text:
Challenging the Chain Governing the automated exchange and processing of business information
CHALLENGING THE CHAIN
Download your own copy here!
A joined effort
Nitesh Bharosa
Remco van Wijk
Niels de Winne
Marijn Janssen
Challenging the Chain now available in English
Following the success of the Dutch publication of "De Keten Uitgedaagd" in 2014, we have now launched a new and improved version in English: "Challenging the Chain -Governing the automated exchange and processing of business information".
Challenging the Chain is an updated edition, incorporating all feedback and comments on the previous edition. This resulted in a better arrangement of the chapters and adjustments to the scope of some chapters to improve readability and relevance to the readers. We have found that both practitioners and scholars use the Dutch previous version of this book as a reference and we have put great effort into continuing this use for Challenging the Chain. In addition, the editorial team is committed to sharing the insights and best practices with the international community.
Challenging the Chain describes the journey of SBR from challenge to solution. Specialists in the field – flanked by academics – provide detailed insights on the challenges actors faced and the solutions they realised. In its versatility, this book exemplifies the necessary paradigm shifts when it comes to such large-scale public-private IT transformations. Policy makers, managers, IT specialist and architects looking to engage in such transformations will find guidance in this book.
Copyright © 2023 Challenging the Chain. All Rights Reserved.
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The freedom of the road and the joys of wanderlust have been celebrated in American literature and music, even influencing European culture like Wim Wenders' '70s films and Kraftwerk's "Autobahn." I doubt it occurs to most Americans that other cultures might have a different –– and substantially less rosy –– take on these desires.
If China represents the future, as pundits keep telling us, its own future resembles the American present of broken and scattered families, according to Jia Zhang-ke's "Mountains May Depart." His film relates 26 years in the lives of a few characters who originate in his hometown of Fenyang. As usual, Jia gets in some digs at China's economic "miracle," but the melancholy mood of "Mountains May Depart" is quite different from the anger of his last film, "A Touch of Sin." Unfortunately, there's also something slightly secondhand and distanced about it, as though he were touching his characters through latex gloves.
Instead of drawing on popular martial arts films, as he did in "A Touch of Sin," Jia recalls classic melodramas, particularly in the 1999 segment. Its love triangle's outlines could have been lifted from a Douglas Sirk film. Appropriately, "Mountains May Depart" uses a different aspect ratio for each segment and begins in the 1.33 box of pre-1953 Hollywood. Even as the parties in that original triangle grow further apart, the film never loses its melodramatic touch.
"Mountains May Depart" presents emigration as China's future, which is probably Jia's way of saying that it's China's present. While life in China brings illness and alienation, moving to Australia proves to be no solution –- for either Zhang or Dollar. Zhang has acquired a large pile of guns and bullets, stacked on his living room table. (His house resembles a more tasteful version of James Franco's pad in "Spring Breakers.") At first, I thought this meant he'd become a criminal, but he later explains that he thought he'd feel free by buying guns when Australia legalized firearms ownership. Guess what? It didn't work.
Dollar drifts out of college into a series of menial jobs, although he finds strength in his relationship with Mia. Jia proves himself a fine director of middle-aged actresses; Sylvia Chang comes across as the Chinese equivalent of Charlotte Rampling or Susan Sarandon.
If "Mountains May Depart" begins by suggesting an enervated Sirk, it ends by aping Michelangelo Antonioni. There's even a literal version of the failure to communicate, that Italian director's favorite theme: Zhang only speaks Mandarin, which his son can't understand, while he needs to translate his son's English-language emails.
But the film isn't a wallow in alienation. It has a sense of pleasure, even joy. Jia opens some scenes with heavily grainy, distorted video close-ups. As far as I can tell, these are shot off a TV set. His gritty depiction of a night out at a club is enhanced by these images, which seem like the visual equivalent of the throbbing techno on the soundtrack. As for music, Jia uses it extremely well. The soundtrack ranges from Cantonese pop singer Sally Yeh to the Pet Shop Boys' Village People cover "Go West," but the latter song is particularly key to the film. It's played over both the opening and closing scenes. One could say that Jia takes a gay anthem and claims it for the Chinese diaspora, although I doubt that was his explicit intent.
"Mountains May Depart" is definitely one of Jia's minor films, although even they are more successful than most directors' best work. It has an academic feel; its future never feels lived-in. It also has a few on-the-nose moments, such as an ailing Liangzi walking past a caged tiger. The film only really comes to life when music is playing. The fact that Tao dances to "Go West" with a large group of people at first and by herself at last sums up her character arc, but "Mountains May Depart" suggests that being Chinese now means wanting to go West, just as the West looks to China for hints of its future.


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Fixed level 2 Bug, now it works.
We had only 24h. Anyway check this out.
Second room broke? I connected the lights on both sides and the door didn't open. Very nice puzzle mechanic though. The "glowing icons on cubes of stone" effect is really effective.
The mechanic is a lot like the sliding tile games. Once you have the pattern of moves, it becomes pretty easy to spam your way through it.
Still, really nice idea and nice looking game for 24h.
Thank you. Yes, second room is broken. Hope we'll fix it today.
We fixed level 2 Bug, now it works.
Really great game, I played through all three levels and had a lot of fun with it. I really liked the graphics and audio as well.


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Next, you need to guarantee you're choosing a form that compliments your face. A rounder face might should try a square form as well as vice versa.
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Montana quarterback Gerald Kemp bursts through the line on a quarterback keeper Sunday afternoon at Washington-Grizzly Stadium. Kemp ran for two touchdowns and threw for two more in the Grizzlies' first scrimmage of fall camp.
Running back Jordan Canada leaps for yardage near the goal line.
The continuing progress of Gerald Kemp was a key storyline Sunday in Montana's first football scrimmage.
Quarterbacking the No. 1 unit exclusively in the absence of Jordy Johnson, who is nursing a sore ankle, Kemp gave 650 fans at Washington-Grizzly Stadium a glimpse at his expanding repertoire. He threw for two touchdowns and ran for two, impressing his head coach in the process.
"Gerald plays so well when there's space, and he did some great things mentally to help himself create space," Montana coach Robin Pflugrad said. "Once he had that, boy he can go. He can go right, left, straight ahead. He can go backwards and restart. Seriously that's very difficult to do.
"He made some good decisions. I was really happy with his performance today."
Even if he doesn't win the starting job for the Sept. 3 season opener at Tennessee, Kemp figures to see key playing time with his unique talent as an option QB. His well-timed pitch to running back Peter Nguyen sprang the running back for a 55-yard gain on the first series of the scrimmage. Several plays later, he feathered a screen pass to upstart Jordan Canada for a 29-yard score.
Kemp followed up with option touchdown runs of 30 and 20 yards. Then came the play that served as a dead giveaway as to how he spent his summer in San Diego. While on the move, he fired a pinpoint 21-yard touchdown pass to Antwon Moutra.
Kemp finished with 112 yards rushing on nine totes and completed 5 of 7 passes for 63 yards. Afterwards, he talked about how helpful it's been to work with four SoCal mentors the past two months. The list includes ex-NFL quarterback Akili Smith.
"I probably worked harder this summer than ever before," the junior said. "Passing was definitely something I focused on.
"I know in order to run an offense you have to be able to run, pass, make good decisions, the whole package. It's a learning process. I dedicate most of that to my O-line today, giving me time to get my looks and checks in and my reads down, being able to deliver the ball on time. And my receivers made some good catches."
The Griz offense piled up seven touchdowns and generally outshone a more established Montana defense. But in fairness to the 'D,' it faced a no-huddle look a good portion of the afternoon and some regulars worked overtime in sweltering heat.
"The open-field tackling was disappointing, specifically early in the game," Pflugrad said. "Now again, a lot of that was Gerald. Peter Nguyen had a nice run. Jordan Canada had some open-space runs.
"We did have some decent things in the air as well. It was nice to see (wideout) CJ Atkins come in and make some plays."
Eleven different receivers caught passes, with freshman Sean Haynes' 74-yard bomb from Shay Smithwick-Hann standing out because of the way Haynes busted a tackle. Nguyen had only one carry in the game, while Canada finished with 25 yards on three rushes and Dan Moore five carries for 20 yards.
"Dan Moore gives us a different punch we didn't have all spring," Pflugrad said. "(Nguyen) and Jordan Canada are somewhat similar and then Dan can come in and hopefully do some damage in the power game."
Defensively, senior tackle Bryan Waldhauser had a solid day Sunday with a tackle for a safety and a sack. Senior end Bobby Alt, redshirt freshman end Zack Wagenmann and freshman linebacker Addison Owen each had a sack apiece.
Middle linebacker Caleb McSurdy had the hit of the day on a run up the middle late in the scrimmage.
Now comes the real rough part for the players - two-a-day practices under the hot August sun. Pflugrad said he wished it was "10 degrees hotter."
"There's a record-breaking heat wave down in Tennessee," he noted. "I keep looking at that schedule and every time I look at it, it still says Tennessee on it. So we're going back there I guess.
"It's hard to get all excited about your first game when there's so many things you're still working on. It's going to be an in-progress week. Without Jordy Johnson here - he took a lion's share of the reps - now we have to look around and see what quarterback does what better than the other ones. Then at some point in time you have to get a game plan ready to go."
Notes: Jordy Johnson attended the scrimmage, walking around with a slight limp ... Cornerback Trumaine Johnson practiced but did not play in the scrimmage after battling strep throat this past week ... Standout kicker Brody McKnight sat out the scrimmage so Pflugrad could look at his other kickers ... Nate Montana quarterbacked the No. 2 unit and completed 5 of 10 passes for 31 yards and a TD. Senior Kavario Middleton had the catch of the day on Montana's 5-yard TD strike, reaching over a defender ... Smithwick-Hann was 4 for 5 passing for 81 yards ... True freshman Nate Harris is making his mark at cornerback, according to Pflugrad ... After Sunday's scrimmage, the Griz had a little water balloon fun under the supervision of the Griz coaching staff.
Bill Speltz can be reached at 523-5255 or bill.speltz@lee.net.
Former Montana Grizzly running back Chase Reynolds was waived by the Seattle Seahawks on Sunday.


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Ballari Institute of Technology and Management (BITM), Ballari was established in the year 1997 with the aim of providing quality education. The institution is run by T.E.H.R.D Trust, founded by Late. Smt. Basavarajeswari, Former Union Minister. The institution is recognized by Govt. of Karnataka, approved by AICTE, New Delhi and affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi. The institute has been accredited by NAAC and is certified by ISO: 9001-2015. BITM empowers the Students with technical & managerial skills, professional ethics & values, and an appreciation of human creativity & innovation for an inquisitive mind. It plays a vital role in producing top-quality professionals to meet industrial and technological requirements.
The Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering trains the students with in-depth knowledge of cutting edge technologies by incorporating the necessary programs to enhance creativity, social awareness and leadership skills for the overall development. Department was started in the year 1997. The programme is outcome based, to help students achieve their goal. It had added a PG program to its credit viz., Computer Network Engineering (CNE) in the year 2004 and the Department is permanently affiliated to VTU. The department also has VTU recognized Research Centre. The department has highly qualified, experienced and dedicated faculty members to cater the needs of the students. The department has MoU's with Wipro's Mission 10X, Infosys Campus Connect program and IBM Specialty labs.
The conference aims at collaborating researchers, practitioners, developers and students from various streams of computing to explore and address the challenging research issues in data analytics, mobile computing, IoT and networks. The main focus of this conference is to provide a common platform for enabling the researchers to exchange their views. In this regard, we invite active researches, scholars and students to submit their research findings.
To impart top quality professional education by mentoring the students to become multi skilled professionals with rewarding career through team work, innovative thinking, commitment and ethical responsibility.
To train the students with in depth knowledge of cutting edge technologies by incorporating the necessary programs to enhance creativity, social awareness and leadership skills for the overall development.
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Dr. Shivananda M. Hundigund, Prof. & Head, Dept. of CSE, JVIT, Bengaluru.
Mr. Prasad Chitta - Solution Architect, TCS, Bangaluru.
Dr. Raja Datta - Professor, Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering, IIT Kharagpur.
Dr. C. K. Subbaraya, Chairman ISTE Karnataka Section, Principal, A.I.T, Chikmagalur.
National Conference On Recent Avenues in Engineering and Technology 20 -21 April-2018.
Publishing of full paper in the conference proceedings with ISBN number.
Proceedings will be shared in CD/DVD.
Conference Kit will be issued at Venue.
Hospitality during the Conference includes Breakfast and Lunch.
*Note: Articles with < 25% Plagiarism and relevant to recent research area will be published in SCOPUS INDEXED Journal "Journal of Information and Communication Technology (JICT)-ISSN: 1675-414X" with an additional charges of 10,000/-.
Dr. Karisiddappa, Vice Chancellor, VTU, Belagavi.
Dr. H N Jagannatha Reddy, Registrar, VTU, Belagavi.
Dr. Basavaraj Gadgay, Regional.Director, VTU RO, Kalburagi.
Dr. S B Kivade, Principal, BKEC, Basavakalyan and EC Member, VTU, Belagavi.
Dr. K Bhanuprasad, Principal, SASI, Andhra Pradesh.
Dr. K. Karibasappa, Professor, DSATM, Bengaluru.
Dr. B M Vidyavathi, Professor, BITM, Ballari.
Dr. Rajashree V Biradar, Professor, BITM, Ballari.
Dr. Aradhana D, Professor, BITM, Ballari.
Dr. Farrukh Sayeed, Principal, ACE, Trivandrum.
Dr. G T Thampi, Principal, TSEC, Mumbai.
Dr. Seldev Cristopher, Professor, SXCE, Nagarcoil.
Mr.D R Veeresh, Scientist "D", ISRO, Bengaluru.
Mr. Raghavendra H M, Scientist "D", ISRO, Bengaluru.
Mr. Venkata Devara ,ISRO, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
Dr. M N Thippeswamy, HOD(CSE), NMIT, Bengaluru.
Dr. Annapurna P Patil, Professor, MSRIT, Bengaluru.
Dr. Mohit P Tahiliani,Professor, NITK, Surathkal.
Dr. L Swarna Jyothi, HOD(ECE), RRCE, Bengaluru.
Dr. Dhananjaya, Professor, GNDEC, Bidar.
Dr. Pratibha Yalagi, Professor, WIT, Solapur.
Dr. Panduranga Rao M V, Professor, BTLIT, Bengaluru.


text:
OFFICIAL: Albert Adomah pens two-year deal with Nottingham Forest
Nottingham Forest have announced the signing of winger Albert Adomah.
The Ghanaian international joins The Reds having left Aston Villa at the end of last season after helping them to promotion to the Premier League.
The 31-year-old has signed a two-year contract with the club and joins Sabri Lamouchi's squad ahead of the pre-season trip to Greece later this week.
Adomah started his career in non-league before impressing for Barnet, winning the Young Player of the Year award in 2008-09 before departing for Bristol City.
After scoring 17 goals in three seasons, Adomah joined Middlesbrough who he helped to a second-placed Championship finish in 2015-16.
He joined Aston Villa in the 2016-17 season, assisting 11 goals in the Championship in that campaign before scoring 15 times in 2017-18, being Villa's top scorer as they reached the play-off final.
Adomah featured 42 times in all competitions last season, starting Villa's play-off final triumph against Derby County, and now joins Lamouchi's Reds for the upcoming campaign.
Credit:nottinghamforest.co.uk
Free agent Albert Adomah set to land Nottingham Forest deal
AshGold sign former Kotoko right-back Atta Kusi
Kotoko make U-turn on Adingra Moussa signing, player currently on trial
Kotoko General Manager confirms imminent departure of Songne Yacouba
Kotoko release five players ahead of new season

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


2016 SARDAM WRITERS OFFICIALLY ANNOUNCED! Thank you all for your applications and support!
A huge thanks to the writers Antonis Georgiou and Stella Voskaridou for their very significant contribution to this year's selection!


The perfect thoughtful gift for a bride to give her husband-to-be to mark the very special time in the build up to their big day.
The Personalised Bride to Groom Wedding Day Cufflinks are beautifully packaged wrapped in crisp white tissue paper in a Penelopetom grey linen carry pouch.
You can also choose to add a cufflink presentation box which can be engraved on the lid with your own special message.


Never underestimate the power of a hairdresser beyond hairstyling, for in celebrated UK coiffeur Nicky Clarke I found some lifestyle inspiration that still drives me to this day!
A good trusty friendly hairdresser will soon step into your comfort zone as he attends to your tresses, becomes your confidante, favourite counsellor and best mate for the length of time you're in their salon. They will give you attention and importance, flatter you, lend an ear, reassure you, comfort you, and most of all - be on your side. I went through the ups and downs of my marriage and divorce, with Liam at Toni & Guy, then I went through the ups and downs of my new relationship, with Amy at Saks. And in between the two stages in my personal life, I found some further solace in a UK magazine interview featuring Nicky Clarke.
Besides at a time when I was at risk of spending cash like there was no tomorrow, Nicky was explaining matter-of-factly in his press interview what his female customers were looking for when they stepped into his exclusive salon and requested to be attended to by the man himself for that pricey cut and blow dry.
If you have it (the Swarovski sunnies!), you might as well flaunt it!
He described his clientèle as not necessarily wealthy. What those style epicureans were in search of was a good haircut. Within the logic of "you get what you pay for", and quality equals expensive, "good hair, good watch, good bag" fitted the requirement list, according to Nicky. Let's say, a Nicky Clarke hairstyle, a Gucci watch and a Prada handbag, in other words would-be heirloom pieces that will stand the test of time and the fickleness of fashion while giving out a statement of taste, elegance and social status. And a hairstyle that will compliment their style and make them feel a million dollars about themselves. Uncompromisingly good quality accessory basics that will carry off style essentials (outfits and shoes) with a less exclusive price tag.
Never one to fall for the cheap in the first instance, i.e. the throwaway pieces from the fast fashion circuit - bar the odd couple of items a season, I had found in Nicky Clarke the justification that you needn't be rich or harbour guilt in order to claim the ownership of an expensive designer accessory or even the odd designer item of clothing. And I did exactly that when I purchased my €300+ Swarovski sunglasses. And come to think of it, I was already doing it back in the day, with my expensive hairdos. How cheap can you go? Own 30 cheap trashy items that are not gonna last beyond a season or save up and buy one thing that will last the distance and make you feel special and exclusive? Kinda makes sense, doesn't it?


December 21, 2017 - EXCO Resources, Inc. (NYSE: XCO) ("EXCO" or the "Company") today announced that it has entered into forbearance agreements (the "Forbearance Agreements") with the administrative agent and the majority of lenders under its reserve-based credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement"), holders of approximately 87% of the outstanding aggregate principal amount of its senior secured 1.5 lien notes due March 2022 (the "1.5 Lien Notes") and lenders holding approximately 81% of its outstanding senior secured 1.75 lien term loans due October 2020 ("1.75 Lien Term Loans") (collectively, the "Forbearing Creditors").
Under the terms of the Forbearance Agreements, the Forbearing Creditors have agreed to forbear from exercising any and all remedies available to them under the Credit Agreement, the 1.5 Lien Notes and the 1.75 Lien Term Loans as a result of the Company not making the December 20, 2017 payment due under the 1.75 Lien Term Loan, as well as certain defaults arising as a result of the Company's failure to meet affirmative covenants under its Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2017, among other things. The Forbearance Agreements will expire upon the earlier of 11:59 PM (Eastern Time) on January 15, 2018 or the occurrence of certain events specified in the Forbearance Agreements.
Harold L. Hickey, EXCO's Chief Executive Officer and President, said, "We are continuing to explore strategic alternatives to address our financial position and maximize the value of the Company. The Forbearance Agreements provide EXCO with additional time and flexibility as we continue our ongoing and constructive discussions with our stakeholders regarding the Company's capital structure. We remain committed to acting in the best interest of our stakeholders and will continue to take actions to strengthen our financial position."
Additional information on the Forbearance Agreements is contained in a report on Form 8-K, which has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
This release may contain forward-looking statements relating to future financial results, business expectations and business transactions. Actual results may differ materially from those predicted as a result of factors over which EXCO has no control. Such factors include, but are not limited to: discussions regarding EXCO's restructuring, EXCO's liquidity, sources of capital resources and ability to maintain compliance with debt covenants, continued volatility in the oil and gas markets, the continued listing of EXCO's common shares on the NYSE, the estimates of reserves, commodity price changes, regulatory changes and general economic conditions. These risk factors are included in EXCO's reports on file with the SEC. Except as required by applicable law, EXCO undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements.


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Alfred Greiner and Willi Semmler
in The Global Environment, Natural Resources, and Economic Growth
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328233.003.0001
Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This introductory chapter focuses on the impact of the globalization of economic activities on global growth, resources, and environment. It cites the increased demand for natural resources, ... More
This introductory chapter focuses on the impact of the globalization of economic activities on global growth, resources, and environment. It cites the increased demand for natural resources, especially by developing countries. It also considers the effects of environmental pollution. An overview of the three parts of the book is presented.Less
Alfred GreinerWilli Semmler
This introductory chapter focuses on the impact of the globalization of economic activities on global growth, resources, and environment. It cites the increased demand for natural resources, especially by developing countries. It also considers the effects of environmental pollution. An overview of the three parts of the book is presented.
Keywords: globalization, natural resources, environmental pollution, developing countries, environmental pollution
This chapter presents some concluding remarks about the economic models presented in Chapters 2 to 5. An endogenous growth model was presented with public capital and pollution. The uniqueness of ... More
This chapter presents some concluding remarks about the economic models presented in Chapters 2 to 5. An endogenous growth model was presented with public capital and pollution. The uniqueness of this approach compared to the literature on environmental pollution and endogenous growth is the assumption that pollution only affects the utility of the household and not production possibilities directly. Analyses of the model demonstrated the effects of fiscal policy on the long-run balanced growth rate. Variations in both the income tax rate and the pollution tax rate were also shown to have either positive or negative growth effects.Less
This chapter presents some concluding remarks about the economic models presented in Chapters 2 to 5. An endogenous growth model was presented with public capital and pollution. The uniqueness of this approach compared to the literature on environmental pollution and endogenous growth is the assumption that pollution only affects the utility of the household and not production possibilities directly. Analyses of the model demonstrated the effects of fiscal policy on the long-run balanced growth rate. Variations in both the income tax rate and the pollution tax rate were also shown to have either positive or negative growth effects.
Keywords: economic model, economic growth, public capital, pollution
Economic Development and Environmental Sustainability: New Policy Options
Ramón López and Michael A. Toman (eds)
10.1093/0199298009.001.0001
This paper examines the record of urban population growth, health, and health care spending in developing countries; describes the linkage between urban air pollution and health; and weighs policy ... More
This paper examines the record of urban population growth, health, and health care spending in developing countries; describes the linkage between urban air pollution and health; and weighs policy responses to reduce stationary and mobile source air pollution. The stylized facts of developing countries necessitate adaptation and working within the limitations of each country, and argue for a preference towards applying economic incentive approaches to stationary source problems. A variety of incentive and control and command policies are available to reduce the emissions from mobile sources. An examination of case studies demonstrates that NGOs are willing to bring about the creation of the infrastructure to set air quality goals, and implement the measures necessary to achieving these goals. Ultimately, however, local and national governments must be responsible for such goal setting and implementation.Less
Economic Development and Environmental Sustainability : New Policy Options
This paper examines the record of urban population growth, health, and health care spending in developing countries; describes the linkage between urban air pollution and health; and weighs policy responses to reduce stationary and mobile source air pollution. The stylized facts of developing countries necessitate adaptation and working within the limitations of each country, and argue for a preference towards applying economic incentive approaches to stationary source problems. A variety of incentive and control and command policies are available to reduce the emissions from mobile sources. An examination of case studies demonstrates that NGOs are willing to bring about the creation of the infrastructure to set air quality goals, and implement the measures necessary to achieving these goals. Ultimately, however, local and national governments must be responsible for such goal setting and implementation.
Keywords: population growth, air pollution, emissions, tradable permits
Moving to Markets in Environmental Regulation: Lessons from Twenty Years of Experience
Jody Freeman and Charles D. Kolstad
Over the last decade, market-based incentives have become the regulatory tool of choice when trying to solve difficult environmental problems. Evidence of their dominance can be seen in recent ... More
Over the last decade, market-based incentives have become the regulatory tool of choice when trying to solve difficult environmental problems. Evidence of their dominance can be seen in recent proposals for addressing global warming (through an emissions trading scheme in the Kyoto Protocol) and for amending the Clean Air Act (to add a new emissions trading systems for smog precursors and mercury — the Bush administration's "Clear Skies" program). They are widely viewed as more efficient than traditional command and control regulation. This collection of essays takes a critical look at this question, and evaluates whether the promises of market-based regulation have been fulfilled. Contributors put forth the ideas that few regulatory instruments are actually purely market-based, or purely prescriptive, and that both approaches can be systematically undermined by insufficiently careful design and by failures of monitoring and enforcement. All in all, the essays recommend future research that no longer pits one kind of approach against the other, but instead examines their interaction and compatibility. This book should appeal to academics in environmental economics and law, along with policymakers in government agencies and advocates in non-governmental organizations.Less
Moving to Markets in Environmental Regulation : Lessons from Twenty Years of Experience
Jody FreemanCharles D. Kolstad
Over the last decade, market-based incentives have become the regulatory tool of choice when trying to solve difficult environmental problems. Evidence of their dominance can be seen in recent proposals for addressing global warming (through an emissions trading scheme in the Kyoto Protocol) and for amending the Clean Air Act (to add a new emissions trading systems for smog precursors and mercury — the Bush administration's "Clear Skies" program). They are widely viewed as more efficient than traditional command and control regulation. This collection of essays takes a critical look at this question, and evaluates whether the promises of market-based regulation have been fulfilled. Contributors put forth the ideas that few regulatory instruments are actually purely market-based, or purely prescriptive, and that both approaches can be systematically undermined by insufficiently careful design and by failures of monitoring and enforcement. All in all, the essays recommend future research that no longer pits one kind of approach against the other, but instead examines their interaction and compatibility. This book should appeal to academics in environmental economics and law, along with policymakers in government agencies and advocates in non-governmental organizations.
Keywords: market-based incentives, global warming, environmental policy, emissions trading, air pollution control
Measuring Development Prospects by 'Greening' the National Accounts
López Ramón and Michael A. Toman
in Economic Development and Environmental Sustainability: New Policy Options
This chapter reviews income and welfare measurement and examines the central topics of assets and sustainability with the evaluation of key conceptual and theoretical literature. It also outlines the ... More
This chapter reviews income and welfare measurement and examines the central topics of assets and sustainability with the evaluation of key conceptual and theoretical literature. It also outlines the methods of asset accounting and presents selected empirical results from 'greening' the national accounts. Linkages to policy are explored, followed by broad conclusions on some basic questions: To what extent has the promise of environmental accounting been realized? Which approach has the greatest policy significance? And where is environmental accounting likely to be most useful? Finally, it studies the recent empirical results from Southern Africa and explores policy linkage with concluding remarks.Less
López RamónMichael A. Toman
This chapter reviews income and welfare measurement and examines the central topics of assets and sustainability with the evaluation of key conceptual and theoretical literature. It also outlines the methods of asset accounting and presents selected empirical results from 'greening' the national accounts. Linkages to policy are explored, followed by broad conclusions on some basic questions: To what extent has the promise of environmental accounting been realized? Which approach has the greatest policy significance? And where is environmental accounting likely to be most useful? Finally, it studies the recent empirical results from Southern Africa and explores policy linkage with concluding remarks.
Keywords: green national accounting, sustainability, welfare, income, environmental resources, pollution, Southern Africa, genuine savings
Trade and the Environment in Developing Economies
This chapter studies the relationship between international trade, capital mobility, and environmental quality in developing countries. Although the 'pollution haven hypothesis' has dominated much of ... More
This chapter studies the relationship between international trade, capital mobility, and environmental quality in developing countries. Although the 'pollution haven hypothesis' has dominated much of the discussion of the composition effects of trade between rich and poor countries, this paper argues that it is not supported by empirical evidence. Regardless of environmental policy, trade liberalization may still shift the development path towards environmentally-intensive activity in countries with a comparative advantage in this area. This paper also considers the fundamental differences between environmental problems associated industrial pollution emissions, and those that affect stocks of natural capital, such as fisheries and forests. In addition, it examines the effects of linkage between trade policies and environmental concerns in developing countries. Section 1 discusses the role of the environmental policy process and institutions, and how they interact with the trade regime. Section 2 reviews the empirical evidence on the effects of environmental policy on trade patterns, and the evidence on the effect of trade on environmental quality. Section 3 considers policy issues.Less
This chapter studies the relationship between international trade, capital mobility, and environmental quality in developing countries. Although the 'pollution haven hypothesis' has dominated much of the discussion of the composition effects of trade between rich and poor countries, this paper argues that it is not supported by empirical evidence. Regardless of environmental policy, trade liberalization may still shift the development path towards environmentally-intensive activity in countries with a comparative advantage in this area. This paper also considers the fundamental differences between environmental problems associated industrial pollution emissions, and those that affect stocks of natural capital, such as fisheries and forests. In addition, it examines the effects of linkage between trade policies and environmental concerns in developing countries. Section 1 discusses the role of the environmental policy process and institutions, and how they interact with the trade regime. Section 2 reviews the empirical evidence on the effects of environmental policy on trade patterns, and the evidence on the effect of trade on environmental quality. Section 3 considers policy issues.
Keywords: international trade, trade pattern, environmental policy, pollution haven effects, political economy, property rights, capital flows, policy regimes, institutions
Ecological Debt—The Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren
Andrew Simms
in Sovereign Debt at the Crossroads: Challenges and Proposals for Resolving the Third World Debt Crisis
This chapter broadens the analysis of sovereign debt by incorporating ecological concerns. Centuries of consumption of the natural resources of the developing world by the developed world, resources ... More
This chapter broadens the analysis of sovereign debt by incorporating ecological concerns. Centuries of consumption of the natural resources of the developing world by the developed world, resources that in many cases were acquired illegally or by force, have produced what is describes as an ecological debt of the rich countries to the poor countries. The imbalance in resource consumption helps explain the dramatic divergence in income levels between rich nations and poor nations that has occurred since the early 20th century. It is argued that there is a sustainable equilibrium in the use of the world's natural resources — clean air, fresh water, timber, and petroleum. The wealthy nations of the world have upset that equilibrium at the expense of the poor — taking more than their share of the goods while inflicting the costs of resource depletion and pollution on the poor.Less
This chapter broadens the analysis of sovereign debt by incorporating ecological concerns. Centuries of consumption of the natural resources of the developing world by the developed world, resources that in many cases were acquired illegally or by force, have produced what is describes as an ecological debt of the rich countries to the poor countries. The imbalance in resource consumption helps explain the dramatic divergence in income levels between rich nations and poor nations that has occurred since the early 20th century. It is argued that there is a sustainable equilibrium in the use of the world's natural resources — clean air, fresh water, timber, and petroleum. The wealthy nations of the world have upset that equilibrium at the expense of the poor — taking more than their share of the goods while inflicting the costs of resource depletion and pollution on the poor.
Keywords: sovereign debt, resource consumption, ecological concerns, pollution, imbalance, rich nations, poor nations, natural resources
Tradable Permits in Principle and Practice
Tom Tietenberg
in Moving to Markets in Environmental Regulation: Lessons from Twenty Years of Experience
This essay reviews data on tradable permit systems in various contexts, including air pollution regulation, water supply, fisheries management, grazing rights allocation, water quality, and wetlands ... More
This essay reviews data on tradable permit systems in various contexts, including air pollution regulation, water supply, fisheries management, grazing rights allocation, water quality, and wetlands preservation. These programs are evaluated against three criteria: implementation feasibility, environmental effectiveness, and economic effectiveness. The analysis makes clear that the particular characteristics of these different regimes affect the evaluation of their performance. Beyond reporting substantive results for each program, the essay offers insight into the methodological difficulties of ex post evaluations generally. For example, not all studies define economic efficiency or environmental effectiveness in the same way, and studies vary in their choice of comparative benchmark or counterfactual, which can significantly affect results. Ex post evaluations differ as well in terms of both scope (i.e., which outcomes are considered exogenous and which endogenous) and timing (i.e., the point in the life of the program when the evaluation is done). All of these choices can influence the resulting interpretations.Less
This essay reviews data on tradable permit systems in various contexts, including air pollution regulation, water supply, fisheries management, grazing rights allocation, water quality, and wetlands preservation. These programs are evaluated against three criteria: implementation feasibility, environmental effectiveness, and economic effectiveness. The analysis makes clear that the particular characteristics of these different regimes affect the evaluation of their performance. Beyond reporting substantive results for each program, the essay offers insight into the methodological difficulties of ex post evaluations generally. For example, not all studies define economic efficiency or environmental effectiveness in the same way, and studies vary in their choice of comparative benchmark or counterfactual, which can significantly affect results. Ex post evaluations differ as well in terms of both scope (i.e., which outcomes are considered exogenous and which endogenous) and timing (i.e., the point in the life of the program when the evaluation is done). All of these choices can influence the resulting interpretations.
Keywords: air pollution control, water supply, fisheries management, implementation feasibility, environmental effectiveness, economic effectiveness, ex post evaluations
International Experience with Competing Approaches to Environmental Policy: Results from Six Paired Cases
Winston Harrington and Richard D. Morgenstern
This essay presents the results of an international effort to compare the actual outcomes of pollution control policies using economic incentive (EI) instruments with those using direct regulation or ... More
This essay presents the results of an international effort to compare the actual outcomes of pollution control policies using economic incentive (EI) instruments with those using direct regulation or "command and control" (CAC). For six environmental problems, the policies used by the federal government in the United States are compared with the policies of one or more Western European countries. To the extent possible the problems and the policies were chosen so that a CAC policy on one side of the Atlantic is paired with an EI policy on the other. The six problems are: (1) SO2 emissions from utility and industrial boilers, (2) NOx emissions from utility and industrial boilers, (3) point source industrial water pollution, (4) phase out of leaded gasoline, (5) phase out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), and (6) chlorinated solvents.Less
Winston HarringtonRichard D. Morgenstern
This essay presents the results of an international effort to compare the actual outcomes of pollution control policies using economic incentive (EI) instruments with those using direct regulation or "command and control" (CAC). For six environmental problems, the policies used by the federal government in the United States are compared with the policies of one or more Western European countries. To the extent possible the problems and the policies were chosen so that a CAC policy on one side of the Atlantic is paired with an EI policy on the other. The six problems are: (1) SO2 emissions from utility and industrial boilers, (2) NOx emissions from utility and industrial boilers, (3) point source industrial water pollution, (4) phase out of leaded gasoline, (5) phase out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), and (6) chlorinated solvents.
Keywords: economic incentives, command and control, SO2 emissions, NOx emissions, industrial water pollution, leaded gasoline, chlorofluorocarbons, chlorinated solvents
Tradable Permits with Incomplete Monitoring: Evidence from Santiago's Particulate Permits Program
Juan‐Pablo Montero
This essay extends the theoretical model of Montero (2004) and applies it to Santiago, Chile's total suspended particulate (TSP) program to compare the actual performance of this program with that of ... More
This essay extends the theoretical model of Montero (2004) and applies it to Santiago, Chile's total suspended particulate (TSP) program to compare the actual performance of this program with that of a hypothetically equivalent standards policy. In doing so, the production and abatement cost characteristics of affected sources and the regulator's perception about environmental damages are first recovered. Based on these estimates, it is shown that permits have provided large cost savings but also lead to higher emissions; about 6% higher than what would have been observed under an equivalent standards policy. However, the welfare loss from higher emissions is only 8% of the welfare gain from lower abatement and production costs. The theoretical and empirical results make a strong case for the wider use of pollution permits, even in situations where emissions are imperfectly observed.Less
This essay extends the theoretical model of Montero (2004) and applies it to Santiago, Chile's total suspended particulate (TSP) program to compare the actual performance of this program with that of a hypothetically equivalent standards policy. In doing so, the production and abatement cost characteristics of affected sources and the regulator's perception about environmental damages are first recovered. Based on these estimates, it is shown that permits have provided large cost savings but also lead to higher emissions; about 6% higher than what would have been observed under an equivalent standards policy. However, the welfare loss from higher emissions is only 8% of the welfare gain from lower abatement and production costs. The theoretical and empirical results make a strong case for the wider use of pollution permits, even in situations where emissions are imperfectly observed.
Keywords: environmental policy, Chile, total suspended particulate, pollution permits
Tradable Pollution Permits and the Regulatory Game
Jason Scott Johnston
This essay pursues an underexplored aspect of the literature on tradable permit regimes by asking which among polluting firms are the likely winners and losers in the shift from a prescriptive ... More
This essay pursues an underexplored aspect of the literature on tradable permit regimes by asking which among polluting firms are the likely winners and losers in the shift from a prescriptive approach to a market trading scheme, and under which conditions will firms support such a shift? One of the reasons why literature overlooks such questions is that analysts tend to use an overly simplified and unrealistic notion of command- and -control regulation. Although in some instances government regulations dictate to firms the particular technologies they must adopt, most prescriptive regulation consists of performance standards that firms may meet any way they choose. So-called command-and-control regulation always relies to some extent on adjustments in light of economic realities: both in the initial phase of level setting when the regulatory agency takes account of industrial processes and capacities in choosing the standard and later, when agencies negotiate particular permits. There is, moreover, considerable flexibility in the enforcement process, when agencies must determine whether firms are out of compliance and what must be done in response.Less
This essay pursues an underexplored aspect of the literature on tradable permit regimes by asking which among polluting firms are the likely winners and losers in the shift from a prescriptive approach to a market trading scheme, and under which conditions will firms support such a shift? One of the reasons why literature overlooks such questions is that analysts tend to use an overly simplified and unrealistic notion of command- and -control regulation. Although in some instances government regulations dictate to firms the particular technologies they must adopt, most prescriptive regulation consists of performance standards that firms may meet any way they choose. So-called command-and-control regulation always relies to some extent on adjustments in light of economic realities: both in the initial phase of level setting when the regulatory agency takes account of industrial processes and capacities in choosing the standard and later, when agencies negotiate particular permits. There is, moreover, considerable flexibility in the enforcement process, when agencies must determine whether firms are out of compliance and what must be done in response.
Keywords: command and control regulation, environmental policy, technology, air pollution
Environmental Trading Schemes and the Constitutional Leverage Effect
Daniel A. Farber
This essay pursues an underexplored aspect of the literature on tradable permit regimes by asking which among polluting firms are the likely winners and losers in the shift from a prescriptive approach to a market trading scheme, and under which conditions will firms support such a shift? One of the reasons why literature overlooks such questions is that analysts tend to use an overly simplified and unrealistic notion of command-and-control regulation. Although in some instances government regulations dictate to firms the particular technologies they must adopt, most prescriptive regulation consists of performance standards that firms may meet any way they choose. So-called command-and-control regulation always relies to some extent on adjustments in light of economic realities: both in the initial phase of level setting when the regulatory agency takes account of industrial processes and capacities in choosing the standard and later, when agencies negotiate particular permits. There is, moreover, considerable flexibility in the enforcement process, when agencies must determine whether firms are out of compliance and what must be done in response.Less
This essay pursues an underexplored aspect of the literature on tradable permit regimes by asking which among polluting firms are the likely winners and losers in the shift from a prescriptive approach to a market trading scheme, and under which conditions will firms support such a shift? One of the reasons why literature overlooks such questions is that analysts tend to use an overly simplified and unrealistic notion of command-and-control regulation. Although in some instances government regulations dictate to firms the particular technologies they must adopt, most prescriptive regulation consists of performance standards that firms may meet any way they choose. So-called command-and-control regulation always relies to some extent on adjustments in light of economic realities: both in the initial phase of level setting when the regulatory agency takes account of industrial processes and capacities in choosing the standard and later, when agencies negotiate particular permits. There is, moreover, considerable flexibility in the enforcement process, when agencies must determine whether firms are out of compliance and what must be done in response.
The Politics of Precaution: Regulating Health, Safety, and Environmental Risks in Europe and the United States
David Vogel
10.23943/princeton/9780691124162.001.0001
Political Science, Public Policy
This book examines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often regulated a wide ... More
This book examines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often regulated a wide range of similar risks differently. It finds that between 1960 and 1990, American health, safety, and environmental regulations were more stringent, risk averse, comprehensive, and innovative than those adopted in Europe. But since around 1990 global regulatory leadership has shifted to Europe. What explains this striking reversal? This book takes an in-depth, comparative look at European and American policies toward a range of consumer and environmental risks, including vehicle air pollution, ozone depletion, climate change, beef and milk hormones, genetically modified agriculture, antibiotics in animal feed, pesticides, cosmetic safety, and hazardous substances in electronic products. The book traces how concerns over such risks—and pressure on political leaders to do something about them—have risen among the European public but declined among Americans. The book explores how policymakers in Europe have grown supportive of more stringent regulations while those in the United States have become sharply polarized along partisan lines. And as European policymakers have grown more willing to regulate risks on precautionary grounds, increasingly skeptical American policymakers have called for higher levels of scientific certainty before imposing additional regulatory controls on business.Less
The Politics of Precaution : Regulating Health, Safety, and Environmental Risks in Europe and the United States
This book examines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often regulated a wide range of similar risks differently. It finds that between 1960 and 1990, American health, safety, and environmental regulations were more stringent, risk averse, comprehensive, and innovative than those adopted in Europe. But since around 1990 global regulatory leadership has shifted to Europe. What explains this striking reversal? This book takes an in-depth, comparative look at European and American policies toward a range of consumer and environmental risks, including vehicle air pollution, ozone depletion, climate change, beef and milk hormones, genetically modified agriculture, antibiotics in animal feed, pesticides, cosmetic safety, and hazardous substances in electronic products. The book traces how concerns over such risks—and pressure on political leaders to do something about them—have risen among the European public but declined among Americans. The book explores how policymakers in Europe have grown supportive of more stringent regulations while those in the United States have become sharply polarized along partisan lines. And as European policymakers have grown more willing to regulate risks on precautionary grounds, increasingly skeptical American policymakers have called for higher levels of scientific certainty before imposing additional regulatory controls on business.
Keywords: environmental risk regulation, consumer risk regulation, global regulatory leadership, vehicle air pollution, climate change, genetically modified agriculture, pesticides, cosmetic safety, hazardous substances
Obscene Jesters: Bhambhi "Little Kings" in the Economy of Bhat Praise-Singing
Jeffrey G. Snodgrass
in Casting Kings: Bards and Indian Modernity
Religion, Hinduism
This chapter describes Bhat relationships to the ritualized village patron-client "gift" economy found throughout northern India called jajmani. It is shown that the Bhats' skill as bards, and their ... More
This chapter describes Bhat relationships to the ritualized village patron-client "gift" economy found throughout northern India called jajmani. It is shown that the Bhats' skill as bards, and their perspectives on caste relations more generally, emerge from the manner in which this social economy places value on exchanges between patrons and clients. In particular, this chapter explores Bhat understandings of virtue, and thus also of caste hierarchy, through a consideration of Bhat praise- and insult-poems which celebrate gifting and generosity. It is argued that views of caste emphasizing the importance of patronage and kingship — as opposed to purity, pollution, and priesthood — better explain Bhat relations to the Indian institution of caste.Less
Obscene Jesters : Bhambhi "Little Kings" in the Economy of Bhat Praise-Singing
This chapter describes Bhat relationships to the ritualized village patron-client "gift" economy found throughout northern India called jajmani. It is shown that the Bhats' skill as bards, and their perspectives on caste relations more generally, emerge from the manner in which this social economy places value on exchanges between patrons and clients. In particular, this chapter explores Bhat understandings of virtue, and thus also of caste hierarchy, through a consideration of Bhat praise- and insult-poems which celebrate gifting and generosity. It is argued that views of caste emphasizing the importance of patronage and kingship — as opposed to purity, pollution, and priesthood — better explain Bhat relations to the Indian institution of caste.
Keywords: patronage, ritual, gifts, social economy, exchange, hierarchy, purity, pollution, priesthood, praise-singing
Socialism and the Environment
Avner de‐Shalit
in The Environment Between Theory and Practice
Political Science, Environmental Politics
Many theorists are happy with democracy as a means to protect the environment; however, there is empirical evidence that democracy is not enough to guarantee environment friendly policies. This ... More
Many theorists are happy with democracy as a means to protect the environment; however, there is empirical evidence that democracy is not enough to guarantee environment friendly policies. This chapter examines the economic arrangements (private vs. public ownership, decentralized and free market, centralized and planned production) that are more likely to protect the environment. It is argued that despite current scepticism, democratic socialism is best for the environment, although the case with public ownership of property is more complicated: it is more likely to protect the environment when the relevant ownership is of means of production, but not necessarily when the question is of the object that is being polluted.Less
Many theorists are happy with democracy as a means to protect the environment; however, there is empirical evidence that democracy is not enough to guarantee environment friendly policies. This chapter examines the economic arrangements (private vs. public ownership, decentralized and free market, centralized and planned production) that are more likely to protect the environment. It is argued that despite current scepticism, democratic socialism is best for the environment, although the case with public ownership of property is more complicated: it is more likely to protect the environment when the relevant ownership is of means of production, but not necessarily when the question is of the object that is being polluted.
Keywords: democracy, democratic socialism, environment, environmental policy, free market, planned economy, pollution, private ownership, public ownership
The New Environmental Conflict
Maarten A. Hajer
in The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process
10.1093/019829333X.003.0002
Discusses the character of the modern environmental conflict. As the existence of environmental degradation is now commonly accepted, the conflict has become 'discursive': it is not about a ... More
Discusses the character of the modern environmental conflict. As the existence of environmental degradation is now commonly accepted, the conflict has become 'discursive': it is not about a predefined unequivocal problem with competing actors pro and con, but is rather a continuous struggle over the definition and meaning of the environmental problem itself.Less
Discusses the character of the modern environmental conflict. As the existence of environmental degradation is now commonly accepted, the conflict has become 'discursive': it is not about a predefined unequivocal problem with competing actors pro and con, but is rather a continuous struggle over the definition and meaning of the environmental problem itself.
Keywords: Mary Douglas, ecological modernization, environmental conflict, limits to growth, pollution, regulation, risk society, subpolitics
Policy Dilemmas
Giandomenico Majone
in Dilemmas of European Integration: The Ambiguities and Pitfalls of Integration by Stealth
Political Science, European Union
Under the Community method, policy is largely the by-product of actions undertaken to advance the integration process or to preserve institutional balance, rather than to solve concrete problems ... More
Under the Community method, policy is largely the by-product of actions undertaken to advance the integration process or to preserve institutional balance, rather than to solve concrete problems efficiently. The policy that eventually emerges is all too often the best bargain that can be negotiated politically. This chapter discusses some clear-cut cases of policy failure, such as the common fisheries and agricultural policies. EU environmental policy is shown to lack a clear rationale, and highly uncertain in its actual results. Risk regulation is a particularly interesting case. The central tenet of EU risk policy — the precautionary principle — is logically defective, tends to distort, rather than clarify regulatory priorities, and has isolated the EU internationally on several occasions.Less
Under the Community method, policy is largely the by-product of actions undertaken to advance the integration process or to preserve institutional balance, rather than to solve concrete problems efficiently. The policy that eventually emerges is all too often the best bargain that can be negotiated politically. This chapter discusses some clear-cut cases of policy failure, such as the common fisheries and agricultural policies. EU environmental policy is shown to lack a clear rationale, and highly uncertain in its actual results. Risk regulation is a particularly interesting case. The central tenet of EU risk policy — the precautionary principle — is logically defective, tends to distort, rather than clarify regulatory priorities, and has isolated the EU internationally on several occasions.
Keywords: decision theory, merit goods, policy instruments, precautionary approach, regulatory science, transboundary pollution
Nine Risk Regulation Regimes Compared
Christopher Hood, Henry Rothstein, and Robert Baldwin
in The Government of Risk: Understanding Risk Regulation Regimes
Political Science, Comparative Politics
Uses the analytic framework developed in Ch. 2 to compare nine different risk regulation regimes, bringing out their similarities and differences. Those risks include attacks by dangerous dogs ... More
Uses the analytic framework developed in Ch. 2 to compare nine different risk regulation regimes, bringing out their similarities and differences. Those risks include attacks by dangerous dogs outside the home, exposure to radon at home and work, benzene in the air and in the workplace, paedophile offenders released from custody, local road safety, and exposure to pesticide residues in food and water. Analysis of those regimes provides empirical evidence that there are substantial differences between the regulation of different risks and even the same risks within different contexts. Those variations are not easily explained by historical 'big picture' theories, such as the risk society thesis. Instead, investigation of the revealed variations between regimes suggests a need for more systematic and nuanced explanations.Less
Christopher HoodHenry RothsteinRobert Baldwin
Uses the analytic framework developed in Ch. 2 to compare nine different risk regulation regimes, bringing out their similarities and differences. Those risks include attacks by dangerous dogs outside the home, exposure to radon at home and work, benzene in the air and in the workplace, paedophile offenders released from custody, local road safety, and exposure to pesticide residues in food and water. Analysis of those regimes provides empirical evidence that there are substantial differences between the regulation of different risks and even the same risks within different contexts. Those variations are not easily explained by historical 'big picture' theories, such as the risk society thesis. Instead, investigation of the revealed variations between regimes suggests a need for more systematic and nuanced explanations.
Keywords: air pollution, dangerous dogs, paedophiles, pesticides, radon, risk regulation, risk society, road safety
Pricing the Planet's Future: The Economics of Discounting in an Uncertain World
Christian Gollier
Our path of economic development has generated a growing list of environmental problems including the disposal of nuclear waste, exhaustion of natural resources, loss of biodiversity, climate change, ... More
Our path of economic development has generated a growing list of environmental problems including the disposal of nuclear waste, exhaustion of natural resources, loss of biodiversity, climate change, and polluted land, air, and water. All these environmental problems raise the crucial challenge of determining what we should and should not do for future generations. It is also central to other policy debates, including, for example, the appropriate level of public debt, investment in public infrastructure, investment in education, and the level of funding for pension benefits and for research and development. Today, the judge, the citizen, the politician, and the entrepreneur are concerned with the sustainability of our development. The objective of this book is to provide a simple framework to organize the debate on what we should do for the future. A key element of analysis by economists is the discount rate—the minimum rate of return required from an investment project to make it desirable to implement. The book outlines the basic theory of the discount rate and the various arguments that favor using a smaller discount rate for more distant cash flows. With principles that can be applied to many policy areas, the book offers an ideal framework for dynamic problems and decision making.Less
Pricing the Planet's Future : The Economics of Discounting in an Uncertain World
Our path of economic development has generated a growing list of environmental problems including the disposal of nuclear waste, exhaustion of natural resources, loss of biodiversity, climate change, and polluted land, air, and water. All these environmental problems raise the crucial challenge of determining what we should and should not do for future generations. It is also central to other policy debates, including, for example, the appropriate level of public debt, investment in public infrastructure, investment in education, and the level of funding for pension benefits and for research and development. Today, the judge, the citizen, the politician, and the entrepreneur are concerned with the sustainability of our development. The objective of this book is to provide a simple framework to organize the debate on what we should do for the future. A key element of analysis by economists is the discount rate—the minimum rate of return required from an investment project to make it desirable to implement. The book outlines the basic theory of the discount rate and the various arguments that favor using a smaller discount rate for more distant cash flows. With principles that can be applied to many policy areas, the book offers an ideal framework for dynamic problems and decision making.
Keywords: economic development, nuclear waste disposal, natural resource exhaustion, biodiversity, climate change, pollution, public debt, public infrastructure, development sustainability
Transportation Infrastructure: Roads
Brett M. Frischmann
in Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources
Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter illustrates many of the economic concepts discussed in previous chapters. First, road infrastructure exhibits the classic supply-side economic characteristics, which are commonly ... More
This chapter illustrates many of the economic concepts discussed in previous chapters. First, road infrastructure exhibits the classic supply-side economic characteristics, which are commonly discussed in transportation, public welfare, and regulatory economics. The cost structure of supply and strong natural monopoly tendencies indicate that markets will fail to provide road infrastructure efficiently and that provision by either the government or a regulated monopolist will be necessary. In the United States, government provision dominates as the solution to this problem. Second, road infrastructure exhibit the demand-side economic characteristics explored in Chapters 4 and 5. Road infrastructure is mixed infrastructure that generate massive spillovers for society by enabling users to engage in an incredibly wide variety of productive activities that yield private, public, and social goods. The case for commons management is quite strong. Not surprisingly (given government provisioning), road infrastructure is managed openly as commons. Government provisioning alleviates supply-side objections to commons management, but two major concerns remain: congestion and the generation of substantial negative externalities from environmental pollution. The chapter shows how to address these significant concerns in nondiscriminatory ways that sustain the road infrastructure commons.Less
Transportation Infrastructure : Roads
This chapter illustrates many of the economic concepts discussed in previous chapters. First, road infrastructure exhibits the classic supply-side economic characteristics, which are commonly discussed in transportation, public welfare, and regulatory economics. The cost structure of supply and strong natural monopoly tendencies indicate that markets will fail to provide road infrastructure efficiently and that provision by either the government or a regulated monopolist will be necessary. In the United States, government provision dominates as the solution to this problem. Second, road infrastructure exhibit the demand-side economic characteristics explored in Chapters 4 and 5. Road infrastructure is mixed infrastructure that generate massive spillovers for society by enabling users to engage in an incredibly wide variety of productive activities that yield private, public, and social goods. The case for commons management is quite strong. Not surprisingly (given government provisioning), road infrastructure is managed openly as commons. Government provisioning alleviates supply-side objections to commons management, but two major concerns remain: congestion and the generation of substantial negative externalities from environmental pollution. The chapter shows how to address these significant concerns in nondiscriminatory ways that sustain the road infrastructure commons.
Keywords: road infrastructure, supply-side economics, demand-side economics, commons management, mixed infrastructure, government provisioning, congestion, negative externalities, environmental pollution