KWA Full Metal 1911 Mark I PTP Airsoft Gun Blowback NS2 Gas Pistol.
The M1911 is one of the most popular and well known pistols in history and was the standard issue pistol for the US military for 74 years. The KWA M1911 Mark 1 takes this well know pistol design and incorporates several modern updates. This KWA 1911 pistol is part of the professional training pistol line that were designed to be used in force on force training exercises by military and law enforcement. Because this pistol was designed for training purposes it is accurate down to the last detail, feels just like a real 1911 pistol and will fit most standard 1911 duty holsters. The Mark 1 1911 offers both front and rear serrations on the slide making it easy to grip the slide. This airsoft 1911 has a skeletonized trigger and hammer which give it that modern look and improves trigger control. The working grip safety ensures that the pistol is being held properly and reduces the chances for unintentional firing. The features that make this the perfect training weapon also make it an amazing sidearm for an airsoft skirmish. The pistol is built to be used and is no fragile collectors item that is often seen in most expensive airsoft guns. The NS2 gas system improves upon the traditional gas system to offer several improvements in both performance and reliability. KWA PTP pistols are highly sought after by both gamers and law enforcement due to their extremely high quality build and performance.


This week was a very sad one for all the Members of Skerries Harps when news broke of the untimely death of our much loved friend Jane Dardis in a car accident. Jane was a valued member of our Ladies football and Camogie teams at under age and adult level for over a decade. She was also a very popular with the many children who passed through her hands in our academy. Her infectious good humour will be missed by us all. Our deepest sympathy is extended to her parents Bernadette and David, her sister Emma and to all her extended family. Ar dheis De go raibh a hanam.
Fixtures: Fri 4th AFL2 Harps V Erin's Isle Home 8pm. Harps last league match with presentation of league title after match. All welcome to join in the celebrations.
Academy returns on Sat 5th Nov at 10am. Club Shop open at same time and Tea and Coffee available upstairs in clubhouse..
Date For Diary: Club AGM has been fixed for Thursday 24th November.
Zingo Result: 5-6-3-7-1-4-2. No winners. Jackpot Now €1,400. Next week Sunday 6th November In The clubhouse. Play On-Line at skerriesharps.ie and follow the links. Playing makes it Possible.
The club extends its sympathy to the O'Suilleabhain family on the recent death of Diarmuid O'Suilleabhain, to the McMahon family on the passing of Peter McMahon and to the Dowling family on the death of Deirdre Dowling. May they Rest in peace.


Relocating to the iconic Tea Building in Shoreditch High Street, All Global wanted to make the most of the distinctive interiors and encourage communication between their teams. We responded with an industrial design aesthetic that accented All Global's corporate colour palette and created a warm, open working space. We retained the striking 1930's tiling and cast-concrete floor, then created a dynamic flow between the spaces that added to the building's natural light. So we managed to bring the business closer together while respecting its new location.


Many of my most vivid memories from grade and middle school took place in one of two environments: the playground and field trips. The playground was the same place every day, while field trips were all new sights. But the two rarely mixed. Sure, once in awhile we'd go on one of those field trips that the teachers hoped would wear us out for the next month if we'd run around enough, but most of the time it was museums and such where touching anything was absolutely forbidden.
Open world games are, quite often, the same way. They're museums full of neat, often interactive exhibits populated with robots that will react to your presence. Don't get me wrong. These are fun. I'm talking about some of my favorite games here. I love going to museums and looking at art, trying to make sure I've found every nook and cranny and spent enough time checking out every exhibit.
Sometimes, though, that exhibit just needs to be knocked over, and that's where Just Cause 3 comes in.
The world of Just Cause 3 is gorgeous. A tropical paradise filled with sports cars and beautiful architecture. Just the kind of place you'd love to have a relaxing holiday. If only it weren't under the iron fist of a dictator.
So, of course, destruction is the order of the day. Instead of peeking in every room, drawer, and closet like you would in Fallout, your job is to destroy all the rooms and closets as spectacularly as possible. We don't really get open world games of this variety very often. Red Faction: Guerrilla is one classic example, and of course Just Cause 2 is as well. The list is pretty short. In games like these, the story is there mostly out of obligation – to give those of us who find freedom restrictive something to do. Instead, we're encouraged to find our own fun – blowing things up, getting as much air as we can, seeing how different things interact together when you link them with a tether. Even modding is part of this equation. Just Cause 3 is a playground that we're not only encouraged to explore however we like, we're encouraged to build our own playground equipment.
When I think I'm getting tired of open world games, something like Just Cause comes along to remind me that there's more to do – that I just need a break from pure exploration and a chance to play.
If the team at Avalanche Studios can deliver on the promises they've shown us through extended gameplay footage and the screenshots above, then we've got a lot to look forward to when Just Cause 3 hits on December 1 for PC, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One.


A classic Moroccan dish similar to hummus - so good, you'll want to dig in with a spoon.
Bessara is like the Moroccan version of hummus…and it's just as delicious and addictive.
What is Bessara Made From?
Starting with fava beans (aka broad beans) as a base, this simple bessara recipe only has a few additional ingredients: garlic, lemon juice, olive oil, and spices, including cumin, paprika, cayenne, and salt.
If you like hummus, you'll definitely love this bessara recipe.
In Morocco, bessara is served with bread.
I recommend either slathering it on a slice or two of high quality gluten-free toast, eating it with a spoon, dipping veggies in it, or, thinning it out with additional water to make it into a soup (which is another way it's served in Morocco).
Now here is something that may surprise you: Bessara is typically eaten for breakfast …and while it may seem strange to eat bean dip or soup for breakfast in America, here is why it's a good idea: This will keep your blood sugar balanced (unlike the typical sugar-laden cereals and baked goods), which means your energy will be consistently high throughout the day, and you'll be less likely to want to snack in between meals.
Whether you eat it for breakfast, lunch, dinner, or a snack, this is one recipe you'll want to make over and over again!
Fava beans are bursting with nutrients. 1 cup provides a hefty 13 grams of protein, 9 grams of fiber (36% of the recommended DV), and a decent amount of vitamins and minerals, including 44% DV of folate, 14% DV of iron and 18% DV of magnesium. So what does that mean?
First and foremost, fava beans will fill you up and keep you satisfied. You won't want to snack in between meals. Plus, the high fiber content contributes to healthy digestion.
Folate is a B vitamin critical for health, and a deficiency is associated with a higher risk of blood disease and for pregnant women, a higher chance of giving birth to a child with birth defects. (Note that the CDC recommends women of childbearing age to supplement with folic acid – not just eat folate rich foods – to prevent this). It aids in the production and repair of DNA, and supports nervous system function, cardiac function, and red blood cell production.
Iron is needed for energy. If you're feeling fatigued and exhausted all the time, you may be low in this mineral. Magnesium supports bone health, aids in digestion and elimination, relieves muscle aches, and even helps calm your nerves and promote feelings of relaxation.
2) If you have a pressure cooker, add the beans to the pot, cover with 2 inches of water, and cook on high pressure for 5 minutes. Remove from heat and let the pressure release naturally (about 10 minutes). If you don't have a pressure cooker, add them to a regular pot and cover with 2-3 inches of water. Bring to a boil over high heat, then reduce heat to medium and simmer until tender, about 1 hour.
3) Reserve about 1 cup of the cooking liquid and set aside. Drain the rest of the beans, then add to a blender, along with all remaining ingredients (except garnish).
4) Blend on high, until a smooth and creamy consistency is formed. If you prefer a thinner consistency, you can add the reserved liquid to thin it out, 1 tablespoon as a time, as you like.
5) Taste and adjust any seasonings as you like.
6) You can serve right away, by pouring into a bowl and adding garnish, or you could also reheat in a small pan on the stove top, so that it is served warm. Traditionally it is served warm with bread.
Turn this into a soup by reserving all the cooking liquid, and adding it into the blender about a half cup at a time, until your desired soup-like consistency is formed.


The Broncos are scheduled to play five primetime games this season, including the SNF opener against Pittsburgh at home and the following week at Atlanta on MNF.
Denver will also play on SNF in Week 8 as they host the Saints in a matchup that will feature a showdown between Peyton Manning and Drew Brees. The team's other MNF matchup comes at San Diego in Week 6, and they will play a Thursday night game at Oakland Week 14.
Of course, the game sure to receive the most hype of all will be Denver's Week 5 visit to New England to renew Manning's rivalry with Tom Brady, Bill Belichick and the Patriots. This matchup reportedly also received consideration for the SNF opener.
The entire league's schedule can be found here.
As I said the other day the first 8 weeks will be real tough. The good thing thing about this schedule is we play the first game to start the season at home and finish the last two weeks of the season at home. This is getting me so pumped, only a week to the draft now ~ Aussie.
I have gone widget crazy! I could not get the old rotoworld working, I think it is no longer supported. So I have added three down the bottom of the side bar and the ESPN one to the top. Tell me which widgets you like or don't and where you want them, enjoy.
I like the rotoworld and ESPN ones.
Ok cool, should I remove the others?
Also the other thing to check is load times. I don't want this to take forever to load.
The CBS one takes forever to load. The new rotoworld is not updated automatically. I'm on ESPN 3 or 4 times throughout the day anyway so I don't really need their once a day headlines here now that I think about it. Whichever ones you like G.
Jazzy! I knew you were lurking around there, how you been? And how is the little fella?
I sent an email to Rotoworld asking whether it is still supported by them and to fix it.
I don't really like the look of the CBS one, but it is the only one that does just Broncos news. I may just move it to the bottom.
The new rotoworld one updates but it is league wide information.
The espn one is ok but the information on it isn't very specific, I think I will keep it but move it to the bottom.
As for the MHR one I think I will just change it back to the feed to save some loading time.
Thats how I roll. I am a blogsite stalker. i read comments but dont post. Thinkgs are all good on this end. I am working out of town, which is always good on the financial side. And I am officially a disc golf addict. I am even a member of the professional disc golf association. Well, since it is draft time, I will try to peep in my two cents through the week.
Haha I know, I would love for you to comment more but what can you do.
That is sick I knew you loved your disc golf.
And cool, that would be good to get your opinion on broncos topics.
Also keep your eye out for the draft comp, Digger and I need more changellers. The information post about it should go up tomorrow and the submission post on monday (my time).


text:
University of Illinois Ethics and Compliance Office » Compliance » Statements of Economic Interests » Deadlines, Mailing Details and Penalties
Employees required to file a Statement of Economic Interests (Statement) with the Office of the Secretary of State must have the document post-marked by no later than May 1, 2019. This is an absolute deadline, after which, financial penalties ensue.
Mailing Details
Before April 17, 2019, to satisfy the requirement within the law that all forms be reviewed by the University Ethics Officer prior to filing, please place your form in US Mail to:
Please DO NOT send your form to the University Ethics and Compliance Office after April 17, 2019. Forms not received in our office by May 1, 2019 will be considered late by the Office of the Secretary of State.
UIS employees can place their forms in campus mail. UIC and UIUC employees must send their documents via US Postal Mail as there is no campus mail to or from UIS.
After April 17, 2019, to ensure timely filing with the Office of the Secretary of State, please mail your form directly to:
Office of the Secretary of State
Ethics Section, Index Department
111 East Monroe
Employees who mail their original form directly to the Secretary of State should send an image of their form, clearly marked "COPY" to ethicsofficer@uillinois.edu.
Forms filed between May 1 (May 2nd when the 1st falls on a Sunday) and May 15 (May 16th when the 15th falls on a Sunday) will be assessed a late fee of $15. After May 15th (May 16th when the 15th falls on a Sunday), any form filed will be asses the flat $15 rate, in addition to a $100/day charge for as many days late as the form is received. For example: If a form is received by the Office of the Secretary of State May 10th, the filer will be fined $15. However, if the form is not received until May 20th, the filer will be fined $515. These fines are assessed to individuals only and must be paid personally by the delinquent filers to the Office of the Secretary of State.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


BIRCH HARBOR, Maine (AP) — A Maine lobster boat crew has saved an eagle that it spotted struggling in the Atlantic Ocean.
John Chipman, of Birch Harbor, said Monday that he came across the wet and weary raptor near Schoodic Island. He says it appeared to be relieved to see the boat and even tried to hop on board last Thursday.
Chipman says two retired police officers who were with him brought the bird aboard after fashioning a makeshift raft from a life preserver, a piece of plywood and a rope.
Chipman says the bird was missing an eye and appeared to be older. Photos show it resting on the back of the boat. Chipman intended to deliver the eagle to game wardens, but it had other ideas and eventually flew away.


She will join the University in September to lead the Health Innovation Campus (HIC) where health experts will work collaboratively with businesses and the health sector to tackle the biggest challenge in healthcare today - helping people to live as long and as healthily as possible.
Dr Kothari is currently the Chief Executive and Managing Director of the Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing. This is a $60M, not-for-profit, Australian Government initiative, which brings together industry and academia, focused on facilitating the manufacture and translation of cell therapies into clinical practice to provide new treatments for conditions such as diabetes, chronic wounds, cardiovascular disease, and immune-mediated diseases such as cancer.
She started her career in maxillofacial surgery before a PhD in biomaterials and tissue engineering in the UK, followed by an MBA. Early in her career, she was a recipient of the Marie Curie Fellowship and was a lecturer at UMIST and Sheffield University.
Dr Kothari has been recognised in prestigious innovation and leadership awards and was recently invited to join the International Women's Forum, an organisation that advances leadership by connecting the world's most pre-eminent women of significant and diverse achievement.
The work of the HIC will be focused around enabling people to achieve and sustain their optimal health and wellbeing, to enable early detection and intervention of disease and access to care. As well as digital innovation, this will include the design, development and evaluation of healthy places to live and work, improving health systems, and the development of new materials to improve health.
"I am delighted that Sherry has joined Lancaster to lead our exciting new venture which will improve the health of populations in the region. Her expertise and experience will be a huge asset to our team.
HIC is funded by the University and through the Lancashire Enterprise Partnership's Growth Deal Fund and the European Structural and Investment Fund. Construction of the £41 million first phase of the building, adjacent to the University's campus, has started on site and is due to open in 2019.


By October 2008, the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), or bank bailout, had recapitalized the banks, the Treasury had stabilized money market mutual funds and the FDIC had guaranteed the bank debts. The Federal Reserve began flowing money to banks, which would ultimately total almost twice the $16 trillion claimed in a federal audit. Researchers at the University of Missouri found that the Federal Reserve gave over $29 trillion to the banks. These are historically these are signs of a coming recession.
In the end, the stimulus was even smaller than what Obama proposed. Economist Dean Baker explained that it may have created 2 million jobs, but we needed 12 million. It was $300 billion in 2009, about the same in 2010, and the remaining $100 billion followed over several years — too small to offset the $1.4trillion in annual lost spending.
People are economically insecure in the US and live with growing despair, as measured by reports on well-being. A May 2018 Federal Reserve report found almost 80 percent of Americans are now living paycheck to paycheck. The Federal Reserve reported in 2017 that "two in five Americans don't have enough savings to cover a $400emergency expense." Further, "more than one in five said they weren't able to pay the current month's bills in full, and more than one in four said they skipped necessary medical care last year because they couldn't afford it." People have survived by going into debt, by the first quarter of this year, household debt was at an all-time high of $13.2 trillion.
Larry Eliott wrote in the Guardian, "Capitalism's near-death experience with the banking crisis was a golden opportunity for progressives." But the movement in the United States was not yet in a position to take advantage of it.
We also know the government can afford almost $30 trillion to bail out the banks. One sixth of this could provide a $12,000 annual basic income, which would cost $3.8 trillion annually, doubling Social Security payments to $22,000 annually, which would cost $662 billion, a $10,000 bonus for all US public school teachers, which would cost $11billion, free college for all high school graduates, which would cost $318 billion, and universal preschool, which would cost $38 billion. National improved Medicare for all would actually save the nation trillions of dollars over a decade. We can afford to provide for the necessities of the people.
US will not succeed in toppling Venezuelan govt – Pressure groups.


text:
BAD Chapter 64: Ah, it's time for everything to recover again (1)
BADidleturtletranslations 23rd March 2020
Gulu looked at Myer and Dunyi. He's really puzzled: Why do you care so much about me all of a sudden?! I don't think I'm that important to you…
Pado also had no idea why things developed like this.
Gulu felt that if Dunyi liked him, he should have said so in the past. After all, he and Pado saved his life.
(T/N: Yep, author forgot that Dunyi died. They didn't save him. Otherwise, why would his Dad, Hongdun, hate Myer so much?)
However, Myer's change was too big for Gulu to understand.
Gulu felt that Myer shouldn't only dislike himself, but also hated him. After all, he was the reason why Myer couldn't enter Pado's ethnic group despite thinking of various ways. His lies were also exposed by Pado.
Even if his lies weren't exposed by Pado, Hongdun would "hunt" Myer for thousands of years. With Myer's previous character, he would certainly count this against Pado.
Even though Myer had experienced some things and changed a lot, Gulu felt that it was already good that Myer didn't hate him. How could he like him so much?
The two Triceratops groups were ready to fight at any time. Of course, they may not really fight, but at least there would be a "roaring" war. Then the leaders would hit each other, which was likely to hurt.
Myer's little female Triceratops Soya was very beautiful. She whispered, "Myer, don't be afraid. My Dad is very strong. He will protect you. My Dad won't let Hongdun hurt you."
Soya's Dad was called Sofu. He stood in front of Hongdun, ready to fight for Myer.
Hongdun looked at Sofu and asked, "what's your name?"
This was absolutely a provocative tone and question. Sofu didn't bother to answer.
Soya was too young. She felt that every Triceratops should know her Dad. She became so angry that she cried out, "My Dad's name is Sofu. He's the most powerful Triceratops leader in Nanshan!"
Hongdun retorted contemptuously, "I haven't heard of him."
Sofu let out a loud roar. Gulu felt as if he were saying, "In Nanshan, I, Sofu, am not worthy of a name?!"
Gulu didn't know Soya, but he heard of Soya's Dad, Sofu. Sofu wasn't a famous leader in the whole continent of Yukan, but he had a name in Nanshan.
At present, the largest Triceratops group in Nanshan was Pado's. With over 1,000 Triceratopses, Sofu's group was the second largest. Moreover, Sofu's group had always lived in Nanshan and could be said to be a "famous family" in this small place.
Pado's group had the most Triceratops population in the whole Yukan continent. If Yukan was compared to a large country composed of numerous Triceratops ethnic groups, then Pado's group was the "Imperial Throne" of the "Greatest Empire" where "other nations come to pay tributes".
However, even if Pado's ethnic group was larger and Pado was more powerful, they were new to Nanshan after all. They could be said to have come to "avoid disaster". They belonged to "the fallen family". The indigenous ruler Sofu had no reason to be afraid of them.
For example, although Sofu could never beat Pado, even if Pado drove him out of his area, with his familiarity of Nanshan, he would soon be able to find other suitable places to live.
Hongdun, of course, also knew Sofu. However, Sofu's body size and strength was just about the same as him. Hongdun might be fearful in the face of Pado, but against Sofu, he wasn't afraid at all.
Now a war between the two ethnic groups was imminent.
Dunyi and Myer were most concerned about who Gulu liked better. They each thought that Gulu liked himself better and already won the match at an absolute advantage.
(T/N: here author used Hongdun and Myer instead of Dunyi and Myer. But that made no sense. Since it was Dunyi and Myer who were bickering about who Gulu liked better. Author kept doing this for the next several paragraphs. I changed them to fit the flow better.)
They had sworn "blood feuds" and would kill each other sooner or later, but they all understood that there was no relationship between Gulu and their hatred. Instead, the recognition of Gulu seemed to be the recognition of Triceratops.
Dunyi and Myer asked at the same time: "Gulu, who do you prefer?"
Gulu was very helpless. He felt as if he had instantly become "the Mary Sue of the Dinosaur World". Two Triceratopses fought over him. It's too Mary Sue. No, no, he couldn't stand it.
Gulu quickly said, "I don't know why you like me so much. I'm not at all good to both of you."
Dunyi: "Without you and Pado, I would have died long ago. Gulu, I'm willing to do anything for you."
Myer: "Gulu, if it wasn't for you, I wouldn't have known Soya…Pado also protected me so Hongdun couldn't kill me. You and Pado made me understand what my Dad said to me before…"
Gulu listened to Myer's account of his acquaintance with Soya and the fundamental changes in his thinking. Gulu was very pleased with Myer.
Myer went on to say, "Gulu, I'm willing to do anything for you."
Gulu: emmm……… This is the reason why I'm about to become a Jack Sue!
But Gulu didn't know what to do now. He couldn't let the two Triceratopses who had "blood feuds" get over it with just a few words from his mouth. He's not a Jack Sue "holy mother".
What "Please don't fight for me. Don't fight. Don't hate each other, please". He couldn't say anything so "suffocating"!
Gulu thought that he was neither Dunyi nor Myer. He wasn't qualified to forgive anyone for them, or to persuade them not to fight.
A good saying came to mind: You are not qualified to persuade me to be "magnanimous" without experiencing what I had. You have even less qualification to forgive anyone or other dinosaur for me.
Gulu wanted to add: Even if you have experienced what I had, you are not in the position to persuade me to be magnanimous and to forgive for me. People are different from one another. Dinosaurs as well. What you think you can forgive, maybe it's unforgivable when it came to me.
As the result, Gulu had no idea what to do now.
Hongdun couldn't wait to kill Myer immediately.
Sofu was a "daughter slave". Although Sofu had more than ten young children, he doted the most on his daughter Soya.
Myer was Soya's best friend. He helped Soya many times during her lowest point and spent those extremely difficult days with her. Sofu had long regarded Myer as his own son. He wouldn't allow any Triceratops to harm Myer.
It appeared that Hongdun and Sofu were about to fight soon. This fight wasn't like a "competition" when competing for territory. It's likely that there would be more injuries.
The Triceratopses of the two ethnic groups started to compete in the "Roaring Skill". The Triceratops group's "outcome depends entirely on the roar" was really worthy of its name. The roar was getting louder and louder. The whole Nanshan was trembling with these great voices, appearing as if it was going to be roared down by these two ethnic groups.
Gulu became very anxious.
At this time, Pado uttered a loud roar and rushed to the middle of Hongdun and Sofu, abruptly separating the two giant male Triceratopses.
Pado was very big. His roar was too loud and strong. It could completely penetrate the two groups of so many Triceratopses issuing loud roars.
Under Pado's incomparable shocking roar, the two ethnic groups gradually stopped shouting. They quieted down and the excitement subsided.
Both ethnic groups knew what Pado's roar meant: Give me a face. Don't fight today. I don't care how you fight each other in the future, but you can't fight because of my son. You can't fight in front of me. I won't allow it! Absolutely not!
Gulu looked at Pado and felt that Pado was really as handsome as the sky. Every day he sighed, "How can I have such a great Dad! Ah, Pado, my God of War Dad, I adore you!"
Although Hongdun and Sofu wanted to kill each other very much right now, they still had to give Pado face. There're more chances to fight in the future.
Sofu thought to himself: Now Myer is a small Triceratops protected by me. If that five-combat scum Hongdun dares to provoke me again, or if his little brat Dunyi dares to bully Myer, I won't hesitate to kill you, scum!
Hongdun also thought to himself: Today is nothing. At least now, I know that Myer is hiding in Sofu's ethnic group. It won't be too late to get revenge again later. How dare that scum Sofu thinks that he dominates Nanshan.
Pado said to Myer, "Young cub, you will definitely become the best Triceratops. I like you."
Then Pado turned to Dunyi, "Young cub, you will become the best Triceratops. I also like you."
Pado was the most powerful Triceratops in Yukan Mainland. Many Triceratops cubs had the greatest wish to see Pado. They never expected to talk to Pado or get his praise. This was enough to last them for a lifetime.
Myer and Hongdun both looked up at Pado. They couldn't return to themselves for a long time.
Gulu: Hmmm… I find that my Dad is really good. This top "skill" of "buying a dinosaur's heart" and "controlling dinosaur" is really 666. He's really worthy of being the leader of the largest Triceratops group.
Then Pado spoke to Gulu, "Gulu, go back to the group with Dad."
Gulu hurriedly caught up with the pace of Pado.
After Pado and Gulu walked far away, the two groups also began to walk slowly towards their own resting place.
Myer kept saying to Soya, "Soya, Pado said that I will become the best Triceratops. Did you hear that? Wow, I'm so happy. How can today be so beautiful…"
Dunyi kept talking to Hongdun: "Dad, Dad, Pado said that I will become the best Triceratops. I'm happy enough to fly. Dad, I have never been so happy…"
Gulu praised Pado, "Dad, you are so good. How can you handle such a complicated situation so well?"
Pado: "Because I'm the best Triceratops. I'm invincible."
Gulu: "I want to be the best Triceratops, just like Dad!"
Pado: "No, Gulu, you can become better than me."
Gulu excitedly nodded: "Uh-huh, Dad!"
Mungo could only follow Pado and Gulu from a distance. At the same time, he also deeply remembered Myer and Dunyi. He didn't like these two little brats.
Pado returned to the group with Gulu.
Babana heard that Heili was finally dead. She was relieved. Pachi and Dudu kept rubbing on Gulu. They thought that it's really not easy for their brother.
Paton also hurriedly ran over and asked, "Gulu, is Heili really dead? I wish I can kill him myself! No, I can't kill him in one fell swoop. I need to hit him many times and let him die slowly. His action is really disgusting!"
After knowing where Heili was at, Paton wanted to go with Pado, but Pado had always been uncompromising. He refused to let Paton take one step out of the group, so Paton couldn't go.
Gulu: "Uncle Paton, Heili is really dead. There will be no dinosaur to harm me."
Paton: "Be careful in the future. I was really scared to death that day."
That day when Gulu was nearly hit, Paton ran madly to Gulu's front. However, he was really too far away to make it.
Gulu: "Uncle Paton, don't worry. I will be careful."
In fact, it's almost impossible for Gulu to be nearly hit in his own group that day. But Heili was originally a member of the group, so he knew how to hide himself. If another adult Triceratops from other groups entered the ethnic group, it would be expelled immediately.
The youngsters in the ethnic group often ran around and play. They eventually reached the edge of the ethnic group. As long as they didn't run out, there would be no danger. It's really an accident that day.
ROXSAM
23rd March 2020 9:39 am
I really like how you pay attention to every details in your translation idleturtle-sama, from the simple word "uh-huh" ,explanation was given in consideration to every reader's culture who might not understood, to changing the mistakes of the author in order to make the novel cohesive. THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR YOUR HARD WORK! stay safe during this pandemic!
IdleTurtle
23rd March 2020 11:22 am
Thank you for your thoughtfulness! Take care!
Rosanne Velas
THANKS for the chapter! stay safe during this pandemic.
Thank you! Stay safe!
BAD Chapter 63: The lure of Yukan's highest[…]
RSE Chapter 18
← BAD Chapter 63: The lure of Yukan's highest reward order! (3) ← BAD Chapter 64: Ah, it's time for everything to recover again (2)


text:
Q: Como crear una contraseña tipo pbkdf2_sha256 Resulta que tengo que habilitar un proyecto el cual dejo un colega anterior pero no me dejo ningún password estos están en  el formato pbkdf2_sha256   ¿Como puedo crear una contraseña de este tipo?
Gracias!

A: Para hacer de esa manera hay unas cuantas, si lo quieres hacer directamente con python, está la librería hashlib, te dejo el enlace para hacerlo con python:
https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html
si el proyecto está en Django, te dejo otra url de Stackoverflow sobre el mismo tema:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16166493/how-to-encrypt-to-django-default-pbkdf2-sha256-encryption

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


BUFFALO, N.Y. – Bambi's mother, Mufasa from "The Lion King" and Elsa's and Anna's parents in "Frozen" represent some of the characters who die in Disney and Pixar animated films, and these potentially shocking moments for young audiences provide critical opportunities for adults to discuss end-of-life issues with children, according to a new study by a University at Buffalo researcher who specializes in end-of-life communication.
Starting the end-of-life conversation with children early allows the dialogue to continue and develop throughout their lives, and the deaths in these films can actually help children relate to and understand death in ways that otherwise might be very challenging for them.
The third and fourth themes dealing with intentions to kill and transformation and spiritual connection, with its moral sub-theme, are more complex. Religious and spiritual content are not always overly present in Disney and Pixar films, however, Tenzek says, the films can still serves as opportunities to discuss religious beliefs and end of life.
Many of the possible benefits arising from these films extends from parents' power to engage children, according to Tenzek. The films can be a tool to help explain the difficult end-of-life process to children and help them make connections that lead to better understanding.


text:
Bengals Will Work With Andy Dalton 'When The Time Is Right' To Trade Him
By Matthew Marczi
Posted on February 16, 2020 at 5:40 am
This may shock, disturb, or even sicken you, but this is the fact: Andy Dalton has taken the Cincinnati Bengals into the postseason more than any other quarterback has in the franchise's history. The Bengals qualified for the playoffs in each of his first five years between 2011 and 2015, though they never made it past the Wildcard Round.
The Bengals qualified for postseason play during Carson Palmer's time twice. Boomer Esiason also reached the playoffs two times during his stay in Cincinnati. Ken Anderson spent his entire 16-year career with the team, and reached the playoffs four times. Both he and Esiason reached but lost the Super Bowl. Like Dalton, Palmer never reached the Divisional Round.
As the team now turns its sights on the future, with the likely drafting of LSU quarterback Joe Burrow with the first-overall pick in the 2020 NFL Draft, there is still the past to take care of, and that will include trading Dalton the way the Baltimore Ravens traded Joe Flacco last offseason.
According to Ian Rapoport, the Bengals at least plan on doing Dalton the courtesy of working directly with the nine-year veteran quarterback to facilitate a trade, which they intend to do "when the time is right".
Presumably, that time will come some time before the 2020 NFL Draft, since I would imagine that they would like to recoup some draft pick in exchange for the former Pro Bowl quarterback in time to use it this year. This is head coach Zac Taylor's second draft, and his first wasn't very successful, with his top pick spending the year on injured reserve.
Over the course of his career, Dalton has completed 2757 of 4449 pass attempts, a 62 percent accuracy, for 31594 yards. He has thrown for 204 touchdowns to 118 interceptions and has a career passer rating of 87.5 while averaging 7.1 yards per pass attempt. He has an overall 70-61-2 record as a starter.
Arguably the high point in his career came in 2015, which ended prematurely thanks to a broken thumb provided by Stephon Tuitt on the lone interception of his career. That year, he completed 66.1 percent of his passes while averaging 8.4 yards per pass attempt, throwing 25 touchdowns to seven interceptions and posting a 10-2 record before he was injured in that game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, on the opening drive as I recall, which ended up as a loss.
Dalton is a three-time Pro Bowler, and certainly some team will look at him as a bridge starter who will likely also try to draft a quarterback high, at least after the first round. That is what the Denver Broncos did last year with Flacco, taking Drew Lock in the second round. Hopefully he gets a better offensive line.
Related Items:Andy Dalton
How Levi Wallace 'Took A Risk' And Baited Saints On Game-Sealing Interception
'That's What Everybody Needs To Do,' Edmunds Says About Kazee's Attitude On And Off The Field
Cameron Heyward Breaks Down 4th Down Sneak That Stopped QB Andy Dalton


Barbara is excited to return to Asbury University as an Assistant Professor of Middle and Secondary Education. She holds a BA in Secondary Education English ('92) and an MA in Literacy ('13), as well as an MAEd in Teacher Leadership('15). As a certified Reading Specialist, she has enjoyed more than a decade of teaching in both public and private schools. She lives in Nicholasville with her husband, Glenn ('91), their three children, Abby ('17), Zac ('21), and Katy, and a very spunky golden doodle.


Galley kitchen with island is a wonderful idea to create more functional galley shaped kitchen with the right design and the right positioning of kitchen island. Galley shaped kitchen is a typical layout of functional kitchen which uses two sides of wall which also called as double wall kitchen design since it forms galley shape. Galley shaped kitchen layout has two rows of kitchen workspaces on both side of kitchen space and the third one on the other side which creates triangle workspace that connects the two kitchen wall sides. It is included into wonderful kitchen design for professional chef to make it comfortable and convenient when doing kitchen works. It is taken for granted that you will find it very comfortable when doing kitchen works since of spacious workspace as a functional kitchen layout. The triangle workspace of galley kitchen can be created by facing kitchen sink, fridge and cooker along one side of kitchen wall or simply by fitting the cooker and sink into the kitchen island in order to create more space on the opposite side of work surface to make it comfortable when doing kitchen works. If you want to create more beauty and functionality in galley shaped kitchen, then the right design and the right positioning of kitchen island is going to be significant in achieving such purpose.
If you have large galley shaped kitchen and want to create more functionality and beauty at the same time, then it is going to be a very wise decision to have large kitchen island with seating and sink. This typical design of kitchen island can be used for multi purposes such as kitchen dining table replacement, secondary sink to wash dishes and storage for heavy items in the kitchen. It is also going to perfectly suit as decorative furniture in one way galley kitchen for more beautiful and functional galley kitchen at high rank of beauty and value. If you choose this kitchen island with sink, then it is highly recommended to equip it with a garbage disposal, trash compactor, dish washer and recycle bin in order to create more efficiency. Another kitchen island design for galley shaped kitchen is kitchen island with stools which is included into designs of custom kitchen island which do great as multi functional and must have kitchen furniture in order to create functional and beautiful kitchen. It is going to be wonderful furniture to revitalize boring appearance of kitchen design. If you need more kitchen work surface, then you can simply close the kitchen island into the countertop to create more space for kitchen works.
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Sometimes I worry about my favorite gadget company. Other times I worry about humanity. Based on the mixed bag of responses to Apple's financial performance, marketshare, and potential purchase of Beats Electronics, this week I'm more worried about humanity.
Mixed bag? Apple garners more than its fair share of criticism from Wall Street and the technology elite than any other company on the planet. The problem I see is the mixed bag of viewpoints.
Take Beats, the make of stylish and somewhat overpriced headphones and speakers; the fast growing little company with big ideas, and a clean, shiny and new subscription music service (which Apple does not have).
Responses to Apple's purchase of Beats for $3.2-billion is a mixed bag. Some praise it and call Apple the most powerful media giant in the world. Others, simply scratch their head and say they 'don't get it.' And, some are highly critical of the purchase and say Apple CEO Tim Cook is a clueless idiot.
The problem isn't so much Apple's performance as it is the responses from humanity. Mixed bag, indeed. Responses are all over the map; some good, some puzzled, some critical, few consistent with the facts.
Here's the deal. It's painfully simple so look closely.
Tim Cook has been CEO since long before Steve Jobs stepped down to plan his impending death. Since then, Apple's stock has hit record highs, profits have hit record highs, every product line of substance is essentially a Fortune 500 company, the company has bought back tens of billions of dollars in stock, given back tens of billions of dollars in dividends, still has about $150-billion in the bank.
With little to criticize except marketshare, which doesn't seem to matter anymore, critics have taken to slamming Apple for not being in the cloud, not spending money on acquisitions, and now that Apple is spending real money to buy a company, criticizing that move as an example of idiocy and cluelessness.
Back to the former before moving to the latter. Apple's cloud business, as pointed out by analyst Horace Dediu is very big, growing very fast, and highly profitable. It may not look like everyone else's cloud service bag, but that's how Apple rolls.
The latter is Beats; an acquisition unlike any Apple has done before, thereby allowing Tim Cook the opportunity to break with Steve Jobs' tradition, while confounding the so-called experts. What does Beats have that Apple needs?
That actually remains to be seen but Beats owns the high end of stylish headphones, a rapidly growing industry. Beats smacks of style over substance, a shiny example of trendy cachet– much like Apple. And, Beats has a streaming music subscription service which Apple does not. In other words, depending upon your perspective, Beats makes sense for Apple, and could help make the company a powerful recording label for independents.
Whats more, Beats headphones seem like Apple's first step into wearable devices; Bluetooth from iPhone to headphones, cell phone calls to headphones. It fits.
A few hundred million customers love the company's products. A few hundred tech journalists and Wall Street douche bags criticize the company's every move, good or bad. Is Apple a good company, with great financials, products, and happy customers? Or, is Apple ready for the dust bin of technology history, about ready to fall from grace among the masses?
Will the real Apple please stand up?


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That is so sweet. I love this set and have kept it too. Thank you for sharing this and all the other beautiful projects with us.
What Stamp Set did you use?
Hi Laurie – the stamp set I've used is a retired Stampin' Up! one called A New Little Someone. I love this rabbit! Thanks for stopping by!
WOW I adore this card – it's not often you see baby cards with such soft colours… beautiful!


DRAWING GAME: La trafila la disegno io!
Who wants to take a challenge and have fun with us?
No technical or specific expertise, only imagination and originality are needed!
The winner will get the chance to see his drawing made into a real pasta die.
What are you waiting for? All info within the group!


"I have a special feeling about New York. I visited New York 20 years ago to go to museums and galleries. I still remember I was very excited to see original artworks by Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko in person. Isamu Noguchi's sculpture I saw then is my starting point for my creation. I felt New York was a place to feel original art from the past in the present time. The city is exciting, fresh and free.
After 20 years, I am very happy to show my works in New York. I would like to connect to this place through my works, and step up to my next stage."
He lives and works in Shiga prefecture near mountains by Lake Biwa. His works is inspired by the rich nature there. He makes hand blown glasswares and glass art objects. "I like glass because there is reflection and refraction of light. There is a world inside and outside. There is solidness and liquidness. Glass seemingly has an element that disagrees. I strive to express and explore the charm of glass."
He was born in 1977 in Shiga prefecture Japan, graduated at Ritsumeikan University industrial Sociology and Toyama City Institute of Glass Art. He became an independent glass artist after worked at the glass studio and kimono dye workshop.


"Supporting Church Finances and Operations through Steadfast Volunteerism"
Formerly known as Ushers, the Ministers of Hospitality support church finances and operations by assisting with the weekly envelope collection and directing Parishioners at various events.
Members are required at Saturday and Sunday Masses as well as holidays - Christmas, Holy Week, Easter. They must present themselves as representatives of our parish, i.e. properly attired.


text:
Q: dns scapy server doesnt get the packet i need to send a packet using scapy to a dns server i made, and for some reason the server doesnt get the packet
this is the dns server
-- coding: utf-8 --
from scapy.all import *
def le_check(p):
    return (DNS in p and p[0][DNSQR].qtype == 1 and p[0][UDP].dport==53)

def main():
     data_base = {'www.google.com': ('172.217.23.164','173.194.79.104','173.194.79.99')}

     p1=sniff(count=1, lfilter=le_check)

     x=p1[0][DNSQR].qname
     if x in data_base:
        list=data_base[x]
     else:
         list= "no such name"
     print p1[0][DNSQR].qname
     print list
     send(IP(dst=p1[0][IP].src)/UDP(sport=53, dport=53)/Raw(list))

     if __name__ == '__main__':
     main()

code from scapy
 sendp(IP(dst=MY_IP)/UDP(sport=24601,dport=53)/DNS(qdcount=1,rd=1)/DNSQR(qname="www.google.com",qtype=1))


It's getting harder to fool you.
Why is it getting harder to walk?
Damn it, I hate these new stairs!
It's harder than I thought to not get an erection.
it's gonna be harder for you to get out.
It's harder for a woman to get old.
it's even harder to get credit from your wife.
It's about to get a lot harder for her.


text:
Tag: West Baltic
In his recent paper on Late Proto-Indo-European migrations, when citing Udolph to support his model, Frederik Kortlandt failed to mention that the Old European hydrotoponymy in northern Central-East Europe evolved into Baltic and Slavic layers, and both take part in some Northern European (i.e. Germanic – Balto-Slavic) commonalities.
Proto-Slavic
From Expansion slavischer Stämme aus namenkundlicher und bodenkundlicher sicht, by Udolph, Onomastica (2016), translated into English (emphasis mine):
NOTE. An archived version is available here. The DOI references for Onomastica do not work.
(…) there is a clear center of Slavic names in the area north of the Carpathians. Among them are root words of the Slavic languages such as reka / rzeka, potok u. a. m.
Even more important than this mapping is the question of how the dispersion of ancient Slavic names happened. What is meant by ancient Slavic names? I elaborated on this in this journal years ago (Udolph, 1997):
(1)Ancient suffixes that are no longer productive today.
This clearly includes Slavic *-(j)ava as in Vir-ava, Vod-ava, Il-ava, Glin-iawa, Breg-ava, Ljut-ava, Mor-ava, Orl-java among others. It has clear links to the ancient common Indo-European language (Lupawa, Morava-March-Moravia, Orava, Widawa). They have a center north of the Carpathians.
(2) Unproductive appellatives (water words), which have disappeared from the language, are certain witnesses of ancient Slavic settlements. A nice example of this is Ukr. bahno, Pol. bagno 'swamp, bog, morass' etc. The word has long been missing in South Slavic, although it appears in South Slavic names, but only in very specific areas (see Udolph, 1979, pp. 324-336).
(3) Names that go back to different sound shifts. [Examples:]
(…) the Slavic clan around Old Sorbian brna 'feces, earth', Bulgarian OCS brьnije 'feces, loam', OCS brъna 'feces', Slovenian brn, 'river mud', etc. is solved with the inclusion of onomastic materials (Udolph, 1979, p. 499-514). (…) Toponymic mapping shows important details.
Karte 4. brъn < *brŭn und bryn- < *brūn- in slavischen Namen
(…)We also have an ablauting *krŭn-:*krūn- in front of us. Map 5 shows the distribution of both variants in Slavic names.
The next case is quite similar. It concerns Russ. appellative grjaz' 'dirt, feces, mud', (…) for which an Old Slavic form *gręz exists. Slavic also knows the ablauting variant *grǫz.
These maps (see Map 6, p. 222) show that a homeland of Slavic tribes can only be inferred north of the Carpathians.
(4) Place-names formed by Slavic suffixes of Pre-Slavic nature, i.e. derived from Old European hydronyms.
(a) The largest river in Poland, the Wisła, German Vistula, bears a clearly Pre-Slavic name, no matter how one explains it (Babik, 2001, pp. 311-315; Bijak, 2013, p. 34, Udolph, 1990 , Pp. 303-311).
(b) With the same suffix are formed Sanok, place on the southwest of Przemyśl; Sanoka, a no longer known waters name, 1448 as fluvium Szanoka, near the place Sanoka and with a diminutive suffix -ok- a tributary of the Sanok, which is called Sanoczek (for details see Udolph, 1990, pp. 264-270; Rymut / Majtan, 1998, p. 222). The San also has a single-language name, but that does not change anything about the right etymology. The suffix variant -očь also includes Liwocz and Liwoczka, river names near Cracow; also a mountain range of the Beskydy is mentioned at Długosz as Lywocz.
According to the opinion of the "Słownik prasłowiański" (Sławski (red.), 1974, p. 92), the suffix -ok- represents a Proto-Slavic archaism. It appears, for example, in sъvědokъ, snubokъ, vidokъ, edok, igrok, inok among others, but its antiquity also shows, among other things, that it started at archaic athematic tribes.
Mapping of older and younger East Slavic place-names and translation into settlement evolution.
Slavonic Urheimat
If we apply this to the loess distribution in western Ukraine and south-eastern Poland, it is very noticeable that the center of the Old Slavic place names lies in the area where loess dispersal is gradually "frayed out", i.e. for example, in the area west of Kiev between Krakow in the west and Winnycja and Moldavia in the east. In short, the distribution of good soils coincides with ancient Slavic names. If that is correct, we can expect a homeland in the Pre-Carpathian region, or better, a core landscape of Slavic settlement.
The existence of Pre-Slavic Indo-European place names and water names whose structure indicates that they originated from an Indo-European basis, but then also developed Slavic peculiarities, can now – as stated above – only be understood to mean that the language group that we call today Slavic emerged in a century-long process from an Indo-European dialectal area.
Loess areas between Poland and Ukraine. Image from Jary et al. (2018).
From a genetic point of view, the scarce data published to date show a clear shift of central-east populations from more Corded Ware-like groups in the EBA towards more BBC-derived ancestry in the common era, to the point where ancient DNA samples from East Germany, Poland and Lithuania evolve from clustering between Corded Ware and Sub-Neolithic peoples to clustering close to Bell Beaker-derived groups, such as West Germanic peoples, Tollense samples, etc. (see below)
Furthermore, sampled Early Slavs show bottlenecks under "Dinaric" I2a-L621 and central-eastern E1b-V13, which – in combination with the known phylogeography of Únětice and Urnfield – is compatible with its late expansion from a central-east European Slavonic homeland, such as the Pomeranian culture, in turn likely derived from Lusatian culture groups.
This doesn't preclude a more immediate expansion of Common Slavic in Antiquity closer to the northern Carpathians, which is also supported by the available Early Slavic sampling, apart from samples from the Avar and Hungarian polities.
Likely Baltic (yellow-green) and Slavic (orange) groups ca. 500 AD on, with Finnic (cyan) and Mordvinic (blue) groups roughly divided through hydrotoponymy line ca. 1000 AD Top Left: Late Iron Age cultures. Top right: PCA of groups from the Iron Age to the Middle Ages. Y-DNA haplogroups during the Germanic migrations (Bottom left) and during the Middle Ages (Bottom right). Notice a majority non-R1a lineages among sampled Early Slavs. See full maps and PCAs.
Proto-Baltic / Proto-Slavic
Northern European hydronymy
From Alteuropäische Hydronymie und urslavische Gewässernamen, by Udolph, Onomastica (1997), translated into English (emphasis mine):
NOTE. An HTML version is available at Jurgen Udolph's personal site.
Because of the already striking similarities as the well-known "-m-case", the number-words for '1000', '11' and '12' and so on, J. Grimm had already assumed a close relationship between Germanic and Baltic and Slavic. (…)
In my own search, I approached this trinity from the nomenclature side. In doing so, I noticed some name groups that can speak for a certain common context:
1.* bhelgh-, *bholgh-.
Map 10, p. 64, shows that a root * bhelgh- occurs in the name material of a region from which later Germanic, Baltic and Slavic originated. The Balkans play no role in this.
2. *dhelbh-, *dholbh-, *dhl̥bh-
The proof of the three ablauting * dhelbh, * dholbh, * dhl̥bh- within a limited area shows the close relationship that this root has with the Indo-European basis. Again it is significant in which area the names meet (…)
3. An Indo-European root extension *per-s- with the meaning 'spray, splash, dust, drop' is detectable in several languages (…). From a Baltic-Slavic-Germanic peculiarity cannot therefore be spoken from the toponymic point of view. The picture changes, however, if one includes the derived water names.
4. The root extension *pel-t-, *pol-t-, *pl̥-t- of a tribe widely spread in the Indo-European languages around *pel-, pol- 'pour, flow, etc.', whose reflexes are found Armenian through Baltic and Slavic to the Celtic area, is found in the Baltic toponymy, cf. Latv. palts, palte 'puddle, pool'.
The dynamics of stylistic changes of the form of the "Trzciniec pot" in the lowland regions of Central Europe, and spreading routes of the Trzciniec package in Central Europe. A good proxy for contacts through the Northern European Plain during the Early Bronze Age. Modified from Czebreszuk (1998).
Early Balto-Finnic
In order to properly delimit (geographically and chonologically) the Proto-Baltic and Proto-Slavic expansions, it is necessary to understand where the late Balto-Finnic homeland was located during the Bronze Age. The following are excerpts from the comprehensive hydrotoponymic study by Pauli Rahkonen (2013):
In any case, Finnic probably had its origin somewhere around the Gulf of Finland. Names of large and central rivers such as Vuoksi (< Finnic vuo 'stream') and Neva (< Finnic neva 'marsh, river') must be very old and might represent Proto-Finnic hydronyms. In the southern coastal area of Finland, the names Kymi and Nietoo < *Niet|oja (id. later Porvoonjoki) may also be of Finnic origin and derive from, respectively, kymi 'stream' (see SSA I s.v. *kymi; see however SPK s.v. Kemijärvi; Rahkonen 2013: 24) and nieto(s) 'heap of snow' (SSA II s.v. nietos), in hydronyms probably 'high (snowy?) banks of a river'. Mustion|joki is clearly a Finnish name < *must|oja 'black river'. The river name Vantaa remains somewhat obscure, although Nissilä (see SPK s.v. Vantaanjoki) has derived it from the Finnic word vana 'water route'. In western Finland the names of large rivers, such as Aura and Eura, are supposedly of Germanic origin (Koivulehto 1987).
In Estonia the names of many of the most important rivers might be of Finnic origin: e.g. Ema|jõgi Est. ema 'mother' [Tartu district] (?? cf. the Lake Piiga|ndi < Est. piiga 'maiden'), Pärnu [Pärnu district] < Est. pärn 'linden', Valge|jõgi [Loksa district] < Est. valge 'white', Must|jõgi [Võru district] < Est. must 'black'. It is possible that Emajogi and especially Piigandi are the result of later folk etymologizing of a name with some unknown origin. However, as a naming motif there exist in Finland numerous toponyms with the stems Finnic *emä (e.g. 3 Emäjoki), *neit(V)- 'maiden' (e.g. Neitijärvi, Neittävänjoki, Neittävänjärvi) and Saami stems that can be derived from Proto Saami *nejte̮ 'id' (GT2000; NA).
The historical southern boundary of Finnic hydronyms, excluding hydronyms produced by the Karelian refugees of the 17th century.
These seemingly very old names of relatively large rivers in southern Finland, modern Leningrad oblast and Estonia support the hypothesis that Proto-Finnic was spoken for a long time on both sides of the Gulf of Finland and it thus basically corresponds to the hypothesis of Terho Itkonen (see below). In the Novgorod, Tver or Vologda oblasts of Russia, Finnic names for large rivers cannot be found (Rahkonen 2011: 229). For this reason, it is likely that the Late Proto-Finnic homeland was the area around the Gulf of Finland.
Beyond the southeastern boundary of the modern or historically known Finnic-speaking area, there exists a toponymic layer belonging to the supposedly non-Finnic Novgorodian Čudes (see Rahkonen 2011). In theory it is possible that Proto-Finnic and Proto-Čudian separated from each other at an early stage or it is even possible that Proto-Čudian was identical with Proto-Finnic. However, this cannot be proven, because there is not enough material available describing what Novgorodian Čudic was like exactly.
Yakhr-, -khra, yedr-, -dra and yer-/yar, -er(o), -or(o) names of lakes in Central and North Russia and the possible boundary of the proto-language words *jäkra/ä and *järka/ä. Rahkonen (2013)
A summary of the data is then:
The Daugava River and the Gulf of Livonia formed the most stable south-western Balto-Finnic border (up until ca. 1000 AD): the Daugava shows a likely Indo-European etymology, while some of its tributaries are best explained as derived from Uralic.
The first layer of "Early Baltic" loans in Early Balto-Finnic are of a non-attested Baltic dialect closest to Proto-Balto-Slavic (read more about this early layer).
The latest samples of the Trzciniec culture (or derived Iron Age group) from its easternmost group in Turlojiškė (ca. 1000-800 BC?) show a western shift towards Bell Beaker, although they show a majority of hg. R1a-Z280; while the earliest sample from Gustorzyn (ca. 1900 BC), likely from Trzciniec/Iwno, from the westernmost area of the culture, shows a Corded Ware-like ancestry (and hg. R1a-Z280, likely S24902+) among a BA sampling from Poland clearly derived from Bell Beaker groups.
One can therefore infer that the expansion of the Trzciniec culture – as the earliest expansion of central-west European peoples into the Baltic after the Bell Beaker period – represented either the whole disintegrating Balto-Slavic community, or at least an Early Baltic-speaking community expanding from the West Baltic area to the east.
The similarity of Early Slavs and the Trzciniec outlier with the Czech BA cluster, formed by samples from Bohemia (ca. 2200–1700 BC), and the varied haplogroups found among Early Slavs – reminiscent of the variability of the Unetice/Urnfield sampling – may help tentatively connect the early Proto-Slavic homeland more strongly with a Proto-Lusatian community immediately to the south-west of the Iwno/Proto-Trzciniec core.
Top Left:Likely Baltic, Slavic, and Balto-Finnic-speaking territories (asynchronous), overlaid over Late Bronze Age cultures. Balto-Slavic in green: West(-East?) Baltic (B1), unattested early Baltic (B2), and Slavic (S). Late Balto-Finnic (F) in cyan. In red, Tollense and Turlojiškė sampling. Dashed black line: Balto-Slavic/West Uralic hydrotoponymy border until ca. 1000 AD. Top right: PCA of groups from the Early Bronze Age to the Late Bronze Age. Marked are Iwno/Pre-Trzciniec of Gustorzyn (see below), Late Trzciniec/Iron Age samples from Turlojiškė, and in dashed line approximate extent of Tollense cluster; Y-DNA haplogroups during the Late Bronze Age (Bottom left) and during the Early Iron Age (Bottom right). Notice a majority non-R1a lineages among sampled Early Slavs. See full maps and PCAs.
Proto-Balto-Slavic homeland
Disconnected western border: Germanic
The common Balto-Slavic – Germanic community must necessarily be traced back to the West Baltic. From Udolph's Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem, de Gruyter (1994), translated from German (emphasis mine):
My work [Namenkundliche Studien zum Germanenproblem] has shown how strong the Germanic toponymy is related to the East, less to Slavic, much more to Baltic. It confirms the recent thesis by W.P. Schmid on the special relationship Germanic and Baltic, according to which "the formation of the typical Germanic linguistic characteristics…must have taken place in the neighborhood of Baltic".
If one starts from a Germanic core area whose eastern boundary is to be set on the middle Elbe between the Erzgebirge and Altmark, there are little more than 400 km. to the undoubtedly Baltic settlement area east of the Vistula. Stretching the Baltic area westwards over the Vistula (as far as the much-cited Persante), the distance is reduced to less than 300 km. Assuming further that Indo-European tribes between the developing Germanic and the Baltic groups represent the connection between the two language groups, so can one understand well the special relationship proposed by W.P. Schmid between Germanic and Baltic. In an earlier period shared Slavic evidently the same similarities (Baltic-Slavic-Germanic peculiarities).
Top: Palaeo-Germanic (G2, blue area), Proto-Balto-Slavic/Pre-Baltic (PBSL, green area) and Early Proto-Balto-Finnic (PBF, cyan area) homelands superimposed over Early Bronze Age cultures. Persante hydronym and Gustorzyn ancient DNA sample location marked. Y-DNA haplogroups during the Early Bronze Age (Bottom left) and during the Middle Bronze Age (Bottom right). Notice a mix of R1b-L151 samples from the west and the process of integration of R1a-Z645 lineages from the the north-east. See full maps and PCAs.
Substrate and immediate eastern border: Early Balto-Finnic
While Balto-Finnic shows a late Balto-Slavic adstrate, Balto-Slavic has a Balto-Finnic(-like) substrate, also found later in Baltic and Slavic, which implies that Balto-Slavic (and later Baltic and Slavic) replaced the language of peoples who spoke Balto-Finnic(-like) languages, influencing at the same time the language of neighbouring peoples, who still spoke Balto-Finnic (or were directly connected to the Balto-Finnic community).
For more on this relative chronology in Balto-Slavic – Balto-Finnic contacts, see e.g. the recent posts on Kallio (2003), Olander (2019), or a summary of this substrate.
While Rahkonen (2013) entertains Parpola's theory of a West-Uralic-speaking Netted Ware area (ca. 1900-500 BC), due to the Uralic-like hydrotoponymy of its territory, he also supports Itkonen's idea of the ancient presence of almost exclusively Balto-Finnic place and river names in the Eastern Baltic and the Gulf of Finland since at least the Corded Ware period, due to the lack of Indo-European layers there:
NOTE. This idea was also recently repeated by Kallio (2015), who can't find a non-Uralic layer of hydrotoponymy in Balto-Finnic-speaking areas.
It should be observed that the territory between the historical Finnic and Mordvin-speaking areas matches quite well with the area of the so-called Textile Ceramics [circa 1900–800 BC] (cf. Parpola 2012: 288). The culture of Textile Ceramics could function as a bridge between these two extreme points. Languages that were spoken later in this vast territory between Finland–Estonia and Mordovia seem to derive from Western Uralic (WU) as well. I have called those languages Meryan-Muroma, Eastern and Western Čudian and an unknown "x" language spoken in inland Finland, Karelia and the Lake Region of the Russian North (Rahkonen 2011; 241; 2012a: 19–27; 2013: 5– 43). This might mean that the territory of the Early Textile Ceramics reflects to some extent the area of late Western Uralic.
The archaeologically problematic area is Estonia, Livonia and Coastal Finland – the area traditionally assumed to have been populated by the late Proto-Finns. The Textile Ceramics culture was absent there. It is very difficult to believe that the Textile Ware population in inland Finland migrated or was even the main factor bringing the Pre- or Early Proto-Finnic language to Estonia or Livonia. There are no archaeological or toponymic signs of it. Therefore, I am forced to believe that Textile Ceramics did not bring Uralic-speaking people to those regions. This makes it possible, but not absolutely proven, to assume that some type of Uralic language was spoken in the region of the Gulf of Finland already before Textile Ceramics spread to the northwest (circa 1900 BC).
Top Left: Corded Ware culture expansion. Top right: PCA of Corded Ware and Sub-Neolithic groups. Y-DNA haplogroups during the Corded Ware expansion (Bottom left) and during the subsequent Bell Beaker expansion (Bottom right). Notice the rapid population replacement of typical Corded Ware R1a-Z645 lineages by expanding Bell Beakers of hg. R1b-L23 in central-east Europe, while they show continuity in the described ancestral Fennoscandian West-Uralic-speaking territory. See full maps and PCAs.
The Corded Ware population in Finland is thought to have been NW Indo-European by many scholars (e.g. Koivulehto 2006: 154–155; Carpelan & Parpola 2001: 84). At least, it is probable that the Corded Ware culture was brought to Finland by waves of migration, because the representatives of the former Late Comb Ceramics partially lived at the same time side by side with the Corded Ware population. However, it is possible that the immigrants were a population that spoke Proto-Uralic, who had adopted the Corded Ware culture from their Indo-European neighbors, possibly from the population of the Fatjanovo culture, e.g. in the Valdai region. This was suggested by Terho Itkonen (1997: 251) as well. In that case the population of the Typical and Late Comb Ceramics may have spoken some Paleo European language (see Saarikivi 2004a). In the Early Bronze Age, the Baltic Pre-Finnic language that I have suggested must have been very close to late WU and therefore no substantial linguistic differences existed between the Baltic Pre-Finns and the population of Textile Ceramics in inland Finland. I admit that this model is difficult to prove, but I have presented it primarily in order to offer new models of thinking.16 At least, there is no archaeological or linguistic reason against this idea.
This dubitative attribution of Proto-Uralic to the expansion of Corded Ware groups in eastern Europe, which is what hydrotoponymic data suggests in combination with archaeology, has to be understood as a consequence of how striking Rahkonen finds the results of his research, despite Itkonen's previous proposal, in the context of an overwhelming majority of Indo-Europeanists who, until very recently, simplistically associated Corded Ware with the Indo-European expansion.
Even Kortlandt accepts at this point the identification of expanding East Bell Beakers from the Carpathian Basin as those who left the Alteuropäische layer reaching up to the Baltic. However, he identified Udolph's data solely with West Indo-European, forgetting to mention the commonly agreed upon western Proto-Balto-Slavic homeland, most likely because it contradicts two of his main tenets:
that Balto-Slavic split from a hypothetical Indo-Slavonic (i.e. Satem) group expanding from the east; and
that laryngeals can be reconstructed for Balto-Slavic – unlike for North-West Indo-European.
Indo-European hydrotoponymy in Europe and the Middle East (scarce Central Asian data). Baltic data compensated, statistical method RBF: intermediate regions devoid of Indo-European toponyms are inferred to have them; it compensates thus e.g. for the scarce Indo-European hydrotoponyms in Poland by assuming 'soft' continuity from West Germany to the Baltic.
A hypothetic "Pre-Indo-Slavonic" laryngeal Indo-European layer reaching Fennoscandia and the Forest Zone with Corded Ware is fully at odds with all known data:
in comparative grammar, since the one feature that characterizes Graeco-Aryan is precisely its set of innovations relative to Northern Indo-European, which presupposes a longer contact (and further laryngeal loss) once Tocharian and North-West Indo-European had separated – hence probably represented by Palaeo-Balkan – Catacomb-Poltavka contacts once Afanasevo and Yamna settlers from the Carpathian Basin / East Bell Beakers had become isolated;
in hydrotoponymy, because of the prehistoric linguistic areas that can be inferred from (1) the distribution of Old European hydrotoponymy; (2) Udolph's work on Germanic and the likely non-Indo-European substrate in Scandinavia and land contacts with Balto-Finnic; (3) from the Northern European traits in the Northern European Plain; or (4) from the decreasing proportion of Indo-European place and river names from central Europe towards the east and north.
NOTE. An alternative explanation of Old European/Balto-Slavic layers, e.g. by a 'Centum' Temematic – even if one obviates the general academic rejection to Holzer's proposal – couldn't account for the absolute lack of an ancestral layer of Indo-European hydrotoponymy in North-Eastern Europe (i.e. the longest-lasting Corded Ware territory), in sharp contrast with Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe, and South Asia. All of that contradicts an Eastern Indo-European community, even without a need to recall that the oldest hydrotoponymic layers common to Fennoscandia and the Forest Zone are of Uralic nature.
in archaeology, because cultural expansions of the Eastern European Early Bronze Age province since the Bell Beaker period (viz. Mierzanowice, Trzciniec, Lusatian, Pomeranian, West Baltic Culture of Cairns) suggest once and again west-east movements, most (if not all) of which – based on the presence of Indo-European speakers during the common era – were likely associated with Indo-European-speaking communities replacing or displacing previous ones.
in palaeogenomics, because of the late and different association of Corded Ware ancestry and haplogroups among Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian communities, in turn corresponding to the different satemization processes found in both dialects, which may have actually been related to the Uralic substrate that is found in both (read more on Uralic influences on Balto-Slavic and on Indo-Iranian).
On the other hand, a careful combination of Uralic and Indo-European comparative grammar, hydrotoponymic data, and population genomics fits perfectly well Itkonen's and Rahkonen's association of Corded Ware in Eastern Europe with Uralic languages, as well as the traditional mainstream view of Uralic before Indo-European in Fennoscandia and in the Forest Zone, as I explained in a recent post about genetic continuity in the East Baltic area.
Population genomics is not the main reason to reject the Indo-European Corded Ware theory – or any other prehistoric ethnolinguistic identification, for that matter. It can't be. This new field offers just the occasional confirmation of a well-founded theory or, alternatively, another nail in the coffin of fringe theories that were actually never that likely, but seemed impossible to fully dismiss on purely theoretical grounds.
The problem with Corded Ware was that we couldn't see how unlikely its association with Indo-European languages was until we had ancient DNA to corroborate archaeological models, because few (if any) Indo-Europeanists really cared about the linguistic prehistory of eastern and northern Europe, or about Uralic languages in general (contrary to the general trend among Uralicists to be well-versed in Indo-European studies). Now they will.
European hydrotoponymy (II): Basques, Iberians, and Etruscans after Old Europeans
Consequences of O&M 2018 (III): The Balto-Slavic conundrum in Linguistics, Archaeology, and Genetics
Carlos Quiles	Anthropology, Archaeology, Finnic, Finno-Ugric, Linguistics, North-West Indo-European, Uralic	11 Comments July 12, 2019 July 16, 2019
Some very specific prosodic innovations affected the Balto-Slavic linguistic community, probably at a time when it already showed internal dialectal differences. Whether those innovations were related to archaic remnants stemming from the parent Proto-Indo-European language, and whether that disintegrating community included different dialects, remains an object of active debate.
"Archaic" Balto-Slavic?
The main question about Balto-Slavic is whether this concept represents a single community, or it was rather a continuum formed by two (Baltic and Slavic) or possibly three (East Baltic, West Baltic, Slavic) neighbouring communities, speaking closely related Northern European dialects, which just happened to evolve very close to each other, i.e. in cultures that were closer to each other than they were to Germanic or Balto-Finnic.
In my opinion, their similarities warrant the reconstruction of a single original central-east European community since the dissolution of Bell Beakers, speaking a North-West Indo-European dialect, and most internal differences between Baltic and Slavic may be explained as innovations. The precise identification of a Proto-Balto-Slavic community remains elusive, although the Unetice-Iwno-Mierzanowice triangle remains the best bet, with Trzciniec showing what seems like an Early Slavic-like population reaching up to the East Baltic.
Bell Beaker expansion in eastern Europe and around the Baltic.
The reconstruction of a common Balto-Slavic proto-language is known to range from difficult to impossible, depending on who you ask, not the least because of the differences that are discussed in this post, and which have been the own battlefield created by Balticists and Slavicists for decades. The old tenet that Balto-Slavic had inherited some traits directly from PIE is – in contrast with e.g. the Italo-Celtic concept – surprisingly vivid still today.
Take, for example, these internal differences and supposedly archaic traits:
The ruKi rule, where Baltic shows mostly *is, *us, and Slavic shows *iš, *uš; or the different output of Satemization in Baltic compared to Slavic (and both compared to Indo-Iranian). Nevertheless, the Satemization trends in Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian are usually explained together and taken as a sign of a traditional three-velar system for PIE.
If you consider Satemization as a late trend in Balto-Slavic, affecting each dialect in a different way, and thus Balto-Slavic phonetic evolution clearly distinct from the Indo-Iranian trend, rejecting trictectalism, this problem is solved. This would also solve the impossible Indo-Slavonic problem, and the paradox of Balto-Slavic sharing a genetic phylum with Germanic and Italo-Celtic.
If you, however, conflate these differences and North-West Indo-European features with an ad hoc explanation of a hypothetic Centum dialect called Temematic, which intends to solve their (in Holzer's words) unlösbaren inconsistencies, you essentially add a whole new inconsistency without solving their previous ones. For a full rebuttal of Holzer's Temematic etymologies, see Matasović (2014).
Kortlandt's reconstruction of a PIE 3rd singular *-e (Baltic from *-et, Slavic from *-eti) and 3rd plural *-o, which would have been replaced independently in other Indo-European dialects (by *-eti, *-onti), is reminiscent of his own reconstruction of laryngeals almost up to the attestation of all Indo-European dialects, including Baltic. If you consider these traits an innovation, this artificially created problem is immediately solved.
Genitive plural Pre-Baltic *-ōm vs. Pre-Slavic *-ŏm is another commonly cited example. However, I would place this difference among other similar differences found within other related IE dialects, hence a common phonetic innovation (see e.g. below for the classicist view of unstable obliques).
Kortlandt's reconstruction of oblique cases in *-m-, shared with Germanic, as stemming from a common Middle PIE *-mus (based essentially on Old Lithuanian *-mus and on a non-existent equivalent Anatolian formation), hence different from those in *-bʰ-. While you can argue for infinite more reasonable alternatives, the most often cited one is the ins.-dat. pl. *-bʰ- as a common NWIE innovation based on ins. sg. *bʰi-, while forms in *-m- (including ins. sg.) as a Northern European phonetic innovation. The simplest, most elegant explanation I've read to date (I think by Rémy Viredaz) is the similar bilabial change of Giacobo/Giacomo in Italian…
As you can see, some Balto-Slavicists could have written whole books about how their object of study holds the key to solve problems on common Proto-Indo-European paradigms, some of which wouldn't need solving if they hadn't been started by Balto-Slavicists themselves…
While all of these "archaic" traits are easily dismissed without further ado (except for some understandable damaged pride among academics), there is one especially pervasive idea among those willing to find the white whale of laryngeal remnants in Indo-European languages (see here for other examples of dubious laryngeal remains).
The prophecy before the battle, Józef Ryszkiewicz, 1890. Or, how to conjure laryngeal remnants in Balto-Slavic.
Accentual development in contact
Whichever position one prefers, the general argument is that the Balto-Slavic accentual system is non-trivial for the classification of both dialects into a common branch. However, that would only be completely true if it were a common innovation, but not so much if it were a natural laryngeal evolution.
In fact, the broken tone preserving a PIE laryngeal, as proposed by Kortlandt – continuing Meillet's idea of synchronous PIE-PBS developments – was always very difficult to accept. Even the rising pronunciation is not original, and represents a shift of the accent on the initial syllable in Latvian…
In my opinion, the derivation of a modern phenomenon from a PIE laryngeal must always raise a red flag (see below on archaisms vs. innovations in IE languages). As you can see from my take of the fable in Balto-Slavic, which uses Kortlandt's reconstruction, I preferred not to take into account the reconstructed accents. The fable remains thus a model of what could have been a common Proto-Balto-Slavic, unlike other reconstructions, which are much less tentative.
NOTE. You could argue that accents may be reconstructed in spite of the wrong theory behind them, but this is not true; at least not of all reconstructed accents, some of which require further assumptions. Think about it this way: I wouldn't take into account a reconstruction of Germanic accent which used Danish glottalized tone for a hypothetical Proto-Germanic laryngeal, even if most accents seemed correct at first sight. The truth is, I didn't want to dedicate time to go through each reconstructed word and its explanation, so it was easier to delete them all, even though that's not an actual solution, either. You will find the same doubts in the description of Balto-Slavic evolution in my old Modern Indo-European grammar. The introduction to IE dialects was partially copied from Wikipedia (which, in the case of Balto-Slavic, essentially summarized data from Kortlandt), but in the grammar I just tried to keep the basics, and not very successfully, because you need a comprehensive and coherent description of a language's evolution. That's how messed up the question was, and how it still is, even though 15 years of research have passed…
Despite the idea of an "archaic Balto-Slavic", especially prevalent among older researchers, the current trend is to consider Balto-Slavic prosodic changes as a natural innovation, even among those who would artificially reconstruct laryngeal remnants up to late Balto-Slavic stages.
NOTE. You can read more about the Proto-Indo-European laryngeal loss and vocalism. While the presence of certain laryngeals up to Late PIE is certain, the loss in many environments is also generally agreed upon. This is especially true of a hypothetical Indo-Slavonic branch, like that supported by Kortlandt: even those supporting multiple laryngeal loss events must admit that Indo-Iranian showed no laryngeals before its disintegration, whether they put this loss as an internal Proto-Indo-Iranian evolution, or they place it earlier. Tocharian attests to an evolution similar to the rest of Late PIE dialects (hence to a quite early laryngeal loss trend), and Balkan dialects (supposedly splitting before Indo-Slavonic) also lost laryngeals in a similar way, except for initial ones, which show vocalic output instead of full loss.
So, where does a laryngeal loss fit in this "Indo-Slavonic" scheme, exactly? Before the Tocharian split? Before the Balkan split? After the Balkan split but before the full loss in Indo-Iranian? And where exactly does this group belong regarding Corded Ware, and where does Germanic? No idea (but you can read Kortlandt try fitting his model with Gimbutas' "Kurgan peoples"). Because one thing is to reconstruct Proto-Greek, or Proto-Celtic, or Proto-Italic forms without laryngeals and to put them in relation with a purely theoretical three-laryngeal PIE, and a different one is to reconstruct laryngeals (including in environments which were already lost in Tocharian) up to Proto-Baltic and Proto-Slavic, which seems more than just a bit of a stretch…
Indo-European dialectal relationships, from Mallory and Adams (2006).
Thomas Olander offered a summary of the current positions regarding the Balto-Slavic accentual system recently in Indo-European heritage in the Balto-Slavic accentuation system (2013), which also contains a summary of his Mobility Law, to explain this phenomenon as a common Pre-Baltic and Pre-Slavic innovation.
Andersen, an advocate of different Baltic and Slavic dialects developing in contact with Satem dialects, suggested in The Satem Languages of the Indo-European Northwest. First Contacts? (2009), partially based on Olander's initial proposal, that Baltic and Slavic accentual mobility arose as a result of contact with languages with fixed word-initial ictus: the accent was lost in the word-final mora in pre-Proto-Baltic and, independently, in pre-Proto-Slavic. Hence, the central innovation, the accent loss
technically is not a shared Slavic and Baltic innovation. On the contrary. It shows that the speakers of the Pre-Slavic and Pre-Baltic dialects formed bilingual communities with speakers of contact dialects that were of the same prosodic type, viz. had fixed initial ictus but no free accent.
In the meantime, Olander (2019) has found out about more real-world examples of this same phenomenon:
Prosodic features are known to be susceptible to contact influence (Salmons 1992:1 and passim). While it does not directly influence the evaluation of the Mobility Law as a non-trivial innovation, it is interesting that most of the alleged parallels are indeed considered to be contact-induced changes due to influence from languages with an ictus on the word-initial syllable (Andersen 2009: 11-14; Rinkevičius 2013): Balto-Fennic in the case of the Karelian and (perhaps through Latvian as an intermediary) Žemaitian dialects, and Hungarian in the case of the Slavonian dialects (for Karelian see Jakobson 1938/2002: 239; Veenker 1967: 74; Thomason & Kaufman 1988: 122, 241; Salmons 1992: 41- 42; for Žemaitian see Zinkevičius 1966: 45- 46; for Slavonian see Ivić 1958: 287).
I am not aware of any hypotheses on a contact-induced origin for Greek prosodic innovations, but it is at least worth noting that there is agreement on significant substrate influence on Greek. While we may speculate that these substrate language(s) had word-initial ictus like Balto-Fennic and Hungarian, we do not have any actual information about the prosodic system(s) (thus even Beekes 2014: 9, who in other respects provides a fairly detailed picture of the substrate).
The parallels from other speech varieties show that an accent loss of the type suggested for a pre-stage of Baltic and Slavic is a type of prosodic change that has occurred several times in different various systems. In the context of the present paper this means that the sound law itself cannot be classified as a non-trivial innovation; it may have taken place in already differentiated dialects or languages. Also, the parallels suggest that a loss of the accent may be the result of influence from languages with fixed word-initial ictus.
In this time when even linguists agree that substrate/contact languages have to be related to specific ethnolinguistic groups (see here for Germanic), the fact that Olander stops short of naming this substrate behind Pre-Baltic and Pre-Slavic as being Late Uralic in general, or Balto-Finnic in particular, is surprising.
NOTE. Not the least because Olander is part of the Homeland Timeline map project of the Copenhagen group (their website is not working right now), and they placed Volosovo as Uralians expanding with Netted Ware in contact with the Baltic during the Bronze Age…So what's to doubt about Balto-Slavic – Balto-Finnic contacts, exactly? Maybe if Balto-Finnic was the substrate language behind Balto-Slavic (as it was in Germanic), it would mean that Uralic languages were previously spoken in territories that became later Germanic- and Balto-Slavic-speaking?
Still image from the Copenhagen Timeline Map (accessed one year ago), showing in green Volosovo hunter-gatherers who, according to the map, later expand to the north-east with Netted Ware…
Archaism vs. Innovation
If we tried to describe these trends of explaining peculiar traits in recent Indo-European dialects as archaism vs. innovation from a purely theoretical point of view, we could roughly distinguish two different positions (with infinite variants, of course) among academics – just like we could find people more inclined to leftist or rightist trends when speaking about economy. When it comes to linguistics, which is the least messed-up field where one can describe Indo-European and Indo-Europeans, I think we can find two alternative basic tenets:
One idea would hold that the oldest attested dialects – and those with an older guesstimated proto-language – are the gold standard as to what the original situation may have been, and about what could be described as an archaism. For example, Ancient Greek and Mycenaean or Vedic Sanskrit for old dialects; Tocharian, or Italic dialects for those with quite old guesstimates, each for different reasons; and Anatolian for both, old dialect and attested early.
NOTE. Nevertheless, the phonology of Anatolian inscriptions is often difficult to ascertain, and its ancient dialectal nature stemming from a Middle PIE stage may still be disputed by some. The archaic nature of Tocharian seems to be maybe less generally accepted than that of Anatolian, but I would say there is general consensus on the matter today.
The other general idea would support that the most isolated dialects are those which may hold the key to the oldest Indo-European traits, somehow hidden from external influences and areal contacts, and thus from generalized innovative trends that have affected the best known ancient dialects. In that sense, languages like Slavic, Baltic, Albanian, or Armenian – as well as some Balkan fragmentary dialects – are quite common aims of study to reveal exceptional PIE traits.
I think the education system in Southern Europe and South Asia is that of formal classicists. In eastern Europe, I'd reckon the education system – especially in regions that were never connected to the Graeco-Roman tradition – favours linguistics as a study of the own and related proto-languages. For northern Europe, I would say it's 50/50, especially in Scandinavia, depending on whether classicists or linguists dominate over the departments of Indo-European. For example, while Germany or Austria would maybe lean more toward the classics, Copenhagen's obsession with Germanic as the most archaic IE branch is well known…
A 17th-century birch bark manuscript of Pāṇini's grammar treatise from Kashmir. Image from Wikipedia.
Both positions, when blindly accepted, are bound to fail at some point or another:
If you take Classical Sanskrit, Classical Greek, or Classical Latin as an example of Proto-Indo-European, you are bound to make radical mistakes when reconstructing the parent language, more so if you disregard the oldest attested layers of the languages. An interesting view of the so-called Adradists at the Complutense University of Madrid – apart from their famous 9-laryngeal reconstruction – is that Middle PIE had only 5 cases, with a general (unstable) oblique one in Late PIE that later evolved into the attested 5 to 8 cases in the different dialects. That is, in my opinion, a fairly typical classicist error, which would be easily addressed by taking into account the oldest stages, like those attested in Mycenaean and in Old Latin, instead of focusing on classical grammar. The 8-case system is, in fact, one of the few true Balto-Slavic archaisms, supported by external comparanda.
On the other hand, if you take Albanian, Armenian, Baltic or Slavic, or even phonetically dubious data like those from some Anatolian inscriptions, you can eventually argue for anything. And I really mean anything; you are leaving the logic door wide open for any crazy-ass opinion about Proto-Indo-European based on traits found in modern languages: From how many velars evolved (if at all, because you may find all of them in Luwian, or still living in Albanian or in Armenian…) and their nature as ejective consonants in Late PIE (based on Armenian or Germanic); to how many laryngeals and when these laryngeals disappeared (if they actually did disappear, because some may even find them in Modern Lithuanian, in Armenian, or in Danish…); etc. Once you believe your own romantic view of some modern language(s) retaining traits from five thousand years ago, there is no stopping that; not for you, but not for anyone else, either.
NOTE. One of the funniest consequences of this type of 'worldview', where one assumes that – the own interpretations of – modern dialects are as reliable (or even more so than) ancient ones, and that Indo-European dialects somehow split at the same time from the parent language (so there was one common "full laryngeal" language, and then all attested dialects evolved from it) are some of the theories that you can easily find posted on Facebook's group on Proto-Indo-European. Let's just say, for the sake of simplicity, that you can compare English 'sunrise' with Spanish 'sonrisa' "smile" all you want, and assert that both reveal a common origin in PIE *sup- hence from the Sun and the smile going "up" or something, but any explanation as to how you reached that conclusion doesn't make for the why this comparison shouldn't have even started at all. Now replace English and Spanish with Armenian, Slavic, and/or Albanian, invent some new IE sound law, throw one or two laryngeals in the mix, and somehow this might get a pass among certain linguists…
The Celebration of Svetovid on Rügen, Alphonse Mucha, The Slav Epic. Image from Wikipedia. Were Early Slavs some among a selected few romantic peoples to keep the "true" Indo-European language and traditions? Of course not.
While no one can deny the value of different Indo-European branches for the reconstruction of the parent language, no matter how recently they were attested, the only reasonable solution whenever a difficult case arises is to trust ancient dialects more than recent ones. Using data from fringe theories based on recent dialects to build a Proto-Indo-European paradigm, especially when there is contradictory data from ancient IE dialects, is flawed for two reasons:
Languages attested later – especially after periods of population movements and contacts – would show, in general, a greater degree of change. Preferring Old Slavic or Classical Armenian to reconstruct Indo-European over ancient dialects like Ancient Greek, Vedic Sanskrit, or ancient Italic dialects is, in a way, like taking Byzantine Greek, Pali, or Old French as models, respectively.
Classical languages are indeed modified due to the action of grammarians, but once standardized these "languages behind a state" (or religion) are less prone to change, due to the transmission of oral (and written) literature, education, commerce, etc. Languages left to unorganized tribes are less constrained in their evolution, and their internal (substrate) and external (contact) influences are greater and (what's worse) unknown.
Baltic and Slavic, like Albanian or Armenian, are dialects attested very recently, which may have undergone complex internal and external influences we may never fully understand. Confronted with controversial or inexplicable traits compared to ancient branches like Greek, Indo-Iranian, or Italo-Celtic (especially if they fit with other Indo-European dialects), the conservative solution that will be right most of the time (and I mean 99.9999% of cases) is to assume they represent an innovation over Late PIE.
The fact that some researchers still use these recent dialects as a blank canvas instead, in order to propose unending new ideas about how to reconstruct IE proto-languages, or even older common PIE stages, is shocking. Not "R1a/Steppe" vs. "N1c/Siberian" haplogroup+ancestry bullshit-level shocking, but still unacceptable in a serious academic environment.
The only reason why Balto-Slavicists have failed so many times in this "unsolvable" question that seems to be Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction, apart from the known differences between Baltic and Slavic, is precisely the fixation of many with their object of study as a model for other IE languages (and thus for PIE), instead of taking the rest as a model for the reconstruction of Balto-Slavic (or of Proto-Baltic and Proto-Slavic).
Repeating ad nauseam the popular concept of Balto-Slavic (or Baltic and Slavic) being among the most archaic IE dialects, or the slowest evolving IE dialects, and cheap nationalist slogans of the sort, does not help this aim, and just reading or hearing that should make anyone cringe instantly. Not less than reading or hearing about Sanskrit being essentially equal to PIE, or spoken in the Indus Valley 10,000 years ago. Because we are not living in the 19th century, mind you.
Bell Beaker/early Late Neolithic (NOT Corded Ware/Battle Axe) identified as forming the Pre-Germanic community in Scandinavia
Carlos Quiles	Indo-Anatolian, Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Linguistics, North-West Indo-European, Proto-Indo-European, Proto-languages	3 Comments June 26, 2019 June 28, 2019