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La presente voce raccoglie informazioni inerenti alla storia delle prime società calcistiche in Italia.

Contesto storico

Le discussioni su quali siano i club calcistici italiani più antichi sono controverse a causa del fatto che alcune formazioni protagoniste degli albori del football moderno (nel paese che annovera remote versioni del gioco con il pallone, come il calcio fiorentino) sorsero come sezioni calcistiche di polisportive che prevedevano settori differenti per varie discipline svolte (ad esempio l'atletica leggera, la ginnastica, il ciclismo e il cricket), oppure praticavano il nuovo sport all'interno delle società prima della nascita formale delle sezioni dedicate al football. In taluni casi, inoltre, l'istituzione di un settore riservato al calcio non si verificava e lo svolgimento della disciplina restava ufficioso.

Per giunta, alcune fra le prime manifestazioni di football furono i tornei inaugurati dalla Federazione Ginnastica Nazionale Italiana (FGNI, poi FGI), ovvero non un organo prettamente calcistico. Il football ginnico, comunemente detto calcio ginnastico ma ufficialmente definito "giuoco del calcio", ebbe le sue origini nella città di Rovigo, dove il professore di educazione fisica Francesco Gabrielli iniziò dal 1893 la sua promulgazione, e in quella di Treviso, dove ebbe luogo la prima edizione delle Gare Nazionali dei Giuochi Ginnastici nel 1896. Il regolamento del football ginnico, inizialmente contraddistinto da numerose peculiarità elaborate dallo stesso Gabrielli, fu via via uniformato ai precetti stabiliti dall'International Football Association Board (IFAB), fino alla loro completa adozione, avvenuta il 6 maggio 1903.

Nonostante la Federazione Ginnastica abbia avuto, perciò, una tradizione calcistica più antica rispetto alla Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio, fondata il 26 marzo 1898 come FIF (Federazione Italiana del Football), e le manifestazioni succitate fossero considerate originariamente campionati nazionali ufficiali, la FIGC si limita a riconoscere nei propri albi d'oro solo i tornei da essa organizzati (il primo di questi fu il Campionato Italiano di Football 1898 vinto dal Genoa Cricket and Football Club), nonché i tre tornei di Prima, Seconda e Terza Divisione istituiti dalla Confederazione Calcistica Italiana (CCI) nella stagione 1921-1922. La stessa FIF, la quale, a differenza della FGNI, adottò sin dall'inizio le regole complete dell'IFAB, aderì tuttavia all'organismo in questione soltanto dal 1913, quando la neonata Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) ne divenne membro. Per tale motivo l'intera attività calcistica italiana nacque, tecnicamente, al di fuori dell'IFAB, come del resto quella di tutto il mondo ad eccezione delle Isole britanniche, elemento che consentì l'indipendenza regolamentare delle federazioni nazionali (la quale, in taluni casi, ha continuato a esistere).

Tali e altre considerazioni, come il fatto che alcuni gruppi di atleti praticavano la disciplina del football in maniera episodica, sotto denominazioni di club non ancora costituiti, hanno contribuito a rendere difficile una immediata e inequivocabile ricostruzione storica per individuare quale sia stata la prima squadra di calcio fondata in Italia.

Panoramica sulle squadre più antiche
Di seguito è esposta una rassegna concernente i più vetusti sodalizi di football del Bel Paese. Nello specifico, sono elencati per regione di appartenenza, nonché per capoluoghi regionali, i club e/o le sezioni football fondati entro il 1900; nel caso, invece, in cui non ve ne siano stati, vengono citate le squadre più antiche in assoluto del territorio in oggetto e del suo centro amministrativo.

Le squadre valdostane
A quanto pare, nessuna compagine dedita, ufficialmente o ufficiosamente, al calcio è stata costituita ad Aosta e dintorni nel XIX secolo. La prima formazione conosciuta della città, nonché dell'intera Valle, fu la sezione football dellAugusta Praetoria, nata nel 1908 e scioltasi nel 1910. Essa non va confusa con la quasi omonima Augusta Praetoria Sports, iniziale incarnazione della defunta Unione Sportiva Aosta (1911).

Ulteriori notizie sull'attività calcistica meno recente sono scarse. L'altro sodalizio più noto del territorio è il Vallée d'Aoste di Saint-Christophe, sorto nel 1971.

Le squadre piemontesi

Nel contesto torinese, tralasciando la Reale Società Ginnastica di Torino (fondata nel 1844, ma che istituì la sezione calcistica solo nel 1897), il primo sodalizio fu il Torino Football & Cricket Club, che vanta la propria costituzione nel 1887. Il Torino Football & Cricket Club, fondendosi con il Nobili Torino (club sorto nel 1889), dette poi vita all'Internazionale Torino nel 1891. Sempre nel capoluogo del Piemonte, nel 1894 si formò la  come settore calcio del Circolo Pattinatori Valentino 1874 (e divenuto un sodalizio autonomo tre anni dopo), seguito nel 1897 dallUnione Football (compagine ginnica semisconosciuta, la cui data di nascita è puramente indicativa), e dallo Sport-Club Juventus (diventato Foot-Ball Club Juventus nel 1899).

Al di fuori di Torino, inoltre, gli atleti maggiormente impegnati nella disciplina del football furono quelli di Alessandria. Talune testimonianze narrano che già nel 1891 il nuovo sport fu esposto agli alessandrini da Edoardo Bosio, e che nel 1894 si tenne una partita fra una rappresentativa locale e il . Successivamente, nel 1896 nacque lUnione Pro Sport Alessandria e nel 1898 un'altra compagine della quale non si hanno ulteriori informazioni.  Nel resto del Piemonte non vanno dimenticate la Società Ginnastica Pro Vercelli, la quale fu fondata nel 1887, ma il cui settore dedicato al calcio fu istituito nel 1903, e la Società Ginnastica Pietro Micca di Biella, sorta con la denominazione Società Ginnastica Biellese nel 1899, che si approcciò ufficialmente al football dal 1902. Altri sodalizi praticanti il calcio, ma esclusivamente in ambito ginnico, furono la Società Ginnastica Pro Novara, sorta nel 1881 come Società Ginnastica e Scherma Novara, la Società Ginnastica Forza e Virtù, costituitasi a Novi Ligure nel 1892, e la San Filippo Neri di Tortona, d'incerta datazione di nascita. Al 1898, per giunta, risalgono notizie circa un incontro disputatosi a Cuneo tra formazioni di ginnastica, e riguardo alla nascita dell'Unione Sportiva Trinese (pienamente attiva nel football dal 1919). Nel 1900, infine, venne istituito lIvrea Sporting Club, il cui gruppo calcistico prese vita nel 1901.

Le squadre liguri

Nel 1893 venne fondato a Genova il Genoa, la più anziana società italiana praticante il calcio ancora attiva nonché quella in possesso del più antico documento di nascita. Esso, tuttavia, era in qualche modo attivo senza crismi di ufficialità già dal 1890, come risulterebbe dall'utilizzo di un campo da gioco ceduto in comodato ai futuri genoani da Wilson e McLaren, due industriali scozzesi. A rappresentare il capoluogo della Liguria concorsero, all'epoca, anche la Società Ginnastica Andrea Doria, nata nel 1895, con la sezione calcistica istituita nel 1900, e due club del quartiere di Sampierdarena (che in quel periodo era una città indipendente, non ancora assorbita dal capoluogo): il Liguria Foot Ball Club, sorto nel 1897, e la Società Ginnastica Sampierdarenese, nata nel 1891 ma con la sezione football avviata nel 1899. Anche la Società Ginnastica Ligure Cristoforo Colombo, costituitasi nel 1877, diede vita a una formazione calcistica, tuttavia soltanto nel 1907. Anche la Società Ginnastica Raffaele Rubattino, nata nel 1894, istituì una sezione dedicata solo nel 1906. Analogo a questi, inoltre, è il caso dell'Unione Sportiva Sestri Ponente 1897, con sede nell'omonimo sobborgo genovese (all'epoca comune autonomo): il suo settore calcio sorse nel secolo seguente rispetto a quello esaminato, e venne poi inglobato dalla Fratellanza Sportiva Sestrese Calcio 1919. Non istituì invece un gruppo dedicato la Società Ginnastica Nicolò Barabino, costituitasi nel 1897 a Sampierdarena.

Andando oltre il contesto della Grande Genova, troviamo la Fratellanza Ginnastica Savonese e lUnione Sportiva San Filippo Neri di Albenga, fondate rispettivamente nel 1883 e nel 1893, le quali svilupparono la pratica del football in veste ufficiale solo nel secolo successivo a quello di nascita. La Fratellanza Ginnastica Savonese, in particolare, formò la sua "sezione giochi" (il Savona Calcio) nel 1907. Sempre nel 1893, infine, prese vita la Società Ginnastica Pro Chiavari, che creò la sua prima "sezione calcio" nel 1915, assorbendo temporaneamente l'Entella Foot-Ball Club.

Le squadre lombarde
La più antica squadra di football di Milano fu la Società per l'Educazione Fisica Mediolanum, fondata nel 1896 come Società Ginnastica Mediolanum, con la relativa sezione calcio sorta nel 1898. La seconda compagine del capoluogo fu il Milan Foot-Ball and Cricket Club, nato nel 1899. Altre società vetuste che praticarono il football, ancorché in via ufficiosa, furono la Forza e Coraggio, istituita nel 1870 e la Pro Patria Società Ginnastica di Milano, nel 1883, oltre alla Pro Italia e ai Civici Pompieri.

Nel resto della Lombardia, invece, il primo settore calcistico fu costituito dal Foot Ball Club Casteggio 1898. In precedenza erano nate in ambito ginnico nel 1874 a Lodi la Società Lodigiana di Ginnastica e Scherma, divenuta in seguito Associazione Sportiva Fanfulla (che costituì la sua sezione calcio nel 1908), nel 1876 la Società Ginnastica Gallaratese (che inaugurò il settore di football nel 1909), nel 1878 la Società Ginnastica Monzese Forti e Liberi e la Società Bergamasca di Ginnastica e Scherma (quest'ultima aprì la sezione calcistica nel 1913), nel 1879 la Sempre Liberi di Cassano Magnago (la cui sezione fu attiva nel secolo seguente) e la Società Ginnastica Pavese (che nel biennio 1912-1913 gestì al suo interno il ),  nel 1881 la Società Ginnastica Pro Patria et Libertate di Busto Arsizio, e nel 1895 la Società Canottieri Lecco, che istituì il settore dedicato nel 1912. Sempre negli ultimi anni del XIX secolo, ma con dubbia datazione, avvenne infine la fondazione della Labor Sportiva di Seregno (la quale si fuse nel 1920 con il Seregno Foot Ball Club 1913) e dellUnione Ginnastica Vogherese (che sempre nel 1920 costituì ufficialmente il suo "Gruppo Calcio", poi fusosi con l'Associazione Vogherese Calcio).

Le squadre trentino-altoatesine
La più anziana associazione sportiva di Trento, fra quelle che hanno giocato a calcio nella loro storia, sembra essere stata lUnione Ginnastica, sorta nel 1860. Questo club, assieme alla concittadina Pro Trento (la cui data di nascita è sconosciuta), si approcciò amatorialmente al football sin dai primi anni del XX secolo.

Oltre i confini del comune tridentino, altre tre polisportive originarie del XIX secolo ebbero o hanno trascorsi calcistici: lUnione Sportiva Rovereto, istituita nel 1878 come Unione Ginnastica Roveretana e da cui si sviluppò nel 1921 il relativo settore football; il Turnverein Meran, costituito a Merano nel 1886 (l'anno di inizio dell'attività nella disciplina è ignoto, così come la creazione di un gruppo dedicato); l'Unione Sportiva Arco, fondata nel 1895 nel comune omonimo, e formalmente avviata alla pratica dello sport in esame nel 1921.

Le squadre venete
La polisportiva di Venezia che si occupò di football, in ambito ginnico, fu la Società Sportiva Costantino Reyer, sorta nel 1872 e che vedrà l'inaugurazione del proprio settore calcistico nel 1904. Inoltre a Mestre, località prima autonoma e poi divenuta parte del capoluogo veneto nel 1926, fu fondata la Società Ginnastica Marziale nel 1878, il cui settore dedicato al calcio nacque ufficiosamente nel 1892 e debuttò ufficialmente nel 1904.

Altre primitive società di ginnastica del Veneto che si occuparono di football furono l'Istituzione Comunale Marcantonio Bentegodi, costituita nel 1868 come Società Veronese di Ginnastica e Scherma (che istituì un settore calcistico nei primi anni del XX secolo); la Società Rodigina di Ginnastica Unione e Forza del già nominato Francesco Gabrielli, che venne istituita nel 1874 e iniziò a praticare il calcio nel 1893; la Società Ginnastica Vicentina Umberto I e la Fortitudo di Schio, queste ultime risalenti al 1875. Rimane, inoltre, sconosciuto l'anno di nascita dei club Società Ginnastica Velocipedistica Trevigiana e Vittorio Veneto di Treviso, i quali parteciparono al primo Torneo della Federazione di Ginnastica nel 1896. Il primo sodalizio della regione ad aver costituito una sezione ufficiale fu il Vicenza (9 marzo 1902).

Le squadre friulano-giuliane
Nessuna compagine di Trieste ha praticato il football entro il 1900. La prima conosciuta fu il Black Star Football Club, costituito nel 1906 da Emilio Arnstein (futuro fondatore del Bologna Football Club 1909).

L'unico sodalizio del Friuli-Venezia Giulia impegnato a livello calcistico prima della data succitata risulta essere stato la Società Udinese di Ginnastica e Scherma, nata nel 1896 e vincitrice del primo concorso ginnico nazionale di football tenutosi lo stesso anno. Al suo interno, tuttavia, la costituzione dell'Associazione Calcio Udine avvenne soltanto nel 1911.

Le squadre emiliano-romagnole
L'unico club vetusto bolognese dedito al calcio fu la Società Sezionale di Ginnastica in Bologna, creata nel 1871 (e oggigiorno conosciuta come Società di Educazione Fisica Virtus), la quale organizzò il 9 maggio 1891 la prima esibizione del football in Italia di cui sia abbia notizia, e aprì nel 1910 un settore dedicato alla disciplina.

Fuori dal capoluogo, ebbe origine nel 1870 il primo sodalizio dell'Emilia-Romagna dedito al calcio, la Società di Ginnastica e Scherma del Panaro (in principio "Società Dilettanti di Ginnastica"), la quale cominciò a praticare il football dal 1903; essa fu seguita nel 1874 dallUnione Sportiva Ravennate (il cui settore calcistico, l'odierna Società Cooperativa Ravenna Sport, nacque nel 1913), e nel 1876 dalla Società Ginnastica Persicetana.  Dopo questi club, nacquero nel 1879 la Società Ginnastica La Patria di Carpi, attiva in seguito anche con una scuola calcistica, e la Palestra Ginnastica Ferrara, che si aggiudicò la vittoria del Torneo FGNI 1898 e svolse la sua attività esclusivamente nel contesto ginnico; nel 1898, inoltre, fu fondata lUnione Sportiva Forti e Liberi di Forlì, la quale costituì la propria sezione riservata (l'attuale ) nel 1919. Infine, negli ultimi anni del XIX secolo la disciplina fece le sue prime sporadiche apparizioni a Piacenza.

Le squadre toscane

Anche il capoluogo della Toscana vanta una squadra molto antica. Il primo sodalizio calcistico, il Florence Football Club, fu infatti fondato nel 1898. In precedenza, era nata la Palestra Ginnastica Fiorentina Libertas nel 1877, la quale istituì una sezione dedicata al calcio solo nel 1912; nel 1870, inoltre, era stato fondato il Club Velocipedistico Fiorentino, che si fuse nel 1903 con il Club Sportivo Ardire dando vita al Club Sportivo Firenze, all'interno del quale sorse nel 1908 un settore football.

Un destino similare ha avuto la polisportiva senese Mens Sana in Corpore Sano, nato nel 1871. Da questa, infatti, si separarono, nel 1904, alcuni affiliati che diedero vita al nucleo originario del ; per giunta, nel 1972, essa costituì un proprio gruppo calcistico, il Football Club Luigi Meroni.

Le squadre umbre
La più vecchia associazione di Perugia, nonché dell'Umbria, a occuparsi del gioco del calcio sembra essere stata la Società Ginnastica Braccio Fortebraccio, sorta come club ginnico nel 1890 e, dopo la trasformazione in polisportiva nel 1899, dedita ufficialmente anche al football dal 1901; rimane comunque incerta la data di nascita di un sodalizio analogo, la Libertas, la quale operò in ambito calcistico senza che risulti avvenuta l'istituzione di una sezione ufficiale.

Oltre alle società perugine, vanno menzionate la Nestor Marsciano (1904), la SPES Gubbio (1908) e l'Unione Sportiva Orvietana (1913). Mentre del primo sodalizio si hanno poche informazioni, degli altri due è noto che le rispettive formazioni calcistiche vennero costituite nel 1913: tuttavia sia gli eugubini sia gli orvietani risultano essere stati attivi ufficiosamente nell'ambito del football sin dal 1910 (nel caso dell'Orvietana, prima ancora della sua nascita effettiva).

Le squadre marchigiane

La più vetusta società calcistica anconitana fu l', fondata nel 1905. In precedenza erano stati i navigatori britannici a diffondere il football nella principale città delle Marche, ma la disciplina fu inizialmente portata avanti in maniera sporadica.

La prima squadra della regione fu, però, la Candido Augusto Vecchi (poi divenuta Ascoli Calcio), fondata ad Ascoli Piceno nel 1898. Nello stesso anno era stata creata la polisportiva Vis Sauro Pesaro, la quale, però, divenne attiva nel calcio con il proprio settore a partire dal 1906. Nel 1899, inoltre, sorse la Società Polisportiva Grottammare, la cui sezione calcio nacque in un anno imprecisato.

Le squadre laziali
Come accaduto a Genova, l'attività calcistica venne introdotta a Roma dagli stranieri d'oltremanica. Per la precisione, a importare il nuovo sport furono i seminaristi dei collegi cattolici riservati agli studenti britannici. L'esordio del football all'ombra del Campidoglio va, in particolare, ascritto ai ragazzi inglesi e gallesi del Venerable English College, e risale al 1892. Nel giro di qualche anno diverse società sportive della capitale d'Italia, tutte provenienti dall'ambito ginnico, si approcciarono alla disciplina del calcio: la Società Ginnastica Roma, fondata nel 1890 e operante dal 1895 (con una sezione dal 1915); il Football Club Roma, istituito nel 1896; lo Sporting Club Roma, nato nel 1897; lAssociazione Gioventù Cristiana (organizzazione politica nata nella seconda metà del XIX secolo e impegnata in campo sportivo almeno dal 1898); la Società Podistica Lazio, il Veloce Club Podistico e lAudace Club Podistico, costituitisi nell'anno 1900. In particolare, la Lazio, dedita al gioco dal 1901, fu l'unico fra i succitati sodalizi assieme alla Ginnastica Roma, quest'ultima come minimo dal 1915, ad abbandonare la variante ginnastica del football in favore di quella IFAB, affiliandosi alla FIF almeno dal 1908 e aprendo il 3 ottobre 1910 un settore riservato. A queste compagini va poi aggiunta la Società Ginnastica Forza e Coraggio, per la quale l'anno di creazione è dubbio.

Nel resto della regione laziale, lo sport fu inoltre praticato dallAssociazione Ginnastica Forza e Libertà di Rieti, sorta nel 1891 e partecipante al Torneo FGNI 1901.

Le squadre abruzzesi
Le informazioni concernenti il calcio primordiale in Abruzzo sono frammentarie e tutte posteriori al XIX secolo. Le notizie originarie sul football all'Aquila risalgono infatti agli anni 1910, quando si svilupparono le emanazioni calcistiche di società polisportive quali lAmiternina e la Folgore. Presumibilmente nel 1915 fece la sua apparizione lAquila Foot-Ball Club, il primo club vero e proprio.

È probabile, comunque, che il capoluogo della regione sia stato eguagliato e anticipato da altre città, come Teramo (in cui era attiva la polisportiva Gran Sasso), Pratola Peligna (dove venne fondato il Pratola Calcio nel 1910, la prima compagine della quale si conosce l'anno di nascita) e Vasto (nella quale lo sport si iniziò a giocare nel 1902 e si formò nel 1911 la Società Sportiva Umberto I).

Le squadre molisane
Nel XIX secolo non fu fondato nessun sodalizio calcistico in Molise. Si pensa che il primo sia stato l'Unione Sportiva Campobasso (1919).

Dopo la società del capoluogo, furono istituiti il , fondato nel 1920, la S.S. Samnium Isernia, nata presumibilmente nel 1928 (anno nel quale la squadra esordì nel campionato italiano), e lAssociazione Sportiva Agnone, sorta forse nel 1929 (data a cui risale la prima testimonianza in merito).

Le squadre campane
La più antica formazione sportiva di Napoli fra quelle praticanti il calcio, sia a livello ginnastico (partecipò al Torneo FGNI 1901), sia nella sua variante a 5, risulta essere la Virtus Partenopea, nata nel 1866 (in seno alla quale, nel 1907, venne fondata la Sportiva Napoli). Il football vero e proprio salì all'onore delle cronache regionali dal 1896, anno in cui la città fu teatro di una partita di calcio che vide il Reale Club Canottieri Italia, club di canottieri e velisti istituito nel 1889, affrontare una formazione mista delle altre associazioni nautiche locali. Per la fondazione di un club calcistico napoletano, invece, si è dovuto attendere il 1905, anno in cui sorse ad aprile il Football Club Partenopeo (noto anche come Napoli Foot-Ball Club), per iniziativa dei figli di Edoardo Scarfoglio e Matilde Serao, e a novembre il Naples Foot-Ball Club (la sezione calcio del Canottieri Italia).

Il primo sodalizio fondato in assoluto in Campania fu, però, il Puteoli Sport, costituito a Pozzuoli nel 1902. Prim'ancora, i dipendenti del cantiere inglese Armstrong contribuirono a diffondere questo sport nella cittadina.

Le squadre pugliesi
La Puglia fu uno dei primi territori dell'Italia meridionale nel quale si cominciò a praticare il gioco del football, in particolare a Bari dove le navi mercantili inglesi, specialmente quelle della flotta Cunard Line, sostavano nel porto e commerciavano con la cittadinanza. I primi eventi calcistici della regione si tennero nel capoluogo: le prime partite il 22 e il 29 giugno 1899, organizzate dal professor Giuseppe Pezzarossa e giocate dalle formazioni dell'Istituto Nautico e dell'Istituto Tecnico; il primo torneo il 24 luglio 1900, nel corso di una mostra provinciale, il quale vide sfidarsi in dodici incontri la squadra congiunta degli Istituti contro quella dei ragazzi liceali. Nel febbraio 1901 nacque, sempre a Bari, il primo club calcistico della storia pugliese, il Club Foot-Ball Challenge, formato da studenti che esordirono contro i marinai del piroscafo inglese Osiris.

Il sodalizio Società Sportiva Pro Italia di Taranto fu, invece, il primo club nato al di fuori del capoluogo di regione: la sua origine risale, infatti, al 1904. Nello stesso anno, comunque, anche la compagine podistica tarantina nota come Circolo Studentesco Mario Rapisardi aveva iniziato a praticare la disciplina in maniera ufficiosa.

Le squadre lucane
Per quanto riguarda la Basilicata, il , fondato nel 1920, risulta essere l'originaria società calcistica della regione.

LUnione Sportiva Moliternese, creata nel 1922 a Moliterno, promulgò per prima questo sport al di fuori del capoluogo, mentre il Circolo Sportivo Vultur, istituito nel 1921 a Rionero in Vulture, si approcciò al football soltanto dal 1929 in avanti.

Le squadre calabresi
La prima società della Calabria impegnata ufficialmente nel calcio fu, plausibilmente, la Juventus Catanzaro, polisportiva costituita nel 1908 nel relativo capoluogo.

Su questo elemento, tuttavia, c'è incertezza, dato che nello stesso anno il football si affermò prepotentemente anche a Cosenza, e da quel momento in poi fiorirono sodalizi come il Virides Sport Club, la Brutium, la Liberta, il Milan Sport Club, la Meridionale, la Fratelli Bandiera, la Savoia e la Speranza; le precise date di nascita di tali compagini restano, però, sconosciute. È assodato, invece, il fatto che, un anno dopo, nacque l'Associazione Calcistica Locri 1909.

Le squadre siciliane

Gli iniziali approcci al football da parte dei cittadini di Palermo vengono fatti risalire al 1897; essi vanno probabilmente attribuiti ai marinai inglesi e al circolo Sport Club. Nel 1900, comunque, sorse proprio nel capoluogo il primo sodalizio calcistico di Sicilia, l'Anglo-Panormitan Athletic and Foot-Ball Club.

Sempre nel 1900 fu fondato il Messina Football Club. L'inizio del calcio messinese è, nonostante ciò, attribuito all'ottocentesca Società Ginnastica Garibaldi, la quale istituì la sua sezione calcio nel 1910 inglobando proprio il Messina Football Club.

Le squadre sarde
La prima partita di football riportata dalle cronache di Cagliari venne disputata nel 1902 fra un gruppo di studenti della città e una squadra di marinai genovesi. Le polisportive della Sardegna pioniere del calcio, sebbene a livello ufficioso, furono tutte cagliaritane: la Società Canottieri Ichnusa (1891); la Società Ginnastica Amsicora (1897); la Società Ginnastica Eleonora d'Arborea (1900). Maggiori informazioni sono disponibili sull'Amsicora: è assodata, infatti, la partecipazione degli atleti della compagine a una competizione di football svoltasi durante l'Esposizione internazionale torinese del 1911.

I primi incontri di football nell'isola dei quali si ha notizia, però, si svolsero a Calangianus, alla fine dell'Ottocento, tra operai e tecnici britannici chiamati alla realizzazione di una linea ferroviaria.
I due sodalizi che inaugurarono l'attività calcistica ufficiale sarda furono, poi, la Società Educazione Fisica Torres di Sassari e l'Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Ilvamaddalena di La Maddalena (1903). Anche la Torres giocò nella suddetta manifestazione torinese.

La classifica di anzianità
Ferma restando la certezza che il Genoa sia il sodalizio calcistico italiano in possesso del più antico atto ufficiale di fondazione, le fonti assegnano al Torino Football & Cricket Club di Torino il record di prima squadra di calcio fondata in Italia.

Nella tabella posta in questo paragrafo sono presi in esame i settori riservati all'Association Football costituiti ufficialmente entro la fine del XIX secolo. I nomi di quelli esistenti oggigiorno sono redatti in grassetto. La lista non è da ritenersi completa, per via della parziale mancanza di informazioni circa alcune società.

È da notare che, salvo i casi delle polisportive Ginnastica Torino (1844), Sampierdarenese (6 giugno 1891), Andrea Doria (5 settembre 1895) e Mediolanum (11 febbraio 1896), le date di nascita dei gruppi calcistici coincidono con quelle delle fondazioni assolute dei club di appartenenza. Allo stesso tempo, la cessazione dell'attività delle formazioni di calcio dissolte si è verificata in corrispondenza dello scioglimento definitivo dell'associazione di riferimento, fatta eccezione per i quattro suddetti sodalizi, ancora operanti.

Note

Bibliografia

Storia del calcio italiano

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This past weekend was just what I needed: a good mix of some girl time, early nights, Maine and family time. The only thing missing was time with RM… whomp, whomp.
Friday night, the Shapleigh girls were supposed to have a girls night, but Rachel ended up being sick and couldn't join 😦 Danielle and Amy and I still decided to go out, though, which was a nice way to unwind from the week. I've been DYING to get to Local 149 in Southie, so I was so happy when we decided to go there. I have to say, it totally lived up to my expectations! We started with wine and then ordered a number of apps- it wasn't the healthiest meal I had all week, but it was damn good! I can't wait to go back.
Saturday I taught a great kickboxing class, but only one of my "front row" girls was there! Where were the rest of you girls??
From there, I headed up to Maine. Mom and I met for lunch at Mill 67 which is a new restaurant built in an old mill building right on the water. I loved everything about it! The atmosphere, location, service, food and wine. We shared the Warm Kale Salad and Tomato and Basil Pizza.
What I loved about the restaurant's menu was that it was all locally made/grown and they offered gluten free options (even pizza dough… which we didn't do because I wanted regular pizza). I can't wait to go back.
Father's Day was low key, but I think it was just what dad wanted. We went to church then picked up some fried seafood for him and sat on the patio. I hope he had a great weekend!
On my way back to MA, I stopped by my friend Caitlin's house hoping to catch the tail end of her son Tucker's 1st birthday party. Sadly, everyone was gone, but it was good to catch up with her- even though it was too short of a visit!
maple. is pure maple water is a natural refreshing, hydrating water with a hint of maple flavor. It contains fortifying vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, antioxidants, prebiotics and is naturally low in calories. We tap maple. straight from the tree and bottle it with absolutely NOTHING added. It is the perfect way to hydrate and nourish your body the same way it nourishes the maple trees. DRINKmaple.
After going to see Fed Up!, I've really tried to cut back on unnecessary sugars and be more away of labels and what's in the food and drinks I'm putting into my body. Post workout, I'm always looking for something to help me rehydrate, but the normal drinks I turn to: Vitamin Water, Gatorade, Propel, etc., are filled with sugars and other ingredients that I can't read or understand. The only thing in drink maple. is pure maple sap- love that!
So, after class on Saturday, I decided to check it out.
Questions for you: What was the best part of your weekend? Have you been to Local 149 or Mill 67? What did you do for Father's Day? Have you heard of drink maple.?
That kale salad looks awesome! And I received maple water too – also enjoyed it better cold than cool. I was excited to like it because I don't like coconut water!


Normally, customer purchase specific items for their house, such like fireplace, bathtub, medallion, column, balustrade, door/window surround, molding, garden items (fountain, vase, statue, gazebo, table, bench, animal, etc.) etc. You can select the design you like from our website, or send your own design with picture or drawing for our custom production.
Since we have supplied a lot of products to individual customers, we have much experience for service to individual customers. You may not familiar with stone products, you may purchase overseas first time and not know about the process, please feel free to contact us for any enquiries or questions. It's our pleasure to offer any useful information to you.
Here below are some information for your reference, and hope they are helpful to you.
6.We will generate an order for you .Log in to your account and check your order status at any time in your personal center.
7. We take pictures of the finished products for your confirmation when they are finished. You are also welcome to our factory for inspection of the products yourself.
8. We arrange shipment and offer the shipping documents copy to you after shipment for the balance payment. The original shipping documents will be sent to you on receiving the balance payment from you.
9. You clear the customs with the original shipping documents and get the products.
6. The local shipping agent (which information will be showed on the B/L) will inform buyer by Website account /telephone or fax before the arrival of products . Buyer also can check the status of the shipment with the shipping agent.
We have done stone export business for over 15 years, we are always offer our best quality products to customers all over the world. We have skilled workers to make the products in first grade. We have inspectors who inspect the products, packing and loading for every shipment to make sure the products we supply to customer are in good quality and safe for shipment.
We can arrange shipment for customer, LCL (small quantity which can not full fill a container) or FCL (full container). We can arrange shipment to port (your nearest sea port) or to door(your detail delivery address) as per your requirement. You can ask your local shipping agent to handle customs at the destination port for you. There's shipping agent's contact information showing on the B/L(bill of loading), you can ask them to arrange everything for you if you do not know any other shipping agent.


Owners of cars that connect to the internet could opt out of the in-dashboard ads, but it'll cost them.
Google has pledged to take a hard look at the content that ends up on YouTube after advertisers including the British government pulled ads over extremist and offensive material.
A lead software engineer at Google has built a stock market bot that monitors President Donald Trump's tweets on publicly traded companies.


text:
Q: JDO + datanucleus API enhancement I want to load dynamically XML meta-data files that are not in the classpath (the XML meta-data files will be generated after launching my app).
I thought I could call the method
MetaDataManager.registerFile(java.lang.String fileURLString, FileMetaData filemd, ClassLoaderResolver clr)

Then, I tried the API enhancement, so I added the following lines:
        JDOEnhancer enhancer = JDOHelper.getEnhancer();
        enhancer.setVerbose(true);
        enhancer.addClasses(ClassToPersist.class.getName()).enhance();
        getClass().getClassLoader().loadClass(ClassToPersist.class.getName());

The following jars are in the classpath: datanucleus-api-jdo.jar, datanucleus-connectionpool.jar, datanucleus-core.jar datanucleus-rdbms.jar, jdo-api.jar, asm.jar.
But when I launch my app, I get this exception:
Caused by: mypackage.MyException:
org.datanucleus.api.jdo.exceptions.ClassNotPersistenceCapableException: The class "mypackage.ClassToPersist" is not persistable. This means that it either hasnt been enhanced, or that the enhanced version of the file is not in the CLASSPATH (or is hidden by an unenhanced version), or the Meta-Data/annotations for the class are not found.

Do you please have any idea how to fix this ?
PS: I also noticed that the method enhance returns 0 which indicates that the class has not been enhanced (we could exclude the other options)
Thanks

A: So your call to loadClass has loaded the unenhanced class (since it would have been loaded in order to perform the enhancement presumably), and you didn't follow the tutorial that is provided at http://www.datanucleus.org/documentation/development/dynamic_class_metadata_enhance_runtime.html

A: I think I found an easy way to fix this.
At runtime, I created a jar that contains the updated metadata file as META-INF/package.jdo. Then I added this jar to the classpath as described here
Using this hacks, I didn't need to re-enhace my class since it is enhanced after compilation.
(But for information, I had to call JDOEnhancer.addFiles() to enhance my class.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Little Icons Announces Glam Icons: A Fashion Magazine for Kids & Moms Achievers
Chandigarh 04th November:- Little Icons, India's Biggest Kids Fashion Show, announced their yet another upcoming project—Glam Icons.
Glam Icons will be India's 1st Fashion Magazine for talented Kids & Moms. It will be featuring achievers in the field of Modelling, Dancing, Acting, Singing, Fitness, Sports, Arts, Literature, Academics & even Entrepreneurship.
Anandita Gupta, an Ex-Fashion Editor with Femina & Founder at Little Icons & Glam Icons said that most fashion magazines feature just professional models or socialites. But there are many middle class Kids, Teenagers & even their housewife moms who don't have opportunity to showcase their talent.
Anandita plans to profile exceptionally talented Kids & their Moms in Glam Icons. The magazine will also host Awards, Fashion Shows and Talent Hunts.
Anandita, who recently launched Kids Modelling Agency Style Icons & Designer Label Glamour to promote North Indian Kids in Glamour World, said that our aim is to promote hidden talent among kids & moms. We've already got around 34 Kids casted in TV, Print Ads & Films through our Fashion Show cum Talent Hunt Little Icons. We are now moving a step ahead by profiling talented achievers in our magazine Glam Icons.
Anandita added further that this magazine will also profile people who've battled serious health issues. The 1st issue of Glam Icons will put the spotlight on Breast Cancer Survivors.
He said that only size-zero models are not glamorous. Real people who fight with real problems deserve more glamour & respect," said Anandita, whose magazine Glam Icons will feature who have fought against Addiction, Abuse, Health Issues, Violence & Disease.
The magazine was launched by Shweta Singh Chaudhary--Top Finalist Mrs India Worldwide, VJ & Actress and Celebrity Beauty Guru & Consultant Dia Mittal.
Dr. Navdeep Spreads Ayurveda in the British Parliament
Chandigarh 04th November:- Ayurveda, the world's oldest oriental Healthcare System is now fast reaching and making its presence felt in the occidental world, where the people are now turning to this system for its holistic treatment so essential for creating a perfect balance of body, mind and soul, and thus for leading a healthy, happy and peaceful life.
Many significant steps in this direction are being taken (including the ones by the Indian government too), one of which was in the form of 4th Svastha International Conference on Ayurveda and integrative Medicine, organized by the Middlesex University, London in collaboration with the college of Ayurveda on 21st and 22nd oct, 2017.
It is a matter of immense pride and legitimate honour not only for India but also for the entire Ayurvedic fraternity that Dr. Navdeep Sharma from ND Care Nirogam, Pvt. Ltd. was invited by the Middlesex University, London, U.K to present a paper of his research. The main theme of this conference was "Mental Health and Elderly Care".
ND Care Nirogam, a globally renowned Ayurvedic Healthcare Centre, has been providing holistic traditional Ayurvedic treatment based on the latest scientific research for more than 15 years and is successfully running 9 centers globally.
Paper Presentation by Dr. Navdeep Sharma at the Middlesex University: Dr. Navdeep Sharma presented his paper on the "Role of Ayurvedic Herbs in Psychological Disorders w.s.r to Depression" before the Ayurvedic fraternity gathered from all over the world. Referring to the slogan for the World Health Day, 2017 "Depression --- Let's talk" he said that with an ageing population, depression among the elderly is likely to increase in the years to come, with higher prevalence among the elderly than in the general adult population. Decrease in Testosterone is one of the important factors causing depression in the elderly men. Ayurvedic concept of Shukradhatu as well as Vajikarana(Aphrodisiac) dravya herbs like Withaniasomnifera, Chlorophytumborivilianum and Crocus can be used for treating depression.
Talking about India's expertise in alternative medicine and healthcare that goes back to centuries, Dr. Navdeep Sharma said that Ayurveda, the science of life, is a holistic science that encompasses an overall focus on a healthy well-balanced life by creating a perfect balance of body, mind and soul. The paper was highly appreciated and was published in the concerned journal.
After the paper presentation, an interactive session was held in the University where Dr. Navdeep Sharma participated actively discussing the steps required to make Ayurveda more acceptable globally.
Representing Ayurveda at the British Parliament: From among the very few selected delegates from different countries, Dr. Navdeep Sharma got an opportunity to address the august gathering presided by, Baroness Verma, Member of the House of Lordsat the British Parliament which had also invitedYashvardhan Kumar Sinha, Indian High Commissioner, London, U.K, Amarjit S. Bhamra- Lead Secretariat All Party Parliamentary Group, Indian Traditional Sciences, U.K, Dr. Madan, DNA Research Dept. University of Cambrigde, Dr. Navdeep Sharma briefed them about the fundamental Principles of Ayurveda. i.e
Swasthasya Swasthya Rakshanam Aaturasya Vikara Prashamanam Cha
Hailing Ayurveda as a holistic science, Dr. NavdeepSharma urged the British Parliament to uptake Ayurveda as the Mainstream Treatment system in U.K. He also emphasized that Ayurveda should be a part of the academic curriculum right from the school level as it has a definite edge over other existing sciences in the treatment of many life-threatening ailments.
Dr. Navdeep Sharma believes that this was an unforgettable and a highly satisfying experience to share his expertise with the Ayurvedic fraternity In Britain, a country under whose rule there was a marked decline in the popularity of Ayurveda, was now eager and highly enthusiastic to promote Ayurveda. The international conference, he feels, was the right platform for him to share his experiences. He feels delightfully satisfied about the interest and the preference that the other countries have now started showing for the Ayurvedic treatment of various dreadful diseases affecting mankind today. He also expressed his hope that the Ayurvedic Fraternity all over the world will join hands to make the world aware of the efficacy of Ayurvedic treatment of various life-threatening diseases. In continuation with this endeavour, Dr. Navdeep Sharma is going to UAE to participate in the first International Conference and Exhibition on Indian Medical Systems, at the Dubai World Trade Centre from Nov. 9 to 11.
Dr. Navdeep also updated that there is a need to provide 24*7 patient support to patients opting for Ayurveda treatment in critical diseases that is why ND Care Nirogam Pvt. Ltd. maintains a 24*7 helpline number 7307032211 for all its patients and a dedicated patient website www.blissways.com for its patients.
At present Dr. Navdeep Sharma has reached such a stage where the patients suffering from chronic and dreadful diseases from the world over are approaching him very optimistically for the treatment.
Little Icons Announces Glam Icons: A Fashion Magaz...
Dr. Navdeep Spreads Ayurveda in the British Parlia...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Victoria Bug Zoo offers the opportunity to view and experience live tropical bugs from around the world. Discover roughly 50 fascinating creepy crawlies including giant walking sticks, beautiful praying mantises, glow-in-the-dark scorpions, hairy tarantulas and Canada's largest ant colony. Don't miss this unforgettable, hands-on adventure while in Victoria!
Get 15% off general admission with your HI membership card.


If you are interested in the ground handling services of GenAir Aruba and would like a partnership please complete the form below and we will contact you for further collaboration.
Additionally, we are also able to provide a package deal for all 3 ABC islands. If this is applicable for your company please state this within the comment box. Keep in mind this form is only intended for a request for proposal for all other inquires you can send us an email at info@genairaruba.com or call us at +(297) 5886544.
GenAir is the biggest full spectrum ground handling service on Aruba. GenAir is able to offer the following services to its customers: above the wing, below the wing and security.


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text:
Social Reformer
P. Kakkan
October 24, 2015Written by Ainy
A commemorative postage stamp on Kakkanji, President of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee and minister (various portfolios) in Madras state (between 1957-67) [a part of the series 'Freedom Fighters and Social Reformers'] :
Issued on Dec 9, 1999
Issued for : The Department of Posts is happy to issue a set of stamps on these four distinguished sons of India.
Design : The first day cover design attempts to symbolise the spirit of the national movement in particular, the movement for social reform. The series pays homage to the contribution of A. Vaidyanatha Iyer, Indulal Kanaiyalal Yagnik, Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh and P. Kakkan.
Stamp : Kamleshwar Singh
First Day Cover : Alka Sharma
Type : Stamp, Mint Condition
Colour : Two
Paper : Imported un w/m Adhesive Gravure Coated Stamp Paper in Sheets 50.8 x 53.5 cms.
Stamps Printed : 0.7 Million
Printer : India Security Press, Nashik
Name : P. Kakkan
Born on Jun 18, 1908 at Thumbaipatti, Melur, Madras Presidency, British India
Died on Dec 23, 1981 at Madras, India
The Department of Posts issued a set of four stamps to pay homage to A. Vaidyanatha Iyer, Indulal Kanaiyalal Yagnik, Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh and P. Kakkan, who apart from playing prominent roles in the Freedom Struggle, also made significant contribution through their reformist efforts towards building of the nation in the post-independence years in crucial socio-economic and political spheres.
P. Kakkan (1909-1981) was drawn during his schooldays to the freedom movement, inspired by Gandhiji. For his participation in the Quit-India movement he underwent imprisonment at Alipur jail. He spearheaded the movement for temple entry of Harijans at Madurai in 1939 along with A. Vaidyanatha Iyer. He served the Indian National Congress in various capacities at the Taluk, District, State and National levels. For nearly 15 years he served as a minister in the State of Tamil Nadu, holding different portfolios. His major contributions included construction of the Mettur and Vaigai reservoirs and establishment of two Agricultural Universities. He is also remembered for the formation of Harijan Seva Sangh in different parts of Tamil Nadu which are doing yeomen service even now. He was a member of the Constituent Assembly.
Text : Based on material supplied by sponsors.
First Day Cover, India, Indian, Patriot, Politician, Social Reformer, Statesman 1999, Agriculture, Indian National Congress
Indian Homage to Martyrs 1998
India on Children's Day 2000


As you care for your face, for example, you need to care for your feet. Otherwise signs of negligence and deterioration will become visible.
Do not forget: always choose to wear comfortable shoes and don't ignore the symptoms that appear, such as feeling discomfort or leg pain.
Cut an onion in half and rub the calluses with it! Repeat the procedure every night before bedtime. You don't need to rinse your feet; let the onion juice penetrate into the skin. Put on a pair of cotton socks and get into bed. Onion has curative and anti-inflammatory properties.
Or, you may a slice of onion and apply it directly on the callus, put a pair of socks, and let the onion do its job, overnight!


text:
Jill Wilson/ June 14, 2011
Standing Up to the Feds on Immigration
Last summer, just as higher temperatures set in, immigration policy-making at the state level also heated up. With still no comprehensive, federal immigration reform happening, this year looks to be even hotter than last.
What do Alabama, Arizona, and Georgia have in common? What about Illinois, New York and Massachusetts? These two triads have taken bold--but contrasting--stances related to their immigrant populations. The first three, citing federal inaction, have passed tough laws to "crack down" on illegal immigration, beginning with Arizona last year. Last month, Georgia's governor signed a similar bill into law. And Thursday, Alabama followed suit with the toughest law yet, "out-toughing" Arizona's, which had claimed to be the toughest at the time. All three of these laws face legal challenges.
The second triad is also getting itself into hot water. Illinois, New York, and Massachusetts have thumbed their nose at the federal government's immigration policy in a different way: by declaring their state a non-participant in the Secure Communities program. This program, intended to catch serious criminals who are in the country illegally by means of a shared fingerprint database, has come under increased criticism for its outcomes: deporting mostly non-criminals and eroding trust between local police and the immigrant community, leading some to call it "insecure communities." Colorado and California are also considering opting out.
Every state in the union has been under pressure to do something related to immigration. But why have Alabama, Arizona, and Georgia sought to enforce immigration law more strictly than the federal government while Illinois, New York, and Massachusetts less so? The most obvious explanation is demographic. The first three states experienced very fast growth in their immigrant populations over the last decade and are fairly new destinations for immigrants. On the other hand, New York, Illinois (think Chicago), and Massachusetts have long histories as immigrant-receiving places. Not surprisingly, the pace of immigrant growth in these states over the last decade was much slower.
If demographics are destiny, we might expect South Carolina--the state with the fastest rate of immigrant growth over the past decade--to have passed a "crackdown" law. And in fact, they did, in 2008, when they claimed to "out-tough" state laws in Oklahoma, Georgia, Arizona, and Colorado. More recently, bills to tweak the South Carolina law to align with a recent Supreme Court ruling have passed both state legislative chambers, but the Senate ran out of time to reconcile the two versions before their legislative session ended Thursday. They'll return for a special session on June 14 to finish the job. Stay tuned. The summer of toughness is just heating up.
The Avenue, Metro Policy


With a history spanning more than 250 years, Cox & Kings is the world's most enduring luxury travel brand. Born in 1758 as an India custom travel outfitter, the company's U.S. operations today remain unwavering in its commitment to providing travelers with exquisite aspirational cultural and wildlife journeys. Specialized destination teams comprised of industry experts share their extensive local product knowledge and offer extraordinary insider access. Together, they create exclusive individual bespoke and tailored group experiences to the world's most exotic destinations. In addition to local philanthropic efforts around the world, Cox & Kings supports Tourism Cares and is a proud member of the Family Travel Association. Cox & Kings is a member of the family of brands under the global Cox & Kings Ltd. umbrella, which is a publicly listed group with $2.5 billion in annual transaction value and operations in 23 countries globally.


At WhyTile.com® (referred to as "us" or "we"), we recognize that your privacy is important. This Policy discloses the privacy practices for WhyTile.com® (the "Site"), as well as any related products and services that may be offered to you (collectively referred to as the "Services"). We may not currently offer all types of Services described in this Policy at this time, but this Policy is intended to apply present Services as well as additional Services that may be available in the future. This Policy also covers how personal and other information that we receive or collect about you is treated. Please read the information below to learn the following regarding your use of this Site.
We reserve the right to change this Policy from time to time. We will notify you about significant changes in the way we treat personal information by sending a notice to the primary email address specified in any account you may have established, by placing a prominent notice on our site, and/or by updating any privacy information on this page. Your continued use of the Site and or Services available through this Site after such modifications will constitute your: (a) acknowledgment of the modified Policy; and (b) your agreement to abide and be bound by that Policy.
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text:
Brutus XIII
Brutus | February 21, 1788
Artist unknown. Portrait of Gen. John Williams, 1878. Public domain, from the Internet Archive.
Brutus > Brutus XIII
Documents in Detail: Brutus I
Brutus Timeline
Having in the two preceding numbers, examined the nature and tendency of the judicial power, as it respects the explanation of the constitution, I now proceed to the consideration of the other matters, of which it has cognizance. — The next paragraph extends its authority, to all cases, in law and equity, arising under the laws of the United States. This power, as I understand it, is a proper one. The proper province of the judicial power, in any government, is, as I conceive, to declare what is the law of the land. To explain and enforce those laws, which the supreme power or legislature may pass; but not to declare what the powers of the legislature are. I suppose the cases in equity, under the laws, must be so construed, as to give the supreme court not only a legal, but equitable jurisdiction of cases which may be brought before them, or in other words, so, as to give them, not only the powers which are now exercised by our courts of law, but those also, which are now exercised by our court of chancery. If this be the meaning, I have no other objection to the power, than what arises from the undue extension of the legislative power. For, I conceive that the judicial power should be commensurate with the legislative. Or, in other words, the supreme court should have authority to determine questions arising under the laws of the union.
The next paragraph which gives a power to decide in law and equity, on all cases arising under treaties, is unintelligible to me. I can readily comprehend what is meant by deciding a case under a treaty. For as treaties will be the law of the land, every person who have rights or privileges secured by treaty, will have aid of the courts of law, in recovering them. But I do not understand, what is meant by equity arising under a treaty. I presume every right which can be claimed under a treaty, must be claimed by virtue of some article or clause contained in it, which gives the right in plain and obvious words; or at least, I conceive, that the rules for explaining treaties, are so well ascertained, that there is no need of having recourse to an equitable construction. If under this power, the courts are to explain treaties, according to what they conceive are their spirit, which is nothing less than a power to give them whatever extension they may judge proper, it is a dangerous and improper power. The cases affecting ambassadors, public ministers, and consuls — of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; controversies to which the United States are a party, and controversies between states, it is proper should be under the cognizance of the courts of the union, because none but the general government, can, or ought to pass laws on their subjects. But, I conceive the clause which extends the power of the judicial to controversies arising between a state and citizens of another state, improper in itself, and will, in its exercise, prove most pernicious and destructive.
It is improper, because it subjects a state to answer in a court of law, to the suit of an individual. This is humiliating and degrading to a government, and, what I believe, the supreme authority of no state ever submitted to.
The states are now subject to no such actions. All contracts entered into by individuals with states, were made upon the faith and credit of the states; and the individuals never had in contemplation any compulsory mode of obliging the government to fulfil its engagements.
The evil consequences that will flow from the exercise of this power, will best appear by tracing it in its operation. The constitution does not direct the mode in which an individual shall commence a suit against a state or the manner in which the judgment of the court shall be carried into execution, but it gives the legislature full power to pass all laws which shall be proper and necessary for the purpose. And they certainly must make provision for these purposes, or otherwise the power of the judicial will be nugatory. For, to what purpose will the power of a judicial be, if they have no mode, in which they can call the parties before them? Or of what use will it be, to call the parties to answer, if after they have given judgment, there is no authority to execute the judgment? We must, therefore, conclude, that the legislature will pass laws which will be effectual in this head. An individual of one state will then have a legal remedy against a state for any demand he may have against a state to which he does not belong. Every state in the union is largely indebted to individuals. For the payment of these debts they have given notes payable to the bearer. At least this is the case in this state. Whenever a citizen of another state becomes possessed of one of these notes, he may commence an action in the supreme court of the general government; and I cannot see any way in which he can be prevented from recovering. It is easy to see, that when this once happens, the notes of the state will pass rapidly from the hands of citizens of the state to those of other states.
And when the citizens of other states possess them, they may bring suits against the state for them, and by this means, judgments and executions may be obtained against the state for the whole amount of the state debt. It is certain the state, with the utmost exertions it can make, will not be able to discharge the debt she owes, under a considerable number of years, perhaps with the best management, it will require twenty or thirty years to discharge it. This new system will protract the time in which the ability of the state will enable them to pay off their debt, because all the funds of the state will be transferred to the general government, except those which arise from internal taxes.
The situation of the states will be deplorable. By this system, they will surrender to the general government, all the means of raising money, and at the same time, will subject themselves to suits at law, for the recovery of the debts they have contracted in effecting the revolution.
The debts of the individual states will amount to a sum, exceeding the domestic debt of the United States; these will be left upon them, with power in the judicial of the general government, to enforce their payment, while the general government will possess an exclusive command of the most productive funds, from which the states can derive money, and a command of every other source of revenue paramount to the authority of any state.
It may be said that the apprehension that the judicial power will operate in this manner is merely visionary, for that the legislature will never pass laws that will work these effects. Or if they were disposed to do it, they cannot provide for levying an execution on a state, for where will the officer find property whereon to levy?
To this I would reply, if this is a power which will not or cannot be executed, it was useless and unwise to grant it to the judicial. For what purpose is a power given which it is imprudent or impossible to exercise? If it be improper for a government to exercise a power, it is improper they should be vested with it. And it is unwise to authorise a government to do what they cannot effect.
As to the idea that the legislature cannot provide for levying an execution on a state, I believe it is not well founded. I presume the last paragraph of the 8th section of article 1, gives the Congress express power to pass any laws they may judge proper and necessary for carrying into execution the power vested in the judicial department. And they must exercise this power, or otherwise the courts of justice will not be able to carry into effect the authorities with which they are invested. For the constitution does not direct the mode in which the courts are to proceed, to bring parties before them, to try causes, or to carry the judgment of the courts into execution. Unless they are pointed out by law, how are these to proceed, in any of the cases of which they have cognizance? They have the same authority to establish regulations in respect to these matters, where a state is a party, as where an individual is a party. The only difficulty is, on whom shall process be served, when a state is a party, and how shall execution be levied. With regard to the first, the way is easy, either the executive or legislative of the state may be notified, and upon proof being made of the service of the notice, the court may proceed to a hearing of the cause. Execution may be levied on any property of the state, either real or personal. The treasury may be seized by the officers of the general government, or any lands the property of the state, may be made subject to seizure and sale to satisfy any judgment against it. Whether the estate of any individual citizen may not be made answerable for the discharge of judgments against the state, may be worth consideration. In some corporations this is the case.
If the power of the judicial under this clause will extend to the cases above stated, it will, if executed, produce the utmost confusion, and in its progress, will crush the states beneath its weight. And if it does not extend to these cases, I confess myself utterly at a loss to give it any meaning. For if the citizen of one state, possessed of a written obligation, given in pursuance of a solemn act of the legislature, acknowledging a debt due to the bearer, and promising to pay it, cannot recover in the supreme court, I can conceive of no case in which they can recover. And it appears to me ridiculous to provide for obtaining judgment against a state, without giving the means of levying execution.
Massachusetts Ratifying Convention Proposed Amendments
An Officer of the Late Continental Army
Preamble to the Bill Proposing Amendments to the Constitution of the United States


The Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area is closed due to the Woolsey Fire.
In addition to destroying homes and public infrastructure, the Woolsey Fire has wreaked havoc on trails and open space that are dear to many.
Point Mugu State Park, Leo Carrillo State Park, the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area and many other outdoor spaces continue to be closed due to the Woolsey Fire.
U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke is expected to visit the area Thursday to view the damage.
According to Mike Thuene of the National Park Service, 86 percent of all of the agency's land within the Santa Monica Mountain National Recreational Area has been burned by the Woolsey Fire. Those 20,000-plus acres include Cheeseboro Cayon, Paramount Ranch, Peter Strauss Ranch, Solstice Canyon, Zuma Canyon, parts of Circle X Ranch, Arroyo Sequit and other areas.
A number of state parks are closed due to the Hill and Woolsey fires. Leo Carrillo and Malibu Creek state parks have seen the worst damage.
Adeline Yee, information officer for California State Parks, said the fire burned through the campground and several structures of Leo Carrillo. The structures include the visitor center, sector office, employee residences, three lifeguard towers, Leo Shop structures, the junior lifeguard complex and several bathrooms.
At Malibu Creek, structures lost include the historic Sepulveda Adobe, Red House, White Oak Barn, Reagan Ranch and Hunt House including the Adamson rowboats. Employee residences were also lost.
The fire also burned El Matador Beach, but the full extent of damage was not known as of Tuesday.
Other beaches and parks that are closed due to their proximity to the fire are: Point Mugu State Park, Topanga State Park, Malibu Lagoon State Beach, Point Dume State Beach and Robert H. Meyer Memorial State Beach, which includes La Piedra, El Pescador and El Matador beaches.
Before coming to Southern California, Zinke will visit areas impacted by the Camp Fire, which is burning in Butte County in Northern California, on Wednesday. The Department of the Interior oversees the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area.


text:
The ThromboLUX System
Clinical Impact
Understanding the Impact of Platelet ABO Matching – Part 1: The Basics
by Dr. Elisabeth Maurer-Spurej | Aug 27, 2018 | Literature Review | 0 comments
There has been an ongoing debate over the importance of ABO matching for platelet transfusions for well over 50 years. A survey from 2007 showed that 17% of North American institutions did not have a formal ABO policy and 50% of the institutions with a policy gave ABO incompatible platelets if a compatible unit was not available.1 Today, in 2018, there is still no consensus on how blood banks handle the question of ABO compatibility for platelet transfusions.
This is a two-part blog post to help unpack the debate on ABO matching for platelets. Part 1 provides an overview of the ABO system as it applies to platelets, definitions of ABO platelet matching terminology, and common endpoints for studies looking at the impact of ABO matching on platelet transfusion.
Part 2 is a literature review that details the results of an extensive review of the evidence surrounding the impact of ABO incompatibility for prophylactic transfusions to hematology-oncology patients. Ultimately, the conclusion from the literature review in Part 2 may come as a surprise to many, because we found that the evidence suggests there is a relatively small impact on clinical outcomes from platelet ABO incompatibility (major mismatch), when compared to other product factors impacting transfusion success.
If you would like to jump straight to the literature review you can do so by clicking on this link: Understanding the Impact of Platelet ABO Matching – Part 2: Literature Review
ABO and Platelets
It is well known that the appropriate matching of compatible ABO blood groups is critical for safe red blood cell transfusion. The source of this requirement is the interaction of antigens on the surface of the red blood cell and antibodies in the plasma. Table 1 below gives an overview of the distribution of antigens and antibodies in the four primary blood groups, A, B, AB, and O (The extremely rare hh phenotype will not be considered for this blog post.).
Table 1 Antigens and Antibodies on Red Cells by blood group
[image available for use via wiki commons]
However, unlike red blood cells, the platelets of most individuals in the A, B, or AB blood groups express a low level of A and/or B antigens.2,3 One notable exception is individuals with the A2 subtype: they do not express A antigens making them effectively the same as O platelets.2,4 In addition to variability in the level of antigen expression between individuals, there is also significant variability among the platelets of a single individual.2,3,5
In contrast with the near complete removal of transfused platelets, as is the case in platelet refractoriness, studies have shown that in ABO-mediated removal of platelets only a small subset of platelets are removed rapidly while the remaining platelets exhibit near-normal survival in vivo.6,7 It has been suggested that the variability of antigen expression among platelets explains this phenomenon—platelets with high antigen expression are cleared rapidly and those with low expression remain in circulation.8
Defining ABO compatibility or "matching" status
Before diving into the literature on ABO compatibility for platelet transfusions an important clarification must be made. What exactly does it mean when we say a platelet transfusion is ABO compatible or incompatible? Reviewing the literature of the past 50 years does not reveal consistent and well-defined terminology for describing the different types of ABO incompatibility.
A key reason for confusion is the important difference between a major ABO mismatch (platelet incompatibility) and a minor ABO mismatch (plasma incompatibility). This important distinction has often not been made or not been discussed. Publications typically refer to transfusions as "matched" or "unmatched" without differentiating between major or minor mismatch. However, this distinction is important. In this blog we will use the following three terms and borrow the definitions used in the PLADO study and the recent publication by Seigeot et al:9,10
ABO identical—Donor and recipient have the same ABO RBC/Platelet antigens and plasma antibodies
Minor mismatch—Donor's plasma antibodies are incompatible with the antigens of the recipient's RBC/platelets (e.g. O donor anti-A given to an A recipient with A antigens). This is sometimes called a plasma incompatibility.
Major mismatch—Donor's RBC/platelet antigens are incompatible with the recipient's plasma antibodies (e.g. A donor A antigen given to an O recipient with anti-A). This sometimes called a platelet incompatibility.
Defining Endpoints
Another important clarification is defining which study endpoints matter and what clinical outcome measures are used to reach these endpoints. The goal of a prophylactic transfusion is to raise the platelet count in order to reduce the risk of bleeding and thus lower the risk of mortality. Patients with hematologic malignancies are the main recipients of prophylactic platelet transfusions. Due to the low rates of bleeding and the high variability among hematology-oncology patients, it is quite difficult to execute studies powered to show a significant difference in rates of bleeding. However, as discussed in Part 2, the PLADO study was able to accomplish this.
In routine clinical practice, platelet effectiveness is determined by the platelet increment or the difference between the platelet count before and after the transfusion. Consequently, studies of transfusion effectiveness usually assess platelet increments. This serves as a clear and objective surrogate metric for transfusion effectiveness in most cases. However, there is a lack of evidence showing a correlation between platelet increment and reduction of bleeding risk once patients have surpassed a minimal platelet count of 6000/µL (6).11,12
Now that the basics have been covered it is time to look at what evidence there is in the literature of an impact from ABO matching for platelet transfusion. Click on this link: Understanding the Impact of Platelet ABO Matching – Part 2: Literature Review
Fung MK, Downes KA, Shulman IA. Transfusion of platelets containing ABO-incompatible plasma: a survey of 3156 North American laboratories. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007;131:909-16.
Curtis BR, Edwards JT, Hessner MJ, Klein JP, Aster RH. Blood group A and B antigens are strongly expressed on platelets of some individuals. Blood 2000;96:1574-81.
Ogasawara K, Ueki J, Takenaka M, Furihata K. Study on the expression of ABH antigens on platelets. Blood 1993;82:993-9.
Skogen B, Rossebo Hansen B, Husebekk A, Havnes T, Hannestad K. Minimal expression of blood group A antigen on thrombocytes from A2 individuals. Transfusion 1988;28:456-9.
Dunstan RA. Use of fluorescence flow cytometry to study the binding of various ligands to platelets. J Histochem Cytochem 1985;33:1176-9.
Aster RH. Effect of anticoagulant and ABO incompatibility on recovery of transfused human platelets. Blood 1965;26:732-43.
Pfisterer H, Thierfelder S, Stich W. ABO Rh blood groups and platelet transfusion. Blut 1968;17:1-5.
Curtis BR, McFarland JG. Human platelet antigens – 2013. Vox Sang 2014;106:93-102.
Seigeot A, Desmarets M, Rumpler A, et al. Factors related to the outcome of prophylactic platelet transfusions in patients with hematologic malignancies: an observational study. Transfusion 2018.
Triulzi DJ, Assmann SF, Strauss RG, et al. The impact of platelet transfusion characteristics on posttransfusion platelet increments and clinical bleeding in patients with hypoproliferative thrombocytopenia. Blood 2012;119:5553-62.
Slichter SJ. Relationship between platelet count and bleeding risk in thrombocytopenic patients. Transfus Med Rev 2004;18:153-67.
Heddle NM, Cook RJ, Sigouin C, et al. A descriptive analysis of international transfusion practice and bleeding outcomes in patients with acute leukemia. Transfusion 2006;46:903-11.
Improve platelet transfusion outcomes by understanding platelet activation status.
2018 Activation Rates in the United States
Proposed Mechanism of How Activated Platelet Transfusions are Cleared
Investigating Microparticles in Red Cells
Where Pragmatic Studies Fit in Evidence-Based Medicine
AABB 2018 Top Lessons Learned
Abstract Preview
Data Summary
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text:
HomeSport News
Police chase England fans through night Lille, deploy tear gas & water cannon (VIDEO)
16 Jun, 2016 05:11
© Pascal Rossignol © Reuters
Dozens of mainly English fans were arrested and 16 hospitalized following clashes with police in the streets of Lille that continued late on Wednesday. In an attempt to prevent skirmishes between rival fans, police deployed tear gas and water cannons.
"In total, since this morning, security forces have made 36 arrests," a statement from regional police said.
Scenes of armored police chasing rowdy football fans hurling flares and bottles have surfaced on social media. A cameraman from RT's Ruptly agency was also attacked by aggressive fans while filming a live feed from the streets of Lille, and an RT France live Facebook video was interrupted by a man who snatched the correspondent's phone and ran away with it.
The police response was prompted by a group of some two hundred England fans disturbing the peace by firing up flares and singing songs outside a local bar. A "detonation of an unknown origin" reportedly became the last straw, forcing police to intervene. In an attempt to break up the group, the police used batons and tear gas while chasing the fans down the streets, who in turn hurled bottles back at the officers.
Law enforcement reportedly took action to prevent potential skirmishes between French and English fans as thousands of the French team's supporters poured into the streets following a victorious game with Albania. The police tried to separate the rival groups, but several fights ensued nonetheless.
READ MORE on Wednesday clashes in Lille in RT's earlier report.


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FOR RELEASE - June 7, 2010
Contact: Aaron Ellis-AAPA / Joe Harris-VPA, jharris@portofvirginia.com
American Association of Port Authorities
www.aapa-ports.org
Seaport Experts To Discuss Financing Demands, Business Outlook At Norfolk Seminar, June 8-10
Seaports in the U.S. and throughout the Americas provide trade opportunities for thousands of businesses that employ millions of workers. Yet, in today's harsh economic environment, many public port authorities are straining to pay for vital infrastructure investments that can cost tens, even hundreds, of millions of dollars.
Investments in seaports provide jobs and economic prosperity for the communities and regions they serve. Furthermore, port investments can help expand market access for, and improve competitiveness of, businesses and farmers that export their products overseas and for those that must import raw materials, parts, fuel and other manufacturing components for their domestic operations.
To better enable seaports to manage today's complex economic issues, the American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA), in cooperation with the Virginia Port Authority (VPA), will hold its biennial Port Finance Seminar June 8-10 at the Marriott Norfolk Waterside in Norfolk. Among the topics to be discussed include trends and new approaches to financing port infrastructure development; methods for improving asset and risk management; environmental issues related to port facility financing; trends in tax exempt financing for ports; and innovations in sourcing public port authority funding, such as through public-private partnerships.
"Efficient seaports enable our nation's businesses and farmers to cost-effectively export their products to their overseas markets and allow consumers to enjoy less expensive options for purchasing food, clothing, medicine, fuel, technology, finished goods and building materials," said Kurt Nagle, AAPA's president and CEO. "By reducing impediments such as the alternative minimum tax on those who invest in public port authority bonds and through innovative finance partnering with the private sector, it will help our public ports make the investments needed to remain internationally competitive and deliver prosperity to their community and nation."
According to Jerry Bridges, executive director of the VPA, the Authority's pending lease agreement with APM Terminals is a good example of a non-traditional business plan that will help stimulate growth at the Port of Virginia. "It's quite possible that this anticipated agreement between the VPA and APM Terminals will inspire other ports across the nation to seek alternative methods to spur development of their port infrastructure," he said.
More information about AAPA's 2010 Port Finance Seminar is available at / (click on the "Programs & Events" tab and look under "Current Seminar and Workshop Schedule") or by clicking /Programs/seminarschedule.cfm?itemnumber=17157
WHO: American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA), in cooperation with the Virginia Port Authority. Additional sponsors include The PFM Group, Hugh Wood Inc. and Bin Tech Solutions, LLC.
WHAT: Financial seminar focusing on managing today's complex, challenging economic issues.
WHEN: Tuesday-Thursday, June 8-10, 2010 (Day 1, 8:30am-4:15pm; Day 2, 8:30am-4:00pm; Day 3, 8:30am-noon).
WHERE: Marriott Norfolk Waterside, 235 East Main St., Norfolk, VA 23510
MEDIA: Credentialed journalists interested in covering the seminar for media purposes are asked to contact Aaron Ellis, aellis@aapa-ports.org, to obtain a media pass.
About VPA The Virginia Port Authority (VPA) is an agency of the Commonwealth of Virginia, reporting to the state Secretary of Transportation. The VPA owns and operates four general cargo facilities on behalf of the state: Norfolk International Terminals, Portsmouth Marine Terminal, Newport News Marine Terminal and the Virginia Inland Port in Warren County. The terminals are operated by Virginia International Terminals, Inc. (VIT) the non-stock, non-profit operating company. The VPA, through terminal earnings generated by VIT, is operationally self-sufficient. The VPA and correlating maritime industry is responsible for 343,000 jobs, $41 billion in total revenues throughout the Commonwealth. For more information, visit http://www.portofvirigina.com/
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