text:
#ifndef Chrome_h
#define Chrome_h

#include "Cursor.h"
#include "FocusDirection.h"
#include "HostWindow.h"
#include <wtf/Forward.h>
#include <wtf/RefPtr.h>

#if PLATFORM(MAC)
#ifndef __OBJC__
class NSView;
#endif
#endif

namespace WebCore {

class ChromeClient;
class ColorChooser;
class ColorChooserClient;
class DateTimeChooser;
class DateTimeChooserClient;
class FileChooser;
class FileIconLoader;
class FloatRect;
class Element;
class Frame;
class Geolocation;
class HitTestResult;
class IntRect;
class NavigationAction;
class Page;
class PopupMenu;
class PopupMenuClient;
class PopupOpeningObserver;
class SearchPopupMenu;

struct DateTimeChooserParameters;
struct FrameLoadRequest;
struct ViewportArguments;
struct WindowFeatures;

class Chrome : public HostWindow {
public:
    Chrome(Page&, ChromeClient&);
    ~Chrome();

    ChromeClient& client() { return m_client; }

    // HostWindow methods.
    virtual void invalidateRootView(const IntRect&, bool) OVERRIDE;
    virtual void invalidateContentsAndRootView(const IntRect&, bool) OVERRIDE;
    virtual void invalidateContentsForSlowScroll(const IntRect&, bool) OVERRIDE;
    virtual void scroll(const IntSize&, const IntRect&, const IntRect&) OVERRIDE;
#if USE(TILED_BACKING_STORE)
    virtual void delegatedScrollRequested(const IntPoint& scrollPoint) OVERRIDE;
#endif
    virtual IntPoint screenToRootView(const IntPoint&) const OVERRIDE;
    virtual IntRect rootViewToScreen(const IntRect&) const OVERRIDE;
    virtual PlatformPageClient platformPageClient() const OVERRIDE;
    virtual void scrollbarsModeDidChange() const OVERRIDE;
    virtual void setCursor(const Cursor&) OVERRIDE;
    virtual void setCursorHiddenUntilMouseMoves(bool) OVERRIDE;

#if ENABLE(REQUEST_ANIMATION_FRAME)
    virtual void scheduleAnimation() OVERRIDE;
#endif

    virtual PlatformDisplayID displayID() const OVERRIDE;
    virtual void windowScreenDidChange(PlatformDisplayID) OVERRIDE;

    void scrollRectIntoView(const IntRect&) const;

    void contentsSizeChanged(Frame*, const IntSize&) const;
    void layoutUpdated(Frame*) const;

    void setWindowRect(const FloatRect&) const;
    FloatRect windowRect() const;

    FloatRect pageRect() const;

    void focus() const;
    void unfocus() const;

    bool canTakeFocus(FocusDirection) const;
    void takeFocus(FocusDirection) const;

    void focusedElementChanged(Element*) const;
    void focusedFrameChanged(Frame*) const;

    Page* createWindow(Frame*, const FrameLoadRequest&, const WindowFeatures&, const NavigationAction&) const;
    void show() const;

    bool canRunModal() const;
    bool canRunModalNow() const;
    void runModal() const;

    void setToolbarsVisible(bool) const;
    bool toolbarsVisible() const;

    void setStatusbarVisible(bool) const;
    bool statusbarVisible() const;

    void setScrollbarsVisible(bool) const;
    bool scrollbarsVisible() const;

    void setMenubarVisible(bool) const;
    bool menubarVisible() const;

    void setResizable(bool) const;

    bool canRunBeforeUnloadConfirmPanel();
    bool runBeforeUnloadConfirmPanel(const String& message, Frame*);

    void closeWindowSoon();

    void runJavaScriptAlert(Frame*, const String&);
    bool runJavaScriptConfirm(Frame*, const String&);
    bool runJavaScriptPrompt(Frame*, const String& message, const String& defaultValue, String& result);
    void setStatusbarText(Frame*, const String&);
    bool shouldInterruptJavaScript();

    IntRect windowResizerRect() const;

    void mouseDidMoveOverElement(const HitTestResult&, unsigned modifierFlags);

    void setToolTip(const HitTestResult&);

    void print(Frame*);

    void enableSuddenTermination();
    void disableSuddenTermination();

#if ENABLE(INPUT_TYPE_COLOR)
    PassOwnPtr<ColorChooser> createColorChooser(ColorChooserClient*, const Color& initialColor);
#endif
#if ENABLE(DATE_AND_TIME_INPUT_TYPES)
    PassRefPtr<DateTimeChooser> openDateTimeChooser(DateTimeChooserClient*, const DateTimeChooserParameters&);
#endif

    void runOpenPanel(Frame*, PassRefPtr<FileChooser>);
    void loadIconForFiles(const Vector<String>&, FileIconLoader*);
#if ENABLE(DIRECTORY_UPLOAD)
    void enumerateChosenDirectory(FileChooser*);
#endif

    void dispatchViewportPropertiesDidChange(const ViewportArguments&) const;

    bool requiresFullscreenForVideoPlayback();

#if PLATFORM(MAC)
    void focusNSView(NSView*);
#endif

    bool selectItemWritingDirectionIsNatural();
    bool selectItemAlignmentFollowsMenuWritingDirection();
    bool hasOpenedPopup() const;
    PassRefPtr<PopupMenu> createPopupMenu(PopupMenuClient*) const;
    PassRefPtr<SearchPopupMenu> createSearchPopupMenu(PopupMenuClient*) const;

    void registerPopupOpeningObserver(PopupOpeningObserver*);
    void unregisterPopupOpeningObserver(PopupOpeningObserver*);

private:
    void notifyPopupOpeningObservers() const;

    Page& m_page;
    ChromeClient& m_client;
    PlatformDisplayID m_displayID;
    Vector<PopupOpeningObserver*> m_popupOpeningObservers;
};

}

#endif // Chrome_h

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Discussion in 'Android Development' started by RabydDonkey, Jan 9, 2009.
"Support third party updates of system applications. New menu options in Settings->ManageApplications to list updated system applications."
Would anyone be interested in starting an open source project with me to update the Launcher application to open the widgets for everyone? Seems fairly straight forward to me to either use the manifest or register with intents.
I'm not entirely sure if "Widget" is the official term, but they are the objects you can place on the Android desktop by long pressing and selecting from the Widget category in the launcher. The clock is on by default if I remember correctly.


text:
1983 World Cup movie by Kabir Khan, Ranveer Singh to play as Kapil Dev
September 30, 2017 by Jayson John
There has been a buzz going on in Bollywood as well as the sporting circles ever since the rumourabout Ranveer Singh portraying the role of Indian cricket captain Kapil Dev in a biopic, which will be directed by Kabir Khan.
As per the reports by Indian media that the biopic will be around the 1983 Cricket World Cup which India won. Kapil Dev, the then Indian cricket team captain, lifted the cup at the Lords' Cricket Ground in London. There were various reports which claim that a biopic is being made on Kapil Dev's life, but Kapil Dev clarifies, "There's a misconception about the film; it is not a biopic. It is a plot based on 1983 World Cup and Ranveer is playing my role in it. The film is not about me, but on how we won the World Cup as a team." As the team captain, his energy and passion inspired Team India and helped to win the World Cup, an event which made cricket a nation loved game in India.
Image: koimoi.com
When asked whether he is happy about Ranveer playing him onscreen and will he spend some time with Ranveer so that the he can learn about his role more, Kapil Dev said, "Of course! Ranveer is a fabulous actor and there is no question of doubting his ability. I'm sure he will portray me well on screen!" He adds with a laugh, "But I would definitely like to see how many mistakes of English he makes because I used to do that!" About spending time with Ranveer "I don't think fantastic actors like Ranveer require that. But if he wants to know how I talk or how I handle things, or if the director feels the need for this, I'm always ready to support them!"
Ranveer Singh in the launch event said when Kabir narrated him the story, he was surprised and shocked. He said "I was born into a time when cricket was the number one sport in our country, it was the biggest thing and I never knew the back story. When Kabir Khan told me I am making film on 1983 I was like finally the greatest sport story is coming into screen," "It came as a huge surprise to me when Kabir sir started narrating me the story. It was so surprising to learn the odds against which these gentlemen had to fight for the greatest sports triumph. More than a great sports story it's a great human story. It is exciting and surreal for me," he added.
Talking about the role, Kabir Khan said Ranveer is the perfect choice to play Kapil. He said, "As a young schoolboy when I watched India win the 1983 Cricket World Cup, I had no idea that from that day onwards Cricket in India will change forever". He also added "As a filmmaker, the journey to that win filled with raw energy and sheer passion of that young Indian team is probably one of the most exciting stories I have worked on. And it's great to have Ranveer come on board to play Kapil Dev, as honestly, I could see no one else for the role, ever since I started finalising the script."
If the reports are to be believed, the film is being backed by Vishnu Vardhan Induri of Vibri Media and founder of CCL, along with Phantom Films.The casting of the other cricket players is currently in process. The film will be shot at real locations and will go on floors early next year.
Messenger Video Chat AR Games: Facebook brings a new feature that allows you to play games while Video chatting
Thugs of Hindostan: Look Aamir Khan & Amitabh Bachchan together announce their film in Telugu & Tamil
Virushka Wedding: Now it is official! Virat & Anushka are man and wife
Ranbir Kapoor's First Look of Shamshera is Impressive and raises more Expectations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I have to thank my friends Jonathan & Crystal for introducing me to this outstanding balsamic vinegar. This is a very bold balsamic that is a great choice if you need a versatile all around balsamic vinegar and only want to have one bottle in the fridge. I did a taste test with both fresh mozzarella and oil and vinegar with french bread. FINI performed well on both taste tests. Our friends have also used this to make a reduction that was drizzled over fresh pears and it was fabulous. I can happily recommend this balsamic vinegar.
Description – Since 1912, FINI is synonymous with quality balsamic vinegar. The best selected grape must is patiently aged in wooden barrels of different types of woods (cherry, chestnut, oak, juniper, ash and mulberry) in order to obtain this small limited quantity of precious balsamic vinegar. FINI adheres to the strict classification system set by AIB (Italian Balsamic Vinegar Tasting Association) in order to guarantee the undisputed quality of this product. The special quality of this bottle is marked with the 3 leaves symbol which indicates a round, full bodied taste, smooth flavor and aroma and a perfectly balanced balsamic vinegar. For this reason, the FINI 3 leaves balsamic vinegar of Modena is a very versatile product to be used creatively in a wide array of applications: such as a salad dressing, sprinkled over cheeses, to marinate chicken, meat, fish and vegetables, to make reductions and even as a topping for strawberries, figs and cakes.


text:
Liam Goggin
Senior Associate Solicitor, Abuse Claims
Liam is a Senior Associate Solicitor in our Abuse department and a member of Simpson Millar's Leadership Team.
He specialises in child abuse claims against public bodies including schools, religious or charitable organisations, social services and the police. His cases are funded usually by way of a Conditional Fee Agreement or Legal Aid Certificate.
He also handles civil cases against individuals who have been criminally convicted of offences, which includes representing clients in group actions and dealing with cases on a multi-track basis.
Liam also pursues Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority (CICA) claims on behalf of his clients, which is a complicated and unique area of law, and involves representing clients from a wide range of backgrounds.
Liam leads all of his cases with passion and care to try to make sure justice is achieved for his clients.
He played a leading role in concluding and settling a group action against a local council which involved over 20 claimants while negotiating a settlement of over £300,000 in damages and £350,000 in legal costs.
Liam manages a team of 12 and is responsible for a caseload of more than 100 files. He is overseeing a large number of procedural and cultural changes within the department, and currently acts as the sole supervisor for the department's Legal Aid contract.
He is passionate about leadership and has recently achieved a Distinction in the Institute of Leadership and Management Course (Level 3). He is also part of the Simpson Millar Black Lives Matter discussion group as he is keen to ensure diversity and inclusion within the firm.
Professional Memberships and Accreditations
Liam is a member of the Association of Child Abuse Lawyers (ACAL).
Liam played semi-professional football between 2008 and 2012 for Colne Football Club in the North West Counties Premier Football League. He entered the football Budweiser Open Trials competition in 2014, reaching the final 32 from around 2,000 applicants following a series of trials at various locations including St Georges Park, England's national football centre.
As a result, he played at Wembley Stadium and the entire process and final match at Wembley was televised by BT Sport. The teams were managed by several high profile previous Premier League players, and this is one of his proudest achievements outside of work to date.
He continues to be very active managing and playing for a local football club who compete at a good level. He is the 1st team player/manager for a club who have around 60 senior players and a full junior set-up. Liam also enjoys walking and climbing mountains such as Snowdon.
Liam always wanted to travel and seized the chance when the opportunity arose in 2012, embarking on a worldwide adventure to Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand and Fiji for four months. This enabled him to learn valuable life skills and experience a variety of cultures. Liam continues to enjoy travelling to different parts of the world.
View Liam's LinkedIn


Last year this particular film received quite the buzz. Not only was it nominated for Best Foreign Language Film, a category that included many very good entries, but I also heard great word of mouth from a couple Canadian friends who saw the film when it came out in its native country. I know absolutely nothing about the people involved in this film, but perhaps that is typical for foreign films, though I know some faces. But I did find it interesting that this film comes from French Canada. That is a part of the world that I have never thought about in terms of cinema. I guess I always assumed that Canada just worked with Hollywood, but I never thought about the French speaking regions.
Anyway, this film is about Nawal Marwan (Lubna Azabal) and her many unfortunate adventures. She has a son and a daughter, but upon Nawal's death, they learn that their father is still alive and that they also have a brother, whom they must search for and deliver letters. Jeanne (Mélissa Désormeaux-Poulin) takes the task to heart, whereas Simon (Maxim Gaudette) refuses to take part in the goose chase. So Jeanne sets off to her mother's Middle Eastern homeland to start to unravel the mysterious, and tragic, past of Nawal Marwan. Soon the children learn what their mother never told them and what their father, and their brother, never knew.
For some reason the film felt incomplete to me. This has something to do with the structure of the film and how the story ultimately unfolds. Avoiding spoilers as much as possible, Jeanne sets off to uncover the mystery and then it soon seems like her journey is truncated unnecessarily. In addition, the film has many flashbacks during which Nawal's story is told. These instances felt awkward in some instances. However, the story becomes quite compelling as it seems the suffering of Nawal may know no end. The juxtaposition of Nawal's past and Jeanne and Simon's present was both jarring and inconsistent. I understand how the children may not know everything about their mother's past, but the writer/director Denis Villeneuve seems more concerned depicting the harshness of war and the life of Nawal than he does with answering a few basic questions.
In addition, the ending of the film is set up to be extremely moving emotionally, however, by the time the ending came I found it to be a bit more ridiculous than moving. The ending, in my opinion, is laughable in its attempt to leave the audience in shock and awe. I understand what Villeneuve was trying to do, but it felt ingenuine and rang false to me. I did not feel as though any of the characters, not even Nawal, were set up enough to that point for a valuable payoff. I left the film with a bunch of questions about who Jeanne and Simon where, who the notary was, and I even had a few questions as to who Nawal was.
It seems as though I am digging quite harshly on the film, when in reality I did enjoy it. The first half was a bit tedious at times, but the mystery of who Nawal Marwan was is a fascinating story and it really picks up in the second half to make for an interesting film. The film is not without its flaws, however, and that just seems to be what I chose to focus on in my discussion. There is a lot to like with Incendies. It just felt incomplete.


If you are living in your van or car for any length of time, you'll want a lockbox to secure your valuables. There are some pretty good reasons to spend $15-$20 on one of these vehicle "safes".
It's difficult to carry everything of value on your person, at all times. Maybe you are going for a quick swim and don't want to carry your wallet with you. Or you are just hanging around camp and want a safe place to secure things from casual visitors (RTR anyone?).
Safekeeping of critical medications, especially opiates (note: make sure the heat of the vehicle will not affect your medications).
Storing "emergency" money. Splitting your cash and cards between a couple locations is a good practice in case you get robbed or lose your wallet while traveling.
Hiding your weed! No, I'm not advocating you break the law, but it would be tough for someone to say they "saw something that justified the search" if it's locked in a safe. This is not legal advice, just a random thought 😉 Obviously, number 2 and number 5 do NOT mix.
A cable attaches to the lockbox and lets you get to it without having to unbolt it from the vehicle.
Every safe or lockbox is a compromise between security, accessibility, cost, and size. For me, I want space to lock up my wallet and/or my firearm, with a box of ammo. I've tried a couple different safes and I really like the SnapSafe XL which measures 10″x7″x2″. At $17 it provides a decent level of security and is affordable by almost everyone. It also comes with a cable that can be used to secure it to a seat or something else that is difficult to remove. You only need to add a padlock for the complete install.
The rear seat mounting points make a strong anchor for the box. Note, the exposed screw is for the plastic trim, not the anchor.
This safe provides a reasonable amount of space and is still small enough to conceal in the vehicle. For under $20 ($16.99 with free Amazon Prime shipping) it provides a very good level of security. They also have a combination lock model if you prefer. Just search SnapSafe on Amazon.
That's the best price I've found, with free shipping. However, you can also find them at Bass Pro Shops for about $18 to $20. If you are not an Amazon Prime member (free shipping) Bass Pro is a good option. If you do use my link, it won't cost you any extra and I will get a few cents to keep this site running.
If you do choose to buy one at Bass Pro Shops, this is the box you are looking for.
Of course, if a thief has enough time, he can defeat any amount of security. But for the casual smash and grab, or break-in, a burglar would have a tough time defeating this lock box. Unless he brought something to cut the cable (uncommon) or a set of lock picks (not something a criminal wants to be caught with), it is unlikely a thief would have time to open or steal the box.
A tight seal means it would be very difficult to get a prying device into the seam. Beneath the seam is a reinforced panel that serves two purposes. It keeps the two halves of the clamshell aligned and prevents a screwdriver from getting deep enough to do any damage.
Here, the factory floor mat covers the box for enhanced security. You can see the lock hasp, but you'd need to know what you are looking for to think it was anything of consequence.
With this arrangement, I can slide the seat forward to gain access to the lockbox from the side door. When I'm leaning over, it would be hard for anyone to see what I am doing.
Here, my bifold wallet fits neatly. The silver pin at the bottom is the cable attachment point. There is a reinforced plate to prevent it from coming out and to keep the clamshell aligned. Note: If you have strong opinions about the private ownership of firearms, I respect your opinion and will not try to change it. However, those of us that choose to be legally armed at times have a responsibility to secure a firearm when it is not on our person. The same goes for any Law Enforcement Officers that carry off-duty.
In closing, I'd say that the SnapSafe vehicle lockbox represents extraordinary value for the money. For $16 you get a way to secure your valuables that is easy for anyone to install and small enough to hide out of view. Some type of safe is a must-have for the vandweller and this one has some excellent features for the money.
*Note: You may have very strong opinions about private firearm ownership, one way or the other and I respect your opinion. Here, I'm simply stating a fact that many people DO have firearms with them and need a way to safely store them. This safe meets the TSA requirements for securing your firearm in your luggage (be sure to declare it when you check your luggage!) and meets the legal requirement for securing a firearm properly.
If you like this post, why not pin it!


3D Electric Razor is our strongest and multi-functional razor with triple blade cutting feature. It is ergonomically designed with floating head technology to get the job in one stroke. With automatic grinding technology and whole body wash, this energy efficient razor gives you superior comfort shave in every stroke.
● Floating heads: adjusts to the shape of your face thereby reduces cuts and scratches.


When you need a locksmith in Elmhurst that can do it all, call our shop! Not only can 24 Hour Elmhurst Locksmith perform a wide range of residential, commercial and automotive locksmith services, we do them all at affordable rates, too! In Elmhurst, locksmith service doesn't have to be second rate; not when our Elmhurst locksmiths get involved. We offer licensed, bonded and insured technicians, on location mobile service, round the clock emergency assistance and lots more. Whether you need a key copied, or want to convert your apartment complex over to a master key system, premium quality, affordably priced lock and key service is only moments away. Here at 24 Hour Elmhurst Locksmith, we can service all brands of locks and keys including the ones you have. We also are proud to install and service famous name hardware from Kwikset, Sentry, ASSA, Falcon, Mul-T-Lock, Primus, Marlock and many others. Our company also can provide you with every service you would ever need from a locksmith.


Here's what you'll find inside the December 2015 issue of Boys' Life magazine. Remember, many articles are exclusive to the printed magazine and are not available online.
Scouts ride and play with sled dogs at Wisconsin's Tomahawk Scout Reservation.
Gear Guy picks 7 great camping stoves.
Meet some microbes that (by human standards) live in the extreme.
Get the scoop on buying and using a trail camera.
FICTION: Elijah is out of his depth behind the controls of a boat, but his help is needed to catch the great beast. What now?
Make a Chinese puzzle by cutting a square into seven shapes that can be recombined in many different figures.
Stay Safe in the Snow: Before you go snowboarding or skiing, know your responsibilities.
Climbing a giant wall of ice is no problem with the right gear, the right level of fitness and the right state of mind.
Saving and spending can be easy if you follow a few simple tips.
Look for the regular score of comics, jokes, games, Scouts in Action, Tradin' Post and more! Only in the December 2015 issue of Boys' Life!


text:
Alphabetical Listing of Attorneys
Attorneys Listing by Office
Appellate
Fire and Explosion
Industrial Hemp - Cannabis
Insurance Subrogation
Outside General Counsel Program
Rate Charts
Blog For Business Law
Intellectual Property Library
Cannabis-Hemp Resource Guide
Inside Evans & Dixon
Ally Law
Workers' Compensation and Employers Liability
At Evans & Dixon, we made our name on the strength of our workers' compensation and employer liability practice. Seventy years later, and as the firm has grown into the full-service business law firm it is today, we remain one of the best-known workers' compensation practices in the Midwest. Our lawyers' reputation as top performers does not rest on past laurels, however — every day, we continue to successfully handle our clients' most complex and potentially costly caseloads.
We deliver innovative, industry-tailored services that manage each case cost effectively, drawing on the following key elements:
Experienced, comprehensive counsel:
With offices across Missouri, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska and Iowa, our attorneys are never far from where our clients need us. The scope of our services is equally broad, including successfully defending clients against alleged medical issues, accidents or occupational disease arising out of or during employment, along with more complex allegations of permanent total disability, temporary total disability and/or permanent partial disability.
Extensive network:
We have built key relationships with doctors, judges, court reporters, claims managers, insurance companies, third-party administrators, insurance brokers and employers, enabling us to provide cost-effective legal solutions.
Prevention through partnership and education:
Education and information are essential to preventing claims and reducing overall workers' compensation expenses. We work closely with clients to proactively manage workers' compensation programs and to create, review and improve current work-safety initiatives. We also organize tours the Division of Workers' Compensation, enabling clients meet the judges and attend proceedings.
Long Shore Harbor Act:
Evans & Dixon has developed a unique concentration defending clients in Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (LHWCA) cases. The LHWCA is a federal workers' compensation program that covers injuries that take place on or adjacent to navigable waterways — including waterways that run through or abut Missouri and nearby states — and covers workers who are engaged in maritime employments. To help clients address parallel state and federal cases that may arise out of a single injury, we provide the following services:
Educational programs and seminars on LHWCA-related issues
Assistance with LHWCA compliance
Defense of LHWCA cases at every stage
Coordination of cases under federal and state jurisdiction
Attorney Contact: Tim Tierney | 314-552-4041 | ttierney@evans-dixon.com
Through a broad range of legal disciplines, Evans & Dixon's highly skilled attorneys leverage their experience and expertise in the following practice areas to meet client objectives:
Our civil litigation team offers excellent case management experience, superior advocacy skills and deep knowledge of emerging legal and regulatory changes that can affect the outcome of a dispute.
When it comes to business litigation, the name speaks for itself: commercial and legal issues are two sides of the same coin.
Achieving the maximum returns on outstanding debts while minimizing potential risks requires persuasive skill, tenacity and a clear understanding of debt-related regulatory requirements.
Workers' Compensation Defense
At Evans & Dixon, we made our name on the strength of our workers' compensation and employer liability practice.
Our real estate industry team helps clients stay ahead of emerging legal issues and remain fully competitive in this dynamic sector of the regional and national economy.
Writing a will is just a small part in establishing a well-crafted estate plan and the attorneys of Evans & Dixon are here to guide you in all legal aspects.
Securities & M+A
The Business Law team is skilled to assess your business needs in commercial contracts, mergers and acquisitions, equity investments, business formations, and corporate governance.
According to the 2017 Verizon Data Breach Incident Report, 25% of the time security incidents involve internal attackers (e.g. employees or contractors) and 75% involve outside attackers.
From the executive suite to the factory floor, businesses are only as good as their people. It's a simple formula — but one that has become increasingly complicated by a diverse, highly mobile workforce and a complex web of federal, state and local regulations.
The U.S. healthcare industry is in the midst of a rapid, major transition from fee-for-service models to a performance- and value-based payment system.
In today's economy, every business owns creative assets that, at minimum, require protection and, at best, can be exploited to realize their full market value.
The Evans & Dixon Insurance Subrogation group's extensive experience in trials, mediation and arbitration has resulted in the recovery of hundreds of millions of dollars on behalf of insurance companies.
Evans & Dixon's real estate industry team helps publicly held and privately owned real estate ownership, development, lending and management firms stay ahead of emerging legal issues and remain fully competitive in this dynamic sector of the regional and national economy.
Successful economies — and businesses — don't just grow: they arebuilt. Our attorneys help construction industry clients build successful businesses at every step, from negotiating contracts and agreements, to identifying and developing new sources of financing, to helping resolve disputes and negotiate solutions to conflicts that may arise out of such complex projects..
Every business faces risk. But when riskisyour business, you need legal advisors with the experience, focus and legal acumen to help you balance day-to-day operational concerns, strategic initiatives and compliance with complex regulatory requirements.
The U.S. healthcare industry is in the midst of a rapid, major transition from fee-for-service models to a performance- and value-based payment system. Regulatory compliance, financial performance, patient data privacy… the list of issues and concerns can appear endless and ever-changing.
Manufacturing remains a primary driver of the national economy. This is perhaps more true in the Midwest than any other area of the country. At Evans & Dixon, the attorneys in our manufacturing team have the in-depth technical knowledge and firsthand experience necessary to provide effective, targeted legal guidance to members of this important industry.
If you or your business is facing a legal challenge that calls for sound advice and skilled representation, contact us today to arrange a free consultation with an attorney.
contact@evans-dixon.com
St. Louis,MO63102-2727
Copyright 2022 © Evans & Dixon, L.L.C. Privacy Policy Legal Disclaimer


text:
Q: Getting Forbidden when sending messages from Teams to directline in Bot We are getting forbidden message exception while sending message from Teams groups to webchat.
Seeing the below error log in Azure bot channel,
Webchat: There was an error sending this message to your bot: HTTP status code InternalServerError
Directline : There was an error sending this message to your bot: HTTP status code GatewayTimeout
Teams : Error occurred while communicating with bot
But we are able to send messages from Webchat to Teams, Teams to Teams , Teams to Emulator.
Issue only when sending message from Teams to Directline/Webchat

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Thanks to all the participants in our Sketchy Science contest at the Secret Science Club's Kickstarter party. The challenge was to draw the "Future of Science," and sketchers envisioned oversexed computers, jellyfish-powered vehicles, scientists wet-wired to their iPads, and scary robot monsters. Congratulations to our winner, Aaron Lampell!


Plastic Drum Heaters are designed to provide practical and efficient means of freeze protection, viscosity control, and ease of maintenance in elevated temperatures, which come with adjustable Velcro straps or straps with clips to ensure proper fit of larger and smaller 55 gallon drums/barrels. Wrapping the blanket around the entire drum ensures rapid and even heating. The digital thermostat with timer ensures consistent heating which will prevent under and overheating your material.
Plastic Drum Heater are designed to provide practical and efficient means of freeze protection, viscosity control, and ease of maintenance in elevated temperatures, which come with adjustable Velcro straps or straps with clips to ensure proper fit of larger and smaller 55 gallon drums/barrels. Wrapping the blanket around the entire drum ensures rapid and even heating. The digital thermostat with timer ensures consistent heating which will prevent under and overheating your material.
The blanket heater is high in energy savings when compared to a traditional silicon band heater since it insulates the entire drum and ensures minimal heat loss.
A.Thickened the thermal insulation layer make the heating blanket has better thermal insulation, and faster heating up.
B. Smoothly lied resistant wire makes the heating blanket heating Uniform.
C. High temperature resistance flame retardant fabrics are used.
D. The heating blanket is designed with connection and fixation device, by which the heating area could extend easily.
E. Different with insulation surface, the temperature tolerance of heating surface is more than 260℃.
F. The heating blanket is built in temperature control in case of burning of the heating blanket by abnormal use.
G. Several temperature probes are layout uniformly, making sure the uniform heating.
7. Large range, high power, fast heating.


text:
Tegula gruneri är en snäckart som först beskrevs av Philippi 1849.  Tegula gruneri ingår i släktet Tegula och familjen pärlemorsnäckor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Pärlemorsnäckor
gruneri

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
SimCity: Społeczności – gra komputerowa z serii SimCity, stworzona przez studio Tilted Mill Entertainment. Wydawcą jest firma Electronic Arts.

Pierwsze informacje o grze zostały opublikowane w serwisie 1Up 5 czerwca 2007. W artykule dziennikarz poinformował, że trwają prace nad kolejną częścią SimCity, ale produkcją nie zajmuje się studio Maxis (twórcy wszystkich odsłon), tylko grupa Tilted Mill Entertainment, odpowiedzialna m.in. za Cezara IV.

Koncepcja
SimCity: Społeczności nie stawia na pierwszym miejscu budowania metropolii, jak poprzednie wydania gry, lecz raczej - jak określają niektóre zachodnie serwisy o grach wideo - inżynierię społeczną. Drogi, mosty, budynki, fabryki i domy są w grze jedynie środkami, wykorzystywanymi w celu zbudowania własnego modelu społeczeństwa.

W grze zlikwidowano możliwość wyznaczania stref mieszkalnych, przemysłowych i usługowych. Teraz, w odróżnieniu od poprzednich części, gracz może w dowolnym miejscu postawić wybrany budynek. Podstawą nowego SimCity są tzw. "zasoby społeczne", tj. produktywność, dobrobyt, wiedza, władza, duchowość i kreatywność. Postawienie danego budynku przynosi zarówno korzyść w postaci punktów dla danej energii, jak i wymaga odpowiedniej liczby punktów innej energii, aby zachować równowagę.

W rezultacie w grze można stworzyć dowolny typ społeczeństwa, a wszystko zależy od stawiania odpowiednich budynków. Dzięki temu, że wirtualny burmistrz sam buduje całe miasto, może je przyporządkować do wybranego stylu (np. futurystyczna metropolia).

Odbiór
Gracze krytykowali grę głównie za uproszczenie i całkowitą zmianę sposobu rozgrywki, oraz to, że straciła całą swą dynamikę i realizm (nawet bardzo złe warunki życia w mieście nie prowadzą za sobą żadnych konsekwencji, jeśli wszystkie energie społeczne są w normie). Z recenzji w CD-Action można wyczytać, że gra jest "za prosta i wyraźnie nieprzemyślana - granie nie daje specjalnej satysfakcji" oraz że jedyne co się udało to "oprawa graficzna i dźwiękowa". Gra otrzymała tam ocenę 6/10. Średnia ocen w internecie wyniosła 63%.

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

2007 w grach komputerowych
Gry na platformę Windows
Gry wydane przez Electronic Arts
Komputerowe gry symulacyjne
Gry z serii SimCity
Gry w budowę miasta


Tire Crusher Machine for Sale (Capacity of 1-5t/h)/ Rubber Crusher . The tyre crushing machine adopts horizontal structure, overall base and stand- alone bearing, which is good for installation, commissioning and maintenance. The crushing of large waste rubber pieces are conducted in the crushing chamber of rough crusher.


text:
Dennis Ross quoted in The New York Times article, "Netanyahu and Pompeo Seek Heightened Pressure on Iran in Wake of Violent Protests"
Geopolitical Perspectives
"Dennis Ross, who helped negotiate earlier peace efforts between Israel and the Palestinians during the Clinton administration, said the United States already has robust military agreements with Israel.
"He predicted the Pentagon would be reluctant to support a formal treaty now — in part because it could be seen as a political boost to Mr. Netanyahu in a relationship that the American military wants to keep strictly professional.
"Having a formal defense treaty could also raise the appearance that the United States was complicit in Israeli military campaigns in the Middle East, like against Palestinians or Iran, Mr. Ross said. It also could pull in American resources, including troops, to come to Israel's defense if necessary, he said.
"Already, 'in any real conflict where Israel needed assistance, it's inconceivable that the United States wouldn't provide it,' Mr. Ross said…"
Julie Smith writes with Garima Mohan in The National Interest: "The Trump Administration's Indo-Pacific Strategy Needs Proof of Life"
Bridge Colby quoted in The Wall Street Journal article, "Trump Administration Considers 14,000 More Troops for Mideast"


But when you want to serve a cracker with a little more character, one that elevates the cheese and brings the pairing of cheese and crackers to a whole new level, then try one of these. It's also easy to make your own crackers.... But when you want to serve a cracker with a little more character, one that elevates the cheese and brings the pairing of cheese and crackers to a whole new level, then try one of these. It's also easy to make your own crackers.
These savoury cheese crackers are perfect to serve at any party or picnic. They are gluten free, quite simple to make and absolutely delicious. how to pass a variable to add str in c If you�ve ever walked into those food stores with all the artisan breads, cheese and that type of thing, you would have seen some fancy crackers. Wow, those crackers are so expensive! Sure, everything else in there is too but heck, crackers are so easy to make. I can�t believe they charge those prices.
Crackers, then, in my mind, don't go with about 50% of cheeses, so what sense does it make to even try to serve them? In terms of mouthfeel it's just nonsensical. Somehow, though, a soft bread works just fine with both soft and hard cheeses. Maybe it's the bread-lover in me, or perhaps it's a food paradox. how to prepare for programming interview Crackers, then, in my mind, don't go with about 50% of cheeses, so what sense does it make to even try to serve them? In terms of mouthfeel it's just nonsensical. Somehow, though, a soft bread works just fine with both soft and hard cheeses. Maybe it's the bread-lover in me, or perhaps it's a food paradox.
Place the cheese slices on a sheet pan lined with parchment paper. Bake for 10 minutes, or until the cheese firms up. Transfer to paper towels to absorb any excess oil.
I made cheese crackers about 6 mos ago and didnt blog about them but couldnt believe how easy they were and love yours. Good reminder I need to make them again! Good reminder I need to make them again!
If you�ve ever walked into those food stores with all the artisan breads, cheese and that type of thing, you would have seen some fancy crackers. Wow, those crackers are so expensive! Sure, everything else in there is too but heck, crackers are so easy to make. I can�t believe they charge those prices.
About Bacon and Cheese Crackers Recipe. A crunchy biscuit baked with mouthwatering bacon topped with cheese which is easy to make and a party favourite.


text:
Useful information about Barcelona
Getting around the city
Tourist information points
10 reasons to enjoy Barcelona's gastronomic revolution
Catalan cuisine
Barcelona's markets
Barcelona and wine
Food and wine experiences
What to visit
Religious Cultural Heritage
Sustainable Barcelona
Jewish Barcelona
Barcelona, City of the Literature
Interesting districts
Themed routes
Science trails
Day itineraries
Near Barcelona
10 reasons to get away to Barcelona this Winter
With the family
Mountain and Snow
Christmas in Barcelona
What to visit / Themed routes / Undiscovered architectural heritage route / Pavelló Mies van der Rohe
Mies van der Rohe, who is considered the father of Modern architecture, designed the German Pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona International Exhibition. Today, we can once again admire this key landmark of 20th century art and architecture as a result of the painstaking reconstruction carried out in the 1980s in Barcelona.
The Mies van der Rohe Pavilion, which is also known as the Barcelona Pavilion, is an iconic landmark of the Modern Movement and has been a source of inspiration to generations of architects. Its creator was the director of the Bauhaus, the school which changed the course of European art and design. The Pavilion is built from glass, steel, and four different types of marble (Roman travertine, green marble from the Alps, ancient green marble from Greece and golden onyx from the Atlas Mountains), which are the same types used in the original building. The importance of the Pavilion lies in the fact that its materials epitomise the ideals of modernism: perfect symmetry, open-plan spaces, precise distances and minimalism. The effect is complemented by Georg Kolbe's beautiful sculpture, entitled "Alba" (Dawn). It is strategically placed at one end of a shallow pool, its reflection visible in the water, on the marble surfaces and glass, giving the impression that it is multiplied throughout the space, while the curves and irregularities of the human form contrast with the geometrical purity of the building. The Pavilion also contains examples of the Barcelona chair, which was purpose-designed for the Pavilion by Mies van der Rohe. With its white-leather upholstery and metal frame, it has become one of the icons of modern design.
The Mies van der Rohe Foundation was set up by Barcelona City Council in 1983 to ensure the preservation of the pavilion and bring it to a wider audience. It also organises different activities throughout the year including exhibitions, cultural events, debates, lectures and congresses...
VisitBarcelona TicketsBuy tickets
www.miesbcn.com
Avinguda de Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia, 7, 08038
L1/L3-Espanya
13, 23, 46, 52, 65, 79, 91, 109, 150, 165, D20, H12, H16
CaixaForum-Pavelló Mies van der Rohe
L8/R5/R6/S4/S8/S33-Barcelona-Plaça Espanya
November-February: daily, from 10am to 6pm.
March-October: daily, from 10am to 8pm.
Occasionally the Pavilion can be closed to the public or could have limited access.
You may be also interested
Palau Baró de Quadras
Palau de la Balmesiana
Reial Acadèmia de Ciències i Arts de Barcelona
Reial Acadèmia de Farmàcia
Biblioteca Arús. Sherlock Holmes collection
Hola Barcelona Travel Card, Transport card


This stylish scarf is the perfect addition to your wardrobe—it will instantly add a polished look to everything in your closet. The Blue and Green Floral Print Scarf has a navy blue background with a beige, brown, and teal floral print throughout. It would look great paired with a fitted tee or jacket.
Details: 100% viscose. Length: 72".
You have added Blue and Green Floral Print Scarf into Wishlist.
You have added Blue and Green Floral Print Scarf for Stock Notification.
You have set Blue and Green Floral Print Scarf as a loved product.
You have removed Blue and Green Floral Print Scarf as a loved product.


text:
By JSE baseball, orioles
Were the Orioles the most improved team in baseball?
No! Despite my generally positive outlook when I posted this question back in February, and despite the wholly satisfactory last three weeks of the season, the Orioles did not win 77 games, as the CAIRO system projected, let alone go .500, as some of the more optimistic projections had it. They won 69, just three more than last year. What happened to a team that looked much better on paper than the 2010 squad?
It's pretty simple, actually. The 2011 Orioles were a bad team, but they were bad in a really different way than the 2010 Orioles. I thought the changes in the lineup looked really promising; and I was right! This year's Orioles scored almost 100 more runs, in a low-offense year. Last year they scored the second-fewest runs in the league; this year they were in the middle of the pack.
What went south, of course, was the pitching. The 2010 Orioles didn't have good pitching; they allowed the second-most runs in the league. This year's team allowed 80 runs more than that, worst in the AL by a large margin. Why didn't I see this coming? I suppose because the Orioles got a ton of innings last year pitched by guys 25 or younger. Not great innings — in many case slightly below-average innings — but adequate, major-league-level innings. Young pitchers at that level usually get a little better year by year. But ours got worse. Bergesen got worse. Arrieta got worse. Matusz, the most highly rated of them all, got a lot worse. In fact, Matusz and Tillman were bad enough to be sent down, which meant that we were giving starts to guys like Jo-Jo Reyes, another young pitcher who was mediocre before, and got worse. I don't know if it's bad luck or if there's something terribly wrong with the development process for pitchers.
Tom Scocca suggest that crappy defense is to blame when every single pitcher seems to get a little worse. That fits with the sense I got from listening to the games, but it's hard to know how big the effect was. The Orioles' BABiP against was .305; pretty high, but not enough, I think, to explain by itself why we allowed a half-run more per game.
2 thoughts on "Were the Orioles the most improved team in baseball?"
ESPN's Keith Law joked earlier this year that any pitcher that put on an Orioles uniform instantly lost 3 MPH from his fastball.
JSE says:
But then again, this: "If you're the Orioles, you have to just accept that you're going to lose 100-plus games this year," said Law, a former member of the Blue Jays organization who now writes for ESPN's Scouts Inc. "You're probably going to lose 100-plus games next year."
Which was very wrong re this year and seems very wrong re next year.


valet for clothing valet rods for closet valet rods are ideal for hanging dry cleaning your outfit for the following day or even for steaming your clothing closet valet rod valet apparel.
valet for clothing bedroom closet valet apparel.
valet for clothing italian modernist clothing valet for sale valet for mens clothing.
valet for clothing clothes valet stand for bedroom best images on coat racks and intended elegant house clothing rack clothes valet valet clothing app for men.
valet for clothing lucite clothing valet or rack for sale valet clothing app for men.
valet for clothing vintage gentlemans wooden valet stand suit clothing hanger butler organizer valet for mens clothing.
valet for clothing bedroom valet clothing applique.
valet for clothing amazing double rail personal valet rolling rack black hayneedle intended for small portable clothes rack modern valet clothing apps.
valet for clothing pret a porter a simple clothes valet with slender lines in painted steel clothes valet stand for bedroom best valet stand images on valet clothes valet stand for bedroom best valet stand images on valet stand valet regarding incredible property valet clothing rack decor clothes valet stand for.
valet for clothing man clothes valet furniture wooden stand dresser with storage tray for valet clothing app.
valet for clothing clothes cheap for clothing.
valet for clothing mate clothes valet by annalisa dominoni and benedetto quaquaro for living divani yellowtrace 01 valet app.
valet for clothing clothing valet bedroom hook valet clothing appeal.
valet for clothing noon goons valet polo shirt noon goons valet polo shirt valet clothing apparel.
valet for clothing wall mount hanger valet metal wall mounted hanger with hat rack and hook clothing valet black valet for mens clothing.
valet for clothing hold n storage over the door closet valet over the door clothes organizer rack and cheap for clothing.
valet for clothing ever since commissioning my first sports jacket and cmt my first few pairs of wool pants i have changed my washing of garment habit valet clothing appraisers.
valet for clothing clothing valet clothes furniture a of near me rod clothing valet valet appraisal.
valet for clothing valet uniform gtasa cheap for clothing.
valet for clothing spotlight rizalman for zalora jovian mandagie on fashion valet jovianm jovianm.
valet for clothing dressed up mens holiday outfits how i made it wall mounted clothing planning system a designer at diyclothingvaletwallmountedoutfitplanningdo.
valet for clothing mens clothes valet wall mounted clothes valet beautiful furniture stylish design valet chair for stunning home mens clothes valet cheap for clothing.
valet for clothing previous valet clothing app for women.
valet for clothing get him an inroom clothes butler valet stand for men this metal and wood clothes valet clothing appeal.
valet for clothing nice clothes valet steel pipe and wood base i will valet clothing apps.
valet for clothing valet clothing appeal.


text:
Exploring the Role of Prior Beliefs for Argument Persuasion
by Esin Durmus, et al.
Public debate forums provide a common platform for exchanging opinions on a topic of interest. While recent studies in natural language processing (NLP) have provided empirical evidence that the language of the debaters and their patterns of interaction play a key role in changing the mind of a reader, research in psychology has shown that prior beliefs can affect our interpretation of an argument and could therefore constitute a competing alternative explanation for resistance to changing one's stance. To study the actual effect of language use vs. prior beliefs on persuasion, we provide a new dataset and propose a controlled setting that takes into consideration two reader level factors: political and religious ideology. We find that prior beliefs affected by these reader level factors play a more important role than language use effects and argue that it is important to account for them in NLP studies of persuasion.
READ FULL TEXT VIEW PDF
Esin Durmus
Claire Cardie
Towards Understanding Persuasion in Computational Argumentation
Opinion formation and persuasion in argumentation are affected by three ...
Esin Durmus, et al. ∙
Exhaustivity and anti-exhaustivity in the RSA framework: Testing the effect of prior beliefs
During communication, the interpretation of utterances is sensitive to a...
Alexandre Cremers, et al. ∙
Exploring the Role of Argument Structure in Online Debate Persuasion
Online debate forums provide users a platform to express their opinions ...
Jialu Li, et al. ∙
Assessing Developer Beliefs: A Reply to "Perceptions, Expectations, and Challenges in Defect Prediction"
It can be insightful to extend qualitative studies with a secondary quan...
Shrikanth N. C., et al. ∙
Strategic Argumentation Dialogues for Persuasion: Framework and Experiments Based on Modelling the Beliefs and Concerns of the Persuadee
Persuasion is an important and yet complex aspect of human intelligence....
Emmanuel Hadoux, et al. ∙
The Moral Debater: A Study on the Computational Generation of Morally Framed Arguments
An audience's prior beliefs and morals are strong indicators of how like...
Milad Alshomary, et al. ∙
Echo Chambers Exist! (But They're Full of Opposing Views)
The theory of echo chambers, which suggests that online political discus...
Jonathan Bright, et al. ∙
Public debate forums provide to participants a common platform for expressing their point of view on a topic; they also present to participants the different sides of an argument. The latter can be particularly important: awareness of divergent points of view allows one, in theory, to make a fair and informed decision about an issue; and exposure to new points of view can furthermore possibly persuade a reader to change his overall stance on a topic.
Research in natural language processing (NLP) has begun to study persuasive writing and the role of language in persuasion. tan2016winning and zhang2016conversational, for example, have shown that the language of opinion holders or debaters and their patterns of interaction play a key role in changing the mind of a reader. At the same time, research in psychology has shown that prior beliefs can affect our interpretation of an argument even when the argument consists of numbers and empirical studies that would seemingly belie misinterpretation Lord et al. (1979); Vallone et al. (1985); Chambliss and Garner (1996) .
We hypothesize that studying the actual effect of language on persuasion will require a more controlled experimental setting — one that takes into account any potentially confounding user-level (i.e., reader-level) factors111Variables that affect both the dependent and independent variables causing misleading associations. that could cause a person to change, or keep a person from changing, his opinion. In this paper we study one such type of factor: the prior beliefs of the reader as impacted by their political or religious ideology. We adopt this focus since it has been shown that ideologies play an important role for an individual when they form beliefs about controversial topics, and potentially affect how open the individual is to being persuaded (Stout and Buddenbaum, 1996; Goren, 2005; Croucher and Harris, 2012) .
We first present a dataset of online debates that enables us to construct the setting described above in which we can study the effect of language on persuasion while taking into account selected user-level factors. In addition to the text of the debates, the dataset contains a multitude of background information on the users of the debate platform. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first publicly available dataset of debates that simultaneously provides such comprehensive information about the debates, the debaters and those voting on the debates.
With the dataset in hand, we then propose the novel task of studying persuasion (1) at the level of individual users, and (2) in a setting that can control for selected user-level factors, in our case, the prior beliefs associated with the political or religious ideology of the debaters and voters. In particular, previous studies focus on predicting the winner of a debate based on the cumulative change in pre-debate vs. post-debate votes for the opposing sides Zhang et al. (2016); Potash and Rumshisky (2017) . In contrast, we aim to predict which debater an individual user (i.e., reader of the debate) perceives as more successful, given their stated political and religious ideology.
Finally, we identify which features appear to be most important for persuasion, considering the selected user-level factors as well as the more traditional linguistic features associated with the language of the debate itself. We hypothesize that the effect of political and religious ideology will be stronger when the debate topic is Politics and Religion, respectively. To test this hypothesis, we experiment with debates on only Politics or only Religion vs. debates from all topics including Music, Health, Arts, etc.
Our main finding is that prior beliefs associated with the selected user-level factors play a larger role than linguistic features when predicting the successful debater in a debate. In addition, the effect of these factors varies according to the topic of the debate topic. The best performance, however, is achieved when we rely on features extracted from user-level factors in conjunction with linguistic features derived from the debate text. Finally, we find that the set of linguistic features that emerges as the most predictive changes when we control for user-level factors (political and religious ideology) vs. when we do not, showing the importance of accounting for these factors when studying the effect of language on persuasion.
In the remainder of the paper, we describe the debate dataset (Section 2) and the prediction task (Section 3) followed by the experimental results and analysis (Section 4), related work (Section 5) and conclusions (Section 6).
For this study, we collected 67,315 debates from debate.org222www.debate.org from 23 different topic categories including Politics, Religion, Health, Science and Music333The dataset will be made publicly available at http://www.cs.cornell.edu/ esindurmus/.. In addition to text of the debates, we collected 198,759 votes from the readers of these debates. Votes evaluate different dimensions of the debate.
To study the effect of user characteristics, we collected user information for 36,294 different users. Aspects of the dataset most relevant to our task are explained in the following section in more detail.
2.1 Debates
Debate rounds. Each debate consists of a sequence of rounds in which two debaters from opposing sides (one is supportive of the claim (i.e., pro) and the other is against the claim (i.e., con)) provide their arguments. Each debater has a single chance in a round to make his points. Figure 1 shows an example round 1 for the debate claim "Preschool Is A Waste Of Time". The number of rounds in debates ranges from 1 to 5 and the majority of debates (61,474 out of 67,315) contain 3 or more rounds.
Figure 1: round 1 for the debate claim "Preschool Is A Waste Of Time".
Votes. All users in the debate.org community can vote on debates. As shown in Figure 2, voters share their stances on the debate topic before and after the debate and evaluate the debaters' conduct, their spelling and grammar, the convincingness of their arguments and the reliability of the sources they refer to. For each such dimension, voters have the option to choose one of the debaters as better or indicate a tie. This fine-grained voting system gives a glimpse into the reasoning behind the voters' decisions.
Figure 2: An example post-debate vote. Convincingness of arguments contributes to the total points the most.
2.1.1 Determining the successful debater
There are two alternate criteria for determining the successful debater in a debate. Our experiments consider both.
Criterion 1: Argument quality. As shown in Figure 2, debaters get points for each dimension of the debate. The most important dimension — in that it contributes most to the point total — is making convincing arguments. debate.org uses Criterion 1 to determine the winner of a debate.
Criterion 2: Convinced voters. Since voters share their stances before and after the debate, the debater who convinces more voters to change their stance is declared as the winner.
2.2 User information
On debate.org, each user has the option to share demographic and private state information such as their age, gender, ethnicity, political ideology, religious ideology, income level, education level, the president and the political party they support. Beyond that, we have access to information about their activities on the website such as their overall success rate of winning debates, the debates they participated in as a debater or voter, and their votes. An example of a user profile is shown in Figure 3.
Opinions on the big issues. debate.org maintains a list of the most controversial debate topics as determined by the editors of the website. These are referred to as big issues.444http://www.debate.org/big-issues/ Each user shares his stance on each big issue on his profile (see Figure 3): either pro (in favor), con (against), n/o (no opinion), n/s (not saying) or und (undecided).
Figure 3: An example of a (partial) user profile.
Top right: Some of the big issues on which the user shares his opinion are included. The user is against (con) abortion and gay marriage and in favor of (pro) the death penalty.
Figure 4: The correlations among argument quality dimensions.
3 Prediction task: which debater will be declared as more successful by an individual voter?
In this section, we first analyze which dimensions of argument quality are the most important for determining the successful debater. Then, we analyze whether there is any connection between selected user-level factors and users' opinions on the big issues to see if we can infer their opinions from these factors. Finally, using our findings from these analyses, we perform the task of predicting which debater will be perceived as more successful by an individual voter.
3.1 Relationships between argument quality dimensions
Figure 4 shows the correlation between pairs of voting dimensions (in the first 8 rows and columns) and the correlation of each dimension with (1) getting more points (row or column 9) and (2) convincing more people as a debater (final row or column). Abbreviations stand for (on the con side): has better conduct (cbc), makes more convincing arguments (cca), uses more reliable sources (crs), has better spelling and grammar (cbsg), gets more total points (cmtp) and convinces more voters (ccmv). For the pro side we use pbc, pca, and so on.
From Figure 4, we can see that making more convincing arguments (cca) correlates the most with total points (cmtp) and convincing more voters (ccmv). This analysis motivates us to identify the linguistic features that are indicators of more convincing arguments.
3.2 The relationship between a user's opinions on the big issues and their prior beliefs
We disentangle different aspects of a person's prior beliefs to understand how well each correlates with their opinions on the big issues. As noted earlier, we focus here only on prior beliefs in the form of self-identified political and religious ideology.
Representing the big issues. To represent the opinions of a user on a big issue
, we use a four-dimensional one-hot encoding where the indices of the vector correspond to
pro, con, n/o (no opinion), and und (undecided), consecutively (1 if the user chooses that value for the issue, 0 otherwise). Note that we do not have a representation for n/s since we eliminate users having n/s for at least one big issue for this study. We then concatenate the vector for each big issue to get a representation for a user's stance on all the big issues as shown in Figure 5. We denote this vector by BigIssues.
Figure 5: The representation of the BigIssues vector derived by this user's decisions on big issues. Here, the user is con for abortion and affirmative action issues and pro for the welfare issue.
We test the correlation between the individual's opinions on big issues and the selected user-level factors in this study using two different approaches: clustering and classification.
(a) liberal vs. conservative
(b) atheist vs. christian.
Figure 6: PCA representation of decisions on big issues color-coded with political and religious ideology. We see more distinctive clusters for conservative vs. liberal users suggesting that people's opinions are more correlated with their political ideology.
Clustering the users' decisions on big issues. We apply PCA on the BigIssues vectors of users who identified themselves as conservative vs. liberal (740 users). We do the same for the users who identified themselves as atheist vs. christian (1501 users). In Figure 6, we see that there are distinctive clusters of conservative vs. liberal users in the two-dimensional representation while for atheist vs. christian, the separation is not as distinct. This suggests that people's opinions on the big issues identified by debate.org correlate more with their political ideology than their religious ideology.
Classification approach. We also treat this as a classification task555
For all the classification tasks described in this paper, we experiment with logistic regression, optimizing the regularizer (
ℓ1 or ℓ2) and the regularization parameter C (between 10−5 and 105). using the BigIssues vectors for each user as features and the user's religious and political ideology as the labels to be predicted. So the classification task is: Given the user's BigIssues vector, predict his political and religious ideology. Table 1 shows the accuracy for each case. We see that using the BigIssues vectors as features performs significantly better666We performed the McNemar significance test. than majority baseline777The majority class baseline predicts conservative for political and christian for religious ideology for each example, respectively..
Prior belief type
BigIssues
Religious Ideology
Table 1: Accuracy using majority baseline vs. BigIssues vectors as features.
This analysis shows that there is a clear relationship between people's opinions on the big issues and the selected user-level factors. It raises the question of whether it is even possible to persuade someone with prior beliefs relevant to a debate claim to change their stance on the issue. It may be the case that people prefer to agree with the individuals having the same (or similar) beliefs regardless of the quality of the arguments and the particular language used. Therefore, it is important to understand the relative effect of prior beliefs vs. argument strength on persuasion.
3.3 Task descriptions
Some of the previous work in NLP on persuasion focuses on predicting the winner of a debate as determined by the change in the number of people supporting each stance before and after the debate Zhang et al. (2016); Potash and Rumshisky (2017) . However, we believe that studies of the effect of language on persuasion should take into account other, extra-linguistic, factors that can affect opinion change: in particular, we propose an experimental framework for studying the effect of language on persuasion that aims to control for the prior beliefs of the reader as denoted through their self-identified political and religious ideologies. As a result, we study a more fine-grained prediction task: for an individual voter, predict which side/debater/argument the voter will declare as the winner.
User-based features
Opinion similarity. For userA and userB
, the cosine similarity of
BigIssuesuserA and BigIssuesuserB.
Matching features. For userA and userB, 1 if userAf==userBf, 0 otherwise where f ∈ {political ideology, religious ideology}. We denote these features as matching political ideology and matching religious ideology.
Linguistic features Description
Length. Number of tokens.
Tf-idf. Unigram, bigram and trigram features.
Referring to the opponent. Whether the debater refers to their opponent using words or phrases like "opponent, my opponent".
Politeness cues. Whether the text includes any signs of politeness such as "thank" and "welcome".
Showing evidence. Whether the text has any signs of citing any other sources (e.g., phrases like "according to"), or quotation.
Sentiment. Average sentiment polarity.
Subjectivity Wilson et al. (2005) .
Number of words with negative strong, negative weak, positive strong, and positive weak subjectivity.
Swear words. # of swear words.
Connotation score Feng and Hirst (2011) . Average # of words with positive, negative and neutral connotation.
Personal pronouns. Usage of first, second, and third person pronouns.
Modal verbs. Usage of modal verbs.
Argument lexicon features.
Somasundaran et al. (2007) . # of phrases corresponding to different argumentation styles.
Spelling. # of spelling errors.
Links. # of links.
Numbers. # of numbers.
Exclamation marks. # of exclamation marks.
Questions. # of questions.
Table 2: Feature descriptions
Task 1 : Controlling for religious ideology. In the first task, we control for religious ideology by selecting debates for which each of the two debaters is from a different religious ideology (e.g., debater 1 is atheist, debater 2 is christian). In addition, we consider only voters that (a) self-identify with one of these religious ideologies (e.g., the voter is either atheist or christian) and (b) changed their stance on the debate claim post-debate vs. pre-debate. For each such voter, we want to predict which of the pro-side debater or the con-side debater did the convincing. Thus, in this task, we use Criterion 2 to determine the winner of the debate from the point of view of the voter. Our hypothesis is that the voter will be convinced by the debater that espouses the religious ideology of the voter.
In this setting, we can study the factors that are important for a particular voter to be convinced by a debater. This setting also provides an opportunity to understand how the voters who change their minds perceive arguments from a debater who is expressing the same vs. the opposing prior belief.
To study the effect of the debate topic, we perform this study for two cases — debates belonging to the Religion category and then all the categories. The Religion category contains debates like "Is the Bible against women's rights?" and "Religious theories should not be taught in school". We want to see how strongly a user's religious ideology affects the persuasive effect of language in such a topic as compared to the all topics. We expect to see stronger effects of prior beliefs for debates on Religion.
Task 2: Controlling for political ideology. Similar to the setting described above, Task 2 controls for political ideology. In particular, we only use debates where the two debaters are from different political ideologies (conservative vs. liberal). In contrast to Task 1, we consider all voters that self-identify with one of the two debater ideologies (regardless of whether the voter's stance changed post-debate vs. pre-debate). This time, we predict whether the voter gives more total points to the pro side or the con side argument. Thus, Task 2 uses Criterion 1 to determine the winner of the debate from the point of view of the voter. Our hypothesis is that the voter will assign more points to the debater that has the same political ideology as the voter.
For this task too, we perform the study for two cases — debates from the Politics category only and debates from all categories. And we expect to see stronger effects of prior beliefs for debates on Politics.
The features we use in our model are shown in Table 2. They can be divided into two groups — features that describe the prior beliefs of the users and linguistic features of the arguments themselves.
We use the cosine similarities between the voter and each of the debaters' big issue vectors. These features give a good approximation of the overall similarity of two user's opinions. Second, we use indicator features to encode whether the religious and political beliefs of the voter match those of each of the debaters.
Linguistic features
We extract linguistic features separately for both the pro and con side of the debate (combining all the utterances of pro across different turns and doing the same for con). Table 2 contains a list of these features. It includes features that carry information about the style of the language (e.g., usage of modal verbs, length, punctuation), represent different semantic aspects of the argument (e.g., showing evidence, connotation (Feng and Hirst, 2011) , subjectivity (Wilson et al., 2005) , sentiment, swear word features) as well as features that convey different argumentation styles (argument lexicon features (Somasundaran and Wiebe, 2010) . Argument lexicon features include the counts for the phrases that match with the regular expressions of argumentation styles such as assessment, authority, conditioning, contrasting, emphasizing, generalizing, empathy, inconsistency, necessity, possibility, priority, rhetorical questions, desire, and difficulty. We then concatenate these features to get a single feature representation for the entire debate.
4 Results and Analysis
For each of the tasks, prediction accuracy is evaluated using 5-fold cross validation. We pick the model parameters for each split with 3-fold cross validation on the training set. We do ablation for each of user-based and linguistic features. We report the results for the feature sets that perform better than the baseline.
We perform analysis by training logistic regression models using only user-based features, only linguistic features and finally combining user-based and linguistic features for both the tasks.
Majority 56.10%
Matching religious ideology 65.37 %
Personal pronouns 57.00 %
Connotation 61.26 %
All two features above 65.37 %
User-based+linguistic features
user*+ Personal pronouns 65.37%
user*+ Connotation 66.42%
user*+ language* 64.37%
Table 3: Results for Task 1 for debates in category Religion. user* represents the best performing combination of user-based features. language* represents the best performing combination of linguistic features. Since using linguistic features only would give the same prediction for all voters in a debate, the maximum accuracy that can be achieved using language features only is 92.86%.
Task 1 for debates in category Religion. As shown in Table 3, the majority baseline (predicting the winner side of the majority of training examples out of pro or con) gets 56.10% accuracy. User features alone perform significantly better than the majority baseline. The most important user-based feature is matching religious ideology. This means it is very likely that people change their views in favor of a debater with the same religious ideology. In a linguistic-only features analysis, combination of the personal pronouns and connotation features emerge as most important and also perform significantly better than the majority baseline at 65.37% accuracy. When we use both user-based and linguistic features to predict, the accuracy improves to 66.42% with connotation features. An interesting observation is that including the user-based features along with the linguistic features changes the set of important linguistic features for persuasion removing the personal pronouns from the important linguistic features set. This shows the importance of studying potentially confounding user-level factors.
Matching religious ideology+
Opinion similarity
Length 888This linguistic feature is the one achieving the best performance. 61.01 %
user* + Length 64.56 %
user*+ Length
+ Exclamation marks
Table 4: Results for Task 1 for debates in all categories. The maximum accuracy that can be achieved using language features only is 95.77%.
Task 1 for debates in all categories. As shown in Table 4, for the experiments with user-based features only, matching religious ideology and opinion similarity features are the most important. For this task, length is the most predictive linguistic feature and can achieve significant improvement over the baseline (61.01%). When we combine the language features with user-based features, we see that with exclamation mark the accuracy improves to (65.74%).
Task 2 for debates in category Politics. As shown in Table 5, using user-based features only, the matching political ideology feature performs the best (80.40%). Linguistic features (refer to Table 5 for the full list) alone, however, can still obtain significantly better accuracy than the baseline (59.60%). The most important linguistic features include approval, politeness, modal verbs, punctuation and argument lexicon features such as rhetorical questions and emphasizing. When combining this linguistic feature set with the matching political ideology feature, we see that with the accuracy improves to (81.81%). Length feature does not give any improvement when it is combined with the user features.
Opinion similarity 80.00 %
Matching political ideology 80.40 %
Length 57.37 %
linguistic feature set 59.60 %
user*+ linguistic feature set 81.81%
Table 5: Results for Task 2 for debates in category Politics. The maximum accuracy that can be achieved using linguistic features only is 75.35%. The linguistic feature set includes rhetorical questions, emphasizing, approval, exclamation mark, questions, politeness, referring to opponent, showing evidence, modals, links, and numbers as features.
Opinion similarity 73.96%
Length 56.88%
Politeness 55.00%
Modal verbs 52.32%
Tf-idf features 52.89 %
user*+ Length 74.53%
user*+ Tf-idf 74.13%
+ Tf-idf
Table 6: Results for Task 2 for debates in all categories. The maximum accuracy that can be achieved using linguistic features only is 74.53%.
Task 2 for debates in all categories. As shown in Table 6, when we include all categories, we see that the best performing user-based feature is the opinion similarity feature (73.96%). When using language features only, length feature (56.88%) is the most important. For this setting, the best accuracy is achieved when we combine user features with length and Tf-idf features. We see that the set of language features that improve the performance of user-based features do not include some of that perform significantly better than the baseline when used alone (modal verbs and politeness features).
5 Related Work
Below we provide an overview of related work from the multiple disciplines that study persuasion.
Argumentation mining. Although most recent work on argumentation has focused on identifying the structure of arguments and extracting argument components Persing and Ng (2015); Palau and Moens (2009); Biran and Rambow (2011); Mochales and Moens (2011); Feng and Hirst (2011); Stab and Gurevych (2014); Lippi and Torroni (2015); Park and Cardie (2014); Nguyen and Litman (2015); Peldszus and Stede (2015); Niculae et al. (2017); Rosenthal and McKeown (2015) , more relevant is research on identifying the characteristics of persuasive text, e.g., what distinguishes persuasive from non-persuasive text Tan et al. (2016); Zhang et al. (2016); Wachsmuth et al. (2016); Habernal and Gurevych (2016a, b); Fang et al. (2016); Hidey et al. (2017) . Similar to these, our work aims to understand the characteristics of persuasive text but also considers the effect of people's prior beliefs.
Persuasion. There has been a tremendous amount of research effort in the social sciences (including computational social science) to understand the characteristics of persuasive text Kelman (1961); Burgoon et al. (1975); Chaiken (1987); Tykocinskl et al. (1994); Chambliss and Garner (1996); Dillard and Pfau (2002); Cialdini (2007); Durik et al. (2008); Tan et al. (2014); Marquart and Naderer (2016) . Most relevant among these is the research of tan2016winning, habernal2016makes and hidey-EtAl:2017:ArgumentMining. tan2016winning focused on the effect of user interaction dynamics and language features looking at the ChangeMyView999https://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/
(an internet forum) community on Reddit and found that user interaction patterns as well as linguistic features are connected to the success of persuasion. In contrast, habernal2016makes created a crowd-sourced corpus consisting of argument pairs and, given a pair of arguments, asked annotators which is more convincing. This allowed them to experiment with different features and machine learning techniques for persuasion prediction. Taking motivation from Aristotle's definition for modes of persuasion, hidey-EtAl:2017:ArgumentMining annotated claims and premises extracted from the ChangeMyView community with their semantic types to study if certain semantic types or different combinations of semantic types appear in persuasive but not in non-persuasive essays. In contrast to the above, our work focuses on persuasion in debates than monologues and forum datasets and accounts for the user-based features.
Persuasion in debates. Debates are another resource for studying the different aspects of persuasive arguments. Different from monologues where the audience is exposed to only one side of the opinions about an issue, debates allow the audience to see both sides of a particular issue via a controlled discussion. There has been some work on argumentation and persuasion on online debates. sridhar2015joint, somasundaran2010recognizing and hasan2014you, for example, studied detecting and modeling stance on online debates. zhang2016conversational found that the side that can adapt to their opponents' discussion points over the course of the debate is more likely to be the winner. None of these studies investigated the role of prior beliefs in stance detection or persuasion.
User effects in persuasion. Persuasion is not independent from the characteristics of the people to be persuaded. Research in psychology has shown that people have biases in the ways they interpret the arguments they are exposed to because of their prior beliefs Lord et al. (1979); Vallone et al. (1985); Chambliss and Garner (1996) . Understanding the effect of persuasion strategies on people, the biases people have and the effect of prior beliefs of people on their opinion change has been an active area of research interest Correll et al. (2004); Hullett (2005); Petty et al. (1981) . eagly1975attribution, for instance, found that the attractiveness of the communicator plays an important role in persuasion. Work in this area could be relevant for the future work on modeling shared characteristics between the user and the debaters. To the best of our knowledge, lukin2017argument is the most relevant work to ours since they consider features of the audience on persuasion. In particular, they studied the effect of an individual's personality features (open, agreeable, extrovert, neurotic, etc.) on the type of argument (factual vs. emotional) they find more persuasive. Our work differs from this work since we study debates and in our setting the voters can see the debaters' profiles as well as all the interactions between the two sides of the debate rather than only being exposed to a monologue. Finally, we look at different types of user profile information such as a user's religious and ideological beliefs and their opinions on various topics.
In this work we provide a new dataset of debates and a more controlled setting to study the effects of prior belief on persuasion. The dataset we provide and the framework we propose open several avenues for future research. One could explore the effect different aspects of people's background (e.g., gender, education level, ethnicity) on persuasion. Furthermore, it would be interesting to study how people's prior beliefs affect their other activities on the website and the language they use while interacting with people with the same and different prior beliefs. Finally, one could also try to understand in what aspects and how the language people with different prior beliefs/backgrounds use is different. These different directions would help people better understand characteristics of persuasive arguments and the effects of prior beliefs in language.
This work was supported in part by NSF grant SES-1741441 and DARPA DEFT Grant FA8750- 13-2-0015. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of NSF, DARPA or the U.S. Government. We thank Yoav Artzi, Faisal Ladhak, Amr Sharaf, Tianze Shi, Ashudeep Singh and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback. We also thank the Cornell NLP group for their insightful comments.
Biran and Rambow (2011) Or Biran and Owen Rambow. 2011. Identifying justifications in written dialogs. In Semantic Computing (ICSC), 2011 Fifth IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, pages 162–168.
Burgoon et al. (1975) Michael Burgoon, Stephen B Jones, and Diane Stewart. 1975. Toward a message-centered theory of persuasion: Three empirical investigations of language intensity1. Human Communication Research 1(3):240–256.
Chaiken (1987) Shelly Chaiken. 1987.
The heuristic model of persuasion.
In Social influence: the ontario symposium. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, volume 5, pages 3–39.
Chambliss and Garner (1996) Marilyn J. Chambliss and Ruth Garner. 1996. Do adults change their minds after reading persuasive text? Written Communication 13(3):291–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088396013003001.
Cialdini (2007) Robert B. Cialdini. 2007. Influence: The psychology of persuasion.
Correll et al. (2004) Joshua Correll, Steven J Spencer, and Mark P Zanna. 2004. An affirmed self and an open mind: Self-affirmation and sensitivity to argument strength. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 40(3):350–356.
Croucher and Harris (2012) S.M. Croucher and T.M. Harris. 2012. Religion and Communication: An Anthology of Extensions in Theory, Research, and Method. Peter Lang. https://books.google.com/books?id=CTfpugAACAAJ.
Dillard and Pfau (2002) James Price Dillard and Michael Pfau. 2002. The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice. Sage Publications.
Durik et al. (2008) Amanda M Durik, M Anne Britt, Rebecca Reynolds, and Jennifer Storey. 2008. The effects of hedges in persuasive arguments: A nuanced analysis of language. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 27(3):217–234.
Eagly and Chaiken (1975) Alice H Eagly and Shelly Chaiken. 1975. An attribution analysis of the effect of communicator characteristics on opinion change: The case of communicator attractiveness. Journal of personality and social psychology 32(1):136.
Fang et al. (2016) Hao Fang, Hao Cheng, and Mari Ostendorf. 2016. Learning latent local conversation modes for predicting community endorsement in online discussions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.04808 .
Feng and Hirst (2011) Vanessa Wei Feng and Graeme Hirst. 2011. Classifying arguments by scheme. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies-Volume 1. Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 987–996.
Goren (2005) Paul Goren. 2005. Party identification and core political values. American Journal of Political Science 49(4):881–896. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00161.x.
Habernal and Gurevych (2016a) Ivan Habernal and Iryna Gurevych. 2016a. What makes a convincing argument? empirical analysis and detecting attributes of convincingness in web argumentation. In EMNLP. pages 1214–1223.
Habernal and Gurevych (2016b) Ivan Habernal and Iryna Gurevych. 2016b. Which argument is more convincing? analyzing and predicting convincingness of web arguments using bidirectional lstm. In ACL (1).
Hasan and Ng (2014) Kazi Saidul Hasan and Vincent Ng. 2014. Why are you taking this stance? identifying and classifying reasons in ideological debates. In EMNLP. volume 14, pages 751–762.
Hidey et al. (2017) Christopher Hidey, Elena Musi, Alyssa Hwang, Smaranda Muresan, and Kathy McKeown. 2017. Analyzing the semantic types of claims and premises in an online persuasive forum. In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining. Association for Computational Linguistics, Copenhagen, Denmark, pages 11–21. http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-5102.
Hullett (2005) Craig R Hullett. 2005. The impact of mood on persuasion: A meta-analysis. Communication Research 32(4):423–442.
Kelman (1961) Herbert C Kelman. 1961. Processes of opinion change. Public opinion quarterly 25(1):57–78.
Lippi and Torroni (2015) Marco Lippi and Paolo Torroni. 2015. Context-independent claim detection for argument mining. http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/IJCAI/IJCAI15/paper/view/10942.
Lord et al. (1979) Charles G Lord, Lee Ross, and Mark R Lepper. 1979. Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of personality and social psychology 37(11):2098.
Lukin et al. (2017) Stephanie M Lukin, Pranav Anand, Marilyn Walker, and Steve Whittaker. 2017. Argument strength is in the eye of the beholder : Audience effects in persuasion. arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.09085 .
Marquart and Naderer (2016) Franziska Marquart and Brigitte Naderer. 2016. Communication and Persuasion: Central and Peripheral Routes to Attitude Change, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, pages 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-09923-7_20.
Mochales and Moens (2011) Raquel Mochales and Marie-Francine Moens. 2011. Argumentation mining. Artificial Intelligence and Law 19(1):1–22.
Nguyen and Litman (2015) Huy Nguyen and Diane Litman. 2015. Extracting argument and domain words for identifying argument components in texts. In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining. Association for Computational Linguistics, Denver, CO, pages 22–28. http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W15-0503.
Niculae et al. (2017) Vlad Niculae, Joonsuk Park, and Claire Cardie. 2017. Argument mining with structured svms and rnns. In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 985–995. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P17-1091.
Palau and Moens (2009) Raquel Mochales Palau and Marie-Francine Moens. 2009. Argumentation mining: the detection, classification and structure of arguments in text. In Proceedings of the 12th international conference on artificial intelligence and law. ACM, pages 98–107.
Park and Cardie (2014) Joonsuk Park and Claire Cardie. 2014. Identifying appropriate support for propositions in online user comments. In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining. Association for Computational Linguistics, Baltimore, Maryland, pages 29–38. http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W14/W14-2105.
Peldszus and Stede (2015) Andreas Peldszus and Manfred Stede. 2015. Joint prediction in mst-style discourse parsing for argumentation mining. In Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, Lisbon, Portugal, pages 938–948. http://aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1110.
Persing and Ng (2015) Isaac Persing and Vincent Ng. 2015. Modeling argument strength in student essays. In Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing, ACL 2015, July 26-31, 2015, Beijing, China, Volume 1: Long Papers. pages 543–552. http://aclweb.org/anthology/P/P15/P15-1053.pdf.
Petty et al. (1981) Richard E Petty, John T Cacioppo, and Rachel Goldman. 1981. Personal involvement as a determinant of argument-based persuasion. Journal of personality and social psychology 41(5):847.
Potash and Rumshisky (2017) Peter Potash and Anna Rumshisky. 2017. Towards debate automation: a recurrent model for predicting debate winners. In Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. pages 2455–2465.
Rosenthal and McKeown (2015) Sara Rosenthal and Kathy McKeown. 2015. I couldn't agree more: The role of conversational structure in agreement and disagreement detection in online discussions. In SIGDIAL Conference. pages 168–177.
Somasundaran et al. (2007) Swapna Somasundaran, Josef Ruppenhofer, and Janyce Wiebe. 2007. Detecting arguing and sentiment in meetings. In Proceedings of the SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue. volume 6.
Somasundaran and Wiebe (2010) Swapna Somasundaran and Janyce Wiebe. 2010. Recognizing stances in ideological on-line debates. In Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text. Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 116–124.
Sridhar et al. (2015) Dhanya Sridhar, James Foulds, Bert Huang, Lise Getoor, and Marilyn Walker. 2015. Joint models of disagreement and stance in online debate. In Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers). volume 1, pages 116–125.
Stab and Gurevych (2014) Christian Stab and Iryna Gurevych. 2014. Annotating argument components and relations in persuasive essays. In Proceedings of COLING 2014, the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers. Dublin City University and Association for Computational Linguistics, Dublin, Ireland, pages 1501–1510. http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C14-1142.
Stout and Buddenbaum (1996) D.A. Stout and J.M. Buddenbaum. 1996. Religion and mass media: audiences and adaptations. Sage Publications. https://books.google.com/books?id=V4cKAQAAMAAJ.
Tan et al. (2014) Chenhao Tan, Lillian Lee, and Bo Pang. 2014. The effect of wording on message propagation: Topic-and author-controlled natural experiments on twitter. arXiv preprint arXiv:1405.1438 .
Tan et al. (2016) Chenhao Tan, Vlad Niculae, Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, and Lillian Lee. 2016. Winning arguments: Interaction dynamics and persuasion strategies in good-faith online discussions. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web. International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, pages 613–624.
Tykocinskl et al. (1994) Orit Tykocinskl, E Tory Higgins, and Shelly Chaiken. 1994. Message framing, self-discrepancies, and yielding to persuasive messages: The motivational significance of psychological situations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20(1):107–115.
Vallone et al. (1985) Robert P Vallone, Lee Ross, and Mark R Lepper. 1985. The hostile media phenomenon: biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the beirut massacre. Journal of personality and social psychology 49(3):577.
Wachsmuth et al. (2016) Henning Wachsmuth, Khalid Al Khatib, and Benno Stein. 2016. Using argument mining to assess the argumentation quality of essays. In COLING. pages 1680–1691.
Wilson et al. (2005) Theresa Wilson, Janyce Wiebe, and Paul Hoffmann. 2005.
Recognizing contextual polarity in phrase-level sentiment analysis.
In Proceedings of the conference on human language technology and empirical methods in natural language processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 347–354.
Zhang et al. (2016) Justine Zhang, Ravi Kumar, Sujith Ravi, and Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil. 2016. Conversational flow in oxford-style debates. arXiv preprint arXiv:1604.03114 .


RYANAIR'S plans to create 5,000 jobs and open up 20 routes out of Birmingham International Airport have been welcomed by business leaders in Coventry and Warwick-shire.
RYANAIR'S plans to create 5,000 jobs and open up 20 routes out of Birmingham International Airport have been welcomed by business leaders in Coventry and Warwick-shire.
The budget airline yesterday announced it had chosen the Midlands airport as its 25th European base Twenty routes out of Birmingham have been scheduled to destinations including Portugal, Slovakia and Norway.
Airline boss Michael O'Leary said: "Ryanair's £700million investment in Birmingham will bring with it a significant increase in European visitors and jobs for the West Midlands."
The investment was welcomed at Coventry Airport, at Baginton, where Thomsonfly also runs low cost flights to Europe.
Coventry Airport boss Chris Orphanou said: "We believe aviation should be allowed to develop in the Midlands for the benefit of the community as a whole and welcome the opening up of the region by new carriers."
Businesses in Coventry and Warwickshire will be offered greater opportunity for foreign trade by Ryanair's new base at Birmingham Airport, according to the Chamber of Commerce.
Alan Durham, a director of the Coventry and Warwickshire Chamber, said: "Budget flights to places such as Slovakia and Scandinavia - as well as new locations in Poland - will very much appeal to the business community and to have them on our doorstep is welcome.
"International trade - particularly in Europe - is becoming increasingly important for businesses in the region and we see many examples of companies trading on the continent.
"We cannot afford to miss out on opportunities when it comes to trading abroad and we believe this will represent a perfect chance to open doors to new markets."


BDA is a discussion partner for its members, the general public, German government and German parliament on all issues linked to social and pay policy, labour law, education personnel and society policy including European and international social policy.
BUSINESSEUROPE speak for all-sized enterprises in 34 European countries whose national business federations are our direct members.
Under the motto "we nurture the next generation", sdw provides forward-looking education offers for enthusiastic school students and for particularly promising undergraduates and postgraduates.


The champion who sneaks is often more ambitious than the one who leaps.
Some are afraid of roundhouse kicks, although everyone is afraid of you. You have mastered the jab!
All of Day's caves propose great risks, but not for you, for you know them like your fingernails.
Your body was stuck and slowed down. Your mind however was always already in the night domain.
You could eat goo for breakfast. Are you a Dusk local?
Slapped by giant tongues, thrown off by goowalking snails, who cares. You have the silver trophy.
Aaru's Awakening. What may have seemed good your whole life, may actually be a force of suffering.
"BLEEEERQHH!" and "oooHHooo!" no longer shed you, maybe it's just kind of cute?
Like the silver fox, you accept any challenge presented to you.