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Future Reflections Special Issue: Sports, Fitness, and Blindness
Blind Kids in Sports--Focus on Golf
by Christina Zani
It was a perfect autumn Saturday on the links. At least twenty young golfers of varying levels of vision and their parent/caddies along with volunteer coaches made their way around the nine-hole golf course at the Overbrook School for the Blind in Philadelphia. They had gathered there for a biannual event hosted by the school, the Junior Blind Golf Program Tournament sponsored by the Middle Atlantic Blind Golf Association (MABGA).
Norman Kritz, Director of Golf for the MABGA, designed the course, which includes sand traps and a putting area, all surrounded by the lovely track of Overbrook School. Norman explained some basics about the day�s events. �The back four holes are for playing Best Ball,� he said. This is a game where two-person teams play against each other, and in order to tally score they keep playing off of the best putt for their team. He also pointed out that a professional coach sponsored by the MABGA comes to the Overbrook School every few weeks to work with students and that all golf clubs and equipment are provided at no cost to the child or family.
Out on the course, everyone worked hard at playing! Surrounded by his mother and siblings, Ricky Ricketts practiced in the putting area. His mother held him from behind to guide his arms, and a sister rattled the flag in the cup for Ricky to hear. He smiled widely each time he connected with the ball and sent it smoothly across the green toward the cup.
Two boys had partnered up for the morning, sixteen-year-old James Ryan and young teen Nick Martucci. They were golfing with their fathers as caddies. Nick is partially sighted and James is legally blind. They both have long solid drives, and I found myself ducking their line of fire when one of them would yell, �Fore!� James said, �I haven�t played this well all summer!� Both Nick and James are sports fans and they enjoy riding their tandems (bikes built for two) with family members. James takes trips to the driving range and Nick has weekly golfing lessons through the New Jersey Library for the Blind.
Although many boys were having their day on the course, the girls were out, too! One young lady named Victoria was playing quietly with a coach nearly her age, Linda Fox�s twelve-year-old son. She was concentrating hard and going for long putts. Pretty in pink, she showed a strong sense of calm and determination as she made her way to the cup.
Another young athlete was Patrick Molloy, who hit the course with his father, Michael. His stance was one of raised shoulders and what seemed to be perfectly placed feet. When I remarked on his interesting looking putter, he exclaimed, �It�s my Odyssey two ball putter!� After indulging me my interruption, Patrick resumed playing and displayed amazing precision in putting, nearly finding the cup with each swing!
The day�s organizers could not have been more pleased with their wonderful event. Jim Gantner and Gil Kayson, president of the MABGA and chairman of the Junior Golf Program, spoke highly of the children and their organization�s accomplishments. Gantner made it clear that it was Gil�s determination that had gotten the Junior Golf Program off the ground, and Norman�s steadfastness that got the course built. He let me know that there were some people who didn�t think it could be done. Now, eleven years later, the program is thriving. The MABGA is looking to expand the Junior Program, and they sponsor adult outings about once a week between the months of April and November. Gantner and Kayson were also very encouraging about adults and children with varying levels of ability being able to golf.
As the sun got hotter and feet got tired, many eager children lined up for a driving contest and--to borrow a baseball term--some of them knocked it out of the park! A putting event closed out the sporting part of the day, with Norman Kritz rattling the flag for the putter�s ears, calling each golfer by name to take his or her chances at putting. Gentle laughter and clapping followed each putt. Sweet coaches Kathy Harrall and Paris Sterrett beamed at the children. Everyone then headed inside for pizza and well deserved awards for each child.
Middle Atlantic Blind Golf Association (MABGA): <www.mabga.org>
Overbrook School for the Blind: <www.obs.org>
Lifestyles of the Fun and Special: <www.lifestylesofthefunandspecial.com>
Reprinted in Future Reflections, Volume 25, Number 2, this article originally appeared in Lifestyles of the Fun and Special, a newsletter and Web site dedicated to recreation, relaxation, and entertainment for children with disabilities.


text:
I Love You Dude is the second studio album by German electronic music duo Digitalism, released on 15 June 2011 by V2 Records. The song "Forrest Gump" was co-written by Julian Casablancas of the Strokes.

Track listing

Notes
 The Japanese edition switches tracks 1 and 4 and includes a bonus track, "Sleepwalker", as track 7.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of I Love You Dude.

 Jens Moelle – production, mixing, design
 İsmail Tüfekçi – production, mixing, design
 Cäthe – vocals on "Just Gazin'"
 Cornelius Ulrich – live drum performances
 Mark Ralph – vocal co-production
 Mike Marsh – mastering
 M†S – design

Charts

Release history

References

2011 albums
Digitalism (band) albums
Downtown Records albums
V2 Records albums

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


My journey began on Sunday 9th October. This was practice day for all the "Techies" working on the sound desk in the studio.
The next day was show time! My shaky nerves were nowhere to be found this time…. I may be getting too used to the place! I worked on the 1-3pm time slot. This slot was presented by Nuala Carey (RTÉ Weather) and co-presented by Marty Whelan (RTÉ Lyric FM and Winning Streak) and rugby analyst Brent Pope. Each show was two hours long.
I had the privilege of sharing the sound-desk with students from Ballyfermot College of Further Education. I've heard so many good things about that college. I spoke with some of the students about what was involved in their roles (Producer and Researcher). I'm definitely intrigued about expanding my role next time.
I met a fair few renowned people during my time in the station. The list consists of Ben Morgan (youngest son of the late Dermot Morgan of 'Father Ted' fame), Eileen Dunne (RTÉ News), Colm Hayes (formerly of 2FM) who I worked with last season, Carrie Crowley (Fair City), Pat O'Mahony (Head To Toe 1988-1997), Laura Woods (Sunday AM on TV3) and of course I can't forget to mention the most famous foul-mouthed bird in Ireland, Dustin The Turkey…. Ah he's a lovely bird really!
Unfortunately I was only in the station for four days as opposed to my usual five days. As a result of this, I did a double slot on the Tuesday. This was the 5-7pm slot which was presented by Elaine Crowley (who I briefly met in season three of WIMS FM). You have no idea how thrilling this was for me as I am a big Midday fan. I have met many lovely well-known people in my life and Elaine is definitely very high on my list. She's such a nice person.
So basically what I'm trying to say is I had the best four days of 2016.


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In this film, the tiny country of Grand Fenwick faces economic ruin when their chief export of wine loses out to a California vintage. They declare war on the United States, hoping to receive money to rebuild the country after they lose. However, things don't go according to plan.
The Mouse that Roared might be filed away like old Punches to show our grandchildren what Stout Party collapsed at in 1959.
Sátira anti-belicista que envelheceu mal e cuja relevância diz respeito apenas à performance de Sellers como a grã-duquesa de Fenwick.
Sellers distinguished himself only in his role in drag.
Even hilarious today; politics haven't changed!
A welcome return to a more innocent time in geopolitics. Also be sure to catch the mod! fab! DVD preview for Dr. Strangelove.
A witty British satire about war, diplomacy and foreign policy.
While it's easy and fair to praise Peter Sellers for his work under many guises, it's the cheeky and slightly subversive attitude of the script that kept my attention.
Peter Sellers plays multiple roles in this nearly infectious yarn about an imaginary tiny and bankrupt duchy in the Swiss Alps that declares war on the United States in order to remain solvent. It's more cute than actually good.
It's very silly, but not in a clever way.
I'm not a big fan of Sellers, but I really liked him in this movie, it's really hilarious, and he starts that trend where the same actor plays multiple characters in the same movie. The story is good too. I really liked this movie.
I have always loved the Peter Sellers romps and this doesnt dissapoint.


The Denver Broncos should have been all over the Jimmy Garappolo talks because it is clear they don't have a competent QB on the roster. Meanwhile the Chiefs have some kicker to go with an explosive offense and terrific defense.
-Boy has Broncos QB Trevor Siemian hit the skids. A decent start to the year has descended to where he is no lock to start going forward as he completed just 19-of-36 throws for 198 yards with 1 TD and 3 INT's. Paxton Lynch is unlikely to be much better so a championship-caliber defense is going to waste. Meanwhile Alex Smith was a inaccurate in completing just 14-of-31 throws but he tossed a TD and didn't throw an interception. This is more the Alex Smith from the previous decade but he still is worth an every week start given the tools around him.
-Kareem Hunt is human after all. The prized Chiefs rookie back rushed for just 46 yards on 22 carries as he experienced what Ezekiel Elliott did a few weeks prior in getting shut down by the tremendous Broncos run defense. Hunt did add 3 catches for 22 yards but overall it was a rare non-impact outing. No reason to worry though.
On the other side, C.J. Anderson rushed for 78 yards on 15 carries, while Devontae Booker (6 for 40) picked up a score. Feel free to drop Jamaal Charles who lost a fumble and rushed for 39 yards on 8 carries. Too many mouths to feed here. Also Anderson and Lamar Miller might be the most boring backs in the league.
-Demaryuis Thomas continued to waste away in the awful Denver passing games. He had his usual five catches (for 66 yards) but did not score again. A true WR 1 with an even decent QB, Thomas remains in WR 2 purgatory.
As far as the Chiefs receivers, tight end Travis Kelce remains an impossible matchup for defenses as he hauled in 7 balls for 133 yards and one TD. Tyreek Hill was back to frustrating his owners in catching just two passes for 38 yards. He is simply a younger DeSean Jackson.
-Finally, a shout out needs to go to rookie Chiefs kicker Harrison Butker who put up 21 points in nailing all five of his field goals. What a find this guy has been and he is getting a ton of chances which is fantasy football gold.


Why are the markets celebrating them in March…?
For years, these cement stocks have been the stars of a bygone era. After peaking out in 2007, the cement industry has been plagued with excess capacity and weak pricing power. The budget seems to have changed that sentiment to a large extent. Stocks like ACC, Gujarat Ambuja and Ultratech have shown smart gains since the budget. In fact, there are three distinct factors that are responsible for this revival in interest in cement stocks.
There has been a sharp increase in cement prices across North India and parts of Central India. The increase per bag has been quite substantial. This has benefited companies that are based out of the North or having substantial operations there. Pricing power also seems to be a function of a prolonged period of excess capacity when cement manufacturers did not have the pricing power. With the regional demand supply gap picking up, the prices have started firming up. It may not be too long before other regions like South India also follow suit in hiking prices.
It needs no reiteration that a chunk of cement demand still comes from the construction industry. To that extent, demand for cement is a function of housing demand. This budget has been quite positive for the housing industry in a variety of ways. Firstly, it has given a big boost to low-cost housing through income tax and service tax breaks. This is likely to boost the demand for cement. The government has undertaken a massive project of infrastructure expansion in this fiscal year, which will also give a substantial boost to cement demand. Lastly, the encouragement to REITS is a major positive for cement companies. Demand for cement was subdued as most real estate companies were deep in liquidity problems. The introduction of a tax-friendly regime for REITS will help many large real estate firms to monetize their assets and expand their real estate portfolios. This is again a positive for cement stocks.


text:
Electronic Magazine On Global Politics, International Relations, History and World Security Since April 2014
BBC: Bosnia
NATO to Plan Invasion of China
NATO's World Order
NATO's third invasion was of Kosovo, when "On 13 April 1999, NATO approved plans for Operation Allied Harbour, a 10,000-troop NATO deployment to support humanitarian relief efforts for refugees resulting from the Serb expulsion of ethnic Albanians from Kosovo" [...]
Global Politics 2020-12-05 21 min read
On November 27th, Germany's Spiegel magazine, which is a reliable propaganda organ for America's NATO military alliance against Russia, headlined (in German but autotranslated here) "Explosive reform proposals for NATO: There is life after 'brain death'", and made only passing mention there of NATO's plan ultimately to 'defend Europe against China' (and not only against Russia); but, on December 1st, Russia's Tass News Agency headlined more informatively and honestly, "China to become NATO's second main enemy after Russia in next 10 years, report says". So: NATO's coming second coming, or life after 'brain death' (which was Macron's phrase for NATO), will be for it to ratchet-up, from one central target for its aggressions, to two central targets.
As I have extensively documented in analyzing the data to determine "Is the U.S. actually a 'police state'?", today's United States isn't merely 'a' police state, but is the world's leading police state, and yet its European allies — which are far less dictatorial — continue, obliviously, to ignore this reality. They refuse to quit their alliance with the world's leading police state. They claim that they have to keep their alliance with the world's leading police state, in order to 'protect' themselves against 'Russian aggression', but the only example they cite of such 'aggression' is Russia's having resisted the U.S. regime's plan, which was clearly in effect by no later than June of 2013, to grab Russia's main naval base, which was, ever since 1783 (and still remains) in Sevastopol in Crimea, which then was in Ukraine (though only from 1954 to 2014, and inside Russia for hundreds of years before 1954), and to turn it into yet another U.S. naval base. Russia's having taken the necessary self-defensive actions to prevent that grab by the U.S. regime was 'Russian aggression'. Europe's leaders are simply lying to their respective publics. NATO is strictly a military organization to boost military spending in U.S.-allied countries — the U.S. regime's vassal nations — so that the profits of (mainly U.S.-based) military contractors such as Lockheed Martin and BAE will be boosted, at the expense of the deceived publics of European nations (as well as of America's own population), which publics pay in their tax dollars for this boondoggle for those huge U.S.-and-allied armaments firms. To put it simply: NATO is an enormous sales-promotion organization for the benefit of owners of U.S.-and-allied armaments contractors — the manufacturers of the weaponries of war.
However, NATO is actually more than that. For example, the lists of top donors to NATO's main PR arm, The Atlantic Council, such as in 2018 and in 2020, show — either by name, or by a corporation or foundation that is controlled by beneficiaries of the work of this sales-promotion organization for warfare — practically all U.S-and-allied billionaires, but also include some mere centi-millionaires (such as Adrienne Arsht, whose late husband, Myer Feldman, had negotiated U.S. arms-sales to Israel, then founded a major law firm, and — with his key government contacts — became a very successful investor). A large portion of the U.S. economy is controlled by beneficiaries of the firms that sell to U.S.-and-allied governments, and many of them (unlike Feldman, who instead merely worked for billionaires) are heirs of America's famous aristocratic families. These annual payments (tax-deductible donations) to NATO's main PR arm are 'charitable' but no type of charity that benefits the public or anyone much outside U.S.-and-allied aristocracies. Instead, this is payment for services rendered, just as much as in any non non-profit corporation, such as ExxonMobil or Lockheed Martin (except: these are tax-deductible payments). So, even these payments to a 'non-profit' are actually payments for services rendered to themselves. They are sound business investments for these individuals, some of whom are even in NATO's target-countries (instead of in its member-countries) and might help those billionaires to receive favorable treatment as exceptions if and when their countries become invaded by NATO (those donations might thus be considered as protection-money). An example, in the list of top donors in 2019, "$500,000 – $999,999 Donations," which has three listees there, is "System Capital Management," which is the Ukrainian Rinat Akhmetov, $6.4 billion. His coal mines were in the breakaway far-eastern Donbass part of Ukraine, which he didn't want to lose, and so he was helping to fund those people who were defending themselves against the frequent invasions from the 2014 U.S.-supplied Ukrainian stooge regime, which was trying to conquer them. So, Akhmetov is, though in different ways, helping to fund both sides in that conflict. Also in that "$500,000 – $999,999" category is "Saab North America, Inc.," which is Kai Johan Jiang, of both Sweden and China. And the third entity there, a Swiss firm (and Switzerland isn't even a NATO member but instead 'neutral'), "SICPA, provides more than 85% of the world's currency inks", and this product is in people's wallets as a result of their government's paying that corporation — so, maintaining favorable relations with U.S-and-allied governments is important, there, as well, even though the ink that is used to prevent counterfeiting isn't specifically military. But most of the major donors to the Atlantic Council are U.S. billionaires and their organizations, and are specifically military-related.
Funding both sides in a war isn't unusual for billionaires, because protection money is sometimes a necessary expense in a business — especially in an international one.
All of these people need to stay on the 'good' side of NATO, because, if they fail to do that, then they might lose everything, and they know it. Donating to the Atlantic Council buys not only a type of insurance policy, but a tax-write-off, and also prestige.
The newly issued NATO report, "NATO 2030", opens its "China" section with:
The scale of Chinese power and global reach poses acute challenges to open and democratic societies, particularly because of that country's trajectory to greater authoritarianism and an expansion of its territorial ambitions. For most Allies, China is both an economic competitor and significant trade partner. China is therefore best understood as a full-spectrum systemic rival, rather than a purely economic player or an only Asia-focused security actor. While China does not pose an immediate military threat to the Euro-Atlantic area on the scale of Russia, it is expanding its military reach into the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Arctic, deepening defence ties with Russia, and developing long-range missiles and aircraft, aircraft carriers, and nuclear-attack submarines with global reach, extensive space-based capabilities, and a larger nuclear arsenal. NATO Allies feel China's influence more and more in every domain.
NATO is a treaty-organization, and therefore its decision to invade a country is made by one-or more of its member-nations. Its first invasion was in violation of NATO's Charter because no member-nation had been attacked, and this was when the U.N. requested NATO into the Bosnian War on 6 February 1994, which the U.N. did because the U.N. wanted to invade but the Truman-shaped U.N. lacks the military forces that FDR had intended it to have — Truman wanted the U.S. Government to be the policeman of the world, not the U.N. to be that. So: this invasion violated not only Truman's NATO but FDR's U.N., and it reflected the fundamental lawlessness of the international order in this Truman-made world, despite all of FDR's plans and intentions.
NATO's second invasion was when the U.N. requested NATO into the Croatian War of Independence on 19 November 1994. Again, both the Atlantic Charter and FDR's intentions for the U.N. were being violated; so, the Truman-created international lawlessness was reaffirmed.
NATO's third invasion was of Kosovo, when "On 13 April 1999, NATO approved plans for Operation Allied Harbour, a 10,000-troop NATO deployment to support humanitarian relief efforts for refugees resulting from the Serb expulsion of ethnic Albanians from Kosovo." This — NATO's first 'humanitarian' invasion — also violated both the Atlantic Charter and the U.N. Charter, but, this time, the U.N. had not requested the action; and, so, that is why the U.N.'s 23 October 2000 "Kosovo Report" made explicit this U.N.'s absurdity and irrelevance by asserting "The Commission concludes that the NATO military intervention was illegal but legitimate."
After that — regarding America and some of its NATO allies invading and conquering Iraq in 2003, and many other U.S. international gangland operations after the breakup of Yugoslavia — brought out into the open this U.N.'s absurdity and irrelevance.
NATO's first invasions occurred after the Soviet Union itself ended. The reasons for this is that, until that happened in 1991, NATO wasn't able to invade without possibly thereby sparking a nuclear World War III, which would destroy the entire world — including the U.S. The post-1991 mono-polar geostrategic world is the world of endless wars, endless invasions by the U.S. to impose its will throughout the world.
The decision to invade a nuclearly armed nation, such as Russia or China, would be fundamentally different than NATO's prior invasions. NATO will actually be irrelevant to attacking Russia or China, except for its allowing America to post in its NATO vassal-nations U.S.-controlled nuclear weapons and therefore to cause any retaliation against an American nuclear attack to become a retaliatory counter-attack against not only America, but also against any such vassal-nation. In other words: any decision, on the U.S. side, to launch World War III, will be made by only one person, the U.S. President himself or herself. The NATO Charter (the Atlantic Charter) is no actual defense against anything, but it is, instead, the subservience of all non-U.S. members to the collective will of the U.S. aristocracy, and-or, of any idiotic or perhaps power-crazed U.S. President (such as George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump), the person who actually makes that decision.
Regarding the possibility that either Russia or China will launch WW III, it is zero, because the imperialistic power, which has routinely coup-conquered, or outright invaded and destroyed, nations, is — and after WW II has always been — only the United States. The list is long: Thailand 1948, Syria 1949, Iran 1953, Guatemala 1954, and all the way up till Iraq 2003, Libya 2011, Syria 2012-, Ukraine 2014, and others.
Right now, NATO's hope to deceive their publics to believe that China's Government during the modern (post-dynasties) era is an aggressive, imperialistic, Government, are issues concerning what had long been parts of China, such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Tibet. However, back at the end of World War II, when the ambivalent but basically neoconservative (i.e., U.S. imperialistic) American President Harry S. Truman endorsed the Chinese "nationalists" under Chiang Kai-shek, America was endorsing those nationalists' claims to all of those traditionally Chinese territories — including claims that were then being challenged by other U.S. allies, such as UK (Hong Kong). In other words: before the communist Chinese won China's civil war on 1 October 1949 against the U.S.-backed nationalist Chinese, America was supporting instead of opposing China's getting back the territories that it had lost; but, afterward, it opposed that, as being 'Chinese aggression'. Now, NATO will be moving in, to intensify America's aggressions against China.
During the periods of hereditary monarchs ruling in China and in Russia, there was such a thing as "Russian imperialism" and as "Chinese imperialism," but those days are long-since over, and now the only real threat to the entire world is the U.S. Government. To be allied with it is to be a part of that imperialism, which is extremely real today — far more real than 'Russian imperialism' or than 'Chinese imperialism'. To be a part of that hyper-aggressive imperialism, which exists today, is to be a U.S.-stooge regime in international relations, and is therefore to be subject to whatever retaliation will come from any nuclearly armed independent nation such as Russia and such as China in the event that the U.S. regime will decide that the time has finally come to execute its unofficial but (since at least 2006) overarching geostrategic goal of winning WW III against both Russia and China (called "Nuclear Primacy") so that it will rule the entire world as its realm, unchallenged and unchallengeable. If they believe in that, then it certainly isn't for the benefit of their public, even if it might be for their own benefit, in profits of firms (ones whose profits depend mainly or only on sales to the U.S. Government and to the Governments that are allied to it) that they own, or benefit from in other ways. For example, since 2014, Amazon Web Services has supplied to the U.S. Government (CIA, Pentagon, NSA, etc.) its cloud-computing services, which has since produced virtually all of Amazon's profits (also see "Cloud Business Drives Amazon's Profits"), though Amazon doesn't even so much as show up on that list of 100 top contractors to the U.S. Government; so, this extremely profitable business is more important to Jeff Bezos (the owner also of the Washington Post) than all the rest of his investments put together are, though Amazon doesn't even show up on the list of top 100 U.S. Government contractors. In fact, more recently, Forbes reported that "Amazon Derives Most of its Profits from AWS". A company doesn't have to be among the top 100 sellers to the U.S. Government in order to be making, perhaps, even the majority of its profits from the U.S. Government. But this is a reason why the U.S. Government now spends approximately half of the entire planet's military expenses. And to own also a major news-medium, such as the Washington Post (which has a long tradition of backing U.S. coups and invasions), places one in the position to shape the public's perceptions, and not merely to profit from them.
NATO was supposed not to take on any new members after the Soviet Union, in 1991, ended its communism, and ended its Warsaw Pact which had been created in 1955 in response to America's having created NATO in 1949; and which nation — the Soviet Union — itself broke up into 6 independent nations: Russia, Belorussia, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. But the U.S. regime was simply lying about its intentions during that crucial period from 1989 to 1991, and now has absorbed all of the Warsaw Pact into its NATO alliance against Russia, and is even trying to get the Soviet Union's 5 non-Russian states into its alliance to help conquer Russia — and, now, also to conquer China. If the U.S. Government had not been negotiating in bad faith back in 1990, it would simply have ended its anti-Russian alliance immediately, when the Warsaw Pact ended in 1991. But, now, it is instead set upon expanding, so as to conquer the entire world, for the U.S. aristocracy. None of this is in the standard propagandistic 'history' books, and the U.S. regime still prohibits it from being included in any that get mass distribution. (For example, none of them mention that the Cold War was started by U.S. President Truman, upon the advice of General Dwight Eisenhower, on 26 July 1945.) By the time the public will know it (if that ever happens), it might already be too late. NATO's now planning to invade China ought to be a wake-up call, but how many people, in the countries that are controlled by the U.S. regime, even know that any of this is happening, and has already happened?
Adolf Heusinger was far from being the only Nazi war criminal who would later serve at a top position in NATO
Author: Eric Zuesse
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Гічкок () — місто () в США, в окрузі Бідл штату Південна Дакота. Населення — 91 особа (2010).

Географія
Гічкок розташований за координатами  (44.629367, -98.408206).  За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році місто мало площу 0,71 км², уся площа — суходіл.

Демографія

Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкала 91 особа в 43 домогосподарствах у складі 30 родин. Густота населення становила 129 осіб/км².  Було 58 помешкань (82/км²).

Расовий склад населення:

До двох чи більше рас належало 3,3 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 1,1 % від усіх жителів.

За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 22,0 % — особи молодші 18 років, 60,4 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 17,6 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 47,5 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у місті припадало 139,5 чоловіків;  на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 144,8 чоловіків також старших 18 років.

Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство  становив  доларів США (медіана — ), а середній дохід на одну сім'ю —  доларів (медіана — ). За межею бідності перебувало 8,4 % осіб, у тому числі 9,1 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 5,6 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.

Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 57 осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: роздрібна торгівля — 24,6 %, освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 17,5 %, виробництво — 10,5 %, сільське господарство, лісництво, риболовля — 10,5 %.

Джерела

Містечка Південної Дакоти
Населені пункти округу Бідл (Південна Дакота)


Error Message "Scan To Email Protocol Not Supported"
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DOM attributes are a little strange from JS. When you iterate over them using the attributes property, all the names come back completely lower cased. When you fetch them using getAttribute(name), the attribute name argument is completely case insensitive.


Being the youngest, I've always had siblings to visit in other cities and states. I have so many memories of driving from the bay area down to San Diego to visit one of my sisters. The drive is about 7 hours, but it felt like a lifetime as a kid. We stopped frequently along the way. And one such stop has always stayed with me. Just after Gilroy, we always drove through Pacheco Pass to make a pit stop. What began as a stop for gas and to use the bathroom, has over the years, turned into a mandatory stop for fudge.
My earliest memory of fudge came from Casa de Fruta, the little market and gas station along our route. I've always loved chocolate, so getting to enjoy it's relative, fudge was heavenly.
This recipe most replicates my favorite version of fudge: marshmallowy, chewy, moist and so sweet. It may be too sweet for some, as fudge can sometimes be. My Mom has memories of an entirely different style of fudge growing up. She'll have to dig up the recipe for me to try and report back soon.
Until then, if marshmallow-y fudge is the kind you've grown up on, then you'll LOVE this recipe. It's easy, and has the option to add nuts if that's what you enjoy. It does have a few ingredients you may not have on hand: corn syrup (*cringe*), marshmallow fluff (it's the main textural component here), and evaporated milk. So add those to your lists if you are dying to try an easy, no-bake, fudge recipe of your own this weekend.
Note: Recipe makes a lot more than pictured; I just photographed a few. Cut into desired bite-sized pieces.
Oh yeah, huh. I'll look for my fudge recipe.
hahah, thanks mom! i can't wait to try it.
This looks great, Abby. Like Sukie, I have wonderful memories of Gram's fudge. I hope she finds the recipe soon. Think of the pleasure of doing a taste test.


text:
Security Social Responsibility
Rehab camp aims to put young cyber-crooks on right track
Leave a Comment on Rehab camp aims to put young cyber-crooks on right track
Teenagers caught carrying out hacking and cyber-attacks could soon be attending a rehab camp that aims to divert them away from a life of crime.
The first weekend camp for offenders was held in Bristol this month as part of the National Crime Agency's (NCA) work with young computer criminals.
Attendees learned about responsible use of cyber-skills and got advice about careers in computer security. If the trial proves successful, it will be rolled out across the UK.
The people picked to attend the residential weekend were known to police because they had been caught carrying out one or more computer crimes, said Ethan Thomas, an operations officer in the NCA's Prevent team, which engages with young cyber-offenders.
'Attacks, attacks, attacks'
Many of those attending the rehab weekend first got into trouble hacking their school network.
Hundreds of fledgling cyber-criminals have been contacted by the NCA as part of its Prevent work. Some received letters warning them that their online activity had been spotted and some were visited at home by officers.
The seven young men attending the weekend camp had gone further than many the NCA is aware of. They had either been arrested, visited by officers because they were spotted using tools or techniques that break UK computer misuse laws or been cautioned by police because of offences committed at school.
They had been caught defacing websites, knocking servers offline and carrying out hack attacks that let them take over restricted networks.
Good guidance
Mr Thomas said the idea for the event grew out of an NCA research project that compared the hacking skills of people on both sides of the law.
"It measured up the profiles of different offenders we had and compared it to those of talented people in the industry," he said. "What we found was that the only sole difference within the stories was that the industry members, at some point, had an intervention."
Mr Thomas said these pivotal moments in the career of a young person came from different sources – parents, guardians or teachers – but the guidance given demonstrated how effective such an intervention could be.
"The skills are so transferable with this crime type," he said. "If you have good cyber-skills there are many, many qualifications you can take."
He said the people who took part in the weekend would be monitored to see how their experience changed them. The NCA said it was planning to introduce similar weekends across the UK if they proved to be able to set young malicious hackers on the straight and narrow.
Tags: Awareness Bristol Cyber Attack Cyber Crime Cyber Security Hacker National Crime Agency Phishing prevention Ransomware UK
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Arcade machine - Raspberry pi, retropi. 2 player controllers.
Built from only the finest cheap plywood. Only been done by literally hundreds of others. I give you....an arcade machine!
Powered by a Raspberry Pi 2 B.
Here's how it was built, and how I fixed the issue I came across.
The old monitor I've used is a bit small for the space so I'll get a larger one, and put some perspex on the front to tidy things up.
The raspberry pi project Retropi was used. It comes with a nice front end menu system and all the emulators required. It simply needed to be installed on the SD card and then configured using the start up wizard.
I tried to keep things as simple (and cheap) as possible. The controllers were bought cheaply online and connected directly to the header pins on the Pi. The version 2B has more output pins than previous versions, otherwise a GPIO adapter may have been required.
Rather than needing drivers for joysticks or usb hardware, I used the following code from Ada to map the connected pins to keyboard characters. This was the simplest way I could find of providing input. once this code was installed and up and running all that was required was to figure out the common keys used to controll the various games and assign them to the relevant joystick/button connected pins. This works very well. Controllers feel good and responsive without any delays.


The draft starts tonight! The excitement continues to build as more and more rumors swirl! Before all the madness, I have plenty of articles for your enjoyment. This article is tailored specifically to my Packers family. For the first time, I am making a big board for each day of the draft, listing my Packers for each day and explaining the order a bit. Hope you enjoy!
Some players you will be shocked to see on the board, and some you will be shocked to see off of it.
Analysis: Only three players here are worth trading up for in the draft. Bradley Chubb, Roquan Smith, and Derwin James are fantastic blue chip talents worthy of trading up for. After those three, Denzel Ward is the player I'd covet most, only because he fits well in Green Bay. Minkah and Jaire Alexander are two I'd be happy with at 14 overall, as well as Harold Landry. His bend would give a jolt to the pass rush. Another fun name on the board here for me is Josh Rosen. As historically great as Rodgers is, you never know when decline could show. Rosen would sit for a few seasons and provide a seamless transition if picked. I'm low on running back, so much so that none will be on my board for round one. Receiver is also absent there.
Analysis: Round two features a lot of receivers I would consider. Anthony Miller is a great route runner, while the D.J.'s (Moore and Chark) would take the top off of defenses. Mike Hughes and Isaiah Oliver should be considerations if the Packers go edge in the first round. If that flips, Josh Sweat and Duke Ejiofor are options for the Packers in round two. The Packers do have a need on the offensive line, and should consider Austin Corbett if he's there in round two. My first running back graces the board here in round two. Nick Chubb would complement Aaron Jones well and create a good backfield in the frozen tundra.
Analysis: Should the Packers not take a corner in the first two rounds, many are on my round three board. Quenton Meeks and M.J. Stewart are two real nice options, while Duke Dawson is an entertaining thought as a slot corner exclusively. Alex Cappa tops the round three board, and the Packers should consider him considering the health and contract situation of Bryan Bulaga. Fred Warner is a linebacker the Packers should consider in the third round. He does an excellent job finding the ball and getting off blocks. Tight end also finally finds the board in round three. The value Ian Thomas and Durham Smythe could bring would complement Jimmy Graham well. If they haven't touched the wide receiver position, DaeSean Hamilton and Equanimeous St. Brown are options worth considering.
Who's off the board that should be on? Who shouldn't be on it? Let me know on Twitter @JSchyvinck13.


text:
Talevski: Supreme Court Reconsiders Private Enforcement of Public Benefit Programs
by Ali Gentry | Nov 17, 2022 | Amicus | 0 comments
On November 8th, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments for Health and Hospital Corp. of Marion County v. Talevski. The central issue in this case is whether 42 U.S.C. § 1983 provides beneficiaries of federally funded programs with a private cause of action against states to secure rights enacted by Congress pursuant to the Spending Clause. Section 1983 was enacted to provide a federal cause of action for the violation of federal rights by state-level actors. If the Supreme Court denies individuals the § 1983 cause of action, then beneficiaries of federally funded programs, such as Medicaid, will lose their most effective tool for holding states accountable for violations of the rights guaranteed by public benefit programs.
This case arose when Gorgi Talevski, an Indiana resident with dementia, faced abuse while residing at Valparaiso Care and Rehabilitation, a state-run nursing facility. Gorgi's daughter, Susie, said, "[the nursing facility] treated my dad like trash, like a dog. In fact, dogs are treated better than that." The Talevskis sued Health and Hospital Corp. of Marion County (HHC), the managed care organization that owns Valparaiso, alleging that HHC violated the Federal Nursing Home Reform Act (FNHRA) by failing to provide Gorgi with adequate care, overmedicating him to keep him asleep, and involuntarily transferring him to facilities hours away from his family's home. The FNHRA is a revision to the Medicaid Act that creates a list of rights for nursing home residents in an effort to protect them from abuse by providers.
The Talevskis argued, in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Indiana, that § 1983 creates a private cause of action for the violation of the rights created by the FNHRA. In response, HHC argued that Spending Clause statutes, such as the Medicaid Act and the FNHRA, are contracts between the federal and state governments, and do not create a private right of action under § 1983. The district court agreed with HHC. On appeal, the Seventh Circuit reversed, interpreting § 1983 to have a broad purpose of providing a remedy for federal statutory violations, including the FNHRA. HHC filed a petition for a writ of certiorari, posing the sweeping question of whether Spending Clause legislation gives rise to privately enforceable rights under § 1983.
Medicaid was created by Congress through Title XIX of the Social Security Act to address the healthcare needs of low-income individuals. Medicaid programming is administered through a partnership between the federal and state governments. The federal government sets the core Medicaid eligibility requirements and benefits, and the states are entitled to federal matching funds to administer the programs within the federal guidelines. Medicaid serves 1 in 5 Americans, providing health and long-term care to low-income families, people with disabilities, and the elderly. Indiana contracted with HHC, a private healthcare provider, to deliver nursing home services to Medicaid beneficiaries, such as Gorgi Talevski.
There are currently two ways to enforce state compliance with federal Medicaid requirements: (1) through oversight from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), and (2) through litigation brought by individuals in federal courts. Under the first option, CMS can investigate potential compliance violations and provide suggestions to the state on how to come into compliance, but CMS has few options for enforcement if the state fails to do so. The federal government could withhold funding from the state, but this is an unsatisfactory option because withholding funding would hurt the program beneficiaries further and make it more difficult for the state to comply. Further, CMS does not have the capacity to monitor compliance of all state-run, federally funded programs, which number in the thousands. The negotiation process between the state and CMS is slow, and not always fruitful, so it does not ensure immediate reform or relief for the individuals harmed by the state's failures.
The second, and primary, means of enforcement for compliance with Medicaid requirements is through § 1983, which provides a cause of action against actors who, "under color of state law," deprive another of "any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws." In 1980, the Supreme Court held in Maine v. Thiboutot that the "laws" referred to in § 1983 include rights created through state-administered federal entitlement programs. Seventeen years later, in Blessing v. Freestone, the Court narrowed the § 1983 cause of action to situations when (1) the law is intended to benefit particular individuals, including the plaintiff, (2) the right asserted is specific enough to be enforced by the judiciary, and (3) the statute clearly imposes a binding obligation on the state. Parties have used § 1983 for decades to privately enforce the rights promised by the Medicaid Act.
As noted in various amicus briefs submitted in support of Talevski, a ruling that § 1983 does not provide a private right of action for Spending Clause legislation would strip protections from millions of low-income, federal program beneficiaries. Federal enforcement of state compliance is not enough to protect the rights of beneficiaries, which is why Congress intended for individuals to be able to hold state governments accountable in administering federal entitlements. This ruling would not only harm Medicaid beneficiaries, but also recipients of Medicare, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), and more. If the Supreme Court rules against Talevski, crucial safety net programs created under the Spending Clause will be left without an effective enforcement mechanism.


Messing with JDWP-related memory structures makes for some nice and stealthy anti-debugging tricks. The first mention I saw of this method was in a 2013 presentation by Bluebox Security, who were granted a software patent on the same trick a year later. The patented method overwrites certain pointers in the Dalvik DvmGlobals structure. Their method however works only on Dalvik, so I decided to look into how one could achieve similar things with ART. Hopefully, not too late before someone patents ART anti-debugging as well (personally, I find the whole idea of patenting anti-debugging tricks laughable, but that's a discussion for another time).
At first glance, this isn't as easy to accomplish in ART. No global symbols pointing to important data structures exist (see source code here and here). We have a global variable named gJdwpState pointing to the main struct JdwpState instance, but unfortunately gJdwpState is a local symbol, so, the linker won't resolve it for us.
Interestingly however, libart.so exports some of the vtables of JDWP-related classes as global symbols. I don't know what's the reason for that and whether it's a normal thing to do (maybe a computer scientist could comment on that?), but it does give us some nice ways of tampering with the behavior of the JDWP thread. Interesting classes include JdwpSocketState and JdwpAdbState - these two handle JDWP connections via network sockets and ADB, respectively.
We can overwrite the method pointers in various ways. Simply nulling them is not a good idea however, as it crashes the process. A good way I found is overwriting the address of "jdwpAdbState::ProcessIncoming()" with the address of "JdwpAdbState::Shutdown()". Note: I suppose that something similar is done in one of the soft tokens I hacked last year, so I am certainly not the first one to come up with that idea (I could probably still patent it though, just to troll everyone else later).
// Let the fun begin!
The trick is quite stealthy - by obuscating and hiding the implementation, you can make it quite a pain to discover (the calls to dlopen and dlsym are the main giveaways). Note that we only handle ADB connections - you'll likely need to patch JdwpSocketState as well to fully prevent Java debugging.


text:
/ CA
Douglas Harry BOSCO, Congress, CA (1946)
BOSCO, Douglas Harry, a Representative from California; born in Brooklyn, Kings County, N.Y., July 28, 1946; attended Homestead High School, Sunnyvale, Calif.; graduated, Capitol Page School, Washington, D.C., 1963; B.A., Willamette University, Salem, Oreg., 1968; J.D., Willamette University, 1971; admitted to the California bar, 1971, and commenced practice in San Rafael; director, Department of Human Relations, Marin County, Calif., 1973; executive director, Marin County Housing Authority, 1974; elected, California legislature, 1979-1982; delegate, California State Democratic convention, 1982; delegate, Democratic National Convention, 1980; elected as a Democrat to the Ninety-eighth and to the three succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1983-January 3, 1991); unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1990 to the One Hundred Second Congress; is a resident of Occidental, Calif.
Source: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1771-Present
Members of the Current Senate
Floor Leaders of the Senate
Members of the Current House of Representatives
Speakers of the House of Representatives
Profile of California


text:
Задача о потоке минимальной стоимости состоит в нахождении самого дешёвого способа передачи потока определённой величины через транспортную сеть.

Определения
Дана транспортная сеть  с источником  и стоком , где рёбра  имеют пропускную способность , поток  и цену . Цена пересылки потока для ребра  равна . Необходимо найти поток величиной  единиц.

Суть задачи — найти поток f(u, v), минимизирующий его общую стоимость:

Накладываются следующие условия:
{|
| Ограничение пропускной способности: || . Поток не может превысить пропускную способность.
|-
| Антисимметричность: || . Поток из  в  должен быть противоположным потоку из  в .
|-
| Сохранение потока: || .
|-
| Необходимый поток: ||
|}

Отношение к другим задачам
Другой вариант этой задачи — найти максимальный поток имеющий минимальную цену среди максимальных.

Более общая проблема — циркуляция потока минимальной стоимости, которая может быть использована для решения данной задачи.
Ставим нижнюю границу для всех рёбер равную нулю и проводим дополнительное ребро из стока  в источник  с пропускной способностью  и нижней границей .

Примечательно, что для , задача нахождения потока минимальной стоимости соответствует задаче о поиске кратчайшего пути. В случае же, когда стоимость  для всех рёбер графа, задача может быть решена адаптированными алгоритмами поиска максимального потока:

 Как только  впервые, останови алгоритм.
 Пусть  величина последнего дополнения потока.
 Замени последний поток на поток со значением .
Существует также и альтернативный вариант решения задачи с нулевой стоимостью рёбер:

 Создай новую вершину-источник .
 Добавь ребро  с пропускной способностью .
 Таким образом максимальный поток будет ограничен .

Решения
 Задача о потоке минимальной стоимости может быть решена с помощью линейного программирования.
 Найти любой поток данной величины, после чего избавиться от всех циклов отрицательной стоимости в остаточном графе. Чтобы избавиться от цикла, надо пустить по нему максимально возможный поток. Циклы ищутся алгоритмом Беллмана - Форда. Для доказательства работы алгоритма покажем, что поток  графа  не является потоком минимальной стоимости пока остаточная сеть графа  содержит отрицательный цикл . Пусть  - поток графа  такой, что  и, следовательно, оба потока отличны друг от друга. Для всех рёбер  обозначим  и получим  - циклический поток. Так как  образован из максимум  циклов  , справедливо следующее: , а значит, существует такой , что . Для оптимизиации алгоритма можно выбирать каждую итерацию циклы с минимальной средней стоимостью . Для доказательства времени работы алгоритма разобьем ход его выполнения на фазы, каждая из которых будет состоять из отдельных итераций. Пусть  - поток к началу -той фазы. Фаза  считается завершенной, когда найден поток  такой, что  или , где . При  алгоритм прекращает работу. Далее пусть  - значение  к началу первой фазы и  - значение  к началу -той фазы (). Таким образом действительно: , а также . Вследствие свойства целочисленности  следует  и . Итерации условно можно разбить на несколько видов: Тип 1 - цикл  содержит только рёбра с негативной стоимостью и Тип 2 - цикл  содержит минимум одно ребро с положительной стоимостью. При каждой итерации первого типа будет "насыщено" и удалено хотя бы одно ребро. При этом все образованные рёбра будут иметь положительную стоимость (так как имеют обратное направление в остаточной сети). Таким образом алгоритм завершится после как минимум  последовательных итераций первого типа. Если же в фазе содержатся более  итераций, после  итераций максимум будет выполнена итерация второго типа. Покажем однако, что такое невозможно: Пусть  - поток первой итерации второго типа. Заметим, что действительно , т.е. нет новых рёбер с отрицательной стоимостью. Пусть  - цикл в  с минимальным  и  - рёбра с отрицательной стоимостью в : . Из  следует . Таким образом . Противоречие - мы уже достигли конца фазы, а значит итераций второго типа не существует и каждая фаза заканчивается через  итераций первого типа. Цикл с минимальным средним весом может быть найден за . Доказательство: Пусть  - стоимость самого выгодного пути к  через ровно  рёбер, тогда действительно  и . Выходит, что все значения  можно подсчитать за  используя динамическое программирование. Лемма: Значение  цикла с минимальной средней стоимостью равно . Пусть  - цикл с минимальной средней стоимостью. Если увеличить стоимость всех рёбер на , то  останется циклом с минимальной средней стоимостью, однако значение цикла увеличится на . таким образом можно увеличить все стоимости рёбер так, что . Покажем, что : Выеберем любую вершину  и путь , заканчивающийся в  и имеющий стоимость .  должен содержать цикл . Пусть  - путь  не содержащий цикла  и имеющий длину . Тогда в цикле имеется  рёбер. Из-за  справедливо  и для каждой вершины  существует  такой, что . Покажем, что : Для этого докажем, что существует вершина  для которой истино  для всех . Пусть  - вершина цикла с минимальной средней стоимостью ,  - кратчайший путь, заканчивающийся на  и не содержащий в себе цикла. пусть  количество вершин в . Также ввёдем вершину , которая лежит на  на расстоянии  вершин от . Путь от  к  назовём . Пусть  - путь из  к , а  - путь минимальной длины  из источника графа к . Тогда истино следующее: , а также  и из них следует, что . Путь  имеет стоимость 0, т.к. . Таким образом  для всех . Учитывая лемму, получим . Время выполнения такого алгоритам составит , так как в процессе выполнения алгоритма пройдут  фаз, в каждой из которых  итераций, требующих  времени. Основываясь не предидущей оценке времени можно составить и следующую: .
 Использовать модификацию алгоритма Форда — Фалкерсона, в которой на каждом шаге выбирается увеличивающий путь минимальной цены. Для выбора пути можно воспользоваться алгоритмом Беллмана-Форда.
 Улучшение предыдущего алгоритма: используя потенциалы, можно свести задачу к задаче без отрицательных рёбер, после чего вместо алгоритма Беллмана-Форда воспользоваться алгоритмом Дейкстры. Алгоритм Беллмана-Форда придётся применить лишь на самом первом шаге.

Ссылки
 Визуализатор алгоритма нахождения максимального потока минимальной стоимости

См. также
 Задача о максимальном потоке

Литература

Теория графов


We're also going to do a vlog soon! We're off to Barcelona next Tuesday for a few days and thought it'd be fun to film our trip, so stay tuned for that if you're interested! I also plan on doing some outfit posts whilst I'm there, internet permitting or failing that I'll upload them when I get back!
I hope you're all having a good Wednesday. It's nearly the bank holiday yay! I have an outfit post coming soon and at some point a "Products I regret Buying" which the lovely Eimear-Kate has asked me to do :-).


text:
HANSARD 1803–2005 → 1970s → 1972 → June 1972 → 22 June 1972 → Lords Sitting
HOUSING FINANCE BILL
HL Deb 22 June 1972 vol 332 cc375-87 375
§ 3.25 p.m.
§ THE MINISTER WITHOUT PORT-FOLIO (LORD DRUMALBYN)
My Lords, I beg to move that the House do again resolve itself into Committee on this Bill.
§ Moved, That the House do again resolve itself into Committee.—(Lord Drumalbyn.)
§ On Question, Motion agreed to.
§ House in Committee accordingly.
§ [The EARL OF LISTOWEL in the Chair.]
§ Clause 47 [Statutory tenants by succession]:
§ LORD STOW HILL moved Amendment No. 109GT:
§ Page 51, line 34, at end insert— ("(3) In interpreting the word 'substantial' in the phrases 'substantial part of the whole rent' and 'substantial proportion of the whole rent' and 'proportion of the rent which is substantial' in section 2(3) and section 70(3) of the Rent Act 1968 and section 18(3) of this Act respectively parts or proportions of 20 per cent. or more shall be deemed to be substantial; parts or proportions of 15 per cent. or less shall be deemed not to be substantial; and parts or proportions of between 15 per cent. and 20 per cent. shall be deemed to be substantial or not substantial having regard to all the surrounding circumstances of the relevant letting.").
§ The noble Lord said: I beg to move that the words on the Marshalled List be inserted into Clause 47. The object of the Amendment is as follows: The distinction between furnished and unfurnished lettings has always been, and still is, of the greatest importance. The Committee know that the protection against 376 eviction in the case of unfurnished lettings is still, and has been, very much more effective than the protection in respect of a furnished letting. If one looks to the relevant legislation to try to ascertain what in terms of definition is the distinction between a furnished and an unfurnished letting, one finds that it is contained in the word "substantial" which first makes its appearance in legislation going back to 1920. It is used on a number of occasions in the consolidation Act, the Rent Act 1968, and is again used in the Bill before the Committee to distinguish between unfurnished and furnished lettings. Broadly sneaking, the distinction is that a letting is furnished if a substantial part of the rent is paid for the use of furniture or services, and if something less than a substantial part of the rent is paid for furniture or services it is an unfurnished letting with the consequences which I have described.
§ The object of the Amendment is to seek to introduce some certainty into the definition that is to be used. That certainty would reside in the words that where the proportion of the rent is 20 per cent. or more, the letting shall be deemed to be a furnished letting; where it is less than 15 per cent. is shall be deemed to be an unfurnished letting; but where it is between 15 per cent. and 20 per cent. it will depend on the circumstances whether it is a furnished or unfurnished letting. Before Standing Committee E Mr. Douglas-Mann made what, if I may be allowed to say so without presumption, I thought was a most effective and cogent speech in support of an Amendment in these terms. Anybody who has had any personal contact with these matters will remember so vividly what Mr. Douglas-Mann described in his speech. If you were asked by a client with a modest income and in modest circumstances the simple question: "Am I a furnished or unfurnished tenant?" you would naturally ask, "How much furniture is there in the dwelling?" You may be told that there was some lino, a table, a bed, no curtains, and so on. You then have to ask yourself, in order to answer your client, "Was a substantial proportion of the rent payable for the dwelling attributable to the fact that there was some lino, a bed and a table?" It is almost impossible to answer that question.
§ Over and over again those who advised persons in modest circumstances, who wanted to know whether they were furnished or unfurnished tenants, simply could not tell them. All one can tell them—and those who have had contact with these matters remember this so bitterly—is that it depends on what learned judge the case goes before. One has to say, "You are in the area of such-and-such a county court district, and I can tell you that the learned judge who normally sits in the county court for that district takes a rather strict view as to what is a 'substantial proportion of the rent'." Another person in another area might ask you the same question, and then you would have to say, "The learned judge in this area takes a much more lenient view."
§ It is really like asking the courts to decide the length of a piece of string. Even if you have that degree of certainty which emerges from the fact that you knew which learned judge was going to try the case, and you knew what his broad approach to the matter was, you would still be in a difficulty if you were taken to the Court of Appeal on appeal from the county court because you would not know which learned Lords Justices were sitting on the day that the application was to be tried and, in consequence, you would not know what approach the Court of Appeal would be likely to take. I have always thought that this crucial part of our legilslation has been in a most unsatisfactory state. I believe that all practitioners who have had anything to do with this matter would readily agree that if there is one area of uncertainty where there ought to be certainty it is in this question: "Are you a furnished or an unfurnished tenant?" Occasionally the dwelling is crammed full of furniture and you know the answer; coversely, it may be completely emtpy and again you know the answer. The twilight areas and the areas of difficulty reside in those cases where there is some furniture and you do not know whether a substantial proportion of the rent is attributable to the furniture.
§ The matter was fully discussed before Standing Committee E and your Lordships may think it is a little supererogatory to raise the matter again before your Lordships' House. The Minister, Mr. 378 Julian Amery, gave a full and careful reply in Standing Committee, for which I am sure everybody will be grateful, and I would not seek to revert to the matter unless I thought, as I do, that possibly some of the reasoning on which the Minister based his conclusions was open to question. The position is this. In 1946 there was a case Palser v. Grinling decided in your Lordships' House. It came from the Court of Appeal. In the Court of Appeal the learned Lords Justices laid down this numerical test which is proposed in the Amendment which I seek to move; that is, the 20 per cent. and the 15 per cent. test.
§ When the case came to this House on appeal, this House disapproved of that arithmetical test, and if I may cite shortly from the Opinions expressed in this House, these words were used: It must be left to the discretion of the judge of fact to decide as best he can according to the circumstances in each case, the onus being on the landlord. If the Judgment of the Court of Appeal in the Palser case were to be understood as fixing a percentage, as a legal measure that would be going beyond the powers of the judiciary, but to say that everything over 20 per cent. of the rent should be regarded as a substantial proportion of that rent would be to play the part of a legislator. If Parliament thinks fit to amend the statute by fixing percentages Parliament will do so. It is that that I am asking the House to do: to say that a fixed percentage should answer the question. The Minister, when he gave his reply, reasoned in this way. He said to begin with that the Francis Committee proposed a different test—I will not trouble your Lordships with that, but I do not think it is quite so satisfactory. Broadly speaking, it is to ask the question: "Is the furniture sufficient for the tenant's needs in his actual circumstances?"
§ The Minister went on to say that the Francis Committee posed a number of questions with regard to furnished lettings which will have to be dealt with in due course by legislation, and suggested that it would be desirable to leave this issue over until that legislation was introduced. He concluded his speech as follows: In any event, even if you take the arithmetical test, that poses difficulties for the courts too, because the courts have in each case to decide whether the amount attributable was over 20 per cent., or above or under 15 per cent, or something in between. 379 The reason—and I hope I do not trouble your Lordships unprofitably—is the following. I submit that this is such a crucially important matter that it ought not to wait over any longer. Legislation, I am sure, will in due course be produced to deal with furnished lettings, but it is everybody's experience that complicated legislation takes a long time—perhaps years—and the submission I make is that this House now has an opportunity to deal with it and to introduce some measure of certainty into this vexed problem, and it should now seize that opportunity.
§ The other reason which the Minister gave—namely, that the arithmetical test was not an easy one to judge by—I would suggest is not really well founded. It is not difficult for the courts to ascertain, in the case of an individual contract of letting, whether the rent as to more or less than 20 per cent. is attributable to the use of furniture and services. That is the sort of question which courts have to decide day in clay out, and it is far more productive of a precise answer than the wholly different question whether a substantial proportion of the rent is so attributable. Those are the reasons why I would ask the Committee to consider this matter once more. I think it is right that this matter should be dealt with once and for all.
§ It may not always produce the best answer, but it produces an answer and has the enormous merit of introducing certainty where uncertainty puzzles and perplexes ordinary people who say, "Surely my lawyer can tell me where I stand on this matter which is so crucial to me". Even if a better answer might be produced by the test proposed by the Francis Committee, I am desirous of introducing certainty into this vexed area. I beg to move.
§ LORD DAVIES OF LEEK
; I do not wish to reiterate the arguments made by my noble friend, but may I appeal to the Government to look carefully at this matter, and if at the end they cannot accept entirely the Amendment so succinctly and cogently moved by my noble friend at least to consider it. May I say from experience that this is a part of legislation that needs tightening up because of the opportunities for extortionate 380 rents being charged in less prosperous areas of the country, particularly in industrial areas where young couples are looking for jobs and when we need mobility in jobs to solve the problem of unemployment. It is important that nobody should be allowed to extract extortionate rents for what are, in some cases, under-furnished semi-slums which have a lump of shoddy linoleum, a rickety table and chair and a bed that could be described as worse than a camp bed.
As a Member in another place and as a young man in South Wales, I have had experience of this kind of extortion from persons who have no moral approach to this question. Because I am making this speech, do not let it be assumed that I am denigrating all owners who let furnished houses or rooms. I appeal to the Minister to listen to the appeal of my noble friend and to try to find an answer to what I agree is a difficult problem.
LORD JANNER
May I, as a practising solicitor for many years, having dealt with a large number of these cases, ask the House to consider whether it is not important to have something definite about the meaning of terms which are used? As everybody who has had anything to do with them knows, the Rent Acts have been the subject of a tremendous amount of litigation. Judges have differed since the year 1915 when the Acts first came in and have expressed the opinion that in some way or another certain sections of the Acts should be made clearer by legislation.
I want to support this Amendment on the ground that it is extremely difficult for a court to decide this particular issue of percentages. Maybe the Government think there should be a different proportion. That is a matter which I am sure the noble and learned Lord, Lord Stow Hill, would be prepared to consider. But the important feature is that there should be something definite that the layman can understand. If the layman cannot understand it, when he is seeking legal advice on the matter the solicitor advising him should not be placed in the usual position which prevails where things are indefinite, of having to say, "On the one hand, the court may decide this way; but it may decide some other way. It is in the lap of the gods."
381 In my view, anything which can be done to make the position clearer by legislation itself is of considerable value to everybody concerned. It is true, as my noble and learned friend said, that we may err on one side or another so far as the proportions are concerned, but it is infinitely more important, in spite of that, that people should be in a position to know what the circumstances are. My noble friend who spoke before me pointed out the serious nature of this problem because bad landlords—I agree with him: it is not all landlords, obviously—in particular in the part of the world we are speaking about, in Wales, take advantage of a situation in which the position is not clear. If it were made clear in the Bill itself, or at any rate in some legislation, what the actual proportion is to be, at least people would be in a position to get a surveyor or somebody else to assist them, in so far as the value of the furniture is concerned, in comparison with the value of the rest of the tenancy. Then they would know what the percentage was; they would know from the valuation of a qualified person what was their actual position.
In my view, too, it would prevent the bad landlord from seeking to impose high rents on the plea that the letting was a furnished letting. He could not insist on the kind of rent which would then be appropriate—even though at a later stage a court may say he was wrong, and his excuse would then be that he thought the amount that should be charged for furniture was so much. I hope that in these circumstances the Government will see their way clear either to accept this Amendment or, if they have some other suggestion with regard to the proportions, to let us know what that is, so that we may consider whether they are likely to be right or whether the proportions given in this particular Amendment are correct.
THE EARL OF BALFOUR
I have listened with great interest to what the noble and learned Lord, Lord Stow Hill, said. But again may I refer back to the 1968 Act. Section 2(3) of that Act and Clause 18(3) of this Bill, in regard to "substantial part" state that furniture and attendance form a substantial part 382 of the rent. Section 70(3) of the 1968 Act almost reverses the meaning when it says: if the value of the board to the lessee forms a substantial proportion of the whole rent". Furthermore, in the Rent Act 1968, Section 68(3), Section 68 being the start of Part VI which refers to furnished lettings, reads: The power to make an order under this section shall be exercisable by statutory instrument". Furnished lettings go back to the Furnished Houses (Rent Control) Act 1946. No Government have yet thought it necessary to take advantage of producing a Statutory Instrument to describe exactly what are furnished lettings. Therefore, I do not feel that this is either the right place or the right subject for going into a financial provisions Bill such as we are talking about in the Committee stage. Furthermore, as a final point, Clause 47 concerns statutory tenants by succession and in fact has nothing whatever to do with furnished lettings.
§ LORD DRUMALBYN
I should like to start first by saying that I am sure all of us in all parts of the Committee are anxious that landlords should not be able to escape the Rent Act protection for unfurnished tenants by providing meagre and inadequate furniture. But I would go on to say that it would be wrong to assume that, without the proposed Amendment, a tenancy with a few inadequate sticks of decrepit furniture would be likely to be classified by the courts as furnished. The noble Lord dealt with the present situation so far as the law is concerned. I would not dream of dissenting from what he said, but I should like to carry it one stage further, because, since the case of Palser v. Grinling which was decided in your Lordships' House, there has been a new leading decision in Goel v. Sagoo in 1970, which has laid greater stress on whether the furniture was sufficient for the tenant's purposes, and in fact accepted a particular tenancy as furnished where the amount of the rent attributable to furniture was only 6⅔ per cent.
The Francis Committee came to their conclusion that the borderline as defined in Section 2(3) of the Rent Act 1968 was no longer an apt test. And I agree with what the noble Lord said on this. They 383 recommended that a furnished tenancy should be defined as: one under which the furniture, together with any fixtures and fittings provided by the landlord at the commencement of the tenancy for the use of the tenant, was substantially sufficient at that time to meet the tenant's essential domestic needs in respect of the use and occupation of the dwelling, having regard to the purpose for which, and the circumstances in which, the dwelling was let". So they were not very far away from the Queen's Bench decision in Goel v. Sagoo.
The trouble is that the noble Lord is proposing an arithmetical solution which would move in the opposite direction, back to a much more arithmetical approach. In fact, it would tend to shift the uncertainty from whether the proportion of furniture was substantial in relation to the rent to the value of the furniture itself. It would, I suppose, have been possible in this Bill to have legislation along the lines proposed by the Francis Committee, but in the Government's view the present Bill does not provide the right occasion for going into this question because it is a very involved one. The Government believe that it would be wrong to incorporate in this Bill a decision in favour of the arithmetical concept at this stage, before there had been much fuller discussion and examination of the Francis Report.
I think it would be right to point out to the Committee that any solution which defines "substantial" by reference to a rigid proportion would have to deal with some inherent difficulties. In the first place it would involve fixing a standard percentage for "substantial" and in that way would simply shift the scope for argument on to the value to be placed on the furniture, and how that value is to be converted to a rental amount. In addition the Committee must bear in mind that rental values vary widely in different parts of the country, so a rigid percentage would apply unevenly over the country. If it were decided to have an arithmetical percentage it might be necessary to have separate percentages in different parts of the country. In the third place the result could vary widely according to whether or not the fixtures and fittings are easily detachable from the fabric of the dwelling.
These are in themselves considerable difficulties. Perhaps one of the most diffi- 384 cult is the different proportion that one would find between furniture that is sufficient for the ordinary use of a tenant in relation to the rent in one part of the country as compared with another. A number of possible formulæ have been mooted from time to time and they all need to be examined, not just this particular one. Any new proposal would need to be closely examined by a number of bodies outside the Department. Before recommending an alteration of the borderline one would want to be as sure as one could possibly be that the new formula would stand the test of time, and one would need to reach an informed view on the extent to which it would in the long run help tenants and prospective tenants. I suggest that this is not the sort of problem on which it is wise to rush into action. It is not closely connected with this Bill, but it will be intimately connected with the other legislative proposals of the Francis Committee. There will be—and there must be—continuing studies, but obviously these cannot be furthered in the context of this Bill. Therefore I would invite the Committee to agree with another place, because, as the noble and learned Lord said, this matter has been fully debated in another place. I would invite the Committee to agree with another place that this is not the appropriate time to introduce a formula in this Bill, and that in any case before we decided on an arithmetical test it would need a great deal more consideration than we could give it at the moment.
§ BARONESS GAITSKELL
May I be enlightened about this particular subject? I find myself in agreement with, and as bewildered as, the noble Earl, Lord Balfour. I cannot find any reference to furnished tenancies in this Amendment. It does not appear to me to "square up" with Clause 47, or with page 51, line 34, and I should like to be enlightened on the matter.
It is for the noble and learned Lord, Lord Stow Hill, to explain his own Amendment, but my noble friend Lord Balfour referred to Section 2(3), which is mentioned in the Amendment, and the point there is that under Section 2 of the Rent Act 1968 a tenancy is not a protected tenancy if (b) under the tenancy the dwelling-house is bona fide let at a rent which includes payments 385 in respect of board, attendance or use of furniture. Then there follows subsection (3), which says: For the purposes of paragraph (b) of subsection (1) above, a dwelling-house shall not be taken to be bona fide let at a rent which includes payments in respect of attendance or the use of furniture unless the amount of rent which is fairly attributable to attendance or use of furniture, having regard to the value of the attendance or the use to the tenant, forms a substantial part of the whole rent. Does that explain it to the noble Baroness?
I thank the noble Lord.
§ LORD DIAMOND
I can well understand my noble friend Lady Gaitskell having difficulty when the whole Bill legislates by reference—that is to say, continual reference to a number (my latest count is seven) of other Rent Acts of one kind or another, rather than including the provisions. But it is well understood that this is a field in which there are many Statutes and much complication, and all I can offer my noble friend is my heartfelt sympathy, which I hope is in a measure reciprocated.
We are grateful to the noble Lord for what he has said. I think this was the right point at which to introduce this important issue, and I listened carefully to what he said about the Francis Committee. I should first like to thank my noble and learned friend Lord Stow Hill for having put the matter with the authority which only he can command and the clarity which falls so easily from his lips. As to the Francis Committee, I am glad to know that the Government are considering rather than rushing into a conclusion. Frankly, with regard to the recommendations of the Francis Committee on this issue—and I shall be short, as we are in a great panic for time—we do not like them, and I hope the noble Lord will be good enough to "take that on board". We do not think that the approach to the distinction here is a good one. We recognise the work that the Francis Committee has done; we recognise that in a sense the Labour Government was the parent of the Committee; nevertheless we do not like this conclusion on this particular issue. So in a sense we are glad that the noble Lord and his Government have not rushed to a 386 conclusion on this particular matter and proposed in this Bill (the heart of which does not refer to this actual issue) that the recommendations of the Francis Committee should be embodied and should become statute law.
On the other hand, we think it will be some time before the matter can be fully discussed, ventilated, clarified and legislated upon. In the meantime, the proposal which my noble and learned friend put forward seems to me to be the best proposal that is available. I do not share the view of the noble Lord, Lord Drumalbyn, that there are as many difficulties in the new proposal as in the existing situation. The difficulty of determining what are landlords' fixtures and what are tenants' fittings is not great and is certainly not novel. That is a matter which has been going on for a long time. The difficulty of determining the value to be put on the furniture is not great. There cannot be a great deal of difference between two valuers as to what that is. It is a small matter.
THE LORD CHANCELLOR
I should like to tell the noble Lord that I once fought a county court case, which subsequently became a reported decision, in which one valuer put a value of £20 on a piece of furniture while another valuer put £150 on it.
Well, there is a difference there of £130. The proportion, of course, is substantial but there is a difference of £130 and the noble and learned Lord who temporarily does not sit on the Woolsack thought this was a remarkable case, but I think it illustrates my point. By the time you have converted that amount into a percentage which affects the rent, the percentage on £130 can be very small indeed. Therefore I do not think that even in extreme cases there would be a great difficulty in an adjudicating body reaching a fairly firm conclusion as to the bracket within which the value of this furniture might fall.
The third difficulty brought forward by the noble Lord, Lord Drumalbyn, was converting the capital value into a percentage in terms of rent. This is a regular procedure that is followed scores of times a day when any buyer is buying and any seller is selling in the property market. The 387 market has a percentage which is available to anyone who wants to know what it is, and at the moment there is a maximum difference in contemplation of 1 per cent., so that that does not present a great difficulty. In these circumstances, I regret that the noble Lord has not thought fit to accept the Amendment. It would have protected the tenant a little more than he is protected now and it would have clarified the situation. Having said that, I do not think the issue is one on which we need divide the House. Having noted that the Government are considering these matters and in the hope that, with their usual good sense, they will take account of what my noble and learned friend has said, I imagine that my noble and learned friend will not wish to pursue the matter unduly.
§ LORD STOW HILL
I thank the noble Lord, Lord Drumalbyn, for his answer; I am not at all sure that I was inviting the Committee to rush into a problem which has subsisted in an acute form since 1920. In any event, I accept the rebuke. My noble friends were puzzled as to why this Amendment had found its place in relation to Clause 47. I apprehend that those who prepared the Amendment thought that this would be an appropriate Part of the Bill, being headed "Miscellaneous", for it, as they no doubt considered that this was a miscellaneous matter. Having put your Lordships in possession of the considerations, I ask leave to withdraw the Amendment.
§ Amendment, by leave, withdrawn.
My Lords, if it is your Lordship's desire, I beg to move that the House do now resume for a Statement.
§ Moved accordingly, and, on Question, Motion agreed to.
§ House resumed.
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A few years back, I went to visit a friend in San Diego. I stayed in a hotel that was known and very expensive - it was the only thing I could get that was both closed to Coronado and was in a centric area. When I first arrived, I checked in, and immediately after I went to my room. As usual, I didn't take the elevator, I took the stairs.
The first landing on the staircase, from the ground floor, was not a floor. It was a bigger landing and on one of the walls there was a door. Strange, but ok. I continued to my room. After settling my ruck, an calling my friend, I went down the stairs to wait for him. On the way down, that door picked my curiosity and when I tried to open it, it was unlocked.
Inside I see a few offices and customer counters. Looking a little closer, I saw that this was from a bank. Right next to the hotel, there was a rather big bank. This was an access to the upstairs offices, I can assume, for the employees. But why was it unlocked? And why were the computers on the office and counters powered on and unlocked!!!!????
Putting myself in the shoes of a bad guy, I immediately began to see how to attack the bank, the things I could do and the exits I needed to get out.
And then I froze in place, and began to think: WTF? How come this door is open? How come there are no cameras outside the door? How come no badge or code is needed to enter, even if it as locked at night, what about the day? Anyone could get in from the hotel? Unchecked?
I don't know. But often is the forgotten little things, the lack of overall security assessment, and the trust that attackers can exploit to bring to life the worst case scenario. I mean, what? DO you think that because this is a 5 start, very expensive hotel, bad people will not come? And people will not open that door to see what it is? Or a bad guy doing his/her recon will not note this? Really?
Worst case scenarios are often discarded because they are too extreme and the risk of it happening is low. I would disagree. There are many parts on a worst case scenario. Any of those parts can lead to the worst case scenario. They all need to be explored, and tested. And also the worst case scenario. Once you have you tech, people, policies and plans stressed to the limit by this test, you can then be more resilient and address the things that don't work.
Bad guys do what they do, and they don't play by your rules. The pentest way of "scan this, and don't scan that", doesn't work in the real world. Adversaries will exploit any and all things to get what they want.
Don't discard the worst case scenario, and begin gaining the 360 degrees plus up and down situational awareness you security need.


text:
1) Read corpus

2) (maybe) remov misspelled words from corpus

3) Read input, generate suggestions that are within 1 mistake or within 1 levenstein distance(numpy levenstein distance)

if naive algorithm is slow, generate bigram/trigram index


Pangolins differ from edentates, however, in many fundamental anatomic characteristics. The earliest fossil Pholidota date from the middle of the Eocene Epoch (56 million to 33.9 million years ago) in Germany.
Magnorder Xenarthra (edentates, or xenarthrans) 31 species in 2 orders. Order Cingulata (armadillos) 20 species in 1 family. Order Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) 10 species in 4 families.