text:
\section{Introduction}

A successful numerical model of a binary black hole collision will
require the refinement of a number of specialized techniques.  A
particular problem of black hole simulations is handling the strong
fields in the neighborhood of the physical singularity. The method of
``singularity excision'' promises to solve, or rather avoid, this
difficulty. Black hole excision was first discussed by
Thornburg~\cite{Thornburg85,Thornburg87,Thornburg91} based on a
suggestion by Unruh \cite{Unruh84}. Within the event horizon of a
spacetime all light-cones corresponding to the flow of physical
information in the fields point ``inwards''.  Thus a boundary within
the event horizon forms a one way membrane, with information flowing
only into the hole. Physical data on such a boundary should not
influence the external spacetime. In a numerical simulation, this
implies that errors on the boundary, for instance due to
extrapolations from the exterior, should not be expected to propagate
to the exterior spacetime.  However, because of the complicated and
nonlinear nature of the equations being solved, complex relationships
link the finite differenced evolution equations to artificial boundary
conditions. It is often the case that the full implications of using a
particular technique are poorly understood, and can only be judged by
some amount of experimentation.

The excision idea has a long history of implementations in numerical
relativity codes in 1D, 2D and 3D. The basic concept was developed
into a set of techniques for practical application in 1D
in~\cite{Seidel92a}, where causal differencing techniques and
dynamical lapse and shift conditions designed for excision were
introduced and shown to increase stability and accuracy of dynamic BH
spacetimes (coupled to self-gravitating scalar fields) by orders of
magnitude. This work was extended both to 3D BH
evolutions~\cite{Anninos94c} and to a large class of shift conditions
in~\cite{Anninos94e} such as the geometrically motivated distance
freezing, area freezing, expansion freezing and minimal distortion
shift. These ideas were later applied to more complex spacetimes,
e.g.\
\cite{Marsa96,Bruegmann96,Cook97a,Gomez98a,Walker98a,Brandt00,Shoemaker2003a},
typically using the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner (ADM) evolution system and
analytic shift conditions.

With the switch to the more stable BSSN evolution
system~\cite{Nakamura87,Shibata95,Baumgarte99,Alcubierre99d,Alcubierre99e}
and the accompanying improvements in stability of 3D codes, the
excision idea was revisited by Alcubierre and Br\"ugmann in the form
of an algorithm which they called ``Simple Excision''
\cite{Alcubierre00a,Alcubierre01a}. The idea was to attempt an
implementation which removed some complications that had hindered
previous efforts, namely causal differencing within the horizon, and
complicated interpolations onto an irregular boundary. Instead, the
excision region was fixed as a cubical region with faces along
constant Cartesian coordinate planes, simplifying the determination of
a normal, and a simple source-term-copy boundary condition replaced
true causal differencing. The result proved to be remarkably
successful at evolving distorted single black hole spacetimes allowing
accurate evolutions of unlimited length in time.

More recently advances in excision in 3D Cartesian coordinates have
been reported, using different techniques, for scalar fields in fixed
black hole backgrounds~\cite{Yo01b,Calabrese:2003a} (see also
\cite{Calabrese:2003vx}) and for evolutions of single black hole
spacetimes~\cite{Yo02a,Shoemaker2003a,
Sperhake-etal-2003-densitized-lapse-wobbling-BH-evolution}. In
general, the excision problem becomes much better controlled when
using coordinates that are adapted to the excision surface, and
furthermore when using hyperbolic formulations and making use of the
characteristic information about the propagation of all degrees of
freedom. Spherical excision is used in spectral
codes~\cite{Kidder00a,Kidder01a,Scheel2002a} but has also been
proposed for finite difference codes using multi-patch
techniques~\cite{Calabrese2003:excision-and-summation-by-parts,
Thornburg2004:multipatch-BH-excision,
Lehner-Reula-Tiglio-2004:multipatch-scalar-field-Kerr-background}.

A basic premise of the excision method is that the excision boundary
data should not propagate to the exterior spacetime. In practice, it
is important to verify that this is in fact the case for a given
numerical implementation, and to quantify any errors that might be
introduced. In this paper, we propose to compare long term black hole
evolutions using singularity excision to corresponding evolutions
carried out over a full grid, but with otherwise identical initial
data and evolution methods.  A useful excision method should yield
essentially identical evolutions, and thus identical physical
measurements, in the region of the spacetime outside of the horizon.

The main candidates for evolution without excision are methods using
singularity avoiding slicings, where the gauge condition on the lapse
slows evolution of the hypersurface in regions where a physical black
hole singularity is approached. In fact, singularity avoiding slicing
conditions (for example, maximal slicing or algebraic lapse conditions
of the ``1+log'' family) were the method of choice in most simulations
prior to the development of excision techniques. Without appropriate
shift conditions, slice stretching arises due to the differential
infall of coordinates, severely limiting the evolution time. It has
only very recently been shown that an appropriately chosen shift
vector can alleviate these problems, so that they occur at a much
later time (or even not at all for a fixed resolution) and the final
black hole settles to its expected stationary
state~\cite{Alcubierre02a,Reimann:2004yf}.

For this reason, comparisons between evolutions with and without
excision are rarely done.  Even worse, in most cases where excision
has been successfully used, very crude measures, such as ``time to
crash'', or some overall measure of the Hamiltonian constraint have
been used as a measure of success.  With the exception of a small
number of results~\cite{Walker98a,Alcubierre01a}, it has generally not
been verified that, for example, correct gravitational waveforms can be
extracted with excision, a point which is crucial for upcoming
gravitational wave observations.  As these waves will typically be
very small perturbations (of order $10^{-3}$ or less) of the
metric~\cite{Camarda97b, Camarda97c,Allen98a}
very small errors generated by the excision techniques could easily
swamp the signals being extracted.  Furthermore, even if the excision
properly preserves the causal structure, allowing no physical signals
to propagate out from inside the horizon, gauge effects may well
propagate to the outside, influencing the solution.  This could show
up not only in metric functions but also in so-called
gauge-invariant waveforms, since such waveforms are only invariant
under {\em infinitesimal} gauge transformations given some assumptions
about the background coordinate system.  A large gauge wave
propagating through the spacetime may very well be seen in waves
extracted in this way.

In this paper, we propose to use both waveforms, extracted far from
the horizon, and detailed information extracted from apparent horizons
just outside the excision region, as important test quantities for
spacetimes evolved both with and without excision.  Such tests would
have been difficult or
impossible in the past because, until recently, 3D BH simulations
without excision became rapidly inaccurate and crashed after evolution
times of only $t\approx 30-40M_{ADM}$, where $M_{ADM}$ is the ADM
mass.  However, the recent development of powerful shift conditions
has to some extent cured the problem of slice stretching associated
with singularity avoiding slicing, making it possible to evolve
certain classes of distorted and colliding BH spacetimes much longer
(for thousands of $M_{ADM}$) and much more accurately than ever before,
without the need for excision~\cite{Alcubierre02a}.  This makes it
possible for the first time to carry out systematic, long term studies
of the effects of the excision technique on the evolved BH spacetimes.

Following Refs.~\cite{Camarda97b,Camarda97c,Allen97a,Allen98a} we use
distorted black hole initial data sets, whose waveforms can be
independently and reliably computed, as testbeds for the excision
techniques we use.  Those papers showed that even modes with energies
of order $10^{-7}M_{ADM}$ could be very accurately extracted in a full
3D numerical evolution, as confirmed by comparisons with purely
perturbative evolutions.  We will use some of the same testbeds
proposed there in this paper.

We also apply the ideas to the study of BH collisions, using
Brill-Lindquist-type initial data which, as showed in
Ref.~\cite{Alcubierre02a}, can be evolved indefinitely without
resorting to excision. Although Misner data have been much more
extensively studied~\cite{Anninos93b,Anninos94b,Price94b} and would be
an excellent test-bed, we use Brill-Lindquist here because of their
close relation to the Brill-Lindquist family of ``puncture'' data
often applied in generating data for binary BHs in quasi-circular
orbit~\cite{Brandt97b,Baumgarte00a,Tichy02,Tichy03a,Tichy03b}.
These data sets possess apparent horizons in the initial slice,
allowing excision regions to be defined, but have also been evolved
for unlimited times without excision (after merger). As such, these
evolutions provide an ideal test-bed for excision methods. If the
excision method is valid and the exterior spacetime is protected from
errors on the excision boundary by the event horizon, then simulations
with excision should accurately reproduce the non-excised results.
Because the testbeds we use here are highly dynamic, distorted and
colliding black holes, evolved in general coordinate systems in 3D
Cartesian coordinates, without resort to special conditions or tricks,
successful tests of excision techniques against independently computed
physics results would provide a certain amount of confidence that the
techniques can be applied to more complex systems, such as orbiting
black holes, where the detailed physics is more critical to get right.

In the next section we briefly outline the methods used in our black
hole simulations. There follows a description of the excision region
and boundary conditions which we are applying. Finally, we present
numerical results in which distorted and binary black hole evolutions
using excision are compared directly with those performed without
excision.

\section{Model and Methods}

\subsection{Initial Data and Evolution Methods}

The details of the formulation which we have implemented numerically
are outlined in~\cite{Alcubierre02a}. Briefly, we make use of the
``BSSN'' evolution system~\cite{Nakamura87, Shibata95, Baumgarte99}.
The evolution variables are a conformal factor, the conformally
decomposed metric, the trace-free extrinsic curvature tensor and its
trace. Additionally, the contracted conformal Christoffel symbols
$\tilde\Gamma^i:=\tilde \gamma^{jk} \tilde \Gamma^i_{jk}$ are evolved
as independent variables. These variables can be regarded as gauge
source functions, and in our evolutions are used to fix the shift
vector through e.g. the condition $\partial_t \tilde\Gamma^i=0$, which
results in an elliptic shift condition analogous to minimal
distortion~\cite{Smarr78b}. In practice, instead of applying this
elliptic shift condition directly, we use a hyperbolic ``Gamma
driver'' version as described in Eq. (46) of~\cite{Alcubierre02a},
\begin{equation}
\partial^2_t \beta^i = F \, \partial_t \tilde\Gamma^i -
(\eta - \frac{\partial_t F}{F}) \, \partial_t \beta^i.
\label{eq:gamma0}
\end{equation}
The parameter $\eta$ is a driver term which controls the growth of the
shift and is discussed in more detail later, and $F$ is a function
which can be used to condition its overall shape.

The black hole initial data we use comes in two classes.  The first
class is the ``Brill wave plus black hole'' family of distorted BHs,
constructed topologically as wormholes isometrically connecting two
asymptotically flat spacetimes.  These data sets have proved a rich
and powerful system for developing many techniques in numerical
relativity and for studying the physics of many aspects of distorted
BHs~\cite{Bernstein94a,Abrahams92a, Anninos93a, Bernstein93b,
Brandt94c,Brandt94a,Anninos94f,Camarda97b, Camarda97c, Allen98a,
Alcubierre01a,Brandt02a}.

The second class is Brill-Lindquist binary BH initial data in
isotropic coordinates~\cite{Brill63}. The topology of these data sets
is that of an asymptotically flat spacetime connected through
wormholes to two disconnected asymptotically flat ends. These data sets
are time symmetric and set the stage for BH head-on collisions.

As discussed in~\cite{Bruegmann97,Alcubierre02a}, for spacetimes in
which there is enough symmetry (such as the axisymmetric head-on
collision), it is possible to carry out expansions of the evolution of
the metric quantities at the ``punctures'' (the points in ${\cal R}^3$
at the ``center'' of each BH representing the compactified
asymptotically flat regions on the other side of the wormholes), thus
ensuring that the evolution variables remain regular there. By careful
consideration of the evolution at the punctures, it is therefore
possible to carry out long-term evolutions with the punctures included
on the grid, i.e.\ without excision.

\subsection{Lego Excision}  The excision boundary condition which we apply
is a variation of the ``Simple Excision'' methods described
in~\cite{Alcubierre00a}. The important difference is that instead
of excising a cubical region, we excise an irregular region. The size
and shape of the excision region is determined dynamically by the
location of the apparent horizon. On a Cartesian grid, the resulting
surface is a blocky quasi-spherical region, prompting the name ``lego
excision'' for this method.

The update of all interior points on the grid (including those within
the apparent horizon) is carried out using centered differences. That
is, no causal differencing is applied. The exceptions are advection
terms on the shift (terms of the form $\beta^i \partial_i \,\,$), for
which a second order upwind in the shift direction is applied.

For points on the excision boundary itself, a centered update scheme
cannot be used for lack of data to one side. Instead, data at these
points are updated using a time derivative term which is copied from
one point out. This has the effect of allowing a certain amount of
evolution to take place on the boundary, while also allowing the
boundary to ``settle down'' as the system settles to what should be a
stationary end state, exemplified by $\partial_t\phi = 0$ for the
fields $\phi$~\footnote{Of course, with a poor choice of coordinates
and gauge it may be the case that the stationarity takes on a very
different form, however in practice we have found that the gauge
choices which we apply do drive the system to a state in which the
time derivatives tend to zero~\cite{Alcubierre02a}}. The neighboring
point from which the time derivative is copied is determined by a
normal to the surface at the point. The time derivative from the point
nearest to the normal is copied to the boundary point.

For the models in question, we assume that the excision region neither
shrinks nor moves across the grid. In other words, it is not possible
for grid points to emerge from the excision region: once excised, a
point remains excised. While this may at first seem like a strong
limitation, in fact even with these restrictions the technique is
adequate for many binary BH inspiral studies. Under reasonable gauge choices it
should be expected that the BH horizons individually should either
remain of an approximately fixed coordinate size, or grow slightly, as
is the case for the final post-merger BH.  Further, for binary BH
inspirals, co-rotating coordinates reduce the amount of dynamics on
the grid to the dynamical time-scale of the problem in question, and
either remove or greatly reduce the orbital motion of the individual
bodies.  Co-rotating coordinate systems have been proposed (see, e.g.~\cite{Thorne98a}), and
implemented for cases of BH
binaries~\cite{Alcubierre2003:co-rotating-shift,Alcubierre2003:pre-ISCO-coalescence-times,Bruegmann:2003aw}
(for neutron stars see e.g.\ \cite{Duez:2002bn}).  For the puncture
data which we have used here, the punctures are fixed to
the grid.
As such, problems involving movement of the excision region do not arise in these cases, almost by
construction.

\section{Applications}

\subsection{Results for Distorted Black Hole}

As a first application we study a simulation of a distorted BH which
has been studied extensively in previous
work~\cite{Camarda97b,Camarda97c,Allen97a,Allen98a,Bernstein94a,Abrahams92a,Alcubierre01a}.
The BH is initially distorted by an even parity Brill wave and, for a
low enough amplitude wave, during
the evolution the BH rings at quasi-normal frequencies before settling down
to a Schwarzschild BH. The parameters used here are, in the notation
of~\cite{Brandt97c,Bernstein94a,Abrahams92a,Alcubierre01a}, $Q_0=0.1$,
$\eta_0=0$, $\sigma=1$. For this simulation the computational domain
extends to $\pm 34.80$ (in coordinate units).
For these initial data parameters, $M_{ADM}=1.92$, which puts the outer
boundary at $\pm 18.13M_{ADM}$. We also use two different resolutions,
the smallest one with a $288\times 288\times 144$ sized uniform grid
and a coordinate resolution of $0.24$, and the largest with a $384\times
384\times 192$ sized uniform grid and a resolution of $0.18$. An
explicit reflection symmetry about the $z=0$ plane is used.

We evolve this system both with and without excision, using identical
evolution parameters.  For the gauge we use a Gamma driver shift condition as specified in
Eq.~(\ref{eq:gamma0}), and 1+log slicing. In the simulation using excision, the lego
excision region was located at 80\% of the apparent horizon radius, with a
minimum buffer size of at least 5 grid points between the excision
region and the apparent horizon surface.
We find the horizon using methods
described in~\cite{Schnetter02a,Thornburg2003:AH-finding}, and implemented as
in~\cite{Thornburg2003:AH-finding}.
At higher resolution the size
of the buffer was adjusted such that the excision region remained at
approximately the same position.

\begin{figure}
\epsfxsize=80mm
\epsfbox{gnuplot/convergence-ham-no-exc.eps}
\caption{The absolute value of the Hamiltonian constraint
$|H|$ for a distorted black hole simulation without excision,
evaluated along the $y$-axis at $T=9.38M_{ADM}$
($x=z=0$). The high resolution Hamiltonian is scaled such that the two
curves should coincide for second order convergence.}
\label{fig:conv-no-exc}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\epsfxsize=80mm
\epsfbox{gnuplot/convergence-ham-exc.eps}
\caption{Absolute value of the Hamiltonian constraint $|H|$ along the
$y$-axis for the same distorted black hole simulation shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig:conv-no-exc}, but this time using excision. The
Hamiltonian constraint was computed at $T=9.38M_{ADM}$.}
\label{fig:conv-exc}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{fig:conv-no-exc} and Fig.~\ref{fig:conv-exc} we show
convergence plots for the absolute value of the Hamiltonian constraint
along the $y$-axis at time $T=9.38M_{ADM}$, for the runs without and
with excision, respectively. In both plots the higher resolution case
is scaled by a factor of $(0.24/0.18)^2$ so that, in case of second
order convergence, the two curves should coincide. Note that, in both
cases, we have second order convergence in the regions that
are causally disconnected from the outer boundaries. In
Fig.~\ref{fig:conv-exc} points inside the excision region have been
removed from the plot. Note that outside the excision region the curve
is very similar to that of Fig.~\ref{fig:conv-no-exc}. The noise
visible in both plots at $y>7M_{ADM}$ is due to numerical details of
the initial data constraint solver.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:exc-against-no-exc} we plot the difference between
the Hamiltonian constraint between runs with and without excision at
$T=9.38M_{ADM}$ at the two different resolutions, with the high
resolution case again scaled as in the previous plots. Only the points
outside the excision region are shown in the plot. The figure shows
that there are indeed small differences between the two cases, but
that these differences converge away at second order outside of
the excision region.

\begin{figure}
\epsfxsize=80mm
\epsfbox{gnuplot/convergence-ham-exc-no-exc.eps}
\caption{Differences in the Hamiltonian constraints between the runs
with and without excision $|H_{\rm exc}-H_{\rm no-exc}|$ at
$T=9.38M_{ADM}$ for the distorted black hole. The difference between the
two cases converges away at second order.}
\label{fig:exc-against-no-exc}
\end{figure}

As an indicator for analyzing excision effects we use
the ratio $C_r$ of the circumference along a polar direction in the {\em xz}-plane,
to the circumference in the equatorial {\em xy}-plane, of the apparent
horizon, as a function of time. As these measurements are made very close to the excision
region, and as for the low amplitude Brill wave studied here $C_r$ remains
within about 1\% of the Schwarzschild value of unity, we regard this as
a very sensitive indicator for these tests.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:distorted-bh-cr}, these ratios are plotted
for evolutions with excision (lines) and without (dots) at two
resolutions. The differences are very small in comparison to the size
of the physical wave, and much smaller with increased of resolution.
Note that in this plot the non-excision curves do not extend over the
same time as the excision data. The earlier
termination of the non-excision runs in Fig.~\ref{fig:distorted-bh-cr} was
due to a hardware problem and was not caused by problems in the code.

\begin{figure}
\epsfxsize=80mm \epsfbox{gnuplot/c_r.eps}
\caption{Ratio $C_r$ of the polar and equatorial circumference of the
apparent horizon for two different resolutions of the distorted black
hole simulation. The lines denote the excision data and the dots show
the results of runs without excision. The inset shows the absolute
value of the difference between the two cases.}
\label{fig:distorted-bh-cr}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{fig:distorted-bh-zerilli-exc-no-exc} we show the
evolution of the Zerilli wave function $\psi$ ($\ell=2$, $m=0$
mode). The figure shows excision data as lines and the results from
simulations without excision as points. The absolute value of the
difference between the waveforms is also shown in the inset. This
difference is much smaller than the Zerilli function itself and decreases
with resolution.

\begin{figure}
\epsfxsize=80mm
\epsfbox{gnuplot/wave.exc.no-exc/wave_mp}
\caption{Zerilli function $\psi$ ($\ell=2$,$m=0$ mode) calculated at
\mbox{$r=13.5M_{ADM}$}. The lines show the excision data and the points
show the results of the simulations without excision. The inset shows
the absolute value of the difference in the waveforms which decreases
as the resolution is increased.}
\label{fig:distorted-bh-zerilli-exc-no-exc}
\end{figure}

We also studied the effects of the size of the excision box for this
model. One can expect that problems will occur if the excision box is
made too large and in particular if it reaches outside of the black
hole. In Fig.~\ref{fig:distorted-bh-exc-box} we show the influence of
differently sized excision boxes on the waveform. For these
simulations the black hole is nearly spherical (see
Fig.~\ref{fig:distorted-bh-cr}) with a mean coordinate radius of
initially about $1$ which then grows to about $2$ during the first
$5M_{ADM}$ of evolution. For comparison we have also used a cubical
excision box which remained fixed throughout the evolution. The
resolution used in these simulations was $0.18$. We first plot the
waveform of the lego excision simulation used above. Next we show
waveforms for cubical excision regions where half the length
of one side of the cube is $0.54$, $0.90$, $1.26$ and $1.98$,
respectively. For the case with the smallest excision box the waveform
remains essentially unaffected.  However, once the excision region
becomes larger and even extends outside of the initial apparent horizon a
large effect on the waveform becomes visible. This demonstrates that
excision must be done inside the horizon as one would expect. It also
indicates that with techniques implemented here, a buffer zone of two to three points in the initial hole
can be sufficient to accurately extract gravitational waves.

\begin{figure}
\epsfxsize=80mm
\epsfbox{gnuplot/excision-box-size/exc-box-cmp.dx0.18.eps}
\caption{Zerilli Function $\psi$ for the distorted black hole
calculated at $r=15.3M_{ADM}$, using a resolution $dx=0.18$ and
different cubical excision box sizes. For the first two evolutions,
the excised region is within the horizon and show essentially
identical results for both the cubical and ``lego'' excision
region. The other evolutions have at least a portion of the excision
box extending outside the horizon, and thus do not represent true
outflow boundaries. They show dramatic differences from the previous
waveforms.}
\label{fig:distorted-bh-exc-box}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Results for Head-on Collision}

As a second example we consider a binary BH head-on collision for
Brill-Lindquist type data, starting from a close coordinate separation
between punctures of $2.303$. For this data set each individual BH
has a mass parameter of $M_i=0.5$ for a total ADM mass of
$M_{ADM} = 1$~\cite{Brill63}. The
initial data uses a ``fish-eye'' coordinate transformation to push the
boundaries further out~\cite{Baker00b,Alcubierre02a}. We have
performed runs using octant symmetry with central resolutions of
$0.128$, $0.064$, and $0.032$, on cubical grids with $96^3$,
$192^3$ and $384^3$ grid points respectively. Using the ``fish-eye''
parameters $a=3$, $s=1.2$ and $r_0=5.5$, in the notation
of~\cite{Alcubierre02a}, places the coordinate boundaries at $12.288$
and the physical boundaries at $25.862$.

The evolution without excision is identical to the one shown in
Figs.~11 and 12 of Ref.~\cite{Alcubierre02a}. However, running
the excision case with exactly the same parameters turned out to be
impossible. The reason is that with the choice of damping coefficient
$\eta$ used in that reference for the Gamma driver shift condition,
the lapse and shift turned out to be too dynamic at the excision
boundary, causing the simulation to crash very early.  We have found
that this effect can be controlled by using a smooth spatially varying
$\eta$-parameter.  This was implemented using the
conformal factor from the initial data
\begin{equation}
\Psi = 1 + \frac{M_1}{2r_1} + \frac{M_2}{2r_2},
\end{equation}
with $M_1$ and $M_2$ the mass parameters of the black holes (in this
case $M_1=M_2=0.5$) and $r_1$ and $r_2$ the coordinate distances to
the two punctures. A smoothly varying $\eta$-parameter can then be
constructed (this construction is of course not unique) as
\begin{equation}
\eta = \eta_{\mathrm{punc}}-\frac{\eta_{\mathrm{punc}} -
       \eta_{\infty}}{C \left(1+(\Psi-1)^2\right )},
\end{equation}
where $\eta_{\mathrm{punc}}$ is the value of $\eta$ near the
punctures, $\eta_{\infty}$ is the value of $\eta$ at infinity, and $C$
is a parameter that controls the width of the transition region.  Here
we used $\eta_{\mathrm{punc}}=5.6$, $\eta_{\infty}=2.8$ and
$C=1$.

The resulting waveforms for the excision runs, using the above
construction for $\eta$ and the three different resolutions, can be
seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:bbh0_waves}.  These waveforms are second order
convergent as can be seen from Fig.~\ref{fig:convergence}, where the
difference between the low and medium resolution waveforms and four times
the difference between the medium and high resolution waveforms are
plotted together.

\begin{figure}
\epsfxsize=80mm
\epsfbox{figures/waves_ex.eps}
\caption{Zerilli function $\psi$ ($\ell=2$, $m=0$ mode) calculated at
\mbox{$r=14.8M_{ADM}$} for the head-on collision using excision at
resolutions 0.128 (low), 0.064 (med) and 0.032 (high).}
\label{fig:bbh0_waves}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\epsfxsize=80mm
\epsfbox{figures/scaled_diff_ex.eps}
\caption{Scaled difference of the Zerilli function $\psi$
($\ell=2$, $m=0$ mode) calculated at \mbox{$r=14.8M_{ADM}$} for the head-on
collision using excision showing second order convergence.}
\label{fig:convergence}
\end{figure}

At all three resolutions we can see some differences in the waveforms
between the runs with and without excisions. There are basically two
reasons for this.  The first is of course the presence of the excision
boundary and the second is the slightly different gauge choices that
were needed in each case in order to obtain long enough
evolutions. However, as can be seen from Fig.~\ref{fig:match}, these
differences converge away to second order with resolution (except for
a small gauge effect which is visible in the initial part of the
waveform).

\begin{figure}
\epsfxsize=80mm
\epsfbox{figures/diff_ex_noex.eps}
\caption{Scaled difference in waveforms from evolutions with
and without excision for the three different resolutions used in
the head-on collision.}
\label{fig:match}
\end{figure}

For the above runs, we used an excision region which was 80\% of the
apparent horizon radius with minimum buffer size of (5,10,20)
grid points for the three different resolutions. This was in order to
ensure that we had a buffer zone large enough suppress inaccuracies at
the excision boundary from propagating out of the hole, as well as to
ensure that the apparent horizon can always be located, as this
requires points on both sides of the surface.

We note that the runs performed with excision are more sensitive to
gauge parameters than the evolutions without excision. This is essentially due to
the fact that the shift can be used to control the rate of growth of
the horizon, and in some cases can even draw it inwards. For the
excised runs, this means that the horizon can be brought too close to
the excision boundary, allowing errors to ``leak out''. The shift
parameters used in this paper allow a slightly faster growth of the
horizon than those used in~\cite{Alcubierre02a}.

\section{Conclusions}

We have proposed a sensitive test-bed for 3D black hole excision
techniques in numerical relativity, whereby simulations with and
without excision are carried out on identical initial data sets.  A
recently developed family of powerful gauge conditions now allows long
evolutions of some black hole spacetimes without excision, making such
a test-bed practical for the first time.  Applying these ideas to our
own methods, we demonstrated that our excision procedure is not only
effective in improving the length of time that black holes can be
evolved, but also that it preserves sensitive details of the physics
that can be extracted. We carried out both distorted and binary black
hole head-on collision simulations, both with and without excision. We
used both the ratio of apparent horizon circumferences and the very
sensitive indicator of extracted waveforms to compare physically
important details of the simulations. In particular, the waveforms
represent very small signals buried in the metric functions. The
results are essentially identical, indicating that the excision
boundary condition has preserved the accuracy of the
runs.

The evolutions were carried out for cases of
axisymmetric initial data, where for singularity avoiding slicing with
an appropriate shift condition the evolution variables could be
suitably controlled at the locations of the punctures. For more
general situations it can be more difficult to maintain a regular
evolution. In such situations, even for the puncture data discussed
above, it is expected that excision would be necessary for a
long-term evolution.  However, the tests shown here have given us
confidence that the excision methods which we are using are robust for
reasonably complicated situations, and do not adversely affect the
accuracy of evolutions.

Runs without excision form an important benchmark against which the
effects of excision techniques can be analyzed. Evolutions of black
hole spacetimes involve a patchwork of experimental techniques, all of
which are needed to obtain long evolution times, but each of which
carries with it complications that can affect the accuracy and
stability of the simulation, both in isolation and in interaction with
the entire system. Given this fact, the models considered above can
form a particularly important test of the effects of applying an
excision boundary condition.

The initial data sets we used here are readily available to anyone
through the Cactus framework. This will make it possible for other
groups to apply the same test-bed to their own evolution codes.

\begin{acknowledgments}

The lego excision code discussed in this paper was developed in
collaboration with Erik Schnetter and Deirdre Shoemaker.  Results for
this paper were obtained using computing time allocations at the AEI,
CCT, LRZ, NCSA, NERSC, PSC and RZG. We use Cactus and the
\texttt{CactusEinstein}
infrastructure with a number of locally developed thorns.  This work
was supported in part by NSF grants PHY-02-18750 and PHY-02-44788, by
the DFG grant ``SFB/Transregio~7: Gravitational Wave Astronomy'',
by DGAPA-UNAM grants IN112401 and IN122002, and by the EU Programme
`Improving the Human Research Potential and the Socio-Economic Knowledge
Base' (Research Training Network Contract HPRN-CT-2000-00137).

\end{acknowledgments}

\bibliographystyle{apsrev}


text:
Q: Unable to auto-mount encrypted filesystem.squashfs of Debian Live CD Part 1
I've created a live ISO image of my system using 'live build' tool on a Debian system. For automated installation i've used a preseeding file.
To protect my senstive data I'm using LUKS encryption to encrypt the squashfs file of the ISO and the process is as follow -
Extract the IOS image.
Create a LUKS encrypted container.
Put the unencrypted filesystem.squashfs file into the container.
Rename the container to filesystem.squashfs.
Recreate the ISO image.
I've tried this method but was unsuccessful. During the installation the system shows an error 'could not find filesystem.squashfs'
After some googling I found that the boot process should be - ...the encrypted filesystem.squashfs is mounted in the memory then it will asks for a password which will decrypt the encrypted filesystem.squashfs and then rest of the boot process resumes normally.
The problem is that I don't know how I can make the encrypted squashfs mount in the memory during the installation process.
I've found this link https://askubuntu.com/questions/1041916/booting-encrypted-squashfs-from-live-cd which performs similar functionality on an Ubuntu system. In ubuntu, the 'casper' tool is used for creating live cd which creates 'script' files in initrd of the ISO. In the above link we can see that a file named 'casper-helper' is edited to tell the system to mount the encrypted squashfs during the boot process. But I couldn't find its alternative on the debian system. Any help is welcome.
Part 2
Is it possible to attain automatic decryption as I want fully automated installation I don't want it to ask for the password. Somehow if I can save a keyfile in the ISO which will decrypt it automatically during installation. If yes then please help

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
class Homem {
    protected void ouvir() {
        System.out.print("Mamifero ouvindo ");
        ver();
    }
    protected void andar() {
        System.out.print("Primata andando ");
        ouvir();
    }
    protected void ver() {
        System.out.print("Homem vendo ");
    }
}
class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Homem m = new Homem();
        m.andar();
    }
}

//https://pt.stackoverflow.com/q/410611/101

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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This is history in the making, and history is written by the winners. Mysterious quests abound in the Kingdom, and you are at the center of the action.
Stalk the monsters roaming the lands and slay them to sharpen your skills and claim their treasure. Explore the Ruins left by the old Kings, and face down the Dark Guards to uncover the riches of the ancients.
Or simply get on with the drudgery of running your Kingdom — collecting food for your troops, and wood and iron to build.
There are many rewards out there waiting, but danger lurks as well. Act boldly and carry a big stick! Accept the challenge and prove your mettle against the best Lords in the Realm.
The only clue points to it being the work of the warring Tribes in the west, and a newly self-proclaimed king is determined to show his strength in revenge.
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Patch for Rise of Kings, the medieval total conversion mod that brings many new features to Rise of Nations: No files were found matching the criteria specified.
A new poll for users and players of Rise of Kings has been posted to faceBook: After careful consideration, Rise of Kings is now available as a Workshop download from Steamcommunity.
Be careful though as there are still quite a lot of issues especially with icons as well as unit spawns not working as they should. Finally got a Steam ed working.
Its working site shall be Moddb. Started checking out Steam. The only thing we can do right now is to continue compiling everything first before exporting to Steam.
A question for other posters: Where can I download the latest version.. Look for it under the "Features" section of Rise of Kings: I am porting the wiki from Wikia due to copyright issues.
A special announcement will be made soon. This comment is currently awaiting admin approval, join now to view. Seria bueno que lo completaras o hicieras un nuevo mod referido a lo que te digo.
Visite kings and Conquerors wiki y pone una respuesta se te gusta ayudar, y podemos te treinar como hacer tua misma mod.
Ya existe una mod para ese: Only registered members can share their thoughts. Join the community today totally free - or sign in with your social account on the right and join in the conversation.
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Rise of Kings could well be one of the longest-running mods on Moddb, and has proven its worth thus far, but to be honest, we always felt that it would never be finished.
In fact, some would say that the mercenaries of Rise of Kings are its main selling point. Moreover, it also felt ahistorical that as factions progressed socially and militarily, they would still be stuck using units which were woefully underpowered.
With this regard, we have started to introduce the concept of Obsolescence. Obsolescence is when European mercenary units cease to be as powerful as they ought to be because they are facing newer and more dangerous armies, and will have to be re-armed and integrated as the centralisation of civic and military administration takes hold.
With this regard, we formulated the following rules:. Only Catholic factions will suffer from Obsolescence 2. Dark Age and Castle Age infantry mercenary units are affected by Obsolescence 3.
The upshot of obsolensce by Centralisation is that if you still have any survivng mercenaries, they will receive the new training and provide you a one-shot group of modern infantry for use.
This is useful especially for Venice, since Venice requires infantry to support its mercenary Stradiot cavalry. Previously there was an issue with custom units where they would suffer from a darkening bug whenever they were made to turn about.
We finally figured out what this issue was, and would be fixing it shortly. At the same time, experiments with Age of Darkness have also yielded up secrets regarding how warships operate and how they are to function.
We will also be fixing the animations for warships, which is something that many of you have frequently complained about previously.
Rise of Kings was always created with CtW in mind. To this end, it was decided to have two different CtWs, the Rise of Chivalry scenario that covers the period between the Treaty of Verdun and the First Crusade, and the Renovatio Europam campaign, that covers world history after the Black Death.
Rise of Chivalry is currently still in WIP as we are studying the feasibility of scripted events. For more updates, visit Rise of Kings Wiki and check the "Campaigns" tab at the top of the page.
We are proud to announce that version 1. All 24 factions have been completed and most features have now been implemented List of new nations and who they replace, list of new buildings, wonders and some other features.
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text:
Q: How to use an unicode character instead of a background image? I want to replace the background-image:url(image.png) by an Unicode character or icon like "\xxxxx" in css
How to make it?

A: How about using pseudo elements?
I suggest using
:before

width z-index: -1;
Check my exmple here: https://jsfiddle.net/oyq47zsj/
I used "A" as background, but you can use any char


text:
namespace umf
{

const char WeakEncryptor::magic = 109;

void WeakEncryptor::encrypt(const umf_string &input, umf_rawbuffer &output)
{
    output.clear();
    output.reserve(input.length()+1);
    output.push_back(magic ^ key);
    for(char c : input)
    {
        output.push_back(c ^ key);
    }
}

void WeakEncryptor::decrypt(const umf_rawbuffer &input, umf_string &output)
{
    output.clear();
    if(!input.empty())
    {
        output.reserve(input.size()-1);
        if((input[0] ^ key) != magic)
        {
            UMF_EXCEPTION(IncorrectParamException, "Incorrect decryption key!");
        }
        for(size_t i = 1; i < input.size(); i++)
        {
            output.push_back(input[i] ^ key);
        }
    }
}

std::shared_ptr<umf::Encryptor> getEncryptor(CryptAlgo algo, bool wrong)
{
    std::string wrongKey = "goodbyemranderson";
    std::string rightKey = "thereisnospoon";
    switch(algo)
    {
        case CryptAlgo::DEFAULT:
            return std::make_shared<EncryptorDefault>(wrong ? wrongKey : rightKey);
        case CryptAlgo::WEAK:
            return std::make_shared<WeakEncryptor>(wrong ? 13 : 42);
        default:
            return nullptr;
    }
}

}


text:
Q: Can I prevent exit after my custom sys.except_hook is called? Problematic code:
import sys
def handler(exception_type, exception_value, traceback_object):
    print(exception_type, exception_value)
sys.excepthook = handler

defined_thing = "Redacted faster than dissenting tweets"
print(defined_thing)
print(undefined_thing)
print("I wish I got here...")

Result:
Redacted faster than dissenting tweets
<class 'NameError'> name 'undefined_thing' is not defined

Process finished with exit code 1

Problem: can I prevent the exit and proceed having printed the error?

A: No.
From the docs (emphasis mine):

When an exception is raised and uncaught, the interpreter calls
  sys.excepthook with three arguments, the exception class, exception
  instance, and a traceback object. In an interactive session this
  happens just before control is returned to the prompt; in a Python
  program this happens just before the program exits.

Your except hook will run, then the program will exit. If you want to catch exceptions, you need to use the usual try-except formula.

A: See the documentation for that function:
sys.excepthook(type, value, traceback)
This function prints out a given traceback and exception to sys.stderr.
It does nothing but provide additional debugging facilities.


Posted on May 9, 2007 March 3, 2009 by Mara L.
Manhattan Summer Treats, By Mara L.
It just occurs to me that, now that summer is nearly here, I should add a word of caution to my culinary musings about the virtues of Mediterranean cooking. I am just reminded that some of my friends here came back in shock from trips to Spain, and they came rather close to putting the blame on me: Why hadn't I told them that any normal health-conscious Manhattanite is entirely lost there?
So, it is best to travel to Spain via Italy, get a suitcase full of Grancereale (see my previous entry), and consider yourself on a diet of fruit and nut. That's by the way also my strong recommendation for anyone from Manhattan traveling to more remote places in Greece.
However, I have a somewhat more appealing suggestion for those who don't want to travel quite that far, and want to give Spanish food a try. There's one thing that needs to be said in favor of it: If consumed with style, and that means, with fino—that's how you refer to the dry sherry you drink in bars—bar food is a whole way of life. And such a charming one! And even better, if the tapas (that's how the Spanish call the tiny dishes) are somewhat modernized. For that, I recommend venturing to Brooklyn's tapas bar Zipi Zape. It's an entirely fun, colorful place, where you can have a delicious bite of quail or a nicely lemonized shrimp in the middle of the afternoon, enjoy café con leche or a sip of fino, and feel like, this year, you almost don't need this trip to Europe.


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BROMSGROVE RFC chairman Vernon Nibbs has announced he will be stepping down from his role at the club's AGM in the summer.
Nibbs has been chairman of Bromsgrove for three years and in his first year with the club, along with the help of other Boars members, the club pulled through its difficult financial position following relegation from National League 2 North.
Following the stabilisation of the club, the Boars improved its function rooms and social spaces, enjoyed financial success in winter and summer events while also securing a Guinness World Record for the longest rugby match in history.
The Boars are poised for another successful summer with a sportsman's lunch to be held at the club on June 17, a summer ball on June 25 and the CAMRA beer festival at the end of June.
Nibbs said: "I have been in the job for three years, and thoroughly enjoyed myself.
"It's time to hand over the reins to someone new and the executive will be nominating a candidate to succeed me in the near future.
A successor to Nibbs will be decided at the club's AGM in July.


text:
Fernando Albericio
Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology
Alumni -
EM01B23
fernando.albericio@irbbarcelona.org
Left IRB Barcelona in December 2015
Fernando Albericio holds a Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of Barcelona (1980). Following postdoctoral work (1981-1984) at Tufts University, the Université d'Aix-Marseille, and the University of Minnesota, he was appointed Associate Professor at the University of Barcelona. After a few years, he took up the position of Director of Peptide Research at Milligen-Biosearch, Boston, USA (1992-1994), and then re-joined the University of Barcelona in 1995, when he was promoted to Full Professor. He also served as Executive Director of the Barcelona Science Park (2005-2011).
His major research interests cover practically all aspects of peptide synthesis and combinatorial chemistry methodology, as well as the synthesis of peptides and small molecules with therapeutic activity. His group is also involved in the development of new strategies for drug delivery. He has published over 650 papers, several review articles, and 42 patents, and has co-authored three books.
He is currently Editor of the International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics and a Councillor of the American Peptide Society. Recently, he has been honoured with a Doctorate Honoris Causa by the Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina) and the Vincent du Vigneaud award by the American Peptide Society.
He is deeply involved in the development of the third mission of the university, namely the transferral of knowledge and technology to society. He has founded several biotech companies and he serves on the board of directors of various foundations and companies. Furthermore, he is a consultant for a number of companies operating in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
"I realized very early in my life that I was born to create art. I have always remained faithful to this insight and today I can say that I've begun to reap the benefits of my single-minded focus and am able to 'pay it forward'. Since arriving in Los Angeles, I've established a loyal group of collectors/clients/friends who continue to invest in my work. I've also established cherished relationships with community leaders, educators and artists with whom I admire. I try to paint every day, but even if that's not possible, I spend my time preparing, planning, and envisioning new works. I live my art," says Gomez "My subject matter derives from what I love and admire in my world."
"Each word, each image, has a profound meaning to me and, when brought together on a single canvas, intensifies and expands its solitary significance. Art can be mysterious, evocative; I strive to achieve this in my work, achieve a magical essence. My aim is to create work that people can revisit and rediscover, work that fuses itself to the viewer. Art should serve the psyche in the same way that music serves the listener."
"My business, aboutMICHELLE is a acronym for Merchandising Images. Creating. Helping Effect Lives and Locales Exponentially" explains Gomez, "It incorporates two of my passions: art and philanthropy."
From darkrooms, negatives and 35mm Film to Large format and digital SLRs, photography is sacrosanct. It all starts with an image...
Michelle Carmen Gomez started as a television reporter in Austin, where she graduated from UT Austin, before moving to Los Angeles and working in television and film. Her transition to the Art World was financed by privately tutoring kids; many of her students' parents were celebrity clients who recognized her talent as a photographer and urged her to show her work. Initial meetings led to relationships with Gallerists and Collectors, to her selling her photography, and to commissioned larger photographic prints on parchment paper and aluminum.
Smalltown USA
Before and
After Series
Lose Series
Seen and
Heard Series
Photographic Series'
"When shooting, intention is everything. Unless I'm shooting an editorial piece, a portrait, or something fashion related, I seek 'quintessential moments' and simultaneously leave room for life to happen. It's this 'dance' that makes the work thrilling for me; it's also, what I believe, infuses photography with living, breathing moments."
"I also try to keep my equiptment to a minimum, too much 'set-up' changes the energy; people get self-conscious, deliberate. I avoid this by keeping the environment as unaffected as possible."
Photographer Michelle Carmen Gomez
"There has always been symbolism in my photography; I believe it stems from my literary background. I was interested in 'pulling it out' with color and, organically, the paintings were born. All of the imagery is based on my photography."
"After I prep the canvas with a textured molding paste, highlighting specific sections of the canvas, I paint the canvas with my base colors, using varied brushes, and then start working with the screens. This is one of the foundation layers. In the course of creating a piece, I go through a myriad of colors and screens."
Artist Michelle Carmen Gomez.
Incorporating text and other mediums have also been part of Gomez' creative evolution.
Commissioned portraits are a delightful collaboration between the client and the artist. Often times Gomez recieves inquiries from families who have favorites photos that they would like to transform into personalized portraits, but Gomez prefers to shoot images of clients and creating a textured, one of a kind, personalized piece of art that is based on shared experience.
AsendingAri13.5X33(web)
Describe your image.
Generations (27X60)web
(0055) Indian Yellow(forweb)
(0047) Fearless Felicia (13X30)(web)
(0045) Embrace(web)
(0041) Debney in Blue (24X24) FOR WEB
(0027) Always here(13X30)(web)
(0025) 5(60X60)(forweb)
(0074) Toodeloo tryptic 3 13X30 panels(web)
Commissioned portraits are a personalized collaboration between the client and the artist. Gomez often receives inquiries from families who have cherished photos that they seek to transform into personalized portraits. Gomez recreates these images and layers them to create one-of-a-kind mementos. Gomez also has been asked to shoot images of clients and create textured paintings that are based on a shared experience.


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82 Reasons to Love Pope Francis
December 17, 2018 — In honor of Pope Francis' 82nd birthday, here are 82 things the Jesuits love about Pope Francis.
Maryland and Midwest Jesuit Provinces Release Lists of Jesuits Credibly Accused of Sexual Abuse of a Minor
December 17, 2018 — Today, the Maryland and Midwest U.S. Jesuit Provinces released the names of Jesuits credibly accused of sexual abuse of minors in their provinces.
Two U.S. Jesuit Provinces Release Names of Jesuits Credibly Accused of Sexual Abuse of a Minor or Vulnerable Adult
December 7, 2018 — USA Central and Southern Province and Jesuits West released the names of Jesuits credibly accused of sexual abuse of a minor or a vulnerable adult.
Loyola High School Detroit Names New President
December 10, 2018 — Former Johnson & Johnson executive David Smith returns to his hometown to lead school. He will succeed Fr. Mark Luedtke, SJ, on July 1, 2019.
Advent 2018: Jesus Lights the Dark
November 30, 2018 — This Advent season, we ask Jesus to light the dark. We pray for that light to inflame us with brighter faith, hope and love.
Society of Jesus Ordains New Deacons
November 27, 2018 — This year, U.S. and Canadian Jesuits were ordained to the diaconate at several different Masses in the United States, Canada, Rome, Paris and Cairo.
Understanding the Migrant Caravan
November 26, 2018 — Better known as Padre Melo, Ismael Moreno, SJ, is the director of the Honduran Jesuit radio station, Radio Progreso.
Three Inspirational Ways Fr. Pedro Arrupe, SJ, Put His Faith into Action
February 5, 2019 — With the launch of the sainthood cause for Fr. Arrupe, a reflection on his legacy.
Kenyan Jesuit Killed in South Sudan
November 15, 2018 — Kenyan Jesuit Father Victor-Luke Odhiambo, 62, was murdered on Nov. 15 when unknown assailants attacked the Daniel Comboni Jesuit Residence in Cueibet, South Sudan, where he resided.
Society of Jesus Welcomes 40 New Novices
November 14, 2018 — The Society of Jesus in the U.S., Canada and Haiti welcomed 40 new Jesuit novices this fall at novitiates in California, Louisiana, Minnesota, New York, Quebec and Haiti.
Loyola on the Potomac
Situated on a bluff overlooking the Potomac River, Loyola on the Potomac is located 35 miles south of Washington, D.C., in southern Maryland.


This is free to those who study at Universities which are Members of ITS (UK) – Southampton, Leeds, Newcastle, Derby, Aberdeen, Coventry and Imperial College.
By special agreement, PhD students at the Swedish ITS Research School (Forskarskolan) and students recommended by ITS Malta and Austriatech are also entitled to free student membership. An admin fee of £10 is payable by others.
For all Siemens courses, please use this Siemens Booking Form.
For enquiries about the Newcastle University courses, please get in contact with the Professional Development Unit either by telephone 0191 208 5456 or email ceg.cpd@ncl.ac.uk.


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Critical Disclosure with Jim White: Authorities do not like being pressured by the masses, says journalist Casey Whalen – Brighteon.TV
Wednesday, September 28, 2022 by: Belle Carter
Tags: accountability, big government, fascism, freedom, law enforcement, Marxism, patriot, police state, policing, Resist, revolt, Tyranny
(Natural News) Independent journalist Casey Whalen told "Critical Disclosure" host Jim White the importance of holding authorities accountable for irregularities happening in the community in terms of law enforcement and even local government issues.
"There's no accountability in the law enforcement. But it is still important to secure public records because your community will find out [irregularities] and the people will put pressure on local entities," Whalen said during the show's September 19 episode on Brighteon.TV.
He noted that authorities do not like being pressured by the masses. "That's their Achilles heel," Whalen said.
"We've been exposing how the Marxists across the nation are targeting North Idaho. We are considered the readout, essentially. We have a lot of wonderful patriots moving to this area, as well as popular social influencers," he said. (Related: Scott Lively tells Dr. Alan Keyes: America's leaders are Marxists, US now a Marxist totalitarian state – Brighteon.TV.)
Whalen was "demonized" by his state government and was referred to the Washington State fusion center when he was trying to make law enforcement accountable for their wrongdoings. Fusion centers are state-owned and operated centers that serve as focal points for the receipt, analysis, gathering and sharing of "threat-related" information.
"I started out as 'First Amendment auditor.' I was trying to hold the law enforcement accountable as they are basically ignoring the Constitution and the state constitution here in Idaho," he recalled.
So he got 120 full-size constitutions from the state office that he took to police and the sheriff's offices and then came to find out through records requests that the same offices were disseminating them through the local fusion center.
"I proved to myself exactly what a lot of us suspect and got the documentation proving it," Whalen said and suggested to White to do a segment on securing public records because "you're going to find out a lot about what's going on in your community and you'll be surprised at what you find," he added.
Baby taken by police returned to parents because of protests
Elsewhere in the show, White and Whalen touched on the topic of how people banding together can fight the tyrannical government's way of enforcing the law in the community.
White cited one "severely malnourished" baby's ordeal of having to be taken from the parents because the cops said he was in "imminent danger" and should be in the care of the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare.
Back in March, the Meridian Police took a then 10-month-old Baby Cyrus away from his parents, who refused to show up for their child's follow-up appointment at a hospital. Authorities brought the baby to St. Luke's for treatment.
This is when independent gubernatorial candidate Ammon Bundy and followers staged a protest outside of the hospital, proclaiming that the couple's parental rights were being violated and that Baby Cyrus should be returned.
Diego Rodriguez, the child's grandfather and a friend of Bundy, said during a press conference that the baby was previously fine. "He was very healthy, he was strong, he was not malnourished," he said.
Eventually, the authorities gave in and returned the baby to his parents.
"There is no need to continue protesting or harassing our public health officials, police officers or anyone else involved," the Meridian Police Department said.
Whalen said that when people kept showing up at St. Luke's, the hospital staff became very uncomfortable and this put pressure on them. "They didn't like how we protested. It's a free country to practice that," he said. "They actually tried to pass a bill last year where people are not allowed to protest outside of elected officials' homes. And it didn't pass."
Watch the full September 19 episode of "Critical Disclosure" with Jim White ft. Casey Whalen below. Catch new episodes of the program every Monday at 7:00 p.m. on Brighteon.TV.
Health Ranger says 2022 is the "year of awakening" and 2023 the "year of accountability" – MASS ARRESTS are coming.
Cities that defunded police last year are now reversing course and RAISING police budgets.
IRS hiring spree is biggest expansion of the police state in American history.
CaseyWhalen.Substack.com
KTVB.com
Previous :Seattle PD losing police officers, failing to recruit replacements as crime rate soars
Next : Prophecy and Politics: Dr. Scott Lively says Obama is using Biden as avatar in fight against Putin – Brighteon.TV
More news on accountability
FEDS PAID NOTHING for Covid vaccine injuries or deaths in 2021, paid $250 million for injuries from other vaccines
EU countries with highest vaccination rates also have the highest excess mortality rates
HIS Glory with Pastor David Scarlett: GOP needs to win midterm elections to take control of Congress, says Georgia Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene – Brighteon.TV
Civil rights group joins growing lawsuit against big tech for collective censorship of COVID data
America Unhinged: A government that fears the people will govern wisely – Brighteon.TV
FBI goes completely rogue: Report finds bureau illegally spied on millions of Americans
Germany BLOCKS Russia from exporting food, then BLAMES Russia for causing brutal hunger
Creator of McDonald's McNugget establishes new group to fight back against far-left corporations
Young associate medical director – the "Dr. Fauci" of Louisville, Kentucky – dies suddenly and unexpectedly
https://www.naturalnews.com/2022-09-28-authorities-dont-like-being-pressured-by-masses.html
Critical Disclosure with Jim White: Authorities do not like being pressured by the masses, says journalist Casey Whalen – Brighteon.TV


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Swaik Lake (also known as: Khandowa Lake) () is a lake located in tehsil Kallar Kahar, Chakwal District of Punjab the province of Pakistan. It can be accessed through the M2 motorway linking Lahore and Islamabad. The lake is located about  from the Kallar Kahar and  southwest of city of Chakwal along the Motorway (M-2). A waterfall is also located at the lake. It is a popular tourist attraction and offers opportunities for swimming and diving.

See also
List of lakes of Pakistan

References

Lakes of Punjab (Pakistan)
Lakes of Pakistan
Chakwal District

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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1) Moyos Theme by Obright
2) Hydra Shrine by Obright
3) Ode by Obright
4) Hellas Theme by Obright
5) Cave Dweller by Obright
8-Bit Graphics Set
FnrrfYgmSchnish
Download: 1.11 MB Updated Fri Apr 15, 2022 10:31 pm
Not a game, but a set of graphics complete enough that somebody could hypothetically make a game out of it. Inspired by someone mentioning to me back around February that a set of sprites I submitted to Hamsterspeak years ago was one of the most complete "free-for-use" sprite sets that existed at the time. My first thought was basically "wait, what? really? those old things are horribly incomplete, there isn't even an inside-house tileset, nobody could make a full game from just those!" and then immediately I started working on this.
Most of a year later, after much procrastination (of course) and also quite a few add-ons to the original plan, they're finally done.
Includes 55 hero sprite sets, 135 walkabouts, 190 enemies (60 small, 80 medium, 50 large), 145 attack animations, 60 weapons, 25 tilesets, and 35 battle backdrops. Oh, and a set of box edges, but that's basically just the default one.
June 14th, 2017 UPDATE: Fixed a small coloring error in a couple of tiles, and also added a second version of the RPG file with layer-compatible graphics.
June 18th, 2017 UPDATE: Some things were moved around in the tilesets to make certain things easier without adding an extra layer or two.
Jan 1st 2018 UPDATE: Added a bunch of new graphics! Most notably, there are now more than twice as many options for hero graphics, including elves, dwarves, orcs, and a variety of others that previously only had enemy and walkabout sprites. Also new are a bunch of enemies, attacks, and weapons -- check the readme included for a full list of everything that's been added!
Jan 30th 2022 UPDATE: My final updates to this set of graphics. I've expanded upon every graphics type except maptiles once again, and also fixed a few minor "oopsies" in previous versions of a few sprites (non-transparent black or extra colors used by accident.) The included readme file will tell you exactly what was changed and added, as always. Of course, Castle Paradox may not even let me upload the updated file, even if it *claims* to -- it doesn't seem to be fully functional lately.


As the titel suggest, I found a piece of terrain the character sinks into when walking around the edge of the pit. He does not get stuck, but sink into the floor, then reemerges as he continues walking. He does that repeatedly when walking on the edge.


The Idea - HaloBiz - online business directory making a difference.
HaloBiz™ launched originally in Hamilton in July 2011 with approximately 2,500 businesses and almost 700 community organisations listed in its directory. After the initial "testing" period it soon became possible for businesses up and down the country to participate.
HaloBiz™ has changed and grown from the idea its General Manager and People Connector Julie South originally imagined in 2008. With valuable help and input from her husband, Alan Breen, it's now what you see today.
It took over two years to go from conception to inception.
Crossing her fingers as she dialled, she thought how good it would be if there was a way for people to find businesses based on their interests.
"I imagined, for example, being able to find a dishwasher repair person who was interested in running, or cycling or any other interest that Alan and I shared" says Julie "how good would that be?!? Straight away you'd have more in common than a broken down appliance and, at the same time, with that connection comes an added sense of expectation of a job done better".
In a world that really is saturated with online directories she knew she had to make something really different and unique plus something that would appeal and make a difference to as many people as possible.
At the time Julie's sister was fundraising for her son's football trip to Japan; another friend was fundraising for her son's sports team and Julie was also involved in fundraising, so it didn't take long for the fundraising angle to take centre stage.
"I thought doing the market research was time-consuming and challenging, it was nothing compared to finding a web designer with not only the skills to create what we wanted, but who had the professional integrity as well" says Julie.
Prior to HaloBiz™ Julie's career covered business management, sales and marketing in both large corporates and small business: all which she believes will combine to add value to Halo™'s clients.
Most small businesses don't usually have the manpower, energy, inclination and/or skill involved to implement the PR and marketing strategies that can make all the difference from being an "ordinary" business to being an "amazing" one".


Sport fishing report from Kingfisher Lodge in Craig Alaska fishing the outer coast of Prince of Wales Island in S.E Alaska. Kingfisher Lodge is a family operated lodge and caters to all group types but is also great for a private family fishing vacation. Today we had two different groups one was a group of friends from the Florida area and the other a couple families with Dads & brothers. Alaska salmon fishing for Kings and Silvers is off the charts for good here in the Craig area off Prince of Wales Island. Millions of salmon are feeding in our area and limits of Silver and King salmon have been very easy to catch. Today was another of those days with both boats limiting on Kings and Silvers within an hour to two hours for a total of 12 anglers. If you are coming to Kingfisher Lodge or any lodge or charter business in the Craig area you will be blown away by the ability to catch salmon in great numbers. We owe a great amount to the Prince of Wales Hatchery for its great success in raising the Silver salmon and if it can keep its doors open since it is a non profit hatchery we will continue to see great fishing in the years to come!
Sport fishing report from Kingfisher Lodge in Craig Alaska fishing the outer coast of Prince of Wales Island in S.E Alaska. Today we were not sure if we would land any King salmon as most boats were having a hard time landing limits the previous day so we decided to concentrate on Silver salmon limits and then go hunting for some King salmon. Limits of Coho were a bit slower than the day before and so Captain Joel Steenstra went out scouting to where we had done well a few days previous and was soon calling me on the radio telling me it was wide open Coho's and had doubled on King salmon so that was good enough for us and we headed out to where he was. We immediately were landing Silver salmon and also started picking up King salmon. We made many drifts and was apparent the place was polluted with salmon and each drift we picked up at least one salmon before we knew it we had our six Kings and limits of Coho. Joel also had landed his limit of Kings and Coho so we all went out looking for Halibut. We spent about 4 hours fishing for our halibut but landed some pretty nice ones that were undersized of the 45″ mark at about 38″ range. Joel did better landing one or two in the 45″ and under size and one or two mid slot size that had to be released.
Sandor, Tebor, Brendan, & Tyler.


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Jukebox adds an awesome music widget to Dashboard X and Notification Center
Jeff Benjamin ∙ May 28, 2012
Jukebox is an upcoming Notification Center widget that also does double duty as a Dashboard X widget. Its purpose is to allow you to control your music from literally anywhere, which is primarily attributed to its flexibility as both a Notification Center widget, while at the same time maintaining a spot on your Home screen.
The initial release of Jukebox will only feature integration with the stock Music app, but the developer is hard at work at making it play nice with 3rd party music apps like Spotify and Pandora. Besides this one obvious shortcoming, Jukebox is shaping up to be a top tier Notification Center widget, and by far the best Dashboard X widget yet…
[tube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auCwQQpr-Mw[/tube]
In its compressed mode, Jukebox takes up very little real estate, though a simple tap on the widget yields a set of buttons to control your music. Swiping on the container housing the album art allows you to switch between tracks, and tapping and holding on the same pane will invoke the fulll Music app itself.
Even though it's still in its early stages, I'm really impressed with Jukebox. It appears to be solely designed with Notification Center in mind, but you'll quickly realize that it works just as well via Dashboard X. I'm very much looking forward to Jukebox's initial release on Cydia, and I believe you should be too.
Though I haven't been privy to an exact time table for release, Jukebox will be featured on Cydia's ModMyi repo for $0.99 upon release. What do you think about Jukebox from what you've seen?
Tags iOS 5 Jailbreak Apps Music Notification Center Tweak Video Widget


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The Change Academy
Thought-provoking articles on resilience, change, and well-being from Linda Hoopes and selected guest authors.
Synergy/Teams
Organizational Resilience
3 Reasons Change Management Should Start BEFORE a Decision is Made
This is the first entry in my Change Management Contrarian series, which raises challenges to some of the concepts and conventional wisdom in the change management field. I believe that productive discussion starts with diverse perspectives, and hope I can stimulate...
Three Steps to Avoid Working Harder Than Your Sponsor
This article was originally published in the Change Management Review. One of the first pieces of advice I heard as a change agent was "don't work harder than your sponsor." Whenever I've shared this, the main responses I get are groans and eye-rolls. It's definitely...
Seeking Input on Change Initiatives: How Much and From Whom?
This article was originally published in the Change Management Review. For change leaders and practitioners, the question of how much input to seek from stakeholders in change-related decisions such as what the organization should do and how to...
The "Last Mile": Making Organizational Change Personal
This article was originally published in the Change Management Review. Change happens one person at a time. While change planning emphasizes engaging and communicating with various constituencies and stakeholder groups, we ultimately need to ensure that each...
Earning the Right to Influence: Two Strategies
This article was originally published in the Change Management Review. No matter what role you play in change, the ability to influence others is essential to your success. Influence is something that is earned over time—it's rare to walk into a situation where you...
Evaluating Energy Demands for an Initiative: A 10-Question Diagnostic for Change Leaders
Experienced leaders know that people have a finite supply of energy and that in the face of too many energy demands people begin to lose productive capability and may display unproductive behaviors related to stress and overload. They also know that energy levels rise when people feel engaged and involved and fall when people feel controlled and victimized. As you prepare to introduce a new initiative to a group of people that will require them to make changes in their mindsets and/or behaviors, it can be helpful to estimate energy demands and match them against the group's available energy.
Seven Resilience Muscles
What is resilience? Based on a great deal of research and observation of people going through change, we have identified a set of characteristics that help people use their adaptation energy more effectively. Think of these characteristics as "change muscles." We believe that everyone has the ability to apply and develop each one. Just as certain physical muscles are stronger in some people than others, people differ in the strength of their resilience muscles. And, just as regular exercise will strengthen physical muscles, so resilience muscles can be strengthened through practice. When a change muscle is weak, it can certainly still be used, but the person must apply more effort to get the same result as a person who has developed greater strength in that area.
From VUCA to CAVU: The Role of Resilience
VUCA is an acronym coined by students at the U.S. Army War College to describe the state of the world after the Cold War: Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous. It has become a very popular leadership term as a shorthand way of describing an environment that is crazy and turbulent.
Designing Your Personal Emergency Drill
As I write this post, one of the hot news topics is the safe landing of a Southwest Airlines flight that had an engine explode in mid-air, putting a hole in the side of the plane and creating a serious emergency that involved the death of one passenger. The pilot,...
Six Payoffs for Resilience
Resilience has been defined as the ability to deal with high levels of challenge while maintaining and/or recovering well-being and performance. Building resilience takes time and resources.
Change Practitioners and Personal Resilience
I've recently had the opportunity to do several workshops for the change management community on "The Resilient Change Practitioner." Here are 10 highlights: Change can be difficult when people see it as posing...
Holiday Energy-Zappers and How to Beat Them
Maintain your physical well-being at the holidays by protecting yourself against these three energy-zappers.
What If I'm Not Feeling Resilient?
Resilience is the ability to deal with high levels of disruption, difficulty, or challenge while maintaining or regaining a sense of well-being. Although there is a lot of emphasis on the topic these days, I believe that many people don't feel resilient a lot of the...
Change Management Classics: Synergy
Effective teamwork is particularly important during complex change initiatives. Do you know how to develop synergistic teams? This is the seventh in a series of articles focused on classic elements of change management content, updated and augmented...
The Origins of Prosilience
Are you dealing with a personal challenge--maybe an aging parent, a new chapter in your personal life, a health issue, or a child who requires special attention? Are you also dealing with changes in your work life? If so, then you're the reason I wrote Prosilience:...
Nourish your thinking on resilience, change, and well-being! Linda's newsletters are thought-provoking and informative.
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Our professional development consultants are available to visit your school or learning center. A private onsite training is a cost-effective way for individual schools and entire districts to achieve the maximum benefit from their software investment. We can customize the workshop content to meet your specific beginner, intermediate, or advanced needs and to help you ensure success for your teachers and your students.
These intensive training programs are run by Kurzweil Education Training Specialists with extensive backgrounds in technology integration and instruction.


Shark Shark Tuna Charter Fishing offers Cape Cod residents and visitors a wicked On The Water experience they will never forget. Check us out and join us on the water for a Cape Cod Fishing Charter adventure you won't forget.
Located on Cape Cod, in So. Yarmouth, Ma., we fish waters from Stellwagon Bank to the Northeast Canyons, and inshore in Nantucket Sound and Cape Cod Bay. We target species such as Blue Fin Tuna, Striped Bass, Sea Bass, Porgy, Sharks, White Marlin, & Yellow Fin Tuna.
Captain Shane is a native to Cape Cod and has been an avid commercial fisherman on the Cape for over twenty years and looks forward to accommodating fishermen/women/children of all fishing skill levels. In addition to Fishing Charters we offer kids fishing trips and sunset cruises.
All fishing gear is provided on the boat. Our season runs from late May to October with both morning and afternoon trips. Overnight canyon trips are also an option, please contact us for more information.
Experience deep sea fishing with Shark Shark Tuna on your next vacation/staycation to enjoy the bounty of Cape Cod Bay or the Atlantic Ocean. Clear skies, salt air, majestic views and rhythmic waves, fish with us for an experience you'll never forget. A day on the water with Shark Shark Tuna is the optimal Cape Cod Charter Fishing Experience.
Book your Cape Cod Fishing Charters trip today with Shark Shark Tuna to catch your next sea monstah and reel in some excitement for yourself!