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Mathematics 9 Powers and Exponents
N01 Students will be expected to demonstrate an understanding of powers with integral bases (excluding base 0) and whole number exponents.
N02 Students will be expected to demonstrate an understanding of operations on powers with integral bases (excluding base 0) and whole number exponents. (Exponent Laws)
N04 Students will be expected to explain and apply the order of operations, including exponents, with and without technology.
N01 activities
Who Wants to be a Millionaire Warm-up Question - Which of these square numbers also happens to be the sum of two smaller square numbers. Check out the "Ask the Audience poll on the right side of the picture." You can also check out the clip on YouTube to see how he did.
Maximum Value of an Exponent from Open Middle - Use the digits 1 to 9, at most one time each, to fill in the boxes to make a result that has the greatest value possible. What would be the answer if the solutions could be a four digit number? What would be the answer if you could use digits more than once?
Thinking of Powers from Bryan Anderson - A nice open middle problem from Bryan Anderson. If you could only use the numbers 1 to 9, each only once, could you fill in the boxes to make the figure true?
Would You Rather from John Stevens - Would you rather put $3 in the bank and have it triple each week for four weeks or put $4 in the bank and have it quadruple each week for three weeks?
N02 and N04 Activities
Exponent Experimentation 1 from Illustrative Mathematics - Students decide whether each equation is true and explain how they know.
Math Mistakes with Exponents from Andrew Stadel - Andrew has students analyse mistakes other students have made when evaluating exponential expressions and solving exponential equations. Students have to find the mistake, correct it, and justify the correct solution.
Exponent Rules Row Game - A row game is a self checking activity. A worksheet of problems is organized in two columns. Column A and column B. The pair of problems in each row has to have the same answer. If students don't get the same answer, they work together to find the error(s). Ilona Vashchyshyn created this row game for Exponent Rules.
Exponents and Order of Operations from Open Middle - Find 3 positive integers that add up to 10. Place each number into one of the blanks to find the largest possible result.
24 Math Game - This game is excellent practice for order of operations. The original version of 24 is played with an ordinary deck of playing cards with all the face cards removed. The aces are taken to have the value 1 and the basic game proceeds by having 4 cards thrown and the first player that can achieve the number 24 exactly using only allowed operations (such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and parentheses) wins the hand. Some groups of players allow exponentiation, roots, logarithms and/or additional operations. There is also a commercial version of the game. You could play this game as a whole class as well.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: local variable 'features' referenced before assignment in django hi there i hava simple view where i am trying to pass the features to the html page but its giving me the below error:
UnboundLocalError at /enquiry/thanks/
local variable 'features' referenced before assignment

And my view
 def abc(request):

    features = ['1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9','0']
        return render_to_response("xyz/thanks.html",
        {
             'test': features,
        }, context_instance=RequestContext(request))

A: Should be:
 def abc(request):
    features = ['1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9','0']
    return render_to_response("xyz/thanks.html",{
                   'test': features,
           }, context_instance=RequestContext(request))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


After two years of unemployment, Maggy Garrisson lands a secretarial job. Too bad her new boss is the shady, chaotic Anthony Wight: private detective and alcoholic. But a job is a job, and Maggy could use the cash. Five days into her new role, Wight is beaten to a pulp and Maggy is tasked with returning his wallet. With this seemingly innocuous request, Maggy enters a sinister underworld of corrupt cops, crooked businessmen, and career criminals. There's a lot to investigate, from the disappearance of a family album to the theft of gold teeth from bodies at the crematorium. But for someone with the energy, ingenuity, and enterprising spirit of Maggy Garrison, puzzles are there to be solved—especially if there's money to be made in the process.
Lewis Trondheim is a French comics writer, artist, and publisher. His books include Poppies of Iraq and the Angoulême-winning Slaloms. He was made a Knight of the Order of Arts and Literature in France in 2005. Stéphane Oiry is a French comic book artist, animator, and children's book author.


Endangered Species Act Under Attack in Congress, Innovative Twitter Campaign to the Rescue?
You can't be surprised, given that our Congress people seem completely mad (and not just because of NCAA basketball), but, yes, they really are attacking the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and a number of iconic animals.
Luckily, Earthjustice, a leading non-profit public interest law firm dedicated to protecting the Earth and its resources, is working hard to rally U.S. citizens and stop the assault. And it's come up with a really innovative, fun way of doing so.
How do you spell "AWESOME" in four letters? W-O-L-F.
I dominate the fairy tale market. I'm on every black t-shirt howling at the moon. And all those dogs you spend hours walking and picking up after? Guess who they're descended from? That's right, I'm your dog's daddy.
Michael Phelps swims 400 meters and he gets a gold medal and the cover of a Wheaties box. An older gentleman jumps in the water at Coney Island for 1 minute in January and they call him a Polar Bear. No, I'm a Polar Bear.
Can anyone hear me? I'm just a normal salmon who's made a terrible mistake. I just googled myself and the results were not good.
Check out more via the links above and on their Twitter accounts: @WolfSOS, @SalmonSOS, @PolarBearSOS.
And don't forget to sign the petition.
It's hard to understand how some in the new Congress think they were elected to sacrifice our wildest and most vulnerable creatures for political gain. In these early weeks of the congressional session, they've acted as if wolves, polar bears and salmon are barriers to progress. They tried, and failed, to transform a simple budget bill into a cudgel against the Endangered Species Act and the animals it protects.
But, this grim anti-environment faction isn't quitting. They've just begun. In the next few weeks, we expect a new wave of legislative attacks on the ESA and other cornerstone environmental laws. And we will be there in the courts and in the halls of Congress, as we have all along, to defend against it.
One more time, help out now by signing Earthjustice's petition.
Facebook's New Logo — Which One's a No-Go?
Climate Change and Health, Epic New Book Out.. & You Can Win It!


Rapid Garage Doors invites you to experience a tradition of quality craftsman. Our reputation is of the altmost importance and a top priority with our company. We provide prompt service and knowledge that will earn your trust for a lifetime. We believe in making all clients repeat clients. With our family owned and operated business you should never need a garage door specialist. We are experts at installation, repairing of garage doors in Boca Raton, Broward, Palm Beach and Miami-Dade counties. Call us today you'll be pleased you did. Thank you.


The best grillers around'll gather to go tongs-to-tongs over one hot weekend.
SMOKERS BEYOND SUMMER: It's odd to us that barbecue and summertime have become synonymous in many a mind. Well, perhaps not that odd; grilling out is associated with fine weather, which tends to happen in the warmer months, and barbecue is associated with grilling out. But has fans of all things 'que know, enjoying a beef brisket sandwich sauced in something thick and tangy is not just a pleasure to be savored in July. Barbecue is even making its way into the holidays, at least anecdotally; we all know someone who is barbecuing a turkey every year, not just as a novelty but because it is dang delicious. With that in mind, we're happy to see La Quinta Resort & Club hosting a mondo cook-off in early December.
THE DELISH DETAILS: True, the desert's December weather is kind of like summertime in a lot of places, so that fits. The King of the Smoker Invitational Barbecue Championship on Saturday, Dec. 8 will feature "the world's top pit-masters" behind the tongs. There's a big money in the prizes -- 50 grand in all -- and glory to be had, too. It's open to the public, but La Quinta is going one better: There's a King of the Smoker stay-over package on the offer. A night's accommodation is part of the deal, as are two admissions to the barbecue action (let's add that two dozen teams are expected). Price starts at $279. So, are you ready for a taste of summer in your December? The desert has what you need, but note: You'll need a sweater or more for nighttime. The afternoon may be sunny and filled with sizzle, but desert nights in December are not so July.


On Saturday, April 25, Rio Grande Habitat for Humanity will hold its annual Spring Gala, �A Tropical Night with Habitat� at the Club at Cimarron to benefit our local community. Rio Grande Valley Habitat for Humanity is dedicated to the ideal that all people deserve to own a decent a place to live on terms they can afford. Our goal for this event is to raise funds to build homes for those less fortunate.
Tickets for this event are $100 per person and include dinner, cocktails, live music, silent and live auctions. For sponsorship opportunities, or to purchase tickets for this event, call the Habitat for Humanity office at 956-686-7455.


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Home / Corruption / Crime and Investigation / EFCC / Sen Bukola Saraki / Societe Generale Bank of Nigeria (SGBN) / N3.5b London-Paris Club refund: EFCC set for trial of ex-bank MD, Saraki's aide
N3.5b London-Paris Club refund: EFCC set for trial of ex-bank MD, Saraki's aide
Unknown Monday, August 20, 2018 Corruption, Crime and Investigation, EFCC, Sen Bukola Saraki, Societe Generale Bank of Nigeria (SGBN)
The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) is set for the trial of a former Managing Director of Societe Generale Bank of Nigeria( SGBN), Mr. Robert Mbonu and three others for alleged conversion of N3.5billion of N19billion London-Paris Club refund to states.
The others are Melrose General Services Limited, the Senate President Deputy Chief of Staff Mr. Gbenga Makanjuola and Obiora Amobi.
No date has been fixed for the trial of the suspects at a Federal High Court in Lagos.
But the whereabouts of one of the suspects were unknown as at yesterday, leading to a delay in their arraignment.
The EFCC said it might declare the affected suspect wanted.
Makanjuola has been reporting to the EFCC to clear his name, insisting that he never stole NGF's cash.
Following protests by states over deductions for external debt service between 1995 and 2002, President Muhammadu Buhari approved the release of N522.74 billion (first tranche) refund to them, pending reconciliation of records.
Each state was entitled to N14.5 billion or 25 per cent of the amount claimed.
The release of the cash was trailed by a huge controversy, including payment of N19billion consultancy fees and $86million into the accounts of the NGF.
The EFCC in the last two years has been investigating the alleged diversion of the N19billion under the guise of consultancy fees, including the N3.5billion, which was allegedly remitted to Melrose General Services Limited, allegedly with links to Mbonu.
About $183,000 of the N3.5billion was transferred to a Dubai jeweler patronised by some senators.
In the charges against the suspects, the EFCC said there was no service rendered to have warranted the payment of the N3.5billion.
The charges read in part: "That you Robert Chidozie Mbonu, Melrose General Services Limited and other persons at large on or about the 14th day of December, 2016 in Lagos within the jurisdiction of this Honourable Court conspired amongst yourselves to disguise the unlawful origin of the sum of N3.5billion paid into the account of Melrose General Services Limited and thereby committed an offence contrary to Section 18 of the Money Laundering Prohibition Act, 2011 (as amended by Act No. 1 of 2012) and punishable under section 15 (3) of the same Act.
"That you Robert Chidozie Mbonu and Melrose General Services Limited having reason to know that N3.5billion directly represented the proceeds of your unlawful activity to wit: Conspiracy and Stealing: did convert the said funds which you received from the Nigeria Governors Forum under the false guise that you were entitled to payment of consultancy fees from money recovered for the states in relation to "over-deductions on Paris and London club loans on the account of the states and local government (1995-2002)" which service you did not render and thereby committed an offence contrary to Section 15(2) (b) of the Money Laundering Prohibition Act, 2011 (as amended by Act No. 1 of 2012) and punishable under section 15 (3) of the same Act.
"That you Robert Chidozie Mbonu and Melrose General Services Limited on or about the 14th December, 2016 in Lagos within the jurisdiction of this Honourable Court did retain in the Access Bank Plc Account No. 0005892453 operated by Melrose General Services Limited the sum of N3, 500,000,000.00 received from the Nigeria Governors Forum when you reasonably ought to know that the said money was a direct proceed of your unlawful activity to wit Conspiracy and Stealing: and thereby committed an offence contrary to section 15(2) ((1) 0f the Money Laundering Prohibition Act, 2011 (as amended by Act No. 1 of 2012) and punishable under section 15 (3) of the same Act.
"That you Robert Chidozie Mbonu and Melrose General Services Limited on or about the 20th of December, 2015 in Lagos wihln the jurisdiction of this Honourable Court did transfer the sum 0f N50m being part of N3.5billion which represented the direct proceed of your unlawful activity to wit: (Conspiracy and Stealing) to Gbenga Makanjuola and thereby committed an offence contrary to Section 15(2) (b) of the Money Laundering Prohibition Act, 2011 (as amended by Act No. 1 of 2012) and punishable under section 15 (3) of the same Act.
That you Gbenga Makanjuola on or about the 20th of December, 2016 in Abuja within the jurisdiction of this Honourable Court did make cash payment of the sum of N50, 000,000.00 (Fifty million naira) to Robert Chidozie Mbonu without going through a financial institution and thereby committed an offence contrary to section 1(a) of the Money Laundering Prohibition Act, 201 1 (as amended by Act No. 1 of 2012) and punishable under section 16 (2) (b) of the same Act.
"That you Robert Chidozie Mbonu on or about the 20th of December, 2016 in Abuja within the jurisdiction of this Honourable Court did accept cash payment of the sum of N50million
) from Gbenga Makanjuola without going through a financial institution and thereby committed an offence contrary to section 1(a) of the Money Laundering Prohibition Act, 2011 (as amended by Act No. 1 of 2012) and punishable under section 16 (2) (b) of' the same Act.
"That you Robert Chidozie Mbonu and Melrose General Services Limited between the 15th December 2016 and 17th December, 2016 in Lagos Within the jurisdiction of this Honourable Court did transfer the sum of N300million being part of N3.5billion which represented the direct proceed of your unlawful activity (to wit Conspiracy and Stealing) to Obiora Amobi and thereby committed an offence contrary to section 15(2) (b) of the Money Laundering Prohibition Act, 2011 (as amended by Act No. 1 of 2012) and punishable under section 15 (3) of the same Act.
"That you Obiora Amobi between the 15th December 2016 and 17th December, 2016 in Abuja within the jurisdiction of this Honourable Court did make cash payment of N300million to Robert Chidozie Mbonu without going through a financial institution and thereby committed an offence contrary to section 1(a) of the Money Laundering Prohibition Act, 2011 (as amended by Act No. 1 of 2012) and punishable under section 16 (2) (b) of the same Act.
"That you Robert Chidozie Mbonu on or about the 20th of December, 2016 in Abuja within the jurisdiction of this Honourable Court did accept cash payment of N300million from Obiora Amobi without going through a financial institution and thereby committed an offence contraxy to section 1(a) of the Money Laundering Prohibition Act, 2011 (as amended by Act No. 1 of 2012) and punishable under section 16 (2) (b) of the same Act.
N3.5b London-Paris Club refund: EFCC set for trial of ex-bank MD, Saraki's aide Reviewed by Unknown on Monday, August 20, 2018 Rating: 5
Societe Generale Bank of Nigeria (SGBN)


text:
\section{Introduction}

The Chern insulator (CI) state is a quantum phase of two-dimensional (2D) gapped materials with broken time-reversal invariance and nontrivial electronic band topology ~\cite{haldane1988PRL,He.nsr2014, Tokura.nrp2019, Chang.review2022}. It is most straightforwardly probed via Hall measurements, the hallmark being a vanishing longitudinal conductance $S_{xx}$ along with a transversal conductance $S_{xy}$ quantized to integer multiples of the conductance quantum, $Ce^2/h$~\cite{vonKlitzing.prl1980,thouless1982PRL}. Here, $e$ is the electron charge, $h$ is the Planck's constant, and $C$ is a dimensionless integer called the first Chern number, corresponding to the number of the 1D gapless chiral modes residing at the CI film's edge. The existence of these modes is guaranteed by the nontrivial band topology of CI.

The edge modes of a CI conduct electricity without dissipation, which could be useful for the construction of novel highly efficient chiral interconnects for low-power-consumption electronics~\cite{Zhang2012ISOP, Zhang.patent2016}. However, the contact resistance between a metal electrode and CI in the envisioned interconnect devices is a bottleneck limiting their performance. To reduce this resistance as much as possible, the number of chiral edge modes, i.e., the Chern number $C$, should be as large as possible~\cite{Zhang2012ISOP,Zhang.patent2016}. Therefore, it is of great interest and importance to engineer CIs with high Chern number.

Historically, the CI state was first observed in 2D electron gases in $1980$ in a transport phenomenon that is now known as quantum Hall effect (QHE) \cite{vonKlitzing.prl1980}. The QHE in this system stems from the formation of Landau levels under the external magnetic field, which drives the system into a topologically-nontrivial state. However, well-defined Landau levels are only possible in systems with high carrier mobility under strong external magnetic fields, which prevents this QHE from a wide applied use.

Notwithstanding, the developments in the research field of magnetic topological insulators (TIs) in the last decade have allowed a qualitative leap towards QHE without Landau levels. In particular, the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE), a special kind of the QHE that occurs without the external magnetic field, has been observed~\cite{chang2013Science}. It is mainly realized in the thin films of TIs of the (Bi,Sb)$_{2}$Te$_3$ family doped by Cr or/and V atoms ~\cite{chang2013Science, Kou.prl2014, Kandala.ncomms2015, Mogi.apl2015, Gotz.apl2018, Okazaki.nphys2022}. In these systems $C=1$, and although it is theoretically possible to increase $C$ by increasing the dopant concentration and the film thickness~\cite{wang2013PRL}, this has not been experimentally realized to date.

Instead, complex materials engineering has been resorted to in order to achieve $C=n>1$ state based on the magnetically doped TIs using the following idea. Rather than seeking a high-$C$ state in a particular system, it can be realized by stacking of $n$ CI layers with $C=1$ each. In this case, it is necessary, however, that the adjacent CI layers are efficiently decoupled from each other by a normal, i.e.~topologically trivial, insulator layer. In this way, $C$ up to $4$ and $5$ have been achieved in (Cr,V)$_x$(Bi,Sb)$_{2-x}$Te$_3$/CdSe~\cite{Jiang.cpl2018} and heavily Cr-doped (Bi,Sb)$_{2}$Te$_3$/Cr$_x$(Bi,Sb)$_{2-x}$Te$_3$ multilayers \cite{zhao2020nature}, respectively.
Although these studies represent a proof-of-concept of the $C$ enhancement approach, it is well known that the potential of magnetically doped TIs for the QAH-based applications is quite limited. Namely, due to a strong disorder in the pnictogen sublattice, which is randomly occupied by Bi, Sb and magnetic dopants, both electronic ~\cite{lee2015pnasu, Chong.nl2020} and magnetic~\cite{lachman2015sciadv} properties of such materials are strongly inhomogeneous. Therefore, the observation of the QAHE in these systems appears to be limited to about $2$ K at best~\cite{Mogi.apl2015, Ou.advmat2018}, with no further improvements achieved over the last several years \cite{Mogi.apl2015}.

Recently, new systems showing the $C=1$ QAHE have emerged, such as the intrinsic magnetic topological insulators of the MnBi$_2$Te$_4${} (MBT) family \cite{Otrokov2019Nature, Deng.sci2020, Deng.nphys2021}, the twisted bilayer graphene \cite{Serlin.sci2020} and the transition metal dichalcogenide moiré superlattices \cite{Li.nature2021}, opening new opportunities for $C$ engineering. MBT, shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:bulk_schematic}(a), appears as particularly promising due to its van der Waals (vdW) nature, intrinsic combination of nontrivial band topology and long-range antiferromagnetic order ($T_\text{Néel} = 25$ K), as well as large predicted surface band gap \cite{Otrokov2019Nature, Otrokov2019PRL, Mong.prb2010, Li.sciadv2019, Zhang.prl2019, Yan.prm2019, Deng.sci2020, Liu.nmat2020, Ge.nsr2019, Cai.ncomms2022, Hu.prm2021, Liu.ncomms2021, Ying.prb2022, Gao.nat2021, Ovchinnikov.nl2021}. The QAHE in thin MBT flakes has been achieved up to about $1.4$ K, leaving a large room for the observation temperature enhancement. Indeed, a recent study \cite{Ge.nsr2019} demonstrates the actual potential of this material by registering the $C=1$ ($C=2$) QHE up to $30$ K ($13$ K) in its thin flakes, ferromagnetically polarized by external magnetic field. Remarkably, the quantization in this case appears without the Landau levels, in contrast to the conventional QHE observed in 2D electron gas~\cite{vonKlitzing.prl1980}.

 \begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics{bulk_schematic.png}
    \caption{(a) Side view of the bulk MnBi$_2$Te$_4${} (MBT) crystal structure. Red arrows denote Mn local moments. (b) Schematic depiction of the proposed system: MBT films are separated by hBN monolayers to make a vdW multilayer heterostructure with Chern number equal to the number of MBT films, $C=n$. Black arrows depict the direction of the edge currents.}
    \label{fig:bulk_schematic}
\end{figure}

Here, inspired by the recent progress on the Q(A)HE in MBT, we propose a novel MBT-based high Chern number material. Namely, we design a multilayer vdW heterostructure, in which thin MBT CI films are stacked on top of each other, interlayed by hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) monolayers that decouple and insulate them from one another (Fig.~\ref{fig:bulk_schematic}(b)). As an inert wide band gap insulator, hBN is an ideal material for such a decoupling, widely used in vdW heterostructure devices as an encapsulating layer or substrate for the stacked 2D materials~\cite{Britnell2012Science,Dean2010NatNano, Geim.nat2013, Novoselov.sci2016}. Using the state-of-the-art density functional theory and tight-binding calculations, we show that the weak vdW bonding between MBT and hBN essentially preserves the $C=1$ CI state in the individual MBT layers. This state can correspond to either (i) the QH insulator phase achieved in thin MBT films under the external magnetic field, but without the Landau levels or (ii) the QAH insulator phase at zero field, if the MBT films are made of the odd number of septuple layer blocks. In either case, stacking $n$ MBT films with $C=1$ interlayed by $(n-1)$ hBN monolayers gives rise to a $C=n$ CI state, with $n$ as large as allowed by the vdW heterostructures growth technology. Our results provide excellent platform for realization of the high-$C$ Chern insulators.

\section{Results}

\subsection{Crystal and electronic structure of MBT/hBN interface}\label{subsec:adsorption_study}

MnBi$_2$Te$_4${} crystallizes in the trigonal $R\bar 3m$-group structure~\cite{Lee.cec2013,Zeugner.cm2019}, made up of septuple layer (SL) blocks, in which hexagonal atomic layers are stacked in the Te-Bi-Te-Mn-Te-Bi-Te sequence, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:bulk_schematic}(a). Neighboring SLs are bound by vdW forces. Below $T_\text{Néel} = 25$ K, MnBi$_2$Te$_4${} orders antiferromagnetically due to the antiparallel alignment between the alternating ferromagnetically-ordered Mn layers~\cite{Otrokov2019Nature, Yan.prm2019}, with the local moments pointing out-of-plane (Fig. \ref{fig:bulk_schematic}a).

\begin{table}
 \centering
 \caption{Structural, magnetic, transport and topological characteristics of the MBT$_\mathrm{2SL}$/hBN bilayer for the four adsorption registries: Hollow, Bridge, Top-B, Top-N. $d$ (in \AA{}) is the MBT-hBN interlayer distance (see Fig. 2(a)), $E_{\mathrm{AFM}}$ and $E_{\mathrm{FM}}$ (in meV) are the energies of the respective interlayer magnetic states relative to that of the AFM-hollow case (whose energy is set to zero), $\Delta E_\mathrm{A/F} = E_{\mathrm{AFM}} - E_{\mathrm{FM}}$ (in meV per Mn pair) is the total energy difference of the interlayer AFM and FM states, $S_{xy}$ is the anomalous Hall conductance for the Fermi level lying within the fundamental band gap, and $C$ is the Chern number obtained for the interlayer FM state in MBT$_\mathrm{2SL}$.}
 \begin{tabular}{C{2.2cm}|| C{1.4cm} C{1.4cm} C{1.4cm} C{1.4cm}}
    & Hollow & Bridge & Top-B & Top-N
  \\ \hline
  $d$  & $3.482$ & $3.601$ & $3.573$ & $3.600$
  \\ \hline
  $E_{\mathrm{AFM}}$ & $0.0$ & $5.3$ & $1.6$ & $10.2$
  \\ \hline
  $E_{\mathrm{FM}}$ & $1.2$ & $6.4$ & $2.9$ & $11.3$
  \\ \hline
  $\Delta E_\mathrm{A/F}$ & $-1.2$ & $-1.1$ & $-1.3$ & $-1.1$
  \\ \hline
  $S_{xy}$ & $e^2/h$ & $e^2/h$ & $e^2/h$ & $e^2/h$
  \\ \hline
  $C$ & $1$ & $1$ & $1$ & $1$
 \end{tabular}
 \label{tab:bonding_comparison}
\end{table}

\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=1.0]{hollow_overview.png}
\caption{(a) Top and side views of the hollow site MBT/hBN adsorption registry. (b) The band structures of MBT$_\text{2SL}$ and MBT$_\text{2SL}$/hBN with hBN contribution shown in green. (c) Fermi energy dependence of the anomalous Hall conductance $S_{xy}(E_F)$ in the units of conductance quantum $e^2/h$ for MBT$_\text{2SL}$ and MBT$_\text{2SL}$/hBN. $E_F=0$ corresponds to the center of the band gap. (d) The edge electronic band structures for MBT$_\text{2SL}$ (left) and MBT$_\text{2SL}$/hBN (right). The regions with a continuous spectrum correspond to the 2D bulk states projected onto the 1D Brillouin zone. The edge crystal structure is shown in Supplementary Figure S7. The data in (b-d) were calculated for the FM interlayer alignment in MBT$_\text{2SL}$ (see text).}
\label{fig:bilayer_overview}
\end{figure*}

We start our study from the consideration of structural, magnetic and electronic properties of the MBT/hBN bilayer made of the $2$ SL thick MBT film (MBT$_{\mathrm{2SL}}$) and hBN monolayer. This can be considered a minimal system because it contains all of the essential characteristics of MBT, such as intra- and interlayer exchange couplings as well as the non-trivial topology in the forced FM state \cite{Otrokov2019PRL}, so it can be used to test whether they are affected by hBN.

The MBT and hBN basal planes are symmetry compatible and show a good lattice parameter matching in the MBT($1\times1$)/hBN($\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3}$) configuration, with a mismatch of only about $0.6$ \%. The optimal hBN adsorption geometry was then determined by the comparison of total energies of structurally optimized MBT$_\text{2SL}$/hBN in four high-symmetry registries of such configuration, shown in Supplementary Fig.~S3(a)-(d). These energies were calculated starting from both interlayer FM and AFM spin configurations of MBT$_\text{2SL}$, assuming the out-of-plane magnetic moment direction, to determine a possible influence of hBN on the interlayer exchange coupling, which is in MBT significantly weaker than the intralayer one (the latter is addressed below, as well). For more details, see Supplementary Note~SII A 1.

The relevant numerical results are listed in Table.~\ref{tab:bonding_comparison}. It can be seen that for all adsorption registries the interlayer distance $d$ between MBT and hBN is about $3.5-3.6$ \AA{}, and the AFM spin configuration is lower than the FM configuration by at least $\Delta E_\mathrm{A/F} = E_{\mathrm{AFM}} - E_{\mathrm{FM}} \simeq 1\ \mathrm{meV}$ per Mn pair. The lowest energy is obtained for the hollow site geometry, shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:bilayer_overview}(a) and Supplementary Fig.~S3(a). The large $d$ on one hand and the overall similarity of the energy differences $\Delta E_\mathrm{A/F}$ in MBT$_\text{2SL}$/hBN and MBT$_\text{2SL}$~\cite{Otrokov2019PRL} on the other suggest the vdW bonding of MBT and hBN.

Having determined the MBT/hBN interface geometry, we can explore the effect of hBN on the MBT$_\text{2SL}$ electronic structure and topology. Since we are interested in the CI state, the FM interlayer spin alignment is considered here, for which MBT$_\text{2SL}$ has been predicted to have $C=1$ \cite{Otrokov2019PRL}. Noteworthy, in experiments the FM alignment in MBT is achieved by the external magnetic field application \cite{Lee.prr2019, Deng.sci2020, Liu.nmat2020, Ge.nsr2019}.

Comparison of the band structure along the $\overline{\mathrm{K}}-\overline{\Gamma}-\overline{\mathrm{M}}$ path for MBT$_\text{2SL}$/hBN in the hollow site registry and pure MBT$_\text{2SL}$ is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:bilayer_overview}(b). Their similarity near the Fermi level is immediately obvious and the band gaps, $63.5$ and $62.7$ meV, respectively, are very close. The hBN states can be found about $1.5\ \mathrm{eV}$ below the Fermi level (and deeper) as well as over $3.2\ \mathrm{eV}$ above it. Furthermore, Fig.~\ref{fig:bilayer_overview}(c) shows that the Fermi level dependencies of the anomalous Hall conductance, $S_{xy}(E_F)$, of MBT$_\text{2SL}$/hBN and MBT$_\text{2SL}$ are very well matched, too. In particular, in both cases $S_{xy}$ is constant inside the band gap, where the actual Fermi level is, and equal to one conductance quantum $e^2/h$, indicating the CI state with $C=1$. Accordingly, the edge spectral function of MBT$_\text{2SL}$/hBN in Fig.~\ref{fig:bilayer_overview}(d) features a single chiral edge mode traversing the band gap, similar to  MBT$_\text{2SL}$. Finally, a Wilson loop method calculation for MBT$_\text{2SL}$/hBN yields $|C|=1$ as well, with the sign depending on the magnetization direction, as expected for a CI~\cite{Chang.review2022}.

The calculations of the band structures, $S_{xy}(E_F)$ and $C$ for the other three high-symmetry registries show that the same results hold for all of them (see~Table~\ref{tab:bonding_comparison} and the Supplementary Fig.~S3(e)-(k) for visualization). These findings clearly confirm the vdW nature of bond between hBN and MBT, which preserves the CI state in the forced FM phase of the MBT$_\text{2SL}$ film.

We note that recently it has been reported elsewhere~\cite{Gao2021PRM} that while hBN and MBT are bound by vdW interaction, the interlayer FM configuration in MBT$_{\mathrm{2SL}}$/hBN becomes significantly lower in energy than the AFM one (by up to $45$ meV) for any adsorption registry. We have attempted to reproduce those results by retracing the steps outlined in Ref.~\cite{Gao2021PRM} (see Supplementary Note~SII A 2), but arrived to the same results that we present here. We believe that our result is correct, on the physical basis that the vdW interaction along with the insulating character of hBN should not produce such a drastic effect on magnetism as it was found in Ref.~\cite{Gao2021PRM}.

Finally, we confirm the implicit assumptions of preference for the FM intralayer spin configuration and the out-of-plane easy axis direction by total energy calculations on MBT$_\text{1SL}$/hBN (see Supplementary Notes SII A 3 and SII A 4, respectively). The former calculation reveals that the FM configuration is by $16.9$ meV (per Mn pair) lower than the AFM configuration while the latter yields a positive magnetic anisotropy energy of $0.07\ \mathrm{meV}$ per Mn atom (vs. $0.074$ meV in pure MBT$_\text{1SL}$), meaning that the easy axis indeed stays out-of-plane. Thus, neither the intralayer magnetic order of MBT nor its magnetic anisotropy are not changed by interfacing with hBN. The above results concerning the insensitivity of magnetic, electronic and topological properties of MBT to hBN should hold for thicker MBT films as well because of the vdW nature of the bond. Thus, we conclude that hBN can be efficiently used to decouple MBT CI layers from each other, without altering their properties.

\subsection{High-$C$ state in the forced FM phase}\label{subsec:bilayer_heterostructres}

We can now proceed with the study of the topological properties of the MBT/hBN multilayer heterostructures. We first note that in experiments the CI state in the forced FM phase, achieved through the application of the external magnetic field, is observed in thin MBT flakes made of both even and odd number of SLs \cite{Deng.sci2020, Liu.nmat2020, Ge.nsr2019, Cai.ncomms2022, Bai.arxiv2022, Hu.prm2021, Liu.ncomms2021, Ying.prb2022, lujan2022:natcomm, Gao.nat2021, Ovchinnikov.nl2021}. According to the previous density functional theory calculations \cite{Otrokov2019PRL}, the minimal MBT film thickness required for the realization of such a $C=1$ state is two SL blocks. Let us therefore consider $n$MBT$_\text{2SL}$/hBN, $n>1$, heterostructures, in which $n$ films of MBT$_\text{2SL}$ are interlayed by $(n-1)$ hBN monolayers, as schematically depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig:bulk_schematic}(b). We will assume that all MBT$_\text{2SL}$ films are FM-polarized in the $+z$ direction by the external magnetic field. These heterostructures were constructed based on the structure of the MBT/hBN/MBT system that was determined after a series of calculations outlined in the Supplementary Note~SII B 1.

Fig.~\ref{fig:multilayer_bands} shows the calculated low-energy band structures along the $\overline{\mathrm{K}}-\overline{\Gamma}-\overline{\mathrm{M}}$ path for $n$MBT$_\text{2SL}$/hBN with $n=2, 3, 4$ and $5$. The band structures basically correspond to that of a free-standing MBT$_\text{2SL}$ repeated $n$ times, slightly shifted in energy due to a slight variation of the electrostatic potential across the multilayer. The bands stemming from the spatial inversion equivalent MBT$_{\mathrm{2SL}}$ layers come in pairs, as it is seen in insets to Fig.~\ref{fig:multilayer_bands}. In the corresponding $S_{xy}(E_F)$ dependencies, shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:edge_ldos_c2_c3}(a), there are plateaus in the band gap that are equal to an integer number of conductance quanta, the integer being equal to $n$, suggesting $C=n$ state in the respective multilayers. Accordingly, in the plots of the calculated edge spectral functions, shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:edge_ldos_c2_c3}(b), two (three) edge modes can be seen for the $n=2\ (n=3)$ system.

\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \includegraphics{multilayer_bands_new.png}
    \caption{Electronic band structures calculated along the $\overline{\mathrm{K}}-\overline{\Gamma}-\overline{\mathrm{M}}$ path in the 2D Brillouin zone of the $n$MBT$_{\mathrm{2SL}}$/hBN multilayers for (a) $n=2$, (b) $n=3$, (c) $n=4$ and (d) $n=5$. In the insets, the colored blocks depict the equivalent MBT$_{\mathrm{2SL}}$ layers from which the bands of corresponding color dominantly stem. The black lines between the blocks represent hBN layers that separate them.}
    \label{fig:multilayer_bands}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \includegraphics{multilayers_ahc_edge.png}
    \caption{The Fermi energy dependence of anomalous Hall conductance $S_{xy}(E_F)$ in the units of conductance quantum $e^2/h$ for MBT$_{\mathrm{2SL}}$/hBN and $n$MBT$_{\mathrm{2SL}}$/hBN, $n=2,\dots,5$. $E_F=0$ corresponds to the center of the band gap in each case. (b) The edge electronic structure of $n$MBT$_{\mathrm{2SL}}$/hBN for $n=2$ and $n=3$.}
    \label{fig:edge_ldos_c2_c3}
\end{figure*}

From these results we can conclude that $C=n$ in the examined heterostructures and infer by induction that the same will hold for heterostructures with greater $n$.

\subsection{High-$C$ QAH state: odd number of SLs}\label{subsec:trilayer_heterostructures}

In the thin films made of an odd number of SLs, MBT has been predicted \cite{Otrokov2019PRL, Li.sciadv2019} and subsequently experimentally confirmed \cite{Deng.sci2020} to show the intrinsic $C=1$ QAHE. We therefore now turn to the topological properties of the MBT/hBN heterostructures based on the thinnest possible odd-SL MBT film, i.e. MBT$_\text{3SL}$ \cite{Otrokov2019PRL}. A comparison of $S_{xy}(E_F)$  calculated for  MBT$_\text{3SL}$/hBN and MBT$_\text{3SL}$ is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:trilayer_ahc}. A good matching between the two can be observed, especially for the flat portion in the band gap where $S_{xy}=e^2/h$ for both, confirming insensitivity of the $C=1$ QAH state of MBT$_\text{3SL}$ to interfacing with hBN.

As we are seeking the high-$C$ QAH state realized at zero external field, the question arises whether it is supported by the magnetic ground state of $n$MBT$_\text{3SL}$/hBN, $n>1$. While we have shown above that the magnetic ordering inside MBT film is not affected by hBN, the interlayer exchange coupling between the local Mn moments through hBN should now be studied. Our total-energy calculations show that the AFM configuration is $\sim0.03\ \mathrm{meV}$ (per $2$ Mn atoms) lower in energy than the FM one (see Supplementary Note~SIII). Such a small energy difference is due to the large separation between neighboring Mn planes (about $17.8$ \AA{}) and vdW coupling between MBT and hBN. Although this number is at the limit of our calculation accuracy, assuming that its sign is correct yields a zero (non-zero) net magnetization in $n$MBT$_\text{3SL}$/hBN with even (odd) $n$. As the net $C$ is a sum of $C$'s of individual MBT$_\text{3SL}$ films, with the sign of $C$ changing with the magnetization direction, our result predicts that an $n$MBT$_\text{3SL}$/hBN heterostructure should have $C$ equal to $0$ ($1$) in its ground state.

However, the weakness of the interlayer exchange coupling through hBN makes a reliable prediction of its sign hardly possible using the density functional theory, so it should be defined in future experiments. If the FM coupling through hBN occurs experimentally, the Chern numbers of the individual MBT films will sum up to create the high-$C$ state. However, even if the experiment would show the worst-case scenario of AFM coupling through hBN, a metamagnetic state that is appropriate for achieving the zero-field high-$C$ state in the $n$MBT$_\text{3SL}$/hBN ($n>1$) multilayers can nevertheless be "prepared" by the external magnetic field, in a manner we will describe below. In this state, the alignment of the MBT SLs across hBN would be FM, while the interlayer alignment inside MBT films stays AFM, thus guaranteeing an overall non-zero net magnetization increasing with $n$, in turn yielding the desired $C=n$ state. Crucial for the realization of such a state is a fact that the magnetic anisotropy energy of MBT$_\text{3SL}$ is $\sim0.22\ \mathrm{meV}$~\cite{Otrokov2019PRL}, several times larger than the energy difference of AFM and FM configurations across hBN. Note that the magnetic anisotropy energy of MBT$_\text{3SL}$ should not change appreciably upon its interfacing with hBN, as shown in Sec.~\ref{subsec:adsorption_study}.

We therefore propose the following procedure to induce the above described metamagnetic state. First, the external magnetic field of about $10$~\cite{Liu.nmat2020, Deng.sci2020, Ge.nsr2019} should be applied to overcome the AFM coupling inside individual MBT$_\text{3SL}$ films and polarize all SLs along the same direction. Next, the external magnetic field should be gradually reduced to zero leading to recovery of the uncompensated interlayer AFM state with non-zero magnetization in each individual MBT$_\text{3SL}$ film \cite{Otrokov2019PRL,Deng.sci2020}. However, their net magnetizations will remain parallel to each other even if the exchange coupling across hBN is AFM because the energy barrier due to anisotropy prevents the magnetization relaxation into the only slightly more favorable AFM configuration across hBN. Indeed, a similar metamagnetic state has been recently experimentally observed in bulk MnBi$_4$Te$_7$ and MnBi$_6$Te$_{10}$~\cite{Wu.sciadv2019, Vidal.prx2019, Hu.ncomms2020, Klimovskikh_npjQM2020, Tan.prl2020}, where the uniaxial anisotropy dominates over the AFM interlayer exchange coupling \cite{Tan.prl2020}. The magnetic anisotropy energy of MBT$_\text{3SL}$ is slightly larger, while the exchange coupling across hBN is significantly weaker than those in MnBi$_4$Te$_7$ and MnBi$_6$Te$_{10}$ (c.f.~Ref.~\cite{Klimovskikh_npjQM2020}), making the proposed realization of the metamagnetic state in $n$MBT$_\text{3SL}$/hBN feasible.

We now have a firm basis to claim a possibility of the high-$C$ QAH state realization in $n$MBT$_\text{3SL}$/hBN, $n>1$. As in the preceding section, the high-$C$ state can be demonstrated by the $S_{xy}(E_F)$ and the edge electronic structure calculations, results of which is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:trilayer_ahc}. Analogously to the $n$MBT$_\text{2SL}$/hBN multilayers, the $S_{xy}(E_F)$ for $n$MBT$_\text{3SL}$/hBN with $n=2$ shows a clear plateau within the band gap, where the conductance is equal to two conductance quanta, $2e^2/h$, i.e. $C=n=2$. Moreover, the edge electronic structure shows two edge modes traversing the band gap.

From these results it can be inferred that the $n$MBT$_\text{3SL}$/hBN, $n>1$, heterostructures have $C=n$ either in the metamagnetic state or even intrinsically, depending on the actual interlayer coupling over hBN. Similar results are expected for MBT/hBN multilayers based on MBT$_\text{5SL}$ and MBT$_\text{7SL}$ films.

\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \includegraphics{3SL_ahc_edge.png}
    \caption{(a) The Fermi energy dependence of the anomalous Hall conductance $S_{xy}(E_F)$ in the units of conductance quantum $e^2/h$ for $\mathrm{MBT}_{\mathrm{3SL}}$, $\mathrm{MBT}_{\mathrm{3SL}}/\mathrm{hBN}$ and  $2\mathrm{MBT}_{\mathrm{3SL}}/\mathrm{hBN}$. $E_F=0$ corresponds to the center of the band gap in each case. (b) The edge electronic structure of $2$MBT$_{3\mathrm{SL}}$/hBN.}
    \label{fig:trilayer_ahc}
\end{figure*}

\section{Discussion}

Using \emph{ab initio} and tight-binding calculations, we  studied novel MnBi$_2$Te$_4$/hBN multilayer heterostructures in which thin MnBi$_2$Te$_4${} films are interlayed by hexagonal boron nitride monolayers. The van der Waals bonding between hBN and MnBi$_2$Te$_4${} preserves the magnetic and electronic properties of the the latter, in particular, the $C=1$ Chern insulator state. Taking advantage of this, we showed that a stack of $n$ MnBi$_2$Te$_4${} films with $C=1$ in the MnBi$_2$Te$_4$/hBN multilayer gives rise to a high Chern number state, $C=n$, characterized by $n$ chiral edge modes.

There are two ways to achieve this state in the proposed heterostructures. The first way is to use the external magnetic field to drive MnBi$_2$Te$_4${} films into a forced ferromagnetic state, which is nowadays widely used to observe a new kind of the quantum Hall effect that does not require formation of Landau levels \cite{Deng.sci2020, Liu.nmat2020, Ge.nsr2019, Cai.ncomms2022, Bai.arxiv2022, Hu.prm2021, Liu.ncomms2021, Ying.prb2022, Gao.nat2021, Ovchinnikov.nl2021}. In this case, both even and odd septuple layer MnBi$_2$Te$_4${} films can be used. One may well expect the high Chern number state to persist up to the temperatures as high as $20-30$ K, as previously observed for the $C=1$ state in MnBi$_2$Te$_4${} thin flakes \cite{Ge.nsr2019, Ying.prb2022}. The second way relies on use of the odd septuple layer films as they realize the quantum anomalous Hall state intrinsically \cite{Deng.sci2020}. Although a prior application of the external field might be needed to align the net magnetizations of the individual MnBi$_2$Te$_4${} slabs (as it is done in the Cr-doped (Bi,Sb)$_2$Te$_3$ \cite{chang2013Science, Chang.nmat2015}), the high Chern number quantum anomalous Hall state can later be observed in remanence, i.e. at zero field. Currently, the observation temperature of the $C=1$ quantum anomalous Hall effect in MnBi$_2$Te$_4${} is about $1.4$ K. Improving the structural quality of MnBi$_2$Te$_4${} should allow the resolution of the intensely debated issue of its Dirac point gap size \cite{Otrokov2019Nature, Hao.prx2019, Li.prx2019, Chen.prx2019, Swatek.prb2020, Garnica.npjqm2022} and push the effect observation temperature towards MnBi$_2$Te$_4$'s Néel point. The steps in this direction are currently underway~\cite{Hu.prm2021, Bai.arxiv2022, Liu.arxiv2022}.

MnBi$_2$Te$_4${} thin films currently used in the quantized transport measurements are mostly obtained by exfoliation \cite{Deng.sci2020, Liu.nmat2020, Ge.nsr2019, Cai.ncomms2022, Hu.prm2021, Liu.ncomms2021, Ying.prb2022, Gao.nat2021, Ovchinnikov.nl2021}. Using exfoliation and transfer, which is a standard technique for construction of the van der Waals heterostructures \cite{Geim.nat2013, Novoselov.sci2016}, should be suitable to realize the here proposed MnBi$_2$Te$_4$/hBN multilayers as well. However, this approach will not necessarily favor formation of the interface structure with the lowest energy, but it could rather result in an arbitrary non-symmetric alignment between MnBi$_2$Te$_4$\, and hBN. Fortunately, our results show that the Chern insulator state of individual MnBi$_2$Te$_4${} layers is not sensitive to the MnBi$_2$Te$_4$/hBN interface registry. Therefore the exfoliation and transfer strategy should be appropriate to synthesize the here proposed MnBi$_2$Te$_4$/hBN multilayers. The accumulated world-wide experience in the synthesis of two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures is expected to greatly facilitate a prompt realization of the high Chern number state in the MnBi$_2$Te$_4$/hBN system.

In conclusion, we presented a novel concept of realization of a high Chern number magnetic topological insulator state, which relies on the use of fundamentally different, but highly compatible van der Waals materials, assembled in a multilayer heterostructure. While there is hardly a good alternative to hBN as an inert wide band gap monolayer insulator, other choices of the Chern insulators are in principle possible, such as transition metal dichalcogenide moiré superlattices \cite{Li.nature2021} or compounds of the MnBi$_2$Te$_4$\, family \cite{Otrokov.2dmat2017, Deng.nphys2021, Li.advmat2022, Wu.advmat2020}. The here proposed design allows a wide-range tuning of the Chern number, its upper limit being restricted only by the van der Waals heterostructures growth technology, making such multilayers interesting for future fundamental research and efficient interconnect technologies.

\section{Methods}

The first-principles calculations were carried out on the level of density functional theory (DFT) as implemented in the Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package (VASP)~\cite{vasp1,vasp2,vasp3,vasp4,vasppaw}. All calculations shared several common parameters: the VASP's PAW datasets~\cite{vasppaw} were used, the plane wave cutoff was set to $500\ \mathrm{eV}$, the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) was enabled, the exchange-correlation functional was that of Perdew, Burke and Ernzerhof (PBE)~\cite{pbe}, while the vdW interaction was taken into the account through the Grimme D3 model with the Becke-Jonson cutoff~\cite{Grimme2010:JCP, Grimme2011:JCC}. The Mn $3d$-states were treated employing the GGA$+U$ approach \cite{Anisimov1991} within the Dudarev scheme \cite{Dudarev.prb1998}. The $U_\text{eff}=U-J$ value for the Mn 3$d$-states was chosen to be equal to 5.34~eV, as in previous works \cite{Otrokov2019Nature,Hao.prx2019}.

The DFT calculations were carried out with $11\times11\times1$ Monkhorst-Pack grid used to sample the Brillouin zone (BZ) for all but $n=5$ system, where $9\times9\times1$ Monkhorst-Pack grid was used instead, and the electronic convergence threshold was $10^{-6}\ \mathrm{eV}$. For structural relaxations, VASP's conjugate gradient algorithm was employed until the force on each atom decreased under $0.01\ \text{eV}$/\AA{}, and the electronic occupations were smeared by the Gaussian function of width of $0.01\ \text{eV}$. For the static calculations the tetrahedron method with Bl\"{o}chl corrections was used to treat the electronic occupations instead. The noncollinear intralayer AFM configuration was calculated using hexagonal cells containing three atoms per layer [$(\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3})R30^\circ$ in-plane periodicity] (see Supplementary Note SII A 3) and a $7\times 7\times 1$ BZ sampling.
For purpose of electronic structure visualization the band energies for selected systems were calculated along the $\overline{\mathrm{K}}-\overline{\Gamma}-\overline{\mathrm{M}}$ path by a non-self consistent DFT calculation, again with Gaussian smearing of $0.01\ \mathrm{meV}$. The magnetic anisotropy energy was calculated as explained in Ref.~\cite{Otrokov2019Nature}, using the $25\times25\times1$ Monkhorst-Pack grid and electronic convergence threshold of $10^{-8}\ \mathrm{eV}$.

The obtained Kohn-Sham functions were used to construct the maximally localized Wannier functions by the Wannier90 code~\cite{Mostofi2014CPC,Pizzi2020JOPCM}. We refer reader to the Supplementary Note.~SI for further details regarding the wannierization. The Wannier functions were in turn used to calculate anomalous Hall conductances of the proposed heterostructures through the Kubo formula as implemented in the WannierBerri code~\cite{tsirkin2021NJPCM}. In WannierBerri calculations the broadening of $10\ \mathrm{K}$ was used. For hBN-covered MBT$_\mathrm{2 SL}$ film, as well as MBT$_\mathrm{2 SL}$/hBN/MBT$_\mathrm{2 SL}$ heterostructure, the Chern number was also calculated by the Wilson loop method as implemented in Z2Pack~\cite{soluyanov2011prb,gresch2017prb}. The edge spectral functions were calculated by the Green function method~\cite{Sancho1985:JoPFMP} from the tight-binding Wannier Hamiltonian as implemented in WannierTools~\cite{Wu2018:CPC}. The number of principal layers in these calculations was set to four, while the details of the cell used can be found in the Supplementary Note SIV.

\section*{Data availability statement}
Inputs and results are available from the corresponding authors upon a reasonable request.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Violence against women's health in international law
Author: Sara De Vido
The book explores the relationship between violence against women on one hand, and the rights to health and reproductive health on the other. It argues that violation of the right to health is a consequence of violence, and that (state) health policies might be a cause of – or create the conditions for – violence against women. It significantly contributes to feminist and international human rights legal scholarship by conceptualising a new ground-breaking idea, violence against women's health (VAWH), using the Hippocratic paradigm as the backbone of the analysis. The two dimensions of violence at the core of the book – the horizontal, 'interpersonal' dimension and the vertical 'state policies' dimension – are investigated through around 70 decisions of domestic, regional and international judicial or quasi-judicial bodies (the anamnesis). The concept of VAWH, drawn from the anamnesis, enriches the traditional concept of violence against women with a human rights-based approach to autonomy and a reflection on the pervasiveness of patterns of discrimination (diagnosis). VAWH as theorised in the book allows the reconceptualisation of states' obligations in an innovative way, by identifying for both dimensions obligations of result, due diligence obligations, and obligations to progressively take steps (treatment). The book eventually asks whether it is not international law itself that is the ultimate cause of VAWH (prognosis).
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Chapter 1: The anamnesis
Chapter 2: The diagnosis
Chapter 3: The treatment
Table of treaties
Table of cases
https://www.manchesteropenhive.com/view/9781526124982/9781526124982.xml
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violence against women; reproductive health; Hippocratic paradigm; women's autonomy; states' obligations; human rights; feminism
Series: Melland Schill Studies in International Law
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Full book download (PDF with hyperlinks)
Sports law and policy in the European Union
Author: Richard Parrish
The increasing commercialisation of sport raises important questions concerning regulation. The development of the European Union (EU) and the internationalization of sporting competition have added an international dimension to this debate. Yet sport is not only a business, it is a social and cultural activity. Can regulation at the EU level reconcile this tension? Adopting a distinctive legal and political analysis, this book argues that the EU is receptive to the claim of sport for special treatment before the law. It investigates the birth of EU sports law and policy by examining the impact of the Bosman ruling and other important European Court of Justice decisions, the relationship between sport and EU competition law, focusing particularly on the broadcasting of sport, the organization of sport and the international transfer system, and the relationship between sport and the EU Treaty, focusing in particular on the impact of the Amsterdam and Nice declarations on sport and the significance of the Helsinki report on sport. This text raises questions concerning the appropriate theoretical tools for analysing European integration.
From policy to law to regulation
Author: Christopher T. Marsden
This book explains the beginnings of net neutrality regulation in the United States and Europe, and some of the current debate over access to Specialised Services: fast lanes with higher Quality of Service (QoS). It examines the new European law of 2015 and the interaction between that law and interception/privacy. The book takes a deep dive into UK self- and co-regulation of net neutrality. In each of the national case studies, initial confusion at lack of clarity in net neutrality laws gave way to significant cases, particularly since 2014, which have given regulators the opportunity to clarify their legislation or regulation. The majority of such cases relate to mobile net neutrality, and in particular so-called 'zero rating' practices. The book compares results and proposes a regulatory toolkit for those jurisdictions that intend effective practical partial or complete implementation of net neutrality. It sets out a future research agenda for exploring implementation of regulation. The book outlines competition policy's purpose, referring to the exceptionally rigorous recent analysis of competition law suitability to regulate net neutrality by Maniadaki. Having analysed regulatory tools with little chance of success, it then examines what communications regulators actually do: regulating telecoms access based on the UK case study. The book considers whether zero rating poses a serious challenge to Open Internet use. It explores some of the wider international problems of regulating the newest manifestation of discrimination: zero rating. The book also considers the various means by which government can regulate net neutrality.
Street theatre and the production of postindustrial space
Working memories
Author: David Calder
Street theatre and the production of postindustrial space explores how street theatre transforms industrial space into postindustrial space. Deindustrializing communities have increasingly turned to cultural projects to commemorate industrial heritage while simultaneously generating surplus value and jobs in a changing economy. Through analysis of French street theatre companies working out of converted industrial sites, this book reveals how theatre and performance more generally participate in and make historical sense of ongoing urban and economic change. The book argues, firstly, that deindustrialization and redevelopment rely on the spatial and temporal logics of theatre and performance. Redevelopment requires theatrical events and performative acts that revise, resituate, and re-embody particular pasts. The book proposes working memory as a central metaphor for these processes. The book argues, secondly, that in contemporary France street theatre has emerged as working memory's privileged artistic form. If the transition from industrial to postindustrial space relies on theatrical logics, those logics will manifest differently depending on geographic context. The book links the proliferation of street theatre in France since the 1970s to the crisis in Fordist-Taylorist modernity. How have street theatre companies converted spaces of manufacturing into spaces of theatrical production? How do these companies (with municipal governments and developers) connect their work to the work that occurred in these spaces in the past? How do those connections manifest in theatrical events, and how do such events give shape and meaning to redevelopment? Street theatre's function is both economic and historiographic. It makes the past intelligible as past and useful to the present.


The Benefit Rate is the dollar amount (or amounts) associated with your Pension Credits which are used in calculating your monthly pension benefit under the Plan. Your Benefit Rate is used to determine the monthly amount payable to you when you retire. The Plan's Benefit Rates are subject to change from time to time by action of the Board of Trustees, and it is possible to have more than one Benefit Rate associated with your accumulated Pension Credits.
A Contributing Employer is an employer who is required by a collective bargaining agreement or participation agreement to contribute to the Pension Fund for your hours of employment as an iron worker. If you are an Employee of a Local Union or of the Pension or Apprentice Training Funds, the Local Union or the respective Fund is your Contributing Employer.
"Coinsurance" is the percentage of Covered Medical Expenses that you must pay, in addition to applicable Deductibles and Co-Payments. The coinsurance provisions apply only in the event that you do not use the Plan's PPO Network.
The "co-pay" is the flat amount that must be paid by you to access certain Covered Medical Expenses.
The term "Covered Employment" means employment with a Contributing Employer in a category of work covered by a Collective Bargaining Agreement or Participation Agreement under which the Contributing Employer was or is obligated to make Contributions to the Fund on behalf of its Employees. "Non-Covered Employment" means employment in the Iron Working Trade or Craft in the United States of America or Canada for an employer that is not signatory to a collective bargaining agreement (as that term is used in federal labor law) with respect to that work. "Non-Covered Employment" also means acting as an officer, director, or supervisor of, or being an owner of an interest in, such an employer, and includes any self-employment, whether as a partner, proprietor, or otherwise, in the Iron Working Trade or Craft.
The annual "Deductible" is the calendar year amount of Covered Medical Expenses which must be paid by you before Comprehensive Medical Benefits are payable by the Plan. The amount of the calendar year Deductible is shown in the SPD, and the Deductible provisions apply only in the event that you do not use the Plan's PPO Network. A separate Deductible will apply to each covered family member up to the Family Deductible Maximum as shown in the SPD. When two or more covered family members incur Covered Medical Expenses during the same calendar year and the total Family Deductible is met, no further Deductible amounts are required for any Family Member for the remainder of the calendar year.
"Medically Necessary" means that the services, supplies, treatment and/or confinement are generally recognized in the physician's profession as effective and essential for treatment of the injury or illness for which it is ordered; and that the services are rendered at the appropriate level of care in the most appropriate setting based on diagnosis. To be considered "Medically Necessary," the care must be based on generally recognized and accepted standards of medical practice in the United States and it must be the type of care that could not have been omitted without an adverse effect on the patient's condition or the quality of medical care. In addition, services, treatment, supplies or confinement shall not be considered "Medically Necessary" if they are "Experimental", or "Investigational", or primarily limited to research in their application to the injury or illness; or if primarily for scholastic, educational, vocational or developmental training; or if primarily for the comfort, convenience or administrative ease of the provider or the patient or his or her family or caretaker.
Normal Retirement Age means the later of: (i) age 65; or (ii) the age of the Participant on the 5th Anniversary of the date he or she became a Participant in the Plan.
A charge is considered to be "Reasonable and Customary" if it is shown to be Medically Necessary and it does not exceed the prevailing level of charges being made by other service providers in the geographical area where the service was performed. In determining whether charges are Reasonable and Customary, due consideration will be given to the nature and severity of the condition being treated and any complications or unusual circumstances which require additional time, skill or experience.
"Spouse" means any individual who is: (i) lawfully married in Connecticut to a Participant under applicable Connecticut law governing marriage; or (ii) an individual in a relationship with a Participant that is recognized as a marriage under such applicable Connecticut law governing marriage. Current Connecticut law states that such an individual who is legally separated, or who is a "common law" spouse, is not lawfully married. An individual will no longer be a "Spouse" on the date that the marriage between the individual and the Participant ends either by divorce, dissolution, legal termination or separation, or annulment.
Being Vested means you have attained of Normal Retirement Age while a Participant under the Plan, or you have completed the required number of Years of Vesting Service required by Plan rules in order to be entitled to retirement benefits.
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ST. LOUIS, Mo. — A Kansas City man is in jail in St. Louis after allegedly shooting at vehicles and leading police on a pursuit Wednesday evening, according to KMOV.
Police said the pursuit began when officers got a call around 6 p.m. from someone who claimed the suspect was firing shots along Interstate 70.
KMOV reported that two people and at least five vehicles were hit by gunshots in the incident.
On Facebook, Linda Howard of Lexington, Mo., reports she was among those hit.
"All I heard was pop-pop- they shot my truck plus another another truck and car. I'm ok but they did shoot somebody in Warrenton, Mo.o. I 70 mm 197. Good news they got them," her post says.
According to their report, one person was shot near the Wentzville Parkway exit. Another victim was shot near mile marker 190, and at least one victim is reportedly being treated for life-threatening injuries.
The police pursuit began in Warrenton, Mo. and continued to Lambert Airport, which are about 40 miles apart.
The suspect came to a halt when the vehicle he was driving slammed into a police car. Police told KMOV that the suspect attempted to shoot at an officer on scene before he attempted to flee. As the suspect ran from police, he fired more shots, which caused police to return fire. The suspect was not hit by any of the shots, but he did eventually drop his gun.
Police later searched the suspect's home in Kansas City for a motive, KMOV reported.


text:
North Rode
Grid Ref: SJ 889 665
Date 18 April 2009
St. Michaels, North Rode Screen and Chancel
Tiles in the nave The Daintry Hall
St. Michael's in North Rode was built in 1845 by C. & J. Trubshaw. The village hall, called the Daintry Hall was built in 1835 and presented to the parish of North Rode by Commander Michael Daintry in memory of his father, George Percival Daintry, the last squire of North Rode. It is now used by a playgroup. Arthur Mee notes that the panels of the altar with lilies, a vine and a cross were carved by a local (unnamed) lady.
The King's England - Cheshire by Arthur Mee, published by Hodder and Stoughton in 1938, fully revised & edited by E. T. Long in 1968, SBN 340 00075 9
The Buildings of England, Cheshire, by Nikolaus Pevsner and Edward Hubbard, Yale University Press, 2003, ISBN 0 300 09588 0
Cheshire Antiquities
© Craig Thornber, Cheshire, England, UK. Main Site Address: https://www.thornber.net/
1.0 Strict


text:
Nordsjællands Fuglepark eller Fugleparken er en privat zoologisk have, der blev etableret i 2003 i Nordsjælland omtrent midtvejs mellem Dragstrup og Esbønderup øst for Græsted. Det er Nordens største fuglepark.

I 2008 blev parken anerkendt som zoo. Da parken er privatejet får den ingen statstilskud, men er afhængig af private sponsorer og frivilligt arbejde.

Parken er meget engageret i avlsarbejde, og man har fået omkring 200 af de parkens 250 fuglearter til at yngle i fangeskab. Mange af fugleungerne bliver sendt videre til andre zoologiske haver i Europa. I 2012 fik parken 275 fugleunger. Man arbejder bl.a. med flere fuglearter, som er truede. Parken har desuden 60 redekasser til frie fugle i området.

Fuglearterne tæller bl.a. emuer, finker, ugler, papegøjer. Udover fugle har parken også flere krybdyr som skildpadder og leguaner og mindre pattedyr som kænguruer, geder og egern.

Referencer

Dyreparker i Danmark
Etableret i 2003
Gribskov Kommune

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


When Baptist Press reported last Wednesday about our Executive Committee's meeting and a part of that which was covered under the rubric of "Updated qualifications weighed for messengers" I was curious. I'm a bit of a numbers junkie and stuff about the dollars per messenger or percent per messenger and how that might be received interests me.
Barber, who was in XComm meetings on the subject, is going from memory, since the proposed change hasn't been published.
The way this has unfolded reminds me of the old joke about the man whose wife sent him to Walmart for a loaf of bread. He came back with a new lawn tractor, flat screen TV, rod and reel, and a new vacuum cleaner...and the loaf of bread. When asked by his wife, he could only answer sheepishly, "Well, I was in the neighborhood and these looked like some things we could use."
The Executive Committee delivered the loaf of bread, and a proposal for the most significant change in our constitution that I can recall. Our SBC Constitution doesn't mention a statement of faith or link it to membership and award of messenger credentials.
Being a hacker and plodder in the SBC hinterlands, I ask my more erudite colleagues if this is deliberate and why so? I am the least networked person in the SBC, defiantly so. Surely there is a prof, SBC junkie, or insider who can rehearse the history on this with explanations of the causes and potential dangers if this is changed.
1. Solve the problem of fence sitting Cooperative Baptist Fellowship churches who have relationships with both the SBC and the CBF. Presumably, these churches have not adopted the BFM, not unlike the vast majority of SBC churches.
2. Put a majority of SBC churches' SBC membership in jeopardy as a result of their practice of "open communion." LifeWay Research found that a majority of SBC churches practice this, in violation of the BFM.
3. Fix the problem of continually adding specifics to the membership article, as we did to have grounds to exclude churches that "act to affirm approve, or endorse homosexual behavior." No need to add a proviso to spell out a laundry list of churches that whose actions are so offensive as to deserve exclusion. The constitution will be brief and tidy.
4. Simplify the problem of non-SBC churches who want to give a few dollars to get cheaper seminary tuition.
5. Name the Cooperative Program in the Constitution (though gifts through it are still not required, I think).
6. Make a provision for membership by both updated dollars and percentages (the loaf of bread).
The only other reaction from SBC officials were rather desultory, decidedly non-positive, remarks in the BP article. One was from Frank Page ("...if the perception is that this would hurt small churches, this is DOA") and the XComm chairman Ernest Easley ( the proposed change "is not a hill on which to die"). Neither mentioned the BFM.
1. Do we really think it necessary in 2014 to inform thousands of SBC churches that their communion practices are liable to cause them to be dismissed from the SBC? It is not allowed to say, "Nah, we will never wield this sword. It's just nice to have."
2. Is the CBF still such a problem that we think it necessary to find a clean, neat way to get rid of them altogether?
3. Do we want to invite scrutiny on this basis of all SBC churches that are happily supporting our work, missionaries, and entities which churches may not be adhering to the BFM in all of its entirety and subject to the varying interpretations of this SBC sub-group or another? While the BFM is a good guide for our employees, entities, and personnel, would it be better used as a club against churches that might tweak this or that part of it.
4. Aren't we happy to have considerable numbers of dually affiliated African-American churches who might differ in some small degrees from the BFM?
5. Will we have a call to further tighten the BFM or distill it for the essence of what being in friendly cooperation really is.
6. Do we want yet another Cooperative Program reduction plan and isn't Frank Page hopeful, finally, for a slight "uptick" in it?
Of several quirks about we Southern Baptists, one is that we all have two eyes, a nose, innumerable opinions, and pockets full of agendas. Whose agenda is best served by these changes?
Maybe we should take the lawn tractor, TV, rod and reel, and vacuum cleaner back and keep the loaf of bread. Best I can see the new system for dollars and percentages looks OK.
I certainly wish Dr.Barber well in trying to rid the SBC of the churches that he and others of his mind set find unacceptable. The SBC is just not pure enough yet.
The goal must be a smaller SBC.
Having read some of Barber's blog posts, it is not surprising that he seemingly would advocate for this. Reminds me of an old Eastwood film in which he would say, "right turn, Clyde." Then a mess of something ensues. If one wishes to continue the SBC politics of the 80s and 90s, Barber is your man. If you wish the SBC to speak to the growing number of 'nones' of the current century and work toward healing an ailing religious body, you might seek doctors with more viable opinions.
All of this is meant to shatter the SBC, thus ending the largest Protestant mission force in the world today, one that is fairly commendable for trying to be orthodox. However, in the effort to produce such a unity as seems desired (gotta dot every i and cross every t exactly the same), the folks who will be outside the pail will include those like David Rogers who does not agree and has not agreed with some of the articles. Just think the son of one of the leaders, Adrian Rogers will be out. I went and voted in 1963 in the first public clamor over the issue of what was being taught in the seminaries. I went and voted every time I could. And I think that had something to do with my getting fired from my last pastorate, for I had some members that definitely angered about the matter. They even blamed me for the firing of the President at SWBTS, when I was actually opposed to his firing. I hold that no one who disagrees except a few radical people like those who deny the virgin birth or something like that should be terminated. Anyway, I have never been on the board of SWBTS or any board for that matter.
I don't remember David Rogers problem with the BFM, but mine has to do with women in ministry. And my view does not come from the radiclibs as radical liberals were sometimes called years ago. I did a study of why Sandy Creek Assn. had eldresses and found biblical and theological and historical justification for it. In any case, I will not recount the causes, simply noting one item that be the cause of my departure should such extreme demand for group think be carried out.
The real reason for what is happening is that we are being staged managed by forces (that's people) outside the Convention who intend to reduce the rope of sand to sand. In other words, isolate, separate, and segregate us from one another until our numbers will mean nothing and another denomination can move in and begin to pick up the pieces. I'll leave it the reader to guess who.
Brother Thornton, you might want to write a blog on the ending of our annuals and websites, where one could locate churches and associations and fellow pastors and etc. Just think we will not know if a church or an assn. is in the fellowship. All because scam artists and advertisers take advantage of such records to sell their wares. But if we do not know one another, our mission effort, perhaps the greatest, certainly one of the largest, will effectively be at an end. O yes, add to that the utterly asinine insensitivity of leaders and institutional employees to the reality of who pays the bills. Some of them definitely need sensitivity training in order to deal with the people who support the effort. I could say more, but my prayer is well summed up in Hab.3:2:"O Lord< I have heard thy speech, and was afraid: O Lord, revive thy work in the midst of the years, in the midst of the years make known; in wrath remember mercy."
I forgot in the above comment that I have been on local associational boards and/or comittees and/or whatever they are called.
and a correction in the first paragraph, line 4 from the bottom of that paragraph "were definitely angered."
Dr. Willingham differs from Dr. Barber, but neither represent an alternative that will likely excite many. While the rope of sand is probably embraced by both, the theological structures evidenced in their writings seemingly suggest a value in such that is more espoused than is practiced.


text:
What is a Declarant?
Written By: Mary McMahon
Edited By: O. Wallace
A declarant is someone who makes a statement in either written or oral form and indicates that the statement is true. Declarants can face legal penalties for falsifying statements, and these penalties vary depending on the situation and the nation in which the transgression occurs. In some regions, the term "declarant" is used to describe a signatory to a contract or the writer of a will. A closely related term is "affiant," used to describe someone who makes a statement in the presence of a public official who can witness the statement and the oath made by the affiant.
The concept of a declarant can come up with hearsay testimony. Someone on the stand might say, for example, "I heard her say that she intended to take the car out that day." In this case, the "her" in the testimony is the declarant, and the witness is relaying the declarant's statement secondhand. This type of testimony is often inadmissible unless there is a reason the declarant cannot be present. For example, if she took the car out and died in an accident, she would be unavailable to testify in court about what she said.
In order for a declarant's statement to be accepted, it is often necessary to demonstrate that the declarant had full mental capacity at the time that the statement was made. This includes an ability to understand the consequences of the statement, and an understanding of the potential penalties for falsifying a statement. In the case of a will, for example, the declarant must have testamentary capacity, the legal capacity to make a binding will.
When someone is asked to make a statement and swear or affirm that it is true, it is important to review the statement carefully, and to make any changes before confirming that it is true. For example, when someone signs insurance declarations in conjunction with an insurance policy, the declarations should be read, and any errors should be corrected. An example might be a declaration which says that "Jane Doe is the only driver of this vehicle." If Jane's husband John also drives the car and she signs this declaration and affirms that it is true, she could be subject to legal penalties such as having the insurance policy canceled without warning.
Any time someone is asked to sign a legal document or to make a legally binding statement, care should be taken. If someone is pressured to act quickly or is not allowed to see the document being signed, she or he should refuse to sign and should explain why.
What is the Difference Between an Affidavit and a Declaration?
What is a Dictum?
What are Letters Testamentary?
What are Dicta?
What is Expungement?
What is Testamentary Capacity?
What is the Legal Age of Consent?


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Native of Japan, having a well known jazz pianist, Hiroshi Ikeda as father, and professional classical singer as mother, Ms. Ikeda started piano at her age of 3, and violin at 4. She received Bachelor and Master degrees from Osaka College of Music, Japan, where she intensively studied classical violin with Tomotada Soh and Takako Murata. Her classical studies extended to master classes in Internationales Jugend - Festspieltreffen Bayreuth (Germany), Aspen Music School, The Bowdoin International Music Festival (USA), Cupra Music Festival (Italy), Tring (UK), Stow (UK), and Courchevel Music Alp (France).
While Ms. Ikeda was very busy performing with orchestras as well as solo performances and supporting musician for TV shows, concerts, and theaters in Japan, she was also busy teaching at Osaka College of Music, Koyo Conservatory, and a few other schools.
She was strictly trained classically by her mother, while she had been familiar with jazz music influenced by her father. When she finished her undergraduate study, she started to take jazz gigs, and became more interested in that direction. Later she started to take lessons with renowned alto saxophonist, Randall Conners. She is now studying performance with Matt Glaser, Rob Thomas and Christian Howes, and studying composition with Bob Pilkington and a 3 time Grammy awarded Eugene Friesen at Berklee College of Music in Boston as a scholarship student. She has won 2011 The Next Big String Thing Competition. In 2010, she received the String Department Chair Award for her distinction in performance. She has won 2011 Tune Contest, presented by String Without Boundaries, Pittsburgh, PA.
Ms. Ikeda has performed in concerts, master classes and clinics with Ron Carter, Jean-Luc Ponty, Eugene Friesen, Mark O'Connor, Regina Carter and performed in venues such as The Kennedy Center in Wasington D.C., Berklee Performance Center in Boston, Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York to name a few.
She has also been busy performing in local jazz clubs and concert halls as a regular member of A-NO-NE Ensemble, Racha Fora, and Video Game Orchestra.


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In 2003 I was diagnosed with Ulcerative Colitis. By the time I went to Dr. V in Fayetteville, Georgia in 2004 I had lost 30 lbs and could no longer work as I never knew when and if I could leave my house. I was extremely weak and wasn't even sure I could make the flight to Georgia. With only 1 week to treat me face to face, Dr. V was quick to get me back on feet. She continued to work with me long distance for the next year. I am glad to report I am doing extremely well! I work full time and at 55 years of age I even ran my first 5k race!


Open source, free to use, and free for commercial use are all words we love to hear. It's part of what makes the world a better place and it's what allows businesses to be able to make bigger and better affordable products or services.
We need more Wikipedias in the world and we need more free to use tools and information sources. Help entrepreneurs and creative people who take their idea and turn it into a reality. Font Awesome just so happen to be one of those organisations that are being selfless and making the world a better place by providing free to use font and icons for the development community.
What work Font Awesome do and what makes them such heroes?
Font awesome is a small organisation, run by Dave Gandy, that creates free to use fonts and icons for CSS and LESS. They want developers to have access to high quality, high resolution, scalable icons that are customisable. The most important part is they want all of this to be free so that developers can build websites easily, quickly and cheaply by having all of their icons in one place for free. The service has been so successful that Font Awesome decided they wanted to create even more icons, expand the service and make the products even better by investing some money into the organisation. So, Dave Gandy decided to raise $30,000 on Kickstarter to help do this.
These guys already qualify as heroes in our books. However, having already provided a service that is second in users only to Google Fonts and then wanting to expand the service a bit more with the extra $30,000 they went a step further. They hit the $30,000 mark really fast and then decided to let the Kickstarter campaign continue to be able to gather more funds to plough back into the service to make Font Awesome 5. They've now hit $1,076,960 and finally stopped the campaign. It's an awfully large amount of money to take on board by an organisation that didn't need to take on that responsibility. However, their commitment to the development world and increasing the number of icons available to the development community, free of charge, makes them heroes in the eyes of our developers here at Verb.
Without Font Awesome, building a website would be considerably more difficult and expensive as icons would need to be made by each agency for each project. However, with Font Awesome we have a whole host of icons we can use and customise exactly as we need. This means we don't have to go back to the designers each time for an icon to be designed as we can just go and select a pre-made one and customise it ourselves. We still have to make icons that aren't commonly used and ones that Font Awesome haven't yet covered but with the new investment that Font Awesome have taken on, this is becoming less of an issue for us now.
Verb contributed to Font Awesome's Kickstarter campaign and we'd happily contribute to any in the future. We try and contribute to all web development community campaigns and we take our hats off to those brilliant people within the industry who set up these organisations for the betterment of web development.
We hope by writing this blog post we've shed a bit of light on what some people in the web development community are doing for the internet and for web development. These people deserve the exposure and their moment in the light for the thankless service they provide.
If you're interested in contributing to Font Awesome you can still do so here and if you'd like to know of any other campaigns like this that Verb supports, get in contact with us.
If your site is feeling a bit dated and you'd like to talk to us about redesigning it and rebuilding it, please get in touch. We can provide different concept options for you to choose from so you get as much choice as possible. We also offer UX and SEO advice on the design of sites as well as how they are laid out, to maximise user experience, increase conversions and drive more traffic to your site from search engines.


Eighty eight dump trucks of gravel later and we've reached the top of the land! Today was the first day we've been able to drive to the top of our lot (which is a lot easier than walking!).
There's still some work to be done, and we'll have to patch the road once the cement trucks, diggers and dump trucks have used it for the build, but this is a real milestone for us.
An eventful day today – all our goods have arrived from the UK and our driveway has begun to take shape!
We've been told that it's going to take around 100 dump trucks, each with 16 ton of gravel to create the driveway. Terry, our dump truck/bulldozer driver started with the first few loads today and you can see his progress in the photos.
It's amazing to see the land starting to develop and it was great to finally be able to drive onto it. Won't be long (well about 100 dump trucks long) until we can drive to the top!


text:
Car Technology
Google's New Street View Camera Will Fit Any Car With a Roof Rack
Google Street View turns 15 and Google is celebrating with new camera hardware.
José Rodríguez Jr.
Meet Google's new Street View Camera, which I'm dubbing the Owl Cam!
Google is rolling out a new Street View camera that can be attached to any car with a roof rack. The cute new camera shrinks the hardware down, meaning just about any vehicle can become a Google Street View car, with no modifications.
According to Bob: Headlight Stupidity Edition
The Most Frustrating Features In Cars
According to Bob: Your Dashboard Is Too Damn Bright
The pilot program for the new camera is part of Google's 15-year celebration of Street View, which debuted in 2007. Since then, Google's fleet of Street View cars has been deployed across the U.S. in different iterations. The Street View cars snap composite photographs which are stitched together to bring us the detailed, nearly infinite view of roads and paths seen on Google Maps.
Previously, these Street View cars required modifications including reinforced attachment points to handle the heavy, cumbersome camera hardware up top, plus a bunch of computer equipment inside the cars. This newly-designed onboard hardware includes the computing power needed to operate the camera all in one unit, according to CNN.
And even though Google's cameras have been shrinking and evolving through the years, this latest camera introduces big changes to the hardware that together make for the smallest and cutest Google Street View camera yet. It kind of reminds me of an owl.
The new camera weighs less than 15 pounds and is about the size of a house cat, according to Google. It can be fitted to the roof racks available on many, many cars. It packs seven discrete 20-megapixel sensors to produce 140-megapixel panoramic photographs. Google also says the new camera system is modular, and can fit lidar sensors for increased details like lane markings and road conditions.
Just as importantly, the computer equipment installed inside previous generations of Street View cars is no longer necessary. The new camera will interface and be operated through a mobile device. So, get ready Street View enthusiasts.
I can see it now: Google's new camera — the owl cam — fitted to Subaru Outbacks, Volkswagen GTIs, Honda Civics, BMW 3-Series cars, even Jeep Wranglers and Toyota FJ Cruisers.
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