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Dara Park
Highest-paid singer in the world in 2021
Dara Park Highest-Paid Singer in the World
Dara Park led People With Money's annual list of the "100 highest paid singers" released on Monday.
Dara Park »
Dara Park Nude Photos Leaked Online
Dara Park Engaged?
Is Dara Park secretly gay and hiding in the closet?
It's been a rough year for the singer, but at least she has her millions of dollars to ease the pain. 36-year-old Dara Park has taken the No. 1 spot on People With Money's top 10 highest-paid singers for 2021 with an estimated $96 million in combined earnings.
Dara Park tops annual list of highest-paid singers
In 2018 it looked like the singer's spectacular career was winding down. Suddenly, she was back on top. People With Money reports on Monday (January 18) that Park is the highest-paid singer in the world, pulling in an astonishing $96 million between December 2019 and December 2020, a nearly $60 million lead over her closest competition.
The Korean singer has an estimated net worth of $275 million. She owes her fortune to smart stock investments, substantial property holdings, lucrative endorsement deals with CoverGirl cosmetics. She also owns several restaurants (the "Fat Park Burger" chain) in Seoul, a Football Team (the "Pusan Angels"), has launched her own brand of Vodka (Pure Wonderpark - South Korea), and is tackling the juniors market with a top-selling perfume (With Love from Dara) and a fashion line called "Dara Park Seduction".
The ranking is significant for many Dara fans, who have been waiting for her triumphant return to the glory days for what seems like a lifetime.
Dara Park: Recent News
Dara Park, Time's 'Person of the Year' 2021?
Dara Park: New Album and 2021 World Tour?
Dara Park to announce retirement at age 36

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


11am Friday Hurricane Lane UPDATE!
At 500 AM HST (1500 UTC), the center of Hurricane Lane was located near latitude 18.7 North, longitude 158.0 West.
At 500 AM HST (1500 UTC), the center of Hurricane Lane was located near latitude 16.9 North, longitude 157.4 West.


text:
Kirstie Parker
Contact & Acknowledgements
I am a Yuwallarai woman from northwest NSW. I am 50 years old, a daughter, a sister, an aunty and a mother and grandmother (Aboriginal way).
I am currently based in Adelaide but 'home' is Goodooga in northwest NSW. Many of my aunties, uncles, cousins and other family members – the Lambs – still live in and around Goodooga, or over the border in St George in southwest Queensland.
I was raised in a loving, safe home by my Aboriginal mum (herself the oldest of 18 children) and my non-Aboriginal dad, both of whom always told me, my sister and two brothers that we could be and do anything we wanted.
A generation ago, my family were stationhands, shearers, jackeroos and jillaroos, and domestic servants. Today, we have a teacher, youth workers, a police officer, managers of community organisations, a journalist, a surveyor…you name it…amongst our number.
In my spare time, I like to hang out with friends and family, yarning, reading, playing pool, and cooking (see separate recipes page).
I thank my family, Elders and ancestors for helping me to become who I am today.
Image Caption: Me, front left, and my family circa 1974.
2 thoughts on "My Story"
Mackenzie says:
Cool good for my information
O L I V I A says:
Thanks really helped me for a school project,
You are such an inspiration.


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Joe Legend
Global Media November 19, 2020 October 23, 2022 Uncategorized
Name: Joe Legend
Height: 6'3″ in / 191 cm
Weight: 241 lbs / 109 kg
Country: Canada / Germany
Languages: English, German
Article by Journalist Carola Bidlo for Daria! magazine 2015 (text)
"I was drawn to kickboxing for many years but ultimately I chose pro-wrestling as I enjoyed the showmanship of it as well as viewing it as a great way to see and experience much of the world. Having already been to 45 countries so far, I think that I was right about that".
The Dragon – as he is called – of wrestling has four black belts in Karate and Kung Fu. Joseph Edward Hitchen is his real name.
He is never scared when he enters the ring. He left his butterflies and nervousness of wrestling in his rookie years.
Chuck Norris is the reason of him getting involved in Martial Arts. "I'm a massive Chuck Norris fan. He and Bruce Lee were the main reasons I got into this".
Canadian wrestler Joe Legend will be part of the cast in Bruno Pischiutta's upcoming feature film "The Bad Joke''.
You've seen him act in the TV series "Heat" but mostly in the ring where he puts his muscles towards a theatrical performance.
In comparison to boxing, which is a legitimate athletic contest, "pro-wrestling is a pre-determined sports entertainment", says Joe. Matches are held between two or more sides (corners). Each corner may consist of one wrestler or a team of two.
His true pro-wrestling fans will always remember Joe from the successful tag team "Sex and Violence".
The hundreds of ladies who appreciate a well build body should know that the 'Ace' has a wife whom he met in Hannover, Germany where he now lives together with her and with his twin sons, Maverick and Connor. He is absolutely in love with them and says that "They are my best friends in the world". The seven year old twins also help their daddy stay in shape. "They keep me pretty active".
Joe Legend got even closer to the cameras in 2005 when we watched him on the Saturday evening reality show "Celebrity Wrestling", teaching stars how to wrestler.
Joe wants to be an actor! He states that he really enjoys performing and developing characters due to his wrestling background. Being just a "wrestler" isn't really a money-draw. "The real characters are the ones who draw in the fans so I have been helpful to many in getting actual character traits connected to characters and, lending that to film, it is something that I think will come naturally to me. I've performed in some films in the UK and in France as well as back in Canada so I got bit by the bug then. I'm also an author therefore developing characters is kind of pivotal as well".
His favorite actors are Russell Crowe and Tom Hanks. Both of them are Oscar winners. It makes me think that, maybe Joe wants to be a Legend and a pro in Hollywood too! "I think that Hollywood is a target for any actor. Most of all, I want to do good work that I can be proud of and, most importantly, make my kids proud of me for. I want to make a comfortable living and to inspire my kids to pursue their dreams and live their lives. This is what will satisfy me. I hold true to my own (usually high) standards. I firmly believe there is nothing I can't do. I just need to apply myself and focus. I might not have it right at first but I'll come back at it with patience and perseverance. I don't seek approval anywhere else", concludes Joe.
He admits that he has considered retiring from the world of wrestling, "I'm now 45 so the bumps and bruises tend to hurt a bit longer now than when I was in my 20's. I want to make sure I'm ingrained in my film career before I move away from wrestling so that I can comfortably bring my fan base with me for the ride. I don't want to abandon those whom have bought tickets to see me, bought my t-shirts and such in a cold-turkey way but would rather (hopefully) invite them along on this next journey in my life."
Till the producer shouts "take one" Joe is crafting his most dearly hobby of being a daddy or spending time watching stand-up comedy and playing with his rabbits (Findus and Izzy).
We shall soon see him on the big screen!
Journalist Carola Bidlo's interview with Joe Legend published in the 2015 issue of Daria! magazine (original pages from the magazine) – page #83:
Joe Legend – Daria! 2015
Joe's article pages from Daria! magazine 2015:
Joe's wrestling presentation:
Bruno Pischiutta, Daria Trifu, Film Actors, Global Film Actors Agency, Global Film Studio Inc., International Film Actors, Joe Legend
Previous Angytta Cherrier
Next Yannis Aivazis


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Tag: Mumbai
BJP responsible for most hate speech in India, study finds
July 11, 2018 India Bihar, BJP, Caste, Hindu nationalism, India, Minorities, Mumbai, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh
The north-eastern Indian state of Bihar leads the way for hate speech in India, according to a new study published by Telegraph India. Law students from three different universities in Patna, Dehradun and New Delhi used media reports between 2014-2018 to examine the use of hate speech in the country. They . . . Read More
Indians take to the streets in protest against religious violence
July 7, 2017 India Assam, Bangalore, Beef, BJP, Dalits, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kochi, Mumbai, Narendra Modi
Thousands of people, including church groups and representatives of civil society, have gathered in cities across India over the past ten days to protest against mounting religious intolerance and to express solidarity with the victims of the violence, under the banner "Not in My Name". The protests in Kolkata, Hyderabad, . . . Read More
Protests as Mumbai officials remove cross from 'private land'
May 4, 2017 India Crosses, India, Mumbai
A local authority in Mumbai is being taken to the High Court over the removal of a 122-year-old cross that is reported to have stood on private land, reports New Delhi Television. The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) removed the cross in Bandra, a wealthy Mumbai suburb, on 29 April in . . . Read More
India: bishop 'shocked' after Assam attack
June 27, 2016 India Assam, Bajrang Dal, Hindu nationalism, Hyderabad, India, Minorities, Mumbai, Narendra Modi, Uttar Pradesh
A bishop in the north-eastern Indian state of Assam has spoken of his "shock" after a local priest was attacked with a machete on 19 June. Bishop Michael Akasius Toppo of Tezpur it was "the first ever incident like this in our region". (Assam is one of , linked to . . . Read More
Indian beef ban hits 'untouchable' Dalits hardest
March 13, 2015 India Bangalore, Beef, BJP, Dalits, Hindutva, Maharashtra, Mumbai, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
A national ban on beef, the cheapest meat in India, would hurt all of India's tribal peoples.Meena Kadri / Flickr / CC The west Indian state of Maharashtra, run by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), caused a commotion last week when it received Federal approval to enforce . . . Read More
2 attacks prompt Christians to stop meeting at Indian church
January 31, 2013 India Hindu nationalism, India, Maharashtra, Mumbai
An uneasy calm prevails 20 miles east of India's largest city, in a rural village where Hindus recently have twice attacked Christians, who in turn have agreed to stop holding meetings in a prayer hall. The first attack came Dec. 30, when Adivasi tribal Christians living in the village of . . . Read More
India Briefs: Recent Incidents of Persecution
December 30, 2011 India Andhra Pradesh, Bangalore, Hindu nationalism, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Mumbai, Pentecostals, RSS, Tamil Nadu
Police arrested a Christian after Hindu extremists on Dec. 22 accused him of forceful conversion in Nagarcoil. The Global Council of Indian Christians reported that Hindu extremists accused Sagaya Dass of forceful conversion after he and students from SP Hindu College organised a Christmas program. The extremists filed a police . . . Read More


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At Growth Orbit, we believe in an alignment of our mission and the work we do for our customers. Our client work is exciting and challenging, and our commitment to helping our customers grow is an energizing part of our culture. We embrace the many passions people bring to Growth Orbit and enable them to focus on what drives them professionally and personally.
Find out what happens when you combine the best people with exciting opportunities.


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Why The Orville's Moclans Are Good For Both The Show And Sci-Fi In General
By Mick Joest published 30 July 19
After two seasons, The Orville has quite emphatically established itself and left an impact on the world of space-based science fiction television. What seemed at first to be little more than an homage to the episodic Star Trek formula has evolved into a riveting series that gets bigger and better with each episode. There are many reasons for this, although I'd argue one of the biggest things that has made the series great is its creation and use of the Moclans.
Whether it's Bortus and Klyden, or an episode centered on some of the unique traits of Moclan culture, The Orville has created a fictional race that elevates the show and the rest of science fiction. Hopefully any Moclan readers have made that annual trip to go pee, because we're about to dive in and talk about what makes these guys (and occasional girls) so great.
Moclan Culture Allows The Orville To Tackle Modern Social Issues In A Unique Way
Of The Orville's episodes that viewers may find the most divisive or relevant to social issues, many are related to Moclan culture. More often than not issues tend to arise from the species "all-male" race which prohibits the birth of females. Viewers have since learned that the "rare" instance of female birth within Moclan culture is not all that rare, and the lie is propagated by the Moclan government.
It's not hard to see how the issue parallels to human issues in modern society, and yet, The Orville has nuanced it to the point that it feels incredibly foreign. In essence, the series has created a way to tackle relevant issues in society, while at the same time adding enough layers that it doesn't feel too personal. Granted, some will find a an excuse to take issue with anything, but The Orville does a decent job keeping issues tied to its universe.
Which is a great way to start a conversation towards addressing the complex issues The Orville references in our everyday lives. Enabling viewers to disassociate with modern issues and presenting them within a fictional context allows for dialogue without things becoming too personal, which often is a detriment towards conversation. If we can eventually agree on what does and doesn't make sense in Moclan culture, perhaps common ground can eventually be reached in what makes sense in human culture.
Bortus And Klyden Provide A Refreshing Take On Marriage In Space
Bortus and Klyden aren't the only couple to have had marital issues in space, but they certainly present a more realistic viewpoint of the struggles of marriage than sci-fi has in the past. Bortus and Klyden are the perfect couple that always seems to be on each other's nerves but still has each others' back. It isn't perfect, but no marriage is.
Couples have fights, and sometimes, they can get pretty ugly. Granted, the kind of fights that end in a brutal stabbing in the real world often have legal consequences, but Moclan culture comes through yet again with the weird customs that protected Klyden in Season 2. Even so, Bortus and Klyden persevered and are still working on their marriage despite all the hurdles that they have faced.
Their dynamic, and The Orville's handling of relationships in general, is a great example that sometimes it's fine for the sci-fi to take a back seat. While some shows make romance or inter-couple dynamics a subplot with the space stuff front and center, The Orville has found a way to balance both in a meaningful way that gives both equal spotlight. No disrespect to Ed and Kelly and others, but Bortus and Klyden is the best Orville relationship.
They Are The Embodiment Of Issues That Exist Within Multicultural Politics
Any time Moclan issues rear their head on The Orville, it's safe to say a bulk of the human crew is ethically against many of their customs. In fact, Ed typically does try to stand for what's right within the context of human rights, but is often reminded that the Moclans are part of the Planetary Union, and that standing in the way of their customs could mean war.
While it's true The Orville is far from the first sci-fi series to showcase that kind of conflict, the subject matter is typically so personal that it's hard not to understand where Ed is coming from as a viewer. The Orville's crew didn't want Bortus' daughter to have a sex change if it wasn't Bortus' will, but was it really worth pissing off one of the biggest military forces in the galaxy?
It just feels so much more personal on The Orville, and to me, makes it so much easier to understand why international politics are such a tricky field to navigate. It's never easy, and answers aren't as obvious as some folks would believe. The Moclans are a great example of that, and will surely continue to be well into the show's future.
The Orville Doesn't Always Take The Moclans Seriously, And That's Good
For as dark as Moclan-based story lines can be on The Orville, there's been plenty of times that the series has used Bortus and Klyden for comedic purposes. It's a different approach to what Star Trek has done with Klingons, for example, who are mocked far less often in comparison. To be honest, this is a case where Star Trek could learn from The Orville.
In being able to laugh both with and at Bortus and Klyden, it gives an emotional investment that makes their stories all the more intriguing. Klingon death rituals are a cool spectacle and all, but when have one of those scenes ever matched the emotional weight of when Bortus revealed in couples counseling he never forgave Klyden for Topa's sex change? Those moments aren't emotional without alleviating the tension tied to their characters I believe, and more science fiction shows could benefit from making their serious warrior races less serious from time to time.
Seth MacFarlane Reveals The Most Challenging Orville Episode...So Far
The Orville is headed to Hulu for Season 3, so be sure to stick with CinemaBlend for more updates on its progress and the latest news on things happening in television and movies.
Mick Joest
Mick likes good television, but also reality television. He grew up on Star Wars, DC, Marvel, and pro wrestling and loves to discuss and dissect most of it. He's been writing online for over a decade and never dreamed he'd be in the position he is today.


Bird's-eye view of the Great River battery, three hundred yards from the Rebel citadel.
The Siege of Port Hudson occurred from May 21 to July 9, 1863, when Union Army troops assaulted and then surrounded the Mississippi River town of Port Hudson, Louisiana, during the American Civil War.
In cooperation with Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's offensive against Vicksburg, Mississippi, Union Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's army moved against the Confederate stronghold at Port Hudson on the Mississippi River. On May 27, 1863, after their frontal assaults were repulsed, the Federals settled into a siege that lasted for 48 days. Banks renewed his assaults on June 14 but the defenders successfully repelled them. On July 9, 1863, after hearing of the fall of Vicksburg, the Confederate garrison of Port Hudson surrendered, opening the Mississippi River to Union navigation from its source to New Orleans.
From the time the American Civil War started in April 1861, both the North and South made controlling the Mississippi River a major part of their strategy. The Confederacy wanted to keep using the river to transport needed supplies; the Union wanted to stop this supply route and drive a wedge that would divide Confederate states and territories. Particularly important to the South was the stretch of the Mississippi that included the mouth of the Red River. The Red was the Confederacy's primary route for moving vital supplies between east and west: salt, cattle, and horses traveled downstream from the Trans-Mississippi West; in the opposite direction flowed men and munitions from the east.
According to the historian John D. Winters in his The Civil War in Louisiana (1963), "Port Hudson, unlike Baton Rouge, was one of the strongest points on the river, and batteries placed upon the bluffs could command the entire river front." [Similar to Quebec City in the French and Indian War].
In the spring of 1862, the Union took control of New Orleans and Memphis, Tennessee. To make sure it could continue to use the middle section of the river, the South fortified positions at both Vicksburg, and Port Hudson. Af few days after the fall of Baton Rouge to the Union, Confederate General John C. Breckinridge carried out the wishes of General Earl Van Dorn by occupying Port Hudson, situated between Baton Rouge and Bayou Sara, with troops under the command of General Daniel Ruggles.
In May 1863, Union land and naval forces began a campaign they hoped would give them control of the full length of the Mississippi River. One army under Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant commenced operations against the Confederacy's fortified position at Vicksburg at the northern end of the stretch of the river still in Southern hands. At about the same time, another army under Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks moved against Port Hudson, which stood at the southern end. Banks's lead division encountered Confederates on May 21 at the Battle of Plains Store. By May 23, Banks's forces, which increased in strength from 30,000 to 40,000 men as the operation progressed, had surrounded the Port Hudson defenses. Banks hoped to overrun the entrenchments quickly, then take his army northward to assist Grant at Vicksburg.
Within the Confederate fortifications at Port Hudson were approximately 7,500 men. Their commander was Maj. Gen. Franklin Gardner, a New Yorker by birth. His goals were to have his men defend their positions as long as possible in order to prevent Banks's troops from joining Grant, and to keep Confederate control of this part of the Mississippi.
On the morning of May 27, 1863, under Maj. Gen. Banks, the Union army launched ferocious assaults against the lengthy Confederate fortifications. Among the attackers were two regiments of African-American soldiers, the 1st and 3rd Louisiana Native Guard. The attacks were uncoordinated, and the defenders easily turned them back, causing heavy Northern casualties. Andre Cailloux, a free man of color from New Orleans and the Captain of the 1st Louisiana Native Guard, Company E, died heroically in this first assault. His death became a rallying cry for the recruitment of African-American soldiers. Union generals Thomas W. Sherman and Neal Dow were both seriously wounded and Col. Edward P. Chapin was killed in this attack.
Banks's troops made a second, similarly haphazard assault on June 14. Again they were repulsed, suffering even more dead and wounded soldiers, including division commander Brig. Gen. Halbert E. Paine, who fell wounded, losing a leg.
The elaborate defenses they built and difficult terrain in the area assisted the Confederates in keeping this part of the Mississippi under their control. The Federals had no choice but to besiege Port Hudson to obtain access to the full length of the Mississippi.
The fighting at Port Hudson illustrated how artillery affected the conduct of a siege. The Union Army combined artillery fire with sharpshooting riflemen as it attempted to keep the defenders from getting supplies of food or other necessities; the Union Navy added their big guns to the bombardment. The Confederates responded to the Union forces with rifle and artillery fire. Recognizing how dangerous this type of fighting could be, each side also built elaborate earthworks to protect themselves.
The siege created hardships and deprivations for both the North and South, but by early July the Confederates were in much worse shape. They had exhausted practically all of their food supplies and ammunition, and fighting and disease had greatly reduced the number of men able to defend the trenches. When Maj. Gen. Gardner learned that Vicksburg had surrendered, he realized that his situation was hopeless and that nothing could be gained by continuing. The terms of surrender were negotiated, and on July 9, 1863, the Confederates laid down their weapons, ending 48 days of continuous fighting. Captain Thornton A. Jenkins accepted the Confederate surrender, as Admiral David Farragut was in New Orleans.
The surrender gave the Union control of the Mississippi River, severing communications between the eastern and western states of the Confederacy. Both sides suffered heavy casualties: about 5,000 Union men were killed or wounded, and an additional 5,000 fell prey to disease or sunstroke; Gardner's forces suffered around 750 casualties, several hundred of whom died of disease. Six thousand five hundred Confederates surrendered and were sent North into custody.
After the war, a small number of former soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions at Port Hudson, including George Mason Lovering of the 4th Massachusetts.
This text is based upon The Siege of Port Hudson: "Forty Days and Nights in the Wilderness of Death", a lesson plan written by Gregg Potts and Arthur W. Bergeron, Jr., for the National Parks Service. This is a work of the U.S. Government and is in the public domain.
Faller, Phillip E. (November 2002). "Siege of Port Hudson". America's Civil War. http://www.historynet.com/magazines/american_civil_war/3037456.html. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
Official atlas: Atlas to accompany the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.
ORA (Official records, armies): War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate Armies.
ORN (Official records, navies): Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion.
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Kennedy, pp. 183-84.
↑ ORN I, v. 18, p. 131.


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Hitchiner supports a wide range of community-based and arts organizations in Southern New Hampshire.
Hitchiner's Connections With Our Community
Hitchiner People Care
Through robust personal engagement and financial support of government, civic, and charitable organizations, Hitchiner and its employees promote the welfare of global society and the communities in which they live and work.
At home, Hitchiner people volunteer locally as firefighters, town selectmen and committee members, youth organization mentors and coaches, environmental advocates, faith leaders and contributors and with many service, humanitarian, cultural, and philanthropic organizations.
On the job, Hitchiner people are leaders and contributors to many professional organizations such as the American Foundry Society, Investment Casting Institute, American Society for Metals, SAE International, and more.
Hitchiner supports a wide range of community-based and arts organizations, including the Souhegan Valley Boys & Girls Club, Child & Family Services of New Hampshire, and Rotary Clubs, among others. Contributions to the arts include the Currier Museum of Art (Manchester, NH), Monadnock Music Festival, and opera programs.
Hitchiner® also invests in tomorrow's achievers today with over 20 college scholarships.
Conservation and preservation efforts have also been a hallmark of the Company's commitment to community. The 194-acre Hitchiner Town Forest, donated by the Company to the Town of Milford, NH, is a highly valued New England wild space. In addition to trails for hiking, mountain biking, cross-country skiing, and snowshoeing, the forest, "provides prime habitat for white-tailed deer, wild turkey, red and gray squirrels, ruffed grouse, weasels, mink, fisher cats, snowshoe rabbit, red fox and porcupine. The variety of forest types and age classes provides a multitude of habitat and 'edge,' or interface, between two types of ecosystems." (Town of Milford, NH Conservation Plan)
Hitchiner's 100-plus year-old, 70-acre Savage Farm in Milford, NH, preserved by easement for agricultural purposes, is considered a key resource within the active agriculture component of the Town of Milford, NH Conservation Plan.


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The highs and lows of 2021 over the road with Overdrive
Alex Lockie
As the sun sets on 2021, time for a look back at life over the road with Overdrive.
If 2020 turned the trucking world on its head, then 2021 required drivers to remain upside down, tie their hands together, and race amongst each other to cash in on a record-setting freight market during a supply chain crisis that became front page news.
While the pandemic went from a once-in-a-lifetime phenomenon to a fact of daily life, the White House changed hands, and a raft of new regulations and potential other changes washed ashore during a perfect storm of factors that pushed the industry to the brink while wages generally rose faster than any time in a generation.
Through it all, Overdrive has been there talking to drivers and hearing their stories in our usual contexts, like custom truck videos and profiles of niche hauling trades, and about the extraordinary, like a nationwide vaccine mandate and diesel fuel shortages. Here, we'll review the wild ride that was 2021 in hopes to give drivers a clearer view of what has changed, and what may lie ahead.
Even if 2021 hadn't brought a pandemic, vaccine mandates, and a historically tight freight market, it would have been a big year for us at Overdrive, as it marked 60 years since Mike Parkhurst founded the magazine as a sometimes tongue-in-cheek, gonzo entry into world of professional drivers and truck owners. Throughout the year, Overdrive reflected on Parkhurst's prolific career publishing the magazine, producing films, and even opening up a fantastically fancy Los Angeles resort for drivers that sounds today like something from a Quentin Tarantino movie. Find the entirety of our 60th-anniversary series via this link, with plenty in the way of lookbacks and updates of past coverage of issues and the trucking lifestyle. A few Overdrive Radio podcasts in that series in particular even made the final cut of the most-listened-to podcasts of the year.
Overdrive Radio · 2021 in review: The top Overdrive Radio podcasts of the year
In February, Overdrive Editors Todd Dills and Max Heine set out to explore concerns and frustrations with the FMCSA's DataQs system, which drivers and fleets frequently found clunky and unjust as the wait to have simple administrative errors during inspections removed from the record. So many in wait suffered detrimental effects on business prospects with adverse scoring in the Compliance, Safety, Accountability system and dings on drivers' Pre-Employment Screening Program reports.
Even with such frustrations, fleets and government appeared to get serious about the question of driver compensation. Dills and Heine ran a big survey on how drivers like to get compensated, long before the Biden Administration thought to do similar later in the year. The authors did the hard work of sussing out what type of pay structures best compensate drivers for a job that's as much lifestyle as work, looking at the promise of guaranteed pay in the face of uncertainty on the road, time-based pay as a hedge against detention, and why most leased owner-ops still prefer skin in the game with percentage pay.
In July, the Overdrive family was sad to see Heine retire, but this author, who started working at Overdrive in May, was grateful to have overlapped with the sage editor and to see him retire happy, healthy, and deeply admired by his colleagues and the readers he served for so long.
Moving on to the issues of the present, as one of the most fraught holiday shipping seasons ever finally wraps up, the warnings came in early this year about potential delays at the ports. Meanwhile, a semiconductor shortage hamstrung production of new trucks, and myriad other materials and manufacturing bottlenecks hampered new builds on trailers and just about everything else. Overdrive drilled down into what makes the intermodal hauling niche tick, and found out that with a bit of preparation, know-how, and some luck, haulers can cash in on fantastic rates at the ports. Small fleet owner Bill Aboudi provided this image pointing out his truck in a long lineup at the port of Oakland, California.
Overall, driver pay remained a bright spot around trucking that kept drivers coming back for more in a year that had no shortage of discouragement and uncertainty. Transportation and Labor Secretaries Pete Buttigieg and Marty Walsh wrote in favor of overtime pay for drivers, not required under current law in the Fair Labor Standards Act. Owner-operators even found an unlikely ally in the IRS, which found a simpler, more valuable way to calculate per diem tax breaks. But amid all the jockeying for drivers' favor, it turned out to be the good old market economy that lifted owner-operator wages up 10% to about $70,000 annually, something of a record average for that cohort, by mid-year. Contributor Gary Buchs chimed in throughout the year with tips on buying fuel and dealing with diesel aftertreatment "demons." In that same vein, the Partners In Business series offered regular check ins on how to run a smooth operation, even if it's just a one-truck gig.
But while money and that invisible hand spins the globe for anyone with bills or a family, 2021 laid bare another requirement from work that's just as important: Dignity and respect. Drivers, often regarded as over-regulated and under-paid, flocked to self-employment at a record-setting pace, reflecting best efforts to cash in on record rates. With the vaccine mandate, first announced in September, the divide between company driver and owner-operator became more apparent than ever. This scene from where Aaron Walters' glider kit rig was parked at the Walcott event, during the nighttime lights competition, shows some of the rig's illuminated accents.
This year, regulations targeted the availability of production glider kits (even as Overdrive profiled some seriously cool glider kits) and mandated changes in U.S.-Canada border crossing requirements. President Joe Biden ordered California's main ports to stay open 24/7, but the trucking world responded to that news in unison, contending it will take more than just a wave of the administrative wand to cure port backlogs. Even now, California's ever-advancing slate of CARB regulations is raisin new constitutional/privacy concerns with its "smog check" program.
Supply chain issues became so bad, in fact, that when a major CPAP machine recall happened, many drivers couldn't find replacements to ensure compliance with treatment regimes required by their medical certification.
In November, a mysterious diesel fuel shortage cropped up out West and in Ohio, with no real explanation for the fight ever coming out. As for the "driver shortage," that shibboleth of fleet managers, Overdrive thoroughly debunked that notion from every angle, most recently with the help of MIT scientists discerning that drivers only average about 6.5 hours behind the wheel as hassles like truck parking and detention at warehouses eats up so much productivity.
Asked Overdrive Extra columnist "Long Haul Paul" Marhoefer, channeling one of those MIT analysts: How can drivers be both scarce and underutilized at the same time?
Also, in a year marked by extreme weather events confounding a pandemic, we sought legal advice on whether or not drivers can refuse to haul in bad weather.
Now, between Christmas and New Years, is a good time to remember that we stayed true to Parkhurst's original vision for Overdrive this year in that we had a lot of fun. Dills' and Matt Cole's dispatches from North Carolina and Iowa in-person and the virtual Pride & Polish truck show took an often humorous, and always personal look at the world of trucking up close. We spoke to a bonafide TV star with Ice Road Truckers' Lisa Kelly.
I wrote a review of a pretty silly trucking movie on Netflix and what it means for trucking. We checked in with a female-led team of drivers volunteering their time to help relieve the communities destroyed by deadly tornadoes in December.
Overdrive Radio · A tale of two loads of Kentucky tornado relief collected, distributed, with owner-op Daniel Koors
Year 2021 may go down as yet another in which driver and broader supply chain issues crossed over into the mainstream of news and reporting. But Overdrive, in its decades-long quest to serve as the Voice of the American Trucker, is no stranger to these issues, and won't forget the men and women who make this an industry to be proud of. As politicians and businesspeople seek to fix trucking or save it, the new year marks as good a time as any for us to recognize you, and to thank you for all that you do for communities across the country.
Thanks for your hard work, thanks for hanging out with us and Happy New Year! Here's to a better year in 2022 made possible by our deeper understanding forged in 2021.
[Related: POLL -- Business outlook for 2022: what's your income expectation for the new year?]
Faces of the Road: Canadian songwriter/owner-operator Mike Murchison
'If it didn't come by Santa, it came by truck'
Trucks With Room to Spare turns chaos into blessings in the aftermath of deadly Kentucky tornadoes
Healing power of a good read -- or listen: A case for audiobooks on the road
Showcase your workhorse
Add a photo of your rig to our Reader Rigs collection to share it with your peers and the world. Tell us the story behind the truck and your business to help build its story.
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Home > Research > Publications & Outputs > Converging Experiences, Converging Audiences
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Available under license: CC BY-NC-ND: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
Converging Experiences, Converging Audiences: An Analysis of Doctor Who on Twitch
Naomi Jacobs
Paul Booth
Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies
While primarily considered to be a platform for livestreaming of video games, Twitch has recently diversified into streaming archival television content. In 2018 and 2019, episodes of the television show Doctor Who, originally aired between 1963 and 1989, were shown on the service, which also provides a synchronous chat function for viewers to communicate with each other as they watch.
This article examines this phenomenon through conducting qualitative and quantitative surveys with a segment of the viewership of these streams in order to uncover a diversity of age and experience with the content that exposes a convergence of viewership. Results indicate that the convergence of audiences and novel affordances of the service provide opportunities for new experiences and forms of interaction, both with the media content and with other viewers. The live, synchronous nature of the broadcast is a key feature, and while some viewers found having less control over their viewing experience disconcerting, it resulted in different watching and production practices. This included the creation of memetic content which was shared with the wider community of fans beyond those watching the stream. We argue that new forms of communal watching are enabled by digital convergence and emerging technology platforms and services. These lead to new shared media experiences and outcomes.


Christiaan and Kseniya Welzel ventured into Chernobyl's exclusion zone on the 27th anniversary of the plant's nuclear disaster and documented their experience. Beautiful Ghost: A Filmmaker's Look at Chernobyl attempts to capture the location's eerie beauty and convey the feelings the Welzels felt there. "Yes it's scary, it's a little eerie, but at the same time it was very peaceful," Kseniya says.
Footage available exclusively at Dissolve.
Read Christiaan and Kseniya's behind-the-scenes account.
Footage shot by Christiaan Welzel.


A Sierra Vista area State Senator has introduced legislation that would circumvent current law by easing requirements that new developments must show the availability of a 100 year supply of water. This will clear the way for approval of developments, e.g., the massive development proposed along the San Pedro River south of Benson. It is hard not to view this as a death sentence for our river and the rural character of our area.
Arizona Audubon is organizing comments on the proposed legislation. In this post, they explain how you can go about registering comments on this issue with our State legislators.
This entry was posted in Advocacy, River Protection by FSPR Contributor. Bookmark the permalink.


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Physician Assistant Specialties and Salaries
More in Healthcare Professionals
Healthcare Compensation
Geriatric Care
Andrea Clement Santiago
Andrea Clement Santiago is a medical staffing expert and communications executive. She's a writer with a background in healthcare recruiting.
Physician assistants, also known as PAs, are medical providers who can practice independently in some states, and work with the oversight of a licensed physician in other states. Physician assistants complete a master's degree from an accredited physician assistant program. Like physicians, PAs can specialize in a variety of medical specialties, some of which provide higher pay than others.
Here are some specialties that PAs can practice ranked according to the highest paying areas of medicine based on the 2018 Statistical Profile of Certified Physician Assistants from the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants (NCCPA). The survey included 89 percent of all certified PAs.
Pathology — $111,000
Physician assistants specializing in pathology earn the highest annual income on average, according to the NCCPA. With an average annual salary of $111,000 and a median (midpoint) income of $115,000, pathology is a very lucrative specialty for PAs.
What Are the Highest Paying Medical Careers?
Dermatology — $126,084
PAs in dermatology earn the second-highest annual income on average, according to the NCCPA, with an average annual salary of $126,084 and a median salary of $115,000.
Dermatology is a lucrative specialty for both physician and non-physician providers like PAs.
It combines medically necessary issues such as skin cancer and rashes, which are reimbursable from insurance plans, with cosmetic and elective procedures such as botox, skin peels, and fillers, which are paid on a cash basis by patients. Cash pay provides a boost to the bottom line of medical practices because it prevents interference from insurance companies, which can slow down cash flow and limit reimbursements.
Emergency Medicine — $123,006
Another high-paying specialty for physician assistants in emergency medicine, a hospital-based practice seeing patients on a walk-in basis. These PAs diagnose and treat chronic and acute illnesses, perform physical exams, prescribe medications, and order or perform diagnostic tests such as x-rays or labs. While the average annual salary is $123,006, the median salary is $115,000.
Critical Care Medicine — $122,957
Physician assistants in the field of critical care medicine are another group of high-earning medical professionals. They average $122,957 per year, with a median salary of $115,000.
Surgical Subspecialties — $119,852
PAs who go into surgical subspecialties can expect to earn an average of $119,852 per year, with a median salary of $115,000. Among other things, physician assistants in surgical subspecialties provide education for families, treat and diagnose patients, prescribe medications, do physical exams, and help surgeons perform procedures. These surgical subspecialties include cardiothoracic, colon and rectal, gynecology and obstetrics, neurology, gynecologic oncology, ophthalmology, orthopedic, urology, vascular, oral and maxillofacial, otorhinolaryngology, plastic, and pediatrics.
General Surgery — $112,396
Physician assistants in general surgery earn an average of $112,396 annually, with a median income of $105,000.
Lowest Paying Specialties for Physician Assistants
Not all physician assistants earn six-figure salaries. However, even the lower-paying PA jobs average in the $69,120 range. According to the U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Outlook Handbook, PAs as a whole averaged around $108,610 in May 2018.
The lowest paying specialties for physician assistants include:
Adolescent Medicine — $90,588
Gynecology — $94,731
Pediatrics — $92,194
Obstetrics and Gynecology — $96,244
Other specialties that physician assistants can choose to practice include anesthesiology, family medicine, hospice and palliative medicine, hospital medicine, preventative medicine, psychiatry, urology, pain management, internal medicine, occupational medicine, physical medicine, and radiology. These specialties all pay in the mid- to high-$90,000s or more.
Why PA Salaries Are On the Rise
Get tips on how to better manage your health practice.
American Academy of Physician Assistants. What is a PA?.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational outlook handbook, Physician Assistants. Updated September 2019.
National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants (NCCPA). 2018 Statistical Profile of Certified Physician Assistants,
National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants (NCCPA). 2016 Statistical Profile of Certified Physician Assistants by Specialty, 2017.
Certificate of Added Qualification for Physicians and PAs
Earn the Most Wit Lucrative Medical Health Careers
Nurse Practitioners Can Diagnose and Treat Patients Just Like Physicians
Some Key Things to Think About If You Want to Be a Pediatrician
Top 3 Highest Paying Nursing Careers
What Does It Take to Become a Surgeon?
Check Out These Physician Careers in Pain Management
Basic Career and Salary Information for Neurologists
6 Career Options in Primary Care Medicine
Choosing a Pediatric Subspecialty
What Does It Take to Become a Physician?
How Much Anesthesiologists Make
Lowest-Paying Physician Careers
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High-Paying Health Therapy Careers
Why Work as an EM Physician or Hospitalist Part Time?


Als in der Wahrheit, die das Leben lehrt.
than in the truth life teaches.
to put the children in if they were bad.
It was a hole so deep you'd never come back.
and filled our heads with unbelievable things.
half off — so desperate they were to fit.
when steel–grey birds descended from the skies.
who wooed her with a man's words in the woods.
leapt fully formed out of the wolf alive.
the warring home dug deep inside the city.
We live today those stories we were told.
Es war einmal im tiefen tiefen Wald.
About the Author: Diane Thiel is the author of six books of poetry, nonfiction and creative writing pedagogy: Echolocations (Nicholas Roerich Prize, 2000), Writing Your Rhythm (2001), The White Horse: A Colombian Journey (2004), Resistance Fantasies (2004), Crossroads: Creative Writing Exercises in Four Genres (2005) and Open Roads: Exercises in Writing Poetry (2005). Her work appears in Poetry, Best American Poetry 1999 and is re–printed in over 25 major anthologies. She received her BA and MFA from Brown University, and has traveled and lived in various countries in Europe and South America. A recent Fulbright Scholar, she is Associate Professor at the University of New Mexico. For more information, you can visit her website.
Notes: Kinder– und Hausmärchen is the original title of Grimm's Fairy Tales. Es war einmal im tiefen tiefen Wald: Once upon a time in the deep deep woods.
"Kinder– und Hausmärchen" is copyright © 1999 by Diane Thiel. The poem first appeared in Poetry Magazine (December 1999), and in Diane Thiel's poetry collection Echolocations (2000). It may not be reproduced in any form without the author's express written permission.


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Irma Evangelina Cedeño Rascón (born December 28, 1989), known professionally as Eva Cedeño, is a Mexican actress. She is known for playing the role of Elena Villaseñor in the telenovela Te doy la vida.

Biography
Cedeño began her career in 2011 as a TV host for Teledición Hermosillo. In 2013, Cedeño competed in the Nuestra Belleza Jalisco pageant. In 2014, she began to study acting at the Centro de Educación Artística of Televisa. Cedeño made her acting debut in the 2015 telenovela A que no me dejas, where she played the role of Odette. In 2020, she landed her first telenovela lead role in Te doy la vida, portraying Elena Villaseñor.

Filmography

Film roles

Television roles

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Mexican telenovela actresses
Mexican television actresses
Actresses from Sonora
People from Hermosillo
21st-century Mexican actresses

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Date of Acceptance 21-Nov-2019
Keywords: Authenticity, collection, electronic data, extraction
Wang B, Liu Y. Collection and judgment of electronic data evidence in criminal cases: From the perspective of investigation and evidence collection by public security organs. J Forensic Sci Med 2019;5:187-94
Wang B, Liu Y. Collection and judgment of electronic data evidence in criminal cases: From the perspective of investigation and evidence collection by public security organs. J Forensic Sci Med [serial online] 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 20];5:187-94. Available from: http://www.jfsmonline.com/text.asp?2019/5/4/187/272718
China has clearly defined the allowable types of criminal evidence in the form of statute law. Initially, electronic data were not considered a legal type of criminal evidence. However, electronic data became a kind of evidence to be collected in the investigation of criminal cases due to the rapid development of the Internet and the continuous innovation of information technology. Therefore, when the Criminal Procedure Law of China was amended in 2012, electronic data were combined with audiovisual materials as a kind of formal statutory evidence. In 2016, a special judicial interpretation of "Regulations on Collecting, Extracting and Judging Electronic Data in Criminal Cases" (hereinafter referred to as "Regulations on Electronic Data") was issued. The new 2018 Criminal Procedure Law still stipulates electronic data as a separate type of evidence.
Electronic data are not the digitization of other kinds of evidence. While witness testimonies, statements from the victims, criminal suspects, defense, and defendants are recorded in digital form, they considered only the record of verbal evidence. Thus, this information still belongs to witness testimonies and the statements from victims, criminal suspects, defendants, and defense, and are not considered as electronic data. However, this information can be collected, extracted, and judged according to the provisions of electronic data.
Here, electronic data refers to the data collected in the course of a criminal case. It is stored, processed, and transmitted in digital form to prove the facts of the criminal case. Electronic data include two kinds of content: 1. Information: (1) information published by web pages, blogs, microblogs, WeChat friendship circles, paste bars, net disk, and other network platforms. For example, suspects may post information about drug trafficking in some net forums; (2) Short messages, emails, instant messaging, and communication information from network application services, such as communication groups. For example, suspects plan a robbery by chatting on WeChat with each other. Before electronic evidence was used as a separate type of evidence, smartphone short messages were usually classified as documentary evidence because of the specific content of their records, which can be used to prove the case; (3) User registration information, identity authentication information, electronic transaction records, communication records, login logs, and other information. For example, the suspect commits theft using illegal means to obtain the victim's online banking account number and password and 2. Electronic documents: i.e., files, pictures, audio, and video data, computer programs, and other electronic documents. For example, computer viruses used by suspects to attack government websites.
The charges involved in each criminal case are different and the specific content of evidence to be obtained also differs. The electronic evidence must meet the requirements of general electronic data evidence if it needs to be submitted to the court as the basis for the trial. Whether the process of obtaining evidence conforms to the relevant provisions is likely to be the key factor in deciding if a criminal case can be prosecuted successfully.
Next, we illustrate electronic data forensics in criminal cases from the perspective of an investigative and forensic investigator.
Basis for Evidence Collection
When the criminal case investigation unit obtains the clues of the case through citizen reporting, accusations, or the suspect's automatic surrender, the unit will immediately verify the information, conduct preliminary inquiries, become acquainted with the relevant situation, make a record, and register the evidence obtained.
After verification of the case details in those cases where there is evidence to prove the existence of criminal facts, investigators can perform electronic data forensics after the case-handling unit accepts the case. Investigators should collect all electronic data related to the case, including electronic data directly stored in hardware and software, such as computer hard disks and software programs, as well as electronic data stored in peripheral devices, such as printers and disk drives. All electronic data should be collected to avoid omissions, regardless of its form, e.g., text information, images or videos, or evidence proving the guilt or innocence of a criminal suspect. In particular, criminals using electronic data may use their computer systems to erase the data related to the subject of criminal investigation, thereby destroying the evidence. The speed and confidentiality of criminal investigations play an important role in the success of an investigation.[1] If the electronic data are deleted by criminals or deleted for other reasons, we should use certain technical means to restore the data to prove the facts of the case more comprehensively.
However, investigators have no right to perform electronic data forensics without corresponding evidence in investigation documents. Even if the investigation and forensics work is performed, the obtained electronic data will not become evidence in criminal cases because of the violation of legal procedures.
In investigating and collecting electronic data involving state secrets, business secrets, personal privacy, and so on, we should pay attention to confidentiality and prevent leakage. When it is found that the obtained electronic data are irrelevant to the case, if there are clear legal owners, it should be returned in time, otherwise it should be destroyed.
Collection and Extraction of Electronic Data
Impound and seal original storage media
When collecting electronic data evidence, the case officers who impound and seal the original storage media should ensure it is all collected as much as possible, including U disks, SD cards, and digital versatile discs. Electronic data can be replicated to obtain exactly the same data. In this way, the data are completely separated from the storage media and are not affected by changes in different storage media. This is a significant difference between electronic data and other evidence, such as documentary and material evidence. For example, the paper financial statements that prove the financial situation of the involved company, whether obtained through photocopying or scanning, cannot be the same paper documents as the original financial statements. However, when electronic data are printed from its storage medium, the original data cannot be identified. For example, the company's electronic financial statements stored on the computer hard disk only output raw data regardless of whether they are printed through a standard printer using black and white or color ink. Therefore, when talking about electronic data, we do not distinguish whether the electronic data are original, but whether its storage medium is original. Thus, the investigators can collect electronic data by seizing and storing the media that stored the electronic data.
The original storage medium of electronic data should be sealed and the object's condition at the time of sealing should be photographed to clearly reflect the condition at or after sealing. When necessary, these photos should clearly reflect the details of internal storage media from electronic devices to ensure that electronic data were not added, deleted nor modified, and ensure that the authenticity of electronic data cannot be affected by sealing. For example, an original storage medium is put into a material evidence bag and sealed. Considering storage media with wireless communication functionality, such as smartphones, measures such as blocking or shielding their wireless signals or cutting off their power supply should be taken to seal them. For example, turning off the smartphone's recovery function and turning on its flight mode. When necessary, electronic devices with data and information storage functions and internal storage media, such as hard disks and memory cards, can be sealed separately.
Extraction of electronic data
The electronic data can be extracted only when the original storage medium of electronic data cannot be impounded. The storage location of the original storage medium, the source of the electronic data, and the reasons why the original storage medium cannot be impounded should be recorded and the electronic data value should be checked for integrity and to verify the authenticity of the electronic data source.
The conditions that the original storage medium cannot be detained are as follows: (1) it is inconvenient to seal the original storage medium. For example, criminal suspects rely on a legitimate and regular portal website to commit criminal acts and the investigator must impound the entire server of the portal website, which is difficult and unnecessary. In this case, the investigators only need to extract the electronic data related to the case; (2) Extraction of computer memory data, network transmission data, and other electronic data not stored using storage media. There may be no storage medium for such electronic data, let alone physically seizing the original storage medium. For example, when investigating a suspect's distributed denial of service attack, the electronic data uploaded to the network are extracted and analyzed to determine the source. The transmission process of electronic evidence is a dynamic transportation process and the channel of transmission cannot be regarded as a storage medium for electronic data; (3) because the original storage medium is located abroad. Each country and region has its own geographical boundaries; therefore, it is necessary to fully respect the territorial and judicial sovereignties of each country and region. Therefore, it is difficult for investigators to directly obtain the original storage media from servers internationally. For example, State B investigators found that evidence from the suspects were placed on servers in State A. Without signing the relevant judicial assistance agreements with State A or without the permission of State A, investigators cannot enter into State A directly, let alone detain the servers involved in their case.
These are just a few cases that are frequently encountered in practice. Real cases may be more complex and diverse, but if the investigators can fully explain the reason why the original storage media cannot be impounded, that is enough. For example, when the working computer information system function or application program is shut down, it is impossible to extract the relevant electronic data without a password. Therefore, we can only choose to extract electronic data instead of shutting down the computer for seizure. After the situation that the original storage medium cannot be impounded disappears, the original storage medium should still be impounded and sealed in time.
Electronic data can be extracted in two ways: i.e., on-site or online network extraction. When extracting electronic data on site, the suspect or other relevant person should be separated from the electronic equipment in time to prevent their tampering with the electronic data if it is not possible to directly shut down the running electronic equipment to avoid losing data. If it is found that the on-site computer information system may be controlled remotely, measures such as signal shielding, signal blocking, disconnection of network connection, and other necessary protective measures, such as power supply protection, should be taken in time.
Online extraction of electronic data is mainly aimed at publicly released electronic data and electronic data on remote overseas computer information systems. Online extraction of electronic data from real-time networks does not actually acquire the physical ownership of the system because it uses a way to ensure that the electronic data are not changed and the data are copied without adding, deleting, or modifying the original data. Electronic data can be acquired in this way, but this acquisition differs from generally downloading web page information. Investigators often conduct surveys of remote networks to observe the use of remote computer information systems, which is, in fact, a process of online network extraction. For example, the survey collects electronic data-related information, such as status information, system architecture, internal system relations, file directory structure, and the system working mode from remote computer information systems.
Considering that the evidentiary effect of extracting electronic data is not as effective as that of detaining and storing the original storage media in some cases (such as cases seriously endangering national security and public security, criminal and noncriminal cases where electronic data are the key evidence for conviction and sentencing, whether to impose life imprisonment or the death penalty, cases with great social impact, or cases where the suspects may be sentenced to 5 years imprisonment), the online extraction and remote inspection of the network should be synchronized with a video recording throughout the whole process to enhance the power of the obtained electronic data as proof in criminal proceedings.
Print, photographs, and video recordings are supplementary data
Generally speaking, electronic data forensics can only be performed by printing, photographing, or video recording the process when it is objectively impossible to impound and seal the original storage media and extract the electronic data. This situation arises mainly because the investigators do not have access to the original storage equipment to impound and seal the data, or they may not have the professional forensic equipment to extract the electronic data when conducting preliminary investigations and evidence collection. For example, public security organs' police stations investigate after receiving information about criminal online gambling cases. The website servers involved in online gambling cases are usually located overseas and it is impossible to collect the electronic data from these website servers abroad using investigators from police stations. To fix the evidence on the interface of gambling websites and not delay the investigation and collection of evidence in the whole case, however, we can only take webpage screenshots and photographs.
If it was found that the electronic data had a self-destructive function or device, it is necessary to fix the evidence by printing, photographing, and video recording everything in time. For example, "burn after reading" communication tools appeared in the market, which were designed to better protect the privacy of users, but criminal suspects used the characteristics of these communication tools to engage in criminal activities and subsequently eliminate the evidence of their criminal acts. Thus, seizure and storage of these instant messaging tools are meaningless. It is necessary to take photos and print in time to fix the evidence.
Freezing electronic data
In some special cases, the investigators need to freeze the data of the case to fix the evidence and prevent the suspects from making further changes to the data. For example, for a large amount of electronic data stored in the cloud system, the investigators can neither impound or seal the entire cloud system, nor obtain the large amount of electronic data by extracting the data or printing photos. The two situations in which electronic data need to be frozen are: (1) Data too large or inconvenient to be extracted. For example, an operation providing Internet music on a platform may store a large number of music works without the copyright owner's permission, involving a total capacity of thousands of terabytes. To extract these electronic data, it is necessary to use the maximum capacity of hundreds of 2T hard disks and it is difficult to preserve such a large number of hard disks properly; (2) Long extraction time, which may cause electronic data to be tampered with or lost. When a large amount of electronic data is found and needs to be extracted from a network cloud disk, the forensics are obtained by an extraction method that may need a few hours or more than a few days or several months to complete the extraction. During this period, the criminal suspects may delete or modify the electronic data at any time. The best case is that the investigators have fully obtained the relevant electronic data involved in the case, while the worst case is that the investigators have just begun to extract the data as the criminal suspects have begun to delete or modify it. In the worst case, the value of the obtained electronic data as proof is absolutely discounted and probably has no effect of proof at all; and (3) Electronic data can be displayed more intuitively through network applications. For example, in a criminal case of network marketing using a pyramid scheme, the relationship between the upper and lower levels of the network platform formed a multitree network structure where the nodes of the tree can be as many as tens of thousands and the hierarchy can reach hundreds. Each level will not only set up static awards, but also set up a variety of dynamic awards, such as touching awards, recommendation awards, and agency awards. We can then intuitively understand the overall situation of various funds in the background of the website, which can be seen clearly. However, extracting all these data and recreating the same network operation environment is time-consuming and laborious and also reduces the investigation's efficiency. In this case, freezing the electronic data of the case will be more convenient for the investigation and forensics work. Of course, the investigators can also freeze electronic data when they find other situations that need to be frozen in the process of handling a case.
In general, electronic data are frozen by calculating the integrity check values of electronic data or locking the network application account. With the progress of science and technology, measures are being developed to prevent the increase, deletion, and modification of electronic data and can also be used to freeze electronic data. The period of freezing electronic data is usually 6 months. If there are special reasons for the extension of the freezing period, the freezing procedure will be continued before the expiration of the freezing period. The maximum duration of each data freeze shall not exceed 6 months. If investigators fail to complete the formalities of continuing the data freeze within the time limit, the freeze shall be deemed to be lifted automatically.
Access to electronic data
If an investigator, in accordance with the needs of investigating and handling a case, collects electronic data from relevant units and individuals, he or she wll issue a notice of evidence-gathering, specify the relevant information of electronic data that needs to be collected, and notify the holder of the electronic data, i.e., the network service provider or the relevant department to implement the notice.
A description of the methods for protecting the integrity of electronic data, such as integrity check values, will be attached to the unit or individual data to be collected. If the integrity of the electronic data cannot be protected due to objective conditions, the investigators shall assist in protecting the data's integrity.
Review and Judgment of Electronic Data
Electronic data can be deleted and modified at will and can even be restored after deletion. Therefore, the authenticity of electronic data is often the most important review content because of its changeable nature. Thus, all electronic data with doubts of authenticity cannot be used as evidence. In addition, as a kind of evidence, electronic data also must have legitimacy and relevance.
Whether electronic data are true or not, the following contents should be examined:
1.	If the original storage medium exists, whether to transfer the original storage medium or not. When the original storage medium cannot be sealed or moved inconveniently, the reasons should be explained, including the process of collecting and extracting electronic data, the storage location of the original storage medium, and the source of the electronic data
2.	Whether the electronic data include any special identification, such as digital signatures or certificates. A digital signature is like an ordinary physical signature written on paper; i.e., it is a digital string that cannot be forged by others and can only be used by the sender, once it can be determined that the message was actually signed and sent by the sender. The integrity of the message can be determined by the sender's generated digital signature, which is an effective proof of the authenticity of the information sent by the sender.[2] Digital signatures usually include the sender's public and private keys. For example, the investigator intercepts a document that was encrypted using the criminal suspect's secret key, which generates unreadable ciphertext. This text is then sent to a recipient, who can restore the ciphertext using the sender's secret key to reveal division of labor plans for a bank robbery. Thus, it is reasonable to think that the receiver has had many contacts with the criminal suspect because the communications require that the receiver possesses the public key of the criminal suspect to decrypt the received ciphertext. A digital certificate is a series of digits that mark the identity information of all parties in Internet communications, which provides a way to verify the identity of communication entities on the Internet.[3] The simplest digital certificate contains the public key, name, and digital signature of the digital certificate authority and is similar to resident identification cards used in the real world. The difference is that the digital certificate is no longer a physical object, but electronic data containing the identification information of the certificate holder that have been checked and issued by the authentication center. The digital certificate randomly generates 128-bit ID codes (including English and numerals) when authenticating, which are different each time. For example, if software containing pornographic content extracted from a pornographic website has the digital certificate for the website, then it can be proved that the software originated from the pornographic website. However, while digital signatures and certificates can help verify the authenticity of electronic data, the absence of digital signatures or certificates does not mean that the electronic data are false
3.	Whether the process of collecting and extracting electronic data can be reproduced. Most electronic data can be collected and extracted repeatedly, but when the suspect intentionally deletes electronic data, it is difficult for investigators to reproduce the process of data collection and extraction. Especially now that several software applications are available that include clearance functions. For example, Snapchat, a photo-sharing application, allows users to take photos, record videos, add text and pictures, and send them to their friends list on the application. All photos have a lifetime of only 1–10 s. These photos will be destroyed automatically and on time according to the user's preset time. Furthermore, users will be notified if the recipient attempts to take a screenshot during this period. The original purpose of this kind of application is to protect the users' privacy. Once used by criminal suspects, it will make it more difficult to collect evidence for investigators. It requires that the work of collecting evidence should be timely and cannot reproduce the process of collecting evidence
4.	Whether the electronic data are added, deleted, or modified with instructions or not. No specific file format structure can be adapted to all file types. The file format always varies with the content of the file. In the Windows operating system environment, the file format can be easily identified by file extensions. If the extension is incorrect, opening the file will not display the correct content. For example, in a file hidden in the computer [Figure 1], Box annotated file], the suspect changes the actual extension of the file from ".ppt" to ".doc," and hides it in a series of.doc files
You can open this.doc file by clicking on it directly, but you cannot see the true record content of the file [Figure 2].
If you want to open this file correctly, the application software that can open this type of file must already exist in the operating system. Otherwise, the Windows operating system does not know how to execute or process these files. For example, if the computer does not load the application software that opens the.caj file and you click on the extension for the.caj file, the system will not be recognized [Figure 3].
Only when the file has been edited with the correct file extension, the correct file content will be displayed [Figure 4].
The investigators modified the document extension from an extension that could not be used to view the content to the appropriate extension, so that the content of the document could be displayed normally. Accordingly, we should not consider that the authenticity of the electronic data has changed. However, if the investigators intentionally tampered with the obtained electronic data resulting in changes in the specific content, it will affect its authenticity.
5.	Can the integrity of electronic data be guaranteed? The integrity of electronic data can be verified by examining whether the original storage medium has been kept secure after being seized and stored, checking whether the collection of electronic data, the video recording of the extraction process conforms to the requirements, and comparing the integrity check values for the electronic data.
Figure 1: Hidden document "2001 Convention on Cybercrime.doc."
Figure 2: Windows system opens the document of "2001 Cybercrime Convention.doc" and displays the window of random code
Figure 3: Windows operating system cannot identify the pop-up window of "2001 Cybercrime Convention.caj" file
Figure 4: Windows system opens the "2001 Cybercrime Convention. ppt" file, showing the normal window
When collecting electronic data, hash values are often used to prove the integrity of electronic data. These hash values are created by mixing and scrambling data through hash functions (or hash algorithms). The widely accepted legal hashing algorithm is MD5 (128-bit hash) or SHA-1 (160-bit hash). Hash values are usually displayed in hexadecimal form and each hexadecimal character can represent four bits of binary data. Therefore, the hexadecimal value of 64 characters is equivalent to a 256-bit binary value. Similarly, 128-bit hexadecimal values can represent 512-bit hash values.[4] This is similar to a human fingerprint for electronic data, with uniqueness and particularity. Therefore, the hash value should be calculated before and after the electronic data acquisition. If the hash value is completely consistent, it shows the integrity of the electronic data because any change in the content of electronic data, even the addition or deletion of a space, will completely change the output of the algorithm, resulting in changes in the calculated hash value. It should be noted that no matter which method is adopted to verify the authenticity of the electronic data, the evidence copy of the electronic data should be used instead of the original electronic data.
Whether electronic data are legitimate or not, the following contents should be examined:
1.	Whether the subject and equipment of evidence collection are legitimate or not. When investigators decide to perform electronic data forensics in cases, more than two investigators shall undertake the work. This does not require that only investigators from the network security department should undertake the forensics work because almost every criminal case will involve electronic data forensics due to its popularization. If only investigators from the network security department can perform the forensics work, it is difficult to manage the demand for forensic examinations. Therefore, investigators can hire network technicians to assist and provide technical support when they encounter technical obstacles during electronic data forensics
All devices used to investigate evidence must be documented in detail, including software, hardware, and connecting devices. Although these forensic devices are not required to meet the technical standards, they should be in normal operation when they are used for forensic purposes, and all the information of the equipment, including name, version, model, and so on, should be recorded in detail.
2.	Whether the collection and extraction of electronic data records and lists are legitimate or not. Records and lists should be made to record the relevant cases, object information, the process of forensic collection, methods, and the integrity check values of electronic data obtained, so that they can be traced back to their sources when necessary.[5] After the record and list are made, the investigators, electronic data holders (providers), and witnesses shall sign or seal them. If the holder (provider) of electronic data has not signed, the reason for not signing shall be indicated. For example, some electronic data holders may hold an exclusive and uncooperative attitude toward the investigation and the investigators' forensics work and are unwilling to sign their acknowledgment of the record or list. According to that situation, the investigators can write "electronic data holder refuses to sign" on the record or list. Generally speaking, the category and file format of electronic data should be clearly marked to help auditors understand the relevant information to obtain electronic evidence more quickly. They can use the corresponding application program to open it in time when auditing the contents of electronic data
3.	Whether the witness is legitimate or not. The new 2018 Criminal Procedure Law does not stipulate the scope of witnesses in investigative activities. It only stipulates that investigators should invite witnesses to be present when conducting investigations or inspections, seizures, and detentions. The new interpretation of the Criminal Procedure Law has not yet been published, but in the 2012 Interpretation of the Criminal Procedure Law, it clearly stipulates that three types of personnel cannot act as witnesses. These include "the staff of the public security and judicial organs exercising the functions and powers of criminal procedure, such as investigation, inspection, search and impound or the personnel employed by them." These personnel cannot hold multiple responsibilities in criminal proceedings. They have assumed relevant litigation functions and can no longer assume the functions of witnesses. Witnesses only witness the legality of the process of collecting and extracting electronic data and do not need corresponding professional or competence. If there is no qualified person or no one is willing to be a witness at all, investigators need to note in the record and videotape the relevant activities to ensure the objectivity and impartiality of making the record and the list
4.	Whether electronic data checking is legitimate or not. The checking of collected and extracted electronic data differ from the identification or examination of electronic data. Electronic data checking is the investigators' further discovery and extraction of clues and evidence related to cases through the recovery, cracking, searches, simulation, association, statistics, and comparison of electronic data. For example, investigators restored copies of pirated literature deleted by the suspects. Electronic data identification or examination is the identification and judgment of the special problems in a case, such as to identify whether electronic data belongs to a "computer virus and other destructive procedures" or "procedures and tools specially used for intrusion and illegal control of computer information systems." Expert opinions should be issued by the judicial appraisal bodies with appraisal qualifications or by specific institutions. Expert opinions can be directly used as the basis for conviction, while examination reports can only be used as a reference for conviction and sentencing.
First, the checks of the electronic data must be performed by more than two professional investigators with the appropriate skills. If necessary, outside experts can be appointed or hired to check the integrity of the electronic data, the storage status of the original storage medium, and the access of the written protection equipment to the inspection equipment. A write protector should be used when collecting data because it allows data to be copied from the device and prevents any content from being written into the device. A hardware write protector is better than a software write protector.
Second, the investigator should check the backup for the electronic data. For example, the suspect's computer hard disk is sealed and impounded, and there are encrypted files stored in the hard disk. To see the relevant content, it is necessary to decrypt the encrypted files. Currently, the best way is to copy the entire hard disk and then decrypt the encrypted contents. Finally, the electronic data should be restored to the precheck state after checking. For example, photographs of the original storage media should be taken before and after the removal of the seal before the checking and the restorage after the checking to clearly reflect the status of the seal.
The electronic data check shall be recorded by indicating the method, process, and results. In the case that backup cannot be made and write protection devices cannot be used, the whole process of electronic data checking should be videotaped.
The collected material evidence should be able to prove a fact or situation of the case; therefore, it must have certain proof ability. Evidence materials can only be used as evidence in cases with relevance. When examining the relevance of evidence such as electronic data, the investigators mainly judge the relationship between criminal suspects and storage media, and the identity of network identity and real identity of actors through the testimony of relevant witnesses and the confession and defense of criminal suspects. When impounding the original storage medium, you can ask the relevant personnel about the management of the original storage medium and the application system, the network topology and system architecture, whether it was used and managed by many people, the identity of the users, the user names and passwords of the original storage medium and the application system. Through the above information, we can judge the relationship between the actor and the storage medium, and make sure whether the actor is the owner or user of the storage medium. For example, after the investigators found that a computer of a company was used for telecommunication fraud-related activities, they impounded the computer and the host computer. However, investigators need to make further investigations to determine who used the computer to engage in telecommunications fraud activities: i.e., Zhang Mou, the actual user of the company's computer, or Li Mou, the owner of the company's asset statement registered under his name, or other actors who had access to the computer. When necessary, we can also use the extracted fingerprints, hair, and other trace evidence to synthetically judge the relationship between the suspect and the storage media.
The perpetrator who commits crimes through the network can easily hide his true identity in real life from the network world. Therefore, when identifying the identity of the perpetrator in the network with that in real life, investigators need to make a comprehensive judgment based on various evidence, such as network activity records, attribution of Internet terminals, relevant witness testimony, and criminal suspect testimony. Actors can have multiple virtual identities simultaneously on the Internet that can also be used by multiple people together.
For example, in a case of telecommunication fraud, the victim claimed to have been cheated of 50,000 Yuan by a woman named "Cute Girl" on the Internet. The investigators used the victim's chat software (like QQ or wechat) to lock the Cute Girl account and obtain Cute Girl's physical online address to capture the criminal gang headed by Zhang Mou. Members of this group have been searching for victims on the Internet for a long time, chatting with the victims in stages after identifying the victims, trying to establish a romantic relationship to gain the trust of the victims, and then defrauding the victim's property by encountering major accidents at home. In addition, the actors' network and real identities can be synthetically judged by checking the relevant IP addresses, network logs, and testimony of informed witnesses.
Electronic data are a new type of evidence that is stored or transmitted in electronic form. It can be added or deleted at will, yet it can also be restored to its original state. It is different from other kinds of evidence because it is not restricted by physical space, exists in virtual space, and can be obtained by certain technical means. However, the best choice for investigators to investigate and collect electronic data related to cases is to impound and seal up the original storage media. The obtained electronic data can be checked, but it is limited to backup electronic data to avoid affecting the evidentiary qualification of electronic data. If the data inspection involves professional issues, the data should be submitted to the appraisal body or relevant departments for inspection. In the case of protecting the integrity of the original storage media data, electronic data can be investigated and experimented on to verify whether a certain kind of operation of electronic data can be completed within a certain period of time, and some situations related to the case need to be identified. Investigative experiments on electronic data have the legitimacy, authenticity, and relevance of general evidence, but the method is speculative; therefore, it is relatively weak in proving the facts of the case. It is undeniable that with the development of information technology, electronic data investigative experiments have become an important investigative method for investigating and collecting witnesses to identify information about the case. However, the opportunity for using this evidence collection method in the process of practical evidence collection is rare.
Zhilong G, Qi D, Yan G. Thoughts on the Amendment of the Convention on Cyber Crime. Beijing: China Legal Publishing House; 2016. p. 120.
Baidu Encyclopedia. Digital Signature. Available from https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%AD%BE%E5%90%8D/212550?fr=aladdin. [Last accessed on 2019 Nov11].
Baidu Encyclopedia. Digital Certificate. Available from https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%81%E4%B9%A6/326874?fr=aladdin. [Last accessed on 2019 Nov 11].
Albert J, Marcella JR. [US] Frederic Guillossou. Translated by Hongtao G. Internet Forensics: From Data to Electronic Evidence. Beijing: China People's Public Security University Press; 2015. p. 203.
Haisong Y. Twenty Lectures on Cybercrime. Beijing: Law Press; 2018. p. 150.
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Liverpool loanee Taiwo Awoniyi was sent off for Royal Excel Mouscron in their 2-1 defeat to KSC Lokeren on Saturday evening.
The 20-year old was shown a straight red for violent conduct in the 74th minute of the game, the first in his professional career.
Awoniyi tried to get the ball from Arno Monsecour and planted an elbow in the face of the Lokeren star who suffered a nose bleed, the defender was yellow carded a minute later after he had recovered.
The former Golden Eaglets and Flying Eagles sensation had a record of never picking up a red card in 64 appearances as a professional before he took the walk of shame at Stade Le Canonnier (Mouscron).
During that time, the attacker has been cautioned seven times.
Awoniyi, who has tallied seven goals in the league, could face a three-game ban for the straight red card, and that could be increased or reduced if the Royal Belgian Football Association review the incident.