 0 and a mantissa of 0. Due to the sign bit still being available this leads to values of -0 and +0 the standard defines that they must compared as equal.
The IEEE 754 also allows representation of numbers in a denormalized form. If the bits in the exponent are all zeros but the mantissa is non-zero value the number is said to be stored in a denormalized form. In this case, when the number in memory is interpreted, the assumption that there is a bit set to the left of the radix point is again ignored. This leads to numbers in the form:
(-1)s x 0.f x 2-14
(-1)s x 0.f x 2-126
(-1)s x 0.f x 2-1022
(-1)s x 0.f x 2-16382
Where s is the sign and f is the fractional part of the mantissa.
IEEE standard also defines a mechanism for representing infinity. Infinity is represented by an exponent with all the bits set and a mantissa with all the bits cleared. Again, the sign bit remains in effect which leads to the concept of +infinity and -infinity.
The final thing that is of interest in the IEEE standard is the concept of Not A Number (NaN). This is used to represent a number that is not a real number. This is represented in memory by an exponent with all bits set and a non-zero mantissa. Most commonly you will see this reported by your compiler, usually when you've tried to divide something by zero.
In summary then, the table below shows the different values of the exponent and mantissa and the special values that are being represented as defined by the IEEE 754 standard:
Object Represented
Value of 0 (i.e. Stored Value == Bias)
All Bits Set to 0
Non-Zero
+/- Denormalized number
+/- Infinity
NaN (Not a Number)
That about wraps it up for Fixed Point and Floating Point numbers for today. By reading this post I hope you will have gained a deep understanding of the differences between Fixed Point and Floating Point representations. That will allow you to make a much more informed choice about how to store information within your apps in future. In forthcoming posts you will see that this provides a solid foundation on which to build your iOS development knowledge. Your knowledge should continue to grow if you work through my next post!
For now though, thanks for joining me and if you have any questions, please don't hesitate to leave them in the comments below.
Image credit: https://unsplash.com/photos/YhdEgF-qWlI


text:
David Montague de Burgh Kenworthy, 11. Baron Strabolgi (* 1. November 1914; † 24. Dezember 2010) war ein britischer Peer und Politiker (Labour Party).

Leben und Karriere
Kenworthy wurde am 1. November 1914 als Sohn und einziges Kind des früheren Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Kenworthy, 10. Baron Strabolgi, und dessen Frau, Doris Whitley († 1988), der einzigen Tochter des späteren Sir Frederick Whitley-Thomson, geboren. Er besuchte die Gresham's School in Holt und die Chelsea School of Art, sowie die Académie Scandinave in Paris. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde er im Royal Army Ordnance Corps eingesetzt und diente in Frankreich, in der Schlacht von Dünkirchen, und dann im Mittleren Osten. Von 1939 bis 1940 gehörte er der British Expeditionary Force an. Er wurde im Rang eines Lieutenant Colonel aus der Armee entlassen.

Mitgliedschaft im House of Lords
Kenworthy erbte 1953 die Titel seines Vaters und den damit verbundenen Sitz im House of Lords. Zunächst saß er dort als Crossbencher, kurzzeitig als Liberaler und schließlich für die Labour Party. Am 30. März 1954 hielt er seine Antrittsrede. Als Themen vom politischen Interesse nannte er auf der offiziellen Webseite des House of Lords Umweltpolitik, Nationales Erbe und die Reform des Oberhauses. Als Staat von besonderem Interesse gab er Frankreich an.

1968/1969, während der ersten Regierung von Harold Wilson, war Kenworthy Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) im Home Office. 1969 wurde er PPS von Malcolm Shepherd, 2. Baron Shepherd, dem Leader of the Lords, und blieb dies bis 1970. Von 1970 bis 1974 war er Stellvertretender Whip der Opposition (Assistant Opposition Whip) und Sprecher für den Bereich Kunst im Oberhaus von 1970 bis 1974. Vom 11. März 1974 bis 3. Mai 1979 war er Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard und Deputy Chief Whip der Labour Party im House of Lords. In dieser Position sprach Kenworthy unter anderem zu den Themen Energiepolitik, Landwirtschaft und Fischereipolitik.

Im Herbst 1976 war er für die Anwesenheit und den Fahrdienst für ältere Mitglieder des Oberhauses verantwortlich, als es aufgrund einer knappen Labour-Mehrheit im House of Lords zu zahlreichen Abstimmungsniederlagen der Regierung kam.

Von 1979 bis 1985 war er Oppositionssprecher für Kunst und Bibliotheken (Opposition spokesman on arts and libraries). 1979 beantwortete er als offizieller Sprecher der Regierung eine parlamentarische Anfrage von Brinsley Le Poer Trench, 8. Earl of Clancarty, wegen geheimer Ufo-Berichte. Kenworthy lehnte eine Untersuchung durch die Regierung ab. Kenworthy argumentierte, es gebe für die Regierung keinen Anlass, eine Studie über Ufos zu finanzieren, da es für die Regierung keinen Beweis gebe, dass jemals Außerirdische auf britischen Boden gelandet seien.

Er trat 1982 für die Position des Chief Whip an, unterlag aber Thomas Ponsonby, 3. Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede. 1986 wurde er Stellvertretender Sprecher (Deputy Speaker) und Deputy Chairman of Committees und blieb dies bis 2001. Ab 1986 gehörte er dem Joint Committee on Consolidation Bills und von 1987 bis 2002 dem Select Committee for Privileges an. Von 1987 bis 1996 war er Mitglied des Private Bills Committee. Ab 1991 gehörte er dem Ecclesiastical Joint Committee an. Von 1993 bis 1996 gehörte er dem Select Committee on Procedure an. Er gehörte der All-Party Arts and Amenities Group an. Beim Franco-British Party Relations Committee war er von 1991 bis 1996 Ehrenschatzmeister (Honoraray Treasurer).

In einer Debatte im Mai 1997 trat Kenworthy vehement für den Verbleib von Kulturgütern in Großbritannien ein. Dramatisch überspitzt äußerte er sich dahingehend, dass, wenn alle Kulturgüter an ihre Herkunftsländer zurückgegeben werden sollten, dann die britischen Museen sehr schnell leer wären. Von 1998 an war er, während der Regierung von Tony Blair, Extra Lord in Waiting.

Durch den House of Lords Act 1999 verlor er das traditionelle Recht im Oberhaus zu sitzen, gehörte jedoch zu den gewählten Hereditary Peers, die ihren Sitz behalten konnten. Dabei erhielt er, auch aufgrund seiner außerordentlichen Popularität, den zweithöchsten Stimmenanteil. Zum letzten Mal meldete er sich am 11. Oktober 2010 zu Wort. Am 14. Dezember 2010 nahm er zuletzt, im Alter von 96 Jahren, an einer Abstimmung teil und war am 22. Dezember 2010 in der letzten Sitzung vor Weihnachten anwesend.

Weitere Ämter und Ehrungen
Kenworthy war von 1981 bis 1998 Mitglied der britischen Sektion des Franco-British Council. Er war Präsident der Franco-British Society. Von 1970 bis 1997 gehörte er dem Verwaltungsrat (Council) der Alliance-Française in Great Britain an. Von 1986 bis 1987 war er Vorsitzender (Chairman) der Bolton Building Society, zuvor war er dort von 1983 bis 1986 stellvertretender Vorsitzender gewesen.
Er war Freeman der City of London und wurde 1981 Offizier (Officier de la Légion d'Honneur) der Ehrenlegion, der ranghöchsten Auszeichnung Frankreichs.

Beim Royal Philharmonic Orchestra war er Mitglied auf Lebenszeit.

Privates
Kenworthy war insgesamt viermal verheiratet. In erster Ehe war Kenworthy mit Denise Godefroi verheiratet; die Ehe wurde 1937 geschlossen und endete 1946. 1947 heiratete er Angela Street, mit der er bis 1951 verheiratet blieb. Von 1955 bis 1961 war er mit Myra Litewka verheiratet. Kenworthy heiratete 1961 Doreen Margaret Morgan, mit der bis zu seinem Tod zusammen blieb.

Kenworthy starb am 24. Dezember 2010 im Alter von 96 Jahren. Seinen Titel erbte sein Neffe, Andrew Kenworthy.

Literatur
 The Complete Peerage, Sutton Publishing Ltd, 1998, ISBN 978-0750901543

Weblinks

 David Kenworthy, 11. Baron Strabolgi bei theyworkforyou
 David Kenworthy, 11. Baron Strabolgi bei The Public Whip

 Lord Strabolgi und Lord Windlesham Todesmeldung des House of Lords
 Lord Strabolgi Nachruf The Daily Telegraph
 Lord Strabolgi Nachruf The Guardian

Einzelnachweise

Baron Strabolgi
Labour-Mitglied
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied des House of Lords
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion (Offizier)
Geboren 1914
Gestorben 2010
Mann
Brite

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It all started with Zonkers. It's a great stand up fly and perfect for hunting pike, bass, musky, bulls, browns and really anything that likes meat. Then someone added a second layer and called it a Double Bunny. Cool, now we had 2 tone streamers if we wanted, and lots of action in the water. The thing of it is though, casting these flies is like casting a sweat sock in the wind.
So, when I seen the Triple Bunny and the Quadruple Bunny I had to stop and think about it. If casting the doubles is like casting a sweat sock, these must be like a pair of sweat pants. really, the patterns are pretty sweet looking, and I can see the potential in them, but where will it end. Quintuple, Sextuple, Dodecatuple Bunnies?
So, I suggested bigger flies. Really, someone needs to set some precedences here with flies over 3 feet long. Some day in the near future you will see a Hundred Bunny. I'm sure in my lifetime I'll see it. With some creative use of Waddington shanks and mono it will be done.
We're one step closer here. The "SUCKA FEESH" is one scary looking fly animal.


"Putting the law in the hands of the marginalized communities."
This training tool kit is produced based on BALAOD Mindanaw's years of experience in doing community paralegal formation and legal empowerment. The process and content described herein are drawn from the actual works of the organization, which is committed to advancing the legal and justice issues of the marginalized sectors and communities in Mindanao through alternative lawyering, paralegalism, and active non-violence.
In particular, this toolkit was written during the period of the project "Protecting the Watershed Forest Reserves through Legal Empowerment" implemented in the Municipality of Cantilan, Surigao del Sur. The project and the production of this toolkit are supported by the Foundation for the Philippine Environment (FPE). BALAOD Mindanaw and FPE share the vision of local communities who are mindful of the environmental impact of various activities conducted in their localities and are active in promoting for their protection. This is premised on the perception that to ensure genuine and sustaining protection of valuable ecosystems, natural resources and the country's biodiversity, environmental consciousness and conservation action should spring from those who are grounded in the community directly benefiting from the natural resource and are immediately impacted by environmental damage.
As exemplified throughout this toolkit, paralegalism is seen as an effective mechanism in environmental protection. This strategy has emerged from among the civil society movements due to the recurring issues on the lack of knowledge on basic human and community rights, the lack of knowledge of the country's laws and legal system, and the lack of access to justice. To top it all, there is a lack of recourse provided by the legal system. Paralegalism seeks to respond to these inadequacies in order to address and promote the needs of the marginalized sectors, and their lack of access to and use or control of their resources. Taking legal action helps ensure better protection for critically important ecosystems while providing communities and stakeholders with formal recognition of their rights for legal protection. Thus, legal empowerment, through paralegal formation of the community, is needed to protect their rights, and to secure firm and State-sanctioned resolutions on environmental and natural resource conflicts.
Through its work, BALAOD Mindanaw has proven that paralegalism and peaceful meta-legal strategies, such as community's strong advocacy campaign, can advance the basic sectors' and communities' interests, and improve access to justice, equality and resource tenure, all in the context of active peoples' participation in governance.
At the core of the successes and gains are the community members, the indigenous peoples, the farmers, the fisherfolks and the rural poor who have continued to fight for their rights, and who continue to stand for what is right and just. At the core of every sustained movement for structural change, justice and development are the people themselves who seek to make those aspirations a reality. This is the spirit that continues to move alternative lawyering and paralegalism as a way of life in their quest to advance access to justice and make the legal system work for the marginalized communities.
Follow Us If you want to be kept up to date about what's going on!


text:
Q: React: Setting useState() hook clears out input fields? Whenever I set a state in my React app, it clears out my inputs (check box, numbers). Here's a very barebones version that illustrates the issue.
import React, { useState } from "react";
export default function App() {
  const [dummy, setDummy] = useState(false);

  function handleMint() {
    setDummy((dummy) => !dummy);
  }

  const MintBTN = () => (

        <input className="form-control" type="number" max="20" min="1" />

          <input type="checkbox" />

        <button onClick={handleMint}>mint</button>

  );
  return <MintBTN />;
}

You can try it out yourself. Add numbers and click the check box and hit mint. Whamo-bamo, your inputs magically disappear.
https://codesandbox.io/s/friendly-buck-6g6oh?file=/src/App.js:0-499
I figure there's something I'm doing wrong that I just don't see yet. I need to be able to click the button or do an onChange event for the inputs without them clearing out. For some reason setting state is also making my page styles freak out. Not sure what's going on. Some of my key dependencies if those are helpful. Thanks.
"react": "^17.0.2",
"webpack": "^4.19.1"

A: Each time you set a state (setDummy), the component is rerendered and will reset you're inputs because they are uncontrolled. You need to make them controlled by using state hooks for those inputs.
import React, { useState } from "react";
export default function App() {
  const [dummy, setDummy] = useState(false);
  const [number, setNumber] = useState(0);
  const [checked, setChecked] = useState(false);

  function handleMint() {
    setDummy((dummy) => !dummy);
  }

  return (

        <input
          className="form-control"
          type="number"
          max="20"
          min="1"
          value={number}
          onChange={e => setNumber(e.target.value)}
        />

          <input
            type="checkbox"
            checked={checked}
            onChange={e => setChecked(e.target.checked)}
          />

        <button onClick={handleMint}>mint</button>

  );
}

Notice the value and checked properties. They are being set by the hook value on each render. Now, notice the onChange property. Each time you interact with the input it will update the hook value and rerender the component. By letting React manage the value and checked properties, it will save the values of the inputs in each hook.
Take a look at Controlled Components and State Hooks
Update
Removed MintBTN function as Nicholas Tower pointed out

A: You are creating the MintBTN component inside of your App component. This does not work. Every time App renders, you create a brand new type of component. It may have the same text as the previous one, but it's a new type, so react needs to unmount the old one, and mount a new one, which resets the values of stored in any dom elements, and resets any react state.
Instead, create the component once outside of app.
export default function App() {
  const [dummy, setDummy] = useState(false);

  function handleMint() {
    setDummy((dummy) => !dummy);
  }

  return <MintBTN onClick={handleMint} />;
}

const MintBTN = ({ onClick }) => {
  return (

        <input className="form-control" type="number" max="20" min="1" />

          <input type="checkbox" />

        <button onClick={handleMint}>mint</button>

  );
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
More from Ora: Ian McKellen's Brilliant Advice For Single People
Kate Beckinsale on 'Underworld,' the U.S. election, and father Richard Beckinsale
Larry King NowMay 23 '16
Acclaimed actress Kate Beckinsale discusses a wide variety of topics with Larry, including the fifth installment of 'Underworld,' the continued fight for pay equality in Hollywood, and the 2016 U.S. election. Also, in a touching moment, Kate opens up about losing her father, famed British comic Richard Beckinsale.
<iframe width="640" height="360" src="//www.ora.tv/embed/0_1wh8s7tnukk3" frameBorder="0" scrolling="no" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe>
May 23 2016 (26:30) Full Episode
May 22 2016 (01:13)
Kate Beckinsale reveals she's writing her own film
Kate Beckinsale licked 'Hamilton' actor's face
Kate Beckinsale: "I'm the grandma of 'Twilight'"
Kate Beckinsale: U.S. election is "a funny joke"
Ian McKellen's Brilliant Advice For Single People
Sir Ben Kingsley: 90 films, only 3 female directors
Stephen Fry opens up about his bipolar disorder
Elizabeth Banks: I Have A Love/Hate Relationship With The Business
Susan Sarandon got to say goodbye to former lover David Bowie
Famed poet Saul Williams & soul singer Charles Bradley
Jay Roach on 'All the Way,' Palin, & Trump
Moby on music, Bowie, Gwen Stefani, and Trump
Wendi McLendon-Covey on 'Goldbergs,' Equal Pay, & Trump
Spiritual healing: myth or reality?
The Chainsmokers on new music, touring, & Trump
QUOTES FROM THIS 'LARRY KING NOW' INTERVIEW WITH KATE BECKINSALE:
*Posted Online on Ora.TV on May 23rd 2016:
"I'm always drawn to those characters that aren't really likable but you sort of like despite yourself. And I really love those characters and they don't come around that often, but she's very very bright and very articulate and charming. But she's also incredibly self-serving and ruthless and rather brutal and I love the kind of challenge of balancing all of those things into one person." — Kate Beckinsale on why she was drawn to her character, Lady Susan, in the film 'Love & Friendship'
"I love comedy. I mean in fact, I think I gave it a little bit of a wide birth initially because my father was a very very very well known and beloved comedy actor in England who died very young and very tragically. So his TV shows are really the staples of '70s British comedy and they're constantly repeated…His name is Richard Beckinsale. None of them came here so it's a complete institution in England and he's very very much associated with comedy and England and I think when I first started I thought, 'I don't want to be having the same last name and in the same patch,' but actually I am very into comedy because I was raised incredibly high quality comedy." — Kate Beckinsale on growing up with a father who was a comedic actor and how it influenced her.
"I mean, I think I'm most at home with drama and comedy. I still feel a little bit like a fraud in the action department because I didn't grow up doing karate everyday and I had really no aptitude for P.E. at all so that was something that was really an experiment. And I love the fact that I'm one of those women- you know there's not many of us that get to do this stuff and for it to work. But at the same time it does feel kind of a weird thing for that to be the thing that's most associated with you when it's actually the biggest stretch." — Kate Beckinsale on which genre she prefers and how she feels like a fraud when it comes to doing action movies.
"There is definitely pay inequality, for sure and even when there isn't, I mean— I think the other thing that can happen as well is when a woman is earning a good deal of money- I've heard this from a lot of people- if she's earning the most on the set, that can create it's own problems. I think that there is still a kind of psychological block that probably needs still a few years to be ironed out about certain people's resistance to that." — Kate Beckinsale on pay inequality.
"I don't have a lot of luck with Uber. I've got some kind of repelling thing about electronics so if I called an Uber, it probably won't come but if I have someone else call it for me, it will."
"Same thing with reality TV. I'm fine as long as I don't watch it."
Larry King: "What do your friends in Britain think of Mr. Trump and the gang?"
Kate Beckinsale: "I mean I think it's quite hard for them to believe. I mean I think we all thought it was a sort of a joke that's gotten really out of hand."
Larry King: "The new mayor of London called Mr. Trump's stance on Islam ignorant."
Kate Beckinsale: "I'd say that's probably accurate."
— Kate Beckinsale on Trump and the U.S. Presidential election.
"Probably less than I would had my step-father not been insanely political growing up. He was a Trotskyist and I was raised in a very political environment…[He was in] the worker's revolutionary party- Trotskyists - so I very much respect him." — Kate Beckinsale on growing up in a political environment and how it influenced her lack of involvement in politics today.
"It was huge and in fact, it was 1979 when he died and I know— was John Lennon 1980? The feeling in the streets where we lived was very similar, so in my mind as a child I had the two events confused…I always felt a slight ownership of John Lennon because of that actually. And the other thing was because his shows were repeated constantly, he's been a very current figure my whole life which is kind of weird now that I am vastly older than he is." — Kate Beckinsale on her father's death and the impact it had in Britain.
"Yes and you're asking me at a time when I could easily say no because teenage years is supposed to be the time when you try and give them back, isn't it?" — Kate Beckinsale on if she loves being a mother.
"We've got quite a few new characters, new villains, new whole worlds…They are fun to do. I mean it's a weird thing to play the same character that many times. I think in order to make it worthwhile they have to really dream up a lot of different stuff to make stuff happen… I find I get more nervous about the whole action side of it the more I go because I think people's expectation of me- each movie that goes by- I'm supposed to be Bruce Lee even more each time, so I've gotten more nervous about it." — Kate Beckinsale on the latest installment of the 'Underworld' series, 'Blood Wars', and how she gets more nervous with each passing movie.
"My stepfather's a director and I grew up watching him and thinking, 'Oh I really don't want to do that.' But I'm writing actually at the moment. Another writer and I are writing a screenplay together, so I'm really enjoying that… It's kind of quite a dark comedy about a mother and a daughter. It's actually not [biographical]." — Kate Beckinsale on her interest in writing over directing and on her latest project in the works.
"I think it's a movie that probably wouldn't get off the ground if it was starting today because I think we were one of the last movies that really squeaked in and wasn't based on a video game or a comic book or a remake or something like that, so it's actually very hard to imagine. But pre-Underworld, I guess what made them go for it was somebody walked into a room and said, 'I've got a novel idea. How about we put vampires and werewolves in the same movie?' and obviously now, vampires and werewolves are in every single movie and every single of everything… We were the grandma of Twilight." — Kate Beckinsale on the success of the 'Underworld' series and how it may not have gotten off the ground if it was made today.
"The thing that's really tricky is if you've got a child and they're starstruck or really into somebody, you become like a lunatic if you happen to see that person. So my daughter's obsessed with the show 'Hamilton' at the moment. It's amazing. We been to see it twice. We both sat there sobbing. Whatever. Anyway, I was doing some publicity in New York and I happen to walk passed a room and that wonderful actor that played Lafayette was in the room and before I knew what I'd done I sort of rushed in and basically licked him on the face. I wouldn't normally do that because my daughter's so mad about it." — Kate Beckinsale on the last time she was starstruck.
"I've been in a couple myself, you know. Sometimes I think it's not a bad idea especially if there's a movie that's certainly sort of dated or wasn't perfect to begin with. But there are certain movies that you just think like I don't know why you should really touch— that was a moment that should sort of stay a moment." — Kate Beckinsale on Hollywood's glut of remakes and reboots.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Located just steps away from the Fort Smith Convention Center and only minutes away from Rheem®, Golden Living, Whirlpool®, Trane®, Planters® (Kraft), Baldor®, Georgia Pacific, ABF®, Gerber® (Nestle), Coca Cola, Pepsi, Mac Steel, Hickory Springs, Temple Inland, Old Castle, Oxane, OK Industries, Mars Pet Care, Sykes and Fort Chaffee. We also offer easy access to many historical sites such as the Ft. Smith Trolley Museum, Ft. Smith Museum of Natural History, Miss Laura's Visitors Center, and Judge Parker's Historic Courtroom.
Operated by John Q. Hammons Hotels Management, LLC under license from Marriott International, Inc. or one of its affiliates.
What is Your Favorite thing about Fort Smith?
EXCITING-NEWS out of Fort Smith Arkansas today!
64.6 Downtown has announced plans for an $8 Million dollar renovation of the "Sparks New Theater" on 10th Street in Downtown Fort Smith.
Demolition & remediation work is underway and construction on the 108 year old Art Nouveau / Beaux-Art Theater is set to begin in the Fall of 2019 with an estimated completion of January 2021.
This innovative regional arts and education facility will be utilized by numerous cultural organizations including the Young Actors Guild, who was chosen to be the youth theater group in residence.
Little Rock based CDI Contractors - Construction Management Services will be the general contractor for the project. Fort Smith based HSA Engineering Consulting Services will serve as the primary engineering firm with Studio 6 Architects providing architectural & design services.
Congratulations to all those involved with this Outstanding project! It will truly be a game changer in the cultural revolution taking place in Fort Smith!
Don't leave your Best Friend at Home! Call today to find out about Our Pet Friendly Accommodations!
Watch how multidisciplinary artist Franck Konte Rast used his passion for light painting, performance, and architecture to create a one of a kind photo for the Courtyard by Marriott Paris Gare de Lyon.
Valentine's Day is Right around the Corner... Call or Click today, to Reserve the Romantic Getaway Package for your Valentine!
Celebrate a Romantic Getaway this Month with our Romance Package.
Courtyard by Marriott Fort Smith Downtown for their participation in the community auction benefiting River Valley Fellowship of Christian Athletes.
Thank you for making a difference in your community and for FCA!
Stop by Courtyard by Marriott Hotels located at 900 Rogers Ave - Fort Smith, AR to show your support this great charity!
Kindness is a Gift, We all can Afford to Give.
Share the Kindness and Book your Vacation with your Favorite Person, Today!
We still have Availabilities! Call or Click today!
Looking for Event Space to throw The Perfect Holiday or Christmas Party? Look no Further. We have 4 Different Size Meeting Spaces Available, to cater to all of your Party Needs! Call or Click today to Reserve your Space Now! Spaces and Times are limited and filling up Quickly.
Our PURE Allergy Friendly King Room is the ideal place to Relax and Unwind. Offering the perfect opportunity to rest, and discover new strategies to help de-stress your Life.
Stop by Today to Vote for your Favorite Pumpkin!
These last days at The Unexpected in Fort Smith with all the artists at work. Make sure to pass by Downtown this weekend to enjoy the art, music and good people!
We are Booking up Quickly! If you're interested in booking an Event Space for your Holiday or Christmas Party, Call Now!
The history of the Fort Smith area abounds with tales of heroism, battles, and social justice. Walk where soldiers drilled, reflect along the Trail of Tears overlook, and stand where justice was served and carried out. There are many individuals who made history at Fort Smith, and their actions and attitudes can serve both as inspiration and lessons learned.
abritandasoutherner.com The history of Fort Smith Arkansas dates back to life on the frontier in the 19th century and today you can experience attractions reflecting this history.
Official Sponsor of the NFL! Check out our Deals and Promotions Today!
We would like to Give a Very Special Birthday wish to our Very own Wonder Woman, Leigh Ann McCoy. Happy Birthday Leigh Ann!
Courtyard by Marriott Downtown Fort smith Welcomes the Unexpected Project, October 22nd - 28th!
Our King Suites are Warm and Spacious, offering you and your family a luxurious home away from home. Check our Availability for your next Trip to the Area!
Join us Tomorrow between 7am to 10am at Our Bistro Starbucks, for a chance to win a FREE SMALL FRAPPE!
Have you tried our Delicious Pesto Prosciutto Flatbread?
fortsmith.org A picturesque downtown park with a vintage Ferris Wheel, hand-painted carousel, refurbished Pullman railcar diner, Double Decker Bus concession stand and more in Fort Smith, Arkansas!
BACK TO SCHOOL TEAM RALLY!
Featuring our Associate of the Month - Carolyn Carter- Thank you for all of your Hardwork!
Bringing a large group in town for #Rats2Riches2018? The Courtyard by Marriott Fort Smith Downtown is offering group rates!
So Glad that The Courtyard by Marriott was able to be apart of this moment in History!
The Courtyard by Marriott Fort Smith is super excited to announce The Unexpected Project's return to the River Valley this October 22-28th! We are so anxious to see what They have in store!
Stay tuned for artist lineup and our augmented programming in culture, music and more.
Congratulations Mayor McGill! Right Man, Right Time!
Proud to be a Sponsor of the FIRST Annual Overwatch Tournament! . The Courtyard by Marriott has partnered with Quasar Gaming to give your teams a place to rest at a Special Rate! Call or Click Today!
Grab Your Bestie and book your Mini Staycation Today!


text:
module Work
  class PeriodPolicy < ApplicationPolicy
    alias period record

    class Scope < Scope
      def resolve
        allow_regular_users_in_community
      end
    end

    def index?
      active_admin_or?(:work_coordinator)
    end

    def show?
      index?
    end

    def new?
      index?
    end

    def edit?
      index?
    end

    def create?
      index?
    end

    def clone?
      index?
    end

    def update?
      index?
    end

    def destroy?
      index? && !period.jobs?
    end

    def review_notices?
      index?
    end

    def send_notices?
      index? && (period.open? || period.ready?) && !period.quota_none?
    end

    # Controls whether we can see the report page outer wrapper including the period lens.
    def report_wrapper?
      active_in_community?
    end

    def report?
      active_in_community? && (active_admin_or?(:work_coordinator) || !period.draft?)
    end

    def permitted_attributes
      basic = %i[starts_on ends_on name phase quota_type auto_open_time pick_type max_rounds_per_worker
                 workers_per_round round_duration meal_job_sync] <<
              {meal_job_sync_settings_attributes: %i[id formula_id role_id _destroy]} <<
              {shares_attributes: %i[id user_id portion priority]}
      period.new_record? ? basic.concat(%i[job_copy_source_id copy_preassignments]) : basic
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Metropolis Healthcare | Suven Life | Jet Airways | Mcleod Russel | Dr Reddy's Labs and APL Apollo Tubes are stocks which are in the news today.
TCS Q4: Profit rises 0.3 percent to Rs 8,126 crore versus Rs 8,105 crore and revenue grows 1.8 percent to Rs 38,010 crore versus Rs 37,338 crore QoQ. Revenue in constant currency terms increases 2.4 percent QoQ.
Infosys Q4: Profit jumps 12.9 percent to Rs 4,074 crore versus Rs 3,609 crore, revenue rises 0.6 percent to Rs 21,539 crore versus Rs 21,400 crore; EBIT margin falls 120 bps QoQ. Company sees constant currency revenue growth at 7.5-9.5 percent and EBIT margin at 21-23 percent in FY20.
Jet Airways: SBICAPS acquires 5.19% stake in company on April 11 via pledge encumbrance. Rajshree Pathy submitted her resignation as an Independent Director of the ompany, owing to time constraints on account of her other current commitments.
Pricol: ICRA downgrades rating on long term - line of credit facilities of the company to BBB (Negative) from BBB+ (Stable).
ITI Limited: Company records a turnover of Rs 2,051 crore for FY19, up 20 percent compared to previous year.
Sudarshan Chemical Industries: Board approved proposal to enter into a definitive agreement with GMM Pfaudler (GMMP) to divest industrial mixing solutions division (IMSD) of the company.
Mcleod Russel: Wholly owned subsidiary Borelli Tea Holdings approved Share Purchase Agreement for disposal of its stake in Pfunda Tea Company.
Dr Reddy's Labs: Company entered into a definitive agreement to acquire a portfolio of 42 approved, non-marketed Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs) in the US.
Persistent Systems: Sudhir Kulkarni, President - Sales, Technology Services Unit has resigned to pursue other interests.
APL Apollo Tubes: Company to acquire Shankara's 2,00,000 MTPA tube manufacturing unit in Southern India for Rs 70 crore.
Arcotech: Company has been completed issue of non- convertible, non-cumulative redeemable preference shares.
Trident Texofab: Company' newly setup manufacturing unit in Surat, Gujarat started its commercial production and operations and the said unit has been set up for manufacture of grey fabrics.
Adani Enterprises: Adani Transport, a wholly owned subsidiary, incorporated a subsidiary company namely Suryapet Khammam Road Private Limited.
HT Media: As per share purchase agreement, company will now acquire 69,05,383 equity shares of NRL on or before November 15, 2019.
Suven Life Sciences: Company receives court approval of 'Stalking Horse' Agreement to buy the assets of Rising Pharmaceuticals through its joint venture partner, Shore Suven Pharma Inc.
International Paper APPM: There would be annual outage (maintenance) from April 15, 2019 to April 22, 2019 (both days inclusive) in manufacturing facility located in Kadiyam, East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh. The estimated loss of production would be around 200 MTs per day.
Sadhana Nitrochem: Board meeting to be held on April 17 to consider interim dividend.
Bajaj Finance: Company's officials will meet certain institutional investors, banks and analysts on debt side at a Non-Deal Road Show in Singapore, Hong Kong and Tokyo during April 15-18.
APL Apollo Tubes: Conference call with investors and analyst to be held on April 16 to discuss the acquisition of Shankara's manufacturing unit.
Manappuram Finance: Company's officials will meet Creador and Sundaram Mutual Fund on April 16.
Disclaimer: Reliance Industries Ltd. is the sole beneficiary of Independent Media Trust which controls Network18 Media & Investments Ltd and TV18 Broadcast.


ALEXANDRIA, Va. — The new Category Management Online Training course, developed by the National Association of Convenience Stores (NACS), Impact 21 Group and Ready Training Online (RTO), is now available to convenience retailers and suppliers.
The course teaches analytical skills for growing sales with the right product offer, getting more profit dollars per square foot and maximizing foot-traffic productivity inside the store.
The online course replaces the two-day, face-to-face seminars that NACS and Impact 21 Group established and have facilitated since 2001.
The flexibility of the new interactive online format allows participants to schedule their own learning, at a time that is best for them. It also enables companies to save costs on travel, hiring training personnel and materials and other classroom-related expenses.
The experience combines Impact 21 Group's industry-specific content and RTO's learning platform, which allows the program to be easily updated and refreshed as new industry information becomes available.
6. Reviewing and evaluating the results.
"Competition is tough, and you really have to be in control of what you are doing. The only way to do that is to have a tight grip on your category management process," said Jeff Miller, 2010-11 NACS chairman and president and CEO of Norfolk, Va.-based Miller Oil Co.
The analytics training is designed for marketing and merchandising professionals, operations professionals, retail category managers, supplier sales and category managers, business analysts and small operators who manage all aspects of their retail business.
For course details and registration information, visit convenience.org/Solutions/Training-Development.
NACS is the international association for convenience and fuel retailing. It has 2,100 retail and 1,600 supplier member companies that do business in nearly 50 countries.


text:
Discussion ***Official Please Play Anywhere Thread***
***Official Please Play Anywhere Thread***
yield2me Posts: 1,260
July 11 in The Porch
Seriously, anywhere on planet earth...
"May you live to be 100 and may the last voice you hear be mine." - Frank Sinatra
Spiritual_Chaos Posts: 14,114
As long as it is Iceland or Tokyo.
The man they call my enemy. I've seen his eyes, he looks just like me - A mirror...
pjsteelerfan MarylandPosts: 9,375
Sorry, next show on the dark side of the moon, News Years eve 2019
...got a mind full of questions and a teacher in my soul...
Lerxst1992 Posts: 1,100
Seriously, they're still an active band?
I was hoping for another Jazzfest appearance next year but looks like the lineup is out and they're not on it 😖
yield2me said:
They should refuse to play in front of a SHELL logo.
Tim Simmons Posts: 3,610
Lerxst1992 said:
Fresh take
pearljammr78 Posts: 208
Peace,Love and Pearl Jam.
July 15 edited July 15
Tim Simmons said:
They want to take five years off or say it's an indefinite hiatus, that's fine.
But at least address it at some point in time or at least address the forthcoming album error.
Or....
By making it seem like they are still active or an album is forthcoming are they trying to keep membership up while in reality they are at a 38:2 ratio of inactive vs active.
Post edited by Lerxst1992 on July 15
They don't need to address anything. If they plan on making an album, then the album is forthcoming (even if its in the loosest sense). This band has never shared plans until things were concret. Its the way its always been.
Also, to be fair, they've taken 1 year off. Also, I'm willing to be 10c is small potatoes compared to the fanbase as a whole. They ain't trying to maintain shit.
LizJ Posts: 14
Eddie said in Düsseldorf: we will be back next year. And someone also wrote something here like him saying the same (in Berlin I think). But with an additional "it won't be June as it will be my daughters 16 th birthday". So we can (at least) hope for Europe next year.
LizJ said:
"We'll never not play Boise again." EV , 2000.
mcgruff10 said:
Don't worry. They haven't played Fresno since 2000 either. But for that I can't blame them. Fresno, it really does suck here.
Sure they don't need to address anything. But when an error is made, it's considered by some polite to address the error or apologize. The band also has the luxury to take off a year+, work 26 shows, then another year+ off, because of its fans. Very few bands can afford to do that. That's why addressing the error is appropriate imo. It's just an opinion.
From others, its considered appropriate to drive 30 mph over the speed limit and swipe you off the road. Whether you survive is up to your driving skills. Good luck.


text:
Monroe Mountain Grazing Economics Flawed The Origins of Western Watersheds Project
Custer-Gallatin National Forest Plan is a Disappointment
By George Wuerthner On February 4, 2022 · 6 Comments · In Wildlife News
Hike on the crest of the Gallatin Range looking down on the Porcupine drainage. Photo George Wuerthner
Many conservation groups are heralding the recently released Final Custer Gallatin National Forest Plan as a "win" for the environment. At least in my initial review, I am less sanguine and enthusiastic about the outcome.
The CGNF proposes 140,000 acres of new wilderness across the entire forest (keep in mind that only Congress can designate wilderness). But recent mapping by the Gallatin Yellowstone Wilderness Alliance has determined there are more than 1.1 million roadless acres on the forest that could, in theory, qualify for designation as wilderness under the 1964 Wilderness Act.
Yet, the Greater Yellowstone Coalition (GYC) breathlessly reported they had "exciting news" to share. They celebrated the CGNF recommendation for 140,000 acres of new wilderness spread across the three million-acre forest due to their "hard work" as the Gallatin Forest Partnership (GFP) members. The GFP successfully fought to keep a portion of the Gallatin Range in the Buffalo Horn and Porcupine drainages and the West Pine Creek areas from being recommended for wilderness. Way to go, GYC.
Likewise, Wild Montana (aka Montana Wilderness Association) declared they were "thrilled" by the Forest Plan recommendations.
Gallatin Range. Photo George Wuerthner
The CGNF plan recommends 92,000 plus acres out of a possible 270,000 plus roadless areas in the Gallatin Range, stretching south from Bozeman to Yellowstone Park.
The Gallatin Range has been targeted for protection for more than a century as one of the most critical wildlife areas in the entire Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.
Buffalo Horn drainage, Gallatin Range, recommended as "Backcountry" instead of Wilderness. Photo George Wuerthner
With the support of GYC, Montana Wild, The Wilderness Society, Winter Wildlands, and other so-called "wilderness advocacy" groups, the CGNF establishes a 26,496-acre backcountry area in the southwestern Buffalo Horn Porcupine Hyalite WSA and 22,632 acres of a similar backcountry area in West Pine drainage of the Gallatin Range.
Both areas were part of the 151,000 acres protected in 1977 by Senate 393 Buffalo Horn Porcupine Hyalite Wilderness Study Area legislation. They are critical low elevation lands that are poorly represented in most protected wilderness areas. The CGNF plan, with the approval of these "green" groups, only recommends 78,000 acres out of the 151,000 acres Buffalo Horn-Porcupine-Hyalite WSA for the wilderness. This is a "win"?
South Cottonwood drainage, Gallatin Range. Photo George Wuerthner
Another 13,763 acres in the South Cottonwood drainages are also recommended for Backcountry designation. The South Cottonwood area was the center of a significant conservation fight in the 1990s. The site was proposed for logging, but local conservationists successfully fought for protection with the understanding that someday, it too would be designated wilderness.
Unlike wilderness designation, which has Congressional protection, Backcountry Areas are purely an administrative designation. In other words, the Forest Service can change the status on a whim.
For example, the Record of Decision for the Final CGNF plan says Backcountry Area designation in the Gallatin Range will permit logging for "restoration" and fuels Treatment as well as existing mechanical recreation access by snowmobiles, mountain bikes, and dirt bikes.
Mountain biker in Buffalo Horn drainage. According to S.393, the FS is supposed to manage the Buffalo Horn Porcupine Hyalite WSA to protect wilderness values. And only activities that existed in 1977 (there were no mountain bikes) are permitted. Photo George Wuerthner
The S. 393 legislation says, "the wilderness study areas designated by this Act shall, until Congress determines otherwise, be administered by the Secretary of Agriculture to maintain their presently existing wilderness character and potential for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System.
Dirt bikes in the Buffalo Horn drainage of the Gallatin Range. Typically motorized use is not permitted in wilderness or proposed wilderness. Photo George Wuerthner
The wording "shall" is essential. It means the Forest Service must preserve the wilderness character and potential for future wilderness designation. But unfortunately, the Forest Service has not abided by the law. Instead, it has encouraged uses like mountain biking, snowmobiling, dirt biking, etc.—all of which are not permitted in the designated wilderness–to occur in the WSA.
I am more forgiving of the CGNF itself since it is under extensive political pressure to minimize additional wilderness on the Forest. However, instead of holding the Forest Service feet to the fire, GYC, Wild Montana, The Wilderness Society, Winter Wildlands, and others all fought against wilderness protection for some of these areas.
One of the problems with the CGNF final plan is the creation of "backcountry areas" on lands that clearly should be recommended for wilderness. For example, the ecologically critical Buffalo Horn Porcupine drainages are among essential lands for west slope cutthroat trout, grizzly, elk, wolf, moose, and bighorn sheep in the entire northern region of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.
Numerous scientific studies have documented the ecological value of the Gallatin Range. Photo George Wuerthner
Indeed, a 2002 study (Noss et al. 2002 Multicriteria Assessment of the Irreplaceability and Vulnerability of Sites in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem) that colleagues and I did on biological hot spots of the ecosystem identified the Upper Gallatin drainage as one of the most ecologically significant areas in Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Similarly, biologist Lance Craighead completed a biological assessment of the Gallatin Range and repeatedly noted the ecological importance of the Buffalo Horn Porcupine drainages.
Hyalite Canyon is one of five recreation areas promoted by the final CGNF plan. Photo George Wuerthner
The Final Plan also designates five recreation areas in the Gallatin Range and around West Yellowstone. The 36,000 plus acre Hyalite Canyon, 36,500 plus Storm Castle, 16,500 area Gallatin River, 71,000 Hebgen Winter, and 13,000 Hebgen Lake Shore. In other words, approximately 156,500 acres are recommended for recreation in the Gallatin Range and nearby areas, far more than the total acres of new wilderness on the entire forest.
A small amount of wilderness is recommended in the Madison Range, including 13,000 plus areas in Cowboy's Heaven adjacent to the Spanish Peaks of the Lee Metcalf Wilderness and another 4,000 or so acres on the southern end of the Lee Metcalf Wilderness.
The rugged Crazy Mountains have more than 130,000 acres that could be designated as wilderness, but the FS only recommends less than 10,000 acres. Photo George Wuerthner
The plan recommends a small 9,619 acres of wilderness in the southern Crazy Mountains and a 30,642-acre Backcountry Area out of a potential 130,000 acre or so roadless acres, which could be designated as wilderness.
The Punchbowl area of the Pryor Mountains. Photo George Wuerthner
Likewise, the plan skimps on wilderness for the Pryor Mountains, one of Montana's most unique mountain ranges, rising from desert to alpine and home to 40% of the plant species found in Montana. The Final CGNF plan recommends 10,662 acres of new wilderness in Bear Canyon 8,168 acres of recommended wilderness for Lost Water Canyon. The Punchbowl and Big Prior Plateau WSAs were not recommended for wilderness. A problematic feature is the construction of a new mountain bike trail that will bisect the Pryor Mountain proposed wilderness, making future wilderness designation problematic.
The Lionhead area is an important connection between Yellowstone and the Centennial Range to the west. Photo George Wuerthner
The Lionhead area, recommended initially as wilderness in the earlier 1987 Forest Plan, was downgraded to Backcountry. And a tiny backcountry area for the Blacktail area in the Bridger Range is part of the Forest Plan.
Deer Creek roadless area southeast of Big Timber, Montana, one of many larger roadless areas that did not get FS wilderness recommendation. Photo George Wuerthner
Important and significant other proposed wilderness were left out of the plan including the biologically important low elevation Deer Creek area near Big Timber, and the Poker Jim roadless areas on the Ashland Ranger District.
Clearcuts in the Gallatin Range. Photo George Wuerthner
Under the plan, about 560,000 acres or 18 percent of the forest is considered "suitable" for timber production, with another 603,000 acres or an additional 20 percent suitable for timber cutting for "fuel reduction" or "wildlife purposes."
So while these groups crow about how wonderful the final Forest Plan is, they ignore how much of the forest can still be logged. The CGNF is not the nation's woodbox. Logging here has numerous ecological impacts, including loss of carbon storage, the spread of weeds, disturbance of wildlife, sedimentation from logging roads, loss of biomass, and so forth, none of which any green groups ever acknowledge.
The FWS says the final CGNF plan may affect and is likely to affect grizzly bears. Photo George Wuerthner
The Fish and Wildlife Service's biological opinion on the Final Forest Plan found that the proposed management may affect and are likely to adversely affect the grizzly bear and lynx, both species listed under the Endangered Species Act. Not a word about this opinion in the glowing approval of the plan by the Big Greens.
I'm typically an optimistic person and even somewhat pragmatic (though some of my critics might suggest otherwise). So I tend to see the glass as half full rather than in the negative as half empty. But this forest plan doesn't even pretend to half fill a glass. Instead, there are just a few sips of water at the bottom.
In my view, overall, the forest plan fails to recognize and adequately protect the fundamental values of the forest.
The crest of the Gallatin Range. Photo George Wuerthner
The CGNF is part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, one of the few functioning temperate ecosystems in the world. It is the headwaters for major river systems of the West, including the Mississippi-Missouri, Snake-Columbia, and Green-Colorado. And lest we forget, it is home to numerous wildlife species that are rare or endangered elsewhere, from genetically pure bison to various subspecies of cutthroat trout to an isolated grizzly bear population. And the CGNF and other public lands surrounding Yellowstone National Park are part of the best wildlands south of Canada and Alaska.
The Three W's include wildlife, watershed and wildlands. Photo George Wuerthner
In other words, the CGNF's central values are the three W's: watershed, wildlife, and wildlands, and these values were given short shrift in the forest plan.
Sourdough Creek, Gallatin Range, part of Bozeman's water supply. Water is one of the three W's that represent the most valuable aspects of the CGNF. Photo George Wuerthner
That is why it is baffling, even discouraging to me, for groups like GYC or Wild Montana to declare the plan a success.
For organizations like GYC etc., to declare their support for the CGNF plan as a "success" is like hiring a realtor to sell your home estimated to be worth $200,000, and the realtor declares how lucky you were because they managed to get you $20,000 for it. You would fire that realtor in a flash.
Crazy Mountains near Livingston, Montana. Photo George Wuerthner
When you consider that another 1.1 million acres could, in theory, be designated as wilderness on the CGNF, and would genuinely protect its international value, the CGNF final plan fails to live up to its obligation to protect the forest's unique attributes.
The value of wilderness designation is that it legally recognizes restraint and humility. It is the best way in our legal system to protect lands from human arrogance—i.e., active resource management. Wilderness means "self-willed" lands or places where natural processes operate with minimum human interference.
Although the Forest recommendations are just that—recommendations since Congress has final authority to designate wilderness, it is still disappointing to see wilderness advocacy groups willing to declare the CGNF a "success." I want to think the plan rises to Half Full status, but it leaves me thirsty.
The Continental Divide Trail in the Lionhead area. Photo George Wuerthner
Passage of the Northern Rockies Ecosystem Protection Act could correct the deficiency of the CGNF plan, and we can hope that someday Congress and the American people will have the wisdom to enact this visionary legislation.
Tagged with: Buffalo Horn Porcupine • Crazy Mountains • Custer Gallatin National Forest • Gallatin Yellowstone Wilderness Alliance • Hyalite • NREPA • Pryor Mountains • wilderness
George Wuerthner
George Wuerthner is an ecologist and former hunting guide with a degree in wildlife biology
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6 Responses to Custer-Gallatin National Forest Plan is a Disappointment
Maggie Frazier says:
Worried when this first appeared – couldnt read the whole post nor get to the comments!
This sure doesnt sound like the idea for 30 x 30 does it? And stopping from designating wilderness areas in all those areas that are available only opens them up to more & more so-called "recreationists" as in mountain biking,& dirt biking – both of which push wildlife further and further away. And then there is the "possibility" of logging? Where are the people or organizations that should be looking out for wilderness and wildlife?
Ed Loosli says:
Thanks so much for this George; If all these wild acres are not recommended to become Wilderness, wouldn't the next best thing be to let it stay designated as Wilderness Study Areas, instead of down-grading it to "recreation" or "back-country" or "logging" areas??
I hope the lawyers working with some of the real wildlife conservation groups are sharpening their pencils, because this should go to court, because by law, Wilderness Study Areas are NOT TO BE TAMPERED WITH unless by an Act of Congress.
Chris Zinda says:
Another win for "conservation" and wreckreation.
It's inevitable when there isn't a preservation sidebar from even the likes of GW, WWP or WW. As long as advocates continue to self identify as conservationists and only argue for the semantic of preservation, Wilderness and those who inhabit it will lose.
This environmental "movement" is toast with these Loraxes.
Ida Lupine says:
Terrible. Trying to put a positive spin on it is even worse. I guess it is a 'win' as opposed to complete development and destruction. 🙁
It certainly doesn't sound like what I thought 30 x 30 would be. Is there ever a mention of protection of wildlife or biodiversity at all these days, or just for the continued use and development of people.
I really cannot support this. Going without yet another place to mountain bike isn't going to hurt anyone.
Mike Sauber says:
Not related to this article, I wanted to contact you George, but couldn't find any contact anywhere. I just listened to NPR cooking program "milk street radio" who featured a woman, former vegetarian who is now married to one of the well known ranchers and spewed all of the false narratives about cattle and the environment and health. It would be good for you to get some airtime to refute those claims. I had no contact for you so I can't give them your contact.
Possibly the "Pioneer Woman"? Whose family is fortunate enough to be one of the "pastures" for Wild Horses that have been removed from their ranges?
Or is there someone else out there?