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Inflexion
We are entrepreneurs on a journey and so understand the exciting challenges brought by the unexpected. We get it, so our respect for what you've achieved already means we guide rather than take over when we join your journey.
We bring great people together. We have one of the UK's largest private equity teams as well as a strong network of experts in the UK and internationally to help you reach your ambitions.
We love growth. On average, the companies we work with see headcount double and revenue grow by 20% year-on-year.
Inflexion Network
Funds and investors
Inflexion Foundation
News, insights & events
Inflexion Exchange
Limbering up
Limbs & Things aims to improve patient outcomes through realistic learning experiences. Its founder, Margot Cooper, was recently named The National Business Awards 2018 Entrepreneur of the Year.
Inflexion has sponsored the National Business Awards 'Entrepreneur of the Year' Award since 2016. Focusing on the contribution of a dynamic, creative and visionary leader, the Award recognises an enterprising individual who has achieved sustained levels of growth and strong financial performance through a culture of innovation, resilience and an ethos of inspiring others through their leadership style.
The company is truly medtech at its best, although the term didn't exist when Margot Cooper founded the business from her Bristol kitchen in 1990. Limbs & Things provides medical simulation to allow students to become competent and confident through practice with its products. Today the business generates over £18m in revenues through 90 global distributors and has subsidiaries in Australia, Sweden and the US.
Limbs & Things' turnover has grown by more than 50% since 2015. This is impressive to say the least, as is the firm's aim to launch two to three new products per year. In the last few years, new products include a complex abdominal examination model using palpation, auscultation and percussion as well as four add-on components for the firm's very successful PROMPT birthing model.
Margot is the ultimate self-made super-woman. She grew up on a farm in Australia, and rather than go to university she worked and trained as a medical photographer in Melbourne. She moved to London in 1966 where she took up a medical art diploma based at the Royal Marsden, she then had four children in London before relocating to Bristol at the end of the 1980s. When her children were young, Margot made model commissions on a freelance basis, largely for pharmaceuticals businesses. "It worked well enough, but I felt my energy was better directed at training. So when we moved back to the UK, I began to make models for this purpose."
It has been great getting to know Inflexion as part of this Awards process. They showed genuine interest our business and our growth plans even though we are not looking for funding at the moment.
"I had friends on the council of the Royal College of Surgeons and the Royal College of GPs who told me the direction the market was going, so I had conviction this could work. My market research made it clear that it was soft tissue that needed training on and that inspired my models for basic training." Then in 1993, the General Medical Council published Tomorrow's Doctors, which promoted medical training on simulation and was largely based on reducing junior hospital hours and preventing the misuse of tools due to insufficient training, thus decreasing the
rising number of patient litigation.
"I looked across domestic and international markets but couldn't find models which could represent the patient in a satisfactory way. I believed our models should be designed for a clinical or surgical task, or series of tasks as performed by a nurse, GP, surgeon, radiologist or paramedic. My objective was to work with the medical profession to establish training courses and use realistic part-task training models."
But the medical community was largely unsupportive at first. "There were a handful of very excited professionals globally who were trumpeting this, but the majority of medics said, 'we've done this for ages, why should we change now?' I had to convince them." Margot and her husband remortgaged their house to raise funds to employ talented sculptors to create what she envisaged. "That scenario is real chicken and egg – you know exactly what you're meant to do but haven't got the backing to do it. So we needed some capital to be able to hire staff." It paid off and she managed to secure a number of significant patents.
While these helped with acceptance in the medical community, the research and trialing of the models was the next hurdle – a time consuming and expensive one. Bootstrapped from day one, Margot explains she had to draw on further funds before she could start generating revenues. "There was no market for such funding in those days; any VCs would want their money back in a few years and I knew that wasn't going to happen." While the landscape has changed, the business remains self-funded.
She attributes much of Limbs & Things' success to her staff: "Long standing employees have shown real determination and inspirational application; they are fascinated by the subject, the ethics and the sheer difficulty of our endeavour." And Margot's been their teacher. "With little precedent for our work and no training in the UK for medical sculpture, we ran courses using photographs, drawings, video and visits to theatre and the anatomy rooms. Now YouTube offers high quality imagery but 'life reference' remains vital."
Staff turnover is low, and she is immensely proud of this. "We've got people that came straight out of school and are now in their 50s. We've got a sculptor who changed gears and went into marketing and now heads up new product development. To have been able to foster this is one of the greatest achievements of my life."
Her advice for fledgling businesses?
You've got to see a way clear to having the financial backing you need, otherwise life becomes a great worry. This, along with building the market. If you've seen a gap, there isn't necessarily a roaring trade there – otherwise somebody else would be doing it – so you need to allow time to build the market and build it properly so there aren't holes to fall into. That takes time and finance. It needs to be long-term since if you have to pay money back when you can't afford to, it's difficult. When you're attempting something which hasn't been done before, there are a lot of false starts and you've got to keep going.
Andrew Priest
T. +44 (0)20 7487 9888
E. andrew.priest@inflexion.com
Inflexion Private Equity Partners LLP is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority.
Registered office: 47 Queen Anne Street, London W1G 9JG. Registered in England and Wales No. OC316601.
Inflexion is a registered trademark. © Inflexion 2019.


Sixty-nine percent of the Class of 2018 contributed to the Class Gift Campaign Scholarship Fund in gratitude to the College of the Law. Funds raised in the annual campaign will provide immediate financial assistance for a deserving student in the fall's entering class, as well as help build an endowment for future scholarships. This is a complete list of those students who supported the campaign.


One of the most important things you can do to improve the success of your online marketing efforts is to take the time to build an opt in email list. When customers come to your website you can encourage them to sign up to your email list by offering them an incentive.
Once they've signed up to your list you can communicate with them as often as you want. You have two options when it comes to communicating with them, an email series and blast emails.
A email series is simply a number of emails, you determine how many, that have already been written and loaded into an autoresponder and that will be sent out over a period of time, automatically.
For example, if you have created a series of emails that consists of 10 emails and you schedule them to go out daily, every person who signs up to your email or newsletter will immediately get the first email and they will then receive one email a day for nine more days .
The emails will continue to go out in the order you set them up in. That way everyone will receive your emails whether they've been signed up for a long time or whether they've just signed up.
When you do a blast you will send out the same email to everyone on your list at the same time. Everyone will receive the same message whether they've been signed up to your list for years or days.
This type of email message is particularly effective if you have some new product or service you want to let your customers know about, or if you're having a sale. This is a great way to offer your customers a coupon for an upcoming sale.
1. Carefully consider who your target audience is and what they want. If you're not sure you can ask them. Send out an email and ask them to let you know what questions they have or what products they may be interested in.
2. Make sure you use a title that will pique their curiosity. No matter how well written an email is, it won't do you any good if your customers don't read it. Make the headline something compelling.
3. Make your message short and to the point. While you will want to 'sell' your customers a little bit if your message drags on and on you will most likely lose them. Just highlight the most important things: what's in it for them. They will make up their own mind from that point on.
You can learn the basics here in my onsite free guide for How to use weber effectively for your email marketing.
While there you can also grab your free book introducing the basics of Internet Marketing to make money online.


The president of the Navajo Nation was sworn in Tuesday to continue as the tribe's top leader — even though he lost his re-election bid.
That's because the presidency of the largest Native American nation in the United States is in limbo over an election that hasn't been scheduled. As a result, Ben Shelly will remain president as part of a deal he struck with lawmakers until the mess gets sorted out.
Shelly's inauguration was low-key. He didn't give a speech or outline priorities for the indefinite time he and Vice President Rex Lee Jim will serve.
"We'll keep it together until somebody shows up," Shelly said in a news release.
One of Shelly's advisers, Deswood Tome, said Shelly would not seek to start any new projects.
Tribal lawmakers were sworn in during a public ceremony nearby in Fort Defiance that was broadcast live online. Speakers at the event hardly mentioned the presidential race that was thrown into turmoil before the tribe's Nov. 4 general election when candidate Chris Deschene was disqualified because of a ruling that he wasn't fluent in the Navajo language, which sparked a passionate debate on the importance of the language in public life.
The Navajo Nation Supreme Court mandated that the election be held by Jan. 31. But Shelly and lawmakers approved a do-over allowing all previous 17 primary election candidates to face off in a special election in June. The top two vote-getters would move on to the August general election, and the new president would take the oath of office in September.
Tome said Shelly wouldn't run again, considering his seventh-place finish in the primary. Shelly said Tuesday he would return to the private sector or consider running for elected office elsewhere.
It's unclear whether the election will move forward as Shelly and the lawmakers planned. Attorneys for those who challenged Deschene asked the Navajo Nation Supreme Court late Monday to reaffirm the January election date and hold the elections director and tribal lawmakers who voted for the special election in contempt of court.
Some lawmakers have disagreed with the high court's rulings, saying they have disenfranchised thousands of Navajo voters, most of whom supported Deschene.


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Home Reviews Saturday
Up For It
Frank Finlayson
Review of Razorlight on the Garden stage at Belladrum, 9th of August, 2014.
Back in 2008 Razorlight headlined the closing night at Rockness and fast forward to 2014 and Johnny Borrell and current incumbents fill the same slot at Belladrum.
"the ubiquitous Johnny Borrell remains a constant"
When they arrive on stage the arena is still filling up as a large crowd had gathered for special guests The View over at the Hothouse Stage and many were taking their time making their way across, no doubt with the odd beer and toilet stop included.
Razorlight may have changed following their hiatus but the ubiquitous Johnny Borrell remains a constant, if rather less of a poster boy than in the heady days of their first two albums.
Despite the numbers being a little lower than you would expect at the start it didn't stop the band kicking into 'In The Morning' to launch into the set.
Following the early promise there was a lull in the atmosphere as the set became somewhat ponderous for many in the midsection so much so that those around me in front of the sound desk, stage left, were spending a little too much time taking photos of the heart at the top of the steps than focussing on Johnny Borrell.
"It was clear though that the crowd wanted the hits"
If interest was waning towards the back it wasn't down the front with the usual bunch of stoked up kids using up every ounce of energy that they had. Mind you they would have been like that if it was the Singing Kettle headlining. It was clear though that the crowd wanted the hits and the introduction of 'Before I Fall To Pieces' sparked those on the terraces into life. But those moments were really reserved for the favourites and 'Somewhere Else' gave a similar injection to the evening.
The set ending was somewhat subdued as the band left the stage briefly to return with a two song encore culminating in 'America'. It was no surprise that this was the moment that the crowd had been waiting for and they really bounced.
For a Razorlight fan they would have been pleased with what they saw. The band were back. They were tight, emanated energy, and brought not just the hits but a range from their catalogue.
Johnny Borrell may have changed on the outside, but he sounded just like he did that evening at Dores. However, for your average festival goer, whoever that is, they wanted hits and Razorlight could only supply them with so many.
Equally having had Sir Tom the night before you could say they were spoilt and tonight had the elements of after the Lord Mayors' Show about it. A trifle unfair on Razorlight but you really couldn't get a harder headline act to follow.
A tough job but someone had to do it.
You can keep up to date with our coverage on our Belladrum site and to keep updated with all of the things going on in Inverness, sign up to our mailing list.
Previous articleA Secret With Strings Attached
Next articleChild's Play
Chartered surveyor by day, music reviewer by night, and occasionally I get to use my camera. A strange mix, but one that I enjoy. A chance meeting in the queue for Bella in 2010 led to the opportunity to write for InvernessGigs; a far cry from the days of writing for a football fanzine back in the late 80s, early 90s. My interests lie between the mainstream, the emerging and the local. Increasingly I find that we have more than enough locally to entertain us to necessitate a trip south. I'm always happy to give a listen, whatever the genre. Inverness has a plethora of talent, all of which I am more than keen to write about. If it encourages just one person to make the effort to listen to some new music I'll be happy. You can contact Frank direct via frankieboyfin@gmail.com
Belladrum 2019 Saturday Night Review
My Darling Clementine, 7/9/16 – Review
Jocktoberfest, 2 & 3 /9/2016 – Review

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Future of Written Content (and Why It Has One)
The post The Future of Written Content (and Why It Has One) appeared first on ProBlogger.
This post is based on episode 187 of the ProBlogger podcast.
The internet landscape has changed a lot of the years. In the beginning, nearly all the content was text. But these days we can get our message across with videos, podcasts, infographics, animations and more.
Which begs the question: What does the future hold for written content?
But before we start talking about the future, let's talk briefly about the past.
The primitive web
As I mentioned in last week's blog post, I started my first blog back in 2002. It's no longer around, but thanks to the Internet Archive I got to see what it looked like all those years ago. (Well, once I remembered what its Blogspot URL was.)
Now, I've never considered myself a web designer. But believe me, I was even less of a designer back then. I almost cringed when I saw how ugly it looked. Then I started reading it and cringed again at all the spelling mistakes, and in some cases the naivety of what I was writing back then.
But it was well worth the trip down memory lane because I immediately noticed the complete lack of visual content. The front page had ten posts on it, and all them were just text. The only visuals were the tiny 100x100px images I'd put in the header of my design (and that had taken me days to get there).
Of course, back then we were all using dial-up internet connections, which made it hard (if not impossible) to upload images. Even uploading those 100x100px images was difficult. And if I did include an image in a post then I'd get complaints from my readers because it took forever to download.
And nearly all bloggers were in the same boat, which meant only a few were including images or any other form of multimedia.
Another reason most people were sticking to text back then is the tools simply weren't around to create anything else. We didn't have the hardware or the software to create videos or podcasts, and even the graphics programs back then were pretty primitive.
The modern web
Things are a lot different on ProBlogger. Every blog post on both of those sites has at least one image. (We have a rule that no blog post goes up without one.) We're also doing live videos on Facebook and embedding some of them into our content as well. And we also have the ProBlogger podcast, which adds an audio element to the blog.
Creating audio and video content has become incredibly easy. I can pick up my phone and go live on Facebook in a matter of seconds. And thanks to the tools available it's easy to extract the audio to create another medium.
But recording audio on its own is just as easy, if not easier. Plug in a cheap microphone, hit record and you're away.
It's getting to the point where people are expecting something more than just words. They want the complete audio-visual experience, or at the very least something they can see. And so some people are relying less and less on the written word.
So will we reach the point where written content will be abandoned completely?
The need for words
Throughout history we've seen technology come along that provides another communication medium – newspapers and magazines, radio, television, CDs, DVDs, streaming audio, streaming video, and so on. And while the percentages of what mediums everyone uses may have changed over the years, they're all still alive and kicking.
Video is definitely popular right now, as podcasts were a while back. That may be because we now have the bandwidth and the tools that make creating and distributing video possible, if not easy. But I believe that just as written content has always had a place in the real world, it will also have a place online.
For a start, a lot of people prefer written content to anything else. When I launched the ProBlogger podcast I got some great feedback. But I also got some feedback that was quite negative. A lot of people sent me emails saying, "I don't listen to audio". And when I started adding Facebook Live video links to the newsletter I got emails from people saying, "I don't watch video".
Now there may be technical reasons for this, such as having slow internet speeds or not wanting to blow their download quota. Or perhaps they don't want to have to download an app just to listen or watch. But some people simply prefer the written word, which is why we have a transcript of every episode of the podcast.
Another reason written content won't be disappearing any time soon is search engines. While Google now includes videos and other visual mediums in its search results, most of what it's indexing is text.
Written content is also far more scannable than audio or video. You can easily search for a word or phrase in a page of text. It's much harder to find specific information in a video or audio recording (unless the creator has either provided a transcript or an index with time codes).
And written content is easy to create. Yes, audio and video equipment is becoming cheaper to buy and easier to use. But it still takes time to set it up and learn how to use it. It's much easier to open up a WordPress document and type straight into the editor.
And speaking of editors, words are a lot easier to change compared to audio and video. Occasionally I'll listen to a podcast episode and think, Oh no! I can't believe I made that mistake!
Of course, I could go back and edit the audio. The tools to do it are getting better all the time. But splicing and rejoining audio is a lot more difficult compared to editing text.
Striking a balance
Now I'm not saying the written word is the best medium for communication on the internet. And I'm definitely not saying it should be the only medium. (As you probably know, there are things you simply can't put into words.)
What I am saying is that I don't think it's going to be disappearing any time soon.
I like to think of it as one of the tools in my communication toolkit (along with video, audio, images, etc.) that I pull out and use when the situation calls for it. And there will be situations when a given tool will be a better choice than the others.
For example, video is great for showing your personality and who you really are. And that can help you build trust and credibility, which in turn can help you become a credible authority in your niche.
It's also great for explaining how something is done. What would you prefer: reading a list of instructions telling you how to build something, or having someone show you how to build something?
But some people do really with text because they're great writers, such as Seth Godin. Seth writes really well, and his articles are short and punchy. His blog may look like mine did back in 2002 (all text apart from the image of his bald head and glasses), but it's very popular and deservedly so.
And sometimes the ideal solution is to combine several of these tools. Colin Gray of The Podcast Host once did a talk about 'content stacking' as a way of communicating more effectively. He talked about bringing the written word, audio, video and visual content together to create a stack of content that leads people through a learning process.
The not-so-final word
The written word has been around for centuries. And it's just as relevant today, despite the other forms of communcation that have come along.
And the internet is no different. While video is now the flavour of the month, I believe written content will always have a place, either as an alternative or an enhancement.
What do you think? Will written content go the way of the dinosaur? Or will it always be part of the internet? Let us know in the comments.
Image credit: Annie Spratt
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On the seventh birthday of his daughter an African American father makes a split second decision that changes his life forever. A quick run into the store has him returning to an empty car that once held his most prize possession, his daughter. The worst feeling for this father is blame. As he continues to blame himself for her disappearance the worst case scenario becomes a reality. In the death of this baby girl he is inconsolable. But when faced with the pain that is ever growing he decides to engage in the one thing that he believes will make him feel better, revenge.
Male- Seventh Birthday
One of my favorite television shows was this show called Lockup. It was all about what life was like on the inside, in prison. I think the reason that I was so fascinated by it was because I had never been to prison before and I never planned on going. You see all these men in small ass cells stacked on top of each other. Almost reminds me of the slave ships. You ever see the movie umm, damn what was the name of it? It was a movie about a slave ship that was found in the ocean and they had to go to court to decide who the slaves belonged to? "Amistad" that's it. So there was this one moment in the movie when they are showing you the ship and under the deck of the ship were all of the slaves. (Beat) And at one point the ship was too heavy so they tied a random chain to a huge rock and it took like five men to lift this rock and push it over the side of the boat and I didn't get it at first…then you see all of the slaves attached to the chain being pulled up from the bowels of the ship and falling overboard. Drowning for no reason. Dying of no choice of their own. That scene made me so sad, that this was the reality of my people in a time when fighting back wasn't an option. But me, I made a choice to be in these chains. To be in my confined small room of hell and pain. After all that was done for me to be free…I made the choice to be in here. And it's so ironic to me ya know? That everything that black people fought not to be is everything that I am. Confided, imprisoned, chained, drowning all over again. Except this time, I did this to myself. No white man did this to me. I did this. (Beat) But you know what the other difference is? Given a choice I would do it again. That was always the thing that would get me on the Lockup show, all of them would say that "If I had it to do again I would never do it." (Laughs) But what they really want to say is that they didn't really want to get caught.


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© 2023 BugsAndBeasts.com
Introduction | Today | January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December
Born: John Evelyn, author of Sylva, Memoirs, &c., 1620, Wotton, Surrey; Pope Clement XIV, 1705; Christopher Anstey, author of The New Bath Guide, 1724.
Died: John Palaeologus, Greek emperor, 1448; John Bradshaw, presiding judge at trial of Charles I, 1659; Victor Amadeus, first king of Sardinia, 1732; William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, 1765; Jacques Pierre Brissot, distinguished Girondist, guillotined, 1793.
Feast Day: St Quintin, martyr, 287. St. Foillan, martyr, 655. St. Wolfgang, bishop of Ratisbon, 994.
There is perhaps no night in the year which the popular imagination has stamped with a more peculiar character than the evening of the 31st of October, known as All Hallow's Eve, or Halloween. It is clearly a relic of pagan times, for there is nothing in the church observance of the ensuing day of All Saints to have originated such extra ordinary notions as are connected with this celebrated festival, or such remarkable practices as those by which it is distinguished.
The leading idea respecting Halloween is that it is the time, of all others, when supernatural influences prevail. It is the night set apart for a universal walking abroad of spirits, both of the visible and invisible world; for, as will be afterwards seen, one of the special characteristics attributed to this mystic evening, is the faculty conferred on the immaterial principle in humanity to detach itself from its corporeal tenement anal wander abroad through the realms of space. Divination is then believed to attain its highest power, and the gift asserted by Glendower of calling spirits 'from the vasty deep,' becomes available to all who choose to avail themselves of the privileges of the occasion.
There is a remarkable uniformity in the fireside customs of this night all over the United Kingdom. Nuts and apples are everywhere in requisition, and consumed in immense numbers. Indeed the name of Nutcrack Night, by which Halloween is known in the north of England, indicates the predominance of the former of these articles in making up the entertainments of the evening. They are not only cracked and eaten, but made the means of vaticination in love affairs. And here we quote from Burns's poem of Halloween:
The auld guidwife's well hoordit nits
Are round and round divided,
And mony lads' and lasses' fates
Are there that night decided:
Some kindle, couthie, side by side,
And burn thegither trimly;
Some start awa wi' saucy pride,
And jump out owre the chimly
Fu' high that night.
Jean slips in twa wi' tentie e'e;
Wha 'twas, she wadna tell;
But this is Jock, and this is me,
She says in to hersel':
He bleezed owre her, and she owre him,
As they wad never mair part;
Till, fuff! he started up the lum,
And Jean had e'en a sair heart
To see 't that night.
Brand, in his Popular Antiquities, is more explicit:
It is a custom in Ireland, when the young women would. know if their lovers are faithful, to put three nuts upon the bars of the grate, naming the nuts after the lovers. If a nut cracks or jumps, the lover will prove unfaithful; if it begins to blaze or burn, he has a regard for the person making the trial. If the nuts named after the girl and her lover burn together, they will be married.
As to apples, there is an old custom, perhaps still observed in some localities on this merry night, of hanging up a stick horizontally by a string from the ceiling, and putting a candle on the one end, and an apple on the other. The stick being made to twirl rapidly, the merry makers in succession leap up and snatch at the apple with their teeth (no use of the hands being allowed), but it very frequently happens that the candle comes round before they are aware, and scorches them in the face, or anoints them with grease. The disappointments and misadventures occasion, of course, abundance of laughter. But the grand sport with apples on Halloween, is to set them afloat in a tub of water, into which the juveniles, by turns, duck their heads with the view of catching an apple. Great fun goes on in watching the attempts of the youngster in the pursuit of the swimming fruit, which wriggles from side to side of the tub, and evades all attempts to capture it; whilst the disappointed aspirant is obliged to abandon the chase in favour of another whose turn has now arrived.
The apples provided with stalks are generally caught first, and then comes the tug of war to win those which possess no such append-ages. Some competitors will deftly suck up the apple, if a small one, into their mouths. Others plunge manfully overhead in pursuit of a particular apple, and having forced it to the bottom of the tub, seize it firmly with their teeth, and emerge, dripping and triumphant, with their prize. This venturous procedure is generally rewarded with a hurrah! by the lookers on, and is recommended, by those versed in Halloween aquatics, as the only sure method of attaining success. In recent years, a practice has been introduced, probably by some tender mammas, timorous on the subject of their offspring catching cold, of dropping a fork from a height into the tub among the apples, and thus turning the sport into a display of marksmanship. It forms, however, but a very indifferent substitute for the joyous merriment of ducking and diving.
It is somewhat remarkable, that the sport of ducking for apples is not mentioned by Burns, whose celebrated poem of Halloween presents so graphic a picture of the ceremonies practised on that evening in the west of Scotland, in the poet's day. Many of the rites there described are now obsolete or nearly so, but two or three still retain place in various parts of the country. Among these is the custom still prevalent in Scotland, as the initiatory Halloween ceremony, of pulling kailstocks or stalks of colewort. The young people go out hand in hand, blindfolded, into the kailyard or garden, and each pulls the first stalk which he meets with. They then return to the fireside to inspect their prizes. According as the stalk is big or little, straight or crooked, so shall the future wife or husband be of the party by whom it is pulled. The quantity of earth sticking to the root denotes the amount of fortune or dowry; and the taste of the pith or custoc indicates the temper. Finally, the stalks are placed, one after another, over the door, and the Christian names of the persons who chance thereafter to enter the house are held in the same succession to indicate those of the individuals whom the parties are to marry.
Another ceremony much practised on Halloween, is that of the Three Dishes or Luggies. Two of these are respectively filled with clean and foul water, and one is empty. They are ranged on the hearth, when the parties, blindfolded, advance in succession, and dip their fingers into one. If they dip into the clean water, they are to marry a maiden; if into the foul water, a widow; if into the empty dish, the party so dipping is destined to be either a bachelor or an old maid. As each person takes his turn, the position of the dishes is changed. Burns thus describes the custom:
In order, on the clean hearth stane,
The luggies three are ranged,
And every time great care is ta'en
To see them duly changed:
Auld uncle John, wha wedlock's joys
Sin' Mar's year did desire,
Because he gat the toom dish thrice,
He heaved them on the fire
In wrath that night.
The ceremonies above described are all of a light sportive description, but there are others of a more weird like and fearful character, which in this enlightened incredulous age have fallen very much into desuetude. One of these is the celebrated spell of eating an apple before a looking glass, with the view of discovering the inquirer's future husband, who it is believed will be seen peeping over her shoulder. A curious, and withal, cautious, little maiden, who desires to try this spell, is thus represented by Burns:
Wee Jenny to her granny says:
'Will ye go wi' me, granny?
I'll eat the apple at the glass,
I gat frae uncle Johnny.
A request which rouses the indignation of the old lady:
She fuff't her pipe wi' sic a lunt,
In wrath she was sae vap'rin',
She notic't na, an aizle brunt
Her braw new worset apron
Out through that night.
'Ye little skelpie limmer's face!
I daur you try sic sportin',
As seek the foul thief ony place,
For him to spae your fortune:
Nae doubt but ye may get a sight!
Great cause ye hae to fear it;
For mony a ane has gotten a fright,
And lived and died deleeret,
On sic a night.
Granny's warning was by no means a needless one, as several well authenticated instances are related of persons who, either from the effects of their own imagination, or some thoughtless practical joke, sustained such severe nervous shocks, while essaying these Halloween spells, as seriously to imperil their health.
Another of these, what may perhaps be termed unhallowed, rites of All Hallows' Eve, is to wet a shirt sleeve, hang it up to the fire to dry, and lie in bed watching it till midnight, when the apparition of the individual's future partner for life will come in and turn the sleeve. Bums thus alludes to the practice in one of his songs:
The last Halloween I was waukin',
My droukit sark sleeve, as ye ken;
His likeness cam' up the house staukin',
And the very gray breeks o' Tam Glen!
Other rites for the invocation of spirits might be referred to, such as the sowing of hemp seed, and the winnowing of three wechts of nothing, i. e., repeating three times the action of exposing corn to the wind. In all of these the effect sought to be produced is the same the appearance of the future husband or wife of the experimenter. A full description of them will be found in the poem of Burns, from which we have already so largely quoted. It may here be remarked, that popular belief ascribes to children born on Halloween, the possession of certain mysterious faculties, such as that of perceiving and holding converse with supernatural beings. Sir Walter Scott, it will be recollected, makes use of this circumstance in his romance of The Monastery.
In conclusion, we shall introduce an interesting story, with which we have been favoured by a lady. The leading incidents of the narrative may be relied on as correct, and the whole affair forms matter of curious thought on the subject of Halloween divination:
Mr. and Mrs. M were a happy young couple, who, in the middle of the last century, resided on their own estate in a pleasant part of the province of Leinster, in Ireland. Enjoying a handsome competence, they spent their time in various rural occupations; and the birth of a little girl promised to crown their felicity, and provide them with an object of perpetual interest. On the Halloween following this last event, the parents retired to rest at their usual hour, Mrs. M having her infant on her arm, so that she might be roused by the slightest uneasiness it might exhibit. From teething or some other ailment, the child, about midnight, became very restless, and not receiving the accustomed attention from its mother, cried so violently as to waken Mr. M. He at once called his wife, and told her the baby was uneasy, but received no answer.
He called again more loudly, but still to no purpose; she seemed to be in a heavy uneasy slumber, and when all her husband's attempts to rouse her by calling and shaking proved ineffectual, he was obliged to take the child himself, and try to appease its wailings. After many vain attempts of this sort on his part, the little creature at last sobbed itself to rest, and the mother slept on till a much later hour than her usual time of rising in the morning. When Mr. M saw that she was awake, he told her of the restlessness of the baby during the night, and how, after having tried in vain every means to rouse her, he had at last been obliged to make an awkward attempt to take her place, and lost thereby some hours of his night's rest.
'I, too,' she replied, 'have passed the most miserable night that I ever experienced; I now see that sleep and rest are two different things, for I never felt so unrefreshed in my life. How I wish you had been able to awake me it would have spared me some of my fatigue and anxiety! I thought I was dragged against my will into a strange part of the country, where I had never been before, and, after what appeared to me a long and weary journey on foot, I arrived at a comfortable looking house.
I went in longing to rest, but had no power to sit down, although there was a nice supper laid out before a good fire, and every appearance of preparations for an expected visitor. Exhausted as I felt, I was only allowed to stand for a minute or two, and then hurried away by the same road back again; but now it is over, and after all it was only a dream.'
Her husband listened with interest to her story, and then sighing deeply, said: 'My dear Sarah, you will not long have me beside you; whoever is to be your second husband played last night some evil trick of which you have been the victim.'
Shocked as she felt at this announcement, she endeavoured to suppress her own feelings and rally her husband's spirits, hoping that it would pass from his mind as soon as he had become engrossed by the active business of the day.
Some months passed tranquilly away after this occurrence, and the dream on Halloween night had well nigh been forgotten by both husband and wife, when Mr. M's health began to fail. He had never been a robust man, and he now declined so rapidly, that in a short time, notwithstanding all the remedies and attentions that skill could suggest, or affection bestow, his wife was left a mourning widow. Her energetic mind and active habits, however, prevented her from abandoning herself to the desolation of grief. She continued, as her husband had done during his life, to farm the estate, and in this employment, and the education of her little girl, she found ample and salutary occupation. Alike admired and beloved for the judicious management of her worldly affairs, and her true Christian benevolence and kindliness of heart, she might easily, had she been so inclined, have established herself respectably for a second time in life, but such a thought seemed never to cross her mind.
She had an uncle, a wise, kind old man, who, living at a distance, often paid a visit to the widow, looked over her farm, and gave her useful advice and assistance. This old gentleman had a neighbour named C, a prudent young man, who stood very high in his favour. Whenever they met, Mrs. M's uncle was in the habit of rallying him on the subject of matrimony. On one occasion of this kind, C excused himself by saying that it really was not his fault that he was still a bachelor, as he was anxious to settle in life, but had never met with any woman whom he should like to call his wife. 'Well, C,' replied his old friend, 'you are, I am afraid, a saucy fellow, but if you put yourself into my hands, I do not despair of suiting you.'
Some bantering then ensued, and the colloquy terminated by Mrs. M's uncle inviting the young man to ride over with him next day and visit his niece, whom C had never yet seen. The proffer was readily accepted; the two friends started early on the following morning, and after a pleasant ride, were approaching their destination. Here they descried, at a little distance, Mrs. M retreating towards her house, after making her usual matutinal inspection of her farm. The first glance which Mr. C obtained of her made him start violently, and the more he looked his agitation increased. Then laying his hand on the arm of his friend, and pointing his finger in the direction of Mrs. M, he said: 'Mr., we need not go any further, for if ever I am to be married, there is my wife!'
Well, C, was the reply,that is my niece, to whom I am about to introduce you; but tell me, he added,is this what you call love at first sight, or what do you mean by your sudden decision in favour of a person with whom you have never exchanged a word? Why, sir, replied the young man, I find I have betrayed myself, and must now make my confession. A year or two ago, I tried a Halloween spell, and sat up all night to watch the result. I declare to you most solemnly, that the figure of that lady, as I now see her, entered my room and looked at me. She stood a minute or two by the fire and then disappeared as suddenly as she came. I was wide awake, and felt considerable remorse at having thus ventured to tamper with the powers of the unseen world; but I assure you, that every particular of her features, dress, and figure, have been so present to my mind ever since, that I could not possibly make a mistake, and the moment I saw your niece, I was convinced that she was indeed the woman whose image I beheld on that never to be forgotten Halloween.
The old gentleman, as may be anticipated, was not a little astonished at his friend's statement, but all comments on it were for the time put a stop to by their arrival at Mrs. M's house. She was glad to see her uncle, and made his friend welcome, performing the duties of hospitality with a simplicity and heartiness that were very attractive to her stranger guest. After her visitors had refreshed themselves, her uncle walked out with her to look over the farm, and took opportunity, in the absence of Mr. C, to recommend him to the favourable consideration of his niece. To make a long story short, the impression was mutually agreeable. Mr. C, before leaving the house, obtained permission from Mrs. M to visit her, and after a brief courtship, they were married. They lived long and happily together, and it was from their daughter that our informant derived that remarkable episode in the history of her parents which we have above narrated.
THE LUCK OF EDENHALL
At Edenhall, the seat of the ancient family of Musgrave, near Penrith, in Cumberland, the curious drinking cup, figured below, is preserved as one of the most cherished heirlooms. It is composed of very thin glass, ornamented on the outside with a variety of coloured devices, and will hold about an English pint. The legend regarding it is, that the butler of the family having gone one night to draw water at the well of St. Cuthbert, a copious spring in the garden of the mansion of Edenhall, surprised a group of fairies disporting themselves beside the well, at the margin of which stood the drinking-glass under notice. He seized hold of it, and a struggle for its recovery ensued between him and the fairies. The elves were worsted, and, there-upon took to flight, exclaiming:
If this glass do break or fall
Farewell the luck of Edenhall!
The extreme thinness of the glass rendering it very liable to breakage, was probably the origin of the legend, which has been related of this goblet from time immemorial. Its real history cannot now be ascertained, but from the letters I.H.S. inscribed on the top of the case containing it, it has been surmised to have been originally used as a chalice.
In the drawing, fig. 1 represents the glass, fig. 2 its leathern case, and fig. 3 the inscription on the top of the latter.
The wild and hair brained Duke of Wharton is said, on one occasion, to have nearly destroyed the Luck of Edenhall, by letting it drop from his hands; but the precious vessel was saved by the presence of mind of the butler, who caught it in a napkin. The same nobleman enjoys the credit of having composed a burlesque poem in reference to it, written as a parody on Chevy Chase, and which commences thus:
God prosper long from being broke The Luck of Edenhall!
The real author, however, was Lloyd, a boon companion of the duke. Uhland, the German poet, has also a ballad, Des Glück von Edenhall, based on this celebrated legend.
VISIT OF MARIE DE MEDICI TO ENGLAND
On the 31st of October 1638, Marie de Medici arrived in the city of London, on a visit to the English court. Though she was received with all the honours due to the queen dowager of France, and the mother of Henrietta, queen of England, yet both court and people considered the visit ill timed, and the guest unwelcome. Bishop Laud, in his private diary, noticing her arrival, says that he has 'great apprehensions on this business. For indeed,' he continues, 'the English people hate or suspect her, for the sake of her church, her country, and her daughter; and having shifted her residence in other countries, upon calamities and troubles which still pursue her, they think it her fate to carry misfortunes with her, and so dread her as an ill boding meteor.'
Daughter of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Marie de Medici, for mere reasons of state, was married to Henry IV, king of France. Henry gained by her the heir he desired, but her unsociable, haughty, and intractable disposition, rendered his life miserable, and it is still considered a doubtful question, whether she were not privy to the plot which caused his death by assassination in 1610.
On this event taking place, she attained the height of her power, in acquiring the regency of France; but fully as feeble-minded as she was ambitious, she suffered herself to be ruled by the most unworthy favourites, and the inevitable results quickly followed. She secured, however, for her service, one person of conduct and abilities, who cannot be passed over without notice. Attracted by the eloquent sermons of a young Parisian ecclesiastic, named Armand de Plessis, Marie appointed him to be her almoner, and afterwards made him principal secretary of state; but this man, better known by his later title of Cardinal Richelieu, was fated to become her evil genius and bitterest enemy. During the seven years in which the regency of Marie de Medici lasted, France was convulsed with broils, cabals, and intrigues. At length her son, Louis XIII, assuming the government, caused his mother's unworthy favourite, the Marshal d'Ancre, to be murdered, and his wife to be tried and executed for the alleged crime of sorcery; the wretched woman to the last asserting, that the influence of a strong mind over a weak one was the only witchcraft she had used.
Marie would have contended against her son in open war, but Richelieu joining the king, and threatening to imprison her for life, she was forced, in 1631, to take refuge at Brussels, where she lived for seven years, supported by a pension from the Spanish court, her daughter Elizabeth being wife of Philip IV of Spain. Restlessly intriguing, but ever foiled by the superior diplomacy of Richelieu, she fled from Brussels to Holland, greatly to the indignation of Philip, who at once stopped her allowance, refusing even to pay the arrears then due to her. It seems as if the fates had combined to punish this miserable old woman, for, besides the popular commotions excited by her intrigues, disasters not attributable to her presence namely, pestilence, famine, and war ever dogged her foot steps. Richelieu would have allowed her a liberal annuity, if she would only return to Italy; but this her pride would not permit her to do; moreover, it would be giving up the field to an enemy and rival, whom she still hoped to overcome. So she begged her son-in-law, Charles I, to receive her in England, a request he, with his usual imprudence, generously granted; for he had been forced, by repeated remonstrances of parliament, a few years previous, to dismiss his own queen's foreign chaplains and servants; and it was not likely that her mother, who brought over a new train, should escape unnoticed. There were, indeed, strong reasons for Laud's forebodings and the people's fears. She had a grand reception, however. Waller, the court poet, dedicated a poem to her, commencing thus:
Great Queen of Europe! where thy offspring wears
All the chief crowns; where princes are thy heirs
As welcome thou to sea girt Britain's shore,
As erst Latona, who fair Cynthia bore,
To Delos was.
St. James's Palace was given to her as a residence, where she kept a petty court of her own, Charles, it is said, allowing her the large sum of £40,000 per annum. But evil days were at hand. The populace ever regarded her as an enemy, and in the excitement caused by Strafford's trial, she was mobbed and insulted, even in the palace of St. James's. She applied to the king for protection, but he, being then nearly powerless, could do no more than refer her to parliament. The Commons allowed her a temporary guard of one hundred men, petitioning the king to send her out of the country; and not ungenerously offering, if she went at once, to vote her £10,000, with an intimation that they might send more to her, if she were well out of England The question was, where could she go? seeing that no country would receive her. At last having secured a refuge in the free city of Cologne, she left England in August 1641, the Earl of Arundel, at the king's request, accompanying her, Lilly, with a feeling one would scarcely have expected, thus notices her departure.
I beheld the old queen mother of France departing from London. A sad spectacle it was, and produced tears from may eyes, and many other beholders, to see an aged, lean, decrepit, poor queen, ready for her grave, necessitated to depart hence, having no place of residence left her, but where the courtesy of her hard fate assigned. She had been the only stately magnificent woman of Europe, wife to the greatest king that ever lived in France, mother unto one king and two queens.
The misfortunes of this woman attended her to the last. Her friends, under the circumstances, thought it most advisable to invest the £10,000 given her by parliament in an English estate, and as the civil war broke out immediately after, she never received the slightest benefit from it. She died the year following at Cologne, in a garret, destitute of the common necessaries of life. Chigi, the pope's legate, attended her when dying, and induced her to express forgiveness of Richelieu's ingratitude. But when further pressed to send the cardinal, as a token of complete forgiveness, a valued bracelet, that never was allowed to leave her arm, she muttered: 'It is too much!' turned her face to the wall, and expired.
The illustration representing Marie's public entrance into London is considered peculiarly interesting; the engraving from which it is taken being one of the only two street views extant of the city previous to the great fire. The scene depicted is about the middle of Cheapside; the cross, which stood near the end of Wood Street, forming a conspicuous feature. This was one of the crosses erected by Edward I, in memory of his beloved queen, Eleanor of Castile. It had been frequently repaired and furbished up for various public occasions. Towards the end of Elizabeth's reign, it received some injuries from the ultra Protestant party; but these were repaired, the iron railing put round the base (as seen in the engraving) and the upper part gilded, in honour of James I's first visit to the city. Those were the last repairs it ever received. After sustaining several petty injuries from the Puritans, the House of Commons decreed that it should be destroyed; and in May 1643, the order was carried into effect amid the shouts of the populace.
The building to the right, eastward of the Cross, represents the Standard, which, with a conduit attached, stood nearly opposite the end of Milk Street. Stow describes it exactly as represented in the engraving a square pillar, faced with statues, the upper part surrounded by a balcony, and the top crowned with an angel or a figure of Fame, blowing a trumpet. The numerous signs seen in the illustration, exhibit a curious feature of old London. The sign on the right is still a not uncommon one, ' the Nag's Head,' and the bush or garland suspended by it, shew that it was the sign of a tavern. When every house had a sign, and the shop windows were too small to afford any index of the trade carried on within, publicans found it convenient to exhibit the bush. But when a tavern was well established, and had acquired a name for the quality of its liquors, the garland might be laid aside; for, as the old proverb said, 'Good wine needs no bush.'


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I've been avoiding Restaurant Week for quite some time now. But my work friends convinced me to give American Cut a shot.
This is a sponsored post written by me on behalf of Seamless for IZEA. All opinions are 100% mine.
The thought of a picnic brings a big smile. It promises sunshine on my face and grass between my toes. Plus good food of course!
These delicious memories came back while reading M.Wells ' Thanksgiving email – meat pie season has started!


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The next step that you need to highlight will be the plan. For that one, you should definitely make detailed plan. Don't simply work toward remodeling the particular rooms. You'll want the plan on what sort of home remodeling projects you want to do. Such as, you intend to add newer walls, removing the doors, add separator, and various other things. This will be significant because with the detailed plan you will be able to know the average budget that you have to invest the plan. If the plan exceeds the limit that you have got around the budget, just revise the pan and change some of the matters around the plan. That is why this part has grown one important part that you need to highlight. Do not allow your plan determine your budget. It is best for that want to follow the budget that you just have.
The last one will be duration and the action. These two things could be the main keys you need to highlight, especially in case you are doing a sizable home remodeling project at home. However, for those who are only contemplating a little bit of small remodeling projects that may be finished in many hours, this last item is not that necessary. The reason is home remodeling project don't affect your everyday activities. However, that the Shaw Farmhouse Sink Dimensions remodeling projects take a lot more than 1 week, it's good to think this being the system of the plan. Those are a few of the things that that you have to consider when you begin our homes remodeling project. In order to have the perfectly planned home remodeling, remember to highlight all those things mentioned above. This is because those actions will surely help before commencing home remodeling project.


Niki is the wife of firefighter Matt Rasor and creator of Firefighter Turnout Bags.
I met Niki at FDIC in Indianapolis a couple of years ago. I could tell she was passionate about her company and keeping turnout gear out of landfills. There are other companies out there making merchandise from turnout gear material, Niki makes very high-quality bags/merchandise out of used firefighter turnout gear. I wish her all the best of luck in the future! Congrats Niki!
Fire Captain Jeff Stroope from Cabot, Arkansas took his invention to Shark Tank. In the end, he made a deal with Mark Cuban for $1.2 million along with a 3 year employment deal. There were other options offered to Jeff.
According to SharkTankBlog.com, the deal with Mark Cuban ended up failing after the show aired. HyConns's Facebook page has not been updated in several years.
So what happened between Mark Cuban, and HyConn founder Jeff Stroope? Stroope hints, Mark Cuban concluded licensing the design to another company is the best strategy to bring the quick-disconnect hose fitting to market. It would reduce the cost and increase the profit margin. Apparently, Jeff Stroope disliked Cuban's new strategy, forcing entrepreneur and investor to part ways.
Matt Scarpuzzi pitched his business Quickstop Sprinkler Tool to Shark Tank in season 5 episode 24. Kevin O'Leary and Lori Greiner offered Matt $150,000 for 50% of his business. Matt declined.
FC note: I have 2 of these tools and have used them on multiple occasions while on the job to shut off sprinklers. While there is no way of not getting wet doing it, stopping the flow of water into residences and businesses after a sprinkler head goes off is paramount in stopping property loss due to water damage.
Firefighter Peter Thorpe created FireAvert which will automatically shut off the stove in the event that smoke is detected.
Peter was given two offers by the Sharks and made a deal with Lori Griener in the end.
Previous: Why Aren't Firefighters Learning From Science and Research?


text:
Advances in Animal Biosciences (1)
Aquatic Living Resources (1)
Episteme (1)
The Journal of Agricultural Science (1)
The New Phytologist (1)
Animal consortium (1)
Royal Institute of Philosophy (1)
Law Practitioner Series (1)
PROPOSITIONAL LEARNING: FROM IGNORANCE TO KNOWLEDGE
Pierre Le Morvan
Journal: Episteme / Volume 17 / Issue 2 / June 2020
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 October 2018, pp. 162-177
In this paper, I offer an account of propositional learning: namely, learning that p. I argue for what I call the "Three Transitions Thesis" or "TTT" according to which four states and three transitions between them characterize such learning. I later supplement the TTT to account for learning why p. In making my case, I discuss mathematical propositions such as Fermat's Last Theorem and the ABC Conjecture, and then generalize to other mathematical propositions and to non-mathematical propositions. I also discuss some interesting applications of the TTT, and reply to some noteworthy objections.
Effect of increasing the proportion of chicory in forage-based diets on intake and digestion by sheep
V. Niderkorn, C. Martin, M. Bernard, A. Le Morvan, Y. Rochette, R. Baumont
Journal: animal / Volume 13 / Issue 4 / April 2019
There is a lot of evidence that chicory could be a highly palatable and nutritious source of forage for ruminants, well adapted to climate change and dry conditions in summer, thanks to its resistance to drought and high water content. This study aimed to describe the effect of incorporating chicory to ryegrass or to a ryegrass–white clover mixture on feeding behaviour, digestive parameters, nitrogen (N) balance and methane (CH4) emissions in sheep. In total, three swards of ryegrass, white clover and chicory were established and managed in a manner ensuring the forage use at a constant vegetative stage throughout the experiment. In all, four dietary treatments (pure ryegrass; binary mixture: 50% ryegrass–50% chicory; ternary mixture: 50% ryegrass–25% white clover–25% chicory; and pure chicory) were evaluated in a 4×4 replicated Latin square design with eight young castrated Texel sheep. Each experimental period consisted of an 8-day diet adaptation phase, followed by a 6-day measuring phase during which intake dynamics, chewing activity, digestibility, rumen liquid passage rate, fermentation end-products, N balance and CH4 emissions were determined. Data were analysed using a mixed model and orthogonal contrasts were used to detect the potential associative effects between ryegrass and chicory. The daily voluntary dry matter intake was lower for pure ryegrass than for diets containing chicory (P<0.001) and increased quadratically from 1.39 to 1.74 kg/day with increasing proportion of chicory. Huge positive quadratic effects (P<0.001) between ryegrass and chicory were detected on eating time and eating rate just after feeding indicating an increase of the motivation to eat with mixtures, whereas rumination activity decreased linearly with the proportion of chicory (P<0.001). The organic matter digestibility was similar among treatments (around 80%), but a strong positive quadratic P<0.001) effect was observed on liquid passage rate suggesting that chicory allowed fast particle breakdown in the rumen. Animals fed with the ryegrass–white clover–chicory mixture had the higher urinary N losses (P<0.001), whereas retained N per day or per g N intake was greater when the proportion of chicory was at least 50% (P<0.001) being ~40% greater than for the other treatments. The CH4 yield was lower with pure chicory than with the other treatments (P<0.001) for which emissions were similar. In conclusion, mixing ryegrass and chicory in equal proportions produces a synergy on voluntary intake and an improved N use efficiency likely due to complementarity in chemical composition, increased motivation to eat and faster ruminal particle breakdown.
1 - The Nature of Ignorance: Two Views
By Pierre Le Morvan, Rik Peels
Edited by Rik Peels, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Martijn Blaauw, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands
Book: The Epistemic Dimensions of Ignorance
Print publication: 22 December 2016, pp 12-32
Knowledge and Security
Journal: Philosophy / Volume 91 / Issue 3 / July 2016
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 June 2016, pp. 411-430
The central aim of this paper is to revive and refine an idea inspired by Plato, and to show how it can be developed into a plausible contemporary theory on which factive knowledge is secure true belief. In so doing, I disentangle two Platonic (or at least inspired by Plato) ideas: that knowledge is secure true belief, and that knowledge is true belief secured by a logos. I defend the former but not the latter. My defence involves distinguishing between alethic and doxastic security, and arguing for understanding factive knowledge in terms of both.
Frequent moving of grazing dairy cows to new paddocks increases the variability of milk fatty acid composition
M. Coppa, A. Farruggia, P. Ravaglia, D. Pomiès, G. Borreani, A. Le Morvan, A. Ferlay
Journal: animal / Volume 9 / Issue 4 / April 2015
The aim of this work was to investigate the variations of milk fatty acid (FA) composition because of changing paddocks in two different rotational grazing systems. A total of nine Holstein and nine Montbéliarde cows were divided into two equivalent groups according to milk yield, fat and protein contents and calving date, and were allocated to the following two grazing systems: a long duration (LD; 17 days) of paddock utilisation on a heterogeneous pasture and a medium duration (MD) of paddock utilisation (7 to 10 days) on a more intensively managed pasture. The MD cows were supplemented with 4 kg of concentrate/cow per day. Grazing selection was characterised through direct observations and simulated bites, collected at the beginning and at the end of the utilisation of two subsequent MD paddocks, and at the same dates for the LD system. Individual milks were sampled the first 3 days and the last 2 days of grazing on each MD paddock, and simultaneously also for the LD system. Changes in milk FA composition at the beginning of each paddock utilisation were highly affected by the herbage characteristics. Abrupt changes in MD milk FA composition were observed 1 day after the cows were moved to a new paddock. The MD cows grazed by layers from the bottom layers of the previous paddock to the top layers of the subsequent new paddock, resulting in bites with high organic matter digestibility (OMD) value and CP content and a low fibre content at the beginning of each paddock utilisation. These changes could induce significant day-to-day variations of the milk FA composition. The milk fat proportions of 16:0, saturated FA and branched-chain FA decreased, whereas proportions of de novo-synthesised FA, 18:0, c9-18:1 and 18:2n-6 increased at paddock change. During LD plot utilisation, the heterogeneity of the vegetation allowed the cows to select vegetative patches with higher proportion of leaves, CP content, OMD value and the lowest fibre content. These small changes in CP, NDF and ADF contents of LD herbage and in OMD values, from the beginning to the end of the experiment, could minimally modify the ruminal ecosystem, production of precursors of de novo-synthesised FA and ruminal biohydrogenation, and could induce only small day-to-day variations in the milk FA composition.
Nitrogen flows and livestock farming: lessons and perspectives
J.-L. Peyraud, P. Cellier, F. Aarts, F. Béline, C. Bockstaller, M. Bourblanc, L. Delaby, J. Y. Dourmad, P. Dupraz, P. Durand, P. Faverdin, J. L. Fiorelli, C. Gaigné, P.J. Kuikman, A. Langlais, P. Le Goffe, P. Lescoat, T. Morvan, C. Nicourt, V. Parnaudeau, P. Rochette, F. Vertès, P. Veysset, O. Réchauchère, C. Donnars
Journal: Advances in Animal Biosciences / Volume 5 / Issue s1 / October 2014
MELODIE: a whole-farm model to study the dynamics of nutrients in dairy and pig farms with crops
X. Chardon, C. Rigolot, C. Baratte, S. Espagnol, C. Raison, R. Martin-Clouaire, J.-P. Rellier, A. Le Gall, J. Y. Dourmad, B. Piquemal, P. Leterme, J. M. Paillat, L. Delaby, F. Garcia, J. L. Peyraud, J. C. Poupa, T. Morvan, P. Faverdin
Journal: animal / Volume 6 / Issue 10 / October 2012
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 April 2012, pp. 1711-1721
In regions of intensive pig and dairy farming, nutrient losses to the environment at farm level are a source of concern for water and air quality. Dynamic models are useful tools to evaluate the effects of production strategies on nutrient flows and losses to the environment. This paper presents the development of a new whole-farm model upscaling dynamic models developed at the field or animal scale. The model, called MELODIE, is based on an original structure with interacting biotechnical and decisional modules. Indeed, it is supported by an ontology of production systems and the associated programming platform DIESE. The biotechnical module simulates the nutrient flows in the different animal, soil and crops and manure sub-models. The decision module relies on an annual optimization of cropping and spreading allocation plans, and on the flexible execution of activity plans for each simulated year. These plans are examined every day by an operational management sub-model and their application is context dependent. As a result, MELODIE dynamically simulates the flows of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, zinc and water within the whole farm over the short and long-term considering both the farming system and its adaptation to climatic conditions. Therefore, it is possible to study both the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the environmental risks, and to test changes of practices and innovative scenarios. This is illustrated with one example of simulation plan on dairy farms to interpret the Nitrogen farm-gate budget indicator. It shows that this indicator is able to reflect small differences in Nitrogen losses between different systems, but it can only be interpreted using a mobile average, not on a yearly basis. This example illustrates how MELODIE could be used to study the dynamic behaviour of the system and the dynamic of nutrient flows. Finally, MELODIE can also be used for comprehensive multi-criterion assessments, and it also constitutes a generic and evolving framework for virtual experimentation on animal farming systems.
Effects of condensed tannins in wrapped silage bales of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) on in vivo and in situ digestion in sheep
K. Theodoridou, J. Aufrère, D. Andueza, A. Le Morvan, F. Picard, J. Pourrat, R. Baumont
Journal: animal / Volume 6 / Issue 2 / 03 January 2012
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 September 2011, pp. 245-253
Print publication: 03 January 2012
The objective of this study was to characterize the condensed tannins (CTs) in wrapped silage bales of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and examine their potential action on in vivo and in situ digestive characteristics in sheep. Silage was made from sainfoin, cut at two phenological stages. The first phenological stage, at which silage was made, was from the first vegetation cycle at the end of flowering and the second stage silage was made from regrowth, 5 weeks after the first cut, but before flowering. The silages made from the two phenological stages were fed to 12 rumen-fistulated sheep in a crossover design. Of the 12 sheep, six received polyethylene glycol (PEG) to bind with and remove the effects of CT, whereas the other six were dosed with water. Organic matter digestibility, total-tract N digestibility and N (N) balance were measured over 6 days. Kinetic studies were performed on total N, ammonia N (NH3-N) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in rumen fluid before and 1.5, 3 and 6 h after feeding. The kinetics of degradation of dry matter and N from Dacron bags suspended in the rumen were also determined. Biological activity of CT (protein-binding capacity) and CT concentration were greater for the silage made from sainfoin at the early flowering stage. Total-tract N digestibility was increased by the addition of PEG (P < 0.001) to the sainfoin silage before flowering (P < 0.001). CTs decreased N excretion in urine (P < 0.05) and increased faecal N excretion (P < 0.001), but had no effect on body N retention, which is beneficial for the animal. Ruminal N degradability was smaller in the presence of active CT (P < 0.001) at both phenological stages; however, soluble N (P = 0.2060) and NH3-N (P = 0.5225) concentrations in rumen fluid remained unchanged. The results of this experiment indicate that CT in the sainfoin retain their ability to affect the nutritive value of preserved forage legumes.
Fumigene: a model to study the impact of management rules and constraints on agricultural waste allocation at the farm level
X. CHARDON, C. RAISON, A. LE GALL, T. MORVAN, P. FAVERDIN
Journal: The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 146 / Issue 5 / October 2008
In France, many dairy farms plan the allocation of animal wastes to the fields of the farm at the beginning of every year. This decision is complex, because many factors must be taken into account at the field and farm scales, including increasingly constraining environmental regulations. To evaluate the environmental impact of waste allocation strategies, these strategies have to be translated into consistent decisions. The objective of the current study was to reproduce the decisions made by farmers, in a wide range of contexts. For this purpose, a linear programming model that could help in generating yearly waste allocations was developed. The model, called Fumigene, takes into account the farmer's preferences and environmental, agronomic and feasibility constraints. It was applied on two case farms and the simulated waste allocations were compared to those chosen by the farmers over periods of 3 and 4 years, respectively. The evaluation showed that the waste allocations generated by the model were consistent with the strategies of the farmers. Fumigene was then used in investigating the impact of taking into account the phosphorus (P) fertilization constraints instead of only the nitrogen constraints. In the case studied, balancing P fertilization over 5 years led to small changes in waste allocation. Balancing P fertilization every year caused bigger changes and led to export of a part of the wastes. In a general way, Fumigene can be coupled with environmental evaluation tools to compare the impacts of different waste allocation strategies.
14 - Poland
from PART II - Application in each Member State
By Agnieszka Szydlik, Wardynski & Partners, Jacek Bondarewski, Wardynski & Partners, Magdalena Moczulska, Wardynski & Partners, Malgorzata Kozak, Wardynski & Partners, Michal Bernat, Wardynski & Partners, Morvan Le Berre, Wardynski & Partners
General editor Dirk Van Gerven, Paul Storm
Book: The European Company
Print publication: 12 January 2006, pp 369-396
1. The original text of the Regulation does not mention the types of companies under Polish law which qualify to form an SE. However, Council Regulation (EC) No. 885/2004 of 26 April 2004 subsequently amended the Regulation so that a spółka akcyjna (SA) or joint stock company is now mentioned in Annex I. Similarly, the SA and the spółka z ograniczonąodpowiedzialnością, (or limited-liability company, sp. z o.o.) were added to Annex II of the Regulation.
Appropriate amendments to Polish law designed to accommodate Community rules of company law were introduced by the European Economic Interest Grouping and European Company Act of 4 March 2005 (the 'SE Act'). The president of Poland signed the SE Act into law on 24 March 2005, and it was published in the Polish Official Journal on 18 April 2005 and entered into force on 19 May 2005. Since no regulatory powers have been delegated to ministers or to the Council of Ministers, no further implementing decrees regarding the SE Act are expected.
The SE Act implements both the Regulation and the Directive, i.e. it contains not only rules of company law but also a framework for employee involvement. No further collective bargaining agreements are necessary to apply the provisions of the Directive, although general rules on industrial relations may be required, for instance, once an SE has been established.
A number of statutory provisions were also amended to facilitate the A number of statutory provisions were also amended to facilitate the operation of SEs in Poland, including legislation on the National Court Register, stock exchange regulations and the European Works Council Act.
Foraminifera as potential bio-indicators of the "Erika" oil spill in the Bay of Bourgneuf: Field and experimental studies
Julie Morvan, Valérie Le Cadre, Frans Jorissen, Jean-Pierre Debenay
Journal: Aquatic Living Resources / Volume 17 / Issue 3 / July 2004
Benthic foraminifera are used as potential bio-indicators of pollution due to the "Erika" oil spill. The foraminiferal assemblages from a site situated on the tidal mudflat of the southern Bay of Bourgneuf (Vendée, France) have been sampled 19 times on a monthly/bimonthly scale. The field study reveals uncommon low densities and poor faunas in the first 21 months of the survey. In order to understand the effect of the "Erika" fuel, foraminiferal cultures with 0 to 72.0 mg per 100 ml of "Erika" oil were maintained in controlled conditions in the laboratory. In the laboratory, an experiment with 5.5 mg per 100 ml of oil shows morphological abnormalities, cellular modifications and a low rate of reproduction. These first results confirm the potential toxicity of the fuel No. 2 from "Erika" and the sensitivity of foraminifera to this pollutant.
Rise of fructan exohydrolase activity in stubble of Lolium perenne after defoliation is decreased by uniconazole, an inhibitor of the biosynthesis of gibberellins
ANNETTE MORVAN, GAËLLE CHALLE, MARIE-PASCALE PRUD'HOMME, JOËLLE LE SAOS, JEAN BOUCAUD
Journal: The New Phytologist / Volume 136 / Issue 1 / May 1997
Print publication: May 1997
The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the relative involvement of fructans from leaf sheaths and from elongating leaf bases to regrowth after defoliation of Lolium perenne L. by following fructan exohydrolase (FEH), sucrose-sucrose fructosyl transferase (SST) and invertase (INV) activities and (ii) to examine whether gibberellins could be implicated in regulation of FEH activity. In stubble, 36% of fructans are located in leaf bases and 64% in leaf sheaths. During the first phase of regrowth, the depletion of carbohydrates was mainly due to the decline of fructans, which represented 76% and 50% of the carbohydrates mobilized from leaf sheaths and elongating leaf bases respectively. Despite a decrease in protein content, FEH activity increased 2·5-fold in leaf sheaths and six-fold in elongating leaf bases, so that the fructan-hydrolysing activity was four times higher in growing leaves than in leaf sheaths, 2 d after defoliation. INV activity also increased, whereas the pattern of SST activity was inversely related to the variations of both hydrolysing activities. SST activity, which is highest in growing leaves, declined approximately threefold in leaf sheaths and elongating leaf bases at the beginning of regrowth.
The increase in activity of FEH in stubble was strongly inhibited by an inhibitor of the biosynthesis of gibberellin, uniconazole. FEH activity was decreased to c. 67%, 45% and 33% of the level in nontreated plants 24, 48 and 72 h following defoliation, respectively. The inhibition could be overcome by a subsequent treatment with gibberellic acids (GAs). For the first time, data are provided to support the view that GAs might play a role in the regulation of FEH activity, and the implication of this result is discussed.


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