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It was not an idle question, perhaps because Hamilton is not an idle sort of person. She went looking for answers, and now, 18 months later, that question has blossomed into a bold local food-security pilot project that is boosting profits for local farms, garnering attention from communities across Vancouver Island, and promoting a revolutionary new approach to spending tax dollars that puts social sustainability front and centre.
And yes, you will now find local potatoes—and carrots, onions, tomatoes, peppers, lettuce and cucumbers—being served in the cafeteria at St. Joseph's Hospital, as well as at the North Island College cafeteria and at Glacier View Lodge.
Hamilton now knows that the answer to "What would it take?" includes, at a minimum, the following: a visionary and skilled project leader (herself), appropriate funding (from the J.W. McConnell Family Foundation), a supportive political climate (the Comox Valley Regional District provided matching funds via the Federal Gas Tax Fund),a well-established organization to take the lead (North Island College's Centre for Applied Research, Technology and Innovation), and a group of willing farmers, which was not hard to find in the agriculturally-rich Comox Valley.
The project—dubbed FEED (Food, Environment and Economic Development) Comox Valley—takes the idea of the 100-mile diet to a new level. When our individual buying values and choices are matched by those of our public institutions, the potential for change goes up exponentially. The goal, says Hamilton, is to re-localize our food system and revitalize our economy.
To make this happen, institutions need to change the way they structure food procurement contracts, says Hamilton. Current practice lumps contracts into giant bundles that only large corporations have the ability to fulfill. What is needed is an unbundling, so that fresh, local food is allocated its own contract. This will make these contracts accessible to local farmers.
"Why do we need three to seven multi-national food companies to get a potato into a hospital?" asks Hamilton, rhetorically. By going direct from the farm to the hospital and cutting out all the highways, boats, trucks, warehouses and extra administration along the way, the farmer gets the highest price, while the hospital pays the same as always.
Rather than food arriving by refrigerated truck after a multi-day journey, produce now comes to the three participating Comox Valley institutions from just a few miles away, and arrives within 24 hours of picking.
St. Joe's, NIC and Glacier View reap the benefits in terms of flavor, nutrition and a more vibrant relationship with their community. Famers not only have new clients, but more importantly, clients that are predictable.
"Institutions provide stability of demand. So our farmers can plan ahead," says Hamilton. They can buy seed in the fall based on their clients' needs for the next growing season. This is a perfect way to help farmers ramp up production.
FEED Comox Valley also is planning for growth, on several fronts. The program has multiple ways it can expand. "FEED Comox Valley has shown we can increase demand, so we need to increase supply. We are inviting farmers who are interested in increasing volumes to come forward and join us," says Hamilton.
Increasing local food supply is one of FEED Comox Valley's ultimate goals. Back in the 1950s, farmers on the Island produced 85 per cent of the Island's food. These days, however, an estimated 96 per cent comes from the mainland or abroad, siphoning dollars away from our communities, driving up our carbon footprint, driving down the quality of our food, and hacking away at our capacity for self-reliance and resilience.
FEED Comox Valley was intended as a pilot project that is meant to spread—and it looks like that's working. Saanich, Cowichan and Powell River have contacted Hamilton about replicating the model, and she expects to hear from more and more communities. Another natural next step would be the development of a food hub. This could provide centralised ordering, a single delivery point for farmers, aggregation of orders for customers, cold storage, warehousing, and basic processing capabilities.
The food safety issue was not negligible. "Hospitals and long-term care facilities have the highest standards of food safety, so we could only work with farms that had national certification for Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). Our next step is to facilitate this for more farms," says Hamilton.
"Think about what it would look like if all the hospitals on Vancouver Island were doing this, all the universities and colleges, long-term care facilities, and other institutions too," she says. The result would help spur a renaissance of agriculture on Vancouver Island.
Above all, Hamilton is motivated by her love of rural living and her ardent desire to protect and promote rural communities.
"What gets me out of bed in the morning, what drives me, is my desire to see more children raised rurally, in healthy communities, close to nature," she says. Although the Comox Valley might seem the ideal place for this, the statistics are discouraging. Between 2006 and 2011, the number of children living in the Valley dropped by 525. In 2014 alone, families with 240 children of school age left the Valley.
"What is Vancouver Island without farmers? BC has the highest percentage of old farmers and the lowest percentage of young farmers; 61 per cent of BC farmers are older than 60. This is a problem," she says.
Hamilton is also well aware of the trend to increased urbanization all over the world. According to United Nations statistics, 54 per cent of the world's population lives in urban areas—up from 30 per cent in 1950. Projections tell us that by 2050, 66 per cent of the world's population will be urban. And North America leads the world in urbanization, with 82 per cent of the population living in urban areas. There are countless cultural, environmental and economic impacts of this shift.
Hamilton's passion for rural communities goes back to her childhood growing up in rural North Wales. The countryside of her youth is also responsible for her move to the Comox Valley.
"I came to Canada in '89 and lived in Vancouver, where I was marketing director of the Vancouver Sun and publisher of BC Woman Magazine. When the time came to have children I knew I wanted to raise them in a rural community so in '94 I moved to Pender Island and set up a business and marketing consulting company. Pender was a great place to live and raise kids, but as they got older we didn't want them going off to school on the boat each day.
"I was raised with the beach in front of me and the mountains behind me, and I wanted this for my kids. My husband's one requirement was that he wouldn't have to shovel snow. It was clear we had one option—we had to go to the Comox Valley," she explains. She moved to the Valley in August, 2008, and has continued to run her consultancy while getting to know her new home.
Along the way she developed an interest in a new(ish) field called social enterprise, which she defines as "a mission-driven business model that seeks to blend—and create—social and financial value by trading for the common good." She has become a sought-after speaker, teacher and consultant in this area. She's currently in the final stages of completing an MBA in Social Enterprise Leadership at the University of Fredericton. This is Canada's first Social Enterprise MBA program and Hamilton is poised to be its very first graduate.
Another focus in her consultancy work is a connection to the Olympics. She has helped a number of former Olympians transition from sports into business and non-profit work, and was the business manager for John Furlong, CEO of the Vancouver Olympic Committee.
Social procurement, she explains, means that our institutions consider social impacts as they decide how they purchase goods and services.
"It doesn't sound life-changing, but it really was!" she says, laughing. "It's a powerful concept. Shouldn't our tax dollar have a greater social responsibility than a private dollar? Shouldn't it have to work harder? If it can do more than provide goods and services—if it can also provide a social good—it should.
"The very first social procurement contract I heard about was for the Olympic bouquets. A Request for Proposals was issued and the bids were evaluated on price, quality and community benefit. The woman who won the bid did so because she was an experienced florist who could meet the requirements beautifully, but also because she would train and employ women from the Downtown Eastside to put the bouquets together.
"I saw that we can change a few words in a contract and change lives," says Hamilton.
Social Procurement knowledge spread from the Vancouver Olympic Games to the next Commonwealth Games. Scotland further advanced the practice by making it law. In January, 2013, the United Kingdom passed a similar law, and the idea kept spreading: in February 2014, the European Parliament passed a directive stating that by the end of 2016, every country in the EU must have a law in place to ensure that anyone spending tax money must always consider ways to add social value through the procurement process.
Hamilton has been following all this closely and has become an advocate for social procurement. As well as initiating the FEED initiative, she is also talking up the idea to local governments.
"I've been working with the Village of Cumberland, which just passed a social framework that I wrote for them. On September 24, I'll be speaking to municipal government representatives from all over BC at the Union of BC Municipalities Convention in Vancouver. I'll be there with the Village of Cumberland and the City of Vancouver, which just passed their Healthy Cities for All Strategy which includes social procurement. This tells us that social procurement is important for small communities and big cities alike," says Hamilton.
Hamilton will be speaking locally about social procurement and social enterprise at an upcoming event called Localizing Prosperity, taking place September 28 and 29 in the Comox Valley. The event, co-hosted by #WeAreYQQ and The Comox Valley Chamber of Commerce, aims to engage the Valley's entrepreneurs, community leaders, decision-makers and thought leaders in developing new approaches to local economic development, and to help advance and connect community interest projects.
Hamilton, alongside social venture innovator Joel Solomon, will be helping lead a three-hour design lab which will use FEED Comox Valley as a case study to inspire participants to create an action plan for local prosperity in their communities.
"How we spend and how we invest our money matters. It shapes our economy, which shapes our community," says Hamilton. "This event will be a chance to ask ourselves, how can we be more conscious about how we buy and invest? That's a good question.
"Change starts with asking good questions," she concludes. And she should know—look what happened when she asked one simple question about a potato.


Chef Omar Allibhoy guides you through the basics of 100 key Spanish dishes and encourages you to discover why this cuisine has become so famous. These recipes are simple to prepare, but full of sunny, sophisticated flavors. Delicious!


text:
\section{Introduction}

In Newmann-Penrose formalism \cite{Newman-Penrose-1962}, the six
components of the Maxwell field tensors are represented by three complex
scalars $\phi_{0}$, $\phi_{1}$and $\phi_{2}$. In the tetrad frame
we have chosen, \cite{Chandra-BH-1983,UK1} they are

\begin{equation}
\phi_{0}=F_{\mu\nu}l^{\mu}m^{\nu}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}a^{3}\sin r}\left[F_{r\theta}+F_{\eta\theta}+\frac{i}{\sin\theta}\left(F_{\eta\theta}+F_{r\phi}\right)\right]
\end{equation}
,

\begin{equation}
\phi_{1}=\frac{1}{2}F_{\mu\nu}\left(l^{\mu}n^{\nu}+\bar{m}^{\mu}m\nu\right)=\frac{1}{2a^{2}\sin^{2}r}\left[\sin^{2}rF_{r\eta}+\frac{i}{\sin\theta}F_{\theta\phi}\right]
\end{equation}

and
\begin{equation}
\phi_{2}=F_{\mu\nu}\bar{m}^{\mu}n^{\nu}=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}a\sin r}\left[F_{r\theta}-F_{\eta\theta}+\frac{i}{\sin\theta}\left(F_{\eta\theta}-F_{r\phi}\right)\right]
\end{equation}
.

In projections of quantities in the tetrad frame, the number of $m$
minus the number of $\bar{m}$ is called the spin weight, while the
number of $\mathrm{\mathcal{\mathit{l}}}$ minus the number of $\mathrm{\mathcal{\mathit{n}}}$
is the boost weight. As a consequence, we see that $\phi_{1}$ has
spin and boost weight equal to zero and thus behaves as a spin zero
(scalar) field. Similarly, $\phi_{0}$ and $\phi_{2}$ are spin +1
and -1 fields.

Next, the Maxwell equations, with source by the Dirac current (\cite{UK1})
take on the form

\begin{eqnarray}
\sin r\mathfrak{\mathtt{\mathcal{D_{\textrm{0}}^{\textrm{-}}\mathsf{\Phi_{0}}\textrm{\,\,-\,\,}L_{\textrm{1}}^{\textrm{+}}\mathsf{\Phi_{1}}}}} & = & \frac{\sin r}{\sqrt{2}}\left|\Phi_{\textrm{1/2}}\right|^{2}\left(\left|Y_{\textrm{1/2}}\right|^{2}+\left|Y_{-\textrm{1/2}}\right|^{2}\right)=J_{0}^{+}
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{eqnarray}
\sin r\mathfrak{\mathtt{\mathcal{D_{\textrm{-1}}^{\textrm{+}}\mathsf{\Phi_{1}}\textrm{+}L_{\textrm{0}}^{\textrm{-}}\mathsf{\Phi_{0}}}}} & = & \frac{\sin r}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\Phi_{\textrm{1/2}}^{*}\Phi_{\textrm{-1/2}}-\Phi_{\textrm{1/2}}\Phi_{-\textrm{1/2}}^{*}\right)Y_{\textrm{1/2}}Y_{-\textrm{1/2}}^{*}=J_{1}
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{eqnarray}
\sin r\mathfrak{\mathtt{\mathcal{D_{\textrm{-1}}^{\textrm{-}}\mathsf{\Phi_{-1}}\textrm{+}L_{\textrm{0}}^{\textrm{+}}\mathsf{\Phi_{0}}}}} & = & J_{1}^{*}=-J_{-1}
\end{eqnarray}

and
\begin{eqnarray}
\sin r\mathfrak{\mathtt{\mathcal{D_{\textrm{0}}^{\textrm{+}}\mathsf{\Phi_{0}}\textrm{\,\,\,-\,\,\,}L_{\textrm{1}}^{\textrm{-}}\mathsf{\Phi_{-1}}}}} & = & \frac{\sin r}{\sqrt{2}}\left|\Phi_{\textrm{-1/2}}\right|^{2}\left(\left|Y_{\textrm{1/2}}\right|^{2}+\left|Y_{-\textrm{1/2}}\right|^{2}\right)=J_{0}^{-}
\end{eqnarray}

where we have substituted $\Phi_{0}=\sqrt{2}a^{2}\sin^{2}r\Phi_{1}$,
$\Phi_{+1}=a^{3}\sin^{2}r\Phi_{0}$ and $\Phi_{-1}=2a\sin^{2}r\Phi_{2}$.
The radial-temporal operator $\mathfrak{\mathcal{D}}_{\textrm{s}}^{\pm}=\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}\mp\frac{i}{\sin\theta}\frac{\partial}{\partial\phi}+s\cot r\right)$and
the angular operator $\mathfrak{\mathcal{L}}_{\textrm{s}}^{\pm}=\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}\mp\frac{i}{\sin\theta}\frac{\partial}{\partial\phi}+s\cot\theta\right)$,
and $\eta$ is the conformal time $dt=ad\eta$ with $a$ equal to
the scale factor.

We can easily decouple the Maxwell equations to read \cite{PRD-UK}

\begin{eqnarray}
\left[\sin r\mathsf{\mathsf{\mathcal{D}}}_{-1}^{\pm}\sin rD_{\textrm{0}}^{\mp}+\mathcal{L}_{\textrm{1}}^{\pm}\mathcal{L}_{\textrm{0}}^{\mp}\right]\Phi_{0} & = & \sin r\mathsf{\mathsf{\mathcal{D}}}_{-1}^{\pm}J_{0}^{\pm}+\mathcal{L}_{\textrm{1}}^{\pm}J_{\pm1}=S_{0}\label{eq:Maxwell Eq1}
\end{eqnarray}

and
\begin{eqnarray}
\left[\sin r\mathsf{\mathsf{\mathcal{D}}}_{0}^{\mp}\sin rD_{\textrm{-1}}^{\pm}+\mathcal{L}_{\textrm{0}}^{\mp}\mathcal{L}_{\textrm{1}}^{\pm}\right]\Phi_{1} & = & \pm\sin r\mathsf{\mathsf{\mathcal{D}}}_{0}^{\mp}J_{\pm1}\mp\mathcal{L}_{\textrm{0}}^{\mp}J_{0}^{\pm}=S_{\pm1}\label{eq:Maxwell Eq2}
\end{eqnarray}

In Eq. (\ref{eq:Maxwell Eq2}), it is seen that $J_{0}$ is the source
for the radial electric field and $J_{1}$ for the radial magnetic
field. The eigenfunctions of the angular operator are the well known
spin-weighted spherical harmonics satisfying $\mathcal{L}_{\textrm{-\ensuremath{\left(s-1\right)}}}^{\mp}\mathcal{L}_{\textrm{s}}^{\pm}Y_{\pm}=-\left(l+s\right)\left(l-s+1\right)Y_{\pm}$
; we have identified these functions as the spherical harmonics formed
with the Jacobi polynomials \textit{viz.}

\begin{equation}
Y_{\theta s}=_{s}Y_{l}^{m}=\frac{e^{im\phi}}{\sqrt{2\pi}}N\left(1-\cos\theta\right)^{\frac{m+s}{2}}\left(1+\cos\theta\right)^{\frac{m-s}{2}}P_{l-m}^{\left(m+s,m-s\right)}\left(\cos\theta\right)
\end{equation}

while $Y_{0}^{s}=Y_{l}^{m}$ are usual spherical harmonics. These
are normalized. So, $\int_{s}Y_{l_{1}\,\,\,\, s}^{m_{1}^{*}}Y_{l_{2}}^{m_{2}}d\Omega=\delta_{l_{1},l_{2}}\delta_{m_{1},m_{2}}$,
are complete in $\underset{l,m\,\,\,}{\sum_{\,\, s}}Y_{l}^{m^{*}}\left(\Omega'\right)_{s}Y_{l}^{m}\left(\Omega\right)=\delta^{2}\left(\Omega-\Omega'\right)$,
$_{s}Y_{l}^{m^{*}}=\left(-1\right)^{s+m}\,\,\,\,{}_{-s}Y_{l}^{m}$,
and satisfy the spin lowering operation $\mathcal{L}_{\textrm{s}}^{\pm}Y_{\pm s}=\pm\sqrt{\left(l+s\right)\left(l-s+1\right)}Y_{\pm\left(s-1\right)}$.

\section{Green's function of the scalar equation}

The Green's function of the scalar equation can be determined by working
out the solution of the Eq. (\ref{eq:Maxwell Eq1}) with point source:

\begin{equation}
\sin^{2}r\left[\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial r^{2}}-\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial\eta^{2}}+\frac{1}{\sin^{2}r}\mathcal{L}_{\textrm{1}}^{+}\mathcal{L}_{\textrm{0}}^{-}\right]G_{0}\left(\eta,\,\, r,\,\,\theta,\,\,\phi\right)=\delta\left(r-r'\right)\delta\left(\eta-\eta'\right)\delta\left(\theta-\theta'\right)\delta\left(\phi-\phi'\right)
\end{equation}

By standard technique, we can make an eigenfunction expansion of the
Green's function\cite{mathew} as

\begin{equation}
G\left(\eta,\,\, r,\,\,\theta,\,\,\phi:\eta',\,\, r',\,\,\theta',\,\,\phi'\right)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\intop_{-\infty}^{\,\infty}d\omega\,\,\underset{klm}{\sum}\frac{e^{-i\omega\left(\eta-\eta'\right)}}{\omega^{2}-k^{2}}\frac{R_{k}\left(r'\right)R_{k}\left(r\right)}{\sin r\,\,\sin r'}\,\, Y_{l}^{m^{*}}\left(\Omega'\right)\,\,\, Y_{l}^{m}\left(\Omega\right)
\end{equation}

where the radial eighenfunctions are the normalized, appropriately
weighted Gegenbauer polynomials\cite{abram} $R_{k}=N\left(\sin r\right)^{l+1}C_{k-l-1}^{l+1}\left(\cos r\right).$
The addition theorem of spherical harmonics gives

\begin{equation}
\underset{m}{\sum}\,\,\,_{l}Y_{m}^{*}\left(\Omega'\right)\,\,\,_{l}Y_{m}\left(\Omega\right)=\frac{zl+1}{4\pi}C_{l}^{1/2}\left(\cos\beta\right)
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
\cos\beta=\cos\theta\cos\theta'+\sin\theta\sin\theta'\cos\left(\phi-\phi'\right)
\end{equation}

The $\omega$ integral can be done by the method of residues to give
$\frac{1}{2\pi}\intop_{-\infty}^{\,\infty}dw\frac{e^{-iw\left(\eta-\eta'\right)}}{w^{2}-k^{2}}=-\frac{\sin k\left(\eta-\eta'\right)}{k}$,
with these results we can rewrite the summation as

\begin{eqnarray}
G_{0} & = & -\frac{1}{4\pi}\underset{k=0}{\sum^{\infty}}\underset{l=0}{\sum^{k}}\frac{\sin\left[\left(k+1\right)\left(\eta-\eta'\right)\right]}{\left(k+1\right)}\left(\sin r\sin r'\right)^{l}\nonumber \\
 &  & C_{k-l}^{l+1}\left(\cos r'\right)C_{k-l}^{l+1}\left(\cos r\right)C_{l}^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(\cos\rho\right)\\
 & = & -\frac{1}{4\pi}\underset{k=0}{\sum^{\infty}}\sin\left[\left(k+1\right)\left(\eta-\eta'\right)\right]C_{k}^{(1)}\left(\cos\rho\right)
\end{eqnarray}

where we have used the addition theorem of Gegenbauer polynomial from
reference \cite{grads} and $\cos\rho=\cos r\cos r'+\sin r\sin r'\cos\beta$.

Now
\begin{eqnarray}
C_{k}^{1}\left(\cos\rho\right) & = & \frac{\sin\left[\left(k+1\right)\rho\right]}{\sin\rho},\,\,\, so\,\, we\,\, find\nonumber \\
G_{0} & =-\frac{1}{4\pi\sin\rho} & \left[\delta\left(\eta-\eta'-\rho\right)-\delta\left(\eta-\eta'+\rho\right)\right]\label{eq:G0}
\end{eqnarray}

representing the retarded and advanced Green's function. Thus, the
solution for the retarded scalar field is

\begin{equation}
\Phi_{0}\left(\eta,\,\, r,\,\,\theta,\,\,\phi\right)=-\frac{1}{4\pi}\intop_{0}^{\pi}\frac{dr'}{\sin\rho}\int d\Omega'S_{0}\left(\eta-\rho,r',\Omega'\right)
\end{equation}

We can even solve for Lienard-Wiechert like field in closed FRW space
time for a point source moving along the trajectory $\overrightarrow{\xi}\left(\eta'\right)$given
by $S_{0}=\delta\left[\overrightarrow{r'}-\overrightarrow{\xi}\left(\eta'\right)\right]$to
find
\begin{equation}
\Phi_{0}\left(\eta,\,\, r,\,\,\theta,\,\,\phi\right)=\left.-\frac{1}{4\pi}\frac{1}{\sin\left[\rho\left(\eta'\right)\right]}\frac{1}{\left[1+\frac{d\rho\left(\eta'\right)}{d\eta}\right]}\right|_{\eta'=\eta-\rho\left(\eta'\right)}
\end{equation}

In the limit to flat FRW space time given by $r<<1,\,\,\,\xi<<1,\,\,\sin\rho\sim\rho,$
and $\cos\rho\rightarrow1-\frac{\rho^{2}}{2}\approx\left(1-\frac{r^{2}}{2}\right)\left(1-\frac{\xi^{2}}{2}\right)+r\xi\cos\beta=1-\frac{1}{2}\left|\overrightarrow{r}-\overrightarrow{\xi}\right|^{2}$gives

\begin{equation}
\Phi_{0}\rightarrow\left.-\frac{1}{4\pi}\frac{1}{\left|\overrightarrow{r}-\overrightarrow{\xi}\left(\eta'\right)\right|-\frac{d\overrightarrow{\xi}}{d\eta}.\left(\overrightarrow{r}-\overrightarrow{\xi}\left(\eta'\right)\right)}\right|_{\eta'=\eta-\left|\overrightarrow{r}-\overrightarrow{\xi}\left(\eta'\right)\right|}
\end{equation}

which is the familiar Lienard-Wiechert solution.

\section{Radial Maxwell fields due to Dirac source\label{sec:Radial-Maxwell-fields}}

In this regard, let us solve for the field in the very early universe
when the Dirac particles are copiously produced so that all the available
states are fully occupied. When we sum the source on the left of Eq.
(\ref{eq:Maxwell Eq1}), the second term containing $\mathcal{L}_{\textrm{0}}^{\pm}Y_{\pm\frac{1}{2}}Y_{\mp\frac{1}{2}}^{*}=-\left(l+\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(\left|Y_{\textrm{1/2}}\right|^{2}-\left|Y_{-\textrm{1/2}}\right|^{2}\right)$
will give zero. The consequence is that there is no source for the
radial magnetic field. This is general in that whenever the $\pm m$
states are paired, their contributions cancel out. In this case, there
is an isotropic source of electric field only as $\underset{m}{\sum}\left(\left|Y_{\textrm{1/2}}\right|^{2}+\left|Y_{-\textrm{1/2}}\right|^{2}\right)=\frac{2\left(2l+1\right)}{4\pi}$
. Thus the Maxwell Eq. (\ref{eq:Maxwell Eq2}) reduces to

\begin{eqnarray}
\mathsf{\mathsf{\mathcal{D}}}_{0}^{\mp}\left[\sin^{2}r\, F_{r\eta}\right] & = & \underset{kl}{\sum}\left|\phi_{\pm\frac{1}{2}}\right|^{2}\frac{2\left(2l+1\right)}{4\pi}\\
or,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\frac{\partial}{\partial r}\sin^{2}r\,\, F_{r\eta} & = & \underset{kl}{\sum}\frac{\left(2l+1\right)}{4\pi}\left(\left|\phi_{\frac{1}{2}}\right|^{2}+\left|\phi_{-\frac{1}{2}}\right|^{2}\right)\\
and\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\frac{\partial}{\partial r}\sin^{2}r\,\, F_{r\eta} & = & \underset{kl}{\sum}\frac{\left(2l+1\right)}{4\pi}\left(\left|\phi_{\frac{1}{2}}\right|^{2}-\left|\phi_{-\frac{1}{2}}\right|^{2}\right)
\end{eqnarray}

The solution is
\begin{eqnarray}
4\pi\sin^{2}r\, F_{r\eta} & = & \frac{1}{2}\underset{kl}{\sum}\left(2l+1\right)\intop_{0}^{\,\,\, r}dr'\left(\left|Z_{+}\right|^{2}+\left|Z_{-}\right|^{2}\right)\\
 & = & \underset{k=0}{\sum^{\infty}}\underset{l=0}{\sum^{k}}\intop_{0}^{\,\,\, r}dr\sin r\,\,(1-\cos r)^{l+\frac{1}{2}}(1+\cos r)^{l-\frac{1}{2}}\nonumber \\
 &  & \left[\left\{ P_{k-l}^{\left(l+\frac{1}{2},l+\frac{1}{2}\right)}\left(\cos r\right)\right\} ^{2}\left|T_{+}\right|^{2}+\left\{ P_{k-l}^{\left(l+\frac{1}{2},l+\frac{1}{2}\right)}\left(\cos r\right)\right\} ^{2}\left|T_{-}\right|^{2}\right],\nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}

where $P_{n}^{\left(\alpha,\beta\right)}$are appropriately weighted
and normalized Jacobi polynomials, is just a statement of Gauss law,
as the right handside is the co-moving number of enclosed particles.
Here to first order WKB, $\left|T_{\pm}\right|^{2}=1\pm\frac{aM}{\sqrt{\left(k+\frac{3}{2}\right)^{2}+a^{2}M^{2}}}$.
The field intensity $F_{r\eta}$are shown in Fig (\ref{fig: F vs r for different masses})
for differnt values of M and in Fig. (\ref{fig: F vs r for different k})
for some values of the comoving momentum $k$ of the Dirac particles.We
take those values to be representative of the proton and electron.
At any finite time after the big bang, we see that the protons produce
a stronger field than the electron. The two fields do not have the
same magnitude even for the lowest state $k=0$, and the heavier mass
consistently produces stronger field of higher momentum also. These
are exact solutions of the field equations, and we feel that this
effect will have strong consequence on the formation of hydrogen and
other atoms.

Next, we discuss the solutions in the case after particle-antiparticle
anhilation when the electron number becomes drastically reduced. Then
there will not always be pairing of the $\pm m$ states. For this,
we can use the well known generalized Clebsch Gordon expansion

\begin{eqnarray}
_{s_{1}}Y_{l_{1}\,\,\,\, s_{2}}^{m_{1}}Y_{l_{2}}^{m_{2}} & = & \underset{l=\left|l_{1}-l_{2}\right|}{\sum^{l_{1}+l_{2}}}\sqrt{\frac{\left(2l_{1}+1\right)\left(2l_{2}+1\right)\left(2l+1\right)}{4\pi}}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
l_{1} & l_{2} & l\\
m_{1} & m_{2} & -\left(m_{1}+m_{2}\right)
\end{array}\right)\nonumber \\
 &  & \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
l_{1} & l_{2} & l\\
-s_{1\,\,} & -s_{2} & \,\,\,\,\, s_{1}+s_{2}
\end{array}\right)\,\,\,\,\,_{s_{1}+s_{2}}Y_{l}^{m_{1}+m_{2}}
\end{eqnarray}

where $\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
j{}_{1} & j_{2} & j\\
m_{1} & m_{2} & m
\end{array}\right)$ are the wigner 3-j symbol. Hence, we find

\begin{eqnarray}
\left|Y_{+}\right|^{2}+\left|Y_{-}\right|^{2} & = & 2\left(-1\right)^{m-\frac{1}{2}}\underset{l=0}{\sum^{l-\frac{1}{2}}}\sqrt{\frac{\left(2l+1\right)^{2}\left(4l+1\right)}{4\pi}}\nonumber \\
 &  & \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
l & l & 2L\\
m & -m & 0
\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
l & l & 2L\\
\frac{1}{2} & -\frac{1}{2} & 0
\end{array}\right)\,\,\,_{0}Y_{2L}^{0}
\end{eqnarray}

contributes only the even angular momentum states. Similarly,

\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{L}_{\textrm{1}}^{\pm}Y_{\pm\frac{1}{2}}Y_{\mp\frac{1}{2}}^{*} & = & 2\left(l+\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(-1\right)^{m-\frac{1}{2}}\underset{l=0}{\sum^{l-\frac{1}{2}}}\sqrt{\frac{\left(2l+1\right)^{2}\left(4l+3\right)}{4\pi}}\nonumber \\
 &  & \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
l & l & 2L+1\\
m & -m & 0
\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
l & l & 2L+1\\
\frac{1}{2} & -\frac{1}{2} & 0
\end{array}\right)\,\,\,_{0}Y_{2L}^{0}
\end{eqnarray}

contributes the odd states. So, we can conclude that the radial electric
field is composed of even angular momentum states and the odd ones
compose radial magnetic field. These solutions and the solutions for
$\phi_{\pm1}$ will be considered in future work.

\section{Conclusion}

We have solved some of the Maxwell equations in FRW spacetime with
the source given by Dirac field. The variables are all separable.
For the scalar field representing the components $F_{r\eta}$ and
$F_{\theta\phi}$, we are able to solve the Green's function which
reduces to the familiar ones of electrodynamics in the appropriate
limit to flat case. The retarded part is used to derive the Lienard
Wiechert type solution for moving point source.

In section \ref{sec:Radial-Maxwell-fields}, we consider the source
given by Dirac potentials. In the case that all the available states
of the Dirac particle are filled, the magnetic field $F_{\theta\phi}$
is found to vanish. When we compare the electric filed strength $F_{r\eta}$
due to Dirac particles of mass ratio 10000, they are somewhat different
with the lighter one contributing more. At this lowest level the fields
due to proton and electron are not exactly opposite of each other.
This should have observable effects on the formation of atoms and
particularly on the time of decoupling. When we consider individual
azimuthal states of Dirac particles, the source term vanishes. When
we consider Dirac particles after the particle-antiparticle annihilation,
the number density is greatly decreased so that all the available
states cannot be occupied. In particular, if all the $\pm m$ azimuthal
states are not paired, then the source for $F_{r\eta}$ and $F_{\theta\phi}$
do not vanish. In that case $F_{r\eta}$ is composed of even angular
momentum ($l$) states and $F_{\theta\phi}$ is composed of odd states.
So, there is the possibility of the existence of a primordial magnetic
field generated just after $e^{+}-e^{-}$ annihilation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: How does happen the destruction of variables with a goto statement in C++? #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
    if (true) {
        int b = 3;
    label_one:
        cout << b << endl;
        int j = 10;
        goto label_one;
    }
}

In the code above goto jumps to label_one, making the variable j be destroyed and reconstructed in each cycle. But what happens to the b variable ? Is it destroyed and reconstructed too or it is never destroyed? According to C++ ISO:

Transfer out of a loop, out of a block, or back past an initialized
variable with automatic storage duration involves the destruction of
objects with automatic storage duration that are in scope at the point
transferred from but not at the point transferred to.

My interpretation is that all variables in if scope should be destroyed, but if thats the case, when are they re-initialized(variable b in my code)?

A: As the quoted text says, a variable is destroyed during the goto only if it is in scope at the point of the goto statement, but not in scope at the destination label. b is in scope at both points, so it is not destroyed. Only j is destroyed.

A: This is an easy one to test.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class X
{
    public:
        X()     {std::cout << "C\n";}
        ~X()    {std::cout << "D\n";}
};

int main() {
    if (true) {
        int b = 3;
label_one:
        cout << b << endl;
        X j;
        if (b >= 5) {
            return 0;
        }
        ++b;
        std::cout << "GOTO\n";
        goto label_one;
    }
}

Compile and Run:
> g++ -std=c++17 ty.cpp
> ./a.out
3
C
GOTO
D
4
C
GOTO
D
5
C
D

The only thing you need to think about what does "Destory" mean in the context of a "int" rather than a class type. Basically for an integer this is a no-op.

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Posts Happy Happy Happy New New Year!
Happy Happy Happy New New Year!
Let's hear if for 2011!! I've already had some friends and my sister in from out of town, been to both the Brooklyn Museum and the Museum of Modern Art, and been to Fat Albert's warehouse twice!! Plus, I'm starting of this year right, finishing up a couple of amazing projects.
First is the record I began a whiiiiiile ago with James Elkington (of the Horse's Ha, the Zincs, and more) and Nathan Salsburg (solo artist and head of Twos and Fews). It's an album of instrumental folk songs played on acoustic guitars in the style of Bert Jansch, Leo Kotke, and John Fahey. We've been working on this off and on, getting together to record in my old living room in Chicago when Nathan was in town, and adding overdubs and field recordings here and there as I've mixed. It's been a pleasure working on this record, and I can't wait for the world to hear it. I have my fingers crossed that it will take less time to release it than it did to make it!
porridge sequence in FP4 from Thu Tran on Vimeo.


text:
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To date, OneSky has trained thousands of caregivers to provide life-changing care that has directly impacted the lives of more than 200,000 at-risk children and indirectly, millions.
OneSky is a 501(c)(3) organization, with an IRS ruling year of 1999, and donations are tax-deductible.
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http://onesky.org/
2246b Sixth Street
Berkeley CA 94710
You are viewing this organization's new Charity Navigator profile page. To view the legacy version, click here.
Star Rating System by Charity Navigator
Charity Navigator evaluates a nonprofit organization's financial health including measures of stability, efficiency and sustainability. We also track accountability and transparency policies to ensure the good governance and integrity of the organization.
This charity's score is 85.10, earning it a 3-Star rating. Donors can "Give with Confidence" to this charity.
This score is calculated from two sub-scores:
Finance: 78.93 View details
Accountability & Transparency: 100.00 View details
This score represents Form 990 data from 2019, the latest year published by the IRS.
View this organization's historical ratings.
Star Rated Report
Program Expenses
Admin Expenses
Fundraising Expenses
Fundraising Efficiency
Working Capital Ratio
Program Expense Growth
Liabilities to Assets
Accountability &
Transparency Metrics
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Program Expense
Program Expense Ratio
The Program Expense Ratio is determined by Program Expenses divided by Total Expense (average of most recent three 990s).
This measure reflects the percent of its total expenses a charity spends on the programs and services it exists to deliver. Dividing a charity's average program expenses by its average total functional expenses yields this percentage. We calculate the charity's average expenses over its three most recent fiscal years.
Administrative Expenses
As reported by charities on their IRS Form 990, this measure reflects what percent of its total budget a charity spends on overhead, administrative staff and associated costs, and organizational meetings. Dividing a charity's average administrative expenses by its average total functional expenses yields this percentage. We calculate the charity's average expenses over its three most recent fiscal years.
This measure reflects what a charity spends to raise money. Fundraising expenses can include campaign printing, publicity, mailing, and staffing and costs incurred in soliciting donations, memberships, and grants. Dividing a charity's average fundraising expenses by its average total functional expenses yields this percentage. We calculate the charity's average expenses over its three most recent fiscal years.
Liabilities to Assets Ratio
The Liabilities to Assets Ratio is determined by Total Liabilities divided by Total Assets (most recent 990).
Part of our goal in rating the financial performance of charities is to help donors assess the financial capacity and sustainability of a charity. As do organizations in other sectors, charities must be mindful of their management of total liabilites in relation to their total assets. This ratio is an indicator of an organization's solvency and or long term sustainability. Dividing a charity's total liabilities by its total assets yields this percentage.
The amount spent to raise $1 in charitable contributions. To calculate a charity's fundraising efficiency, we divide its average fundraising expenses by the average total contributions it receives. We calculate the charity's average expenses and average contributions over its three most recent fiscal years.
Determines how long a charity could sustain its level of spending using its net available assets, or working capital, as reported on its most recently filed Form 990. We include in a charity's working capital unrestricted and temporarily restricted net assets, and exclude permanently restricted net assets. Dividing these net available assets in the most recent year by a charity's average total expenses, yields the working capital ratio. We calculate the charity's average total expenses over its three most recent fiscal years.
We compute the average annual growth of program expenses using the following formula: [(Yn/Y0)(1/n)]-1, where Y0 is a charity's program expenses in the first year of the interval analyzed, Yn is the charity's program expenses in the most recent year, and n is the interval of years passed between Y0 and Yn.
Charity Navigator looks to confirm on the Form 990 that the organization has these governance practices in place.
Sources Include: IRS Form 990
Governance:
Independent Voting Board Members ... (More)
The presence of an independent governing body is strongly recommended by many industry professionals to allow for full deliberation and diversity of thinking on governance and other organizational matters. Our analysts check the Form 990 to determine if the independent Board members are a voting majority and also at least five in number. (Less)
No Material Diversion of Assets ... (More)
A diversion of assets – any unauthorized conversion or use of the organization's assets other than for the organization's authorized purposes, including but not limited to embezzlement or theft – can seriously call into question a charity's financial integrity. We check the charity's last two Forms 990 to see if the charity has reported any diversion of assets. If the charity does report a diversion, then we check to see if it complied with the Form 990 instructions by describing what happened and its corrective action. This metric will be assigned to one of the following categories:
Full Credit: There has been no diversion of assets within the last two years.
Partial Credit: There has been a diversion of assets within the last two years and the charity has used Schedule O on the Form 990 to explain: the nature of the diversion, the amount of money or property involved and the corrective action taken to address the matter. In this situation, we deduct 7 points from the charity's Accountability and Transparency score.
No Credit: There has been a diversion of assets within the last two years and the charity's explanation on Schedule O is either non-existent or not sufficient. In this case, we deduct 15 points from the charity's Accountability and Transparency score.
(Less)
Audited Financials Prepared by Independent Accountant ... (More)
Audited financial statements provide important information about financial accountability and accuracy. They should be prepared by an independent accountant with oversight from an audit committee. (It is not necessary that the audit committee be a separate committee. Often at smaller charities, it falls within the responsibilities of the finance committee or the executive committee.) The committee provides an important oversight layer between the management of the organization, which is responsible for the financial information reported, and the independent accountant, who reviews the financials and issues an opinion based on its findings. We check the charity's Form 990 reporting to see if it meets this criteria.
Full Credit: The charity's audited financials were prepared by an independent accountant with an audit oversight committee.
Partial Credit: The charity's audited financials were prepared by an independent accountant, but it did not have an audit oversight committee. In this case, we deduct 7 points from the charity's Accountability and Transparency score.
No Credit: The charity did not have its audited financials prepared by an independent accountant. In this case, we deduct 15 points from the charity's Accountability and Transparency score.
Does Not Provide Loan(s) to or Receive Loan(s) From Related Parties ... (More)
Making loans to related parties such as key officers, staff, or Board members, is not standard practice in the sector as it may divert the charity's funds away from its charitable mission and can lead to real and perceived conflict-of-interest problems. This practice is discouraged by sector trade groups which point to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act when they call for charities to refrain from making loans to directors and executives. And the IRS is concerned enough with the practice that it requires charities to disclose on their Form 990 any loans to or from current and former officers, directors, trustees, key employees, and other "disqualified persons." Furthermore, some state laws go so far as to prohibit loans to board members and officers. And although employees and trustees are permitted to make loans to charities, this practice can also result in real and/or perceived conflict of interest problems for the charity. Furthermore, it is problematic because it is an indicator that the organization is not financially secure. (Less)
Documents Board Meeting Minutes ... (More)
An official record of the events that take place during a board meeting ensures that a contemporaneous document exists for future reference. Charities are not required to make their Board meeting minutes available to the public. As such, we are not able to review and critique their minutes. For this performance metric, we are checking to see if the charity reports on its Form 990 that it does keep those minutes. In the future, we will also track and rate whether or not a charity keeps minutes for its committee meetings. (Less)
Distributes 990 to Board Before Filing ... (More)
Providing copies of the Form to the governing body in advance of filing is considered a best practice, as it allows for thorough review by the individuals charged with overseeing the organization. The Form 990 asks the charity to disclose whether or not it has followed this best practice. If the charity has not distributed its Form 990 to the board before filing, then we deduct 4 points from its Accountability and Transparency score. (Less)
Compensates Board ... (More)
The IRS requires that any compensation paid to members of the charity's governing body be listed on the Form 990. Furthermore, all members of the governing body need to be listed whether or not they are compensated. It is not unusual for some members of the board to have compensation listed. The executive director of the organization frequently has a seat on the board, for instance, and is compensated for being a full time staff member. However, it is rare for a charity to compensate individuals only for serving on its Board of Directors. Although this sort of board compensation is not illegal, it is not considered a best practice. (Less)
Charity Navigator looks to confirm on the Form 990, or for some metrics on the charity's website, that the organization has these policies in place.
Sources Include: IRS Form 990 and organization's website
Conflict of Interest ... (More)
Such a policy protects the organization, and by extension those it serves, when it is considering entering into a transaction that may benefit the private interest of an officer or director of the organization. Charities are not required to share their conflict of interest policies with the public. Although we can not evaluate the substance of its policy, we can tell you if the charity has one in place based on the information it reports on its Form 990. If the charity does not have a Conflict of Interest policy, then we deduct 4 points from its Accountability and Transparency score. (Less)
Whistleblower ... (More)
This policy outlines procedures for handling employee complaints, as well as a confidential way for employees to report any financial mismanagement. Here we are reporting on the existence of a policy as reported by the charity on its Form 990. (Less)
Records Retention and Destruction ... (More)
Such a policy establishes guidelines for handling, backing up, archiving and destruction of documents. These guidelines foster good record keeping procedures that promotes data integrity. Here we are reporting on the existence of a policy as reported by the charity on its Form 990. If the charity does not have a Records Retention and Destruction Policy, then we deduct 4 points from its Accountability and Transparency score. (Less)
CEO Compensation Process ... (More)
This process indicates that the organization has a documented policy that it follows year after year. The policy should indicate that an objective and independent review process of the CEO's compensation has been conducted which includes benchmarking against comparable organizations. We check to be sure that the charity has reported on its Form 990 its process for determining its CEO pay. (Less)
Donor Privacy ... (More)
Donors can be reluctant to contribute to a charity when their name, address, or other basic information may become part of donor lists that are exchanged or sold, resulting in an influx of charitable solicitations from other organizations. Our analysts check the charity's website to see if the organization has a donor privacy policy in place and what it does and does not cover. Privacy policies are assigned to one of the following categories:
Yes: This charity has a written donor privacy policy published on its website, which states unambiguously that (1) it will not share or sell a donor's personal information with anyone else, nor send donor mailings on behalf of other organizations or (2) it will only share or sell personal information once the donor has given the charity specific permission to do so.
Opt-out: The charity has a written privacy policy published on its website which enables donors to tell the charity to remove their names and contact information from lists the charity shares or sells. How a donor can have themselves removed from a list differs from one charity to the next, but any and all opt-out policies require donors to take specific action to protect their privacy.
No: This charity either does not have a written donor privacy policy in place to protect their contributors' personal information, or the existing policy does not meet our criteria.
The privacy policy must be specific to donor information. A general website policy which references "visitor" or "user" personal information will not suffice. A policy that refers to donor information collected on the website is also not sufficient as the policy must be comprehensive and applicable to both online and offline donors. The existence of a privacy policy of any type does not prohibit the charity itself from contacting the donor for informational, educational, or solicitation purposes.
Charity Navigator looks to confirm on the Form 990, or for some metrics on the charity's website, that the organization makes this information easily accessible.
CEO Salary Listed on 990 ... (More)
Charities are required to list their CEO's name and compensation on the Form 990. Our analysts check to be sure that the charities complied with the Form 990 instructions and included this information in their filing. (Less)
Board of Directors Listed on Website ... (More)
Our analysts check to see if the charity lists Board members on its website. Publishing this information enables donors and other stakeholders to ascertain the make up of the charity's governing body. This enables stakeholders to report concerns to the Board. Charity Navigator does not cross-check the Board members listed on the website with that reported on the Form 990, because the latter often isn't available until more than a year after the charity's fiscal year ends. In that time, the charity's Board members may have changed, and the charity typically reflects those more recent changes on the website. (Less)
Key Staff Listed on Website ... (More)
It is important for donors and other stakeholders to know who runs the organization day-to-day. Charity Navigator does not cross-check the leadership listed on the website with that reported on the Form 990 because the latter often isn't available until more than a year after the charity's fiscal year ends. In that time, the charity's leadership may have changed and the charity typically reflects those more recent changes on the website. In other words, since the Form 990 isn't especially timely, it can not be used to verify the leadership information published on the charity's site. (Less)
Audited Financial Statements on Website ... (More)
We check the charity's website to see if it has published its audited financial statements for the fiscal year represented by the most recently filed IRS Form 990. It is important for donors to have easy access to this financial report to help determine if the organization is managing its financial resources well. We currently rate charities on whether or not they publish their audit on their website. (Less)
Form 990 Available on Website ... (More)
We check the charity's website to see if it has published its most recently filed IRS Form 990 (a direct link to the charity's 990 on an external site is sufficient). It is important for donors to have easy access to this financial report to help determine if the organization is managing its financial resources well. (Less)
Unscored
and Expenses
Salary of
IRS Published Data
(Business Master File)
(IRS Forms 990)
Pandemic Response
Historical Ratings
Total Revenue and Expenses
This chart displays the trend of revenue and expenses over the past several years for this organization, as reported on their IRS Form 990.
Salary of Key Persons
Presented here are this organizations key compensated staff members as identified by our analysts. This compensation data includes salary, cash bonuses and expense accounts and is displayed exactly how it is reported to the IRS. The amounts do not include nontaxable benefits, deferred compensation, or other amounts not reported on Form W-2. In some cases, these amounts may include compensation from related organizations. Read the IRS policies for compensation reporting
Jenny Bowen, CEO, Director
$367,387 (5.43% of Total Expenses)
Current CEO and Board Chair can be found in the Leadership & Adaptability report below.
Source: IRS Form 990 (page 7), filing year 2019
Business Master File Data
Below are some key data points from the Exempt Organization IRS Business Master File (BMF) for this organization. Learn more about the BMF on the IRS website
Activity data not reported from the IRS
Foundation Status:
Organization which receives a substantial part of its support from a governmental unit or the general public 170(b)(1)(A)(vi) (BMF foundation code: 15)
Independent - the organization is an independent organization or an independent auxiliary (i.e., not affiliated with a National, Regional, or Geographic grouping of organizations). (BMF affiliation code: 3)
Data Sources: IRS Forms 990
The Form 990 is a document that nonprofit organizations file with the IRS annually. We leverage finance and accountability data from it to form Encompass ratings. Click here to view this organization's Forms 990 on the IRS website (if any are available).
Due to the unprecedented nature of the pandemic, we give charities such as this one the opportunity to share the story of COVID's impact on them. Charities may submit their own pandemic responses through their nonprofit portal.
OneSky reported being impacted by COVID-19 in the following ways:
Fundraising Capacity
How COVID-19 impacted the organization's operations financially:
COVID 19 had a severe impact on our restricted funding as institutional partners pivoted to prioritize health care and COVID 19 responses over educational programs. It also affected our unrestricted funding as all of our in person fundraising events had to be cancelled. As a result, we went through an organizational restructure process, closing two offices and laying off several staff members.
How COVID-19 impacted the organization's delivery of programs:
Our programs in every country we work in were closed for some period of time due to government mandates and resumed with some level of government mandated social distancing restriction.
How this organization adapted to changing conditions caused by COVID-19:
We moved as much of our training as possible online and adapted our in person program delivery to work within social distancing requirements.
Innovations the organization intends to continue permanently after the pandemic:
We had a elearning platform built to use in one of our programs in Vietnam that we will now role out to all countries where we work to support all programs through online engagement.
Date Published Form 990 FYE Overall Score Overall Rating
Rating Version: 2.1
4/1/2021 2019 85.10
12/21/2018 2017 92.63
12/1/2015 2014 81.25
9/20/2011 2009 93.69
Impact & Results
This score estimates the actual impact a nonprofit has on the lives of those it serves, and determines whether it is making good use of donor resources to achieve that impact.
Impact & Results Score
Not Currently Scored
OneSky cannot currently be evaluated by our Encompass Rating Impact & Results methodology because either (A) it is eligible, but we have not yet received data; (B) we have not yet developed an algorithm to estimate its programmatic impact; (C) its programs are not direct services; or (D) it is not heavily reliant on contributions from individual donors.
Note: The absence of a score does not indicate a positive or negative assessment, it only indicates that we have not yet evaluated the organization.
Learn more about Impact & Results.
Do you work at OneSky? Join the waitlist for an updated Impact & Results score.
Largest Programs
OneSky reported its three largest programs on its FY 2019 Form 990 as:
Spent in most recent FY
Percent of program expenses
China - Orphaned Children: OneSky's approach to orphanages has proved so effective that China now uses it as the standard of care for children in all its social welfare institutions. To date, OneSky h ... (More)
China - Orphaned Children: OneSky's approach to orphanages has proved so effective that China now uses it as the standard of care for children in all its social welfare institutions. To date, OneSky has supported various orphanage programs at a total of 57 sites. Working in conjunction with Chinese government partners, OneSky is engaged to train every child welfare worker in the nation to help institutionalized children reach their full potential. OneSky's work for orphaned children includes our Infant Nurture, Preschool and Loving Families Programs. Going forward, we aim to establish a OneSky Demonstration Center in every Chinese province by 2022, and to reach every orphanage in China by 2030. (Less)
China - Villages: In villages OneSky offers individual help to village children, support and training in responsive care for their grandparents and other caregivers, as well as community-building acti ... (More)
China - Villages: In villages OneSky offers individual help to village children, support and training in responsive care for their grandparents and other caregivers, as well as community-building activities for all villagers. Local women, who might otherwi (Less)
Vietnam: To offer a safe and stimulating alternative for migrant children and bring peace of mind to their hard working parents, OneSky launched a demonstration Early Learning Center (ELC) in 2017, in ... (More)
Vietnam: To offer a safe and stimulating alternative for migrant children and bring peace of mind to their hard working parents, OneSky launched a demonstration Early Learning Center (ELC) in 2017, in Da Nang's Hoa Khanh Industrial Zone with our partner, t (Less)
Leadership & Adaptability
This score provides an assessment of the organization's leadership capacity, strategic thinking and planning, and ability to innovate or respond to changes in constituent demand/need or other relevant social and economic conditions to achieve the organization's mission.
Leadership & Adaptability Score
out of 100
The score earned by OneSky is a passing score. This score has no effect on the organization's Star Rating.
Encompass Rating V4 provides an evaluation of the organization's Leadership & Adaptability through the nonprofit organization submitting a survey response directly to Charity Navigator.
Leadership & Adaptability Report
of 100 points
Mobilizing for Mission
Adaptability Story
The nonprofit organization presents evidence of strategic thinking through articulating the organization's mission
OneSky teaches communities and caregivers to provide nurturing responsive care and early education that unlocks the potential hidden in our world's most vulnerable young children.
Source: Nonprofit submitted responses
The nonprofit organization presents evidence of strategic thinking through articulating the organization's vision.
A world where all young children have access to high quality early care and education.
The nonprofit organization presents evidence of strategic thinking and goal setting through sharing their most important strategic goals.
Goal One: Train every home based day care provider in Vietnam's industrial zones impacting 500,000 children of migrant factory workers.
Goal Type: Grow, expand, scale or increase access to the existing programs and services.
Goal Two: Provide parenting skills training for migrant families in Mongolia and support some of the trainees to open home based day care programs.
Goal Type: New program(s) based on observed changes in needs among our constituencies/communities served.
Goal Three: Create a community hub in Hong Kong that provides training and access to support services for families of vulnerable young children.
The nonprofit provides evidence of investment in leadership development
Describe an investment in leadership
Our board funded the CEO to participate in an executive leadership program at Harvard and we received a scholarship to have the entire executive leadership team participate in a three month leadership clarity program with the Bridgespan Group.
The nonprofit provides evidence of leadership through focusing externally and mobilizing resources for the mission.
This organization mobilizes for mission in the following ways:
Networks of Collective Impact Efforts
What are this organization's external mobilizaton efforts?
OneSky staff are members of several ECD networks and advocacy groups including ECDAN, ARNEC, and the Saving Brains Platform. We are a Skoll Awardee and speak at conferences both nationally and internationally. As a training organization, we work through both direct training and a training of trainers model focused on up-skilling local partner NGOs and imbedding our training model in government systems in countries in Asia. We also publish in journals and share information about the need for high quality ECD interventions in vulnerable communities via our website and social media platforms.
Story of Adaptability
The nonprofit has an opportunity to tell the story of how the organization adapted to tremendous external changes in the last year.
As COVID hit three of the countries we work in (China, Vietnam and Mongolia) very hard with our programs in all three impacted by weeks of lockdowns, we transitioned most of our in-person training to virtual Zoom classes and supported caregivers through an digital learning platform we built.
Organization Leadership
Morgan Lance
Guy Russo
This score provides an assessment of the organization's engagement with the constituents it serves, a practice we term Constituent Feedback. When organizations listen to constituents, they are able to better deliver on programs and meet the needs of stakeholders. A future version of this Beacon will also assess an organization's people operations and its Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) metrics.
Culture & Community Score
OneSky is currently not eligible for a Culture & Community score because we have not received its Constituent Feedback data. Nonprofit organizations are encouraged to fill out the How We Listen section of their Candid profile. This data will provide the basis for the initial evaluation of Culture & Community.
Culture & Community Report
Constituent Feedback
Not Scored
Analysis and Research
Constituent Feedback and Listening Practice data are not available for this organization. Nonprofit organizations are encouraged to fill out the How We Listen section of their Candid profile. This data will provide the basis for the initial evaluation of Culture & Community.
Charity Navigator believes nonprofit organizations that engage in inclusive practices, such as collecting feedback from the people and communities they serve, may be more effective. We award every nonprofit that completes the Candid survey full credit for this Beacon, in recognition of their willingness to publicly share this information with the nonprofit and philanthropic communities. Although the data is not evaluated for quality at this time, future iterations of this Beacon will include third party or other data that will serve to validate the information provided by the nonprofit.
Like the overall Encompass Rating System, the Culture & Community Beacon is designed to evolve as metrics are developed and ready for integration. Our partnership with Feedback Labs and Guidestar by Candid, and other partners including Fund for Shared Insight, GlobalGiving, and Keystone Accountability, enables us to launch the first version of this beacon with Constituent Feedback information collected on Candid's site.
Feedback practices have been shown to support better Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion outcomes, an essential area of assessment that we intend to further expand and develop in the future. Feedback Labs has documented several studies which indicate that beyond achieving organizational goals, nonprofits that are attentive and responsive to concerns and ideas raised by beneficiaries establish stronger relationships with the people they serve, promote greater equity, and empower constituents in ways that can help to ensure better long-term outcomes. You can find resources to help nonprofits improve their feedback practices here.
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Assuming Alice wants to send a message M to Bob , she would produce an encrypted message EM = Me mod n.
Is it really necessary to use safe prime for e , is it alright to just use gcd( e,(p-1)(q-1) ) = 1, what would happen if we don't use a safe prime?
Why do safe prime provide additional security?
Can this be applied to RSA encryption scheme?
The need for a "safe prime" is a piece of old lore that is now obsolete, but is still taught, because of what can only be described as generalized apathy.
Historically, the "safe primes" are called "safe" because of Pollard's p-1 factorization algorithm.
The core idea of Pollard's algorithm is the following: when we compute things modulo n (n = pq for two big primes p and q), we are actually doing the computation modulo p and modulo q (that's the gist of the Chinese Remainder Theorem). So we will do computations modulo n and hope for things to go sour: we want to do things that yield a value of zero modulo p but not modulo q, because, when working modulo n (as we do), such a situation implies that we got some integer x that is not invertible modulo n; such an x is a multiple of p but not of q; thus, a simple GCD between n and x yields p, and n is factored.
Replace z with z2k mod n, where k is the largest integer such that 2k < p.
Replace z with z3k mod n, where k is the largest integer such that 3k < p.
Replace z with z5k mod n, where k is the largest integer such that 5k < p.
... and so on, in due succession, for all primes up to B.
If p-1 is indeed B-smooth, then, at that point, z is necessarily equal to 1 modulo p (because all the exponentiations have collectively raised z to an exponent u that is a multiple of p-1). Thus, z-1 is a multiple of p. But if q is not B-smooth, then z-1 is not a multiple of q. Therefore, a GCD between z-1 and n yields p, and n is factored.
To avoid falling into the situation where p-1 is B-smooth for a B small enough for the algorithm above to be practical, some people have said: let's generate our p such that p = 2r + 1 (for some prime r). Such a p is B-smooth only for B at least as large than r, i.e. almost as large as p; this is way too large for Pollard's p-1 algorithm to work in any non-ridiculous amount of time. We well thus deem such primes "safe". Neat, isn't it ? Not so fast.
"Safe" primes are not safe, or at least not safer than randomly generated primes. The first blow came in 1982, eight years after Pollard's publication, when Williams invented the p+1 factorization algorithm. It is a generalization of Pollard's algorithm, that works whenever p-1 or p+1 is B-smooth for a small enough B. This means that if you want your p to be "safe", then you must ensure that both p-1 and p+1 are the product of a large enough prime; you would need to generate p such that p = 2r + 1 and p = 2r' - 1 for two primes r and r'.
Then the notion of "safe prime" for factorization was killed in 1987 when Lenstra published the ECM factorization method. It can be viewed as a generalization of Pollard's p-1 algorithm. We work modulo n; we define a random elliptic curve of equation Y2 = X3 + aX + b for two random integers a and b modulo n. Then we take a random point G on that curve; and we multiply that point repeatedly, with 2k, 3k, 5k... and so on, up to bound B (each "k" being adjusted so that the multiple is not greater than p).
These point multiplications are really the analogous of the exponentiations in Pollard's algorithm. Our hope is that the curve order modulo p is B-smooth, i.e. that all these point multiplications will send our point to the "point at infinity" when considering it modulo p. There again, when we do elliptic curve computations modulo n, we are actually working over two curves at the same time, one modulo p and one modulo q. If we reach the "point at infinity" on the curve modulo p (but not modulo q), this will show up as non-invertible coordinates X and Y modulo n, and, again, a simple GCD then reveals the factorization.
The crucial point, for the discussion at hand, is that ECM will work if the curve order (for the curve "modulo p") is B-smooth. That curve order is "close" to p, but still fairly randomly distributed in a range of size 4·sqrt(p), which is quite large (if we are talking about 1024-bit primes, then the range has size at least 2512...). Therefore, a RSA modulus will resist ECM factorization only because a random 1024-bit integer in a large range has only negligible probability of being B-smooth for a small enough B.
Remember that the notion of generating a "safe prime" comes from the fear that a randomly generated prime p could turn out to be such that p-1 is B-smooth. Fortunately, the probability of such an occurrence with normal-sized primes (say, 1024 bits for RSA-2048) is abysmally small. But some people say that they want to "take no risk" and they insist on verifying that p-1 is not B-smooth. The ECM method shows that it is flawed thinking: regardless of how you select p, you are still relying on the very small probability of a random integer to be B-smooth.
Summary: there is no reason to single out p-1 as needing a big enough prime factor. For security, you need random integer generation to be "safe enough" (not B-smooth for too small a B); and if a random integer is fine, then it is fine. Insistence on using "safe primes" for RSA is just being stuck in the past; it made sense between 1974 and 1987, but no longer.
Though "safe primes" are a useless notion for RSA, they still have some use in Diffie-Hellman, since they allow the use of a small integer as generator (typically 2), which has some (slight) performance benefits.
Regardless of all of the above, confronting your lecturer is socially and politically a poor move. If he (she) is a nice open-minded guy (or gal), you might want to send him (her) to me, i.e. point him (her) to that answer. But in student-teacher relationships, the best strategy for a student is to watch, learn, and bide his time.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged digital-signature rsa or ask your own question.
Are digital signature algorithms subject to the same types of attack as public-key encryption algorithms?
Is this a secure Digital Signature + Encryption method?


text:
how to join press clubs - Learn Online
What are press clubs? And how to join press clubs
Video Transcription: let's talk about what our press clubs and sometimes they're called press associations for publicity and relationships this video is brought to you by Appy Pie's Academy. these are specifically in person places that you can go in your city or your nearest metropolitan hub and you can come and network with journalists editors photo journalists people who work in newspapers or media or other magazine or magazines so these are people who you really want to network with and establish relationships so that they can mention your business what you want to do there is come in and talk to them build relationships which is going to build trust and you can find these by literally searching Google all you do is search for something like exactly put that into your search bar if you're in New York for example or whatever city you're in or whatever major metropolitan area you're in you would search for Press Club in your city or a Press Association in your city sometimes it's free sometimes it's paid but if it's paid it's not expensive and you would go and you would network with really valuable people in your industry really valuable people because one of these people can put you in front of thousands or tens of thousands of potential customers just by featuring your business and guess what they can if they write a story once and it goes well it can go many times now there's a specific industry term a source that's called let's say for example if you're an expert that's quoted in some news story then you're called the source that's a technical term and you can say you say hey I'm a source in whatever area in which you're expert let's say you're expert in pets or cooking or some kind of technology well if they're ever writing an article about this topic then you can go and say hey I can be a source on that topic and you'd save them a lot of headaches because otherwise they would have had to go out and search for sources and because they'd be time pressure they probably have bad sources that they'd find but because they know about you they'd be like oh you know even if they're writing an article in two weeks or a month or half a year from now they'll be like oh I know that guy or girl they can be a source for a topic I'm writing and they'll either sometimes refer you to other journalists or they'll use your source themselves and as long as you keep up with them on social media and keep their relationship going maybe throw attending multiple such events then you will get a lot of publicity from building the relationships inside the press clubs.


Words cannot explain what is going through my head right now. I'm not sure whether it's anger, frustration, sadness or a combination of the above. Ashlee, read through this thread again. Take careful note of the final message in it before it was closed. As will this one I'm sure.


text:
Q: net.ipv4.ip_forward reverting to 0 even though set in /etc/sysctl.conf I set net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 in /etc/sysctl.conf and ran sysctl -p which caused it to set to 1 as expected in the output of sysctl -a, but sometime between last night and now something set it back to 0.  Any thoughts on what could be doing this?  I grepped /var/log/cron for forward and for sysctl and didn't see anything.

A: Some CentOS versions set net.ipv4.ip_forward to 0 again whenever the network service is restarted (with service restart networking for example).
To be more precise, it is set to zero in the stop section of the /etc/init.d/network script:
stop)
      [ "$EUID" != "0" ] && exit 4
      # Don't shut the network down if root is on NFS or a network
      # block device.

      # [...]

      action $"Shutting down loopback interface: " ./ifdown ifcfg-lo

      sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=0 > /dev/null 2>&1

You can edit that script and remove or change that line.
See Red Hat Bugzilla Bug 552653 for more information.

A: There is a bug which causes sysctl values to be loaded before the network is properly initialized. This causes network settings in /etc/sysctl.conf to be ignored. A solution to this may be to procps restart to /etc/local.rc, so the initialization is repeated.
The bug in question: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/procps/+bug/50093

A: I put logging in place to record the value of this setting every minute so then I could check /var/log/cron and see what might be responsible.  It looks like the reverting corresponds to a cron job for APF (Advanced Policy Firewall) running.
Here's my mini logging script in case it's helpful to anyone:
echo `date`" - "`sysctl -a | grep net.ipv4.ip_forward` >> /var/log/ip_forward_setting.log