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Justia Patents US Patent Application for Apparatus and method for angular colorimetry Patent Application (Application #20070258093)
Apparatus and method for angular colorimetry
May 5, 2006 - AFG INDUSTRIES, INC.
An apparatus for measuring the reflectance properties of an object having a front reflecting surface and at least one back reflecting surface. The apparatus includes a sample stage for placement of the object, a light source, a detector configured to detect reflected light from the object, and a positioning device configured to provide a plurality of angular positions for the light source and the detector relative to the object on the sample stage such that incident light on the object is specularly reflected towards the detector and the reflected light received at the detector includes a front surface reflection from the object and at least one back surface reflection from the object. The method includes illuminating the object at varying angles of incidence, collecting reflected light from the front and back reflecting surfaces of the object at respective specularly reflected angles, wavelength resolving the reflected light into a color spectrum, and analyzing an intensity of the color spectrum as a function of wavelength.
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FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to an apparatus and method for angular colorimetry with use in fields such as architectural glass panels.
Energy efficient coatings are becoming increasingly used on architectural and automotive glass and in other applications. Their use is progressively mandated by government standards and the coatings are becoming quite sophisticated as the specifications they must meet for control of solar transmission, infrared transmission and heat retention become ever more demanding.
Indeed, in order to meet the demands for improved energy efficiency, it has been found necessary to deposit at least some of the coatings as multilayer interference stacks. (ref. Coated Glass Applications and Markets, R. Hill and S. Nadel, published by BOC Coating Technology, Fairfield Calif., 1999, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference). These stacks have a specific reflectance color when viewed at near-normal incidence. Such coated glass is invariably used as part of a double-paned window unit consisting of two lights. The lights are sealed into the window frame with a dry gas occupying the space between the lights. The coated surface of architectural glass is usually on the second surface of such a double-paned unit if the surfaces are counted from the solar side inward. The glass of the exterior light may be tinted and, as already noted, the coatings themselves usually have some color.
When such double-paned windows (known to the trade as insulated glass units or IGUs) are used as the external cladding of a large multi-story building, the architect and others wish to see a uniform reflected color from all angles. Unfortunately, for reasons well known to the designers of multilayer coating stacks, the reflectance color of such stacks can change quite perceptibly with viewing angle. If due attention is not paid to this aspect the color change can be quite dramatic and unacceptable. This change in color, as a function of viewing angle, is referred to herein as the angular color variation.
When windows are viewed from the exterior of a building, the angular color variation is more noticeable under light from cloudy sky conditions. The illumination from a cloudy sky is randomly polarized light and its energy is fairly evenly distributed through the visible spectrum (white light). These two light characteristics enhance the perception of reflected color and reflected color change with angle in fenestration products.
The color of light reflected from windows perceived by a viewer is the sum of reflections from all the reflecting surfaces contained within the window unit.
Specular reflections off any surface such as those within a window unit are partially polarized if viewed from any angle other than normal incidence. It is well known in the field of optics that polarization effects increase with reflected angle until the Brewster angle is reached. Polarization of reflected light then tends to decrease beyond the Brewster angle until at grazing incidence, polarization effects approach zero. The human eye is typically insensitive to polarization and is able to discern color free of polarization error.
In many instances, the control of angular color variation is managed by visual inspection against a limited number of samples. The chief disadvantage of this method is that it relies on subjective judgment of a color match which is often perceived differently by different inspectors in part because about 5% of the male population has some red/green color vision deficiency.
One object of the present invention is to provide a spectral reflectance apparatus which overcomes the problems residing in the prior art.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a spectral reflectance apparatus which can provide the angular color variation data required by the glass coating and similar industries in a rugged and cost-effective form and which is suitable for use as a quality control tool as well as for coating or architectural window development.
Various of these and other objects are provided in certain embodiments of the present invention.
In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for measuring the reflectance properties of an object having a front reflecting surface and a back reflecting surface. The apparatus includes a sample stage for placement of the object, a light source configured to emit white light, a detector configured to detect reflected light from the object, and a positioning device configured to provide a plurality of angular positions for the light source and the detector relative to the object on the sample stage such that incident light on the object is specularly reflected towards the detector and the reflected light received at the detector includes a front surface reflection from the object and at least one back surface reflection from the object.
In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for measuring the reflectance properties of an object having a front reflecting surface and at least one back reflecting surfaces. The method includes illuminating the object at varying angles of incidence, collecting reflected light from the front and back reflecting surfaces of the object at respective specularly reflected angles, wavelength resolving the reflected light into a color spectrum, and analyzing an intensity of the color spectrum as a function of wavelength.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description of the invention and the following detailed description are exemplary, but are not restrictive of the invention.
A more complete appreciation of the present invention and many attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a conventional instrument recording reflected light from a glass plate;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustrating one embodiment of the present invention in which both front and back surface reflections from a glass plate are measured;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the movement of the optical source and the sample in a controlled manner according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4A is a schematic of a novel goniometric arrangement of the present invention providing the controlled movement shown in FIG. 3;
FIG. 4B is a graph that shows the glass side reflection angular color variation of a single light of low emissivity coated glass;
FIG. 5 is an optical schematic of another embodiment of the angular colorimeter of the invention utilizing an extended light source and a plurality of detectors;
FIG. 6 is an optical schematic of another embodiment of the angular colorimeter of the invention utilizing a plurality of light sources and a plurality of detectors;
FIG. 7 is an optical schematic of another embodiment of the angular calorimeter of the invention utilizing a plurality fiber optics to couple light from a single light source to multiple positions and to couple light from multiple sets of collection optics to a single detector;
FIG. 8 is an optical ray diagram of another embodiment of the invention showing the use of shutters to selectively detect light specularly reflected from the front surface of the sample and subsequently light specularly reflected from the back surface of the sample;
FIG. 9 is a plot of detected light received from the sample as a function of angle measure by the angular colorimeter of the present invention and displayed according to a color coordinate;
FIG. 10 is a plot of detected light received from the coated side of the sample as a function of color coordinates;
FIG. 11 is an optical schematic of respective projected images of specularly reflected light from a front side and a back side (of a thick substrate or sample) onto an image plane of a detector;
FIG. 12 is an optical schematic of another embodiment of the angular colorimeter of the invention utilizing a single light source and a section of a hemispherical diffuse reflector to project light onto a sample;
FIG. 13 is an optical ray diagram according to one embodiment of the angular colorimeter of the present invention that depicts multiple internal specular reflections from a sample plate;
FIG. 14 is an optical ray diagram according to one embodiment of the angular colorimeter of the present invention that depicts multiple internal specular reflections from a sample plate and shows those of which pass to a detector;
FIG. 15 is a plot of the dependence of separation distance between a first and second specularly reflected light beam on the sample thickness and on the angle of incidence of the reflected light;
FIG. 16 is an optical schematic of another embodiment of the angular calorimeter of the invention utilizing a pantographic arm configured for simultaneous angular movement of a single source and detector;
FIG. 17 is a flowchart depicting one method according to the present invention.
FIGS. 18 and 19 are raw spectra and the ratioed spectra (representing % Reflectance), respectively, from an angular colorimeter of the present invention;
FIG. 20 is a plot of the stability of the measurements L* a* and b* as a function of time after switching on the source; and
FIG. 21 is a schematic of an on-line control system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
In order to quantify the problem of angular color variation, to aid in the development of coatings with less angular color variability, and to ensure that angular color variability standards are met in production, it is necessary to be able to measure the total reflectance color of the coated glass. The invention in one embodiment provides a tool for an objective measurement of the angular color variability.
Gonio-spectrophotometers, multi-angle calorimeters and gonio-colorimeters are conventional instruments used for example in the paint industry where considerable effort has been put into developing such instruments. In particular, the automotive paint industry has used such instruments to analyze the color of paint in which metallic particles and mica flakes and particles including interference layer stacks have been included to produce metallic glitter and pearl effects which vary with viewing angle.
However, these and various other instruments are limited in that these instruments are not designed to capture reflected light from both a first surface and a second surface of a translucent or semi-transparent object (such as for example a coated architectural glass having a substantial thickness in excess of several millimeters.
Referring now to the drawings and more particularly to FIG. 1, FIG. 1 illustrates the problem faced by a conventional instrument. Light from a source 101 is collimated by lens 102 and the resulting collimated beam 103 is incident on a glass object 104 of thickness 105. The object has first surface 106 and second surface 107. The collimated beam has a diameter w (108). Specularly reflected light beams of equal diameter 109 and 110 travel towards a detector 111 which is usually sized so as to collect little more than the entirety of the first surface reflected beam 109. The second surface reflected beam 110 is either not collected at all or only partially collected so the instrument does not provide an accurate measurement of the total specular reflectance of both surfaces. Indeed, some instruments are designed specifically to reject the second surface reflection, and in others the partial second surface reflection collected is regarded as a nuisance and strategies are employed to negate it by painting the second surface black or roughening it or doing both. The second surface reflection in some instruments is sometimes eliminated using a specially wedged sample having an angle of at least several degrees between front and back surfaces so that the back surface reflection is directed away from the detector.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustrating one embodiment of the present invention in which both front and back surface reflections are measured from a glass plate, as shown by the optical diagram depicted in FIG. 2. The apparatus shown in FIG. 2 includes a lamp 201 in an integrating enclosure 202 which is coated internally with a diffusely reflecting white material such as for example barium sulfate or SPECTRALON™ as sold by Labsphere. Light from the enclosure 202, after multiple reflections in the enclosure 202, falls on surface 203 which is also coated on both sides with the diffusely reflecting white material. Light rays 204 from the surface 203 falling on front surface 205 of an object 207 (e.g. a sample of architectural glass), are partially reflected, and are partially transmitted to the back surface 206 of the object 207 from which a second reflection occurs. As shown in FIG. 2, specularly reflected rays 208 from equal areas 209 and 210 on the front and back surfaces, respectively, are selected by aperture 211 and are transmitted by a lens system 212 to a detector 213 which incorporates a wavelength dispersive mechanism 214, a photodiode array 215, and a signal transmission device 216 which transmits the spectral data from the photodiode array 215 to a computing device 218 for manipulation of the spectral data to provide calibrated spectra and color data.
For specular reflection, the angle between the surface normal 217 and the incident beam 204 (the angle of incidence) equals the angle between the surface normal and the reflected beam 208 (the angle of reflection θ). In order to ensure that the reflected beam is always directed along the same path to the photoreceptor for all angles of incidence, the sample or object 207 should be rotated at half the angular rate of the arm holding the light source. This is because a change in the angle θ by rotating the light source 201 for example towards the detector 213 will have to be accommodated by the object 207 being rotated by θ/2 in order that the reflections from surfaces 209 and 210 will travel in the same direction to be received by the aperture 211 and the detector 213. The front and back reflections from surfaces 209 and 210, respectively, are nominally parallel, as shown. The detector in one embodiment of the present invention has a narrow angle of acceptance (e.g., approximately 1-5 degree) that restricts the light to that which has been specularly (as opposed to diffusely) reflected.
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the movement of the optical source and the sample in a controlled manner according to one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the rotational relationship is accomplished by a novel goniometric arrangement. On the right hand side of FIG. 3, the light source 301 is shown in its first position (solid lines) on arm 302. Light rays 303 from the diffusely illuminated white surface 304 impinge on the sample shown in its first position 305, and light rays reflected from both its front and back surfaces, indicated by the solid line 306 are directed towards the spectrally selective detector 307 shown in this example as including a lens system 308, an optical grating 309, a linear diode array 320 (acting as individual photodetectors) and a digital output 315.
A second position for the light source and arm is shown at 311 and 312, respectively, (dotted lines). Light rays 313 (heavy dashed line) from the diffuse surface 314 in this second position impinge on the sample (or object) 319 which has been rotated only half the angular rotation of the arm from its first position. This ensures that reflected rays 318 (heavy dashed line) from both back and front surface of the sample 319 in its second position are directed towards the detector 307. The normal to the sample is indicated at 316 and 317 in the first and second position of the sample, respectively. The angle between these two normals is half the angular rotation of the arm from its first position to the second position.
FIG. 4A is a schematic of a novel goniometric arrangement of the present invention providing the controlled movement shown in FIG. 3. The arm 401 in FIG. 4A which holds the light source is fixed to a first rotatable plate 402 which rotates on an axle 404 mounted by way of bearing 403 to a fixed plate 405. Between the fixed plate 405 and the first rotatable plate 402 is a second rotatable plate 406. The ball bearing 407 contacts both the first rotatable plate 402 and fixed plate 405. As the first rotatable plate 402 is rotated, the ball bearing 407 rolls. This rolling motion of the ball bearing 407 on a contact surface with the fixed plate 405 pushes the second rotatable plate 406 in the same direction as the motion of the first rotatable plate 402. The effect of this arrangement is that the first rotatable plate 402 attached to the light source arm 401 rotates in the same angular direction at twice the angular rate of rotatable plate 406 to which the sample holder is fixed.
To understand this effect better, consider the centroid of ball bearing 407 in the race. As the ball rotates one full revolution, the centroid moves an arc distance s=2πR with reference to the fixed plate 405 (where R is the radius 409 of a ball bearing in the ball race). The second rotatable plate 406 containing the ball race 407 must therefore move an equivalent angle s/L where L is the radius 410 of a contact point of the ball bearing from the axis of the axle 403.
The contact point between the ball bearing 407 and the first rotatable plate 402 must also move a distance s relative to the centroid of the ball race. Thus for one revolution of the ball bearing 407, the first rotatable plate 402 moves a total arc length of 2s relative to the fixed plate 405, i.e. the first rotatable plate moves at twice the angular rate of the second rotatable plate, as required.
The sample holder 411 is itself attached to the sample holder mount 408 by attachment mechanism (not shown) which allows the sample holder to be adjusted, with three degrees of freedom, for alignment purposes.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the detector is a Photo Research PR650 SPECTRA SCAN™ device used as a spectrally selective photodetector. This detector has the advantage of providing a focusing lens and a visible circular graticule black spot in the eyepiece which indicates the acceptance area of the photodetector within the substantially larger field of view.
The setup procedure for the SPECTRA SCAN™ device or other detector instrument includes an alignment procedure to ensure that the axis of rotation of the goniometer intersects the surface of the sample and that the detector device is focused on the diffusely illuminated surface 304 in FIG. 3. When viewed through the detector device, the reflected light from the front and back surfaces of a coated glass sample forms two images in the eyepiece which are separated by a distance proportional to the thickness of the glass and also dependent on the angle of incidence. For architectural glass with energy efficient coatings, the images are usually of a different color and the area of overlap is brighter than either of the images alone. (See FIG. 11 later).
Other embodiments of the present invention incorporate the ability to automate the measurement by moving the light source and sample by computer control such as for example computer control of stepper motors and the like so that the measurements can be completely automatic after the initial setup and insertion of a sample.
Such embodiments may include the ability to measure angular color on line in a glass coating plant or in the field—for instance on an existing building to match window units which need to be replaced due to damage or deterioration. An on line version of the instrument may incorporate optical systems which enable the measurement of angular color at several locations across, for instance, coated glass in a glass coating plant.
The invention is useful as an economic alternative to expensive variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometer (VASE) instruments in that angular color colorimeter of the present invention can provide some of the same type of information about the thicknesses of layers in a coating stack for development and process control purposes. For example, information from angular measurements could be used to reverse engineer the thickness of the center dielectric layer in a double low-e architectural coating which is perhaps too thick. For instance, the sputter machine power levels to the cathodes depositing the center layer would be adjusted, in this case reduced, to bring the thickness back to a nominal value. The information provided could be integrated into an on-line process control system with feedback via an artificial intelligence system such as a fuzzy logic system or learning neural network system or a simple PID loop.
Experienced coating plant operators and coating design scientists develop rules for adjusting coating processes based on particular deviations of a spectral reflectance or transmittance plot from the ideal. Traditionally the spectral reflectance and transmittance plots have been taken only at near normal incidence. The angular calorimeter of the present invention allows the presentation of spectral reflectance plots at a variety of angles and therefore provides additional information, along with the angular color plot, which an experienced operator/scientist can learn to use to adjust the process.
It is well known by manufacturers of fenestration products that the preferred reflectance color for windows is in the neutral to slightly blue green range. Windows showing red, yellow, or purple reflectance colors are not as popular in the marketplace. It is also preferred that if a fenestration product changes color with viewing angle, at no angle should the reflection appear red, yellow, or purple. For the majority of window constructions, the reflection color seen from the exterior of a building is known as the glass side reflection. In most window construction incorporating insulated glass units, the outermost light is the low emissivity coated light and the thin film coating is on the interior side of this outer light. Therefore, in this construction, the most noticeable color on a window viewed from the building exterior is the glass side reflection color.
One type of coating commonly applied to architectural glass is known as a low emissivity or heat reflecting coating. These are typically multilayer thin film stacks consisting of alternating layers of dielectric and an infrared reflective metal such as silver. Other layers may be present such as protective or nucleation layers around the silver. These glass coatings commonly include one to three layers of silver. When these stacks contain two or more layers of silver separated by dielectric interference layers, angular color variation may be large enough to create a product unacceptable in the marketplace. If the layer materials of these thin film stacks are controlled accurately for layer thickness and optical properties, various optical and mechanical properties including angular color variation may be held within acceptable limits. The angular color measurement device of this invention may be used to determine if layer thicknesses and optical properties are correct. Tuning of the deposition process may be done based on the readings from the angular color measurement device. The tuning process may be done manually or by automatic feedback process control.
Through the use of computer simulation of thin film stacks and practical coating experience, correlations may be made between angular color measurements and layer thicknesses and optical properties.
Two low emissivity stack designs are given in the following table along with the layer thickness change from Design A to Design B.
Layer Thickness in nanometers
A to B Thickness Layer Material Design A Design B Difference
SiAlOxNy 24.6 26.2 1.6 NiCr metal 5.5 4.8 −0.6 NiCrOx 1.0 1.0 0.0 Ag 13.0 13.0 0.0 ZnO 6.0 6.0 0.0 SiAlOxNy 56.0 60.0 4.0 NiCr metal 8.0 8.0 0.0 NiCrOx 2.0 2.0 0.0 Ag 10.5 10.5 0.0 ZnO 10.0 10.0 0.0 SiAlOxNy 12.3 15.1 2.8 Glass Substrate 3.2 3.2 0.0 (thickness in mm)
When single light, normal incidence color readings are taken on these designs, both show similar numbers and either would be acceptable in the marketplace.
Normal Incidence Color (8.5 degrees)
a* b* L*
Design A Transmission −3.26 −2.90 70.25 Glass Side −1.85 −3.79 40.77 Reflection Coated Side −8.37 0.83 26.42 Reflection Design B Transmission −3.04 −2.04 72.14 Glass Side −1.79 −3.90 41.23 Reflection Coated Side −10.31 5.02 26.57 Reflection
When glass side reflection color readings at various angles are taken from these same coatings, Design A is shown to be red in appearance at higher angles of incidence. When the a* color measurement reaches a value greater than 1, the appearance is generally considered too red to be desirable. The layer thickness corrections in Design B result in a high angle of incidence appearance that does not become excessively red. At an angle of incidence of 75°, the a* value in Design B remains below 1.
FIG. 4B is a graph that shows the glass side reflection angular color variation of a single light of low emissivity coated glass. The angular color readings are shown from 0.0 to 75 degrees in 5 degree increments. At the 0.0 degree starting point, both reflectance colors are approximately equal and are in the preferred blue-green range. At angles of incidence greater than 65 degrees, Design A becomes excessively red. Together with the results of optical thin film stack modeling, this knowledge can be embedded in an artificial intelligence system such as a fuzzy logic or neural network system so that the process can be automatically controlled by use of a suitable software/hardware interface between the angular colorimeter (and other measurement devices) and the deposition equipment in which such parameters as the power and gas flows can be adjusted to keep the process and measurable product parameters within acceptable limits.
In the case of a neural network system the angular color data along with other product parameters would be fed to the neural network along with the associated process parameters so that the neural network can "learn" the best connections between the network inputs and outputs in order to control the process. FIGS. 18 and 19 show raw spectra out of the PR650 and the ratioed spectra (representing % Reflectance), respectively.
FIG. 5 is an optical schematic of another embodiment of the angular colorimeter of the invention utilizing an extended light source and a plurality of detectors. In FIG. 5, the light source 501 is extended so that it subtends a substantial angle (e.g., 30 to 80 degrees) as measured from the center of rotation of the goniometer. Light travels along paths 502, 503, 504, 505 to sample 506 where it is specularly reflected (from both back and front surface of sample 506) along paths 507, 508, 509, 510 to detectors 511, 512, 513, 514, respectively. In this embodiment, each of the detectors selects just that light which has been specularly reflected from the sample 506 and falls within the acceptance aperture of the detector. Signal lines 515 send information to a computing device for manipulation of the spectrum from each detector.
FIG. 6 is an optical schematic of another embodiment of the angular colorimeter of the invention utilizing a plurality of light sources and a plurality of detectors. In FIG. 6, plural light sources 601, 602, 603 and 604 provide light incident on the fixed sample 609 at selected angles of incidence. Light from these light sources travels along paths 605, 606, 607, 608, respectively, to sample 609 where light from the individual sources is specularly reflected by both the back and front surface of the sample along paths 610, 611, 612, 613 to detectors 614, 615, 616 and 607, respectively. Signal 618 sends information to a computing device for manipulation of the spectrum from each photodetector. Light sources 601 through 604 may take the form of integrating, diffusing sources as depicted at 201 (FIG. 2) or 301 (FIG. 3).
FIG. 7 is an optical schematic of another embodiment of the angular calorimeter of the invention utilizing a plurality fiber optics to couple light from a single light source to multiple positions and to couple light from multiple sets of collection optics to a single detector. In FIG. 7, light from a single light source 701 is fed by plural optical fibers (dotted lines) (702 through 707) to their respective collimating or integrating devices (708 through 713). Light sources 708 through 713 may take the form of integrating, diffusing sources as depicted at 201 (FIG. 2) or 301 (FIG. 3) in which the lamp element is replaced by a fiber optic output device.
Light from these fiber optic light sources is specularly reflected by both front and back surfaces of sample 714 along the paths indicated by solid lines. Each fiber optic light source has a set of equivalent fiber optic collection optics (one of 715 through 720) at an equal and opposite angle to the normal of sample 714 which is stationary during the measurement. The collection optics forwards the light via optical fibers (solid lines) (721 through 726) to a detector 727 which has means of sequentially selecting which particular fiber output is to be analyzed by the internal optical multi-channel analyzer.
FIG. 8 is an optical ray diagram of another embodiment of the invention showing the use of shutters to selectively detect light specularly reflected from the front surface of the sample and subsequently light specularly reflected from the back surface of the sample. In FIG. 8, light source 801 is collimated by optical system 802 to form a collimated beam 803 which is reflected from the front surface 804 and back surface 805 of sample 806 to form specularly reflected collimated beams 807 and 808 respectively which are directed to detector 809. Collimated beams 807 and 808 are admitted to the photodetector 809 by opening the shutters 810 and 811 sequentially to enable the separate capture of the reflection spectrum of the front and back surface. When both shutters 810 and 811 are open the combined reflectance spectrum of the front and back surface reflections from sample 806 can be measured by detector 809 as usual. In this embodiment, aperture 812 may be necessary to define the extent of the incident collimated beam and depolarizing device 813 may be used to render the incident beam randomly polarized as discussed below.
The use of shutters is applicable to other embodiments of the present invention. Shutters can be used as outlined above pertaining to FIG. 8 or may be used in front of sources or detectors or both to sequentially capture spectra.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the light sources and detectors have sufficient stability over a measurement period to provide the spectral and color coordinate accuracy required. The stability of the present angular colorimeter has been measured by doing repeated measurements of the source from a few minutes after switch on to several hours. These results have shown the angular colorimeter of the present invention to be stable after the light source has been switched on for a period of 20 minutes. FIG. 20 shows the stability of the measurements L* a* and b* as a function of time after switching on the source.
The light sources of the present invention may have spectral irradiance at all wavelengths in the range 380 to 780 nm to provide accurate measurements of color coordinates according to CIE standards. For this purpose tungsten quartz lamps are suitable in many instances. The general class of lamps that are most suitable are known as quartz halogen lamps. These lamps have a tungsten filament inside a quartz envelope which contains a halogen or mixture of halogens which essentially keeps the quartz envelope from darkening due to the deposition of tungsten. One particular lamp suitable for the present invention is Product Number: W-FTD, Specialty Brand, FTD MR-11 Halogen 300 Flood Lamp, 20W, 12V with GZ4 Base, 2000 Hours Rated Life, 2900 K filament temperature.
For certain purposes, it may be desirable for the light source(s) to have substantial spectral irradiance at a select number of wavelength regions in the visible, infrared (IR) or ultraviolet (UV) ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum in order to measure spectral reflectance at those regions for purpose of approximate color measurement and/or process control. Such light sources may include light emitting diodes (LEDs), gas discharge lamps, gas lasers, diode lasers, flash lamps, infrared lamps, glowbars, mercury lamps, sodium lamps among others. The photodetector(s) (e.g. item 215 of FIG. 2) may correspondingly be sensitive to any combination of wavelength regions in the IR, visible and UV.
One attribute of the invention is to ensure that the reflectance spectrum from a sample can be calibrated by firstly measuring the source directly. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, this calibration may be done by directly measuring the source by placing the source on the optical axis of the photodetector and removing the sample and sample holder from the optical path. In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 5, 6, 7 and 8 a front surface mirror with known spectral reflectance properties may be used in place of the sample to calibrate the source or sources.
The goniometer arrangement of FIG. 4 may be manually set to desired angles of incidence with the aid of fixed stops or may be automatically stepped to required angles of incidence by a computer control such as the above-noted stepper motor.
The alignment procedure checks that, at all angles of incidence, the circular graticule lies within the aforesaid overlap area thus ensuring collection of equally weighted reflectance data from both front and back surface of the sample as depicted in FIG. 11.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the influence of polarization effects is considered. Polarization of light may occur at two locations within this invention. If these polarizations are not dealt with, measurement errors may occur.
Whenever light is specularly reflected from a surface at angles other than normal incidence or grazing incidence angles, light will become partially or, in some cases, fully polarized. One source of polarization in this invention is the reflection of light off the sample being measured.
The second source of polarization occurs when the reflected beam from the sample is split into individual wavelengths for spectral or color measurement. Spreading a mixed wavelength beam into a spectrum is typically done with a diffraction grating or prism. These techniques introduce polarization. If the beam reaching the grating or prism is already partially polarized measurement errors may occur.
In one embodiment of the present invention, these polarization errors are reduced by ensuring the light is randomly polarized at two locations in the apparatus. Light from the light source must be depolarized and the beam between the sample and the grating or prism must be depolarized.
Depolarization of the light source beam may be achieved either by the use of diffusely reflected sources or by depolarizers such as that shown schematically as item 812 in FIG. 8. Such depolarizers may consist of a rapidly rotating disk of variable optical consistency used to scramble the polarization in such a manner that the exit beam is effectively randomly polarized. Alternatively two wedges of suitable optical materials (e.g., quartz, calcite, or magnesium fluoride) may be used to form a Lyot depolarizer. A Lyot depolarizer typically includes two crystalline plane parallel plates which are cut parallel to the optic axis. The thickness ratio of the planes in the Lyot depolarizer is exactly 2:1. In a typical Lyot depolarizer, the two planes are optically contacted, the optical axes of the individual planes form a 45° degree+5 angle, and the wedge error of the combination is less than 2″.
Depolarization of the light beam after it is reflected from the sample and before it reaches the grating or prism, may be accomplished by the same methods as used for the light source beam. Another common technique, which may be used for either depolarization is to pass the beam through a fiber optic light guide. The occurrence of numerous reflections of the light beam off the inner walls of the fiber randomizes the polarizations in the beam.
In certain embodiments of the present invention, sequential measurements of the reflectance spectra are performed with the incident light polarized in the p and s directions, respectively. The p polarization is that in which the electromagnetic electric vector of the incident ray is in the plane containing the normal to the sample surface and the incident ray. The s polarization is that in which the electromagnetic electric vector of the incident ray is normal to the plane containing the normal to the sample surface and the incident ray.
Polarization of the incident light may be accomplished by for example including various forms of prism polarizers (e.g. Glan Taylor prisms) and film polarizers incorporating various forms of optically aligned optical microelements including chains of molecules such as in polymer films. Two such polymer polarizers are available under the trade name POLAROID™.
FIG. 9 is a plot of detected light received from the sample as a function of angle measure by the angular calorimeter of the present invention and displayed according to a color coordinate. More specifically, FIG. 9 shows an example result of a measurement of a coated glass surface wherein the Lab parameter L* is plotted against the angle the angle of incidence. The present angular colorimeter has been compared at 8.5 degrees to results from a BYK™ Gardner instrument based on an integrating sphere and found in reasonable agreement over the range of color values representing "in spec" coatings.
FIG. 10 is a plot of detected light received from the coated side of the sample as a function of color coordinates. More specifically, FIG. 10 shows an example result of a measurement of a coated glass surface wherein the Lab parameters a* and b* are plotted against each other as the angle of incidence varies from 8.5 degrees through 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65 and 75 degrees. The parameters a* and b* are consistent with that established by the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage and discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,985,254; the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In this system, CIE L*a*b* space, is a tristimulus color space with the coordinates L*, a*, and b*. The central vertical axis (L*) represents lightness, with values from 0 (black) to 100 (white). The two color axes each run from positive to negative. On the a-a′ axis (a*), positive values indicate amounts of red while negative values indicate amounts of green. On the b-b′ axis (b*), yellow is positive, and blue is negative. For both the a-a′ axis and the b-b′ axis, zero is neutral gray. A single specific color can be uniquely identified with a value for each color axis, and a value for the lightness or grayscale axis. CIE L*a*b* space is device-independent. In practice, this system uses the following numerical calculations X = k  ∫ 380   nm 780   nm  S  ( λ )  R  ( λ )  x _  ( λ )   ⅆ λ Y = k  ∫ 380   nm  780   nm  S  ( λ )  R  ( λ )  y _  ( λ )   ⅆ λ Z = k  ∫ 380   nm 780   nm  S  ( λ )  R  ( λ )  z _  ( λ )   ⅆ λ for   k = 100 ∫ 380   nm 780   nm  S  ( λ )  y  ( λ )
where S(λ) is the spectral distribution of illumination,
R(λ) is the spectral reflectance of object, and
x(λ), y(λ), z(λ):
are color matching functions.
The CIELAB colorimetric system is defined by: L * = 116  f  ( Y Y n ) - 16 a * = 500  { f  ( X X n ) - f  ( Y Y n ) } b * = 200  { f  ( Y Y n ) - f  ( Z Z n ) } f  ( X X n ) = { ( X X n ) 1 3 , X X n > 0.008856 7.787  ( X X n ) + 16 116 , X X n ≤ 0.008856
f(Y/Yn) and f(Z/Zn) are similarly calculated.
FIG. 11 is an optical schematic of respective projected images of specularly reflected light from a front coated side and a back side onto an image plane of a detector. More specifically, FIG. 11 shows a representation of the view seen through the PR650 SPECTRASCAN™ photodetector device wherein the black filled circle 1101 represents the circular graticule of the SPECTRASCAN™ unit and coincides with the light collection area of the photodetector. The solid and dotted circles represent the overlap of the two images 1102 and 1103 from the front and back surfaces of the coated glass sample, respectively.
FIG. 12 is an optical schematic of another embodiment of the angular colorimeter of the invention utilizing a single light source and a section of a hemispherical mirror or diffuse reflector to project light onto a sample. In FIG. 12, an extended light source is shown similar to item 501 in FIG. 5. In FIG. 12, the extended source 1201 is either a curved mirror or a curved diffuse white reflector. In either case the light from light source 1202 travels along paths 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206 and returns from curved device 1201 along paths 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210 to the sample 1211 as required. The light source 1202 can be of many different types including a tungsten lamp, a tungsten halogen lamp, a miniarc lamp or a flash lamp. The light source 1202 and the sample 1211 are represented as being in planes slightly in and out of the plane of the diagram so that the light source 1202 and the sample 1211 do not have to occupy the same physical space for the optical arrangement to function correctly. FIG. 12 is a slightly oblique view of the physical arrangement.
FIG. 13 is an optical ray diagram according to one embodiment of the angular colorimeter of the present invention that depicts multiple internal specular reflections from a sample plate. More specifically, FIG. 13 illustrates the multiple internal reflections due to a single incoming light ray 1301 of intensity "I" incident at an angle θ (1302) to the front surface 1303 of an object 1304 which has a back surface 1305 and thickness "p" (1306). The first transmitted ray 1307 is refracted at an angle φ (1308) to the surface normal 1309. The primary reflected ray is 1313 which we will designate R1. Internal reflections give rise to several secondary reflected rays 1314, 1315, 1316, etc. of ever decreasing magnitude as shown in the FIG. 13. These reflections are designated here for the purposes of illustration as R2, R3 and R4 respectively. Further, the external first surface reflectance is designated as Re, the external or internal first surface transmittance of the incident ray is designated as T, the internal reflectance of the front surface is designated as Rf, the internal reflectance of the back surface is designated as Rb, the internal transmittance of the substrate is designated as Ts. Accordingly, R1=IRe
R2=IT2Rb(Ts)2
R3=IT2(Rb)2(Rf)(Ts)4
R4=IT2(Rb)3(Rf)2(Ts)6
Assuming I=1 and reasonable values of
Re=4%, T=96%, Rb=20%, Rf=4% and Ts=99.6%,
R1=1*0.04=0.04=4%
R2=1*(0.96)2*0.20*(0.996)2=0.183=18.3%
R3=1*(0.96)2*(0.20)2*(0.04)*(0.996)4=0.00145=0.145%
R4=1*(0.96)2*(0.20)3*(0.04)2*(0.996)6=0.0000115=0.0012%
Thus, the third reflection R3 therefore has an intensity which is 0.65% of the incoherent combination of the first two reflections R1 and R2. For typical architectural glass industry energy efficient coatings, the error in color coordinates is no more than 0.1 and is therefore negligible for all practical purposes.
Thus, the fourth reflection R4 therefore has an intensity which is of 0.005% of the incoherent combination of the first three reflections R1, R2 and R3 and is therefore entirely negligible for practical purposes.
FIG. 13 is also illustrative of one aspect of the present invention. This aspect is that, if the source is a collimated beam of diameter "w", the receiving optics must have an aperture large enough to capture both the first reflected ray 1313 and the second reflected ray 1314 which is a result of ray 1307 undergoing one back surface internal reflection.
To calculate the separation "s" (1312) between these first and second reflections 1313 and 1314, let:
"a" be the length of ray 1307 inside the object
"n" be the refractive index of the object
"p" (1306) be the thickness of the object
"θ" (1302) be the angle of incidence
"φ" (1308) be the angle of refraction
n=sin θ/sin φ
s=sin−1((sin θ)/n)
from which
s=2a tan φ cos θ
For example, if n=1.53 for soda glass and the thickness "p" of the glass object is 15 mm, the perpendicular separation distance "s" between the first and second reflection has a maximum value of 11.15 mm at an angle of incidence of 50 degrees. Thus, the collection aperture for a detector should have one dimension at least equal to the separation distance "s" plus the beam width "w" (item 108 of FIG. 1) in the plane of incidence which includes the incident ray and the normal to the object front surface.
The minimum width of the beam is determined by the collection efficiency of the photodetector, its noise properties, and the irradiance of the source. One embodiment of the invention utilizes a 20 watt tungsten halogen lamp (such as described above) and a beam width of 7 mm. Thus, the collection aperture would for this example have at least one dimension greater than 18 mm to collect both first and second reflected rays 1313 and 1314, respectively, and their corresponding beams of width "w". In fact, the collection aperture should be considerably larger than 18 mm (e.g. about 25 mm) to allow for minor misalignments within the apparatus and the mounting of the sample in the sample holder. Furthermore, the collection optics are preferably uniform in their efficiency across the entire aperture to avoid introduction of unacceptable errors in the measurement of optical properties such as total reflectance and color coordinates. The uniformity of the present angular colorimeter of the present invention has been checked in a self-consistent manner and shown to be uniform for the illumination source area utilized.
To avoid relatively large, sophisticated optics, one embodiment of the invention as illustrated in FIG. 2, may be considered to be the reverse optical path of FIG. 13. In FIG. 13, imagine that, using the principle of reversibility in optics, all the paths have their arrows reversed so that 1301 is now an output ray to a photodetector and rays 1313, 1314, 1315 etc. are input rays from an extended source which is considerably easier to manufacture than a large uniform detector.
FIG. 14 is an optical ray diagram according to one embodiment of the angular colorimeter of the present invention that depicts multiple internal specular reflections from a sample plate and shows those of which pass to a detector (as referred to immediately above). Here, in this illustration, an extended source 1401 provides light along paths 1402, 1403, 1404 which are incident at equal angles to the front surface 1405 of object 1406 which has a back surface 1407. The rays 1402 are reflected at the front surface 1405 along paths 1408 towards the detector (not shown).
Rays 1403 suffer one back surface reflection and travel along paths 1409 to the photodetector. Rays 1404 suffer one back surface and one front surface internal reflection as they travel along paths 1410, 1411, 1412 and 1413 to the detector. A source with one dimension at least "s"+"w" feeds an aperture of dimension "w" where all dimensions are measured in the plane of incidence and reflection.
Thus, for a detector of acceptance aperture dimension "w"=7 mm, the present invention in one embodiment utilizes a uniform source of dimension s+w=18 mm for a glass object of thickness 15 mm at an angle of incidence of 50 degrees. The source 202 acts as an integrating sphere producing uniformity over the viewing area of 1401 as depicted at 202 in FIG. 2 wherein 1401 replaces element 203. In order to cope with misalignments of say +/−3.5 mm, the present invention in one embodiment utilizes a uniform source of dimension 25 mm. These considerations are in effect especially for the embodiments represented by FIGS. 5, 6, and 7, where fixed detectors at a plurality of positions are envisaged.
FIG. 15 is a plot of the dependence of separation distance s between a first and second specularly reflected light beams on sample thickness (p) and on angle of incidence of the incident and reflected light. More specifically, FIG. 15 shows a plot of the separation distance "s" as a function of angle of incidence and glass thickness for a glass object of refractive index 1.53. The plot will change with the refractive index of the glass. The maximum separation distance "s" can be determined from the data presented in FIG. 15 for any sample thickness. This allows the design of the source so that its uniform dimension in the plane of incidence complies with the requirement that it be larger than "s"+"w" as discussed beforehand.
FIG. 16 is an optical schematic of another embodiment of the angular colorimeter of the invention utilizing a pantographic arm configured for simultaneous angular movement of a single source and detector. More specifically, FIG. 16 shows an alternative means of accomplishing the required simultaneous angular movement of a single source and detector such that the detector always gathers the specularly reflected light from a sample as the angle of incidence of the light on the sample is varied.
As shown in FIG. 16, the pantograph includes a fixed arm 1601 and movable arm 1602. The fixed arm is fastened to a bench and supports a light source 1603 at one end. The source is a uniform spot such as is produced by a multi-reflectant spherical cavity. The other end of the fixed arm supports a vertical bearing rod 1604. The movable arm is free to rotate about this vertical bearing rod. The other end of the movable arm 1602 supports a detector 1605 which is directed at the surface of the sample 1606. A sample holder 1607 is mounted on the vertical bearing rod and is free to rotate.
Two pantograph arms 1608 and 1609 are connected to bearings on the arms and also to each other at a bearing connected to the pivot block 1610. An angle guide rod 1611 runs through the pivot block and is anchored into the sample holder support 1612. This rod controls the orientation of the sample holder. When the movable arm 1602 is rotated about the vertical bearing 1604, the pantograph arrangement causes the angular displacement of the sample holder 1607 to be exactly half as much as the movable arm. The reflected image of the source is thus always visible through the detector telescope 1605 as the reflectance angle is varied.
In operation of the pantograph device, the arms are set to 180 degrees apart and the sample is removed from the path between the detector and the source. This configuration is used to align the instrument optically. The detector is adjusted to be in line with the vertical bearing rod and level horizontally. The source is adjusted to be centered in the detector field of view. The source is measured to establish the 100% reflectance value.
With the sample in place and the movable arm at values between 160 degrees and 15 degrees, the sample is adjusted so that the front reflecting surface is aligned with the center of rotation of the vertical bearing rod, and the reflected view of the source is visible in the center of the photodetector field of view. The sample can now be measured for reflectance at any angle between about 160 and about 15 degrees, (included angle). The angle of incidence is half the included angle for all values of included angle.
Besides architectural glass evaluation, the present angular calorimeter has application in other fields such as for example in the analysis of color shifting pigments, patterned glass (shower doors, privacy glass etc.), anti reflective coatings, textured surfaces, diffuse (as opposed to specular) surfaces, and active films (such as electrochromic, photochromic or SPD (suspended particle device), paint, enamel, glazes, tapes, films, printed articles, metals, ceramics, liquids, cloth, hair, building materials, skin, food, etc.
Although a number of the foregoing examples may involve a significant amount of diffuse reflectance (so that the measured reflectance will be a mixture of specular and diffuse reflectance), the present angular colorimeter is nonetheless useful in situations where either of the reflectances or their ratio is known or known to be constant.
Accordingly, as illustrated in the numerous examples above, the present invention provides a method for measuring the reflectance properties of an object having a front reflecting surface and at least one back reflecting surfaces. FIG. 17 is a flowchart depicting a general method according to the present invention. At 1702, an object is illuminated at varying angles of incidence. At 1704, reflected light from the front and back reflecting surfaces of the object is collected (for example by detector optics focusing the reflected light) at respective specularly reflected angles. At 1706, the reflected light is wavelength resolved into a color spectrum. At 1708, an intensity of the color spectrum as a function of wavelength is analyzed.
At 1702, the object can be illuminated from a diffuse reflecting surface light source such as for example the light source 202 in FIG. 2 or the light source 1603 in FIG. 16. As noted above, in one embodiment of the present invention, a tungsten halogen lamp can be used with a barium sulphate diffuser. At 1702, the illumination can be from an extended angular light source that emits light onto the object over a range of incident angles (e.g. at least 45 degrees from normal to the object or preferably up to at least 75 degrees).
Further, the illumination from the light source can be passed through a diffusing device that diffuses (and randomly polarizes) light from the light source, or through a depolarizing device that randomly polarizes light from the light source, or through both. Further, polarizers can be placed on an optical path between the source and the detector to allow the separate measurement of the total specular reflectance of the front and back reflecting surfaces of an object in both a plane of polarization in the plane of incidence and a plane of polarization normal to the plane of incidence. Moreover, the illumination can be from an extended light source configured to provide an extended curved optically diffuse source or a specularly reflecting or diffuse reflecting device from a single lamp.
At 1704, the specular reflections from the object can be directed to a detector, which remains in a fixed position, as an angular position of the object relative to the detector or the light source is varied. For example, the goniometer device depicted in FIG. 4 can be used with sample stage and light source rotating on arms 401 and 406, or the pantographic device depicted in FIG. 16 can be used in which arm 1602 remains stationary. At 1704, the detector can remain fixed while the light source moves at twice the angular rate as the object. Alternatively, the light source can remain fixed while the detector moves at twice the angular rate as the object. For example, the goniometer device depicted in FIG. 4 can be used with sample stage and detector rotating on arms 401 and 406, or the pantographic device depicted in FIG. 16 can be used in which arm 1601 remains stationary. At 1704, the light collected can be from a front reflecting surface and a back reflecting surface of the object that are separated by a distance of at least one millimeter.
Furthermore, at 1704, shutters can be used to permit separate measurement of the specular reflectance of the back and front surface reflections of the object. Furthermore, the collected light can be from an insulated glass unit (IGU) or mockup thereof or from articles described above (i.e., color shifting pigments, patterned glass, anti reflective coatings, textured surfaces, diffuse surfaces, and active films, paint, enamel, glazes, tapes, films, printed articles, metals, ceramics, liquids, cloth, hair, building materials, skin, food, etc.
At 1706, the wavelength resolution can occur using a spectral photodetector. Furthermore, the analysis at 1708 can provide a spectral measurement of the reflected light from the object.
At 1708, the analysis can be based on signals from a plurality of detectors arranged at a plurality of angles to the object. For example, the light source can be a plurality of light sources arranged at a plurality of angles to the object (See for example FIGS. 6 and 7). Furthermore, at 1708, in one embodiment of the present invention, signals from an output device of for example a detector are provided that are indicative of color intensities of the reflected light.
Color intensities can be used to classify the reflected light for example using the CE chromaticity diagram. The CIE system characterizes colors by a luminance parameter Y and two color coordinates x and y (or a* and b*) which specify the point on the chromaticity diagram. The CIE system uses parameters that are based on the spectral power distribution (SPD) of the light and that are factored by sensitivity curves which have been measured for the human eye. According to the CIE standard and based on the fact that the human eye has three different types of color sensitive cones, the response of the eye is best described in terms of three "tristimulus values". However, once this is accomplished, it is found that any color can be expressed in terms of the two color coordinates x and y. The colors which can be matched by combining a given set of three primary colors (such as the blue, green, and red) are represented on the chromaticity diagram by a triangle joining the coordinates for the three colors.
Thus, quantifications such as shown in FIG. 10 are made in one embodiment of the present invention to remove a subjective measure of the visible color of an object. Furthermore, as detailed above, angular color data gathered can be used by process control configured to control a coating process in real time. Accordingly, process control of a glass (or other object manufacturing process) can include artificial intelligence operating on the angular color data. FIG. 21 is a schematic of an on-line control system according to one embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 21, two (although more could used) angular colorimeters of the present invention are used at various stages (e.g., coating zones 1 and 2) of a manufacturing glass facility. In one embodiment of the present invention, only one angular colorimeter could be used for process control in a feedback loop to a single coating station such that future coatings are adjusted based on the result of the present coating. A computing device controls the stages and accepts data from the angular calorimeters in order to adjust the coating conditions (as discussed earlier). Such a process not only provides control but removes subjective determinations as to whether the coating conditions are to standard.
Further, in one aspect of the present invention (used for example for calibration), the object can be removed from an optical path from the detector to the light source such that a reference spectrum of the white light can be measured. Accordingly, at 1708, a computing device can be used to ratio a signal corresponding to the reflected signal from the object to a reference signal corresponding to direct light from the source to provide a radiometric total specular reflectance of the object. Furthermore, at 1708, data from the detector can be used by a computing device to produce (from the angular positions and from wavelength resolution of the reflected light) angular color data. In one embodiment of the present invention, the computing device can provide the angular color data to for example a process controller for control of glass manufacturing or glass coating process. As noted above, the process controller can include artificial intelligence algorithms operating on the angular color data to provide instructions to the glass manufacturing or glass coating process.
Numerous modifications and variations on the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the accompanying claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.
1. An apparatus for measuring reflectance properties of an object having a front reflecting surface and a back reflecting surface, comprising:
a sample stage for placement of the object;
a light source;
a detector configured to detect reflected light from the object; and
a positioning device configured to provide a plurality of angular positions for the light source and the detector relative to the object on the sample stage such that incident light on the object is specularly reflected towards the detector and the reflected light received at the detector includes a front surface reflection from the object and at least one back surface reflection from the object.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an output device configured to provide signals from the detector indicative of spectral intensities of the reflected light
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the positioning device comprises:
a goniometer configured to position the sample stage, the detector, and the light source relative to one another such that specular reflections from the object directed to the detector remain at a fixed angle to the detector as an angular position of the object relative to at least one of the detector and the light source is varied.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises at least one of diffuse reflecting surface light sources, white light sources, light emitting diodes, gas discharge lamps, gas lasers, diode lasers, flash lamps, infrared lamps, glowbars, mercury lamps, and sodium lamps.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the positioning device is configured to displace the sample stage from an optical path between the detector and the light source to permit spectral measurement of the light source.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the detector comprises a spectral photodetector configured to wavelength resolve the reflected light from the object.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the detector is configured to have an angle of acceptance that receives as the reflected light specularly reflected light from the object.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:
the front reflecting surface and back reflecting surface of the object are separated by a distance of at least one millimeter, and
the light source has substantially uniform irradiance over a diameter to permit collection of multiple surface reflections from the object into the detector.
9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises an extended angular light source configured to emit light onto the object over an extended range of incident angles.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the extended range is at least 45 degrees from normal to the object.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the detector comprises a plurality of detectors arranged at a plurality of angles relative to the object.
12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises a plurality of light sources arranged at a plurality of angles to the object.
13. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
a diffusing device disposed between the light source and the sample stage, said diffusing device configured to diffuse and randomly polarize light from the light source.
a depolarizing device disposed between the light source and the sample stage, said depolarizing device configured to randomly polarize light from the light source.
two depolarizing devices; one disposed between the light source and the sample stage, one of said depolarizing devices configured to randomly polarize light from the light source and another one of said depolarizing devices disposed between the sample and prior to the reflected light being spread into an individual wavelength spectrum.
at least one shutter disposed between the detector and the sample stage, and configured to permit separate measurements for the respective specular reflectances from the back and front surfaces of the object.
at least one polarizer disposed on an optical path between the light source and the detector, said polarizer configured to permit separate measurements of the total specular reflectance of the front and back reflecting surfaces of the object in both a plane of polarization in the plane of incidence and a plane of polarization normal to the plane of incidence.
18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises:
an extended light source configured to provide an extended curved optically diffuse or specularly reflecting device from a single lamp.
19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the positioning device comprises:
a goniometer having a ball race configured to move the light source, sample object and detector attached to the goniometer in such a manner that light from the source specularly reflected from the sample object is constantly directed towards the detector as an angle between a first optic axis of the light source and a second optic axis of the detector is varied.
20. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the detector is configured to collect the reflected light from all surfaces of an insulated glass unit or mockup thereof.
a computing device configured to compute a ratio of a signal corresponding to the reflected light from the object to a reference signal corresponding to direct light from the source to the detector to provide a radiometric total specular reflectance of the object.
a computing device configured to compute a ratio of a signal corresponding to the reflected light from the object to a reference signal corresponding to reflected light from a reference surface of known spectral reflectance to provide a radiometric total specular reflectance of the object.
a computing device configured to receive data from the detector and to calculate at least one of angle dependent spectral reflectance and angular color data from the angular positions and from the wavelength resolution of the reflected light.
24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the computing device is configured to provide at least one of the angle dependent spectral reflectance or the angular color data to a process controller for control of a glass manufacturing process.
25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the process controller includes artificial intelligence algorithms operating on at least one of the angle dependent spectral reflectance or the angular color data to provide instructions to the glass manufacturing process.
26. An apparatus for measuring reflectance properties of an object, comprising:
a sample stage for placement of the object
a light source
a positioning device configured to at least one of rotate the light source at twice the angular rate as the sample stage while the detector remains fixed or to rotate the detector at twice the angular rate as the sample stage while the light source remains fixed.
a positioning device configured to vary the angle of incidence of the light from the light source on the object and ensure that specularly reflected light from the object is always direct towards the detector as the angle of incidence varies.
28. A method for measuring reflectance properties of an object having a front reflecting surface and at least one back reflecting surface, comprising:
illuminating the object at varying angles of incidence;
collecting reflected light from the front and back reflecting surfaces of the object at respective specularly reflected angles;
wavelength resolving the reflected light into a color spectrum; and
analyzing an intensity of the color spectrum as a function of wavelength.
Patent History
Publication number: 20070258093
Type: Application
Filed: May 5, 2006
Publication Date: Nov 8, 2007
Patent Grant number: 7548317
Applicant: AFG INDUSTRIES, INC. (Kingsport, TN)
Inventors: Peter Sieck (Santa Rosa, CA), Joe Guthrie (Sonoma, CA), Peter Maschwitz (Sebastopol, CA), Clive Burton (Novato, CA), Vanhlacky Singhavara (Rohnert Park, CA), Bryan Marshall (Rohnert Park, CA)
Application Number: 11/418,062
Current U.S. Class: 356/446.000
International Classification: G01N 21/47 (20060101);


Bills passed in the Maryland House of Delegates and Senate would limit lien foreclosures to claims for delinquent assessments only, and would preclude foreclosure actions based fines and related fees imposed by an association. The House passed HB 286 by a unanimous vote of 138 – 0, and the Senate passed SB 161 by a vote of 37 – 7. The primary difference in the two bills is that the House version applies to condominiums and homeowners associations, while the Senate version would also apply to cooperative housing corporations.
Cooperatives were originally included in the House bill, but were deleted in the final version. Both versions add new provisions to Section 14-204 of the Maryland Contract Lien Act that would prevent lien foreclosures based on amounts due for fines imposed by the association, along with any attorney's fees related to recovering the fines. The House version also expressly provides that foreclosures based on delinquent assessments may include related costs and attorney's fees. The two bills will now have to be reconciled in conference committee.
Thank you for the valuable information. Too bad you do not also advice to HOA members. We are the ones who suffer from deceptive board members put in office by Management companies. No matter who runs, same people elected even without proper identified quorums.
Thank you for your note. Actually, I do regularly advise HOAs. Please take a look at some of my posts, which often concern HOAs as well as condos.


text:
Q: is it possible to nmap two consecutive commands to the same pane in vifm? I would like to create an nmap that would first cd to a particular directory and then edit a file in that directory.  For instance, this would allow me to open a LaTeX file and edit it, but then exit from that file and be in the directory to pull up the pdf file that LaTeX created.  I have tried the following:
nmap b :cd /path/to/directory/ <cr> :edit file.tex

This almost works and will suffice if it is the only way to do it.  What happens is that the left pane changes to the correct directory and the file is opened in the right pane.  Then when I quit I only need to move between panes to get to the other files.  However, it would be simpler/cleaner if I could get both commands to happen in the same pane.
Is this possible?
Thanks

A: The reason why two commands happen in different panes is that RHS of your mapping contains a space in normal mode (right after <cr>). You should  either remove it or don't switch between modes at all by performing two commands in a row (which should be separated by a bar/pipe):
nnoremap b :cd /path/to/directory/ | edit file.tex<cr>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Artists from around the country will be at Coronado Art Walk displaying works from paintings and photography to pottery, wood and glass pieces and jewelry.
Art Walk will feature more than 70 accomplished artists presenting their own original work in all mediums of fine art, including paintings in acrylic, oils, watercolor, photography, etchings, sculpture in clay, glass, metal, stone and wood. Each artist will be present to meet with the public and discuss their work. All work is available for purchase.
In addition to fine art, fine crafts will also be presented. Festival patrons will find blown glass, turned wood, semi-precious jewelry, pottery, stained glass, and an array of high-quality crafts.


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50 Joint Infection Victims File Bair Hugger Lawsuits
November 24, 2015 — The Star-Tribune reports that over 50 people who developed surgical infections have filed lawsuits blaming the Bair Hugger warming blanket.
The manufacturer of the blanket, 3M Co., vigorously defends its safety. It has been used during more than 200 million surgeries since 1987 and no studies can prove that it causes infections, according to 3M.
Critics of the device include its inventor, Dr. Scott Augustine, who now sells a competing patient-warming blanket called the HotDog. He says the Bair Hugger should not be used due to the risk of infection.
He says the problem is that "waste" air from the Bair Hugger rises against the carefully-controlled flow of sterile air in an operating room. In certain conditions, it could create convection currents that pick up non-sterile air.
Dr. Augustine told the Star-Tribune, "There is no question that it's a true phenomenon. It's happening. And it's easy to show. … This product should never be on another orthopedic patient."
Bair Hugger Infection MDL Judge Sets Trial Schedule
550 Bair Hugger Joint Infection Lawsuits Filed in MDL
Bair Hugger Infection Lawsuits Consolidated in MDL
Joint Infection Lawsuit
Motion Filed to Centralize Bair Hugger Lawsuits in MDL

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Kovacs Lifestyle
Meet Dr. Tom & Rhonda Kovacs!
Are you sick and tired of being prescribed more and more pills? Would you like to correct the cause of your health problem? Do you find it hard to eat well or know what to eat? Do you wish you had better health and more energy? Join thousands of others who have been helped by Dr. Tom & Rhonda Kovacs in the past 35 years. Recently they were presented with Citations of Merit from: The NY State Senate, The NY State Assembly, The NY City Council, The Bronx Borough President and Bishop Clarence Jones for their commitment, dedication and exemplary service to their communities. Featured on NBC News, NY1 News and in many publications, Dr. Kovacs was a contributor to two NY Times best-selling books and during the 35 years that he was a Chiropractor, he has helped people overcome numerous health conditions such as asthma, diabetes, high blood pressure and a myriad of aches and pains - through chiropractic and nutrition. Rhonda Kovacs is an Integrative Nutrition Health Coach and has worked with all aspects of nutrition, cooking, meal planning, shopping and weight loss.
Innovative and interactive workshops, seminars and one-on-one coaching on all aspects of health and healing - without drugs or surgery. With an 85% increase in prescriptions filled in the U.S. over the past 20 years, Dr. Tom & Rhonda Kovacs give specific action steps on how to GET healthy and STAY healthy while minimizing or eliminating the need for medication.
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© 2023 Kovacs Lifestyle
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Chad joined nClouds in 2017 because he wanted to work in an environment where his voice would be heard. He gets stoked by building partnerships with customers around shared goals.
Chad began his career as a developer, and during the next 17-plus years he added many hats to his repertoire – Business Analyst, Project Manager, Scrum Master, Process Engineer, Support Manager, Quality Assurance Manager, and Product Owner. His breadth of experience also spans multiple industries: Financial Services, Healthcare, Government, Retail, and Manufacturing. Chad brings this multidimensional perspective to the projects he manages at nClouds.
A lifelong learner, he is continuously improving his abilities through various training programs. Chad has a BS in Commerce from UVA and a background in the US military. When not moving things forward, he enjoys an active lifestyle, including stand-up paddleboarding, running, hiking, and travel.


Another bridge over the Rio Armeria.
I admit that I was a little nervous driving over this bridge. I don't like a bridge that rocks back and forth as I drive over it. Moreover, it has stone abutments and a stone center pier.
I guess this shows the variety of bridge construction in Mexico: from state-of-the-art incrementally launched structures, to two-span bridges on stone supports.
Mexico's Bridges: Puente Armeria by Mark Yashinsky is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.


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Q: One view, Two options I am building a forum and I have a question page (having all the question).
Going in the question details page I have an edit question link for each question and I have an edit answer link for all the answers as well.
The difference between them would be when I click the edit for the question I would like to have my title in the text box but when I click edit on the answer I would like to have my title in the label.
What would be the best practice: Build different Views with two Model Views or do it in one View?

A: General guidance for MVC is no business logic in view. And this sounds like it could be business logic.
Of course if most of the views are common that can be factored out into a partial they both use.

A: That might be not the best practice but might be a good solution:
Model:
public partial class QuestionAnswer
{
    public string Question { get; set; }
    public string Answer { get; set; }
    public string DisabledQuestion { get; set; }
}

Controller:
public ActionResult EditQuestion()
{
    DisabledQuestioon = true;
    return View("QuestionAnswer");
}

public ActionResult EditAnswer()
{
    DisabledQuestioon = false;
    return View("QuestionAnswer");
}

View:
@Html.TextBoxFor(model => model.Question, new { (model.DisabledQuestion ? @readonly = "readonly" : null) })
@Html.TextBoxFor(model => model.Answer)


Debt recycling is a long term strategy that can help you achieve your retirement income goal. Debt recycling can provide an alternative to superannuation by allowing you to accumulate wealth in the non-superannuation environment which provides access to funds in the future if required. This may be appropriate if you are looking to retire prior to your preservation age (the age you can get access to your superannuation benefits).
Debt recycling simply uses your existing home loan repayments more efficiently to get a better result through interest savings, tax savings and long term wealth creation.
Who can benefit & what are the benefits?
Anyone who has a home loan and would like to pay it off in the quickest possible time, reduce tax and create wealth all at the same time.
A debt recycling strategy can be customised to your individual situation, and incorporated with other financial planning strategies as appropriate. After all, you have to pay your home loan repayments anyway, why not use that money more effectively to get a better result?
Commences the wealth creation process immediately, allowing for longer term growth of the investments.
Tax deductions can be claimed on the interest paid into investment loans.
Need advice with a debt recycling strategy?
As everyone's situation is different and people have different financial needs, it is important to seek professional financial advice before implementing a debt recycling strategy.
With all financial strategies there are risks that need to be considered. A professional financial adviser can ensure that your strategy is tailored for your individual circumstances to make sure that a debt recycling strategy is appropriate for you.
Contact us today to discuss your future wealth accumulation opportunities.


Here is a Barbie doll birthday card… Barbie has to be the number 1 selling doll and for good reason. She is beautiful has a great smile and comes with all sorts of fashion accessories!
This card is for all those Barbie lovers out there! It is the perfect addition to a great birthday gift or perhaps a barbie party!
All cards on this website are free and printable!
1) Have a beautiful birthday for such a beautiful girl!
2) Make sure to party like only Barbie knows how! Happy Birthday!
3) Barbie wants to wish you the best most beautiful birthday ever!
4) You know you've made it when you've been molded into a miniature plastic doll.
5) Barbie Power!!! Have a wonderful birthday! I hope that all your wishes come true on this special day!
6) I hope Barbie can put a big smile on your face for your birthday!
7) Come on Barbie... lets go party... ah ah ah yea!
8) Just a girl, loving life and making new friends all the time!
9 ) Barbie is a girls best friend and so are you to me.
10) With beautiful hair and a killer smile.. it's not Barbie I'm talking about.. It's you!
11) Let's get this Barbie doll party started!!
12) Whose beautiful, intelligent, ready to party and enjoy time with her friends. It's you silly!
13) Time to have a Barbie party!
14) Barbie just wants to say have a wonderful day. Enjoy your special moment and party party party!
Thankyou for checking out our barbie birthday card and hope you have the best celebration possible.


Hello Tiger Fans! I graduated from Skyline in 1997. I went to State Fair Community College on a basketball scholarship from 1997-99 and earned my Associate of Arts degree. I then transferred to Southwest Missouri State University (SMSU) now known as Missouri State where I earned my degree in Elementary Education in 2001. I taught 5th & 6th grade at Wheatland Elementary before coming to Skyline to teach 6th grade. I earned my Masters Degree in Educational Administration in July of 2005. I moved from teaching 6th grade to become the middle school counselor in the fall of 2005. I earned my counselors certification in 2007. I moved from the middle school to the high school in the fall of 2014. My husband and I have 3 kids - Kourt, Kenzi and Khazz.


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OnePlus 7T vs. OnePlus 7T Pro: What's Different?
By Richard Priday
Which one is the best value for money?
OnePlus 7T (left) and OnePlus 7T Pro (right) (Image credit: Tom's Guide)
Android phone shoppers know that they should turn to OnePlus if they want a device that balances premium features with a midrange price tag. But exactly which device they should turn to just became a bit more complicated.
After revealing the OnePlus 7T a few weeks ago, OnePlus has now completed the upgrade to the 7 series with the OnePlus 7T Pro, a refreshed version of the OnePlus 7 Pro, one of our favorite Android phones of 2019.
We've already compared the OnePlus 7T and the OnePlus 7 Pro since those are the two phones OnePlus is offering in the U.S. But what about those the two 'T' models, available widely in Europe? Here's a breakdown between the OnePlus 7T and 7T Pro to see what exactly is different between these two attractively priced flagship phones.
In a reversal of the strange decision to not sell the original OnePlus 7 in the U.S., it's now the 7T Pro that's limited to other countries. OnePlus fans in the UK get the pick of both phones however. The OnePlus 7T is currently already available in the U.S. along with the older OnePlus 7 Pro, but the 7T and 7T Pro will be available in the UK from October 17.
The 7T sells for $599/£549 , while the 7T Pro sells for £699, which converts to $867 (remember that European prices are always more expensive relative to U.S. prices due to different taxes and so forth.) The £150 difference between the two models is a considerable chunk of change.
OnePlus 7T Pro (Image credit: Tom's Guide)
OnePlus 7T vs. OnePlus 7T Pro: The specs
Phone OnePlus 7T OnePlus 7T Pro
Price $599/£549 £699
Display (Resolution) 6.55-inch Fluid AMOLED (2400 x 1080; 90Hz) 6.67-inch Fluid AMOLED (3120 x 1440; 90Hz)
Rear Camera(s) Triple: 48MP main (ƒ/1.6); 16-MP ultrawide lens (ƒ/2.2); 12-MP telephoto lens (ƒ/2.2) with 2x optical zoom Triple: 48MP main (ƒ/1.6); 16-MP ultrawide lens (ƒ/2.2); 8MP telephoto lens (ƒ/2.4) with 3x optical zoom
Front Camera(s) 16MP 16MP
CPU Snapdragon 855 Plus Snapdragon 855 Plus
RAM 8GB 8GB
Storage 128 GB 256GB
microSD None None
Battery 3,800mAh with Warp Charge 30T 4,085mAh with Warp Charge 30T
Colors Frosted Silver, Glacier Blue Haze Blue
Size 6.33 x 2.93 x 0.32 inches (160.94 x 74.44 x 8.13 mm) 6.4 x 2.9 x 0.34 inches (162.6 x 75.9 x 8.8 mm)
Weight 6.7 ounces (190g) 7.2 ounces (206g)
Both the 7T and 7T Pro displays are AMOLED panels, and both feature 90-Hz refresh rates. That latter feature was only available on the OnePlus 7 Pro previously, but now you can get this signature ability on the less expensive 7T as well as the 7T Pro.
However, the size, resolution and shape of the two phones' screens differ. The 7T's display is a 6.55-inch FHD flat panel with a waterdrop notch containing the selfie camera. The 7T Pro is a 6.6-inch quad HD curved screen with no notch; instead, its front camera pops up when you need to snap a selfie. If you want an uninterrupted view of video on your phone, then the 7T Pro is obviously the better choice, but if you're not so demanding, then the 7T's display, which is only minimally impacted by the notch, will still serve you well.
According to our tests for the 7T and the older 7 Pro, the 7T's panel is brighter though colors aren't as accurate. Assuming the 7T Pro's display hasn't changed significantly from the 7 Pro, you should probably pick the 7T if you prioritize brightness, but the 7T Pro if you want a more vivid display. Look for an update once we've put the 7T Pro through its paces in our test lab.
MORE: The iPhone 12 Could Have This Killer Camera Feature
OnePlus 7T (Image credit: Tom's Guide)
The camera arrays on both OnePlus phones are near identical. On the back, both the 7T and 7T Pro feature a 48MP main lens and 16MP ultrawide shooter, but there's a different telephoto lens on each handset. The 7T has a higher resolution camera than the 7T Pro — 12MP versus 8MP — but the 7T Pro offers a 3x optical zoom to the 7T's 2x.
The other notable difference is how these rear cameras are placed. On the back of the 7T Pro, the cameras are arranged down the centre of the phone vertically, while the cameras on the 7T are horizontally arranged in a large circular camera patch. It's certainly a lot more distinctive than the 7T Pro's arrangement, but it's up to you whether this looks better or not.
Up front, you get a 16-MP camera on either phone, though again, on the OnePlus 7T Pro, it's housed in a mechanism that pops up when you need it.
As for photo quality, the 7T and the original 7 Pro provide decent though not outstanding pictures. We'll still need to test the cameras on the 7T and 7T Pro to see how their photos compare.
The 7T and 7T Pro both use the new Snapdragon 855 Plus CPU, the tweaked version of the chip found in the original OnePlus 7 and 7 Pro. Qualcomm's newer chipset promises better processing and graphics than what you get from the Snapdragon 855.
Both phones pair the Snapdragon 855 Plus with 8GB of RAM. For storage, you have a single choice with either phone — 128GB for the 7T, 256GB for the 7T Pro. If you need the extra space, then the 7T Pro is the obvious choice, but otherwise you'll probably not notice the difference between the two when using demanding apps or games. We've had a chance to benchmark the OnePlus 7T, which registered a multicore score of 2,759 on Geekbench 5. We can assume the 7T Pro, with the same key specs, will perform very similarly, though we still need to test the phone to confirm.
An alternative, if you're able to get one of the limited number available, is the 7T Pro McLaren Edition. While it costs £799 (or £100 more than the OnePlus 7T Pro), it offers 12GB RAM instead of 8. This additional memory will no doubt boost performance, but it's a lot of money to spend in the pursuit of just power if you aren't bothered about the branding and redesigned interface and chassis.
OnePlus 7T (Image credit: Future)
Both the 7T and 7T Pro match on this point. The two phones run on Android 10 with OnePlus' OxygenOS 10 launcher, which adds only a few minor extras to the stock Android experience and clads it all in stylish looking graphics.
This said, Android 10 and the updated OxygenOS will come to the original OnePlus 7 series phones soon as an over-the-air update. So if you aren't attached to the new hardware, you can get all the same software benefits on the original OnePlus 7 or OnePlus 7 Pro.
OnePlus 7T Pro (Image credit: OnePlus)
The OnePlus 7T Pro wins in terms of raw battery capacity. It has a 4,085mAh battery, which is 285mAh more than the 3,800mAh battery inside the OnePlus 7T. The 7T lasted 8 hours and 47 minutes on our custom battery test, which is below average for smartphones. We've not been able to run that same test on the 7T Pro, so we'll have to see if the bigger battery translates to longer battery life. Considering that enormous display, it's possible that the extra capacity will make no discernable difference.
Both the 7T and 7T Pro use the same Warp Charge 30T protocol. This upgrade uses the same power bricks that the original OnePlus 7 series used, but thanks to software tweaks, the initial stages of charging are faster than before. You can charge up to 61% in 30 minutes with the 7T according to our own testing. You would assume that means you'll get slightly slower charging with the 7T Pro due to the larger battery, but it may not be noticeable.
Which should OnePlus phone is best?
The question of whether to get the OnePlus 7T or the OnePlus 7T Pro is really one for UK shoppers to struggle with. After all, the 7T Pro isn't on sale in the US. But if you do have the choice, either by living in Europe or by being willing to buy phones from sources beyond your local phone store, then the superior phone of this pair isn't immediately obvious.
The hardware differences between the OnePlus 7T and 7T Pro are minor and the software is pretty much identical. The bigger battery of the 7T Pro, its larger, curved and notchless display, pop-up mechanism and slightly different cameras are reasons you may want to side with this one, but the lighter and cheaper 7T we think proves the best value from the two 7T series models.
Even if you're into the features of the 7T Pro, then we recommend trying to find a 7 Pro instead — it offers almost identical features, including the exact same software post-update, to the 7T Pro while having a cheaper 6GB RAM/128GB storage option, and a more powerful 12GB RAM/256GB storage option, making it more flexible for your particular needs and budget.
The Oppo Reno Ace Fast Charges From 0 to 100% in 30 Minutes
Richard Priday
Richard is a Tom's Guide senior writer based in London, covering news, reviews and how-tos for phones, tablets, gaming, and whatever else people need advice on. Following on from his MA in Magazine Journalism at the University of Sheffield, he's also written for WIRED U.K., The Register and Creative Bloq. When not at work, he's likely thinking about how to brew the perfect cup of specialty coffee.
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The pinnacle of wetsuit performance, the TYR Women's Hurricane Freak of Nature Wetsuit is constructed of 100% Yamamoto 40 Cell Neoprene. Featuring remarkable stretch-and-return capacity, "The Freak" (as they affectionately call it), has been referred to as an "Engineering Marvel" by the triathlon industry and is incomparably soft and pliant. Designed for speed in the water, the Hurricane Freak Of Nature showcases an arsenal of acceleration-driving, buoyancy-boosting and power-enhancing features. Elevate your swim and speed up your transition, with Speed Wrap Paneling, Free ROM Zones, Graded Force Catch Panels and Quick release Ankle Cuffs.
Calculated, calibrated and repeatedly revised until we reached the absolute limit of range of motion, the Freak Of Nature Wetsuit features a stunning 7X stretch factor. There is no question that the FON will be the fastest wetsuit you have ever worn.
Five precision-targeted performance muscle groups, oriented to sustain core strength for long swims.
Designed to support power strokes, prevent water intake, and maximize energy output.
Designed for triathletes from the ground up, the suit is designed to open, reverse and release with extreme ease and speed.
The gold bands on the back and shoulders of the Hurricane Freak of Nature delineate the expanded Range of Motion zones — calculated, calibrated, and repeatedly revised until we reached the absolute limit of positive range of motion. Combined with the stunning 7X stretch factor, there is no question this will be the fastest suit you've ever worn.
Deploys the lightest Yamamoto Nano SCS coated 5mm neoprene panels throughout the entire leg, chest and core to raise the swimmer in the water to reduce form drag.
The Hurricane Freak of Nature is armed with our new V-GCP, ROM ZONES which flattens the forearm for the most advantageous engagement, maximizing your effort. You WILL FEEL noticeably more distance per stroke.


Accidents at work claims vary depending on the nature of your job, but what doesn't change is the often serious nature of the injuries sustained.
If you have suffered an injury following an accident at work we offer a completely free initial enquiry. We have extensive experience of accidents at work and we know that we can provide you with a very high quality service, obtain the right amount of compensation for you AND ensure that you receive any necessary medical treatment.
To find out more, please call us as soon as possible on 0800 056 0346 or complete our Free Online Enquiry and let us explain free of charge (and without any obligation) exactly how we can help you.
Mrs K. C. – A Work Accident client who we obtained £10,000 for their injuries.
We will use all of the expertise we have acquired in helping work accident victims to recover compensation in our claim for you.
office employees tripping over electric cables or catching fingers in collapsing equipment..
workmen tripping over concealed steps or of collapsing trestles.
Why do Accidents At Work happen?
So often the employer's priority is maximising profit so it is tempting to to make shortcuts compromising the safety of their employees.
There is an infinite range of possibilities unfortunately because health and safety is often thought of as having the right paperwork. It is a question of common sense which is so often lacking in the work environment and as a result accidents and injuries occur all too frequently some of which can be life-threatening or have devastating consequences.
As can be seen we have acted in a huge range of work accident claims and have recovered large sums of damages for our clients and obtained the rehabilitation which can encompass surgery, physiotherapy, psychotherapy and other therapies which is just as important damages in trying to put you back where you were before your accident to the extent that that is possible.
We will normally act for you on a conditional fee basis so that you recover the whole of your compensation with no deductions, so you have nothing to risk but much to gain from asking us to help you.
If you look at our case studies you will see details of several claims involving accidents at work ranging from the very common building site injuries to a client who was scalded when she turned on a tap which was a distributor of boiling hot water but where the warning label was obscured.
For a free, no obligation enquiry, please call us now on 0800 056 0346 or complete our Free Online Enquiry and let us explain free of charge (and without any obligation) exactly how we can help with your accident at work claims process.
Romain Coleman – Accident At Work Claims Solicitors in London.


welcome to wiffledust, uncle bill! my name is lisa, and i hope you'll feel free to browse the blogs and discussion groups, comment where you feel like it, give folks feedback, write your own blog, load music and photos, and tell us something about yourself. so nice to have you here! holler if you need anything!


text:
Herminium kamengense är en orkidéart som beskrevs av A.Nageswara Rao. Herminium kamengense ingår i släktet honungsblomstersläktet, och familjen orkidéer.

Artens utbredningsområde är Arunachal Pradesh. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Honungsblomstersläktet
kamengense

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia