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Home/Enterprise IT/Cloudera to be taken private after $5.3 billion cash deal.
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Cloudera to be taken private after $5.3 billion cash deal.
The Stack June 1, 2021
Cloudera President Mick Hollison
Cloudera is to be taken private, with two private equity firms agreeing to buy the enterprise data wrangler for $5.3 billion in an all-cash deal — three years after Cloudera agreed a $5.2 billion billion merger with rival Hortonworks and after several bumpy years for the company, post-merger.
Affiliates of Clayton, Dubilier & Rice ("CD&R") and KKR are taking on the company — which started as a Hadoop specialist and has gone on to launch an integrated "Cloud Data Platform" in an all-cash deal, they said on June 1.
Cloudera offers software subscriptions and public cloud services for its CDP solution-set and software subscriptions for its traditional on-premises data platforms, along with consultation, training and education services. (The CDP offers SQL analytics, real-time stream processing and data management built on Spark, Impala, Hive, HBase, Kafka, Hadoop, et al). As of January 31, 2021, it had 2,728 full-time employees.
Cloudera has incurred net losses since its founding in 2008, including net losses of $162.7 million, $336.6 million and $192.6 million for the years ended January 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. As per SEC filings, it had an accumulated deficit of $1.6 billion as of January 31, 2021.
Going private will give Cloudera more flexibility and resources, President Mick Hollison said, claiming that "everyone from Snowflake and DataBricks to Google and Microsoft claim to have [an integrated data platform] but the truth is that we are leading the way in the hybrid data cloud space."
See also: S&P Global adds 25 new datasets, unveils interactive "Workbench", new machine learning tools from Kensho
Cloudera simultaneously announced plans to acquire a pair of SaaS companies, Datacoral and Cazena, as the company aims to deepen its capabilities. Hollison added: "We believe these acquisitions will accelerate our public cloud roadmap and expand our market opportunity. This is an important milestone in Cloudera's history, as we move beyond big data and 'self-managed' services. These acquisitions usher in a new era of 'self-service' by automating complex operations so customers can focus on building great data-driven apps instead of managing infrastructure."
Cloudera shareholders will receive $16.00 in cash per share, a 24% premium to the closing price as of May 28, 2021 and a 30% premium to the 30-day volume weighted average share price: "This transaction provides substantial and certain value to our shareholders while also accelerating Cloudera's long-term path to hybrid cloud leadership for analytics that span the complete data lifecycle – from the Edge to AI," said CEO Rob Bearden.
He added in a canned statement: "We believe that as a private company with the expertise and support of experienced investors such as CD&R and KKR, Cloudera will have the resources and flexibility to drive product-led growth and expand our addressable market opportunity."
"We very much look forward to working with Cloudera as it continues to execute its long-term transformation strategy," said Jeff Hawn, CD&R Operating Partner, who will serve as Chairman of the company upon the close of the transaction. "The company has made significant progress establishing the Cloudera Data Platform (CDP) as a leader in hybrid and multi-cloud analytics, and we believe that our experience and capabilities can offer valuable support to accelerate expansion into new products and markets."
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Identifier: d_1531
Commentary on the Basel Printers' Statute 1531
Friedemann Kawohl
Centre for Intellectual Property Policy & Management, Bournemouth University, UK
Kawohl, F. (2008) 'Commentary on the Basel Printers' Statute 1531', in Primary Sources on Copyright (1450-1900), eds L. Bently & M. Kretschmer, www.copyrighthistory.org
1. Full title
2. Abstract
3. Early printing in Basel: Petri, Amerbach, Froben
4. Sixteenth-century privileges for books from Basel
5. The Basel Council and the printers; Curio vs. Cratander; and the Statute of 1531
6. The Basel Printers' Statute and the concept of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century "publishers' property"
Basel Printers' Statute of 28 October 1531 as documented in the Statute Book.
This is the first municipal printers' ordinance enacted in the printing centres of the Upper Rhine region, and it is also the first general prohibition of reprinting in the German lands. The document is part of the Basel Council's Statute Book (lit. "Book of Findings" - "Erkanntnisbuch"). It provides for a fixed three-year term of protection and stipulates that a sum of 100 gulden is to be paid as a fine by those who violate it. Moreover, the Statute forbids the printing of anything that "could harm the city of Basel", as well as any attempts by printers to entice away colleagues' staff by offering higher wages and so on. The Statute, therefore, tacitly acknowledges that the printing business requires investments not just in terms of capital but also in terms of manpower: hence this provision to prevent printers from losing their staff to competitors. The Basel Printers' Statute has been recognised as the very first act of municipal printing regulation in the early centres of printing in the Upper Rhine region during the sixteenth century. This commentary will focus on the distinction between the concept of "publishers' property", as it was formulated in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and the eighteenth-century notion of "intellectual property".
After Strasbourg and Mainz, Basel was the third place in which the new technique of printing was introduced. In 1463, Berthold Ruppel, a former apprentice of Gutenberg, is reported to have opened a printing press there. His first book, a Latin bible, was probably published in 1468. The Berlin Catalogue of Incunabula (i.e. fifteenth-century printed books)[1] lists 931 original editions from Basel, making it the eleventh busiest fifteenth-century printing place after Venice (4346), Paris (3767), Cologne (1752), Lyon (1597), Leipzig (1519), Strasbourg (1374), Augsburg (1356), Milan (1206), Nuremberg (1156), and Florence (1069). 709 fifteenth-century Latin prints from Basel have been identified, putting the city in thirteenth place, in this respect, after Venice (3487), Paris (2583), Rome (1870), Rouen (1559), Cologne (1448), Lyon (1247), Leipzig (1137), Milan (1077), Strasbourg (1063), Augsburg (1029), Nuremberg (909), and Florence (783).[2] Having learnt the art of printing in Mainz, Johann Petri (1441-1511) settled in Basel around 1480, acquiring citizenship in 1488. Five hundred years later, in 1988, he was commemorated as the founder of the oldest still existing publishing house, the Petrinische Offizin, now trading under Schwabe AG.[3] Johannes Amerbach (c. 1444-1513), who probably learnt printing in Venice, worked in Basel under the name "Hans of Venice" from around 1475 to 1478. 162 incunabula prints have been identified as coming from his printing office.[4] In 1480, there were 26 printing shops in this small Imperial Free City on the banks of the Rhine. [5]
It was Johann Froben (c. 1460-1527) who turned Basel into an early-sixteenth- century centre for the printing of Greek and Latin editions. These publications from Basel played a considerable role in the Humanists' endeavour to disseminate critical editions of classical texts, thus paving the way for the later reformatory movements in religion. Froben had worked with Koberger[6] in Nuremberg before coming to Basel in 1490. From 1502 he was in joint business with Amerbach and Petri, based in Amerbach's workshop, until he opened his own printing office in 1507. In 1520, he married Getrud Lachner, the daughter of the publisher and book trader Wolfgang Lachner (c. 1465-1518).[7] It was probably the latter who encouraged Froben to adopt the business model of the Venice- based Aldus Manutius (Aldo Manucci). Like the famous Venetian printer, Froben too concentrated on bringing out scholarly works in beautifully composed prints. From 1512 onwards, he started to use Antiqua types modelled on Manutius's founts (see i_1503), and he was also one of the first printers after Manutius to regularly use a trade-mark or logo. Interestingly, it was after reprinting a Manutius edition that Froben made the acquaintance of Erasmus - a meeting which was to add an even greater European dimension to his business. Manutius had published Erasmus's collection of proverbs under the title "Adagia" in 1508:[8] it was the latter which Froben reprinted in 1513 as a particularly splendid edition,[9] and which prompted Erasmus to anonymously call on the Basel printer in his workshop in 1514. As we know from the account Erasmus himself wrote in one of his letters, he had initially pretended to be a friend of Erasmus who had come to Basel with the authority to negotiate new publications of his works! Erasmus ended up staying in Froben's house for one and a half years, and from then on Froben was his main publisher. Erasmus came to Basel again in 1521 and lived there for a number of years until in 1529 he was forced to leave the city because of the Reformation: he settled in nearby Freiburg, one of the few towns in the Upper Rhine area where the Reformation did not prevail.[10]
As early as 1518, Froben had published a 488-page edition of collected works by Luther.[11] It was sold in France, Spain, Brabant, and England, and turned out to be the most profitable book of his career, as he himself told Luther in a letter of October 1518. After a second edition of 1519 sold out, it is possible that Erasmus persuaded Froben to cease printing Luther's writings. From 1521 onwards, Froben had in effect an exclusive right to publish all new works by Erasmus.[12] After Froben's death in 1527, Erasmus kept in touch with his son Hieronymus, staying at the latter's house after moving back to Basel in 1535. In a letter he compared Froben to Manutius:
"If our rulers [i.e. the rulers in the German lands] were as receptive to scholarly endeavours as those of the Italians are, Froben's serpents [Froben's trade-mark showed various serpents and a dove][13] would be as successful as Aldus's dolphins [Manutius's trade-mark][14] on the book market. Under his motto "festina lente" [make haste slowly] Aldus has acquired no less money than fame, and both deservedly so. Froben, on the other hand, who is always concerned with the benefit of the public, has become famous rather than rich, since he sticks to the naivety of his doves and shows a serpent's sagacity only in his printer's mark but not in his conduct."[15]
Apart from Petri, Amerbach and Froben, other important sixteenth-century Basel printers were:
Johannes Oporinus (Herbst, Oporin) (1507-1568), a Professor of Greek at Basel University, whose biggest printing enterprise was the publication of Andreas Vesalius' De Humani corporis fabrica Libri septem in 1543.
Johann Herwagen (Hervagius), a printer from Strasbourg, who, after marrying Johann Froben's widow, collaborated with his stepson Hieronymus Froben for a while. From 1532, however, he again started printing under his own name.
Andreas Cratander (Hartmann), who came to Basel from Strasbourg and worked with Petri until he began publishing under his own name from 1518 to 1536. In 1519, he brought out a Dictionarium Graecum.
Valentin Curio (Schaffner), who paid to become a member of the Basel printers' guild in 1520 and published a Lexicon Graeca in 1522, leading to a reprint dispute with Cratander.
Johann Bebel, who in 1530 published a reprint of the 1529 French-privileged edition of Budäus's Commentarii linguae Graecae, printed by Jodocus Badius Ascensius.
Michael Isingrin, who started working with Petri and from 1539 published under his own name.
Ruprecht (Robert) Winter, who was a member of the printers' guild from 1518 and started off as the business partner of his brother-in-law, Johann Oporin. He printed under his own name between 1536 and 1545
Thomas Plattner (1499-1582), a schoolmaster who worked as a printer between 1536 and 1538. His autobiography gives a vivid insight into the careers of sixteenth-century Basel printers:
"When I saw that Hervagius and others engaged in the printing trade were doing good business and that they were making a lot of money without having to do much work, I began to say to myself that I too ought to become a printer. Dr Oporinus had the same idea; he too was doing a lot of proof-correcting work in the printing-shops. [...] Between the two of us we worked out a good scheme for a business partnership, but none of us had any money. Ruprecht Winter, the brother-in-law of Oporinus, was married to a woman who was very keen on being a printer's wife: she had noticed that printers' wives lived in luxury, wanting for absolutely nothing, because they had money in plenty, as well as all kinds of pretensions to go with it! She persuaded her husband Ruprecht to take up the printing trade, together with his brother-in-law Oporinus. And this is how the four of us came to form an association - Oporinus, Ruprecht, Baltazar and myself. We bought Andreas Cratander's machinery and equipment because he and his son Polycarp had decided to become booksellers instead, after Cratander's wife had declared that she didn't want to have anything more to do with all that paraphenalia,[16] as she put it. We gave him eight hundred gulden for the equipment, to be paid within a specified period [...] two of us would regularly go to Frankfurt. Our wives wanted us to buy them a lot of things there - one wanted pretty cushions, the other wanted pewter dishes. However, I bought iron cooking pots instead. We often came back to Basel with a barrel full of the various things we had bought, but hardly ever did we return with any money."[17]
In general, privileges were requested and granted for expensive books with many pages and/or in large formats. The first privileges for a Basel print, awarded by the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor in 1516,[18] are referred to in an edition of works by St Jerome, whose translations of the Greek New Testament and the Hebrew Psalms into Latin constituted the core of the 'Vulgate', the canonical medieval version of the Bible. The Basel nine-volume edition was a collective achievement of the printers Amerbach (who died in 1513), his sons, his business partner Froben, and several editors, including Johannes Reuchlin[19] and Johannes Cuno.[20] Erasmus was responsible for the first four volumes and wrote a dedication to William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury.[21] The elaborate edition includes side-by-side columns of the Psalms in Latin/Greek and Latin/Hebrew.[22] In all likelihood it was Froben who applied for the Imperial privilege. Since Froben, however, was unable to secure a Royal French privilege as well, Amerbach later asked Erasmus to dissuade the Paris publisher Jean Petit from his intention of bringing out a French reprint:
"The Paris printer Jean Petit is holding the knife to our throat: he is threatening to imitate the whole work. Perhaps you could try to stop him by sending him a short letter."[23]
Erasmus promptly sent a letter to the printer and author Josse Bade (Jodocus Badius) (1462-1535):
"The famous Amerbach brothers[24] have written to inform me that Jean Petit is threatening to print the works of St Jerome, thereby showing utter contempt for the papal prohibition, and, what is more, disregarding all considerations of 'humanitas' [meaning here "good breeding" rather than "humanity" in a modern sense]"[25]
Just a month after the edition of St Jerome's works, Froben published Erasmus' New Testament. This two-column Greek/ Latin collation, in which Erasmus based his new Latin translation on a Greek version that he had collated from several manuscripts, is considered to be the starting point of modern critical studies of Holy Scripture. It is the first ever printed Latin non-Vulgate version of the Bible and the first published version of the Greek original, since another Greek version, printed in Alcalá (Spain), in 1514, at the request and expense of Cardinal Francisco Ximenez de Cisneros (1436-1517), was withheld by the Roman Curia until 1522. The 1200 copies of the first edition of Erasmus's New Testament were soon sold out, and in 1519 a second version was published - probably the one on which Luther's German translation in 1519-20 was based (see d_1545). Despite Froben's warning to the "imitators" in the preface,[26] reprints were published from 1520 onwards, most of them being in cheap quarto or octavo format and including only Erasmus's Latin text. In Basel alone, seven Latin reprints were produced: by Cratander and by Froben in 1520, twice by Froben in 1522, and one by Pamphilus Gengenbach, Thomas Wolff and Adam Petri respectively.[27] Editions which just included the Greek version also met with an apparently increasing demand, for Nicolaus Gerbel's edition (Haguenau, 1521) was followed by a Strasbourg edition of 1524 to which its printer and publisher Wolfgang Köpfel, who was a leading intellectual figure in the Strasbourg Reformation movement, contributed a preface. The Basel reprint of 1524[28] too contained a preface by the printer Johannes Bebel, praising the editor Jakob Ceporin and the publisher Schabler (Wattenschne). Although he doesn't explicitly refer to Froben's original version, Bebel explains that he has left out the introductions and critical apparatus, "so that the book wouldn't exceed pocket- book format"[29].
Concentrating on classical texts and Latin books, Basel publishers were producing for a European market. The "Commentarii Linguae Graecae", a major dictionary of Greek, first published in Paris, in 1529, by Guillaume Budé (lat. Guglielmus Budaeus 1467-1540) was reprinted in Basel by Johannes Bebel in 1530. The Basel reprint, edited by Simon Grynaeus (1493-1541), who in 1529 had been appointed Professor of Greek at Basel University, could not be imported into France, since Budé, a scholar in the service of the French king had been granted a royal privilege which forbade both reprints in France and the importing of reprints for five years, except in the case of those who had obtained a special licence from Budé.[30] Grynaeus informed Budeaus about the Basel reprint in a letter of 18 June 1530. This, in Frank Hieronymus's words, was a letter, whose author clearly counted on a favourable reception, either because Budé already knew about the reprint and, being certain of its high quality, was grateful that his work would thereby reach a wider public, or because Gryneaus, parting from the premise that Budé could allow reprints to anyone he wanted, was firmly expecting to receive such a licence which would allow the reprint to be imported into France.[31]
The Basel reprint included all the sections of the Paris edition by Jodocus Badius Ascensius, as well as the dedication to Francis I of France (1494-1547), but left out the privilege. Some marginalia were also omitted, but, according to Hieronymus, the reprint was on the whole more "reader friendly" since it used columns instead of lines, and it was probably also cheaper, given that the Paris version contained 972 pages, whereas the Basel one had just 712 pages.
Sixteenth-century Basel printers were successful in their applications for privileges from the Emperor, the Pope, the King of France, and, in at least one instance, from the Republic of Venice. From a sample of 100 title-pages of works published in Basel between 1516 and 1583 and including a reference to an Imperial privilege (these title-pages having been consulted online in May 2007),[32] we may conclude the following:
The title-pages of 34 books referred to a specific term of duration of the privilege, whereas 66 did not. Most early references to non-limited privileges are of the form: "Cum privilegio Caesareo" or "Cum gratia et privilegio Caesareo" (1523-1531), whereas later references read as: "Cum Gratia et privilegio Imperiali" (once in 1555), and, most frequently after 1560: "Cum gratia & privilegio Caesareae Maiestatis". There was one privilege granted for three years (1522), two for four years (1535, 1537), ten for five years (1416, 1443-1555), seven for six years (1540-1478), three for seven years (1542-1546), and eleven for ten years (1540-1582). There is a clear tendency towards longer terms. Imperial privileges for three and four years were not granted after 1537, and privileges for five years ceased to be awarded after 1555. Imperial privileges granted between 1556 and 1583 were either for a six- or a ten-year term of protection (four and seven instances respectively).
Basel printers and booksellers like Johann Schabeler (Schabler, Wattenschne) had begun to sell Basel prints to Lyon and Paris during the 1490s[33] and to actively cooperate with French printers from 1504 onwards.[34] A Royal French privilege, the first within the sample, was granted for a monumental Basel edition of the works of the ancient Greek physician Galen. The edition came out in five folio volumes of 567, 491, 487, 480, and 717 pages respectively (not including the prefaces) and was published in 1537-38 by a collective effort of the Basel printers and publishers Cratander, Bebel, Herwagen, Froben and Isengrin. According to the full Latin version printed at the beginning of the first volume,[35] the privilege was issued on 20 December 1536 in Fontainebleau, referred to Cratander, Herwagen and Bebel (actually to "Cratander and his associates" ["Cratander & socius suis"]), and granted protection against reprints and imports of reprints for each of the volumes for a period of five years.
Latin versions of Galen's works were first printed in Venice in 1490 and reprinted in Venice and Pavia in 1502, 1511, 1515/1516, 1522, and 1528; and in Basel by Cratander, in 1529. The first printed Greek version, issued in 1515 by Aldus Manutius's famous press in Venice, served as the basis for the Basel edition. According to the preface written by one of the editors, Hieronymus Gemuseus (Gschmus, 1505-1544, who in 1527 married Sibylla Cratander, the daughter of Andreas Cratander),[36] the Basel edition provided enhanced value with respect to the older edition, since the editors had collated different manuscripts, some of which were sent by the French physician and botanist Jean Ruel (Ruelle, c. 1479-1537), personal physician to King Francis I (1494-1547). Through these Royal French privileges the Basel printers secured for themselves a monopoly on the French market. The Basel printers, however, had for their part been reprinting French editions, e.g. Jean Ruel's De natura stirpium, wich was first published in Paris, in 1536, and reprinted in Basel the following year by Froben and Episcop.
In 1540, Robert Winter, according to the title-page of his edition of Homer's Iliad, had even been awarded a ten-year privilege: "Cum gratia & priuilegio tam Regio quam Caesareo ad decennium".[37] Fourteen book titles out of the sample of 100 refer to both Imperial and French privileges: two of these (1543, 1571)[38] do not indicate a term, two (1536, 1546)[39] refer to a five-year term, one (1546)[40] to a seven-year term, and six to a ten-year term of protection.[41] Three of these title-pages indicate a different term of protection for each of the two 'countries' concerned: five years in the Empire and ten in France in one case,[42] ten in the Empire and six in France in another,[43] and, finally, ten in the Empire and nine in France.[44] One title refers to privileges from the Emperor, the King of France, and the Venetian Senate: "Cum Caesarea Maiest. Galliarum Regis, ac Senatus Veneti gratia & privilegio, ut in diplomatis eorundem continetur."[45]
Privileges were regarded as being strictly bound to the printed book as a commodity, rather than as dependent on an author's original achievement or covering an abstract "work" in the modern sense. New, original works were privileged, but so were collections or new editions of older texts. Some printers apparently assumed that privilege terms were calculated not from the year of appearance of the first edition, but that the same term started afresh with every new edition even if hardly any changes had been made to the earlier edition. Thus, on the title-page of Episcopius's 1563 edition of Münsinger von Frundeck's Apotelesma we find printed exactly the same phrase: "Cum gratia & priuilegio Caesareo quinquennium; Et regis Galliarum in decennium" as in the older edition of 1555.[46]
Within the sample of 100 books there is only one which includes a censorship authorisation: namely, Oporin's edition of the works of Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopulos (c. 1256- c. 1335).[47] Oporin was granted a ten-year privilege by Emperor Ferdinand (issued on 17 October 1551)[48], a six-year privilege by Henry II of France (issued in Paris on 20 June 1552)[49], and received a censorship authorisation dated 19 February 1551 from the Faculty of Theology at Leuven.[50] This Faculty published three lists of prohibited books (in 1546, 1550, and 1558), which, all in all, comprised 450 titles, including 60 editions of Holy Scripture and the New Testament. These lists were the immediate precursors to the notorious papal "Index Librorum Prohibitorum", which was first published in 1557.[51] Oporin also managed to secure a Venetian privilege for his edition of Vesalius's medical treatise. The title-page there explicitly refers to documents ["diplomati"] which he claims to be in possession of ["continetur"]: "Cum Caesarea Maiest. Galliarum Regis, ac Senatus Veneti gratia & privilegio, ut in diplomatis eorundem continetur."[52]
In the early fifteenth century, the Basel City Council issued a resolution concerning the guild affiliation of craftsmen working in the printing trade:
"On the Monday after St Catherine's Day, 1508, the Councillors have decided that all those who are engaged in the book printing trade in our city shall be free to join whatever guild they want, and that they may not be obstructed in their business by any of the other guilds."[53]
Henceforth, printing in Basel was regarded as belonging to the liberal arts rather than to the crafts. In 1505, Amerbach, Petri and Froben, who had just printed a Bible on behalf of the Nuremberg publisher Anton Koberger, were explicitly freed from the Basel export tariff. In addition to this, they were also permitted to bring imported paper directly to their workshops, releasing them from the obligation to first offer such paper for sale at the public market hall.[54] In 1506, all printers in general were granted a reduced tariff, and in 1521 an abolition of all export tariffs for Basel prints was announced whilst at the same time all import duties on books were reduced. The first censorship regulations were introduced in a proclamation of 12 December 1524, which stated that from then on no printers were allowed to print anything (be it in Latin, Hebrew, Greek or German), or authorise others to do so, without first having obtained the approval of certain officials appointed by the Council. Printers always had to print their name on those works for which they received printing authorisation. Censorship questions, however, often led to disputes: for example, in 1525 the City Council requested several expert opinions from theologians and lawyers when Johannes Oekolampadius (1482-1531) applied for permission to publish a work which gave an interpretation of the Eucharist in the spirit of the Reformation.[55]
After Petri's plans for an edition of the Koran had been turned down by the City Council in 1536, Oporin secretly began printing a Latin version in 1542, adding to it a commentary and refutations from a Christian perspective which Theodor Bibliander (1504-1564) had collated from older Latin and Arab sources. The City Council prohibited the work on 1 August 1542 and asked several Basel theologians for expert opinions.[56] Although the number of those arguing in favour of publication and that of those who were against it was the same, the already printed sheets were confiscated on 31 August 1542,[57] and Oporin was arrested and imprisoned for a while.[58] Just a few days earlier, on 26 August 1542, the Council had agreed on a fine of 100 gulden for offences against the censorship regulations.[59] Oporin, however, wrote several letters soliciting support for the Koran project, and after a number of scholars from Strasbourg and Luther in Wittenberg pleaded in favour of the publication, the Council agreed to the publication provided that:
"Oporin manages to find someone else from another authority to whom he can submit this book [...] and that it is printed under that person's name and title [...], so that it does not contain any reference to us [the Council, F.K.], our city, or to our printers; and that it is not offered for sale here, but only outside of our territories".[60]
After Oporin pledged himself to observe these restrictions and Bibliander agreed to market the book, the Basel Koran edition was authorised on 11 January 1543. In 1550, a general ban on the production of French, Italian, English and Spanish prints was ordered, in order to prevent "defamation and damage" to the town of Basel caused by clandestine exports of Italian books. Even Bibles were not allowed to be printed "if they weren't in Latin, Greek, Hebrew or German".[61]
The reprint dispute, which was eventually to lead to the Printers' Statute of 28 October 1531, concerned a Greek dictionary. The Carmelite monk Giovanni Crastone from Piacenza had edited the first Renaissance Dictionarium graecum.[62] It was published in Milan, in 1478; in Vicenza, in 1478; and in 1497 by Aldus Manutius in Venice.[63] The first Basel edition of 1519 was printed by Andreas Cratander,[64] who worked with Petri from 1515 to 1518, and after that, until his death in 1536, printed under his own name. In the epilogue Cratander mentions Valentin Curio's important contribution to the dictionary.[65] Curio, however, soon afterwards started his own printing office and, in 1522, he brought out a new version of the Lexicon Graecum[66], expanded by over 3,000 new entries. An elaborate title-page designed by Hans Holbein adorned Curio's edition.[67] Nine years later, a "tension" occurred, as the records of the Basel City Council put it, because "Andreas Cratander ventured to reprint the Greek dictionary that had first been printed by Valentin [Curio]".[68] Curio wanted to prevent the reprint altogether, but the Council decided that "[...] since both of them have already begun printing and incurred expenses, this time they may both carry on with the impression".[69] However, Cratander was explicitly forbidden to use certain annotations and supplementary features with which Curio intended to enhance his new edition. In 1532, both versions were published. Valentin Curio's Lexicon Graecolatinum was edited by Pierre Gilles (Petro Gillio Albiense) and supplemented by a preface written by Simon Grynaeus. Cratander's Lexicon Graecolatinum included contributions by Adrien Amerot, Philipp Melanchthon, and also by Simon Grynaeus.
The Printers' Statute of 1531 was designed for disputes of this kind between local printers. However, it is still unclear how the three-year ban on reprinting announced earlier could have helped to resolve the problem. The first Curio Lexicon had been published nine years earlier and was thus already in the public domain. Bappert, who has seen the records, does not specify whether Curio's complaint about Cratander's reprint refers to a reprint of his 1522 edition - which Bappert does not mention at all - or to a reprint of his new edition, which was being printed sheet by sheet and could easily have been smuggled out of his printing office by Curio's employees and brought to Cratander's workshop. Perhaps there is a clue in the prohibition on luring away employees from other printing shops - this prohibition comes immediately after the three-year ban on reprinting (lines 12-18). If Cratander's "reprint" was a reprint of already printed sheets of an unfinished work, which was still "passing through the press", someone must have taken the sheets from Curio's office and brought them to Cratander's. It was exactly this problem which was addressed in the new provision to prevent 'headhunting' of rivals' employees. Since the Council explicitly prohibited Cratander from making use of the "supplementary" features in Curio's edition, we may deduce that it was the new edition - which had already been prepared and was in the process of being printed - that Curio wanted to have protected in Curio vs. Cratander.
6. The Basel Printer's Statute and the concept of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century "publishers' property"
The Basel Printer's Statute has attracted the attention of copyright historians who have described it as "the first general ban on reprinting in the German lands".[70] Moreover, the Council's finding in Curio vs. Cratander is interpreted as evidence that "the right-generating effect of the printing and publishing costs borne by publishers and printers has been formally recognised here for the first time", as Walter Bappert puts it, since the Basel Council had considered "equal rights derived from both the earlier and the later print and taken into account the expenditure incurred by each of the two parties". [71]
Thus, Curio vs. Cratander and the Printer's Statute have been identified as starting points for the "principle of publishers' property" (Bappert),[72] or for the "theory of publishers' property", as Gieseke put it some years earlier.[73]
From a chronological point of view, it is correct that the concept of "publishers' property" developed "in the course of the sixteenth-century [...] in light of the deficiency of the privilege system". However, it is not really an early form of the eighteenth-century concept of "intellectual property",
"since the publisher's claims to the right of reproduction and the right of distribution were not derived from anything vested as such in the author, or in any legal act of the author [italics in original]. The concept of 'property' is just a label for the publishers' exclusive right to the proceeds of their investments [...]. Unlike the later concept of 'intellectual property', the 'publishers' property' was in no way derived from a property in an original manuscript or book [italics in original]. Thus, the representative sources for the principle of 'publishers' property' do not provide any evidence or put forward any claim that the original author, by virtue of his 'ownership' of the work as an object of property, is entitled to usage rights for his work[74] [...] Any references to the acquisition of a manuscript are not meant to identify the source of the publisher's right, but rather to define the first amount of expenditure incurred by the publisher [...]. The notion of author's rights had no intrinsic value as yet."[75]
Gieseke and Bappert derived their concept of "publishers' property" mainly from sixteenth-century printers' statutes (see d_1660) and contracts between publishers. In his 1995 book, Gieseke on the whole adhered to the concept of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century "publishers' property" which he had outlined in his book of 1957, albeit conceding that it was "an early form and basis"[76] of the eighteenth-century concept of "intellectual property" rather than an independent legal institution.
The most convincing argument presented by Gieseke concerns a preface to the 1591 "Adelsspiegel" (a treatise on the nobility) by Cyriakus Spangenberg (1528-1604). It was the publisher Michel Schmück,[77] not the author, who wrote the foreword.[78] Schmück's request that no one reprint his book is based on the claim that he had produced the book at "quite significant expense".[79] Gieseke comments on this:
"It would have seemed obvious if publishers had regarded the expenses incurred in acquiring a new work ( i.e. the author's fee, in particular), not merely as a debit entry in the publishing account but, rather, as what they had to pay in return for obtaining a special exploitation right (in the modern sense)[80] to the work embodied in the manuscript (that is, a right going beyond mere physical ownership of the manuscript)."[81]
From the observation that Schmück did not put forward such an argument, Gieseke concludes that "the notion of an exploitation right to the work acquired [by the publisher] from the author did not exist as yet".[82]
The 1950s and 1960s' discussion of the historic concept of "publishers' property" might sound strange to some readers, since projecting modern concepts back into the past in order to identify (if possible) their precursors is now perceived as an unhistorical method. Furthermore, readers familiar with the common law concept of "copyright" rather than with continental European "authors' right" may have considerable trouble understanding the above distinction between sixteenth- and seventeenth-century "publishers' property" and eighteenth-century "intellectual property". Another problem is that the term "property" may actually obscure what Gieseke and Bappert really are concerned with. Neither the printer's statutes nor Schmück nor any of the parties in Curio vs. Cratander explicitly claimed any "property"[83] whatsoever. In view of this, Reto Hilty has suggested that the Basel printers were given what European continental legal systems call a "neighbouring right" rather than a proper copyright.[84]
However, when used in a comparative legal analysis, the notion of "publishers' property" may help to identify the causes that led to a major conceptual change in the history of copyright. Why were publishers and lawyers in the German lands so reluctant to substantiate their property claims by invoking a natural property acquired from the authors? Why did sixteenth-century German authors not assert their interests to a greater extent, say, like their counterparts in Venice, where, as early as 1551, publishers were required to obtain the authors' consent before publication.
Anonymous, Johannes Froben und der Basler Buchdruck des 16.Jahrhunderts (Basel: Benno Schwabe & Co, 1960)
Bappert, Walter, Wege zum Urheberrecht (Frankfurt: Klostermann, 1962)
Bietenholz, Peter G, Basle and France in the sixteenth century: the Basle humanists and printers in their contacts with francophone culture (Genève: Droz, 1971)
Crousaz, Karin, Érasme et le pouvoir de l'Imprimerie (Lausanne: Éditions Antipodes, 2005)
Enay, Marc-Edouard, "Der Islam und der Reformator Theodor Bibliander", publ. 3 October 2003 at:
<http://www.orient-antiquariat.com/news.php>
Füssel, Stephan, "Die Bedeutung des Buchdrucks für die Verbreitung der Ideen des Renaissance-Humanismus", in Die Buchkultur im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert ed. by the Maximilian-Gesellschaft and Barbara Tiemann (Hamburg: Hiersemann, 1999) II/2: 121-61
Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke, available online at:
<http://www.gesamtkatalogderwiegendrucke.de>
Gfeller, Jules, "Einiges über den Schutz des geistigen Eigentums auf bernischem Gebiete in früheren Jahrhunderten", Zeitschrift für schweizerisches Recht, 15 (1896): 460-66
Gieseke, Ludwig, Die geschichtliche Entwicklung des deutschen Urheberrechts (Göttingen: Otto Schwarz 1957)
Gieseke, Ludwig, Vom Privileg zum Urheberrecht: Die Entwicklung des Urheberrechts in Deutschland bis 1845 (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1995)
Goldfriedrich, Johann, Geschichte des Deutschen Buchhandels vom Westfälischen Frieden bis zum Beginn der klasischen Litteraturperiode (1648-1740) (Leipzig: Verlag des Börsenvereins der Deutschen Buchhändler, 1908)
Gramlich, Jürgen, "Rechtsordnungen des Buchgewerbes im Alten Reich", Archiv für Geschichte des Buchwesens, 41 (1994): 1-145
Haegen, Pierre L. van der, Der frühe Basler Buchdruck : ökonomische, sozio-politische und informationssystematische Standortfaktoren und Rahmenbedingungen (Basel: Schwabe, 2001) (=Schriften der Universitätsbibliothek Basel 5)
Hagenmaier, Winfried, Das Verhältnis der Universität Freiburg i. Br. zur Reformation (Dissertation Freiburg, 1968), available online at:
<http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/2263/>
Hagemann, Hans-Rudolf, Die Rechtsgutachten des Bonifacius Amerbach (Basel and Frankfurt: Helbing & Lichtenhan, 1997)
Hartmann, Alfred (ed.), Die Amerbachkorrespondenz (Basel: Universitätsbibliothek, 1958), vol. 5
Heller, Marvin J, "Ambrosius Froben, Israel Zifroni and Hebrew printing in Freiburg im Breisgau", Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, 80 (2005): 137-48
Hieronymus, Frank, Griechischer Geist aus Basler Pressen, Katalog der frühen griechischen Drucke aus Basel in Text und Bild (Basel: Öffentliche Bibliothek, 1992). An online version, edited in 2003 by Christoph Schneider and Benedikt Vögeli, is available at:
<http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/>
Hilty, Reto, "Das Basler Nachdruckverbot von 1531 im Lichte der gegenwärtigen Entwicklung", in Die Notwendigkeit des Urheberschutzes im Lichte seiner Geschichte ed. by Robert Dittrich (Vienna: Manz'sche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1991), 20-45
Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz. Online at:
<http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch>
Illustrated Incunabula Short-Title Catalogue (IISTC), which is available online at:
<http://www.bl.uk/collections/hoinc.html#istc>
Jones, Howard, Printing the Classical Text (Utrecht: Hes & de Graaf Publishers, 2004)
Kölner, Paul, "Buchdrucker", in Die Safranzunft zu Basel und ihre Handwerke und Gewerbe (Basel: Schwabe, 1935), which is available online at:
<http://www.safranzunft.ch/koelner_chronik/index.htm>
Lotz, Ernst Felix, Die geschichtliche Entwicklung der Urheberrechtsgesetzgebung auf dem Gebiete der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, (Dissertation: Zürich, 1941)
Rehbinder, Manfred, "Die geschichtliche Entwicklung des schweizerischen Urheberrechts bis zum Bundesgesetz vom Jahre 1883", in Historische Studien zum Urheberrecht in Europa ed. by Elmar Wadle (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1993), 65-80
Steiff, K, "Wattenschnee", in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (1875-1912), 41: 244. Online version at:
<http://mdz1.bib-bvb.de/~ndb/ndbmaske.html>
Stevens, Linton C, "How the French Humanists of the Renaissance Learned Greek", Proceedings of the Modern Language Association of America (=PMLA) 65, nr 2 (1950): 240-248
Wolf, Hubert, Index: Der Vatikan und die verbotenen Bücher (Munich: C.H. Beck, 2006)
[1] Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke, which is available online at: <http://www.gesamtkatalogderwiegendrucke.de>
[2] Howard Jones, Printing the Classical Text (Utrecht: Hes & de Graaf Publishers, 2004). The Illustrated Incunabula Short-Title Catalogue (IISTC) is available online at: <http://www.bl.uk/collections/hoinc.html#istc>
[3] See the homepage of Schwabe AG, <http://www.schwabe.ch/company/company.html>
[4] According to the Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke.
[5] Manfred Rehbinder, "Die geschichtliche Entwicklung des schweizerischen Urheberrechts bis zum Bundesgesetz vom Jahre 1883", in Historische Studien zum Urheberrecht in Europa ed. by Elmar Wadle (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1993), 65-80, with reference to Ernst Felix Lotz, Die geschichtliche Entwicklung der Urheberrechtsgesetzgebung auf dem Gebiete der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, (Dissertation: Zürich, 1941).
[6] For Koberger see also the commentary on d_1501.
[7] Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz, available online at: <http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch>
[8] An earlier, shorter version had been published in Paris 1500 and was reprinted several times - in Basel by Schürer in 1509. See: Frank Hieronymus, Griechischer Geist aus Basler Pressen, Katalog der frühen griechischen Drucke aus Basel in Text und Bild (Basel: Öffentliche Bibliothek, 1992). There is an online version of this catalogue, edited in 2003 by Christoph Schneider and Benedikt Vögeli, at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/>. After Erasmus' whole oeuvre was included in the "Index auctorum et librorum prohibitorum" by the Council of Trent in 1559, Aldus Manutius's son Paolo began to adapt and publish "cleaned" versions. Manutios's version, published in 1603 under his own name, can be read at: <http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/manuzio.html>
[9] See the title page with a wood print designed by Urs Graf on http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/pic/gg0012_002_tit.htm. A further expanded version of the "Adagia" was published in 1515. Cf. the title and preface referring to Aldus Manutius's earlier edition at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/pic/gg0014_002_vor.htm>
[10] For details of the Freiburg situation around 1520, see Winfried Hagenmaier, Das Verhältnis der Universität Freiburg i. Br. zur Reformation (Dissertation: Freiburg 1968), available online at: <http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/2263/> For Erasmus' letters of 1529 and 1531 complaining on the University of Freiburg's decline due to the absence of Protestant students, see p. 149 of this dissertation.
[11] For a database on prints of Luther and the Protestant Reformation see
<http://luther.hki.uni-koeln.de/luther/pages/sucheDrucke.htm>l
[12] As Karin Crousaz, Érasme et le pouvoir de l'Imprimerie (Lausanne: Éditions Antipodes, 2005), 107, puts it: "Froben bénéficie de la quasi-exclusicité des nouveautés érasmiennes".
[13] See e.g. http://131.152.212.24/kadmos/gg/pic/gg0015_012_dmk.htm. "be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves." Matthew 10:16, King James version.
[14] Aldus Manutius's printer's mark showed a dolphin and an anchor.
[15] Quoted by Stephan Füssel, "Die Bedeutung des Buchdrucks für die Verbreitung der Ideen des Renaissance-Humanismus", in Die Buchkultur im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert ed. by the Maximilian-Gesellschaft and Barbara Tiemann (Hamburg: Hiersemann, 1999), II/2: 121-161 (128).
[16] The original reads: "die will sin frow nit mehr mit der sudlerei wollt umbgan". The word "sudeley" most likely refers to how printers very easily ended up with ink-smirched hands.
[17] This is an excerpt of an anonymous English translation from the French edition (Armand Colin) of 1864, quoted from: http://gunpowder.modhist.ox.ac.uk/show.asp?count=-1&res=18&page=1. The translation has been adapted for the sake of greater clarity.
[18] <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/pic/gg0017_003_dmk.htm>
[19] Johannes Reuchlin (1455-1522) was a famous Hebraist who defended the study and preservation of Hebrew literature against an Imperial Order of 1409 to destroy Hebrew books.
[20] Cuno had worked with Aldus Manutius in Venice before coming to Basel in 1511.
[21] For vol. 1 see: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/pic/gg0017_004_dmk.htm>
[22] Omnium operum divi Eusebii Hieronymi Stridonensis (Basel: Froben 1516), which is available online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/pic/gg0017_003_dmk.htm>
[23] Letter of Bruno Amerbach to Erasmus, March 1518 "Jean Petit, l'Imprimeur parisien, nous met l'épée sur la gorge: il menace d'imiter tout l'ouvrage. Ses tentative, peut-être que tu pouras les arrêter par une petite lettre." Quoted by Crousaz, 109.
[24] Johann Amerbach died in 1513, leaving behind three sons, Bruno (1485-1519), who had studied in Paris; Basilius (1488-1535); and Bonifacius (1495-1562), a famous lawyer.
[25] Letter of Erasmus to Bade ( Louvain, 17 April 1518): "Scribunt a me optimi fratres Amerbachii Ioannem cognomente Paruum nescio quid minari, sese excusurum Opera Hieronymi, contemto summi Pontificis interdicto, imo neglecta omni humanitate. Videat etiam atque etiam ne dum aliis studio nocere parat, sibi ipsi noxam accersat. Non dubito quin tibi sit cum homine familiaritas, Oro ut tam inhumano facto coherceas." Quoted by Crousaz, 103.
[26] "Quin istos etiam imitatores admoneo, ne si temere nogocium aggrediatur, autore superstire, mihi et pro sua humanitate amicissimo, idem illis eueniat, quod nonnullis euenit, in priore Chiliadum aeditione", in fol. 2 of Erasmus, Novum Instrumentum omne, diligenter ab Erasmo Roterodamo recognitum & emendatum (Basel: Johannes Froben, 1516), which is available online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/pic/gg0016_003_vor.htm>
[27] Hieronymous (1992/2003), Commentary on Tes Kaines Diathekes hapanta. Novi Testamenti omnia (Basel: Johannes Bebel and Johannes Wattenschne, 1524), available online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/gg0381.htm>
[28] The logo of the publisher Schable (a.k.a. Wattenschne), which was designed by Hans Holbein and shows his signature, can be seen on the last page of the edition. Online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/pic/gg0381_007_dmk.htm>
[29] "ne libellus enchiridij formam excederet", ibid. Online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/pic/gg0381_002_vor.htm>
[30] "praeterquam cui quibusve Budaeus id licere voluerit", quoted in Hieronymous (1992/2003), Commentary on Budaeus, Commentarii linguae Graecae, Gulielmo Budaeo (Basel: Johannes Bebel 1530). Available online at:
<http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/gg0041.htm>
[31] "eine Mitteilung, von der man eine freudige Aufnahme ihres Inhalts erwartet, sei es, dass Budaeus um den Nachdruck schon weiss und, der Qualität gewiss, von ihm dankbar eine weitere Verbreitung seines Werkes erhofft, sei es dass Grynaeus aus dem Passus, dass Budaeus den Nachdruck, wem er wolle, erlauben dürfe, eine solche Aufnahme und die Erlaubnis der Einfuhr dieses Druckes auch nach Frankreich erwartet." ibid.
[32] The sample is based mainly on the Basel sources, the kadmos project (=Hieronymus 1992/2003) http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/, which concentrates on Latin and Greek versions of Greek originals, and the Opera Poetica Basliliensia (available online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/spez/poeba/index.htm>) that lists poetic books originating in Basel in the sixteenth century. In addition to this, the following databases have also been used: the catalogue of the Albert Ritzaeus Hardenberg Collection, provided by the Johannes A Lasco Library in Emden (<http://hardenberg.jalb.de/titeluebersicht.php>), the Verteilte Digitale Inkunabelbibliothek (vdIb) (<http://inkunabeln.ub.uni-koeln.de/>), the Digital Collection of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (<http://mdz1.bib-bvb.de/~mdz/>), the Digitale Bibliothek of the Stiftung Luthergedenkstätten in Sachsen-Anhalt (<http://luther.hki.uni-koeln.de/luther/>), and the Brazilian Digitisation project Obras Raras (<http://www.obrasraras.usp.br/>).
[33] See the chapter "Buchdrucker" in Paul Kölner, Die Safranzunft zu Basel und ihre Handwerke und Gewerbe (Basel: Schwabe, 1935), which is available online at: <http://www.safranzunft.ch/koelner_chronik/index.htm>
[34] Eleven books were published in collaboration by Wattenschnee and the Paris printer Jean Petit between 1504-1518. See the article "Wattenschnee" by K. Steiff in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (1875-1912), 41: 244. There is an online version at: <http://mdz1.bib-bvb.de/~ndb/ndbmaske.html>
[35] Galen, Galeni Pergameni summi semper viri (Basel: Andreas Cratander, Johannes Bebel, Johannes Herwagen, Johannes Erasmius Froben, Michael Isingrin, 1536-1538), fol 2. Online at:
<http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/pic/gg0337_002_privileg.htm>
[36] For biographic details on Gemuseus see Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz, which is available online at: <http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch>. The specific reference here is to: <http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D43463.php>
[37] Homer, Poetarum omnium seculorum longe principis Homeri Ilias (Basel: Robert Winter, 1540). Online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/pic/gg0168_001_tit.htm>
[38] Vesalius, Andreae Vesalii Brvxellensis, Scholae Medicorum Patauinae professoris, de Humani, corporis fabrica Libri septem (Johann Oporinus, Basel, 1543). Online at: <http://www.obrasraras.usp.br/obras/000314/>
[39] Sebastian Castellio (ed.), Sibyllina Oracula de Graeco in Latinum conversa (Basel: Johannes Oporin, 1546). Online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/spez/poeba/poeba-003132069.htm>
[40] Heinrich Pantaleon, Heinrichi Panthaleonis Basiliensis Philargirus : comoedia nova & sacra de Zachaeo publicanorum principe (Basel: Cratander, 1546). Online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/spez/poeba/poeba-003256004.htm>
[41] Joachim Münsinger von Frundeck, Apotelesma, id est, corpus perfectum scholiorum ad Institutiones Iustinianeas pertinentium Corpus iuris civilis. Institutiones (Basel: Episcop, 1563), which is online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/spez/poeba/poeba-003138751.htm#ill>; Homer, Ilias (Basel: Winter, 1540), which is online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/spez/poeba/poeba-002061406.htm>; Johannes Cuspinianus, Ioannis Cuspiniani, viri clarissimi, divi quondam Maximiliani imperatoris à consiliis, & oratoris (Basel: Johannes Herwagen, 1553), which is online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/spez/poeba/poeba-002895932.htm>; Sigmund von Herberstein, Rerum Moscoviticarum commentarii (Basel: Oporin, 1556), which is online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/spez/poeba/poeba-003089636.htm>; St Bede, the Venerable,Opera Bedae Venerabilis presbyteri, Anglosaxonis (Basel: Herwagen, 1561-1563), which is online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/spez/poeba/poeba-002753286.htm>; and Andreas Alciatus, D. Andreae Alciati Mediolanensis iurecos. opera omnia (Basel: Thomas Guarin, 1582), which is online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/spez/poeba/poeba-002715878.htm>
[42] Joachim Münsinger von Frundeck, Apotelesma, id est, corpus perfectum scholiorum ad Institutiones Iustinianeas pertinentium Corpus iuris civilis. Institutiones (Basel: Episcop 1555). Online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/spez/poeba/poeba-003137445.htm>
[43] Georgii Pachymerii Hieromnemonis, in universam fere Aristotelis philosophiam, epitome (Basel: Episcop, 1560) Online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/spez/poeba/poeba-002055088.htm>
[44] Nazianzenus Gregorius, Operum Gregorii Nazianzeni tomi tres (Basel: Herwagen und Episcop, 1571). Online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/spez/poeba/poeba-002303272.htm>
[45] Andreas Vesalius, Andreae Vesalii Brvxellensis, Scholae Medicorum Patauinae professoris, de Humani, corporis fabrica Libri septem (Johann Oporin, Basel, 1543). Online at: <http://www.obrasraras.usp.br/obras/000314/> Oporin's edition of 1555 displays the same phrase, as reported in an e-mail to the author from 30 May 2007 by Christoph Calaminus, from the antiquarian book dealer Ketterer Kunst, who offered a copy in May 2007.
[46] Münsinger von Frundeck. Apotelesma (Basel: Episcop 1555), which is online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/spez/poeba/poeba-003137445.htm>; Münsinger von Frundeck. Apotelesma (Basel: Episcop 1563), which is online at:
<http://www.ub.unibas.ch/spez/poeba/poeba-003138751.htm>
[47] Nikephoros, Nicephori Callisti Xanthopuli , scriptoris vere Catholici, Ecclesiasticae historiae libri decem & octo (Basel: Oporin, 1553). Online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/pic/gg0415_001_tit.htm>
[48] The full text of Emperor Ferdinand's privilege is printed in the book. Online at:
[49] The full text of King Henri's privilege is printed in the book. Online at:
[50] The full text of the censorship authorisation is printed in the book. Online at:
[51] Hubert Wolf, Index: Der Vatikan und die verbotenen Bücher (München: C.H. Beck, 2006), 27.
[52] Vesalius, Andreae Vesalii Brvxellensis, Scholae Medicorum Patauinae professoris, de Humani, corporis fabrica Libri septem (Johann Oporin, Basel, 1543). Online at: <http://www.obrasraras.usp.br/obras/000314/>
[53] Kölner, Paul, "Buchdrucker", in Die Safranzunft zu Basel und ihre Handwerke und Gewerbe (Basel: Schwabe, 1935) ), available online at: <http://www.safranzunft.ch/koelner_chronik/index.htm>
[54] Ibid., fn 3.
[55] Hans-Rudolf Hagemann, Die Rechtsgutachten des Bonifacius Amerbach (Basel and Frankfurt: Helbing & Lichtenhan, 1997), 88.
[56] The lawyer Bonifacius Amerbach, a son of the printer, gave an expert opinion which is published in Alfred Hartmann (ed.), Die Amerbachkorrespondenz (Basel: Universitätsbibliothek 1958), 5: 494-501.
[57] Hartmann, 378f.
[58] Marc-Edouard Enav, "Der Islam und der Reformator Theodor Bibliander". Published online on 3 Oktober 2003 at: <http://www.orient-antiquariat.com/news.php>
[59] Ibid., fn. 7.
[60] "yemanden von andern obrigkeiten [...] finden möge, der im ditz buch abnemmen und das under sinem titell und namen [...] also. das unser, unser statt und truckers darin nienen gedacht, publiciren lassen, dazu ouch, nit hie, sonder usserthalb unsern obrigkeiten verkouffen wollte". Letter from Basel City Council to Martin Luther (Basel, 8 December 1542), quoted by Hartmann, 379.
[61] "denn allein lateinisch, griechisch, hebräisch und tütscher sprochen". Kölner, fn. 10.
[62] Linton C Stevens, "How the French Humanists of the Renaissance Learned Greek",
Proceedings of the Modern Language Association of America, 65, nr 2 (1950): 240-248.
[63] A very poor-quality scan of the preface to this edition (Venice: Manutius 1497) can be viewed at: <http://babel.mml.ox.ac.uk/neograeca/ecras1497/ecras1497book.htm>
[64] Dictionarium Graecum (Basel: Cratander, 1519). Online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/gg0022.htm>
[65] "Valentinus Curio, [...] cui debes magna utilitatis partem ad te uenientis ex hoc nostro labore", Cratander's epilogue on p. 96. Online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/pic/gg0022_004_naw.htm>
[66] Lexicon Graecum (Basel: Valentin Curio, 1522). Online at: <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/gg0022.htm>
[67] <http://www.ub.unibas.ch/kadmos/gg/pic/gg0025_001_tit.htm>
[68] "span [Spannung] [...] in dem das Andreas Cratander Im [ihm] Valentin [Curio] den allexicon grecum, den Valentin zum ersten getruckt, nachzutrucken vnderstoht." Quoted by Walter Bappert, Wege zum Urheberrecht (Frankfurt: Klostermann, 1962), 220, from the Staatsarchiv Basel, Ratsbücher, Book 4: 96f.
[69] "dwyl sy beide den ze trucken angefangen haben vnd kosten daraan gewendet, das sy dan den dyser zit beyde wol trucken mögen." Ibid., 220.
[70] Manfred Rehbinder, "Die geschichtliche Entwicklung des schweizerischen Urheberrechts bis zum Bundesgesetz vom Jahre 1883", in Historische Studien zum Urheberrecht in Europa ed. by Elmar Wadle (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1993), 65-80 (65).
[71] Bappert, 220.
[72] Bappert, 217ff. Gieseke is explicitly acknowledged here to have "discovered" the principle ("Verlagseigentumsprinzip") and have "worked out it from the sources".
[73] "Lehre vom Verlagseigentum" - Ludwig Gieseke, Die geschichtliche Entwicklung des deutschen Urheberrechts (Göttingen: Otto Schwarz 1957).
[74] Here Bappert has adopted a modern copyright term. According to German copyright theory, an "author's right" is unalienable as such. A "usage right" ("Nutzungsrecht") is a right which the author can dispose of. It can be granted for one or several specified forms of exploitation, either as a simple right to use the work for some purpose or as an exclusive licence allowing the licensee to prevent others from using the work in the specified form.
[75] Bappert, 225 f. "daß der Ursprung des vom Verleger beanspruchten Vervielfältigungs- und Verbreitungsrechts nach dem Grundsatz vom Verlagseigentum noch nicht auf den Autor, bzw. das mit diesem getätigte Rechtsgeschäft zurückreichte. [italics in original] Der Eigentumsbegriff diente der Verlagseigentumsvorstellung nur zur Bezeichnung des in Gestalt des ausschließlichen Verlagsrechts beanspruchten Rechts auf den Ertrag der Verlagsinvestitionen [...] Keineswegs diente das (besessene oder erworbene) Sacheigentum am Werk selbst [italics in original] bereits zur Ableitung des beanspruchten Rechts auf die Vervielfältigung und Verbreitung, wie dies später beim 'geistigen Eigentum' der Fall war. So legen denn die Quellen, die den Bewußtseinsstand des Verlagseigentums spiegeln, weder auf den Nachweis noch auch die bloße Feststellung Wert, daß auch der Werkschöpfer bereits aufgrund seines 'Eigentums' Nutzungsrechte am Werk hat, über die er verfügen kann [...] Hinweise auf denerfolgtenErwerb des Manuskripts vomAutor wollen nicht die Quelle des verlangten Verlagsrechts, sondern den Posten bezeichnen, der den Verlagsaufwand eröffnete [...] Der urheberrechtliche Gedanke hingegen besaß noch keinen Eigenwert."
[76] Ludwig Gieseke, Vom Privileg zum Urheberrecht: Die Entwicklung des Urheberrechts in Deutschland bis 1845 (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1995), 93.
[77] Michel Schmück (Michael Schmuck) was a member of the Schmalkaden town council ("Ratsherr"). See the anonymous article on his son Vincentius Schmuck (1565-1628) in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, 32: 62.
[78]<http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/sammlung11/werk/drwspangenberg1591.xml?docname=drwspangenberg1591&pageid=PAGE0024>
[79] Schmück's preface has been translated into English by Luis Sundkvist in d_1591.
[80] The "exploitation right" ("Verwertungsrecht") or "economic right" in modern German copyright theory is understood as the complement to the "moral rights" ("Urheberpersönlichkeitsrecht").
[81] Giesecke, Vom Privileg zum Urheberrecht, 95: "Es hätte nun nahe gelegen, wenn Verleger die Aufwendungen für den Erwerb eines neuen Werkes, insbesondere also ein Honorar, nicht nur als Posten des Verlagsaufwandes, sondern als Gegenwert für ein über das Sacheigentum an dem Manuskript hinausgehendes besonderes Verwertungsrecht (im heutigen Sinne) an dem im Manuskript verkörperten Werk angesehen hätten."
[82] Giesecke, Vom Privileg zum Urheberrecht, 95 "weil generell [...] das Bewußtsein eines vom Autor erworbenen Verwertungsrechtes an dem Werk noch nicht vorhanden war."
[83] See the commentary on d_1824 for general discussions of the conflict between concepts of "intellectual property" and "property" in the Roman Law tradition.
[84] Reto Hilty, "Das Basler Nachdruckverbot von 1531 im Lichte der gegenwärtigen Entwicklung", in Die Notwendigkeit des Urheberschutzes im Lichte seiner Geschichte ed. by Robert Dittrich (Wien: Manz'sche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1991), 20-45.
CommentaryID: commentary_d_1531
Permanent link: http://www.copyrighthistory.org/commentary/d_1531
Full title: N/A
Author: Friedemann Kawohl
Abstract: N/A
1531: Basel Printers' Statute
Institutions referred to:
Basel City Council
Basel University
Leuwen University
Places referred to:
Persons referred to:
Amerbach, Johann
Amerot, Adrien
Badius, Josse
Bebel, Johann
Budé, Guillaume
Cisneros, Francisco Jimenez de
Crastone, Giovanni
Cratander, Andreas
Cuno, Johannes
Curio, Valentin
Ferdinand I of Habsburg
Froben, Hieronymus
Froben, Johann
Grynaeus, Simon
Gutenberg, Johannes
Holbein, Hans
Isingrin, Michael
Koberger, Anton
Köpfel, Wolfgang
Lachner, Wolfgang
Manutius, Aldus
Melanchthon, Philip
Oekolampadius, Johannes
Oporin, Johann
Petit, Jean
Petri, Johann
Plattner, Thomas
Ruppel, Berthold
Schabeler, Johann
Schmück, Michel
Spangenberg, Cyriacus
Warham, William
Winter, Ruprecht
Cases referred to:
Curio v. Cratander (1522)
Legislations referred to:
Basel Printers' Statute 1531
You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium,	for non-commercial purposes as long as the authorship of the commentaries and translations is acknowledged, and you indicate the source as Bently & Kretschmer (eds), Primary Sources on Copyright (1450-1900) (www.copyrighthistory.org).
You may not publish these documents for any commercial purposes, including charging a fee for providing access to these documents via a network. This licence does not affect your statutory rights of fair dealing.
Although the original documents in this database are in the public domain, we are unable to grant you the right to reproduce or duplicate some of these documents in so far as the images or scans are protected by copyright or we have only been able to reproduce them here by giving contractual undertakings. For the status of any particular images, please consult the information relating to copyright in the bibliographic records.
Primary Sources on Copyright (1450-1900), Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, 10 West Road, Cambridge CB3 9DZ, UK

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Bratton (Shropshire)
Bratton (Somerset)
Bratton (Wiltshire)
Bratton Fleming
Bratton Seymour

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Kaiserpark steht für:
 Kaiserpark (Krefeld), Park in Krefeld, Nordrhein-Westfalen
 Park der Kaiservilla, Parkanlage in Bad Ischl, Oberösterreich

Siehe auch:
 Kaiser-Wilhelm-Park


The Church condemns none to eternal torments. She publishes decrees to declare that one is in heaven; she has never published any to declare that another is in hell.
The Rev. Father de Ravignan (1795-1858) loved to speak of those mysteries of grace called into existence, as he believed, at the hour of death. His feeling seems to have been that a great number of sinners are converted at the last moment, and expire reconciled to God. There are in certain deaths hidden mysteries of mercy and strokes of grace, where the eye of man sees only strokes of justice. By a flash of light God sometimes reveals himself to souls whose greatest misfortune was not to have known Him; and the latest breath may be a sigh calling for pardon, understood by Him who hears it, and who sounds the heart.
How do we explain these strokes of grace? By the value of a soul purchased by the blood of Jesus Christ and by the mercy that knows no limits; by some good work, almsdeed, or prayer of the sinner during life; by the invisible ministry of the guardian angel, ever prompt to act, and ever ready to save his charge; by the preceding prayers of the just on earth and of the saints in heaven; but, more than all, by the intercession of the Virgin Mary; in fine, by the prayers offered up for sinners after their death, even though they may have given no sign of repentance. It is to the explanation of this last point that I shall here confine myself.
Since the Rev. Father de Ravignan appeals to the saints and the Doctors, I will produce for you the testimony of one who was both a great Doctor and a great saint.
The most eloquent of the archbishops of Constantinople, while arguing to prove that we must not mourn our dead with excess, but rather aid them by our prayers and works, imagines that one of his audience interrupts him, exclaiming: "But I mourn this dear deceased because he died a sinner." What is the reply of St. John Chrysostom?
Is not this a vain pretext? For if such be the cause of your tears, why did you not make more effort to convert him while he lived? And if he really died a sinner, ought you not to rejoice that he can now no more increase the number of his sins?
You must, in the first place, go to his help, as far as you are able, not with tears, but with prayers, supplications, alms, and sacrifices. All these things are indeed not idle inventions. It is not without necessity that in the divine mysteries we commemorate the dead; it is not fruitlessly that we approach the altar with prayers for them to the Lamb who takes away the sins of the world; but by these means is consolation showered upon their souls. If Job could purify his children by offering sacrifice for them, how much more must He whom we offer up for our dead give them relief?
Is it not one of God's ways to do good to some out of regard for others? Let us, then, show ourselves eager to aid our dear deceased and earnestly and perseveringly pray for them. The Mass is a general expiation by which all may profit. In the Mass, therefore, we pray for the whole universe, and we mention the dead with the martyrs, confessors, and priests of the Church; for we are all one body, though some members are more illustrious than others. It may be that we can even obtain for our deceased a complete pardon through the prayers and the merits offered for them by those in whose company they are named. Why, then, are you still in such grief? Why this despondency, these lamentations? May not so great a grace be obtained for him whom you have lost? (St. John Chrysostom, Homily 41 on 1 Corinthians).
We find, in the celebrated revelations of St. Gertrude (1256-c. 1302), an example confirmatory of this doctrine and placing it in a new light. A person had been informed of the death of one of her relations in Gertrude's presence. This person, fearing that the deceased had not died in a state of grace, showed very great affliction. She experienced such trouble as to excite the emotion of the saint, who proposed to pray to God for the departed soul.
The abbess having afterward prayed long for this soul, became aware of its lamentable state; for it appeared to her frightfully deformed, as black as coal, and resembling a body writhing with intense pain. No spirits were, however, to be seen tormenting it; but evidently its former sins were acting as its executioners.
"I would, for the love of thee," replied the Divine Savior, "have pity not only on this soul, but on a million others.
O consoling words! First, by foresight of our future prayers, God deigns to grant good dispositions to the dying sinner that ensure the salvation of his soul; then, in consideration of our present prayers, He consents to deliver this soul from every sort of penalty and to withdraw it from the expiatory flames of purgatory.
The last acknowledgment of the Savior to his virginal spouse is but the particular application of a general principle. Before men could have cast their looks down upon the crib and have raised them to Calvary, before the Sun of Redemption had shone on this lowly vale of our exile, they could already be guided by its light and animated by its heat. Why? Because God the Father, from the summit of the eternal hills, already contemplated the prayers, the sufferings, the virtues, and the merits of His only Son, who was to become incarnate for the salvation of the world.
It is this truth, well understood and carried into practice, that can best render grief productive of virtue. "All my life is now in this," said the person who drew my attention to the above passage in the revelations of St. Gertrude: "Before my husband died, God knew what I should be willing to do for him." She made an entire sacrifice of herself; she consecrated her whole being to the Lord, taking for her motto "Pray, suffer, act"; and the Lord consoled her with the gift of the sick poor of the earth, and the suffering souls of purgatory for her family.
Pray, then, and obtain prayers; God, whose mercy is high and vast as the heavens (Ps. 35:6; 57:6 [RSV = Ps. 36:5; 57:5]), knew at the moment when your friend or your relation was about to die what prayers you would say for him today, tomorrow, and after following the advice contained in this page.
This article is adapted from a chapter in In Heaven We'll Meet Again by Francois Rene Blot which is available from Sophia Institute Press.
Art for this post on prayers for the deceased: Cover used with permission; Image of sunrise in Arlington Cemetery: Photography used with permission of Flight Centre.
To read more about the souls in heaven, click HERE.


text:
Michael Schønwandt (født 10. september 1953 på Frederiksberg) er en dansk dirigent. Han var chefdirigent for Det Kongelige Kapel og musikchef ved Det Kongelige Teater i København fra 2000 til 2011.

Efter i nogle år at have læst musikvidenskab på Københavns Universitet studerede Schønwandt direktion i to år på Royal Academy of Music i England.

Med dirigentdebut i Tivoli (1977) har han været chefdirigent for Collegium Musicum (1981- ), 1.gæstedirigent ved La Monnaie Operaen i Bruxelles (1984-87) og i Nice (1987-1991) og for DR Radiosymfoniorkestret (1989-2000). 1992-1998 var han chefdirigent for Berliner Sinfonie Orchester.

Han har dirigeret en lang række af verdens førende symfoniorkestre som Wiener Philharmonikerne, Berliner Philharmonikerne, London Symphony Orchestra, Philharmonia Orchestra, Orchestre de la Suisse Romande og Concertgebouworkest i Amsterdam.
Han har dirigeret opera på Covent Garden operaen i London, Opéra de Paris, Wiener Staatsoper og i Berlin, Hamborg og Stuttgart. Fra 2008 er han 1. gæstedirigent for Stuttgarter Operaen.

1987 og 1988 dirigerede han ved Festspillene i Bayreuth.

Schønwandt har medvirket i en lang række pladeindspilninger. Blandt andre Poul Ruders' opera Tjenerindens fortælling (2000), den komplette indspilning af Carl Nielsens symfonier på CD og DVD og Richard Strauss opera Salome samt på DVD Richard Wagners Nibelungens Ring med Det Kongelige Kapel.

Fra 2010 til 2013 var Michael Schønwandt chefdirigent for den nederlandske radios Kamer Filharmonie med base i Hilversum.

Fra 2015 er Schønwandt chefdirigent for Opéra et Orchestre National de Montpellier i Frankrig.

I 1990 var han Årets Æreshåndværker. 2005 blev han Ridder af Dannebrog af 1. grad og 2011 Kommandør af Dannebrogsordenen. I 2022 modtog han Emil Holms Mindelegat i Koncerthuset i DR Byen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dirigenter fra Danmark
Personer fra Frederiksberg
Kommandører af Dannebrog
Danskere i 1900-tallet
Danskere i 2000-tallet
Kongelige kapelmusici fra Danmark
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog


Yesterday I found this really cool time-lapse video of the map of Europe and the different countries that have existed there since the year 1000 up until present day. It's very fascinating to see how many countries have at one point been large and important and then and then vanished, how the other ones have grown and shrunk or even completely moved from one place to another.
It seems to me that architectural variations are mostly regional, not national, and I guess this map illustrates how nationalism in architecture (and politics, for that matter) is a slightly absurd exercise. In Norway, a country with an enormous coast and most of its population living less than two hours away from the sea, national romanticism in architecture deemed coastal vernacular traditions in building to be much too influenced by foreigners, and emphasised interpretations of inland architecture and building from the great valleys. Very strange. It's not that I don't find a lot of this romanticist architecture to be beautiful, with its crisp detailing and great craftmanship, but I still think it could have been even richer and better if it included more regional traditions. I don't know how this would work in other countries, but I suppose it's similar.


text:
The following lists events that happened during 1943 in New Zealand.

Population
 Estimated population as of 31 December: 1,642,000
 Increase since 31 December 1942: 5600 (0.34%)
 Males per 100 females: 92.9

Incumbents

Regal and viceregal
Head of State – George VI
Governor-General – Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Cyril Newall GCB OM GCMG CBE AM

Government
The 26th New Zealand Parliament concluded, with the Labour Party in government. Labour was re-elected for a third term in the election in November

Speaker of the House – Bill Barnard (Democratic Labour Party)
Prime Minister – Peter Fraser
Minister of Finance – Walter Nash
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Peter Fraser
Attorney-General – Rex Mason
Chief Justice – Sir Michael Myers

Parliamentary opposition
 Leader of the Opposition –  Sidney Holland (National Party).

Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – John Allum
Mayor of Hamilton – Harold Caro
Mayor of Wellington – Thomas Hislop
Mayor of Christchurch – Ernest Andrews
Mayor of Dunedin – Andrew Allen

Events

 New Zealand troops take part in invasion of Italy.
25 February – Mutiny by Japanese prisoners of war at Featherston prisoner of war camp results in 48 Japanese dead, 61 wounded, plus one dead and 11 injured guards.
 28 March - Body of Michael Joseph Savage reinterred at Bastion Point by a crowd of ten thousand
 3 April – Battle of Manners Street between American and New Zealand servicemen
 4 June – Hyde railway disaster – 21 passengers are killed when the Cromwell to Dunedin Express derails while travelling around a bend too fast near Hyde in Central Otago.
 20 June – Several U.S. Marines drown during landing exercises at Paekākāriki.
 28 August – Eleanor Roosevelt arrives in New Zealand for visit (she had visited American troops in the Cook Islands).
 3 September – Eleanor Roosevelt flies out from Auckland.
 25 September – 1943 New Zealand general election.
 October last US Marines depart US Naval Base New Zealand
 28 October – Butter rationing is introduced, with an allowance of  per person per week.
 Japanese submarines operate in New Zealand waters in 1942 and 1943. They send reconnaissance aircraft over Auckland and Wellington, but do not carry out any attacks.

Arts and literature

See 1943 in art, 1943 in literature

Music

See: 1943 in music

Radio

See: Public broadcasting in New Zealand

Film

See: :Category:1943 film awards, 1943 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1943 films

Sport

Archery
The New Zealand Archery Association, now Archery New Zealand, is incorporated.

The first national championships are held. From now until 1947 the championships are a postal shoot.
Men Open: W. Burton (Gisborne)

Cricket

Horse racing

Harness racing
 New Zealand Trotting Cup: Haughty – 2nd win
 Auckland Trotting Cup: Shadow Maid

Thoroughbred racing

Rugby union
:Category:Rugby union in New Zealand, :Category:All Blacks
 Ranfurly Shield

Soccer
 Chatham Cup competition not held
 Provincial league champions:
	Auckland:	Metro College
	Canterbury:	Western
	Hawke's Bay:	Napier HSOB
	Nelson:	No competition
	Otago:	Mosgiel
	South Canterbury:	No competition
	Southland:	No competition
	Taranaki:	RNZAF
	Waikato:	No competition
	Wanganui:	No competition
	Wellington:	Waterside

Births
 28 January: Malvina Major, opera singer
 10 March: John McGrath, judge (died 2018)
 16 March: Dave McKenzie, long-distance runner
 24 March: Kate Webb, journalist (died 2007)
 6 April: Roger Cook, journalist
 7 May: Gretchen Albrecht, painter
 12 July: Bruce Taylor, cricketer (died 2021)
 16 July: Peter Welsh, steeplechase runner
 20 July: Chris Amon, Formula 1 racing driver (died 2016)
 19 August: Sid Going, rugby union player
 9 September: Keith Murdoch, rugby union player (died 2018)
 11 September: Brian Perkins, radio broadcaster in Britain (BBC)
 15 October (in Bosnia): Drago Došen, painter (died 2019)
 21 October: John Robertson (composer)
 27 October: Tom Lister, rugby union player (died 2017)
 7 November: Silvia Cartwright, judge
 16 November: Chris Laidlaw, All Black, diplomat, politician and radio host
 24 November: Barry Milburn, cricketer
 26 November: Adrienne Simpson, broadcaster, historian, musicologist and writer (died 2010)
 17 December: (in Ireland): Bert Hawthorne, motor racing driver (died 1972)
 25 December: Hedley Howarth, cricketer (died 2008)
 Mel Courtney, politician
 Brian Easton, economist
 Richard (Dick) Frizzell, artist
 Alamein Kopu, politician (died 2011)
 Georgina te Heuheu, politician

Deaths
 15 January: William Barber, politician.
 1 February: Frank Worsley, sailor and explorer.
 6 April: Paraire Karaka Paikea, politician.
 27 March: Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu, soldier, VC winner.
 22 May: Alfred Ransom, politician & cabinet minister.
 27 May: Gordon Coates, 21st Prime Minister of New Zealand.
 21 August: Hilda Hewlett, aviation pioneer.
 6 September: James Cowan, writer, historian and ethnographer.
 24 September: Arthur Withy, journalist and politician.
 11 October: Matthew Joseph Brodie, second Catholic bishop of Christchurch.
 20 October: John Rigg, politician.
:Category:1943 deaths

See also
History of New Zealand
List of years in New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
Timeline of the New Zealand environment

For world events and topics in 1943 not specifically related to New Zealand see: 1943

References

External links

Years of the 20th century in New Zealand


Smart Cell is mobile services provider in Nepal. Smart Cell provides GPRS (General Radio Packet Service) and MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) for their customers to surf internet on mobile phones. Generally they provide automatic GPRS and MMS settings for mobile phones but still sometime we will be having some troubles with setting in some mobile phones.This post is for manual GPRS setting configuration, you can use this setting to surf internet in your mobile phone using Smart Cell SIM card.


Show your support for your favourite player with this Nike Neymar Hero T Shirt. Crafted with short sleeves and a crew neck, this t shirt is a lightweight, athletic cut. It has printed graphics to the front displaying Neymar in multicolour. This t shirt is block coloured and complete with Nike Swoosh branding.


text:
2018 Food Trends: Here's what everyone will be eating (and Instagramming)
ByAlex Orlov
Nothing unites Americans quite like their love — or hatred — of food. Food trends attract a special kind of admiration and sometimes, disgust: In 2017, some welcomed food halls and veggie-centric dining into their lives with open mouths, while others groaned about rainbow foods and edible raw cookie dough. Beauty is in the eye (or the stomach) of the beholder, and every bite you take is one that influences the food landscape of America.
But predicting which foods and flavors will captivate our taste buds and which ones get overlooked can be a highly unscientific business. An eye-catching Instagram fad that's a flash in the social media pan does not constitute a bonafide trend.
"True food trends move at kind of a glacial pace," Annika Stensson, director of research communications for the National Restaurant Association told the New York Times in December 2016. "It can take a decade or more to reach the mainstream." Trends often peak when the biggest corporations catch on, such as when food products hit major retailers or ingredients are featured in Starbucks drinks. (Here's looking at you, unicorn drinks.)
Our collective taste buds change ever so slowly, meaning predictions may become reality in one year — or one decade. With that said, please enjoy Mic's take on the seven food trends that will dominate 2018, and take them with the appropriate grain of (Himalayan sea) salt.
Sparkling cold brew
Caffeine in the summer once meant iced coffee — plain old coffee that got cooled and watered down with ice cubes. Next, consumers got turned on to cold brew when Starbucks (and later, Dunkin' Donuts) began selling the smoother, darker brew. Next up? We're predicting that Americans fall for carbonated coffees, which are already popular in cities like Istanbul.
In 2017, Stumptown Coffee launched their sparkling cold brew, which is created from cold brew concentrate and soda water. And there are plenty of other companies and start-ups — Matchless in Nashville, Tennessee, and Upfruit in Brooklyn, New York — brewing up the stuff and adding fun flavors like citrus or hazelnut. The beverage is a harmonious marriage between caffeine and bubbles that will appeal to legions of bubbles-obsessed La Croix fans.
Tajin
If you've ever bought slices of mango from a street vendor, you're probably already familiar with Tajin: a blend of salt, lime and chili powder, a holy trinity in Mexican cooking. This spice brand been around since 1985. It's certainly not the only one who's married these flavors — acid, salt and heat are the key ingredients in chili lime powders. As Saveur noted, "[Tajin] is a brand, but just like Kleenex and Xerox, its common use across Mexico has made it synonymous with salsa en polvo, literally salsa powder."
Tajin makes it easy to add complex flavor to fruits, drinks and other sweets. The seasoning had a breakout moment in 2017, when Disneyland visitors realized the seasoning was a delectable topping on Dole Whip, the amusement park's beloved pineapple soft serve. (It's also great sprinkled on watermelon, corn, guacamole and more.) Expect to see more from this versatile spice in 2018.
Specialty mushrooms
Make room for mushrooms. Whole Foods named mushrooms as a food trend of 2018 and we agree that the fungi is ripe for the spotlight. Wellness bloggers have flocked to mushroom varieties like cordyceps and reishi for their purported health benefits, and these adaptogens are primed to move from fringe fascinations to full-blown mainstream trend. Zion Market Research expects the global mushroom industry to reach $59.48 billion by 2021, up from $35.08 billion in 2015. As people continue to view food as functional medicine, look out for Rebbl, a coffee mixed with mushrooms and more mushroom meat replacements.
Plant-based dairy
Americans have been drinking less milk over the past decade, and companies making dairy from unconventional ingredients might convince them to pick up cow-free products. Plant-based dairy has gone way beyond almond and soy milk and alternative milks are making their way onto supermarket shelves and into coffeeshops. New milks include Oatly (milk made from oats) and Milkadamia (made from macadamia nuts), and lactose-free milk, cheese and yogurt are about to be more plentiful than ever before. Companies like Kite Hill and Miykonos Kitchen are making butter, yogurt, cream cheese and more from almonds, cashews and coconut oil.
Boozeless cocktails
Cheers to fewer hangovers: you can finally free yourself from the pressure to drink socially. More bars are offering low-alcohol options like kombucha on tap and others like Gracias Madre in Los Angeles feature entire sections of alcohol-free mixed drinks on their cocktail menus. (Theirs is cheekily called "On the Wagon.)
As Thrillist noted, the move could be helpful for people behind the bar, too. "The restaurant industry has a long and complicated history with alcohol abuse," contributor Gabriella Gershenson wrote. "The challenge of sobriety in an industry known for its hard partying has also led to a growing interest in not-boring virgin drinks."
Jianbing
Chinese jianbing are a savory breakfast street food that's similar to a crepe. It's made from mung bean, rice or millet flour and typically filled with eggs, cilantro, spicy sauce and fried wontons or other crackers. The crunchy, eggy and spicy sandwich has multiple complex textures. Jianbing aren't "new" per se — people in China have been eating jianbing for thousands of years. Yet the debut of jianbing vendors and food trucks from Seattle to New York City and Portland, Oregon, signals that Americans are hungry for more.
Smart cooking
Technology can make cooking easier, and 2018 is sure to see connected kitchen gadgets that can assist with everything from ordering more flour and sugar to turning on your oven remotely. Home cooks are already using Amazon Alexa and Google Home, both smart speakers, to help guide them in the kitchen. The devices can answer questions like "how many ounces are in a cup?" so you'll never risk getting cookie dough on your phone again. Other players like BuzzFeed are getting into the connected gadgets game, too. BuzzFeed Tasty's hot plate, a multi-use plate that can allegedly sous vide and sync to its viral food videos, debuted in 2017 and odds are that more players will marry tech, mobile apps and kitchen gadgets.
How can you say no to a vegetable that looks like a mini spaceship? Romanesco made its U.S. debut in the 1900s, after being grown in Italy for roughly five centuries, Modern Farmer reported. This cruciferous veggie has a distinctive look, yet it a mild, nutty taste when roasted. Some call it "fractal broccoli" because of its geometric shape; the veg even got some time on the silver screen in 2017 when a character in Star Wars: The Force Awakens noshed on the veggie. Its latest starring role: a prime spot on the $28 crudite plate at the Aviary New York, an outpost of Grant Achatz's Chicago bar-restaurant.
Hard cider
Cider is about the get the craft beer treatment. Expect to see small batch ciders alongside craft beers at bars, restaurants and grocery stores. Hard cider was a staple beverage in the American colonies and it's ripe for a comeback. Though the big cider-makers aren't making waves in sales, consumers are showing more interest in local and small cider brands, Draft, a craft beverage magazine reported. New cideries are blurring the lines between beer and cider, too — like aging sour ciders on unique flavors like coriander or citrus peel or adding hops into the mix. And even established cider brands are experimenting with new flavors and ingredients: Angry Orchard has an "Innovation Cider House" at their Walden, New York, location, where the company tries out experimental styles.
"Since 2011 the growth of the cider industry has been astronomical," Gregory M. Peck, an assistant professor at Cornell's College of Agriculture, told Cornell Research, the university's online news site. "There's been more than a 900% increase in the volume of cider produced in the U.S."
After a year when the top Instagrammed restaurants revealed that people prefer to share skyline views and clubs rather than actual dishes, here's hoping these products and flavors will break through — both on and off Instagram.
December 7, 2017, 9:34 a.m.: This article has been updated.


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Left Coast Right Watch
Left Coast Right Watch is a Bay Area, California-based news site dedicated to covering politics and extremism. EIC is Abner Hauge.
LAURA LOOMER DRESSES UP AS RACIST CARICATURE AND GETS ARRESTED FOR TRESPASSING AT GOVERNOR'S MANSION
Screencap of Frontline America video showing Laura Loomer and Ben Berquam getting arrested for trespassing.
By ABNER HAUGE|LEFT COAST RIGHT WATCH
"How many people do we have on the livestream so far?" Laura Loomer asks, standing on the sidewalk by the Governor's Mansion in Sacramento. It's Wednesday January 30th.
Ben Bergquam grins in the foreground. "I have to do my botox smile." He says.
They're both dressed as racist caricatures of Mexican people, wearing ponchos and oversized sombreros. Bergquam has a fake mustache on. They do bits and say hello to their followers on the livestream in a voice like the Frito Bandito. Loomer has a tent set up with photos of people she describes as "victims of illegal immigrants."
"No hate! No Fear! Rapists are welcome here! No hate! No fear! Drug dealers are welcome here!" Loomer and her supporters chant.
She and Bergquam, who hosts the 1680 AM Radio program "Frontline America," will soon step on the mansion's lawn and get arrested for trespassing.
A crowd of around twelve, some of whom are livestreaming the event, stand around the three-foot-high fence. Antonio Foreman, Baked Alaska's bodyguard during Unite the Right, is there apparently acting as security for Loomer.
At about 1:22PM, an officer tells Berquam and Loomer they're trespassing and gives them a chance to leave before they risk arrest.
"What's trespassing? I thought this was open borders in California?" Loomer says to the officer.
"Why would [Governor] Gavin [Newsom] invite us to California and then say we can't go into his house?" Bergquam asks as part of his bit. At this point in the video he's given up on the accent.
Loomer's latest stunt is similar to the one she pulled at House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's Napa Valley home about two weeks ago, where she hired three undocumented laborers to trespass on her property. Loomer wanted to confront Pelosi about having a wall around her home while opposing Trump's border wall. According to the Daily Beast, these undocumented men may not have understood who she was or that they were committing a crime. Representatives for Pelosi declined to press charges on the men. Loomer's group, which included Foreman, complained that the men weren't deported.
"This feels like a bigoted action," Bergquam says as he and Loomer are being handcuffed at around 1:30PM.
Loomer has a history of publicity stunts and tirades. She claimed survivors of the 2018 Parkland shooting were "being fed lines" while working for InfoWars. She was recently kicked off Twitter for using common Islamophobic tropes in a rant against newly elected Representative Ilhan Omar.
Bergquam is a self-identified Proud Boy who frequently attends far-right rallies to livestream them for his show. He was at the bloody April 15th, 2017 rally in Berkeley attended by white nationalist groups like Rise Above Movement and Identity Evropa as well as militias like the Oath Keepers and the III%ers. On Bergquam's website he says he "believes that abortion is murder, homosexuality is sin, and transgenderism is insane." He also claims "[w]e are in the midst of a cultural civil war" whose enemies include the Council on American-Islamic Relations and Black Lives Matter.
Officers allow live-streamers and supporters to get right next to Loomer and Bergquam as they're put in the back of squad cars. The officer holding Loomer's handcuffs waits so she can make a statement to the livestreamers. She repeats far-right talking points about politicians like Pelosi and Newsom letting rapists and cop-killers into the country and giving them benefits like free housing.
"You have a journalist being arrested in Gavin Newsom's yard but then illegal aliens last week were not arrested. They're here illegally!" Loomer says as she's being lead into a squad car.
While waiting to pick up Loomer and Bergquam from jail, one of Bergquam's assistants took to Frontline America's livestream to complain to nearby police officers that a restaurant was refusing to serve them because of their pro-Trump gear.
"Guys, call this place. Go ahead and Yelp 'em," he said on livestream as someone from the restaurant attempted to explain the group was making other patrons uncomfortable.
"Call ICE [Immigration and Customs Enforcement] they probably have illegals working for them and they're afraid," commenter Julian Kruger said on the livestream. Multiple posters implored those watching the stream to report the restaurant to ICE on the baseless assumption there were "illegals" in the restaurant. The phone number of the restaurant was posted multiple times in the comments.
Loomer and Bergquam were booked at 4:33PM and 4:14PM respectively according to the Sacramento Sheriff's office and released some time between 8 and 9PM. They're both due at Gordon D. Schaber Courthouse, Department 3 at 8:30 AM today.
Bergquam posted a video update at 11:33PM in character as "Poncho Benny," fake moustache, sombrero and all. He broke character after repeating his bit about Gavin Newsom apparently personally not letting him on the Governor's Mansion property despite what Bergquam describes as an open border policy. He breaks character to complain about the smell of "bums that literally crapped themselves" in his holding cell while he was in jail.
"It was worth every second of it to have Gavin Newsom have to watch us get kicked off his lawn. He said everyone is welcome and we tested him on that and it's not true," Bergquam said, returning to his bit character voice. "Today I identified as an illegal and you kicked me off your property and that's not cool."
One commenter on the video posted a picture of the Frito Bandito.
ANTIFASCISTS ALLEGE THEY WERE CHASED BY PROUD BOYS WITH A KNIFE AFTER QANON RALLY
PORTLAND: "Q anon is currently at the bike bridge off of failing and Missouri and is currently doing a banner drop" #DefendPDX ...
WASHINGTON QANON CANDIDATE REPORTS PORTLAND MUTUAL AID ORGANIZATION TO FBI FOR GIVING AWAY FLOUR
4/27/20 7:12 AM: A quote attributed to Patriot Front founder Thomas Rousseau was removed because of doubts as to the authenticity of ...
HELL FOR HORNA: ANTIFASCISTS CAMPAIGN AGAINST BLACK METAL BAND'S U.S. TOUR AFTER NAZI LINKS COME TO LIGHT
Attomwaffen leader John Cameron Denton and unknown man seig heiling at protestors at Hellcat Cafe's 4/3 Horna show. Photo by Houston U...


Testing pH is testing the Acidity or Alkalinity of a solution. Most people first encounter pH in a swimming pool or an aquarium. Keeping Fish in Tanks or Aquaponics would benefit from pH control. The pH of a Hydroponics System should be kept between 5.5 and 7.0 to prevent deficiencies and for maximum uptake, around 5.8-6.0 will enhance growth by increasing the nutrient availability.


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Lepadicyathus mendeleevi is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van schildvissen (Gobiesocidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 2005 door Prokofiev.

Schildvissen