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Bella Thorne reveals she's actually pansexual
By Conchita Margaret
In this file photo, actor Bella Thorne participates in the BUILD Speaker Series in 2018, in New York. (Evan Agostini/Evan Agostini/Invision/AP)
Though actress Bella Thorne has come out as bisexual on Twitter in the past, she now identifies as pansexual.
In a recent interview discussing her new book with Good Morning America, the 21-year-old actress revealed that she's actually pansexual.
"I'm actually a pansexual, and I didn't know that," Thorne said to ABC News' Juju Chang. She added that she expanded her sexual orientation after someone had explained to her what being pansexual meant. She defines the sexual orientation as, "You like what you like."
"Doesn't have to be a girl, or a guy, or … you know, a he, a she, a they, a this, or that. It's literally, you like personality, like you just like a being," she said. "It doesn't really matter what's going on, over there. If I just like it, I like it!"
The actress also discusses how she overcame her hardships in life, chronicling her struggles in her new book of poems called "Life of a Wannabe Mogul: Mental Disarray." She spoke openly about her struggles with sexual abuse, her difficulties with self-acceptance and experience with bullying due to her dyslexia.
[More Entertainment] Terry Jones, co-founder of Monty Python, dead at 77 »
"How does someone who's dyslexic become this wide-ranging author?" Chang asked Thorne in the interview.
"That's kind of what the series is about — that all of these things that I really couldn't do, and I did it somehow," Thorne replied. "I couldn't read and I learned how to read from reading scripts."
With over 20 million Instagram followers, most of her feed is filled with extremely risqué pictures of herself, with the ones of Thorne showing the most skin accruing more likes. "I like sexy," Thorne started. "I love skin, like I love seeing skin. I like sexy."
[More Entertainment] BTS will tour the world in 2020, with 2 shows at MetLife Stadium »
Recently, however, a hacker managed to obtain nude photos of Thorne and threatened to post them online. She decided to deal with it in her own empowering way by posting them online herself.
Like most social media users, Thorne admits she definitely feels pressure to portray herself in a certain way. "I think as we all do," she said. "Instagram is our worst mask of ourselves."
"Who's the Bella Thorne on your feed and who's the real Bella Thorne?" Chang asks the actress-turned-author.
[More Entertainment] REVIEW: 'A Soldier's Play' is as powerful as ever after nearly 40 years »
"I literally refer to Bella Thorne as this persona who's like this redhead like, 'Ooh, I'm Bella Thorne, I'm crazy, and ah, I'm a wild child,' and whatever," she said. The "real" Bella Thorne, though, is "the girl in that book."
Her new book reveals a dark history of her experience with sexual abuse, which started when she was 6 years old and continued until she was an adolescent. Looking back at it now, Thorne believes it was "Stockholm Syndrome."
Celebrities who have come out
"I mean, when you're raised with someone. And you don't know that it's wrong," she said. "It's just very, like, an everyday occurrence, like no big deal."
[More Entertainment] 'A Soldier's Play' finally lands on Broadway, 'crackles with relevancy' as it takes on racism »
"I think that you have anger towards society in general. And our society clearly … this is something that is literally happening at everyone's doorstep. And still, nothing is ever done about it," she added to her explanation. "We don't look at it as a main problem, but it is, because it is shaping our society. It is shaping our girls to be different girls than what they were supposed to be."
As for the near future, the actress hopes to shift her attention to write and direct more.
"That's definitely when I feel most happy when I do," she said. "So I feel I have to go more towards that, cause I like … I like being happy."
Terry Jones, co-founder of Monty Python, dead at 77


North Yorkshire County Council is to carry out a package of works that will improve important commuter routes. The resurfacing schemes will begin in March and continue until May.
Funding for this package of work comes from £13.7m for road maintenance awarded to the county council by the Department for Transport in November.
Cllr Mackenzie added: "Otley Road has seen disruption for motorists in recent months with road works by Yorkshire Water and developers, and there have been repeated calls by members of the public to carry out repairs on this busy road. Our resurfacing will start there on March 4. It has been carefully programmed with developers and utilities who have been active in that area.
Signs will be in place to alert people to the works, indicating the start date and the likely duration. Road closures will be kept to a minimum, but may be needed in some locations. Traffic management will be manually controlled at peak times in the morning and afternoon to ensure traffic queues are kept to a minimum.
See further details and updates on the works as it progresses.
View a map giving details of current road works, road and lane closures, traffic orders and consultations relating to searched locations.


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Four kayakers paddle out into a bay in Baja, Mexico.
Photograph by Charlie Munsey, Aurora
Ultimate Adventure Bucket List
Circumnavigate the World by Sailboat and Kayak
Hop from sailboat to kayak to traverse Earth's most stunning waters.
ByKate Siber
Recommended by: Tyler Bradt, Kayaker
In March 2013, Bradt set off on perhaps his most audacious project yet: a five-year circumnavigation of the globe by sailboat. His plan is to sail between the world's best kayaking destinations.
"The new frontier of paddling is always what I am trying to discover," Bradt says. "I have just launched my dream expedition, a sailing circumnavigation of the world seeking out new, untouched paddling destinations while visiting and revisiting old ones."
So far Bradt has traveled from Baja across the Pacific Ocean to the Marquesas Islands of French Polynesia in the middle of the South Pacific Ocean. His favorite spot so far? Daniels Bay on Nuku Hiva, an islet in the Marquesas where the group spent five days exploring canyons, empty shores, and creeks spilling out of the mountains.
"We arrived at sunrise as a big rain squall hit the island," he says. "As the rain cleared, a beautiful series of rainbows appeared around the island. The smell of damp soil and waterfalls pouring off of the cliffs was an incredible sight." And this, of course, is just the beginning.
Kayaker Tyler Bradt rocketed into stardom in 2009, when he launched himself off Oregon's 189.5-foot-high Palouse Falls, clinching the record for the highest waterfall ever run in a kayak. He has also racked up a long roster of expeditions, from kayaking the Sea of Cortez to helping distribute water purification devices in Africa. But arguably his coolest project to date is the Wizard's Eye, a five-year circumnavigation of the globe on a sailboat outfitted with kayaks, surfboards, and plenty of friends.
Salman Rushdie on the timeless beauty of the Taj Mahal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The final post in my Online Teaching series has certainly been long in coming! As always, I feel I have barely scratched the surface, but it's time to stop reading and start working.
There are still myths and misconceptions regarding online teaching, whichever its form (the synchronous virtual classroom has been my main focus, but some ideas are equally applicable to asynchronous forms). And yet, there are a lot of teachers, trainers and researchers all over the world who see online teaching as a new exciting tool, an opportunity to engage students in a new way and reach new audiences.
At the very least, online teaching is always better than no teaching at all; if planned and done right, it can provide unique opportunities to students to study in a relaxed home environment without distractions, to develop their soft skills and knowledge and even to work around their shyness. Online teaching can be at the same time cooperative and differentiated, emotionally engaging and factually informative.
To benefit from it, students simply need to have 'good transportation' to class (a metaphor I borrowed from a book by Susan Ko and Steve Rossen about online teaching at universities I read this week): broadband connectivity and reliable equipment, as well as basic skills of using teleconferencing software.
To make sure students get the most out of online classes, teachers first and foremost need to be good teachers. In fact, the same book by Ko and Rossen says: "Techies" don't necessarily make the best online instructors. An interest in teaching should come first, technology second.
I think I've found several weeks' worth of reading material about online teaching: the website of the Online Learning Consortium looks very promising. For example, this report on Virtual Classroom training focuses on the components a good training programme for instructors should have – and what it usually includes in reality. Apparently, too little attention is given to the real experience in the virtual classroom (as a student and as a trainer) and too much to the technological side of things. The authors also urge to pay more attention to the pedagogy of online synchronous learning and how it – and the materials – should be adapted to the new medium. Interesting!
P.S. Note that the materials there are behind a registration form; so far it hasn't turned into a paywall, but I have opened only a few reports.
Here is another interesting research article you should definitely read, even though it's not related to language learning. It's written in very accessible language, by the way, and reads like a story – a rare treat. The author (Dilani S. P. Gedera) from a university in New Zealand explored how meetings via Adobe Connect had affected the learning process of a remote group of students. It seems that lack of familiarity with the technology and connection issues were the biggest constraints, yet the affordances the virtual classroom offered were very useful for the learners: they had a chance to engage with each other and with the material that they wouldn't have had in the asynchronous mode.
Perhaps this is the key outcome for me so far – do not compare online and face-to-face learning, compare online learning with no learning at all.
I've started digging through Google Scholar results, so here is the best article I have found so far: Exploring the Virtual Classroom: What Students Need to Know (and Teachers Should Consider). Definitely recommended for finding out what exactly learners need to benefit from the virtual classroom. According to the researcher, Garry Falloon, the impact of student 'knowledge' on the quality of their learning experience is considerable. The learners should have technical knowledge (how to use the conferencing software), procedural knowledge (what conventions of the classroom should be observed) and operational knowledge (how to use the available communication tools). Without it, it's harder for them to transfer their face-to-face experience to the online environment. Definitely something to consider!
Now, this article is not exactly scientific, but the author at least refers to educational research and suggests how it can be taken into account to make online teaching and learning more effective. There are references to cooperative and project-based learning, differentiated instruction and self-paced learning, as well as practical suggestions on how to increase learner interaction and engagement. A good transition to more serious reading!
My journey through articles on online teaching would be incomplete without more critical views on the subject. So, here is a blog post by Amanda Johnson which lays out several arguments about how online interaction will never replace face-to-face. For example, the author states that even though the teacher and the students are 'real', the atmosphere isn't. There is less spontaneity in student-teacher interaction, students can only speak one at a time, there's lack of emotion and connection – and teachers cannot get the full training and experience that they need to do their work.
Well, what do you think: yea or nay?


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COUGAR PRIDE
KASD Athletic Re-socialization Guidelines
Cougar Football Pride Point System
Kutztown Cougar Football Coach's Corner
Episode #1
Quarantine Workout
Thank you to medical personnel
Coach Cam Willis Interview
Coach Scott Ducoin Introduction
Maurice Cuadrado-Chester Introduction
Matt Lawhorne Introduction
Joseph Stoess Introduction
Michael Aboulhouda Introduction
2020 Kutztown Cougar Football Schedule
Kutztown Cougar Football Letters
Letter #1
When our son was 8 years old he asked if he could play football. My answer, as an overprotective mother, "No. Not football." Every fall, rest assured, he would ask, "Mom can I play football this year?" Every fall, my answer remained the same, "No. Not football."
As I watched my son grow into an outstanding basketball player and baseball player, I also saw that his desire to play football remained.
And so begins our football journey. At the end of his freshman year in high school he came home with a letter from Coach LC. The letter asked for our son to consider playing for the Kutztown football team. It seems that there was interest for him to play coming from many sides. I asked my son to compose a persuasive letter outlining and detailing all of his reasons why he believed that we should allow him to play football in the upcoming season. His letter was quite an eye opener and he convinced us that he was truly committed to playing the game. He also convinced us to meet with Coach LC to discuss his opportunity to play, answer any questions we may have had as his parents, and address our parental concerns. We anticipated a 15 minute conversation with Coach, followed by a difficult conversation with our son that we would not be allowing him to play.
We agreed to meet with Coach at the Kutztown HIgh School one evening in late May and were very surprised that Coach spent almost 2 hours with our son, my husband and myself. Coach discussed player safety, goal setting, hard work, physical stamina, and personal training opportunities. Coach was very open and very honest throughout the discussion. It became apparent very early on in our conversation that Coach LC was committed to helping our son work hard, set personal goals, and support him every step of the way to meet his goals!
When our son was 15 years old, he asked me if he could play football. After listening to my son's reasons paired with the genuine commitment and honesty from Coach LC, our answer became, "Yes. You can play football."
Turns out football is way more than a fall sport that finds boys tackling one another. Football for my son is a way to work hard to challenge himself. Football is a brotherhood. Football taught him how to lose. Football taught him how to win. Football taught him that winning is not a score but a series of opportunities to set personal and team goals, meet those goals, and set new ones while always aspiring to learn and grow. Football taught him how to be a true teammate and how to always work together, alongside his teammates. Football taught him determination and drive. Football is motivation for him to become better and better...at life! Football for my son, has aided us in instilling strong core values. Because of his incredible coach, Coach LC, the entire Kutztown coaching staff, and all of his dedicated teammates, our son works hard every day to demonstrate integrity, accountability, and knowledge.
I am so proud of our son for being able to advocate for himself through his poignant persuasive skills which resulted in us allowing him to give this sport a try. We are more proud of our son for becoming a young man who works hard, perseveres, understands the true meaning of winning, encourages, motivates and protects his teammates, models true commitment and dedication as a result of lessons learned through his first year as a football player.
As parents of a dedicated, motivated, committed offensive/defensive Kutztown Cougar lineman, we look forward to the upcoming football season. We miss our football family and cannot wait to see this incredible group of young men continue to grow together both on and off the field!
Playing football for Coach Chester and all of my other coaches for Kutztown Area High gave me a foundation I hold near and dear to my heart. Memories were made that I think about weekly, if not daily, and even more importantly I learned what a solid work ethic, motivation, and determination can do for an individual, and a team.
During the 4 years I played for varsity squad, we as a team and program were almost always out numbered and the underdogs. Coach Chester and his staff taught us how to work together through the toughest times, keep our heads held high and never give up.
For me personally, I may not have fully appreciated the many lessons they gave us day to day back then, but now some of those lessons got me where I'm at today. Playing for the team, going through tough losses, and even tougher workouts taught me how to keep going, to keep fighting, to never give up. Through all of our hard work, we had some of the best seasons Kutztown had in many years, and that's something I take a lot of pride in. We put in the work, and it showed on the field.
One key moment that sticks with me is when Coach Chester had us flip Bertha (400 pound tractor tire) around the parking lot and gave us a time that we as a team had to complete it in, a time that seemed impossible. We failed, time and time again, we argued, pointed fingers, and Coach Chester just laughed. At one point my teammate Tony Montagner swore up and down that coach wasn't hitting the stop button on the stop watch at the right time so coach let him take control of the clock, we failed again. After a brief talk and some encouragement from Coach Chester, we tried again and we did it, came together as a team and we overcame the task presented to us. That's a life lesson that can not be forgotten.
He always told us, "trying is doing something with the intention to fail." I use this phrase to this day all the time, on myself, on people I train at work, sometimes regrettably to my wife!
I mentioned earlier I may not have appreciated all the life lessons I was learning at the time. Several years ago I was losing momentum and drive in the gym, tired of doing the same old routine. I decided to try Crossfit, I instantly fell in love and the first thing I said was, this is what we used to do in high school with the football team, with our coaches. That drive and passion lead me to get my level 1 about 3 years ago and I have been coaching ever since.
All that said, I could go on for a while with stories. I will say I'm still great friends with many members of our team and keep in touch with many more. All of those friends I would not have if it wasn't for the Kutztown Cougar Football Program. I was very happy to hear Coach Chester was back coaching at Kutztown. Cougar Football… thank you for all the lessons, and memories made. Football is not like any other sport, and at a high school level it's a bonding and building experience that every player will take with them for the rest of their lives.
Kenny Kramer
When our son found out Coach LC was coaching football last year, our son made his decision immediately. Even though he hadn't played football in 8 years, our son wanted to play, but more importantly, he wanted to play for Coach. LC continuously worked with us as parents to get our agreement, hear our concerns and to make sure we were all on the same page. We felt we shouldn't deny our son this opportunity and are incredibly thankful we didn't.
LC is an exceptional coach. He has the ability to connect with players and motivate them to rise above their own expectations. He keeps things positive, always positive with fun and humor in between. And while things may not always go your way on the field or in life, as a player and as a team you can handle those moments when you know your coach supports and believes in you.
Our son had a great experience and learned a lot about himself. There were some struggles, but he came away with a sense of accomplishment and pride and many new found friends. We are very thankful our son chose to play football. We won't soon forget our enjoyment of seeing him on the field playing for the Cougars.
Jarred Rutherford
Played 1996 – 2004 (Varsity 2001 -2004)
I was fortunate enough to play for the Kutztown Cougar football program from the mites up to varsity in High School. I had many different coaches, styles of coaching, trainers, teammates, teachers, etc… Regardless of all the changes throughout those years there was consistency when it came to football. Football to me was a life-style. Something that was supported by the community, brought different families together that may have never met otherwise, created lifelong friendships, and stories to tell for a lifetime.
Playing football at Kutztown taught me many life lessons. As a student-athlete these are things that I didn't really understand at the time, but looking back and reflecting on my time as a football player I can see the importance of this sport.
Friendships – Football has created lifelong friendships in my life more than any other activities I have done. I played other sports, went to college, have had multiple jobs and throughout that time I have met many people. I can say that my true friendships have stemmed from football and these people are some of the most important in my life. Without Kutztown football, I can honestly say I would not have the same strong relationships I do today, which helped mold me into the person that I am. Just the other day I was walking through the town I current live in (not Kutztown) and heard a familiar voice yell "Yo, JR is that you?" If not for Kutztown football I would not have had that interaction and been able to catch up with an old friend.
Community – I remember how the football program would bring families together, grandparents/parents/siblings all coming out to support the team. Friday nights were something everyone looked forward to. Local business owners knowing who we were by name, people tailgating before the game and building relationships, Thursday night pasta dinners were all amazing activities that the community came together for. I have never seen another program in High School that brings this type of community atmosphere together.
Life Lessons - Winning and losing. There are many things in life that winning and losing is a big part of. Everyone wants to win whether it is a game, a job, a relationship, etc… Learning how to win gracefully or lose and keep your dignity is something that Kutztown football has also taught me. Winning or losing a game in a week didn't define who we were. Regardless of wins or losses, we knew that we needed to be better and prepare for the next week. Being able to move on, prepare, and better ourselves by always giving it our all was something we learned week in and out and is something that we could use in all the challenges we face every day throughout life.
Leadership and teamwork - Leadership and teamwork cannot be taught in a classroom. Football is a huge part of where I learned leadership and teamwork. Each player had a responsibility to the team. Our failures and successes were shared with one another and being part of something larger than myself is something that has prepared me for the journey of life.
One quick story about how Kutztown football helped me land my first internship as an accountant. I was competing against other students for this internship opportunity. Some of the other students had better work experience, GPA's, etc… Regardless of those other qualifications I received the internship and learned that one of the biggest reasons I was chosen was due to my football background. The manager that hired me reflected on their prior time as a former player and said that I was more qualified than others due to the life lessons, teamwork, and leadership skills I have learned through the great sport of football.
Kutztown football is an amazing program and I want to thank the community, coaches, trainers, fellow students, teammates for everything this program has done for me. I still get chills stepping onto that football field. No student should ever be deprived of being part of something like the Kutztown Football program and I hope that the community continues to support the program. I hope that parents give their kid a chance to thrive. And lastly I hope that years from now, when the current players reflex on their journey they keep in mind what this program did for them!
CAN WE?
We are capable of so much…
Are we able to rid ourselves of the negative memories from the past?
Disregarding these weak experiences that are constantly trying to stick with us like scar tissue.
Are we able to sense what's right and wrong for us?
Taking away all excuses and moving forward with self confidence.
Can we see our value, our true self worth?
Our ability to tackle problems and our keen eye to intercept opportunities.
Kutztown Cougar Football
Permeates —- Integrity
SCREAMS —- Accountability
Embodies —- Knowledge
CAN WE FEEL IT? CAN WE HEAR IT? CAN WE SEE IT?
CHANGE IS COMING!!!


On the way down to Eugene (where we play TONIGHT) we stop in Portland and have lunch with my brother Dan Eichler—yay!!!
We zoom onward to Eugene and soon enough the True Margrit band is convening with Andrea and Joey at Rogue Brewery consuming delish items like beer, Kobe burgers, reubens, and more tater tots. Mmm, tots. Thus fortified, we walk down the block to our venue, Luckey's Cigar Store. Teresa (who heard us for the first time last week at the Rock Bar gig is there, having driven down from Portland --which is so very flattering! The New Mexican Revolution kicks off the night with some hearty, excellent, quirky-rock-meets-Americana in the family tree of both Tom Waits and Nick Cave—nice! We especially love the tune where bassist Emily picks up her trumpet and performs a super pretty brassy fanfare. Oh yeah.
The NMR finishes their set with a flourish and we pop up to the stage and roar into a set. We are egged on to new heights by the crowd--particularly by a dude doing some dancing that includes furious pogo-hops, jumps, skips and general arm-flailing. It makes me feel that Eugene is very hospitable—I feel quite at home.
"Are you gonna play that songs about bruises to your ego?" I gape for a moment—he's quoting my lyrics!
"I heard it on Snap Crackle Pop on KWVA. It's your best song—but I love them all, so far…" I high-five him by way of thanks. SWEET!
We continue onward, making the Luckey's stage our home away from home. We slam through our set with full-on rock forces, playing well past midnight. After the show we sell some CDs to various folks, our friends Andrea & Joey take off, we meet the crazily dancing guy (James B) who announces that we are now his favorite band. YAY! I LOVE IT! I give a CD to David Gizara from KLCC who wants to play "Make then Beg" on his jazz show—nice! A great night!
"My house!" Hellfire. The cabbie does indeed remember her former apartment, however, it appears she has moved--and to where, it unfortunately remains a mystery. After a few stops around Eugene, some of her close friends are located and she is bundled into her homies' waiting arms and we speed off into the night. Well—what's left of it.
For, as I finally lay head to pillow and drift off, I hear birds a-stirring and there's a distinct lightening of the sky.


11. Amblystegium Schimper in P. Bruch and W. P. Schimper, Bryol. Europ. 6: 45, plates 561-566, 568-573. 1853. • [Greek amblys, blunt, and stege, roof, alluding to obtuse operculum].
Plants small, green to yellowish. Stems freely and irregularly branched; hyalodermis absent, central strand present; paraphyllia absent; rhizoids or rhizoid initials on stem or abaxial costa insertion, rarely forming tomentum, slightly to strongly branched, smooth; axillary hair distal cells 1 (or 2), hyaline. Stem and branch leaves erect to spreading, straight or rarely subsecund, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, not plicate, 0.5-1 mm; base not decurrent; margins plane, entire or denticulate, limbidia absent; apex acuminate, ; costa single, usually reaching mid leaf, sometimes shorter or to 3/4 leaf length; alar cells often well differentiated, subquadrate to transversely elongate, region broadly ovate or transversely triangular along margin; medial laminal cells short-oblong; marginal cells 1-stratose. Sexual condition autoicous. Capsule inclined to horizontal, cylindric, arcuate; peristome perfect; , margins dentate or slightly so; endostome (basal membrane present), cilia usually well developed. Spores 9-18 µm.
Amblystegium differs from Hygroamblystegium in its smaller size and weaker costa, this less than 30 µm wide at base, most often ceasing mid leaf; the costa rarely reaches three-fourths of leaf length but in such cases is straight, not curved as in Hygroamblystegium. Unlike the latter genus, Amblystegium lacks paraphyllia. Amblystegium is a terrestrial genus that sometimes occurs in swampy but never aquatic or subaquatic habitats.
SELECTED REFERENCE Conard, H. S. 1959. Amblystegium. Bryologist 62: 96-104.


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THE KID DID WHAT?
Cheri Newell
Elfin Work My kids are infatuated with elves! Why? Elves are magical creatures... doing Santa's work... making toys for kids all over the world. We have a Christmas Elf that sits on a shelf. Flynn and Remi are obsessed... more Flynn than his little sister. He's at an age where he eats up magic. When the Christmas season comes, Flynn and Remi watch movies with elves and are on the lookout for anything elfin... dolls... stockings... statues... anything will do. Geez... my kids
Could have been a werewolf! My husband, Steve, and I were driving home one foggy fall evening. As we came around a bend close to home, something ran across the road in front of us. "There's a coyote!" Steve called out. I was looking the other way, so all I saw was something running up the hill into the bushes. "Could have been a werewolf," I said. "Ya, maybe," Steve smiled. We arrived home a few minutes later. Austin, our son, was busy with a TV show. "Hey, Austin," Steve sai
MARKER TIPS
I Need a break! The fall season always fills me with gratitude... for all of the wonder and joy in my life. I am thankful for my family. I adore my kids. But today... I could not catch my breath! My five-year-old, Felicity, and two-year-old, Todd, were everywhere and I just needed a break. They were seriously going to drive me to drinking and I don't drink... but an afternoon cocktail was sounding good. "Here you go guys. Use these markers and paint anything... but just let m
Go Better with Ice Cream "M-m-m-m-m, good," Flynn purred. "I sure love ice cream." "Me too," I said. Ice cream dribbled down Flynn's chin onto his shirt. "It's just us boys today. Mommy's missing out." Flynn and I were busy with guy stuff while my wife, Cameron, was busy with work. "Dad, can I get some ear buds?" "Your birthday's coming. We'll talk to your mom." "That's far away," Flynn said. He dug deeper into his ice cream. Later that day, Flynn came running out of the play
FIRST MILESTONES
NO BABY FOOD FOR ME Smith Alexander Boyd... otherwise known as Smitty B... skipped eating baby food altogether. Every spoonful of creamy veggies or fruit came right back out of his mouth. "Smitty B., what are you eating?" I asked. He grinned as my daughter, Morgan, gave him bites of guacamole. "Don't ask me why, but it's his favorite," Morgan said. "It's right up there with chocolate cake and ice cream." She giggled. Seeing food all over Smitty B.'s face melted my heart! Beco
did you know some bunnies are chocolate? "I love Easter! Don't you?" I asked. "I'm going on an Easter egg hunt," one of my first-grade students blurted to the class. Other kids joined in... "My mommy's going to dye eggs with me." "I love jelly-beans and chocolate bunnies." I had to laugh. The excitement was contagious. "Why don't we write letters to the Easter Bunny?" I asked. "You will get writing practice while doing something fun." Hands waved in the air. "How do we get ou
Do I get a prize for bravery? When Brittany lost her front tooth, we celebrated the occasion. It was a big deal! "Will the space in my mouth get a big girl tooth?" "Yes! It's on the way," I lamented. "You're growing up way too fast." "Will the Tooth Fairy come?" "If you put the tooth under your pillow," I said. When we were getting ready for bed, Brittany placed her tooth under the pillow with great care. She also put a rolled-up piece of paper next to the tooth. "What's that
CHOCOLATE HIGH
Where's My Halloween candy? "Mom, where's my Halloween candy?" Jordan asked. "In a safe place," I replied. "But it's mine," Jordan wailed. "I worked hard for that stuff last night." "If I hand over your treat bag, what will you do?" "Eat as many treats as I can." Jordan grinned. "I'm trying to keep your teeth from falling out," I replied, "and your tummy from aching." "I'll share with Nike." Jordan's pleading smile was ear to ear. "No, no, sweetie! Doggies can't have chocolat
PRINCE-A-PAL
RULES SCHOOL! When Brittany was a toddler, we spent long nights reading stories before bedtime. Her favorite stories were fairytales... especially the ones with a prince or princess. I would fall asleep as we read and feel her shaking me. "Mommy! Mommy! What happened to the prince?" "Oh," I said, turning the page and brushing the sleep from my eyes. "It's time to go to bed." "Okay, Mommy, but finish the prince story first." When Brittany started school, I remember walking her
A LONG FLIGHT
I want "BO-O-O-O-O" A huge package arrived at our house one morning. "Mama! Mama!" Shannon, my one-year-old, pointed to the box. "Let's see," I said. We opened the package to find a super-sized version of Pikachu from her Auntie Vivien. Shannon's eyes grew wide and she grabbed the toy while I read the card inside. It was a gift for her big brother, Ryan! Oops! Shannon had already taken ownership of the toy. Her attachment was immediate. "Bo... Bo... Bo," she cooed. She hugged
BEACH TREASURE
Did you know fairies live at the beach? "Look, Sissy, a seashell!" Jordan pointed excitedly. "It's beautiful, Jordy." Charli picked up the broken shell, cupping it in her hand. They ran to the edge of the surf and let the water clean off their treasure. They carefully put it in a plastic bucket. A trip to the beach brought wonder to the faces of my twins. I loved seeing them smile as they watched the ocean roar and hunted for trophies in the sand. "Let's look for more," Jorda
NEVER GONNA WASH
Did you know there's a new lion in the pride? "How would you like to go to a play and see The Lion King?" I asked my four-year-old granddaughter. "Yes, please! Yes, please!" Sophie jumped up and down clapping her hands. She had seen the movie over and over. "Do we get to dress up?" Sophie asked. "In fancy clothes," I replied. I decided to spring for the most expensive tickets on the aisle, so we could see the characters entering the theater during the production and cascading
Cheri Cameron Newell
The new layered look is about preparedness! Charli walked into the bathroom as I was putting on make-up. "Are you ready to take me to school," she asked. I took a look at Charli and a lip pencil careened across my cheek. Heaven help... my two minutes of quiet had ended. I had just chased Charli's twin brother, Jordan, down the hall after he had grabbed a box of mini pads out of the grocery bag, yelling, "Come look, Sissy... big stickers!" Before I could stop Jordan, he procee
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text:
The Regulative Principle
The Bible Defines the Cup
The Cup in I Corinthians
Wine in the Bible
Wine as a Symbol
The Witness of the Churches
Voices from History
The Temperance Movements: A Brief Survey
William B. Sprague
Moses Stuart
William Slater
Dunlop Moore
The Christian's Duty
The Positions of the RPCNA
The Bible specifically mentions the sacrament of the Lord's Supper in five passages. They are Matthew 26:26-29, Mark 14:22-25, Luke 22:14-21, I Corinthians 10:16-17, and I Corinthians 11:17-34. Other passages of the Bible may refer to the sacrament indirectly, but we will not attempt to study those passages here. Indeed, even the five passages that specifically mention the sacrament will not be studied in detail, but only so far as they touch on the subject of the contents of the communion cup.
None of the five passages uses the word "wine." Instead, other terms describe the communion cup and its contents. The first is "the fruit of the vine," which is found in Mark 14:25 and Luke 22:18. The second, and more specific term, is "this fruit of the vine" and is found in Matthew 26:29. The third is "the cup of blessing, which we bless," and is found in I Corinthians 10:16. The remaining references are found in I Corinthians 11, where the communion cup is "this cup," or "the cup," or "the cup of the Lord."
What do such terms mean? What do they tell us about the contents of the communion cup? To answer such questions, we must interpret them in accordance with sound principles of biblical interpretation. We must study the words themselves, as well as their historical and cultural background, while resisting any temptation to import into the texts our own biases or prejudices.
The Background: The Passover Meal
When we read the relevant Bible passages in the gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, we are immediately struck with the fact that the Last Supper, and thus the institution of the Lord's Supper, took place within the context of the Passover meal. Understanding this context is crucial to understanding the contents of the communion cup.
We begin by citing the relevant passages. Matthew 26:17-29 mentions the Passover meal four times. "Now on the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread the disciples came to Jesus, saying to Him, 'Where do You want us to prepare for You to eat the Passover?' And He said, 'Go into the city to a certain man, and say to him, "The Teacher says, 'My time is at hand; I will keep the Passover at your house with My disciples.'"" "So the disciples did as Jesus had directed them; and they prepared the Passover."
Similarly, Mark 14:12, 14, 16 says, "Now on the first day of Unleavened Bread, when they killed the Passover lamb, His disciples said to Him, 'Where do You want us to go and prepare, that You may eat the Passover?'…Wherever he goes in, say to the master of the house, 'The Teacher says, "Where is the guest room in which I may eat the Passover with My disciples?"' So His disciples went out, and came into the city, and found it just as He had said to them; and they prepared the Passover."
Luke 22:7-20 says, "Then came the Day of Unleavened Bread, when the Passover must be killed. And He sent Peter and John, saying, 'Go and prepare the Passover for us, that we may eat.' So they said to Him, 'Where do You want us to prepare?' And He said to them, 'Behold, when you have entered the city, a man will meet you carrying a pitcher of water; follow him into the house which he enters. Then you shall say to the master of the house, "The Teacher says to you, 'Where is the guest room where I may eat the Passover with My disciples?' " Then he will show you a large, furnished upper room; there make ready.' So they went and found it just as He had said to them, and they prepared the Passover. When the hour had come, He sat down, and the twelve apostles with Him. Then He said to them, 'With fervent desire I have desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer; for I say to you, I will no longer eat of it until it is fulfilled in the kingdom of God.' Then He took the cup, and gave thanks, and said, 'Take this and divide it among yourselves; for I say to you, I will not drink of the fruit of the vine until the kingdom of God comes.' And He took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to them, saying, 'This is My body which is given for you; do this in remembrance of Me.' Likewise He also took the cup after supper, saying, 'This cup is the new covenant in My blood, which is shed for you.'"
The inspired authors of Matthew, Mark and Luke use the word "Passover" no fewer than a total of thirteen times to help us understand what Jesus said and did on the night He instituted the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. This fact is noteworthy of itself. But to fully grasp the direct connection of the Passover meal to the words and events of that night, we ought to remember another prominent fact: Jesus Christ, "our Passover" lamb (I Corinthians 5:7) and the "lamb of God" (John 1:29), was about to be sacrificed for us.
The implication of these facts is inescapable: We must carefully study the Passover meal; otherwise, we will never understand what Jesus said and did when He instituted the Lord's Supper.
Changes in the Passover Meal
The first mention of the Passover meal is found in Exodus 12. In this passage, the Passover is purposefully designed to remind the Israelites of an unique historical event, namely, the Exodus from Egypt.
However, the Passover meal changed over time. When Jesus ate the Passover meal with His disciples, about 1,400 years had passed.
J.B. Segal wrote,
Most important, we find here [in Jubilees 49, circa 150 B.C.] the first allusion to the wine which became so prominent a feature of the Jewish Pesah [passover] meal…It is more likely that the introduction of wine at the Pesah meal was the effect of a radical change that was now taking place in the character of the Passover. It was to be no longer a solemn annual mustering of male adults; it was to become the occasion for family festivity, in which the drinking of wine found a natural place.
The Hebrew Passover: From the Earliest Times to 70 A.D.
The religious and cultural context in which Jesus lived and ministered is partially described by the Mishnah. The Mishnah is "a principal component of Judaism…The Mishnah was represented, soon after it was compiled, as the part of the 'whole Torah of Moses, our rabbi,' which had been formulated and transmitted orally, so it bore the status of divine revelation right alongside the Pentateuch." (Jacob Neusner, The Mishnah: A New Translation, page xiv)
The Passover Wine
The Mishnah is divided into sections; the Mishnah Peshaim is that part of the Mishnah which dealt with the Passover. A full description of the Mishnah Peshaim is beyond the scope of this web site, but certain features are especially relevant to our discussion, so a lengthy quote is justified.
10: 1 A. On the eve of the Passover from just before the afternoon's daily whole offering, a person should not eat, until it gets dark. B. And even the poorest Israelite should not eat until he reclines at his table. C. And they should provide him with no fewer than four cups of wine, D. and even if the funds come from public charity.
10:2 I A. When they have mixed the first cup of wine— B. The House of Shammai say, "He says a blessing over the day, and afterward he says a blessing over the wine." C. And the House of Hillel say, "He says a blessing over the wine, and afterward he says a blessing over the day."
10:4 II A. They mixed for him a second cup of wine. B. And here the son asks his father [questions].
10:7 III A. They mixed the third cup for him. B. He says a blessing for his food. IV C. [And at] the fourth, he completes the Hallel and says after it the grace of song. D. Between these several cups of wine, if he wants to drink, he may drink wine. E. But between the third and fourth cup of wine, if he wants to drink, he may not drink. [Emphasis added]
The Mishnah Peshaim helps us to understand several aspects of the Passover meal, and, consequently, the Lord's Supper. First, four cups of wine were used. Second, the words "cup" and "wine" are used interchangeably. In this context, the word "cup," is simply a figure of speech for "wine."
"The Fruit of the Vine" and the Cup
In another passage, the Mishnah elucidates these terms even further, because the Mishnah uses the term "the fruit of the vine" as a synonym for "wine" in Mishnah Berakhoth 6:1. In its entirety, Mishnah Berakhoth 6:1 says,
A. What blessing does one recite over produce?
B. Over fruit of a tree he says, ["Blessed are you, O Lord, our God, King of the Universe] Creator of the fruit of the tree,"
C. except for wine.
D. For over wine he says, "Creator of the fruit of the vine."
E. And over produce of the earth [vegetables] he says, "Creator of the fruit of the ground,"
F. except for loaves [of bread].
G. For over the loaf he says, "Who brings forth bread from the earth,"
H. And over greens he says, "Creator of the fruit of the ground."
I. R. Judah says, "Creator of kinds of herbs." [Emphasis added]
Later, the Talmud contributed to the Jewish understanding of the Passover. The Babylonian Talmud described the Passover wine: "R. Judah said: It must possess the taste and appearance of wine. Said Raba, What is R. Judah's reason? Because it is written, Look not upon the wine when it is red."
According to this passage, the Passover must not only use wine—it must be red wine. The reason given is strange to modern ears, perhaps—the wine must conform to the description in Proverbs 23:31. Nevertheless, this passage from the Talmud is helpful, because it tells us that the wine must not only have the appearance, but also the taste, of the clearly alcoholic wine of Proverbs 23:31.
Only a few words later, the Babylonian Talmud explains the rationale for using wine in the Passover meal: "Our Rabbis taught: A man is in duty bound to make his children rejoice and his household rejoice on a Festival, for it is said, And thou shalt rejoice in thy feast, [thou and thy son, and thy daughter, etc.] Wherewith does he make them rejoice? With wine. R. Judah b. Betera says, "…Now that the house of the sanctuary is no longer standing, the sole valid form of rejoicing is drinking wine: 'And wine gladdens the heart of man' (Ps. 104:5)"
On at least one occasion, the nature of this wine, combined with a regrettable abuse, produced a rather lamentable consequence: R. Judah bar Ilai drank four cups on Passover and had a hangover until Tabernacles. According to the Talmud, the wine of the Passover was diluted with water. As Mishnah Peshaim 10 shows, the wine was "mixed," again, probably with water. "The wine of the Last Supper, accordingly, may be described in modern terms as a sweet, red, fermented wine, rather highly diluted" (B.S. Easton, "Wine, Wine Press," International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Volume V, page 3087).
Summarizing the evidence, Gustaf Dalman, in his Jesus-Jeshua, added further details about the wine used in the Passover,
Four cups of wine were in later times the minimum for the Passover meal. This was allegorically interpreted in different ways; e.g. four kinds of punishment to the heathen—to Israel four kinds of consolations. The fact is, however, that this amount was connected with a peculiar method of calculation. A 'cup of blessing' had to contain 'a quarter of a quarter of a log' of pure wine. Thus, four such cups contained a quarter of a log, i.e. one-eighth litre of pure wine, about the measure of a large modern wine-glass. The drinking of such a quarter of a log of wine was considered enough to make priests and judges temporarily unfit for their office. A whole log (= one-half litre), it says, caused intoxication, for, when Gamaliel II had drunk a quarter of a log of Italic wine he felt unable to undertake a case of dissolving a vow until he had ridden for three miles to let the intoxication pass off. Thus, the amount of wine drunk at a Passover meal was just enough to promote high spirits; that it would not lead to actual intoxication was taken for granted, as experience taught that wine caused intoxication only when drunk after, but not when drunk during, a meal. (Naturally, the effect of wine on those who were used to drink much was also known. One who was used to drink daily twelve xests (more than 6 litres) did not fall asleep if he only drank eleven.) Moreover, the avoidance of intoxication was also due to the fact that it was drunk at intervals. 'The drunkard drinks in one draught, the decent man in two, the proud man in three.' And yet some Rabbis spoke of the physical after-effects of the four Passover cups upon them: Rabbi Jonah felt his until Pentecost had come around; Juda ben Ilay until the Feast of Tabernacles.
It was taken for granted that the wine should be diluted with water. The strong Italic wine was mixed with three parts of water; so a cup containing one-sixteenth of a log of pure wine had to be large enough to contain three-sixteenths of a log of water and allow a space of one-sixteenth of a log free at the brim for drinking. For the weaker Palestinian Saron wine, mixed only with twice its quantity of water, smaller cups would suffice. According to Eliezer, the mixing was to be done before the benediction over the wine. At the Passover meal this was not performed at one time in a great vessel for the purpose, but at each cup, in order that every cup should be an entity in itself.
Is "the Fruit of the Vine" a Generic Term?
Some people have suggested that "the fruit of the vine" is a generic term, and includes both wine and unfermented grape juice. Is this assertion supported by the biblical evidence?
At first glance, "the fruit of the vine" is, indeed, a generic term. After all, grapes are a fruit produced by vines; by extension, it could be argued, grape juice is also produced by vines. Indeed, it might appear that grape juice has an even greater claim to the title of "the fruit of the vine" than wine does, since grape juice is a more immediate product of a vine than wine is; after all, grape juice occurs before wine, and wine occurs only after the passing of time.
However, the phrase "the fruit of the vine" should not be interpreted according to our modern understanding of how grape juice and wine are produced. To do so is to violently wrest the term from its original context and to force it to mean what a modern speaker would mean if he used the same words. Sound principles of interpretation require us to ask, not, "In our experience, what fruits do vines produce?" but rather "How was the phrase 'the fruit of the vine' used and understood by Jesus and His hearers?" Only when we examine the phrase in its original context is a valid interpretation possible. The failure of some interpreters to give due consideration to the original context of "the fruit of the vine" has been the cause of much confusion and misunderstanding. Biblical interpretation would be an easy thing, if we were to ignore the original context, but it would also be mistaken.
Jesus and His disciples did not live outside of time and history, but in a particular time and place. That time and that place were not accidents, created by chance; rather, they had been prepared in advance by God's wise providence, and so were a part of His divine plan. Indeed, we can be sure that God predestined this particular cultural setting as best suited for His purposes. Then, because Jesus and His disciples lived in first century Palestine, they inherited particular languages and a culture that had existed long before the Last Supper took place. The Jewish Passover rituals—including both set actions and liturgical formulae—were a long-established part of that culture. As a young man growing up in a pious Jewish family, Jesus had undoubtedly heard the words "the fruit of the vine," and had seen and tasted the Passover wine, many times; the same can be said for His disciples. Later, throughout Jesus's public ministry, Jesus and His disciples used the same languages and the same culture that they had inherited from their ancestors. When Jesus spoke, He spoke words that were understood by His disciples, and He utilized a culture that was familiar to them. Otherwise, communication (in the ordinary sense) would have been impossible. As a result of this shared culture and language, the disciples knew precisely what to do when Jesus said, "Prepare the Passover," and Jesus could be sure they had done what He intended, because the Passover meal had been prepared by pious Jews in a particular manner for generations. Likewise, when Jesus said, "the fruit of the vine," He was not inventing a new term, nor did His disciples hear a new term, because Jesus was using a term that had already existed, and had acquired a definite meaning, long before He uttered that term. The words "the fruit of the vine" were a term the Jews had used as a part of the blessing over wine, the fermented juice of grapes, long before Jesus was born.
To repeat: We must interpret the words and actions of Jesus at the institution of the Lord's Supper according to their original context. What was that context? As we demonstrated above, the original context was the Passover meal. The Jews of Jesus's day drank four cups of wine during the Passover meal (Mishnah Peshaim 10:1). They pronounced a blessing over the Passover wine. Over wine they said, "Blessed are you, O Lord, our God, King of the Universe, Creator of the fruit of the vine" (Mishnah Berakhoth 6:1). We have here the language of worship and liturgy. In other words, "the fruit of the vine" is a technical and liturgical term, with a definite and specific meaning. Our concern is not, the fruit of the vine, considered as a product of the vines in a vineyard; but rather "the fruit of the vine," considered as a part of the blessing the Jews said over wine. "The fruit of the vine" is not an agricultural or botanical term, and must not be interpreted today as if it were. The fact that "the fruit of the vine," when taken out of context, may suggest a different meaning to modern speakers and hearers, ought not to hinder us from understanding this term correctly. Sound principles of biblical interpretation require us to consider the original meaning of the term, which was spoken in the context of the Jewish Passover meal. Only then can we understand the mind of Christ, when He said, "the fruit of the vine."
The fact that "the fruit of the vine" is specific, not generic, becomes even clearer when we remember that Matthew 26:29 reports Jesus as saying, "this fruit of the vine." Obviously, Jesus was not directing the attention of His hearers to an abstraction, or to a generality. Nor was He referring to something that did not exist six months after the grape harvest. Instead, Jesus was referring to a material that was physically and actually present on the table in front of Him. The word "this" (Greek: τούτου τοῦ) allows no other interpretation. Indeed, it is hard to imagine how Jesus could have chosen a more specific term.
And what was this physical and material object to which Jesus referred when He said, "this fruit of the vine"? We ought to remember that Jesus and His disciples were not standing in a vineyard, but in the upper room. The occasion was not the grape harvest, but the Passover. Before them was a table. What was on that table as Jesus spoke these words? It could only have been what had been placed there after "the disciples did as Jesus had directed them; and they prepared the Passover" (Matthew 26:19, cf. Mark 14:16). Jesus referred to Passover wine.
This understanding of Matthew 26:29 then informs our understanding of "the fruit of the vine" in Mark and Luke. "This fruit of the vine" is specific and concrete, not generic; and since Matthew 26:29 illuminates–and does not contradict–the parallel passages in Mark and Luke, we understand that "the fruit of the vine" in Mark and Luke are also specific, not generic.
Once we consider all this, we are compelled to conclude that "the fruit of the vine" is wine, the fermented juice of grapes. It is not a generic term.
What About the Yeast?
Some people object to the concept of alcoholic wine in the Passover meal, on the ground that the regulations concerning the Passover forbade the presence of leaven, or yeast, in the house.
To answer, we must study the process used in making wine, the Mishnah, and the biblical passages concerning leaven.
First, we must distinguish between the process of leavening, and the process of fermentation. These are very different things, and what is proper to say about the former, may be improper to say about the latter. Bread could be either leavened or unleavened, and the biblical passages that regulated the Passover meal, required that it be unleavened. Wine, on the other hand, was fermented, not leavened; and the biblical passages that require that unleavened bread be used at Passover say nothing at all about fermented wine, and do not forbid it. The Israelites would not have made the mistake of supposing that leavened bread is somehow similar to fermented wine, and that therefore a prohibition against one, is also a prohibition against the other. Nor should we.
Second, the yeast that was "not to be seen" among the Israelites evidently meant either the yeast in the bread (which had to be unleavened at the time of the Passover), or what may be called "loose" yeast, that yeast which had not entered anything. Nothing is said in the Mishnah Peshaim about removing wine from the home, though much is said about removing yeast. The search for yeast included a search around the wine vault, but it did not include a search of the wine itself.
Third, the prohibition against yeast on Passover may have involved only the five grains listed in Mishnah Pesahim 2:5. Since none of those are put into wine, there is no problem with the yeast that fermented the wine.
Fourth, we should also note that the process of fermentation, used to make wine, did not require the introduction of yeast by man. Rather, the naturally occurring yeast on the skins of the grapes and in the surrounding air was sufficient to begin the fermentation process. Then, since yeast cells multiply rapidly, this small (and usually undetectable) amount of yeast was enough to produce the alcoholic content of the wine.
Fifth, while the start of the process of fermentation required the presence of yeast, fermentation would have eventually killed the yeast in the wine. Yeast cannot survive in an environment rich in alcohol. Since the process of fermentation required only a few days to complete, no yeast would have been present in wine more than a few days old. Thus, a Passover meal using unleavened bread and wine contained no yeast.
In addition, RPCNA minister William Slater answered the objection regarding yeast many years ago, and his words deserve careful consideration. "It is alleged that the wine used in the passover by the ancient Israelites, must have been unfermented, because there was to be no leaven in their houses at that time. Ans. 1st. We have no evidence that the Israelites in early times used wine in the passover at all. There is no mention of it in the original institution, so that all reasoning from the [original] passover is perfectly nugatory. 2nd There is no command against material leaven in the Lord's Supper. 3d. At the same time that leaven was prohibited in the offerings of God, wine was commanded. In the holy place shalt thou cause the strong wine to be poured unto the Lord for a drink-offering. Num. xxviii. 7. What sad work was this! that wine, containing leaven and alcohol, and what not, should have been offered to God!"
Modern Scholars
Modern scholars have examined the evidence and have drawn the obvious conclusions.
In his book, The Eucharistic Words of Jesus, Joachim Jeremias wrote, "το γενημα της αμπελου ('the fruit of the vine') for 'wine' is in the Judaism of the time of Jesus a set liturgical formula at the blessing of the cup, both before and after the meal." Therefore, "Jesus and his disciples drank red wine at the Last Supper."
The Synod of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, Evangelical Synod asserted that, "According to the Talmud the Passover cup contained a mixture of three parts water to one part wine (Peshaim 108b); this was to decrease its power of intoxication…Evidently our Lord partook of some kind of wine in the Passover observance" ("Study Committee on the Beverage Use of Alcohol Report." Documents of Synod: Study Papers and Actions of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, Evangelical Synod—1965-1982).
"All four accounts of the Lord's Supper speak of 'the cup.' The content of this cup was most definitely wine. The references in Matt. 26:29 and parallels to the 'fruit of the vine' would not have suggested anything else to Jesus' listeners than the grape wine of the Jewish Passover ritual." (Theology and Practice of the Lord's Supper, 1983, The Commission on Theology and Church Relations of the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod)
"In the accounts of the Last Supper the term οινος [the Greek word for wine] occurs neither in the Synoptists nor Paul. It is obvious, however, that according to custom Jesus was proffering wine in the cup over which He pronounced the blessing; this may be seen especially from the solemn γενημα της αμπελου (Mark. 14:25 and par.) which was borrowed from Judaism." (Seesemann, "οινος," Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Volume V, page 64. "γενημα της αμπελου" is translated as "fruit of the vine.")
"Mark. 14:25 (Mt. 26:29; Lk. 22:18): γενημα της αμπελου, is to be equated with הֵגֶּפֶן פְּרִי, which occurs in the blessing of the paschal cup in Ber., 6, and T.Ber.,4,3…The expression of the Evangelists is particularly close, therefore, to contemporary Judaism." (Friedrich Büchsel, "γενημα," Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Volume I, page 685).
Commentator William Hendriksen, in his The Gospel of Matthew, says, "By speaking of 'the fruit of the vine' Jesus undoubtedly refers to wine. Note close relation between 'vine' and 'wine' in Isa. 24:7. See also Num. 6:4; Hab. 3:17. At this time of the year (April), and under conditions then prevailing in Judea, it is hard to think of anything but fermented grape juice, that is, wine, the kind of wine used at Passover; hence, diluted or paschal wine" (p. 911).
Likewise, the famous New Testament scholar D.A. Carson wrote, "The 'fruit of the vine' is a common Jewish way of referring in prayers to wine (cf. m Berakoth 6:1)" (Matthew-Mark, The Expositor's Bible Commentary, revised edition, Vol. 9, page 604).
Similarly, R.C.H. Lenski, in his commentary, The Interpretation of St. Luke's Gospel said, "The efforts that are put forth to read wine out of this account are unavailing. Because oinos, the word for 'wine,' does not occur, the presence of wine is at least gravely questioned, which means practically denied. Luke's 'the fruit of the vine,' pheri hagiphen, the lovely liturgical term for the wine that was used in the Passover ritual, which Matthew makes even more specific by writing 'this fruit of the vine,' the one that was regularly used in the Passover and was used at this Passover by Jesus, is misunderstood by these commentators, for they assert that grape juice fits this phrase better than does wine–although such a thing as grape juice was an impossibility in April in the Holy Land of Christ's time. It could be had only when grapes were freshly pressed out, before the juice started to ferment in an hour or two." (pages 1043-1044)
"The fruit of the vine" in the biblical accounts of the institution of the Lord's Supper is wine, the fermented juice of grapes. That is what the term meant for Jesus and His disciples, and that is what it must mean for us. When Jesus instituted the Lord's Supper, He used wine.
© 2022 Wine in the Lord's Supper, by Jeff Yelton


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Russell Westbrook v. The Big O: By The Numbers
By Chris Horton @HortonBBallSite
A closer look into the numbers behind the Russell Westbrook & Oscar Robertson comparison.
Russell Westbrook is the best player in the NBA right now. People may say that's awfully disrespectful to LeBron, Kid Curry, The Brow, and The Beard, but the stats are inarguable and actually watching Russ is even more awe inspiring. Westbrook is more combo guard than pure point, more superhero than sidekick, more Monstar than NBA player. The tear he is on is one only a few of the NBA's all-timers have ever rivaled. In Oklahoma City's last ten games (all without reigning MVP Kevin Durant), Westbrook is getting his Oscar Robertson on every night as a stat filling, polarizing, and intensely dominant triple-double machine.
Here are his jaw-dropping stats for the past ten contests (yes, they deserve their own line):
34.3 pts, 11.4 ast, 10.3 reb, 1.9 stl
AND he does thing like this! Are you not entertained?!
To put this in a historical context, this is how Westbrook's last ten games stack up against Oscar Robertson's historic triple-double season.
The stats are nearly identical. Where Westbrook has the edge is in minutes per game (MPG). Russ is amassing these stats in nearly twelve minutes less per game. It's like he spotted the Big O an entire quarter of basketball and still came out deadlocked. The minutes difference explains why Robertson's win shares (WS) are greater than Westbrook's, but Westbrook has the superior win shares per 40 minutes.
Prior to this ten game stretch, Westbrook had been oft criticized about his shot selection, turnovers, and overall efficiency. While some critics continue to mumble about such concerns, it is growing readily apparent that Westbrook's offensive style is more than just sufficing. That's not to say that Russ doesn't still take some puzzling shots or force the issue at times, but those detriments to efficiency are often counteracted by Westbrook's ability to get to the free throw line. Westbrook's 9.4 free throw attempts (FTAs) per game is second in the NBA only behind James Harden, and Westbrook is shooting free throws at an even higher rate in his last ten games.
In addition to the constant treks to the free throw line, Westbrook has grown as a decision maker. When you consider that Westbrook has the highest usage rate of anyone in the league (38.5), it is completely remarkable that Westbrook has a turnover rate (as shown above) less than LeBron James and the aforementioned James Harden. Although still somewhat maligned as a passer, Westbrook's assist percentage (Ast%), or the percentage of his teammates' baskets that he assists on, is over 48%, which is the best in the NBA. In his last ten games alone, Westbrook has posted 17 assists in a game twice, which is better than all-time great passer Lebron James' career high of 16.
While the comparison to Oscar Robertson may not be completely fair to either party, as the current game is completely different than it was 50 years ago, it's still definitely worth noting; it's not like comparing apples and oranges, but more like bananas and plantains. No matter which way you slice it, Russell Westbrook is in the middle of a transcendent stretch that leaves him holding the mantle as the best player in the NBA right now.
the big o
kid curry
#KidCurry
Horton Basketball
Chris Horton


How could you not love a face like this? Not only is Spike a seizure-alert dog, but he's a Master agility campaigner and popular figure wherever he goes with owners Ed and Susan Zuckerman.
Spike is a 51-pound, 7½-year-old, fun-loving, task-oriented best friend. But there's another side to this resourceful Bearded Collie's multifaceted personality. He's been a seizure-alert dog for his owner, Susan Zuckerman, of Boca Raton, Fla., since he was 6 years old, when she experienced her first epilepsy incident.
Since then, Susan has experienced 13 seizures (including 4 this year), and Spike has alerted on 6 of them. His alert notice ranges from 10 seconds to two hours and is chiefly reflected by restlessness, circling, and pacing.
While on a walk in their hometown, Susan Zuckerman and Spike, her seizure-alert dog, take a break.
Since there have been no false alerts, the couple has complete confidence in Spike's ability to alert them to oncoming seizures.
The typical scenario goes like this: When Susan suffers a seizure, Ed immediately calls 911 and positions his wife on her side. When emergency personnel arrive, one responder asks questions about the incident; another checks Susan's vitals; the third brings a stretcher and readies her for a trip to the hospital, where she stays for two-to-five days. The attacks are enormously tiring and require considerable rest to recover from.
Epilepsy has evolved into a lifetime game-changer for the couple, since it has left Susan unable to drive a car, go to the pool, or do much alone. A canine version of an early-warning radar system, Spike has enabled the couple to prepare for and somewhat control situations which would be unpredictable to them alone.
For Spike's seventh birthday, the Zuckermans opted for a swim party at the Lauderdale Pet Lodge in Fort Lauderdale, Fla.
The Zuckermans didn't expect to hear back from anyone involved, but the following Sunday, a store security guard told Ed that his seizure hunch stemming from Spike's alert was correct.
When he's not alerting those in need, the "other" Spike, a Masters-level agility competitor, is clearing hurdles, climbing ladders, and running through tunnels in American Kennel Club rings. "He has an extraordinary ability to change motion while airborne. In fact, he is far better on the course than either of us handlers," Ed emphasizes. Spike, adds Susan, is fast, a quick learner, and very motivated to succeed — all key traits for any agility competitor.
After agility practice, Ed Zuckerman (left, with Spike) discusses his runs through the course with Bill and Shuko Seigel, who also own Beardies.
Agility is a terrific outlet. "It's a positive means of reducing the stress surrounding epilepsy and allows us to be around our extended family, the club members," Ed explains.
Experiencing Spike's incredible alert capabilities has led the couple to connect with others who train, certify, and benefit from seizure-alert dogs. The Zuckermans also hope to become involved with Spike in therapeutic research at the Boca Raton Regional Hospital Marcus Neuroscience Institute.


text:
Q: How to use GROUP BY and ORDER BY together in LARAVEL 5.6 I'm using LARAVEL 5.6
I'm using Eloquent. I want to use GROUP BY and ORDER BY together, I've some experiences that tell me it's not as easy as it looks like, even in puer mysql query ;).
I've read similar questions too, But I'm still confused!
I have 2 Models (tables) called Currency (database table: currencies) and CurrencyExchangeRate (database table: currency_exchange_rates) with this informations:
Schema::create('currencies', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->increments('id');
            $table->string('title', 200)->nullable();
            $table->string('symbol', 20)->nullable();
            $table->text('icon')->nullable();
            $table->tinyInteger('visible')->defualt(0);
            $table->tinyInteger('order')->nullable();
            $table->bigInteger('created_at');
            $table->bigInteger('updated_at');
        });

And
Schema::create('currency_exchange_rates', function (Blueprint $table) {
    $table->increments('id');
    $table->integer('currency_id')->unsigned();
    $table->foreign('currency_id')->references('id')->on('currencies')->onDelete('cascade');
    $table->bigInteger("sell")->nullable();
    $table->bigInteger("buy")->nullable();
    $table->string('date', 20);
    $table->bigInteger('created_at');
    $table->bigInteger('updated_at');
});

And these are my Models:
class Currency extends Model
{
    /**
     * The storage format of the model's date columns.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    public $dateFormat = 'U';
    protected $fillable = ['title', 'symbol', 'icon', 'visible', 'order'];

    public function exchangeRate()
    {
        return $this->hasMany('App\CurrencyExchangeRate');
    }

    public function getIconAttribute($value)
    {
        return json_decode($value);
    }
}

And
class Currency extends Model
{
    /**
     * The storage format of the model's date columns.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    public $dateFormat = 'U';
    protected $fillable = ['title', 'symbol', 'icon', 'visible', 'order'];

    public function exchangeRate()
    {
        return $this->hasMany('App\CurrencyExchangeRate');
    }

    public function getIconAttribute($value)
    {
        return json_decode($value);
    }
}

As you see every Currency can have many currency exchange rates, I want to show user's currency exchange rates for a Currency in the last 10 days!
there are different rates for a currency in one day, I want the last rate entered in a day! for example:
id | currency_id | sell | buy |     date   |  created_at | updated_at
---+-------------+------+-----+------------+-------------+------------
 1 |   1         |  10  |  12 | 2018-04-05 |    1        |    1
 2 |   1         |  11  |  13 | 2018-04-05 |    2        |    2
 3 |   1         |  15  |  20 | 2018-04-05 |    3        |    3

As you see there are 4 rates for currency_id = 1 in date = 2018-04-05, which in my report I need the latest one (created_at = 3 | sell = 15  | buy = 20)
So if I want to have a more real example my table will be like:
id | currency_id | sell | buy |     date   |  created_at | updated_at
---+-------------+------+-----+------------+-------------+------------
 1 |   1         |  10  |  12 | 2018-04-05 |    1        |    1
 2 |   1         |  11  |  13 | 2018-04-05 |    2        |    2
 3 |   1         |  15  |  20 | 2018-04-05 |    3        |    3
 4 |   1         |  20  |  22 | 2018-04-06 |    4        |    4
 5 |   1         |  21  |  23 | 2018-04-06 |    5        |    5

 6 |   2         |  40  |  50 | 2018-04-05 |    1        |    1
 7 |   2         |  60  |  70 | 2018-04-05 |    2        |    2
 8 |   2         |  80  |  90 | 2018-04-06 |    4        |    4
 9 |   2         |  95  |  85 | 2018-04-06 |    5        |    5

I want to have an array like this:
$currencies = [
            'currency_id ' => 1,
            'title' => 'Dollar',
            'currency_exchange_rates' => [
                '2018-04-05' => [
                    'sell' => 15,
                    'buy' => 20,
                    'created_at' => 3, // the latest rate entered in 2018-04-06 for 'currency_id ' => 1
                ] ,
                '2018-04-06' => [
                    'sell' => 21,
                    'buy' => 23,
                    'created_at' => 5, // the latest rate entered in 2018-04-06  for 'currency_id ' => 1
                ]
            ] ,
            'currency_id ' => 2,
            'title' => 'Euro',
            'currency_exchange_rates' => [
                '2018-04-05' => [
                    'sell' => 60,
                    'buy' => 70,
                    'created_at' => 2, // the latest rate entered in 2018-04-05 for 'currency_id ' => 2
                ] ,
                '2018-04-06' => [
                    'sell' => 95 ,
                    'buy' => 85,
                    'created_at' => 5, // the latest rate entered in 2018-04-06 for 'currency_id ' => 2
                ]
            ]
        ];

I've used this code to get currency exchange rates for every currency by it's id:
$days = 10 ;
$currencies = Currency::findOrFail($currency_id)
    ->with(
    [
        'exchangeRate' => function ($q) use ($days) {
            $q->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')
                ->where('created_at', ">", strtotime('-' . $days . ' days', time()))
                ->groupBy('date')
                ->get();
        }
    ]
)->get();

But ORDER BY is not working and I will receive just first rates.
UPDATE
I want to get the latest rate for each day of the last 10 days, For example, if the admin has entered 4 rates for USD on 2018-04-05, I want to get the latest one! (I've entered just sell rate to simplify my example)
USD = [
     2018-04-01 => 10 (the latest rate has been entered for USD on 2018-04-01 is 10),
     2018-04-02 => 13 (the latest rate has been entered for USD on 2018-04-02 is 13),
     2018-04-03 => 15 (the latest rate has been entered for USD on 2018-04-03 is 15),
     2018-04-04 => 18 (the latest rate has been entered for USD on 2018-04-04 is 18),
     2018-04-05 => 12 (the latest rate has been entered for USD on 2018-04-05 is 12),
     ...
],

EUR  = [
     2018-04-01 => 10 (the latest rate has been entered for EUR on 2018-04-01 is 10),
     2018-04-02 => 13 (the latest rate has been entered for EUR on 2018-04-02 is 13),
     2018-04-03 => 15 (the latest rate has been entered for EUR on 2018-04-03 is 15),
     2018-04-04 => 18 (the latest rate has been entered for EUR on 2018-04-04 is 18),
     2018-04-05 => 12 (the latest rate has been entered for EUR on 2018-04-05 is 12),
     ...
],

A: Use a subquery join:
$days = 10 ;
$currencies = Currency::with(
    [
        'exchangeRate' => function ($q) use ($days) {
            $latest = CurrencyExchangeRate::select('currency_id', 'date')
                ->selectRaw('MAX(created_at) created_at')
                ->groupBy('currency_id', 'date');
            $q->joinSub($latest, 'latest', function($join) {
                $join->on('currency_exchange_rates.currency_id', 'latest.currency_id')
                    ->on('currency_exchange_rates.date', 'latest.date')
                    ->on('currency_exchange_rates.created_at', 'latest.created_at');
            })->where('currency_exchange_rates.created_at', ">", strtotime('-' . $days . ' days', time()));
        }
    ]
)->get();

This executes the following query:
select *
from `currency_exchange_rates`
inner join (
  select `currency_id`, `date`, MAX(created_at) created_at
  from `currency_exchange_rates`
  group by `currency_id`, `date`
) as `latest`
on `currency_exchange_rates`.`currency_id` = `latest`.`currency_id`
  and `currency_exchange_rates`.`date` = `latest`.`date`
  and `currency_exchange_rates`.`created_at` = `latest`.`created_at`
where `currency_exchange_rates`.`currency_id` in (?, ...)
  and `currency_exchange_rates`.`created_at` > ?

A: Try this
Currency::findOrFail($currency_id)
    ->with(
    [
        'exchangeRate' => function ($q) use ($days) {
            $q->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')
                ->first();
        }
    ]
)->get();

Its the only way I suppose

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


These works explore feelings of entrapment and isolation experienced by the suburban dweller who stifles longings to be �somewhere else�. Imagine, that by just looking out of the window you can see your �somewhere else�.
The paintings are mostly painted in acrylics on stretched canvas . The style is a modifed Trompe L�Oeil (illusions of the eye). You are meant to view the paintings as though looking through the window. The Genre is na�ve.


text:
angular.module('aquarium', ['ionic','jrCrop', 'timer', 'aquarium.auth', 'aquarium.constants', 'aquarium.home', 'aquarium.games', 'aquarium.wash', 'aquarium.flash', 'aquarium.trash', 'aquarium.music'])

        .run(function ($ionicPlatform) {
            $ionicPlatform.ready(function () {

                if (window.cordova && window.cordova.plugins.Keyboard) {
                    cordova.plugins.Keyboard.hideKeyboardAccessoryBar(true);
                }
                if (window.StatusBar) {
                    StatusBar.styleDefault();
                }
            });
        })

        .run(function (AuthService, $rootScope, $state) {

            $rootScope.$on('$stateChangeStart', function (event, toState) {

                if (!AuthService.currentUserId && toState.name != 'login' && toState.name != 'register') {

                    event.preventDefault();
                    $state.go('login');
                }
                ;

            });
        })

        .config(function ($stateProvider, $urlRouterProvider, $ionicConfigProvider) {

            $ionicConfigProvider.tabs.position('bottom');

            $stateProvider

                    .state('app', {
                        url: '/app',
                        abstract: true,
                        templateUrl: 'templates/menu.html',
                        controller: 'appCtrl'

                    })

                    .state('app.home', {
                        url: '/home',
                        views: {
                            'app-home': {
                                templateUrl: 'templates/home.html',
                                controller: 'homeCtrl'

                            }
                        }
                    })

                    .state('app.games', {
                        url: '/games',
                        cache: false,
                        views: {
                            'app-home': {
                                templateUrl: 'templates/games.html',
                                controller: 'homeCtrl'

                            }
                        }
                    })

                    .state('app.flash', {
                        url: '/flash',
                        cache: false,
                        views: {
                            'app-home': {
                                templateUrl: 'templates/flash.html',
                                controller: 'flashCtrl'

                            }
                        }
                    })

                    .state('app.trash', {
                        url: '/trash',
                        cache: false,
                        views: {
                            'app-home': {
                                templateUrl: 'templates/trash.html',
                                controller: 'trashCtrl'

                            }
                        }
                    })

                    .state('app.wash', {
                        url: '/wash',
                        cache: false,
                        views: {
                            'app-home': {
                                templateUrl: 'templates/wash.html',
                                controller: 'washCtrl'

                            }
                        }
                    })

                    .state('register', {
                        url: '/register',
                        cache: false,
                        controller: 'RegisterCtrl',
                        templateUrl: 'templates/register.html'
                    })

                    .state('login', {
                        url: '/login',
                        cache: false,
                        controller: 'LoginCtrl',
                        templateUrl: 'templates/login.html'
                    })

            $urlRouterProvider.otherwise(function ($injector) {
                $injector.get('$state').go('app.home');
            });

        });

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub