Boating holidays are a fantastic way to relax and explore any destination. They offer complete freedom and you don't need any experience to taking a boating holiday in Europe. There are many brilliant lakes and rivers offering a gateway into countries such as Germany, Italy or even here in the UK.
Even if you have never had any boating experience before, you can enjoy a boating holiday in Europe. Boats operate in a similar way to a car, so if you can drive and steer, you can pilot a boat. Many boating holidays are on canals so you will need to operate the odd lock or two. This is also easy once you know how and you will soon be navigating locks like a pro.
There are a good number of companies offering boating holidays across the UK and throughout Europe. Make sure you book with a reputable company who have a good fleet of high quality boats. You should also look for a company that offers plenty of support such as http://www.leboat.co.uk. This is a company who have thought of everything to make your boating holiday the best experience it could possibly be.
Your time is completely your own, no schedule to stick to and if you want to moor up for a whole day enjoying a bottle of the local wine and a good book, no problems. Boating holidays are great for couples who want to get away from it all and relax completely, but they are also great for families. Children in particular will love the novelty of the boat, especially when they find out that it is to be their home for a week or two. You can book a two berth or an eight berth, plenty of room for everyone. If you have chosen a good company, everything will be provided so all you have to do is stock up on the local delicacies you will find in stores along the way.
Europe has so many waterways waiting to be discovered and these can deliver you to amazing cities and take you through some fabulous countryside all at your own pace. Your holiday location will change from day to day or even hour by hour so there will always be something new and/or exciting to look at or moor up and explore. There is no traffic to contend with and you can't exactly get lost so this is really one of the most relaxing holidays you can imagine.
Germany is becoming increasingly popular with those who regularly enjoy this kind of holiday. The north east of Germany boasts a network of lakes, rivers and canals to provide an idyllic inland cruise experience. Renowned for crystal clear waters and Mediaeval cities such as Brandenburg this is a thoroughly beautiful boating holiday destination. Cruise your way down to Berlin to discover one of the most cosmopolitan and historically fascinating cities.
The Caledonian Canal in Scotland offers another, entirely different cruising experience. This is a brilliant way to experience the Highlands with breathtaking scenery all the way. Take some time to go ashore at Fort Augustus and visit the Clansman Centre or go in search of Nessie at Lock Ness. Inverness, the capital of the Highlands, has a great shopping centre if you are in need of some retail therapy as well as a castle, some fantastic bars and restaurants. You can even swap your mode of transport for the afternoon and take a ride on the West Highland Railway.
There are so many fabulous boating holiday destinations, you will likely find yourself spoilt for choice.
AUTHOR BIO Jennifer writes regularly on boating holidays and travel for a range of travel websites and blogs. She is a keen sailor and enjoys several sailing and boating trips each year with her partner.


This FREE, live, one-man show brings to life the incredible story of the man who kept Medora from disappearing completely, Harold Schafer.
Harold comes back to life in the town he saved!
Created by and starring, Tom Milligan, Wonderful WORK is a living history must see!
Wonderful WORK traces the momentous life of the charismatic North Dakota businessman - from humble beginnings and the heart-breaking setbacks, to the rocketing success of Harold's Gold Seal Company, Mr. Bubble, and of course, his love for Medora.
Experience the unexpected trials and tribulations of devoting yourself and your 40-million-dollar fortune to restoring a quaint cowtown and amphitheatre, that today has entertained millions.
Important. Informative. And truly inspiring! Wonderful WORK is a new, can't miss-show!
Wonderful WORK is FREE to all and is generously supported by the North Dakota Humanities Council.
Old Town Hall Theater seating chart.
Proudly supported by the North Dakota Humanities Council and Theodore Roosevelt Medora Foundation.
June 8 - September 7.


EDIT (18 July, 15:00 GMT): We have now refunded the gems for all players who were affected by the issue. Please find your gems in the in-game Inbox!
EDIT (16 July, 14:00 GMT): Unfortunately the automatic refunds are taking longer than we expected but we are working on to credit each player as soon as we can, by the end of this week. Thank you for your patience and understanding on this matter!
EDIT (13 July, 06:55 GMT): We have now released 1.13.5 for both Android and iOS which fixes this issue. Please update your game!
There is a known issue with continuing Challenge Event (Guardians of Teltoc) battle with gems. We are currently investigating this issue and hope to get it resolved as soon as possible!
We will release a new update (1.13.5) to fix this issue as soon as possible. In the meantime, we ask you to not use gems to continue the event battles.
Our apologies for any inconvenience this caused! We are also looking into automatically compensating any gems lost due to this issue after the event is over.


text:
Rama Alone Is Hindu Hriday Samrat
There has been only one maryādā purushottama and dharma parāyana leader of the people of this land, Sri Rama.
November 25, 2020December 28, 2020 | By: Narad
Why does Sri Rama matter? Why so much noise and din about the mediaeval demolition of a Rama Mandir of all temples? Why is the construction of the Rama Mandir in Ayodhya a matter of so much celebration and joy? Why does it feel like ananda of a beloved returning home? Why this indulgence despite the guilt heaped on Hindu society after Babri demolition? What makes Rama endure in the collective consciousness of the Hindu society despite such vile propaganda against him? Despite gospels, lectures and fatwa-e-feminazi on misogyny and patriarchy, why is Rama still the ruler of Hindu hearts? The original Hindu Hriday Samrat.
Sri Rama and His legend
A reason that Rama and Ramakatha still rule the hearts and soul of Indians is that larger society still leaves outside the pale of the modern education system, print and television media. India still remains a country largely informed and moulded by loka shruti — the oral tradition. The digital revolution has only brought about the convergence of this tradition through the common language of English.
This loka shruti, since the time of Valmiki, has established Rama as the benevolent and the perfect king. As mentioned in Aranyakand, when He meets a group of ascetics and rishis after leaving the ashram of Sharbhanga Muni:
धर्मपालो जनस्यास्य शरण्यस्त्वं महायशाः।
पूजनीयश्च मान्यश्च राजा दण्डधरो गुरुः।।
।।3.1.18।।
इन्द्रस्येह चतुर्भागः प्रजा रक्षति राघव।
राजा तस्माद्वरान्भोगान्रम्यान् भुङक्तेलोकनमस्कृतः।।
"O King of great reputation, you are the refuge of the people, a protector of dharma, a chastiser of wrongdoers, a worshipful and respectable preceptor. O Rama, in this world a king is considered the fourth part of Indra as He protects the people. Therefore, He is respected, and He enjoys the choicest pleasures of life."
Even the distorted TV serials and 'retellings' reminded people that there did exist a great king thousands of years ago, whom the enemies of their religion can only hope to malign because they can never wipe Him from the memories of this land — and that was enough for enough people to double down on faithful retellings like Ramcharitmanas, Kamba Ramayana, Krittibas Ramayan, etc.
[It's to be noted that the original Ramayana of Valmiki does not stress too much on Rama's divinity though it did mention Him explicitly and implicitly as an avatar on various occasions. It simply shows Him as the complete, well-rounded man and king. It was indeed the loka shruti that magnified His divinity, elevating Him from 'Raja Ram' to 'Bhagawan Ram', inspiring retellings like the Ramcharitmanas, which wore His divinity on their sleeves.]
The collective consciousness of this land remembered that the greatness of a king was not measured by His conquests but by how much of His own blood and sweat He could shed for His subjects, all the while remaining in an optimal, mutually respectful harmony with other kingdoms as well. Adherence to dharma — He is Dharma-Parāyana — and love for justice (Nyāyapriya) were the attributes of great kings in this culture.
Ashoka was not great for people of this country and its religion, neither was Akbar, no matter how much they were hyped in a bid to push "secularism" down the Hindu throats. It remembered Rana Pratap, who watched his daughter die of starvation for the freedom of his people. It honoured King Bali who asked for meeting his people once a year as his boon from the lord of all beings. And Sri Rama was the king of this league of kings. Here it has to be noted that Rama dropped the idea of rajasuya yajna and opted for ashwamedha because the former would involve strife with neighbouring kingdoms.
It will be educative and meditative to reflect upon Sri Rama & Raja Rama and compare that with actions of His contemporaries and predecessors. Rama was considered king because of His capacity and centredness in Dharma. As told in Aranyakand by a group of Rishis.
ते वयं र्वता रक्ष्या र्वद्ववषयवासिनाः।
नगरस्थो वनस्थो वा वं नो राजा जनेश्वराः।।
"Since we are residents of your territory, we deserve to be protected by you; whether you live in the city or in the forest, you are our lord, the lord of people, and our king."
The only modern loka shruti that sketches Sri Rama correctly is the blockbuster movie series Baahubali in which the titular character of the first instalment, Amarendra Baahubali, is partially based on Sri Rama. In the movie, his enemies exile him from his rightful kingdom, but find him becoming a spontaneous leader and king of the common folk, and grumble among themselves, "ये जहाँ रहेगा, राजा बनके रहेगा!"
This parallel struck a chord with the millions who flocked the theatres to see the Rama-esque glory galore on the silver screen. However, deluded in their ego (among other things), the 'social scientists' and 'film analysts' remained impervious to reality.
Why? Why are people of this country mad for a king who "may or may not have existed" thousands of years ago? Why did they make Him their god back then, and continued to live and die for Him and "monument" for centuries? What was so special in that forever-pained, tormented, exiled prince of a city-state that even a Tabrez Alam, the Muslim antagonist of Prakash Jha's Apaharan — a movie with no obvious religious centre — is compelled to compare "political schemes" against himself with Rama's exile, and immediately the public warms up to him?
What was it about Rama that made, and continues to make, Indians go mad for and about him?
Not obedient but upholder of Raghukula convention
One of the most primary jobs of a state is to enforce contracts. It's in return for this promise to guard and uphold the sanctity of mutual agreements in good faith that citizens agree to part with their hard-earned money as taxes, subject themselves to the tyranny of laws imposed by others over them, and accept several other restrictions to maximising their personal liberty in submission to the state. So, when the state fails to ensure that any and all mutual, good faith contracts are upheld and enforced, the state machinery no longer deserves to enjoy the power it does. The very existence of the state comes in peril. When the state is gone or when it goes rogue after losing the faith of its subjects; when it no longer cares for even the pretensions of rule of law (as we're seeing happening in Maharashtra, and in the US to a slightly lesser extent), its place is taken by Matsya Nyāya — the law of social Darwinism.
In a democratic republic like India or the US, all of this is held at bay by people's faith in free and fair elections, and due process of law, which is currently under severe stress-test. In the days of Rama, the faith was vested in the ruling dynasty, Raghukula. That kula, in turn, was known for unforgiving and uncompromising enforcement of a contract once made. Raghu himself waged a war against Indra, of all the kings, to assist an ascetic Kautsa in fulfilling his contract, who owed 14 crore gold coins to his guru as the tuition fee against his education. His ancestor Harishchandra gave up his entire kingdom in the blink of an eye, let his wife go into prostitution, sold himself to the slavery of a lowly funeral director, let his son die, stripped his erstwhile wife of her last piece of cloth as payment of his own son's cremation. All to keep a promise made in a dream.
People expected this dynasty to keep their word at any cost. That's what held their faith in the state established and presided over by this lineage. If their word lost its value, the city would have descended into bloody chaos in no time, as a king who could not keep his pledge would have lost the moral right to enforce contracts on others. Chaos is the only thing that reigns in a state without the legitimacy of the ruler in the eyes of the populace. Since the issue in contention was verily of succession, the issue couldn't have been resolved any better by either Dasharatha abdicating in favour of Rama (since that would still have rendered the king's promises to Kaikeyi and her father hollow), or Rama usurping the throne, as Lakshmana and many others, including Dasharatha himself, preferred over Rama's exile and abdication.
In a society where primogeniture was the norm, Rama could have usurped the throne, but then, it would have led to patricide, regicide and even fratricide if it turned out that Bharata did have the same intentions as his mother. Both Sri Rama and his mother Kaushalya realised this, as written by Tulsidas in Ramcharitmanas:
राखउँ सुतहि करउँ अनुरोधू। धरमु जाइ अरु बंधु बिरोधू॥
As if the father and brothers being killed by the son and brothers weren't abhorrent enough, the revolt would have shifted the burden of enforcement of contract from legal obligation to equations of power. That would again be Matsya Nyāya, which is abhorred as the worst societal adharma. This, despite Indian history of latter years, from Ashoka to Aurangzeb, getting replete with such examples. The collective consciousness of the 'illiterate' millions realises this without needing such long expositions but not those who tint their glasses with ideologies and try to pass them off as history and rationality.
He knew His kingdom
When Rama was exiled and His royal charioteer Sumantra was driving him to the edge of the forest, Rama was intimately familiar with the geography of His kingdom, making remarks on trees, roads leading to directions and other geographical markers. This was a clear indication of how much time He had spent exploring even the mundane, inanimate aspects of the empire He was slated to rule. It can only be imagined how much familiarised He would have made Himself with the people and their conditions, and how much it would have endeared Him to the masses. Only that we don't have to imagine. Ramayana tells us that as well.
When Bharata, in a bid to bringing Rama back to Ayodhya, orders the construction of an inroad into the deep forests where Rama was last heard of, almost the entire city either starts preparing to leave with him on the mission to bring back their crown prince or runs over one another in contributing to the efforts of the expedition.
So far, we have laid the foundations of the claim that Sri Rama was not "just" a holy, ever-smiling divine descent of godhead, not just a valiant warrior, but an astute-yet-dharmic political person as well, who understood well the philosophies and principles of law and polity. We will develop this more in the second part of this series.
With inputs from Mrinaal Prem Swarroop Srivastava
dharma, king, leader, rama, ramayana
About Author: Narad
A government employee and Anajaneya's servant.
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The mighty myth of Sikhs saving Hinduism
The narrative of Sikhs coming to the aid of Hindus needs to be re-examined.
October 10, 2020October 14, 2020
The Fall and fall of the Shudras
There is an abundance of inscriptional and literary evidence pointing towards the high status of Shudra communities in pre-colonial India. Yet, academicians have never acknowledged, much less revised their erroneous theories to accommodate for the same.
November 03, 2020November 3, 2020
The Ādi-Varāha of North – King Bhoja Pratihār
It is unfortunate that the legacy of a ruler of such great strength, achievements and contribution like Mihir Bhoja is being tossed back & forth for short-sighted political gains.
Pingback: Rama, The Ideal Raja Of His Time And Age

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Jewish World Review Jan 11, 2012/ 16 Teves, 5772
Shut up, they explained
By A. Barton Hinkle
http://www.JewishWorldReview.com | Liberals are nearly united against Citizens United. This means they are nearly united in favor of censorship. But that has not stopped the Supreme Court decision from being roundly denounced by everyone with progressive DNA — from the elderly solons at The New York Times to the youthful idealists of Occupy Wall Street.
Cities from Missoula to Miami have condemned the ruling. Now the prestige press has gotten in on the act, again.
Media outlets across the country have begun airing stories about how 2012's campaign ads are the unholy spawn of 2010's ruling. Already The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Boston Globe and the L.A. Times have run such stories. NPR has run a half-dozen. ("Illegal During Watergate, Unlimited Campaign Donations Now Fair Game," ran the headline on one fair-and-balanced look at the issue.)
Media corporations such as those, which spend huge sums of money talking about politicians, just can't stand it when non-media corporations get to do the same thing.
And lest anyone forget, that is precisely what the case was about. In 2008 a nonprofit, incorporated group called Citizens United wanted to distribute a documentary about Hillary Clinton. But doing so during an election campaign would have violated a 2002 campaign-finance law prohibiting "electioneering communications" within 30 days before a primary or 60 days before a general election.
A law that forbids American citizens to urge the election or defeat of a political candidate raises some obvious First Amendment concerns. During oral arguments, Chief Justice John Roberts noted that book publishers are corporations. He asked the government's lawyer if the law could prohibit publishing a book that said, "Vote for X."
Deputy Solicitor General Malcolm Stewart said yes — the government: "could prohibit the publication of the book." Fred Wertheimer, president of Democracy 21 and former head of Common Cause, later agreed that "a campaign document in the form of a book can be banned."
To its credit, the ACLU did not side with liberal censors. The provision in dispute is "facially unconstitutional under the First Amendment," the ACLU said, "because it permits the suppression of core political speech." And that is just how the high court ruled.
You won't learn much of that from the scare stories about the new "super PACs." Instead, you'll get endless variations on a single theme: Citizens United has made possible a torrent of "negative ads" from "outside groups."
The theme's unstated premise is that ostensibly unfortunate results should trump the First Amendment. This is not a wise line of argument for anyone who values a free press to make, but never mind. Are the results really unfortunate? For instance, what is wrong with negative ads? Often they do just what journalists claim is their most noble task: speaking truth to power. As a general rule, "attack" ads from opponents contain more useful information than positive ads from candidates. Positive ads show Candidate X striding manfully across sun-drenched fields while he recites a script about how much he loves America and wants to make it great again. Negative ads tell you how the guy voted.
But the ads are made by (eek!) "outside groups." Outside of what, exactly? The campaigns themselves — along with the political parties' paid apparatchiks — which do not like to have their monologues about their candidates' wonderfulness interrupted. But The New York Times is an outside group. So is the AFL-CIO, Planned Parenthood, the Brady Campaign, and MoveOn.org — along with the Chamber of Commerce, the NRA, and the National Right to Life Committee. To term such organizations "outside" is to imply that elections are for the party pros, and everyone else should sit on the sidelines.
If this is the great unspoken wish of campaign "reformers," then their great unspoken fear is that campaign ads might actually persuade. After all, if campaign ads never worked, then who spent what on them would not matter. This raises two possibilities. The first is that the people are so incredibly stupid that a few 30-second spots can lead them by the nose. If that is the case, then the real objection is not advertising — but democracy itself.
The second possibility is that people are not stupid. They listen to competing cases from all sides and then choose according to their own interests and values. If that is the case, then the problem is, again, democracy itself. Why? Because every demand that A be prevented from speaking is, equally, a demand that all others be prevented from hearing. Hence the ultimate aim of rationing political speech is to make sure people who can think for themselves don't have too much to think about.
Every weekday JewishWorldReview.com publishes what many in in the media and Washington consider "must-reading". Sign up for the daily JWR update. It's free. Just click here.
A. Barton Hinkle is Deputy Editor of the Editorial Pages at Richmond Times-Dispatch Comment by clicking here.
12/30/11: A Modest Proposal: Let's Ban All Sports! 12/26/11: A Christmas letter from the Obamas 02/24/11: Will the next Watson need us?
12/24/10: Here Are Some Good Gifts for People You Hate
06/15/10: The Presinator
05/26/10: More than equal
04/08/10: Angry Right Takes a Page From Angry Left but guess who is 'ugly'?
02/16/10: Either Obama owes George W. Bush an apology, or he owes the rest of us a very good explanation for his about-face on wiretapping
02/03/10: Talkin' to us 'tards
01/27/10: I never thought I'd see the day when progressives would howl in ragebecause the Supreme Court said government should not ban books
01/07/10: Gun-Control Advocates Play Fast and Loose
12/31/09: Nearly everything progressives say about neoconservative interventionism abroad applies to their own preferred policies at home
© 2010, A. Barton Hinkle


text:
package de.hska.ld.content.persistence.domain;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnore;
import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

import javax.persistence.*;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.URLConnection;

@Entity
@Table(name = "ld_attachment")
public class Attachment extends Content {
    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Attachment.class);

    public Attachment() {
    }

    public Attachment(String name) {
        setNewValues(name);
    }

    public Attachment(InputStream inputStream, String name) {
        setNewValues(inputStream, name);
    }

    public void setNewValues(InputStream inputStream, String name) {
        try {
            this.mimeType = URLConnection.guessContentTypeFromName(name);
            this.source = IOUtils.toByteArray(inputStream);
            this.name = name;
        } catch (IOException e) {
            LOGGER.warn("Unable to set source or mime type from input stream.", e);
        }
    }

    public void setNewValues(String name) {
        this.mimeType = URLConnection.guessContentTypeFromName(name);
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Column(name = "name", nullable = false)
    private String name;

    @Column(name = "mimeType")
    private String mimeType;

    // TODO add Source One-to-one mapping, fetch type lazy
    @Lob
    @Basic(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
    @Column(name = "source")
    @JsonIgnore
    private byte[] source;

    @OneToOne(cascade = CascadeType.ALL, fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
    private FileBlobBean fileBlobBean;

    public FileBlobBean getFileBlobBean() {
        return fileBlobBean;
    }

    public void setFileBlobBean(FileBlobBean fileBlobBean) {
        this.fileBlobBean = fileBlobBean;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String getMimeType() {
        return mimeType;
    }

    public void setMimeType(String mimeType) {
        this.mimeType = mimeType;
    }

    public byte[] getSource() {
        return source;
    }

    public void setSource(byte[] source) {
        this.source = source;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Artist submissions for Small Stones Festival in Grafton opens in August
Jul 18, 2019 at 11:13 AM Jul 18, 2019 at 11:38 AM
Last year, The Small Stones Festival of the Arts featured 144 pieces of artwork of 76 artists residing in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island.
It was its inaugural season and was a well-attended affair.
The festival will return Nov. 8-16, at the Great Hall in the Town House, One Grafton Common.
The Art Call website http://smallstones2019.artcall.org opens Aug. 15 for submissions of fine art photography and fine painting and drawing. Sept. 11 is the deadline for submissions. Cash awards are $500 for first; $250 for second place; and $100 for third place. An exhibit catalog will be available at the festival.
Three regional arts organizations – Apple Tree Arts, The Worcester County Camera Club and the Blackstone Valley Art Association - have collaborated to bring the second annual juried exhibit of fine art and fine art photography with an expanded music program.
The opening reception will be Nov. 8, from 7 - 9:30 p.m. Exhibit hours are Saturday, Nov. 9. 10 a.m. - 7 p.m. and Sunday, Nov. 10, 11 a.m. - 4 p.m. Admission is free.
In addition to the juried exhibition, the Blackstone Valley Art Association and Worcester Country Camera Club members' artwork and photography will be displayed. During exhibit hours, original artwork, prints and art related-merchandise will be sold.
The SSFA has appointed several distinguished jurors. The independent jurors will select all submissions for the exhibit and award first, second and third cash prize winners and juror's choice (six awards). A popular choice award for each category will be voted on by exhibit attendees.
The fine art painting and drawing category is juried by Jim Welu, former director and chief curator of the Worcester Art Museum (WAM), Diane Panarelli Miller, world-renown international artist and member of the New England Plein Air Painters and Jeanne Rosier Smith, accomplished international artist and member of Pastel Society of America.
Photography jurors include Nancy Burns, associate curator of prints, drawings and paintings of WAM, Stephen DiRado, professor of Clark University and Scott Erb and Donna Dufault of Erb/Dufault Photography.
Festival co-chairs Ken Crater of the Worcester County Camera Club and Donna Blanchard of Apple Tree Arts are working with a committee of 10 members. "We were thrilled with the success of our first Festival last November which opened to a packed Great Hall filled with artists and art supporters surrounded by beautiful fine art and photography," said Blanchard, executive director of the nonprofit community music and theater arts school. Last year hundreds of people visited the regional juried arts Festival.
The mission of the Small Stones Festival of the Arts is to elevate the practice and appreciation of fine art and photography in the Blackstone Valley and beyond.
Apple Tree Arts is organizing a dynamic music program with a variety of musicians and concerts. The opening reception will feature The Kelly Clark Jazz Quartet. The 2019 Festival's prize-winning fine artwork and photography will be on display during several shows planned for the week of Nov. 11. The Nov. 16 finale showcases talented Claflin Hill Symphony Orchestra musicians directed by Paul Surapine, founder, conductor and executive director of the CHSO in the first concert of the 2019-2020 Claflin Hill-Apple Tree Arts Chamber Music Concert Series.
The SSFA Committee is working on different aspects of the juried exhibit. Worcester County Camera Club members are organizing and mounting the photography portion while The Blackstone Valley Art Association is responsible for the fine art component of the Festival.
Sponsorships are available to help support the Small Stones Festival of the Arts. Contact Donna Blanchard, Apple Tree Arts at info@appletreearts.org or 508-839-4286. For more information, visit www.smallstonesfestival.org or contact co-chairs Ken Crater, Worcester County Camera Club, info@smallstonesfestival.org and Donna Blanchard.


The common thread that binds us together as human beings regardless of ethnicity, religion, or geographical location is the mere knowledge that we are mortal. As far as we know, humans are the only species on earth that can actually contemplate their eventual end. Most of us have wondered what happens to us when we take that last breath of life. Therefore, that question has caused many books to be written about near death experiences, but they have all been merely 'near death' experiences. These reports have given us glimpses to the other side of the veil, but never in modern times in our western culture has someone returned from death to give us a personal message from God Himself...UNTIL NOW! "He was coming toward me escorted on each side by two figures that were holding his arms as if to give him support. They were not walking, but floating. The two figures assisting him looked somewhat like people without any distinguishable features at all. I jumped out of bed and went to greet him. As he moved closer to me, the two figures just melted into the darkness of my bedroom, and Jimmy was left standing there alone in front of me. I knew I wasn't dreaming. I was completely awake and standing in front of him! " I just stood there face to face with him and immediately started firing questions at him. I asked, "How was your journey?" He spent an entire hour with his sister answering many questions such as, 'Have you seen God, what does he look like, why are you here, who sent you back here?' These questions and more were answered by the deceased brother. He also shared a very controversial statement that just might set the religious community on its head, but nonetheless, the sister shares this bit of information for anyone that is ready and able to accept it. This painful story shares the grief of losing a loved one, memories of happier times, and the difficulty of coming face to face with some very disturbing confessions made by the dying sibling.
The common thread that binds us together as human beings regardless of ethnicity, religion, or geographical location is the mere knowledge that we are mortal. As far as we know, humans are the only species on earth that can actually contemplate their eventual end. Most of us have wondered what happens to us when we take that last breath of life. Therefore, that question has caused many books to be written about near death experiences, but they have all been merely 'near death' experiences. These reports have given us glimpses to the other side of the veil, but never in modern times in our western culture has someone returned from death to give us a personal message from God Himself...UNTIL NOW! This is a true story about a loving, protective brother that returned from the dead to warn his sister about the consequences that were awaiting her if she did not accept God's forgiveness for her sins and accept Jesus Christ as her Lord and Savior just as they had been taught as children. There are those that will immediately grasp the magnitude and meaning of this experience and then there will be the doubters who could never fathom such a thing happening to them or anyone they know. Messages from God and dreams of Jesus are more common place in eastern cultures where they are not so influenced by our western bias towards logic. Some theologians suspect that only those far removed from God ever have such experiences. "He was coming toward me escorted on each side by two figures that were holding his arms as if to give him support. They were not walking, but floating. The two figures assisting him looked somewhat like people without any distinguishable features at all. They were much smaller than my brother who was six feet tall, so I assumed that they were females. I jumped out of bed and went to greet him. As he moved closer to me, the two figures just melted into the darkness of my bedroom, and Jimmy was left standing there alone in front of me. I knew I wasn't dreaming. I was completely awake and standing in front of him! "I was so happy to see him, but I could not stop the gush of tears that were streaming down my face. Somehow, I knew not to touch him even though I wanted to hug him so badly. I just stood there face to face with him and immediately started firing questions at him. I asked, 'How was your journey?'" He spent an entire hour with his sister answering many questions such as, 'Have you seen God, what does he look like, why are you here, who sent you back here?' These questions and more were answered by the deceased brother. He also shared a very controversial statement that just might set the religious community on its head, but nonetheless, the sister shares this bit of information for anyone that is ready and able to accept it. "I have no logical explanation for why or how this happened. I only know that God gave me a miracle that has forever changed how I look at life and death, and it has dramatically altered the course my life has taken." This painful story shares the grief of losing a loved one, memories of happier times, and the difficulty of coming face to face with some very disturbing confessions made by the dying sibling. The sister, left behind, grapples with all those confessions as she makes her journey back to God sharing with the reader each painful step on her journey.
About The Author Jayne Schriver was born in a sleepy little cotton mill town, Lagrange, on the Georgia-Alabama border in 1948. She was the fifth of seven children, raised in a blue collar family, but went on to achieve academic success at Florida State University where she graduated with honors. In 1966, she married her husband, Mike Schriver, and started her life as a full time Mom of three, and eventually, grandmother of four. As of this date, she has been married to Mike for 46 years and considers her family to be her proudest accomplishment. Although her first play was written at the age of 12, she never dreamed of publishing any of her work. Writing was something that she always aspired to do, and was encouraged by several professors to do so, but until now, never felt that she had a story compelling enough to share with others. Jayne is currently very active in her church and community in Katy, TX where she and Mike both volunteer for countless projects and activities. She is a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, an Eastern Star, a member of Phi Theta Kappa, and Beta Gamma Sigma. She is a member of The Fellowship at Cinco Ranch Church and an active participant in Compassion Katy and Katy Christian Ministries. She is currently working on her next novel which is a work of fiction titled "The Jesus Girls" which should be debuting sometime in 2014.


text:
In tedesco, von // è una preposizione indicante l'appartenenza o la provenienza. In italiano si traduce con "di", "da" o "de".

Legalità dell'uso

In alcuni periodi storici ed in alcune regioni tedesche, venne reso illegale per tutti i non appartenenti alla nobiltà anteporre il prefisso von prima del proprio cognome se non si faceva parte di una famiglia nobile.

Tuttavia nel Medioevo la particella "von" era comunemente integrata nei nomi e largamente utilizzata anche dai borghesi, come indicativo di "proveniente da"; per esempio "Hans von Duisburg" significa Hans da (della città di) Duisburg. Ancora nel XVIII secolo, il conferimento di un titolo nobiliare comportava l'aggiunta della particella van al cognome di nascita, fatto che andava a formare un nuovo cognome ereditato di padre in figlio unitamente al titolo e ai diritti propri del lignaggio (es. Johann August von Starck).

Di conseguenza, oggi non tutti i cognomi che iniziano con "von" sono di famiglie nobili.

Anche in olandese la particella "van", che è di origine comune con "von" non necessariamente indica nobilità, ma una provenienza geografica.

Nel racconto di Thomas Mann La morte a Venezia il protagonista è un famoso romanziere, che inizialmente porta il nome Gustav Aschenbach, modificato successivamente in Gustav von Aschenbach. Questo cambio di nome diventa simbolicamente molto importante per il protagonista del racconto.

Nobiltà
Espressioni comuni della lingua tedesca

cs:Přídomek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The GTSC Annual Meeting is the place to learn about the latest research across specialties in general thoracic surgery. It is an opportunity for you to have one-on-one discussions with experts in the field and connect with your peers. During the Movie Night, Superbowl of X-Rays and invited lectures Candidate, Associate and Senior members of various backgrounds teach about the most current and ground-breaking developments in the field. The meeting is held during the second week of March.
Perched on the Gulf of Mexico in southwest Florida, Naples is well known for its serene settings, high-end shopping, beautiful white sand beaches, world-class culture, and sophisticated dining. We look forward to welcoming you to the 32nd Annual GTSC Meeting in Naples, Florida.
Click here for the "Best Papers of the Year."
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Martin A. Bieber, CPA, spent most of his career as a healthcare executive. He retired as President and CEO of the Kennedy Health System in Southern New Jersey in October, 2013. During his eight years at Kennedy he led the repositioning of this 800 bed health system to be recognized as one of the better quality providers in its market, while substantially improving its financial performance, at a time of historic challenge. Previously, he served as Sr. VP and COO of St. Francis Hospital, the Heart Center for 14 years on Long Island, and 12 years at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City. Mr. Bieber is a Member of the Board of Trustees of Bancroft, a leading nonprofit provider of specialized services for individuals with autism, brain injuries and other intellectual or developmental disabilities serving the Delaware Valley region.
Miriam J. Atkins, MD, FACP is a medical oncologist at Augusta Oncology in Augusta, Georgia. She completed her fellowship in hematology/oncology in 1996 at Brooke Army Medical Center at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, and attained the rank of Major while serving eight years in the United States Army. Prior to leaving the Army, Dr. Atkins was the Associate Director of the Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Unit and a member of the Clinical Faculty in Brooke, Virginia. Dr. Atkins worked for Texas Oncology for two years before joining Augusta Oncology in 2000. She currently holds a board seat on the Community Oncology Alliance and is a member at large for the executive committee of this organization.
Deanna Banks is a trusted advisor in the healthcare industry with more than 25 years of experience as a human capital consultant and diversity thought leader. A Principal with Furst Group, a leading retained executive search firm, her practice comprises leading hospital systems, academic medical centers and health insurance and managed government programs. Ms. Banks partners and consults with boards of directors and chief executive officers on executive recruitment and retention, succession planning and organizational and leadership development. She leads cultural diversity initiatives by educating leaders and organizations on successfully attracting, promoting and retaining ethnically diverse executives. Ms. Banks has given presentations on executive development and other leadership topics at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business, the American College of Healthcare Executives, the National Association of Health Services Executives and the Bluford Healthcare Leadership Institute. She serves on the boards of several nonprofit organizations and has a Bachelor of Science degree in business management from the University of Maryland.
Wendy Bullington, PharmD, is an internal medicine pharmacist at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) in Charleston, SC. She completed her PharmD at MUSC and then completed a two-year Pharmacotherapy Specialty Residency. She is board certified in Pharmacotherapy and spends the majority of her time dedicated to direct patient care. She is very involved with the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, serving on their Strategic Action Planning Team and the Medication Adherence Strategic Planning Committee. She is currently a Champion for the Partnerships for Sustaining Daily Care Initiative. Her primary interests are cystic fibrosis and non-tuberculosis mycobacterial diseases..
Jonas A. de Souza, MD, MBA is a medical oncologist and Medical Director, Office of the Chief Medical Officer at Humana. Previously, he was Assistant Professor of Medicine at the University of Chicago. He is originally from Brazil and attended the University of Texas Houston for his internal medicine residency. He then pursued a medical oncology fellowship at The University of Chicago and holds a Master in Business Administration from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. His research is focused on patient-centered outcomes and value-based healthcare, including the financial toxicity due to cancer and its treatments, value-based reimbursement models and personalized value.
Constance Garcia, MA, has a broad background innovating the delivery of health care services to high risk, hard to reach populations in a variety of settings including inner city hospitals, community-based health centers and the New York City Department of Health. She pioneered the establishment of primary care medical homes in senior citizen centers, public schools and homeless shelters and has held senior positions at CIGNA and Aetna managed care corporations, where she was responsible for launching their Medicare line of business. Ms. Garcia served as consultant in planning a 200-bed hospital and making operational an ambulatory care center in Caracas, Venezuela, where she lived with her family for seven years. Ms. Garcia currently serves as Lecturer in the Department of Health Sciences at Lehman College of the City University of New York.
Jeffrey King, JD, MBA, is General Counsel of Sentara Healthcare, an integrated healthcare system comprised of 12 hospitals, a health plan, medical groups, outpatient centers, nursing homes and assisted-living centers, home health, hospice, medical transport and a college of health sciences. Sentara Healthcare has almost 30,000 employees and approximately $7 billion in assets and $5.3 billion in annual revenues. Prior to joining Sentara, Mr. King practiced with the law firm of Haynes and Boone, in its Dallas and Austin offices. He has degrees from the Duke University School of Law and the Fuqua Graduate School of Business at Duke.
Grant D. Lawless, RPh, MD, FACP, is Associate Professor of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, in addition to graduate Program Director for the Master of Science degree in "Healthcare Decision Analysis" at the University of Southern California. Previously, he served as Executive Director for National Accounts Managed Care, Director of Healtheconomics and Outcomes Research at Amgen, Executive Director for Managed Care Marketing, Vice President for Medical and Pharmacy Affairs, and Chief Medical Officer for Highmark Blue Cross Blue Shield in Pittsburgh, PA. Dr. Lawless's professional experience is in both Internal Medicine and Emergency Medicine. He is Board Certified and Fellow in Internal Medicine, Quality Assurance and Utilization Review, as well as Addiction Medicine. He is also a Registered Pharmacist with specialty certification in Nuclear Medicine.
Nancy McGee, JD, MPH, DrPH, is senior healthcare executive with over 20 years of experience providing leadership and guidance to organizations to help them achieve goals related to providing patients access to innovative, lifesaving and prolonging, products and services. She currently serves as a Principal in the Healthcare and Life Sciences practice of Heidrick & Struggles, where she works with companies to create executive teams that allow leaders to grow and demonstrate their unique talents. Dr. McGee is also an Adjunct Associate Professor in the Public Health Leadership Program at UNC Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health. Previously, she was Executive Vice President at Avalere Health. Dr. McGee earned her DrPH from the University of North Carolina, her MPH from Columbia University, and her JD from Hamline University. She is a Board Member of the Public Health Foundation, UNC Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health and an Alumni Board Member with Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health.
Susan C. Rucker is a seasoned executive with over 30 years of experience managing high-performance teams and growing businesses. Ms. Rucker has held senior management positions at the Raymond A. Mason School of Business at the College of William & Mary, KPMG, Unisys, and Tatum LLC. In addition to managing client service delivery, Ms. Rucker has also managed information technology, recruiting, human resources and accounting and finance functions. Ms. Rucker is the CFO at the Raymond A. Mason School of Business at the College of William & Mary, and also has an independent consulting business where she does executive coaching and strategic consulting for businesses. She serves on the boards of three nonprofit organizations. Ms. Rucker is a certified Professional DynaMetric Programs administrator. She holds a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in Accounting from the College of William and Mary.
Dr. Gary Thomas, MD, MBA is a Board Certified and Fellowship trained Neurologist at the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center in Hershey, Pennsylvania. There he is an Associate Professor and the Director of the Penn State Comprehensive MS Center. He also serves on the Penn State University Faculty Senate. Dr. Thomas is actively involved in MS education at the medical school as Neurology Clerkship Director and the Neurology residency program and in community educational programs in partnership with the MS Society and the MSAA. He serves on the Board of Directors of the Central and Western Pennsylvania MS Society and serves on their clinical Advisory Committee. Dr. Thomas is a member of the Consortium of MS Centers (CMSC) and has served on Committees for that organization as well. Dr. Thomas is a member of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) and serves on the AAN MS section. Dr. Thomas is an active clinician with a busy MS practice.
Kenneth D. Wells, MD, has over 20 years of health care experience, spanning occupational medicine, medical management, public health, family medicine, health education and pharmacy. He currently serves as Corporate Medical Director for the Apache Corporation as well as Medical Director for Wortham Insurance. Dr. Wells is the founder of Alken Health Resources and serves as a member of the board of directors of CHRISTUS Health System. Dr. Wells has held advisory positions with The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, The University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, The University of Texas College of Natural Sciences Advisory Council, The Houston Technology Center, and The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Dr. Wells holds a masters degree in management from Northwestern University, a medical doctorate and masters in public health from the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, and a bachelor's degree in pharmacy from Texas Southern University.


text: REAPING2_CLASS_EXPORT_IMPLEMENT( IRemoveComponentsOnDeathComponent, IRemoveComponentsOnDeathComponent )


text:
https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Fred-Lyon-s-photos-of-old-San-Francisco-in-show-3186154.php
Fred Lyon's photos of old San Francisco in show
By Sam Whiting
Published 4:00 am PDT, Saturday, June 5, 2010
Cable Car turnaround, 1946
Photo: Fred Lyon
After nearly 70 years as a professional photographer, Fred Lyon decided he was due a show of his work. The question was, what work to show?
He looked around his studio, and what called to him was not on the walls but in the bottom drawer of a file cabinet. He got down on his knees, which takes some doing when you are pushing 84, and pulled out a box marked "SF negs." Inside that box were rows of small envelopes, each containing a square 2-inch negative. Most had not been looked at in 50 years.
"I looked at them and I got a little scared," says Lyon, who at first wished he hadn't opened that box because it took two years of sorting and scanning and editing to get from there to here.
This week, 30 prints culled from among thousands of negatives were hung on the fourth floor of 49 Geary St., where "San Francisco Then" composes the opening exhibition at the new Modernbook Gallery.
The images on display are old, but the prints are new. Most of them were never printed in the first place. Made for this show, they range in size from 11 by 14 inches to 30 by 40 inches, and range in year from 1946 to 1953. Lyon chose this era because it was shot in black and white and, most important, because it was the era that was organized and boxed and labeled.
The war was over and everything was new and fresh in the city, including Lyon himself. After the service and a short stint as a New York fashion photographer, he'd come back to where he started, as a teenage assistant at Gabriel Moulin Studio, riding the train in after school at Burlingame High.
"When I got out of the Navy and came back from New York, it was like New Year's Eve," says Lyon, who is now pushing 86 and evokes George Burns in looks, voice and the way he slowly works around to the point of a story. "Everything was wide open, and if you were willing to work, there was a job for you."
The job for Lyon was freelance magazine photographer, a job that did not require being hired or much of a credential beyond a camera and willingness to badger the glossy New York slicks with ideas for photo spreads.
He was always out walking with equipment that goes back so far that he can remember using flash powder. The viewfinder of his Rollieflex was in constant contact with the bridge of his nose. He still bears what he calls "this star here," rubbing it after removing his owl-rims.
"Everywhere you'd carry your camera, there was something begging you, 'Take my picture, mister, take my picture,' " he says. "It was such fun, I couldn't believe it."
Lyon can still feel the fun when he thumbs through the monograph of "San Francisco Then" at the Marina District studio he shares with his wife, Penelope Rozis, an interior designer. Lyon comes in at 7 a.m. and doesn't leave until the clock hits 7 again.
"I've been at this now since I was 14," he says, "and I have to tell you I've never been bored." Except when it came to the notion of writing text for the book.
"I get a little nervous about people who write photographer's statements," he says. "I'm suspicious of people who are overthinking what they are doing."
Still, somebody had to write some words for his book, which is $65 hardbound. His first choice, Herb Caen, is no longer available. So he went begging at the office of his second choice, Willie L. Brown Jr.
"I said, 'I think it could make a real difference in the success of the book and by default, since Herb isn't here, you're Mr. San Francisco,' " Lyon told Brown. " 'I've made my mind up that you are going to do this, and if all else fails, I'm not beyond threatening to blackmail you.' "
This was speaking Da Mayor's language, and the subsequent intro lays it on nice and thick. After two paragraphs about himself, Brown finally gets around to writing about the photographs:
"Call them picture postcards with an edge, with an angle, a point of view and some with a message. Although Fred won't like me to use that word 'message.' He says he looks until he likes what he sees and then he pushes that button. But followers of Fred's long photographic career note that he has been capturing the city's unique, sometimes strange, sometimes loopy, always exciting images for more than 60 years. And I buy on to that."
San Francisco Then: Fred Lyon's photographs from the 1940s and '50s. Through Aug. 28. Modernbook Gallery, 49 Geary St., S.F. (415) 732-0300. www.modernbook.com.


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text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{s: Introduction}

Two-dimensional gravity theories are widely studied \cite{Grumiller:2002nm}. Although the simplifications in two-dimensional gravitational models remove some relevant features of higher dimensional gravitational systems, these also allow more detailed analysis of some physical phenomena. Furthermore these simplifications allow to address some conceptual problems in a simple framework \cite{Grumiller:2002nm}, \cite{Grumiller:2006rc}. Thus among the reasons for analyzing two-dimensional gravity models we enumerate:

\begin{description}
\item[i)]  The models of two-dimensional gravity appear as effective gravity theories in string theory, in spherically symmetric or axial reduction of higher dimensional gravitational systems, and as a limit case in other physical systems  \cite{Grumiller:2002nm}.

\item[ii)] These two-dimensional models reproduce qualitatively many features of the physical phenomena of higher dimensional systems as Hawking evaporation, black hole thermodynamics, and critical collapse \cite{Grumiller:2002nm}, \cite{Grumiller:2006rc}.

\item[iii)]  Two-dimensional gravity is an appropriate framework for testing some ideas about quantum gravity \cite{Grumiller:2002nm}.
\end{description}

Two-dimensional gravity theories have black hole solutions \cite{Grumiller:2002nm} and these two-di\-men\-sion\-al solutions are useful to test some ideas on how to solve  several problems that we find in the physics of black holes, as the origin of their entropies and the information loss problem \cite{Grumiller:2002nm}. Taking into account the usefulness of these two-dimensional black hole solutions, it is appropriate to study other aspects of their behavior, for example, how these two-dimensional black holes react when we slightly perturb them with a test field.

It is well known that when we perturb a black hole with a test field, it oscillates with well defined modes that satisfy the appropriate radiation boundary conditions at the horizon and at the asymptotic region. These decaying modes are called quasinormal modes (QNM in what follows) and their complex frequencies are named quasinormal frequencies (QNF in what follows) \cite{Kokkotas:1999bd}, \cite{Berti:2009kk}.

Near the horizon the QNM boundary condition usually imposed is that the field must be purely ingoing. This condition arises from the fact that classical black holes do not emit radiation. Far from the event horizon the QNM boundary condition that the field must satisfy depends on the asymptotic structure of the black hole. For example, for asymptotically flat black holes we impose that the field must be purely outgoing far from the event horizon, whereas for asymptotically anti-de Sitter black holes we usually impose that the field (or its flux) goes to zero at infinity \cite{Kokkotas:1999bd}, \cite{Berti:2009kk}.

The computations of the QNF are useful to know some properties of the black hole as for example its classical stability \cite{Kokkotas:1999bd}, \cite{Berti:2009kk} and the determination of its entropy quanta \cite{Hod:1998vk}--\cite{Maggiore:2007nq}. Furthermore since the QNF depend on the physical parameters of the black hole as its mass, electric charge, and angular momentum, they give us a tool for determining these physical parameters. Considering the relevance of the two-dimensional black holes \cite{Grumiller:2002nm}, \cite{Grumiller:2006rc}, we think that an useful addition to the known results is the calculation of their QNF.

Taking into account the simplicity of lower dimensional systems we expect that for some lower dimensional black holes their QNF can be calculated exactly. Recently appeared several examples of lower dimensional black holes whose QNF are exactly computed, for example, we are aware of the gravitational systems studied in \cite{Birmingham:2001pj}--\cite{Becar:2010zz}. In these references are calculated exactly the QNF for the three-dimensional BTZ black hole \cite{Birmingham:2001pj}--\cite{Crisostomo:2004hj}, for the three-dimensional dilatonic black holes \cite{Fernando:2003ai}-\cite{Fernando:2009tv}, for the three-dimensional warped AdS(3) black holes \cite{Chen:2009hg}-\cite{Li:2010sv}, for the three-dimensional de Sitter spacetime \cite{Du:2004jt}, \cite{Lopez-Ortega:2006ig}, for the two-dimensional de Sitter spacetime \cite{Zelnikov:2008rg}, and for the two-dimensional Witten black hole \cite{Zelnikov:2008rg}--\cite{Becar:2010zz}.

Furthermore in two dimensions we expect to find relevant results  for a family of black hole solutions. For example,  in \cite{Zelnikov:2008rg} are calculated exactly the QNF for a family of two-dimensional black holes. We also note that in \cite{Kettner:2004aw} Kettner et al.\ compute the asymptotic QNF of the Klein-Gordon field non-minimally coupled to the dilaton propagating in a family of black holes that are solutions to the equations of motion obtained from actions with power law potentials \cite{Cadoni:1995dd}.

Here we investigate whether the massless Klein-Gordon and Dirac fields have well defined QNF in single horizon, asymptotically flat two-dimensional black holes. Furthermore we calculate exactly the QNF of a test Dirac field in Witten black hole. The results about the QNF of the Dirac field in Witten black hole extend those obtained for the Klein-Gordon field \cite{Becar:2007hu}, \cite{LopezOrtega:2009zx} and the massless Dirac field \cite{Becar:2010zz}.

This paper is organized as follows. In Section \ref{s: QNM massless} we analyze whether the massless Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations have solutions that satisfy the boundary conditions of the QNM for single horizon, asymptotically flat two dimensional black holes. For both fields we also calculate the effective potentials of Schr\"odinger type equations and use these potentials to discuss the existence of their QNF. In Section \ref{s: Witten black hole} we exactly calculate the QNF of the Dirac field propagating in the two-dimensional Witten black hole. We also compare our results with other already published on the QNF of this two-dimensional black hole. Finally in Section \ref{s: Summary} we summarize and discuss the obtained results.

\section{Quasinormal modes of massless fields in two-dimensional black holes}
\label{s: QNM massless}

For a generic single horizon, asymptotically flat two-dimensional black hole in this Section we study whether the massless Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations have solutions that satisfy the boundary conditions of the QNM. In what follows we consider two-dimensional black holes with line element
\begin{equation} \label{eq: metric general}
\textrm{d} s^{2}=f\textrm{d} t^{2}-\frac{\textrm{d} r^{2}}{g},
\end{equation}
with $f$ and $g$ being functions of the $r$ coordinate. We assume that the functions $f$ and $g$ allow the existence of an event horizon at $r=r_H$ and when $r \to + \infty$ the spacetime is asymptotically flat.

Furthermore we define the appropriate tortoise coordinate $x$ for spacetime (\ref{eq: metric general}) by
\begin{equation}
\label{eq: tortoise coordinate general}
 x = \int \frac{\textrm{d} r}{\sqrt{f g}},
\end{equation}
and we assume that it satisfies
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq: conditions tortoise}
 \lim_{r \to r_H} x \to - \infty , \qquad \quad  \lim_{r  \to + \infty} x \to + \infty,
\end{eqnarray}
thus $x \in (-\infty, +\infty)$ as $r \in (r_H, +\infty)$.

An example of black hole that satisfies the conditions that we have imposed on the background is the two-dimensional Schwarzschild black hole for which
\begin{equation}
 f(r) = g(r) = 1 - \frac{2 M}{r},
\end{equation}
where $r$ is the radial coordinate, $M$ is related to the mass of the black hole, and it has an event horizon at $r_H = 2 M$. From formula (\ref{eq: tortoise coordinate general}) we find that for the two-dimensional Schwarzschild black hole the tortoise coordinate is equal to
\begin{equation}
 x = r + 2 M \ln(r -2 M),
\end{equation}
and we note that it satisfies conditions (\ref{eq: conditions tortoise}).

For these black holes we define the QNM of test fields as the oscillations that satisfy the boundary conditions:
\begin{description}
\item[a)] The oscillations are purely ingoing near the event horizon.

\item[b)] The oscillations are purely outgoing at infinity.
\end{description}

Let us begin with the  minimally coupled Klein-Gordon field that for mass different from zero satisfies the equation
\begin{equation} \label{eq: Klein-Gordon}
\left(\square + m^{2}\right) \Phi = 0 ,
\end{equation}
where $\square$ denotes the two-dimensional d'Alembertian and $m$ is the mass of the Klein-Gordon field. For solving  the  Klein-Gordon equation in the two-dimensional metric (\ref{eq: metric general}) we propose a separable solution of the form
\begin{equation}
\label{eq: separation KG}
\Phi(r,t) = R(r)e^{-i\omega t},
\end{equation}
to find that Eq.\ (\ref{eq: Klein-Gordon}) reduces to the radial differential equation
\begin{equation} \label{eq: KG massive radial}
  \frac{\omega^2}{f} R   + \sqrt{\frac{g}{f}}\frac{\textrm{d} }{\textrm{d} r} \left( \sqrt{gf} \frac{\textrm{d} R}{\textrm{d} r} \right)  - m^2 R = 0.
\end{equation}

Using the tortoise coordinate (\ref{eq: tortoise coordinate general}) for the line element (\ref{eq: metric general}) we get that in the massless limit Eq.\ (\ref{eq: KG massive radial}) may be written as
\begin{equation} \label{eq: equation Schrodinger massless}
\frac{\textrm{d}^{2} R}{\textrm{d} x^{2}}+\omega^{2} R = 0,
\end{equation}
whose solutions are
\begin{equation} \label{eq: radial massless KG}
 R = A e^{i \omega x} + B e^{- i \omega x},
\end{equation}
where $A$ and $B$ are constants.

If the tortoise coordinate satisfies the previously enumerated conditions in formulas (\ref{eq: conditions tortoise}), then the first term in (\ref{eq: radial massless KG}) is an outgoing wave near the event horizon and at infinity. The second term in formula (\ref{eq: radial massless KG}) is an ingoing wave near the event horizon and at infinity. Thus the solutions (\ref{eq: radial massless KG}) can not satisfy the boundary conditions of the QNMs for asymptotically flat black holes and we obtain that the massless Klein-Gordon field does not have well defined QNM in a single horizon, asymptotically flat two-dimensional black hole.

Now we study the massless Dirac field. We first note that in metric (\ref{eq: metric general}) the Dirac equation reduces to a pair of coupled partial differential equations and that these equations decouple in the massless limit. To see this fact we write the Dirac equation
\begin{equation} \label{eq: Dirac equation}
i {\slash \negthinspace \negthinspace \negthinspace \nabla} \Psi= m \Psi,
\end{equation}
in the two-dimensional metric (\ref{eq: metric general}) and use the method of Ref.\ \cite{LopezOrtega:2009qc} to reduce the Dirac equation to ordinary differential equations. As usual, $\Psi$ is a two-spinor, ${\slash \negthinspace \negthinspace \negthinspace \nabla}$ denotes the Dirac operator, and $m$ is the mass of the fermion field. The Dirac operator is given by ${\slash \negthinspace \negthinspace \negthinspace \nabla} = \gamma^\mu \nabla_\mu$ where $\nabla_\mu$ denotes the covariant derivative, the matrices $\gamma^\mu$ satisfy $\gamma^\mu \gamma^\nu + \gamma^\nu \gamma^\mu = 2 g^{\mu \nu}$, and in two dimensions they are square $ 2 \times 2$ matrices. See \cite{Becar:2010zz}, \cite{Mann:1991md}, \cite{Morsink:1991qr} for other studies on the Dirac field propagating in two-dimensional spacetimes.

To simplify the Dirac equation first we factor out the function $f$ in metric (\ref{eq: metric general}). Thus
\begin{equation} \label{eq: metric factor}
\textrm{d} s^{2} = f \left( \textrm{d} t^{2}-\frac{ \textrm{d} r^{2} }{ f g} \right) = f \textrm{d} \tilde{s}^2,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation} \label{eq: reduced metric}
 \textrm{d} \tilde{s}^2 = \textrm{d} t^{2}-\frac{ \textrm{d} r^{2} }{ f g} .
\end{equation}
Note that under a conformal transformation of metric (\ref{eq: metric general}), that is
\begin{equation}
 g_{\mu \nu} = f \tilde{g}_{\mu \nu},
\end{equation}
if we change the two spinor, the Dirac operator, and the mass in the form
\begin{align} \label{eq: transformations}
\Psi=\frac{1}{f^{1/4}} \tilde{\Psi} ,     \qquad \quad
{\slash \negthinspace \negthinspace \negthinspace \nabla} \Psi = \frac{1}{f^{3/4}} \tilde{{\slash \negthinspace \negthinspace \negthinspace \nabla}} \tilde{\Psi},   \qquad \quad
m=\frac{1}{f^{1/2}} \tilde{m},
\end{align}
then the quantities $\tilde{\Psi}$, $\tilde{{\slash \negthinspace \negthinspace \negthinspace \nabla}} \tilde{\Psi}$, and $\tilde{m}$ satisfy the Dirac equation in spacetime (\ref{eq: reduced metric}) \cite{LopezOrtega:2009qc}.

Using the tortoise coordinate (\ref{eq: tortoise coordinate general}) we get that metric (\ref{eq: reduced metric}) takes the form
\begin{equation}
\label{eq: metric Minkowski}
\textrm{d} \tilde{s}^{2} = \textrm{d} t^{2} - \textrm{d} x^{2},
\end{equation}
and exploiting the chiral representation for the $\gamma^\mu$ matrices
\begin{align} \label{eq: gamma matrices}
 \gamma^{0} = \gamma^{t} = \left( \begin{array}{cc}
0 & 1 \\
1 & 0 \end{array} \right),  \qquad \quad
 \gamma^{1}= \gamma^{r} =\left( \begin{array}{cc}
0 &-1 \\
1 & 0 \end{array} \right),
\end{align}
we find that the Dirac equation reduces to the pair of coupled partial differential equations
 \begin{align} \label{eq: Dirac coupled}
\partial_{t} \tilde{\Psi}_{2} - \partial_{x} \tilde{\Psi}_{2}= -i m \sqrt{f} \tilde{\Psi}_{1}, \nonumber \\
\partial_{t} \tilde{\Psi}_{1}  + \partial_{x} \tilde{\Psi}_{1}= -i m \sqrt{f} \tilde{\Psi}_{2} ,
\end{align}
for the components $\tilde{\Psi}_{1}$ and $\tilde{\Psi}_{2}$ of the two-dimensional spinor
\begin{equation} \label{eq: two spinor}
 \tilde{\Psi} = \left(\begin{array}{c}
\tilde{\Psi}_{1}\\
\tilde{\Psi}_{2}  \end{array} \right).
\end{equation}

In the massless limit the previous system of coupled equations simplifies to the decoupled equations
\begin{align} \label{eq: massless limit Dirac}
\partial_{t} \tilde{\Psi}_{2} - \partial_{x} \tilde{\Psi}_{2}= 0, \nonumber \\
\partial_{t} \tilde{\Psi}_{1}  + \partial_{x} \tilde{\Psi}_{1}= 0 ,
\end{align}
or written in an equivalent form
\begin{align} \label{eq: massless limit Dirac 2}
\partial_{t} \tilde{\Psi}_{2} -  \sqrt{f g} \partial_{r}  \tilde{\Psi}_{2}= 0, \nonumber \\
\partial_{t} \tilde{\Psi}_{1}  + \sqrt{f g} \partial_{r}  \tilde{\Psi}_{1}= 0 .
\end{align}

Taking the components $\tilde{\Psi}_{1}$ and $\tilde{\Psi}_{2}$ of the two spinor as
\begin{equation} \label{eq: Dirac ansatz}
\tilde{\Psi}_{s}(x,t) = R_{s}(x)e^{-i\omega t},  \qquad \quad s=1,2,
\end{equation}
we obtain that Eqs.\ (\ref{eq: massless limit Dirac}) transform into
\begin{align}
\frac{\textrm{d} R_{2}}{\textrm{d} x} + i\omega R_{2} &=0,\nonumber\\
\frac{\textrm{d} R_{1}}{\textrm{d} x} -i\omega R_{1} &=0,
\end{align}
whose solutions are
\begin{align} \label{eq: solutions tortoise}
R_{1} = A e^{i\omega x} ,  \qquad \qquad
R_{2} = B e^{-i\omega x},
\end{align}
with $A$ and $B$ constants.

Thus in the massless limit the function $R_1$ represents a purely outgoing wave near the horizon and far from the horizon, in a similar way the function $R_2$ represents a purely ingoing wave near the horizon and far from the horizon. Therefore the massless Dirac field can not satisfy the boundary conditions for the QNM of generic single horizon, asymptotically flat two-dimensional black holes.

To get these results we only assume that the two-dimensional black holes (\ref{eq: metric general}) have a single horizon, they are asymptotically flat, and their tortoise coordinates (\ref{eq: tortoise coordinate general}) satisfy conditions (\ref{eq: conditions tortoise}).

The previous results show that in single horizon, asymptotically flat two dimensional black holes, the massless Klein-Gordon and Dirac fields do not have modes that satisfy the boundary conditions of the QNM. Notice that the previous result is valid only for the QNM that satisfy the conditions a) and b) and that for the two dimensional black holes whose QNM satisfy other boundary conditions, we may find that the massless Klein-Gordon and Dirac fields have well defined QNF frequencies. Furthermore this result points out that  in two dimensional black holes it is necessary to analyze in detail the process of calculation for the QNF of the massive and massless fields, because it is possible that the QNF of the massless field can not be obtained  from the QNF of the massive field by a limiting procedure.

We notice that an equivalent result is obtained for the Dirac and Klein-Gordon fields propagating in the three-dimensional extreme BTZ black hole \cite{Crisostomo:2004hj}. Moreover a similar result is true for the Klein-Gordon field that propagates in a five-dimensional dilatonic black hole. For this spacetime in Ref.\ \cite{LopezOrtega:2009zx} it is shown that for the $s$ wave of the massless Klein-Gordon field we can not satisfy the boundary conditions of the QNM.

For single horizon, asymptotically flat two-dimensional black holes that are solutions to the  equations of motion derived from actions with power law potentials \cite{Cadoni:1995dd}, in Ref.\ \cite{Kettner:2004aw} Kettner et al.\ calculate the asymptotic QNF of the massless Klein-Gordon field. They find well defined asymptotic QNF and their conclusions do not contradict the previous results because in \cite{Kettner:2004aw} they calculate the asymptotic QNF of the massless Klein-Gordon field non-minimally coupled to the dilaton field and here we analyze the minimally coupled Klein-Gordon field.

To support our previous results, in what follows we present the effective potentials \cite{Chandrasekhar book} for the radial equations of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac fields propagating in two dimensional spacetime with metric (\ref{eq: metric general}). For the massive Klein-Gordon field we note that the radial differential equation (\ref{eq: KG massive radial}) may be transformed into
\begin{equation} \label{eq: KG radial tortoise massive}
\frac{\textrm{d}^{2} R }{\textrm{d} x^{2}} + \omega^{2}  R = V R,
\end{equation}
where the effective potential $V$ is equal to
\begin{equation} \label{eq: potential KG}
V= m^{2} f.
\end{equation}

For the Dirac field, if we make the ansatz (\ref{eq: Dirac ansatz}), then we find that the system of coupled differential equations (\ref{eq: Dirac coupled}) reduces to
\begin{align} \label{eq: Dirac coupled massive}
&\frac{\textrm{d} R_{2} }{\textrm{d} x} + i\omega R_{2} = i\sqrt{f}mR_{1},\nonumber\\
&\frac{\textrm{d} R_{1} }{\textrm{d} x} - i\omega R_{1} =-i\sqrt{f}mR_{2}.
\end{align}
Changing the functions $R_1$ and $R_2$ by
\begin{align}
 R_1  = e^{i \pi /4} \tilde{R}_1,  \qquad \qquad R_2   = e^{- i \pi /4} \tilde{R}_2,
\end{align}
we obtain that the new functions $\tilde{R}_1$ and $\tilde{R}_2$ satisfy the coupled differential equations
\begin{align} \label{eq: Dirac coupled potential}
&\frac{\textrm{d} \tilde{R}_{2} }{\textrm{d} x} + i\omega \tilde{R}_{2} = - \sqrt{f}m \tilde{R}_{1},\nonumber\\
&\frac{\textrm{d} \tilde{R}_{1} }{\textrm{d} x} - i\omega \tilde{R}_{1} = - \sqrt{f} m \tilde{R}_{2} .
\end{align}

Following Chandrasekhar \cite{Chandrasekhar book} we define
\begin{align}
 W  = - m \sqrt{f}, \qquad \qquad
Z_{\pm}  = \tilde{R}_{1} \pm \tilde{R}_{2} ,
\end{align}
to find that the functions $Z_{\pm}$ satisfy Schr\"odinger type equations
\begin{equation} \label{eq: Dirac Schrodinger}
\frac{\textrm{d}^{2}Z_{\pm} }{\textrm{d} x^{2}} + \omega^{2} Z_{\pm} = V_{\pm} Z_{\pm} ,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation} \label{eq: potentials Dirac}
V_{\pm} = W^{2} \pm \frac{\textrm{d} W}{\textrm{d} x} = m^{2}f \mp \frac{m}{2} \sqrt{g}\frac{\textrm{d} f }{\textrm{d} r} = V \mp \frac{m}{2} \sqrt{g}\frac{\textrm{d} f }{\textrm{d} r}.
\end{equation}

Notice that for the massive Klein-Gordon field the effective potential (\ref{eq: potential KG}) does not depend on the function $g$ which appears in the black hole metric (\ref{eq: metric general}), in contrast, for the Dirac field the effective potentials (\ref{eq: potentials Dirac}) depend on the function $g$. We also note that in the massless limit the effective potentials (\ref{eq: potential KG}) and (\ref{eq: potentials Dirac}) go to zero. Thus in metric (\ref{eq: metric general}) the radial functions of the massless Klein-Gordon and Dirac fields satisfy free Schr\"odinger type equations. This fact is consistent with the absence of QNM for the massless Klein-Gordon and Dirac field in single horizon, asymptotically flat  two dimensional black holes. Furthermore when in \cite{Kettner:2004aw} the coupling function between the Klein-Gordon field and the dilaton is a constant, we get that in radial Schr\"odinger type equation the effective potential goes to zero.

Finally, from the coupled equations (\ref{eq: Dirac coupled massive}) for the Dirac field we can get decoupled equations for the radial functions $R_1$ and $R_2$. The decoupled equations can be written in a similar form
\begin{equation} \label{e: radial Dirac general decoupled}
 g \frac{\textrm{d}^2 R_s}{\textrm{d} r^2} + \sqrt{g} \left( \frac{\textrm{d} \sqrt{g}}{\textrm{d} r} \right)\frac{\textrm{d} R_s}{\textrm{d} r} \pm i \omega \sqrt{g} \left( \frac{\textrm{d} }{\textrm{d} r} \frac{1}{\sqrt{f} } \right) R_s + \frac{\omega^2 R_s}{f} - m^2 R_s = 0,
\end{equation}
with $s=1,2$ and take the upper sign for $R_2$ and the lower sign for $R_1$. As far as we know the results of this Section have not been published.

\section{Quasinormal frequencies of the Dirac field in Witten black hole}
\label{s: Witten black hole}

A well studied two-dimensional spacetime is the uncharged Witten black hole \cite{Grumiller:2002nm}, \cite{Witten:1991yr}, \cite{Mandal:1991tz}, \cite{McGuigan:1991qp}, whose metric and dilaton are
\begin{align} \label{eq: metric Witten}
 \textrm{d} s^2  = \left(1-e^{-r}\right)\textrm{d} t^{2}-\frac{\textrm{d} r^{2}}{\left(1-e^{-r}\right)}, \qquad \qquad
\phi  = \phi_0 - \frac{r}{2},
\end{align}
where $\phi_0$ is a constant.\footnote{Sometimes this black hole is called CGHS dilaton black hole \cite{Zelnikov:2008rg}.} This black hole is asymptotically flat and it has a horizon at $r_H = 0$ \cite{Witten:1991yr}, \cite{Mandal:1991tz}.

The propagation of test fields in the two-dimensional black hole (\ref{eq: metric Witten}) is analyzed in several papers, for example \cite{Zelnikov:2008rg}--\cite{Becar:2010zz}, \cite{Hsu:1992xt}--\cite{Frolov:1991ji}, mainly to study its classical and quantum stability. As the Witten black hole has a single horizon and is asymptotically flat, its QNM are the oscillations that satisfy the boundary conditions a) and b) of the previous section, (but see formula (\ref{eq: condition ratio omega}) below).

In Witten black hole for the coupled to scalar curvature massive Klein-Gordon field its QNF are calculated by Becar et al.\ in \cite{Becar:2007hu}, but as noted in \cite{LopezOrtega:2009zx}, there are additional QNF to those found in \cite{Becar:2007hu} (also these can be written in a simpler form \cite{LopezOrtega:2009zx}). The QNF of the non-minimally coupled to scalar curvature massive Klein-Gordon field are equal to \cite{Becar:2007hu}, \cite{LopezOrtega:2009zx}
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq: QNF Klein-Gordon}
\omega &= -\frac{i}{4} \left[ 2n + 1 \pm  \sqrt{1-4\zeta} - \frac{4 m^2}{2n + 1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 4 \zeta}}\right] ,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\zeta$ is the coupling constant to scalar curvature.  For the Witten black hole the QNF of the massless Dirac field are calculated in \cite{Becar:2010zz}, here we calculate the QNF of the Dirac field and comment on the existence of the QNF for the massless Dirac field  at the end of this Section. Furthermore notice that in \cite{Li:2001ct} the QNF of the charged Witten black hole \cite{McGuigan:1991qp} are calculated using the WKB method.

The metric of the Witten black hole takes the form (\ref{eq: metric general}) with
\begin{equation} \label{eq: f g Witten}
 f(r) = g(r) = 1 - e^{-r} ,
\end{equation}
therefore proposing separable solutions  as those of formula (\ref{eq: Dirac ansatz}), from (\ref{eq: Dirac coupled}) we find that in Witten black hole the Dirac equation  simplifies to
\begin{align} \label{eq: Dirac Witten radial}
(1 - e^{-r}) \frac{\textrm{d} R_{2} }{\textrm{d} r} + i\omega R_{2} &=  i m \sqrt{1 - e^{-r}} R_{1}, \nonumber\\
(1 - e^{-r}) \frac{\textrm{d} R_{1} }{\textrm{d} r} - i\omega R_{1} &= - i m \sqrt{1 - e^{-r}} R_{2}.
\end{align}

From this system of coupled equations for the radial functions $ R_{1}$ and $R_{2}$ we can get the decoupled equations (see also Eqs.\ (\ref{e: radial Dirac general decoupled}))
\begin{equation} \label{eq: radial equations Witten}
(1 - \textrm{e}^{-r}) \frac{\textrm{d}^{2} R_{s} }{\textrm{d} r^{2}} +   \frac{\textrm{e}^{-r}}{2} \frac{\textrm{d} R_{s} }{\textrm{d} r} - \frac{i \omega \nu  \textrm{e}^{-r}}{2 (1 - \textrm{e}^{-r}) }  R_{s} + \frac{\omega^{2}}{ 1 - \textrm{e}^{-r}} R_{s}  - m^{2} R_{s}=0,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation} \label{eq: nu}
 \nu = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
1 & \,\, \mbox{for  } s=2 ,\\
-1 & \,\, \mbox{for  } s=1 . \end{array} \right.
\end{equation}
As for the Klein-Gordon field \cite{Becar:2007hu}, \cite{Frolov:2000jh} in Eqs.\ (\ref{eq: radial equations Witten}) we make the change of variable
\begin{equation} \label{eq: z r Witten}
 z = 1 - e^{-r},
\end{equation}
to find that these equations transform into
\begin{equation} \label{eq: radial Witten z}
\frac{\textrm{d}^{2} R_s }{\textrm{d} z^{2}} + \left(\frac{1}{2z} - \frac{1}{1-z}\right)\frac{\textrm{d} R_s }{\textrm{d} z} - \frac{i \omega \nu R_s}{2 z^{2} \left(1 -z \right) } + \frac{\omega^{2} R_s }{z^{2} \left(1 - z\right)^{2}} - \frac{m^{2} R_s }{z \left(1-z \right)^{2}}  =0.
\end{equation}

To solve these differential equations we propose that the functions $R_s$ take the form
\begin{equation} \label{eq: R ansatz}
R_s (z) = z^{\alpha_s} (1-z)^{\beta_s} F_s (z).
\end{equation}
If the parameters $\alpha_s$ and $\beta_s$ satisfy the equations
\begin{align} \label{eq: alpha beta Witten}
\alpha^{2}_s - \frac{\alpha_s}{2} + \omega^{2} - \frac{i\omega\nu}{2} = 0  , \qquad \qquad
 \beta_s^{2} +  \omega^{2} - m^{2} =0,
\end{align}
thus
\begin{align} \label{eq: alpha beta Dirac}
\alpha_s =  \left\{ \begin{array}{l} i \omega \nu + \tfrac{1}{2},   \\ \\ - i \omega \nu, \end{array}\right. \qquad \quad
\beta_s  =  \left\{ \begin{array}{l}  \sqrt{ m^2 - \omega^2 } , \\ \\ -  \sqrt{ m^2 - \omega^2 } , \end{array}\right.
\end{align}
then the functions $F_s$ are solutions of the differential equations
\begin{align} \label{eq: radial F Witten}
z(1-z) \frac{\textrm{d}^{2}F_s}{\textrm{d} z^{2}} & +  \left(2 \alpha_s + \frac{1}{2} -  \left(2 \alpha_s + 2\beta_s + \frac{3}{2} \right) z \right)  \frac{\textrm{d} F_s}{\textrm{d} z} \nonumber \\
& + \left(2\omega^{2} - \alpha_s - \frac{i \omega \nu}{2}  - m^{2} - 2 \beta_s \alpha_s - \frac{\beta_s}{2}\right) F_s = 0.
\end{align}
We can transform the previous equations to the hypergeometric form \cite{Abramowitz-book}, \cite{Guo-book}
\begin{equation} \label{eq: hypergeometric equation}
 z(1-z)\frac{\textrm{d}^2 F}{\textrm{d} z^2} + (c -(a+b+1)z)\frac{\textrm{d} F}{\textrm{d} z} - a b F = 0 ,
\end{equation}
with parameters
\begin{align} \label{eq: a b c Dirac}
a_s = \alpha_s + \beta_s +\tfrac{1}{2},\qquad \quad
b_s =  \alpha_s + \beta_s, \qquad \quad
c_s = 2 \alpha_s +\tfrac{1}{2}.
\end{align}

In what follows we study in detail the component $\tilde{\Psi}_2$ ($\nu=1$) and choose the values of the parameters $\alpha_2$ and $\beta_2$ as
\begin{align} \label{eq: alpha beta Dirac 2}
\alpha_2 = i \omega + \tfrac{1}{2},  \qquad \qquad  \qquad
\beta_2 = \sqrt{m^{2}-\omega^{2}} .
\end{align}
If the parameter $c_2$ is not integer, then the solutions of Eq.\ (\ref{eq: radial F Witten}) with $s=2$ are \cite{Abramowitz-book}, \cite{Guo-book}
\begin{equation} \label{eq: }
F_2 (z) = \tilde{C}_{1} \, {}_{2} F_{1}(a_2,b_2;c_2;z) + \tilde{C}_{2} \, z ^{1-c_2}  {}_{2} F_{1}(a_2-c_2+1,b_2-c_2+1;2-c_2;z),
\end{equation}
with $\tilde{C}_1$, $\tilde{C}_2$ constants, ${}_{2} F_{1}(a,b;c;z)$ is the hypergeometric function and hence the radial function $R_2$ becomes
\begin{align} \label{eq: radial 2 Dirac}
R_2 &= \tilde{C}_{1} z^{ i\omega + 1/2} (1-z)^{\sqrt{m^{2} - \omega^{2}}} {}_{2}F_{1} (a_2,b_2;c_2;z) \nonumber \\
& + \tilde{C}_{2}z^{-i\omega}(1-z)^{\sqrt{m^{2} - \omega^{2}}} {}_{2}F_{1} (a_2-c_2+1,b_2-c_2+1;2-c_2;z).
\end{align}

Notice that the variable $z$ satisfies
\begin{equation}
 z = 0 \,\, \mbox{ at }  \,\, r = r_H, \qquad \qquad z \,\,  \to 1 \mbox{ as }  \,\, r \to \infty ,
\end{equation}
therefore we find that near the horizon the radial function $R_2$ behaves as
\begin{equation} \label{eq: approximation horizon Dirac}
 R_2  \approx \tilde{C}_{1} z^{i\omega + 1/2 } + \tilde{C}_{2} z^{- i\omega} \approx \tilde{C}_{1} e^{ i \omega x + x/2} + \tilde{C}_{2} e^{-i\omega x},
\end{equation}
where $x$ is the tortoise coordinate (\ref{eq: tortoise coordinate general}) for the Witten black hole and is given by
\begin{equation} \label{eq: Witten tortoise}
 x = \ln(e^r - 1).
\end{equation}

From (\ref{eq: Dirac ansatz}) we point out that the time dependence of the Dirac field is $\textrm{exp}(-i \omega t)$, therefore we obtain that in the near horizon expression (\ref{eq: approximation horizon Dirac}) for $R_2$, the first term is an outgoing wave, whereas the second term is an ingoing wave. Near the horizon the boundary condition of the QNM  imposes that the field must be purely ingoing, thus we take $\tilde{C}_1=0$. Hence the radial function $R_2$ takes the form
 \begin{equation} \label{eq: radial 2 Dirac Witten}
R_2 = \tilde{C}_{2} z^{-i\omega }(1-z)^{\sqrt{m^{2}-\omega^{2}}} {}_{2}F_{1} (A_2, B_2; C_2; z),
\end{equation}
with
\begin{align} \label{eq: Dirac new parameters}
A_2 = a_2-c_2+1, \qquad \quad
B_2 = b_2-c_2+1, \qquad \quad
C_2 &= 2-c_2 .
\end{align}

As is well known, when $c$ is not a negative integer and $c - a -b$ is not an integer the hypergeometric function ${}_{2}F_{1}(a,b;c;z)$ satisfies Kummer's property \cite{Abramowitz-book}, \cite{Guo-book}
\begin{align} \label{eq: hypergeometric property z 1-z}
{}_2F_1(a,b;c;z) &= \frac{\Gamma(c) \Gamma(c-a-b)}{\Gamma(c-a) \Gamma(c - b)} {}_2 F_1 (a,b;a+b+1-c;1-z) \nonumber \\
&+ \frac{\Gamma(c) \Gamma( a + b - c)}{\Gamma(a) \Gamma(b)} (1-z)^{c-a -b} {}_2F_1(c-a, c-b; c + 1 -a-b; 1 -z),
\end{align}
where $\Gamma(a)$ denotes the gamma function.

Taking into account Kummer's property we write the radial function $R_2$ as
\begin{align} \label{eq: radial Dirac Kummer}
R_2 & = \tilde{C}_{2} z^{- i\omega} (1-z)^{\sqrt{m^{2} - \omega^{2}}} \frac{\Gamma(C_2) \Gamma(C_2-A_2-B_2)}{\Gamma(C_2-A_2) \Gamma(C_2-B_2)} {}_{2}F_{1} (A_2,B_2;A_2+B_2-C_2+1;1-z)  \nonumber \\
& + \tilde{C}_{2} z^{- i\omega} (1-z)^{-\sqrt{m^{2} - \omega^{2}}} \frac{\Gamma(C_2) \Gamma(A_2+B_2-C_2)}{\Gamma(A_2) \Gamma(B_2)} \nonumber \\
& \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \times {}_{2}F_{1} (C_2-A_2,C_2- B_2;C_2-A_2-B_2+1;1-z).
\end{align}
As $r \to + \infty$ ($z \to 1$) the previous expression simplifies to (note that as $z \to 1$, we can use the approximation $1-z \approx e^{-x}$)
\begin{align} \label{eq: approximation radial infinity}
R_2 & \approx  \frac{\Gamma(C_2)\Gamma(C_2-A_2-B_2)}{\Gamma(C_2-A_2)\Gamma(C_2-B_2)} e^{-\sqrt{m^{2}-\omega^{2}} x} + \frac{\Gamma(C_2)\Gamma(A_2+B_2-C_2)}{\Gamma(A_2)\Gamma(B_2)}e^{\sqrt{m^{2}-\omega^{2}} x} .
\end{align}

To determine precisely what is the ingoing or outgoing wave, we assume that
\begin{equation} \label{eq: condition ratio omega}
 \frac{\sqrt{\omega^{2} - m^{2}} }{\omega} > 0,
\end{equation}
to find that as $r \to + \infty$ the first term of (\ref{eq: approximation radial infinity}) is an ingoing wave, whereas the second is an outgoing wave \cite{Ohashi:2004wr}. The boundary condition of the QNM imposes that we have only outgoing waves at infinity. Taking into account the properties of the gamma function we must satisfy the condition
\begin{equation} \label{eq: Dirac conditions QNF}
C_2-A_2= -n, \qquad \textrm{or} \qquad C_2-B_2 = -n, \qquad n = 0, 1, 2, \dots
\end{equation}

From the previous equations we find that for the component $\tilde{\Psi_2}$ of the Dirac field its QNF are equal to
\begin{align} \label{eq: QNF Dirac 2}
\omega_{2} = - \frac{i}{2n} \left(n^{2} - m^{2} \right), \qquad \qquad
\omega_{2} = - \frac{i}{2\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)} \left(\left(n + \tfrac{1}{2} \right)^{2} -m^{2} \right).
\end{align}
Notice that for the first set of the previous QNF we must take $n=1,2,3,\dots$. Using a similar method we find that for the component $\tilde{\Psi_1}$ of the Dirac field its QNF are
\begin{align} \label{eq: QNF Dirac 1}
\omega_{1} = -\frac{i}{2(n+1)} \left( (n+1)^{2} - m^{2} \right),  \qquad
\omega_{1} = -\frac{i}{2\left(n +\tfrac{1}{2}\right)} \left(\left( n + \tfrac{1}{2} \right)^{2} -m^{2}\right) ,
\end{align}
with $n=0,1,2,\dots$.

Thus for the components $\tilde{\Psi}_1$ and $\tilde{\Psi}_2$ we find that their QNF are purely imaginary as those of Refs.\ \cite{Fernando:2003ai}--\cite{Zelnikov:2008rg}. We also note that $\tilde{\Psi}_1$ and $\tilde{\Psi}_2$ have one set of QNF that coincides with one set of the QNF for the minimally coupled Klein-Gordon field of the same mass (\ref{eq: QNF Klein-Gordon}), but both components $\tilde{\Psi}_1$ and $\tilde{\Psi}_2$ have an additional set of QNF, and this additional set is different from the QNF of the minimally coupled massive Klein-Gordon field. This result illustrates that even in two dimensions the Klein-Gordon and Dirac fields have different responses to the gravitational fields.

We say that the QNM are stable when their amplitudes decrease as time increases. From time dependence taken in formulas (\ref{eq: separation KG}) and (\ref{eq: Dirac ansatz}) we obtain that the QNM are stable for $\omega_I < 0$, where $\omega_I$ denotes the imaginary part of the QNF. For the Witten black hole we find that the QNM of the component $\tilde{\Psi}_1$ are stable when
\begin{equation} \label{eq: stability Dirac 1}
 n > m-\tfrac{1}{2},
\end{equation}
and the QNM of the component $\tilde{\Psi}_2$ are stable when
\begin{equation} \label{eq: stability Dirac 2}
 n > m \qquad \textrm{for} \qquad  n \geq 1 \qquad \textrm{and} \qquad \tfrac{1}{2} > m \qquad \textrm{for} \qquad n = 0.
\end{equation}
For the Klein-Gordon field in Witten black hole the stability of its QNM  is studied in \cite{Becar:2007hu}.

Thus for the Dirac field we may expect that at least the fundamental QNM is unstable, and depending on the value of the mass additional QNM may be unstable. Nevertheless we recall that in the method used to calculate QNF (\ref{eq: QNF Dirac 2}) and (\ref{eq: QNF Dirac 1}) we impose the condition (\ref{eq: condition ratio omega}), thus we must verify whether these QNF satisfy this condition. For the component $\Psi_2$, from the first set of QNF (\ref{eq: QNF Dirac 2}) follows
\begin{equation}
 \frac{\sqrt{\omega^{2} - m^{2}} }{\omega} = \frac{n^2 + m^2}{n^2 - m^2} > 0, \qquad \textrm{for}  \qquad n > m,  \qquad (n \geq 1),
\end{equation}
and for the second set of QNF (\ref{eq: QNF Dirac 2}) we get
\begin{equation}
 \frac{\sqrt{ \omega^{2} - m^{2}} }{\omega} = \frac{(n+1/2)^2 + m^2}{(n+1/2)^2 - m^2} > 0, \qquad \textrm{for}  \qquad n + \tfrac{1}{2} > m, \qquad (n \geq 0).
\end{equation}
Hence only the stable QNM (those that fulfill the stability condition (\ref{eq: stability Dirac 2})) satisfy our assumption (\ref{eq: condition ratio omega}).

So this fact points out that the modes that fail to keep the stability condition (\ref{eq: stability Dirac 2}), in addition they do not satisfy condition (\ref{eq: condition ratio omega}) that we use to calculate the QNM of the Witten black hole. A similar result is valid for QNF (\ref{eq: QNF Dirac 1}) of the component $\tilde{\Psi}_1$. We think that these modes must be studied in more detail, because in \cite{Becar:2007hu} for the Klein-Gordon field  are found some unstable QNM. Moreover the results by Azreg-Ainou \cite{AzregAinou:1999kb} point out that the Witten black hole has some classical instabilities. Nevertheless for the Dirac field we obtain that the possible unstable modes do not fulfill our assumption (\ref{eq: condition ratio omega}).

Since the Witten black hole is a single horizon, asymptotically flat two-dimensional black hole and its tortoise coordinate (\ref{eq: Witten tortoise}) satisfies conditions (\ref{eq: conditions tortoise}), from the results explained in Section \ref{s: QNM massless} we expect that the minimally coupled massless Klein-Gordon and Dirac fields do not have well defined QNF. Nevertheless analytical expressions for the QNF of the massless Dirac field are presented in Ref.\ \cite{Becar:2010zz} (see formula (37) in \cite{Becar:2010zz}). Thus on the existence of the QNF for the massless Dirac field in  Witten black hole our results of Section \ref{s: QNM massless} contradict those of \cite{Becar:2010zz}.

To solve this issue we note that in Ref.\ \cite{Becar:2010zz} there is an inconsistency. To write solutions (29) of \cite{Becar:2010zz} Becar et al.\ assume that their parameter $c$ is not an integer \cite{Guo-book}. Furthermore to write their equation (34) they assume that their parameter $c$ is not a negative integer and that their quantity $c-a-b$ is not an integer because they use Kummer's property of the hypergeometric function \cite{Guo-book}. From the expressions for the QNF of the massless Dirac field given in \cite{Becar:2010zz} (see their formula  (37)), and using the expressions for the parameters $a$, $b$, and $c$ that appear in \cite{Becar:2010zz} (see their formulas (26)-(28)) we find that for frequencies (37) of \cite{Becar:2010zz}, their quantities $c$ and $c-a-b$ are integers. This fact shows that Becar et al.\ contradict their assumptions and therefore the frequencies that they give in \cite{Becar:2010zz} are not QNF of the massless Dirac field.

The previous comments imply that the Witten black hole does not have well defined QNM when the quantity $c$ of Ref.\ \cite{Becar:2010zz} is not an integer. It is convenient to extend the analysis of \cite{Becar:2010zz} to integral values of $c$. For $c$ equal to an integer it is expected that one solution of Eq.\ (25) in \cite{Becar:2010zz} involves logarithmic terms \cite{Guo-book}. Nevertheless for this problem the solutions can be found in a simple closed form.

First we note that to obtain decaying modes we must take $c=N$ with $n \in \mathbb{Z}$, $N \leq 0$. Furthermore when $c=N$ we note that the quantities $a$, $b$, and $c-a-b$ of Eq.\ (25) in \cite{Becar:2010zz} are integers and we notice that for this value  of $c$ one of the quantities $a$, $b$ is always a negative integer. As a consequence we expect the simplification of the solutions \cite{Guo-book}.

In fact, when $c$ is a non-positive integer we find that Eq.\ (25) of \cite{Becar:2010zz} transforms into\footnote{In formulas (\ref{e: Becar hypergeometric})--(\ref{e: Becar solutions phi two}) we follow the conventions of Ref.\ \cite{Becar:2010zz}.}
\begin{equation} \label{e: Becar hypergeometric}
 z(1-z)g^{\prime \prime}(z) + (c-2cz)g^{\prime}(z) - c(c-1)g(z)=0,
\end{equation}
whose solutions are
\begin{equation} \label{e: Becar solutions g}
 g(z)=\tilde{C}_1 z^{1-c} + \tilde{C}_2 (1-z)^{1-c},
\end{equation}
where $\tilde{C}_1$ and $\tilde{C}_2$ are constants (as previously).

Therefore the component $\phi_2(z)$ of formula (24) in \cite{Becar:2010zz} is equal to
\begin{equation} \label{e: Becar solutions phi two}
 \phi_2(z)=z^{1/4}(\tilde{C}_1 z^{i \omega} (1-z)^{-i \omega} + \tilde{C}_2 z^{- i \omega} (1-z)^{i \omega} ).
\end{equation}
From this expression for $\phi_2(z)$ we get that the first term is an outgoing wave near the horizon and at infinity. The second term is an ingoing wave near the horizon and at infinity. Hence these solutions do not satisfy the boundary conditions of the QNM, and also when the quantity $c$ is an integer we do not find QNF for the massless Dirac field in Witten black hole.

Thus according to the results of Section \ref{s: QNM massless} we believe that in Witten black hole the minimally coupled massless Klein-Gordon and Dirac fields do not have well defined QNF. Notice that for the Dirac field propagating in Witten black hole for QNF (\ref{eq: QNF Dirac 2}) and (\ref{eq: QNF Dirac 1}) the limits $m \to 0$ are well defined, nevertheless the frequencies we get in these limits are not QNF.

For the coupled to scalar curvature massive Klein Gordon field propagating in Witten black hole the effective potential is \cite{Frolov:2000jh}
\begin{equation} \label{eq: potential KG Witten}
V = \frac{m^2 (\textrm{e}^r - 1)}{\textrm{e}^r} + \frac{\zeta (\textrm{e}^r - 1) }{\textrm{e}^{2r}} =\frac{m^2 e^x}{e^x+1} + \frac{\zeta e^x}{(e^x +1)^2}.
\end{equation}
Following Chandrasekhar \cite{Chandrasekhar book} we find that in Witten black hole for the Dirac field its effective potentials take the form
\begin{equation} \label{eq: potential Dirac Witten}
V_\pm = m^2 (1-e^{-r}) \mp \frac{m}{2}\frac{(1-e^{-r})^{1/2}}{e^r} = \frac{m^2 e^x}{e^x + 1} \mp \frac{m}{2} \frac{e^{x/2}}{(e^x + 1)^{3/2}}.
\end{equation}
We point out that for the minimally coupled fields  the effective potentials (\ref{eq: potential KG Witten}) and (\ref{eq: potential Dirac Witten}) go to zero as the mass of the field goes to zero (it is expected from the results of Section \ref{s: QNM massless}). Furthermore notice that the effective potentials $V$ and $V_\pm$ satisfy
\begin{equation}
\lim_{x \to -\infty} V = \lim_{x \to -\infty} V_\pm = 0, \qquad \qquad \lim_{x \to + \infty} V = \lim_{x \to + \infty} V_\pm = m^2.
\end{equation}

\section{Summary}
\label{s: Summary}

We find that the minimally coupled Klein-Gordon and Dirac fields do not have modes that satisfy the standard boundary conditions for the QNM of single horizon, asymptotically flat two-dimensional black holes. Thus if we are interested in calculating the QNF of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac fields in a black hole of this family, then we must analyze the massive fields (as in the previous section and \cite{Zelnikov:2008rg}, \cite{Becar:2007hu}, \cite{LopezOrtega:2009zx}), fields non-minimally coupled to scalar curvature (as in \cite{Zelnikov:2008rg}, \cite{Becar:2007hu}) or to dilaton (as in \cite{Kettner:2004aw}). This result shows that for two-dimensional black holes when we know the QNF of a massive field and take the massless limit,  we must verify whether the frequencies obtained in this limit are QNF. We believe that the consequences of this result deserve further research.

In \cite{Becar:2010zz} for the Witten black hole  Becar et al.\ assert that the QNM of the massless Dirac field are stable, but based on the results of Section \ref{s: QNM massless} we believe that in the massless case the QNF of this fermion field are not well defined, and we also show that there are inconsistencies in the method used in Ref.\ \cite{Becar:2010zz}. Therefore the conclusion of Ref.\ \cite{Becar:2010zz} on the stability of the QNM for the massless Dirac field in Witten black hole is not valid, because the QNM are not defined in the massless limit. Furthermore  for both components of the Dirac field we find that the modes not satisfying the stability conditions (\ref{eq: stability Dirac 1}) and (\ref{eq: stability Dirac 2}), at the same time they do not fulfill the assumption (\ref{eq: condition ratio omega}) and it is probable that these modes are not QNM. Notice that for the Klein-Gordon field propagating in Witten black hole some classical and quantum instabilities are known  (see Refs.\ \cite{Zelnikov:2008rg}, \cite{Becar:2007hu}, \cite{LopezOrtega:2009zx}, \cite{AzregAinou:1999kb}, \cite{Frolov:2000jh}, \cite{Frolov:1991ji}).

\section{Acknowledgments}

We thank to Dr.\ R.\ Cordero Elizalde his interest and support of this project. This work was supported by CONACYT M\'exico, SNI M\'exico, EDI-IPN, COFAA-IPN, and Research Projects SIP-20110729 and SIP-20111070. I.\ Vega-Acevedo acknowledges financial support from CONACYT research grant no.\ J1-60621-I.

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