text:
Implications of School Choice Experiments. Paul Peterson. The Center on Education in the Inner Cities Review, 8(1), 20-21. 1999.
Effectiveness of School Choice: The Milwaukee Experiment. Paul Peterson. Education and Urban Society, 31(2), 190-213. 1999.
Evaluated the success of the publicly funded school-voucher program in Milwaukee (Wisconsin) using data for 592 students. The Milwaukee experience suggests that privatization in education may result in efficiency gains. Given a choice between public and private schools, Milwaukee parents chose the option best suited for their children. Discusses reasons for program success.
Do School Vouchers Work?. Paul Peterson. The World & I, 64-69. 1999.
The issue of education vouchers has become a new Gettysburg for America in the closing years of the twentieth century--and promises to continue to be a blood-soaked civil war battlefield in the new millennium.
School Choice in New York City. Paul Peterson, David Myers, William Howell, Daniel MayerIn Paul E. Peterson and Susan Mayer, Eds.. Earning and Learning: How Schools Matter. Brookings Institution Press. 1999.
Top Ten Questions Asked About School Choice. Paul Peterson. Brookings Papers on Education Policy. Brookings Institution Press, 371-418. 1999.
School Choice: A Report Card. Paul Peterson. The Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law, 6(1), 47-80. 1998.
Learning from School Choice. Paul Peterson, Bryan Hassel. Brookings Institution Press, 460 pages. 1998.
While educators, parents, and policy-makers are still debating the pros and cons of school choice, it is now possible to learn from choice experiments in public, private, and charter schools across the country. This book both examines the evidence from these early school choice programs and looks at the larger implications of choice and competition in education.
Central-City School Systems: Time for Experimentation. Paul Peterson. Brookings Newsletter. 1998.
What Evaluation Has to Say About School Choice. Paul Peterson. Philanthropy, 12(4), 23-25. 1998.
Race Relations & Central City Schools. Paul Peterson, Jay P. Greene. The Brookings Review, 16(2), 3-37. 1998.
Some say U. S. race relations are improving; others say not. Some say that affirmative action has fostered racial progress; others say not. But almost all Americans, liberal or conservative, agree that in the long run racial equality can be fully achieved only by eliminating disparities in the average educational performances of blacks and whites. Most Americans, we submit, would go so far as to say that if the next generation of blacks and whites acquire similar academic skills, the remaining barriers to racial equality could well slip away of their own accord.
The Effectiveness of School Choice in Milwaukee: A Secondary Analysis of Data from the Programs Evaluation. Paul Peterson, Jay P. Greene, Jiangtao DuIn Paul E. Peterson and Bryan C. Hassel, Eds.. Learning from School Choice. Brookings Institution Press, 335-356. 1998.
Under Extreme Duress, School Choice Success. Paul Peterson, Chad NoyesIn Diane Ravitch and Joseph Viteritti, Eds.. New Schools for a New Century: The Redesign of Urban Education. Yale University Press. 1997.
The Wisconsin state legislature enacted in 1995 a large- scale voucher program offering a choice among both religious and secular schools to thousands of Milwaukee children living in low- income families. The program will not come into effect unless the Wisconsin state supreme court rejects a challenge to its constitutionality. Until such time, low income families seeking alternatives to the city's public schools must choose within the confines of a more limited plan set up in 1990. The Milwaukee story is hardly a "best practice" tale that educators love to relate.
A Report Card on School Choice. Paul Peterson. Commentary, 29-33. 1997.
The problems in American education are endemic. For example, compare math and science performance by students in the United States with that in other countries. The Third International Mathematics and Science Study ("TIMSS"), reporting on tests administered in 1995 to half a million students in forty-one countries, compares the math performance of U.S. students in fourth, eighth, and twelfth grades with that of students abroad. Math tests are thought to be especially good indicators of school effectiveness, because math, unlike reading and language skills, is learned mainly in school.
School Choice in Milwaukee. Paul Peterson, Jay P. Greene, Chad Noyes. Public Interest, No. 125, 38-56. 1996.
The New Politics of Choice. Paul PetersonIn Diane Ravitch and Maris Vinovskis, Eds.. Learning from the Past. John Hopkins University Press. 1995.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Thanks to the Property Prof gurus (including my marvelous colleague Al Brophy) for inviting me to post here. From Al's post, you may know that I hope to address teaching and learning issues, based in part on my experience working on the "Carnegie Report" on Legal Education ("Educating Lawyers").
To begin, however, I'd like to raise a different issue: Do those of us who teach property law weigh the cost of casebooks and supplements in making decisions about required texts?
I've served in recent years at chair of the UNC Chapel Hill faculty senate, and as the chair of the UNC Faculty Assembly (representing faculty at all 17 UNC system campuses). A crucial issue that has been raised in both settings concerns the costs of student textbooks and what faculty members can do to try to keep educational costs down for our students in these challenging financial times.
I've long been a user of the Dukeminier & Krier property casebook (since entering law teaching in 1981... in part because I'm a UCLA Law graduate and knew both of the original authors). More recently I changed to the casebook by Freyermuth, Organ, Noble-Allgire and Winokur (Property and Lawyering, 2d, 2006) because I wanted to see how its "lawyering exercises" might be used to engage students and teach more than doctrine.
Until... (drum roll please), I was preparing my fall semester syllabus and tried to find out more about West's pricing policies particularly as they applied to students with used books.
1. Do you consider the cost of textbooks and supplements in making decisions regarding required instructional materials? Why or why not?
2. Do you know what the materials you require cost?
3. Have you heard of the federal textbook legislation that supposedly requires publishers to advise faculty members about costs?
Your comments and insights are most welcome.
1. It is a minor consideration when I first adopt a casebook, but I don't keep track of the relative prices of competing casebooks as new ones come on the market. However, if I'm considering assigning a supplement, I would consider cost as an important consideration.
2. More or less. The last time I checked it seemed that the prices didn't vary much between casebooks. And, my sense was that the difference wouldn't account for a significant portion of the law student's total expenses.
1. I think about it a bit, but it is secondary to overall quality for the main casebook for a given course. I think about cost much more when assigning supplements.
2. Yes. And what I know makes me worry about textbook costs.
3. I think I saw a memo about it, but couldn't tell you exactly what it says. I seem to recall an effort to get book orders in earlier to comply with some sort of legislation.


Silent video of RJ45 Female to 8-pin Terminal Block adapter cable.
After watching the video, click on replay to view again.
Easily connect the 8 wires on a CAT5e/6 cable to an RJ45 connector. The terminal block accepts 22 to 24 AWG wire.
This cable, part 72-173, features an RJ45 Female connector on one end and an 8-position Terminal Block connector on a six inch cable.


text:
Wypożyczalnia międzybiblioteczna (ang. interlibrary loan/lending) – jednostka organizacyjna biblioteki zajmująca się wypożyczaniem materiałów sprowadzanych na żądanie czytelnika z innych instytucji. Rozróżnia się wypożyczanie międzybiblioteczne krajowe i zagraniczne. Działalność wypożyczalni międzybibliotecznej regulują odpowiednie przepisy.

Historia
W Europie pierwszym krajem, który w 1885 roku opublikował regulamin biblioteczny dotyczący również wypożyczeń międzybibliotecznych były Włochy. Obecnie międzynarodowe normy wypożyczeń międzybibliotecznych regulują wytyczne Międzynarodowej Federacji Stowarzyszeń i Instytucji  Bibliotekarskich.

Wypożyczanie międzybiblioteczne w Polsce znane było przed I wojną światową. Zasady tej formy udostępniania zbiorów precyzowało zarządzenie Ministra Kultury i Sztuki z dnia 25.03.1980 r. w sprawie zasad wypożyczania międzybibliotecznego. Uzyskało ono podstawę prawną w Ustawie o bibliotekach z dnia 9.04.1968 r., która została zastąpiona aktem prawnym z dnia 27.06.1997 r. Każda instytucja udostępniająca zbiory na zasadzie wypożyczeń międzybibliotecznych reguluje ich zasady przez odpowiednie regulaminy.

Wypożyczanie międzybiblioteczne
W praktyce bibliotecznej rozróżnia się:
 wypożyczanie międzybiblioteczne krajowe – rodzaj udostępniania zbiorów bibliotecznych, w którym zakres i zasięg ograniczony jest do terenu danego kraju. Do wyszukiwania zamówionych przez czytelnika dokumentów wykorzystuje się katalogi centralne. Zanim katalogi centralne objęły zbiory większych polskich bibliotek stosowano tzw. rewers okrężny,
 wypożyczanie międzybiblioteczne zagraniczne – dotyczy udostępniania materiałów bibliotecznych z bibliotek zagranicznych i dla bibliotek zagranicznych.

Opłaty za realizację wypożyczania międzybibliotecznego ustalają regulaminy poszczególnych instytucji.

Zasady ogólne wypożyczania międzybibliotecznego
Czytelnik zwraca się do najbliższej biblioteki (publicznej, naukowej, fachowej, szkolnej) z prośbą o wypożyczenie z innej biblioteki poszukiwanych materiałów. Po otrzymaniu  dokumentów biblioteka macierzysta powiadamia o tym fakcie czytelnika (telefonicznie, e-mailowo, pisemnie). Biblioteka bierze pełną odpowiedzialność za trzymane zbiory, które udostępniane są użytkownikowi na miejscu, w czytelni.

Przypisy

Bibliotekoznawstwo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
\section{Introduction}
Quantum dots can emit single photons~\cite{Lounis00a, Michler00b, Straka14} as well as entangled photon pairs~\cite{Akopian06, Stevenson06, Dousse10, Jayakumar14}.
Furthermore, the electron or hole spins in charged quantum dots could be used as local memories~\cite{Kroutvar04, DeGreve12}, which is a prerequisite to build quantum networks~\cite{Kimble08}. Those photons and photon pairs can be prepared deterministically through optical excitation~\cite{Jayakumar13, He13, Mueller14}, or the quantum dot can be pumped electrically~\cite{Benson00, Yuan02}. These photons are required for various quantum-enhanced tasks including linear optics quantum computation~\cite{Knill01}, quantum communication~\cite{Bennett95a}, and quantum sensing~\cite{Wolfgramm13}. Indistinguishable single photons on demand are essential in order to realize these technologies.

The first investigations of the indistinguishability of photons from quantum dots were performed by Santori et al. in 2002~\cite{Santori02b} using quasi-resonant excitation. Laurent et al. measured a similar result with quantum dots in a photonic crystal cavity in 2005~\cite{Laurent05} and Bennett et al.~\cite{Bennett05} investigated the influence of pump power when exciting the quantum dot quasi resonant  in 2005. Flagg et al. showed in 2012 that exciton recapture processes are responsible for single photon purity dynamics~\cite{Flagg12}. In 2008 Bennett et al. investigated the indistinguishability of photons from quantum dots in a diode structure under electrical pumping~\cite{Bennett08}. The first attempt at resonant pumping was performed in 2009 by Ates et al.~\cite{Ates09}, and the value for the indistinguishability was improved with resonant pumping in 2013 by He et al.~\cite{He13}. In 2013 Gazzano et al. showed that good indistinguishability can be achieved in a high brightness source~\cite{Gazzano13}.  Stevenson et al.~\cite{Stevenson12} showed that a diode structure can produce indistinguishable and entangled photons with electrical pumping. The first to show indistinguishable photons from the biexciton state were M\"uller et al. in 2014~\cite{Mueller14}. Also the indistinguishability of photons from two quantum dots~\cite{Patel10, Flagg10}, from a quantum dot photon and a photon generated by a SPDC source~\cite{Polyakov11} and between a quantum dot photon and a laser~\cite{Bennett09} has been studied. Thus, with improved experimental techniques and device engineering over the years, there has been steady improvement in the quantum properties and brightness from quantum dot photons.

In addition, theoretical studies of two photon interference~\cite{Legero03} and experimental realizations with photons created by atom-cavity systems~\cite{Legero04} showed that apart from the spatial and the polarization overlap of the photons the quality of the wavepackets also plays an important role. Here, especially important are the dephasing and the jitter of the arrival time of the wave packets.
To better understand these effects in a quantum dot system we have made a comparison study.
We measured the interference of the fields from both exciton and biexciton photons from an InAs quantum dot under different excitation conditions in a Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interferometer.
In particular, we measured the indistinguishability of exciton photons with a varying excitation pulse length and a varying detuning of the excitation with respect to a quasi resonance. Additionally, we performed an indistinguishability measurement in resonant excitation of the biexciton. In this process the exciton state is populated from the radiative biexciton decay, resulting in an additional time-jitter compared to quasi resonant excitation of the exciton. The quasi resonant excitation is not time-jitter free since phonon relaxation is needed to populate the exciton state, but the time-jitter is much smaller than the biexciton decay, because it is non radiative. The phonon relaxation time is in the order of a few ps~\cite{Heitz97}, whereas the radiative lifetime of the biexciton is 370\unit{ps}.

For the investigations of the indistinguishability of the biexciton photon, we performed two different excitation schemes - resonant excitation and above band excitation. For resonant excitation of the biexciton state we use a two-photon excitation exploiting a virtual level~\cite{Jayakumar13}. For comparison, we performed a HOM interference measurement on the biexciton recombination photon with the quantum dot excited above-band, where phonon transitions are needed to relax to the biexciton state.
This pump scheme introduces two mechanisms that reduce the indistinguishability: first, the time uncertainty of the relaxation process, which causes timing jitter~\cite{Santori04, Flagg12,Kiraz05} and second, charge noise induced by charge carriers in the vicinity of the quantum dot, which shifts the quantum dot resonances through varying potentials.~\cite{Bennett05}
\\

\section{Methods}
{\em Theory:}
If two indistinguishable photons simultaneously impinge on a beamsplitter, they coalesce and leave the beamsplitter through the same output port. This effect was first described by Hong, Ou, and Mandel~\cite{Hong87a} and is therefore referred to as Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference.
Let us consider a beamsplitter with two input modes (enumerated as 1 and 2) and two output modes (enumerated as 3 and 4). The four propagating field components  $\hat{E}_{1-4}^{(+)}$ are related by the transformation
\begin{equation}\label{eq:fields}
\begin{aligned}
\hat{E}_3^{(+)}=\sqrt{T}\hat{E}_1^{(+)}+i\sqrt{R}\hat{E}_2^{(+)}\\
\hat{E}_4^{(+)}=\sqrt{T}\hat{E}_2^{(+)}+i\sqrt{R}\hat{E}_1^{(+)},
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where R and T are the reflection and transmission coefficient of the beamsplitter, respectively.
If one considers a system with pure dephasing (which leads to an exponential coherence time, $T_2$) and an exponential lifetime of the excited state $T_1$, the probability to find two photons at opposite outputs is
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:P}
P(\tau)=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2}\frac{2RT}{1-2RT}\frac{T_2 }{2T_1-T_2}\left[e^{-2|\tau|/T_1}-\frac{T_2}{2T_1}e^{-4|\tau|/T_2}\right],
\end{equation}
where $\tau$ is the difference of the arrival time of the photons on the beamsplitter~\cite{Bylander02}. Timing jitter, which is an additional time uncertainty in the excitation process, produces an effective decoherence with a Gaussian shape instead of an exponential one. This contribution cannot clearly be distinguished in our data and is therefore not considered separately. Spectral diffusion, which is the wandering of the emission line due to interaction of the quantum dot with its environment, happens at much longer timescales and does not need to be considered in our case.
To simplify the above formula, let us consider a perfect beamsplitter with $R=T=0.5$. In this case, the factor $\frac{2RT}{1-2RT}$ equals one and the minimal observable value of the two photon coincidence probability is given by $P(0)=(1-\frac{T_2}{2T_1})/2$.
Here, we can see that for perfect indistinguishability $P(0)=0$ occurs when $T_2=2T_1$.
\\

{\em Experimental Setup:} Our sample contains a layer of self-assembled InAs quantum dots grown by molecular-beam epitaxy, embedded in a $4\mathrm{\lambda}$ planar distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) cavity. The cavity consists of 15.5 lower and 10 upper layers of AlAs and GaAs to form the thwo DBRs. This sample was also used for previous work~\cite{Jayakumar13, Jayakumar14}. The sample is kept inside a liquid helium flow cryostat at 5\unit{K} and is excited orthogonally to the collection direction exploiting the lateral mode of the DBR cavity for wave-guiding~\cite{Muller07}. The quantum dot emission is collected from the top using an objective (NA=0.68), forwarded through a spectrometer, and sent into single mode fibers. A schematic of the experimental setup is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:setup}a. Light derived from a pulsed Ti:Sapphire laser with a repetition rate of $81\unit{MHz}$ is guided through a pulse stretcher, which consists of two gratings and a slit in 4-f configuration. The slit width can be varied to create pulses of different lengths (2.5\unit{ps} to 8\unit{ps}). These pulses travel through the pump interferometer, which is an imbalanced Michelson interferometer with a variable path-length difference from 2 to 4\unit{ns}. Thereby two successive pump pulses with variable time delay are created. The emission from the quantum dot is sent to the HOM interferometer, which is an imbalanced Michelson interferometer with 3\unit{ns} path length difference. If the early and late photons travel the long and short arms of the HOM interferometer, they arrive at the beamsplitter of the interferometer at the same time and will interfere. Changing the polarization or delay of one of the photons introduces distinguishability. The two outputs of the HOM interferometer are coupled to single mode fibers. The photons are then detected with avalanche photo diodes. In front of the HOM interferometer the emission can be sent to an intensity modulator which is a $\mathrm{LiNbO_3}$ Mach-Zehnder modulator with a bandwith of 20\unit{GHz}. The intensity modulator is optically synchronized to the laser and has a pulse width of 200\unit{ps} with  Gaussian pulse shape.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{setup_plus_schematic}
\par\end{centering}
\caption{\label{fig:setup}\textbf{a)}~Experimental setup. \textbf{b-d)}~Excitation schemes. \textbf{a)}~A pulse stretcher is used to vary the pulse length of a 2.5\unit{ps} Ti:Sapphire laser. Afterwards the light passes through the pump interferometer which creates two consecutive laser pulses. These two laser pulses are used to excite the quantum dot, which emits two successive photons. The exciton and biexciton photons are separated in wavelength and are sent through an analyzing interferometer which has the same imbalance as the pump interferometer. \textbf{b)}~Above-band excitation: carriers are excited in the conduction band of the surrounding material and relax phonon assisted to the quantum dot states.  \textbf{c)}~Quasi resonant excitation scheme, where a higher, short lived bound state of the quantum dot is excited resonantly with the laser and decays to the exciton state \ket{x} and \textbf{d)}~two-photon resonant excitation of the biexciton state.}
\end{figure}

The three different excitation schemes used in our study are above-band excitation (excitation wavelength $\lambda_{exc,ab}=800\unit{nm}$), quasi resonant excitation  (excitation wavelength $\lambda_{exc,qr}=879.15\unit{nm}$) and two-photon resonant excitation to the biexciton state (excitation wavelength $\lambda_{exc,2p}=918.5\unit{nm}$, Figure~\ref{fig:setup}~b-d). In  above-band excitation a laser with an energy higher than the GaAs band-gap is used. This laser creates charge carriers in the material surrounding the quantum dot, which cascade through various pathways to the inhomogeneously broadened quantum dot distribution, where they can randomly fill quantum dots states (see Figure~\ref{fig:setup}~b). Exciton \ket{x}, biexciton \ket{b} and charged states can be created probabilistically with above-band excitation.
 In the method of quasi resonant excitation,
a laser resonantly excites a higher excited state of the quantum dot. The higher excited quantum dot state can then decay to the exciton state which then decays emitting a photon of interest (see Figure~\ref{fig:setup}~c). In the two-photon resonant scheme the biexciton state \ket{b} is resonantly excited by exploiting a two-photon resonance via a virtual level. This virtual transition is at half the biexciton energy and it is not resonant with the exciton. The exciton and biexciton are anharmonic due to different Coulomb binding~\cite{Jayakumar13} (see Figure~\ref{fig:setup}~d).

\section{Results}

The HOM measurement results for the exciton in quasi resonant excitation are shown in Figure~\ref{fig:p-shell}. Figure~\ref{fig:p-shell}~a shows a histogram of the arrival time differences of the photons on the two detectors.
The five peaks (A-C) have their origin in three different types of coincidence events. The quantum dot is excited with two pulses, separated by $3\unit{ns}$, created by the pump interferometer. These two photons enter the HOM interferometer. If the first photon follows the short arm and the second photon follows the long arm, the two peaks C in Figure~\ref{fig:p-shell}~a at $\pm6\unit{ns}$ are recorded (peaks C from all laser pulses are overlapped because the laser repetition is $12\unit{ns}$). For peaks $\mathrm{B_1}$ and $\mathrm{B_2}$  at $\pm3\unit{ns}$, both photons follow the same arm. For peak A the first photon follows the long arm and the second photon follows the short arm. Therefore these two photons will arrive at the beamsplitter simultaneously and can interfere.

The peaks A-C are created from two single photons which results in a ratio between A:B:C of 2:2:1 if they do not interfere and 0:2:1 if they perfectly interfere. The peaks from 6 to 20\unit{ns} are created from photons that have no correlations and therefore obey Poissonian statistics. The ratio A:B:C for a light source with Poissonian statistics is 6:4:1. This is important because it is not possible in our setup to keep the count rate perfectly constant over all the performed measurements. To achieve comparability of the results for different detector count levels, the area of peak A is normalized with the area of the peaks $\mathrm{B_{1,2}}$ using the formula $P(\tau)=\frac{A}{B_{1}+B_{2}}$, where $\tau$ describes the time delay between the photons for different measurement settings. With this definition P is equal to the probability to detect two photons at the different outputs of a beamsplitter.~\cite{Santori02b}

Each point in Figures~\ref{fig:p-shell}~b-d is the result of a measurement in Figure~\ref{fig:p-shell}~a with a varying time delay between the two impinging photons. The time delay was introduced by changing the longer arm position in the pump interferometer. The indistinguishability for photons from an exciton decay is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:p-shell}~b, as a function of photon arrival time delay. The data is fitted with the model from Equation~\ref{eq:P}. For the black circles, which represent the measured data points for quasi resonantly excited excitons, the fit function gives a lifetime of $T_1=800(40)\unit{ps}$ and a coherence time of $T_2=450(35)\unit{ps}$. The fitted lifetime is consistent with a standard lifetime measurement (directly measuring the exciton decay) which results in $T_1=820(15)\unit{ps}.$
The coherence time is different from the single photon coherence time ($g^{(1)}$) which resulted in $T_2=95(5)\unit{ps}$, measured with the same pump conditions. Such a difference is expected due to the different time scales on which the two coherence times are considered, as other authors have reported~\cite{Santori02b, Bennett05, Mueller14, He13}
The blue triangles in Figure~\ref{fig:p-shell}~b represent the measured data points for exciton photons when exciting the quantum dot resonantly to the biexciton via a two-photon resonance. The fit result is $T_1=800(90)\unit{ps}$ and $T_2=540(50)\unit{ps}$, producing slightly better and statistically significantly improved coherence times.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{x_p-shell.pdf}
\par\end{centering}
\caption{\label{fig:p-shell}HOM interference for the exciton emission obtained under quasi resonant excitation. \textbf{a)}~single point measurement, which is a histogram of a start-stop measurement between the two outputs of the analyzing interferometer. The origin of the multiple peaks is explained in the text. \textbf{b)}~Each single point is a measurement as shown in a) with a varying time delay between the two impinging photons. The time delay was introduced by changing the longer arm position in the pump interferometer. The black circles are the results for quasi resonant excitation and the blue triangles are the results for the exciton when exciting the biexciton two-photon resonantly. \textbf{c)}~A $3\unit{ps}$ laser pulse was tuned over a quasi resonance while all the other experimental parameters like excitation power and cryostat temperature were kept constant. \textbf{d)}~Exciting the quantum dot with different pulse lengths via a quasi resonance influences their indistinguishability. For our system parameters shorter pulses are advantageous.}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig:p-shell}~c shows the influence of the detuning of the excitation laser frequency from the quasi-resonance condition. We performed HOM-measurements for zero photon arrival time delay for frequency detunings from -60 to 140\unit{GHz} in 20\unit{GHz} steps. The excitation power was kept constant. To perform this measurement, we set a fixed slit width in the pulse stretcher to produce 3\unit{ps} pulses and moved the slit position to introduce detuning. The amount of detuning was measured using a spectrometer. Due to the detuning the quasi resonant pump process gets less efficient and incoherent pump processes can contribute more to the measured signal. This leads to a decreased indistinguishability of the emitted photons.
Figure~\ref{fig:p-shell}~d shows the influence of the excitation pulse length on the indistinguishability of the emitted photons.
Here, the slit width of the pulse stretcher was modified while the central wavelength was kept at zero detuning. The pulse duration was measured with an autocorrelator and the given values represent the deconvoluted pulse envelope time. The excitation power was kept constant. The measurement result shows that longer excitation pulses  reduce the indistinguishability of the emitted photons. This could have several reasons. Obviously, an additional time uncertainty caused by the longer pulse is added in the excitation process. Also multiple excitations could occur, since the probability for the exciton state to decay, while the pump pulse is still present, increases.
Thus, for our system, these effects are more significant than the disadvantages of a shorter pulse; for instance, large bandwidth and high peak intensity which leads to off-resonant generation of excitons.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{hom_qd_xx}
\par\end{centering}
\caption{\label{fig:xx-hom} \textbf{a)}~HOM interference result of the biexciton recombination photon (XX) with another XX photon created from two successive pump pulses under resonant two photon excitation (2p-resonant). The blue filled circles show the opposite output probability for XX photons as emitted and the red triangles show XX photons after being cut to 200\unit{ps} wave packets by an intensity modulator. The solid lines represent fits to the data where lifetime and coherence time are the two fit parameters. The coherence time is fitted to both data sets simultaneously, because we do not change it with the intensity modulator. The green open circles show the same measurement with an above-band pump, where no indistinguishability was measured.
\textbf{b)}~Zoom in on peak A (see Figure~\ref{fig:p-shell}a) for the biexciton photon for zero time delay without intensity modulator with high timing resolution detectors fiber-pigtailed single-photon detection modules from Micro Photon Devices with a resolution of $35\unit{ps}$). The time axis here is the time between two detection events as in Figure~\ref{fig:p-shell}a and not the delay time between the two photons. The blue data points represent a measurement where the impinging photons have parallel polarization and will interfere on the beamsplitter, whereas the red data points represent a measurement with orthogonally polarized photons, which do not interfere because they are distinguishable in their polarization. The dashed lines are theoretical curves for infinite detector timing resolution with the given coherence time and lifetime. The solid lines are a convolution of the theoretical curve with the detector resolution of $35\unit{ps}$. }
\end{figure}

In Figure~\ref{fig:xx-hom} the result of the Hong-Ou-Mandel measurement for the biexciton photons is depicted.
Here, we performed the measurement with a two-photon resonant excitation scheme on the biexciton state. For comparison we also performed a measurement using above-band excitation. The comparison with a quasi resonantly excited biexciton state is not possible because the quasi resonant excitation does not decay through the biexciton state.
The result for above-band excitation is depicted as green open circles. Under these excitation conditions the two photons appear to be completely distinguishable, although the (one photon) coherence time is about the same as for the resonant excitation case (140(10)\unit{ps} and 211(5)\unit{ps}, respectively). Timing jitter could be responsible for this behavior because it is only present in the above-band excitation case. The blue filled circles represent measurements where the quantum dot was excited directly to the biexciton, exploiting a two photon resonant excitation. To further improve the HOM interference, we set up an intensity modulator, which is an interferometer with an electro-optic phase modulator to create constructive or destructive interference on the output beamsplitter. With this pre-selection technique the shape of the quantum dot photon wave packet can be modified~\cite{Kolchin08, Specht09, Ates13}. This shaping shortens the photon wave packet, mimicking a shorter lifetime and thereby improves the ratio of coherence time to lifetime. The fitted lifetime for the blue filled circles (two photon excitation) is $T_1=375(30)\unit{ps}$ which agrees very well with the externally measured value for the lifetime of $T_1=370(10)\unit{ps}$ and the lifetime for the red triangles (two photon excitation and shortening by intensity modulator) is $T_{1\mathrm{,shaped}}=220(15)\unit{ps}$. The two curves were fitted simultaneously, because the coherence time is not influenced by the shaping procedure and the common value is $T_2=270(15)\unit{ps}$. Employing the intensity modulator improves the $\mathrm{T_1}:\mathrm{T_2}$ ratio, but does not yet allow for $2\mathrm{T_1}=\mathrm{T_2}$, as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:xx-hom}~a.

\section{Discussion}

We show that our initial result of 0.39(2) for the the indistinguishability of the biexciton photon can be improved  to 0.71(3) by applying time filtering.
For comparison, the result for the biexciton indistinguishability from M\"uller et al.~\cite{Mueller14} is 0.58(4) (uncorrected); however the lifetimes in~\cite{Mueller14} are shorter and the coherence lengths are approximately the same as reported here.

We also want to compare our result to the best reported values for resonant excitation of an exciton state, which are 0.82(10) from Gazzano et al.~\cite{Gazzano13} and 0.91(2) from He et al.~\cite{He13}. Both of these works used a sample structure with micro-pillar cavities to shorten the lifetime of the exciton state and thereby drastically improving the $\mathrm{T_1}:\mathrm{T_2}$ ratio. All of the given values are uncorrected for two reasons: first, one cannot distinguish a background event from a detected event, because the detector cannot discriminate between a thermal electron or a photon. Therefore, we think that subtracting the background, although its amount is known, is not a valid operation. Second, if one wants to build a scalable network with the given resources, the real, measured value is of interest and not a corrected one, because it is not possible to correct for the error while the photon is propagating through a network. All errors given by finite mode-overlap or remaining multi-photon contribution will add up and decrease the final process fidelity. We can speculate that if we would apply a micro-pillar cavity with a Purcell-factor of $\mathrm{F_P}=3$, the biexciton photon would show an indistinguishability of one. A micro-pillar cavity with such a Purcell-factor is rather standard, but the suppression of the scattered excitation laser would be the challenge in such a case.

\section{Conclusion}
We compared different excitation schemes and conclude that the pump scheme as well as the exact pumping conditions influence the indistinguishability of single photons emitted from a single semiconductor quantum dot. As reported before~\cite{He13, Mueller14}, resonant excitation leads to the highest quality photons. Additionally, we showed the amount of improvement in indistinguishability of the biexciton photon between resonant two-photon excitation and above-band excitation is 39(2)\unit{\%}. Further we showed that time filtering using an intensity modulator can improve the indistinguishability by improving the ratio of the lifetime to the coherence time $\frac{T_2}{2T_1}$. In our case this improved the indistinguishability to 71(3)\unit{\%}. This leads to the conclusion that for improving the quality of single photons to perform linear optics quantum computation, quantum communication, and quantum sensing, quantum dots must be pumped resonantly. The quality of the photons can be enhanced to the desired level if their lifetime is shortened, either by elaborate cavity designs~\cite{Vuckovic03, Dousse10, Gazzano13, He13} or by applying time filtering.
\\
\begin{acknowledgments}
\section{Acknowledgments}
The authors thank the funding agencies. This work was funded by NSERC, the European Research Council (project EnSeNa, no. 275531). T. H. thanks the Austrian Academy of Sciences (\"OAW) for receiving a DOC Fellowship. A. P. would like to thank Austrian Science Fund (FWF) for support provided through Elise Richter Fellowship V-375. G.S.S. acknowledges partial support from the NSF PFC@JQI, and from Fulbright Austria – Austrian American Educational Commission through the Fulbright-University of Innsbruck Visiting Scholar program.
\end{acknowledgments}

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


RADWAG Balances and Scales (Poland) - RADWAG introduces new high capacity precision balances: professional-class PS 3Y.M, advanced-class PS X2.M and standard-class PS R.M.
RADWAG MonoBLOCK® technology enables weighing loads with readability of d=0.1g and maximum capacity of 10 kg.
Brand new construction protects against heavy loads. Single-point fastening of the weighing pan reduces eccentricity error and guarantees excellent geometry of the balance. The labyrinth-shape construction provides great resistance to contamination.
The internal adjustment system ensures precision and high measurement repeatability. Leverage of internal weight mass enables adjustment within the whole measuring range, which improves linearity.


Please join us! Earthos Institute and Tufts University invite you to a symposium on Alewife corridor collaborative resilience. The symposium will bring together the Alewife corridor communities of Belmont, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, Medford, and Winchester to look at the Alewife floodplain in its entirety, and explore collaborative scenarios for tackling issues of resiliency and climate adaptation. Together, we will engage systems-based analysis with multi-community and cross-disciplinary approaches. Amber Christoffersen will be speaking on the Open Space Panel, and Patrick Herron will be speaking on Water Quality.
Post-symposium, we envision creating task groups—with representatives from multiple towns, universities, and nonprofits—to further develop intercommunity scenarios and seek funding to support and implement them. The goal of the symposium is to create a collaborative environment to build adaptive resilience in this corridor. Symposium topic areas include water quality, flooding, local biodiversity, regional biodiversity, social & economic justice, hazardous waste, and collaborative infrastructure (hard and soft).
For questions, contact the symposium co-organizer Sarah Howard at sarah-earthos@LDParch.com.
The conference is FREE, but pre-registration is required. A box lunch is available for purchase for $15.


Prefatory Note: A Review by Doug Renselle of William James' 'Some Problems of Philosophy,' his last work, published posthumously in 1911.
Prefatory Note......By Henry James, Jr.
His son, Henry, Jr. writes, "He began the actual writing of this 'introductory text-book for students in metaphysics,' as he once called it, in March, 1909, and to complete it was at last his dearest ambition. But illness, and other demands on his diminished strength, continued to interfere, and what is now published is all that he had succeeded in writing when he died in August, 1910."


text:
Rye vs. Bourbon: What's the Difference?
PUBLISHED IN american whiskey, whiskey, rye, rye whiskey, bourbon
Rye Whiskey and Bourbon have a lot in common: Their history goes way back to when distillation was brought to the New World from Europe and became a hit. At the end of 18th century even George Washington owned a distillery in Mount Vernon, producing Rye Whiskey. And it was no hobby: his distillery was the largest in America at the time.
How many musician do you know that made a successful comeback?
Not many.
Same thing happened to Rye; when the prohibition was over, Rye didn't restore its former popularity and Bourbon was the star of American bars for the decades to come.
In the past years, Rye Whiskey has been making a comeback once again and it looks like this time it's about to become big once again. Mixologists worship the complexity of Rye and every decent cocktail bar will have Rye cocktails on the menu.
It's in the 51%
Apart from their past popularity ratings, the main difference between Rye and Bourbon is in their main ingredients.
According to the US law, Bourbon must be distilled from mash that's at least 51% corn, while Rye Whiskey must be at least 51% Rye. The remaining 49% in both cases can be another grain. The grains used for distillation influence the flavour profile of the final drink. Corn and wheat tend to be sweet, while rye is spicy.
Almost there. There's just one more thing you should know:
In Canada they have their own version of Rye
It's called either Canadian Whisky, Canadian Rye Whisky or simply Rye Whisky.
Historically, it was made from rye, but now there are no rules in place on how much rye its mash bill should contain and it can be very little. During the times that distillation in the US was held back by the prohibition, Canadian production dominated the US market and that's why for some people Rye Whiskey will still mean Canadian.
But you'll know better. And that makes you ready to join the Ryevolution. Why not start by mixing a Rye Manhattan or an Old Fashioned?
Cover image: Flickr
READ MORE ABOUT: american whiskey, whiskey, rye, rye whiskey, bourbon, old fashioned, manhattan
Published Apr 16th 2015
Updated Nov 19th 2019
By Grisa Soba
Grisa Soba, Flaviar co-Founder
Who Are 5 Females That Shaped Cocktail Culture?
What's the Deal with Vermouth?
History of Rye Whiskey: From Hollywood Drunkards' Booze to Go-To Drink of Don Draper Himself
What Cocktail to Order? Five Steps to Finding your Signature Drink
Stir Crazy: Why The World is Wild About The Martini
american whiskey >>>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In our 150th year of confederation, I could not help but explore the history of our chamber of commerce and our business network. Interestingly, the first chamber of commerce was established in 1599 in France, with the first North American chamber established in 1750 in Halifax. While our chamber hasn't been around for quite that long, we do have a remarkable history.
Four days, 4,017 kilometers (or 2,496 miles for our American friends), 83 country songs, nine meetings, two very impressive site visits, a poutine washed down with a cold Canadian beer at Kooky Canuck's and one 4th of July later, our delegation landed back home on Canadian soil with a fresher outlook on trade. In this special edition of 5 Minutes for Business, Perrin Beatty, our President and CEO, reflects on the success of our first of three delegation tours south of the border.
Our next stop is Texas and then on to Georgia. If you'd like to participate in any of our delegations, please email us. If you're looking for more info, click here.
Lack of proper infrastructure is leading to lost opportunities and wasted time for both companies and residents, says a new report by the Canadian Chamber of Commerce.
As Canadians head out on vacation, they will be spending longer periods in their car, have more difficulty accessing their emails in certain parts of the country and have to wait longer to receive the items they order online because of deficient infrastructure.
The Lethbridge Chamber of Commerce is the Voice of Business for Lethbridge and our region. The economy of Southwestern Alberta is anchored in a healthy and diversified agri-food sector that is growing and expanding despite the challenges faced by the provincial economy. With a growing membership of almost 800 businesses, our Chamber has come of age and is pursuing an ambitious advocacy program to take advantage of new opportunities for our region, while providing valuable services and resources to our members, and participating at both the provincial and national levels to advance the cause of business Canada-wide.
More than a year after it was submitted to the Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs, a report by Aboriginal legal expert Bryn Gray on how the Crown could improve its approach to its duty to consult Indigenous peoples has been released. Mr. Gray was commissioned by the previous government to consult with Indigenous peoples as well as industry and federal officials and provide recommendations. His report acknowledges that some progress has been made, but that much still needs to be done.
Building Relationships and Advancing Reconciliation through Meaningful Consultation shares many of the themes of the Canadian Chamber's September 2016 report Seizing Six Opportunities for More Clarity the Duty to Consult and Accommodate Process. These include businesses knowing they have an important role to play in consultation regarding their projects but often feeling "caught in the middle" due to unresolved, unrelated issues because the Crown is "missing in action".
On Tuesday, we celebrated July 4 in Nashville with our hosts, the Tennessee Chamber of Commerce and local business Baker Donelson. The celebration, a sign of collaboration and friendship, kicked off our outreach mission to the United States.
Security Vulnerability – what could it mean for your company?
If security wasn't top of mind for Canadian businesses before, the recent ransomware outbreak "WannaCry" likely made it a top priority. The largest ransomware attack ever recorded, WannaCry took down the systems of more than 100,000 organizations in over 100 countries within an unprecedented 48 hour window. This attack has made companies recognize the severity of the vulnerability of their systems, with many scrambling to figure out how to protect their data.


text:
Home » People » Academic » Tatsuyoshi Okimoto
Tatsuyoshi Okimoto
Associate Professor of Economics and Finance
BA in Economics (University of Tokyo), MA in Economics (University of Tokyo), MS in Statistics (UC, San Diego),
Ph.D. in Economics (UC, San Diego)
Room: Crawford 291
tatsuyoshi ! okimoto	() anu ! edu ! au
cv.pdf
Tatsuyoshi Okimoto is an Associate Professor of Economics and Finance at the Crawford School of Public Policy, visiting fellow at Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, co-editor of Japanese Economic Review, and director for Nippon Finance Association. He received his PhD from the University of California, San Diego in 2005. He worked for Hitotsubashi University and Yokohama National University before joining the Crawford School of Public Policy.
His current research has focused on Financial Econometrics, Macroeconometrics, and Energy Economics. He has published a number of articles in the leading journals in economics and finance such as Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Journal of Banking and Finance, Journal of Money Credit and Banking, Energy Economics. He has been awarded the 1st GPIF Finance Awards (2017), the 2015 Junko Maru Prize and 2014 Securities Analysts Journal Prize.
Tatsuyoshi Okimoto is interested to analyse the interrelationship in macroeconomy and financial markets, and its implications on monetary policy, asset allocation and risk management. His current papers apply time series models, such as regime-switching models and GVAR, to examine the effects of monetary policy on the macroeconomy and financial markets. He is also working on the effects of oil price shocks on the real economy and other commodity markets.
Tatsuyoshi Okimoto is interested in analyzing the interrelationship in macroeconomy and financial markets, and its implications on monetary policy, asset allocation and risk management. His current papers apply time series models, such as regime switching models and GVAR, to examine the effects of monetary policy on macroeconomy and financial markets. He is also working on the effects of oil price shocks on the real economy and other commodity markets.


Stadia Church Planting marketing manager Josie Barton had some fun with Google's announcement that its revolutionary cloud-based gaming system would be called . . . you guessed it: Stadia.
Cloud-based gaming could mark the end of console-based systems that have ruled since the early 1980s.
"Google Stadia promises that people can game anytime, anywhere, but Stadia Church Planting promises that you can plant anywhere God is leading you.
"Google Stadia promises that you can play instantly, but Stadia Church Planting promises that you can plant impactfully.


text:
South eastern Europe struggles with 'chronic coal' problem
Anton Lazarus February 21, 2019 AirClimateCoalEU neighbours
Just 16 outdated coal-fired power plants in the Western Balkans are producing as much toxic pollution as all 250 EU coal plants combined. That's the finding of a new report that shows how enormous amounts of air pollution are harming the health of people in the region and neighbouring EU countries.
The 'Chronic Coal' report by groups including the Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL) urges the EU to adopter a stricter stance on air pollution issues in the Western Balkans.
The region's coal fleet dates back to the Communist era and the Western Balkan's 16 "old, inefficient and substandard" power plants emit more sulphur dioxide (SO2), and almost as much hazardous particulate matter, as their 250 counterparts in the EU, the report shows.
Total emissions of the main pollutants from coal power plants in the Western Balkans and
the EU in 2016. From the report 'Chronic Coal Pollution' by HEAL, CAN Europe, Sandbag and CEE Bankwatch Network and Europe
Beyond Coal.
Every year, they are responsible for 3,900 premature deaths, 8,500 cases of bronchitis in children and thousands of cases of other chronic illness.
Alongside the region's coal-burning countries Serbia and Bosnia Herzegovina, bordering EU member states such as Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Italy bear the biggest health cost burden. The report shows that in 2016, half of the number of premature deaths caused by emissions from Western Balkan coal power plants occurred in the EU (see map).
Map showing the number of modeled premature deaths in European countries linked to pollution from Western Balkan coal. From the report 'Chronic Coal Pollution' by HEAL, CAN Europe, Sandbag and CEE Bankwatch Network and Europe
Vlatka Matkovic Puljic, senior officer at HEAL and lead author of the report said:
"Air pollution knows no borders and is still an invisible killer in Europe"
The report argues that decarbonisation of the Western Balkans power sector is urgent both for the region and the EU to ensure adequate climate action, less air pollution, better health for the citizens and better productivity.
Health campaigners say that while a coal phase-out in the Western Balkans is urgent, regional governments still plan to increase their lignite coal plants' capacity.
Funding for new coal plants has been provided by Chinese banks, including a $608 million loan by EximBank to the Serbian government that was signed in 2014. The report argues this will continue to aggravate the region's dependency on poor quality fossil fuels and increase health risks for the people leaving in south and South Eastern Europe.
To face the lack of political will in the region the Director of the Energy Community Secretariat, Janez Kopač, advocates the introduction of strict economic incentives within the Energy Community to stop investments in lignite coal plants and encourage the region's path toward energy transition.
At the launch of the Chronic Coal report in Brussels Kopač said that the polluter pays principle should be applied and that Western Balkan plants should be included in the EU's Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) for carbon emissions. He also called for the introduction of innovative financial mechanisms for increasing investments in renewables.
For Puljic:
"It is high time for policy-makers to step up efforts to clean up the air and decarbonise the power sector in the South-eastern European region."
Given the scale of the problem, the EU must prioritise the implementation of pollution control and air quality legislation as part of negotiations over future membership of the Union, the report argues.
The report was published with the support of the 'Europe Beyond Coal' campaign, which brings together health and environmental NGOs calling for an acceleration of Europe's coal phase out.
Air PollutionAir QualityAlbaniabalkansbankwatchbosniaCANCoalhealmontenegronorthern macedoniasandbagserbia
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Anton Lazarus
Anton is the editor of Meta. He works as the Communications Manager of the European Environmental Bureau (EEB).
Are we at a clean air tipping point after a major vote this week?
Jack Hunter October 3, 2018
Coal industry fails in legal bid to extend 'permission to pollute'
Anton Lazarus January 10, 2019
EU air quality laws more effective than expected
Anton Lazarus June 13, 2018
German 'cathedral' bulldozed to make way for expanding coal mine
Anton Lazarus January 8, 2018
Coal for Christmas as ministers endorse years more subsidies for Europe's most polluting fuels
Anton Lazarus December 20, 2017
Italy joins countries committed to taking Europe beyond coal


text:
package com.dytech.devlib;

@SuppressWarnings("nls")
public final class Code {
  public static String SQL(String szStr) {
    return szStr.replaceAll("'", "''");
  }

  private Code() {
    throw new Error();
  }
}


text:
"Cowpuncher's Cantata" is a song that was released by Max Bygraves in 1952. It peaked at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart and spent a total of eight weeks in the top 12.

Background
At the time of release, Bygraves was a cutting-edge comedian, having become a national celebrity through his collaboration with Eric Sykes for the radio script Educating Archie in which Bygraves played the tutor to Peter Brough's ventriloquist dummy Archie Andrews. An album, The Cowpuncher's Cantata, was released to take advantage of upon this new-found fame.

The title track of that album, "Cowpuncher's Cantata", is a medley of Bygraves' humorous interpretations of popular records of the time, including Frankie Laine's "Mule Train" and "Cry of the Wild Goose", "(Ghost) Riders in the Sky" and "Jezebel".

Production
The song was recorded at Abbey Road Studios, and was overseen by George Martin, who by that point had acquired a reputation for producing quirky records. The song was backed by "True Loves and False Lovers", and was released on HMV.

Talking to Brian Southall, Peter Vincent and Alan Rouse for the book Abbey Road: The Story of the World's Most Famous Recording Studios, Wally Ridley recounted that he had some trouble getting Bygraves to sing the lyrics at the right time:

Chart positions
The song appeared on the first UK Singles Chart "Top 12" (actually 15; six records had sold the same number of copies as another record), charting at #11. It was the only song on that UK Top 12 to be sung by a British male vocalist. The following year, it re-entered the chart three times; on 3 January 1953 at #8, on 24 January 1953 at #6 (at which it peaked) where it spent five consecutive weeks in the Top 12, and once on 7 March 1953 at #10.

In popular culture
The song appeared on an episode of Desert Island Discs featuring the selections of Eric Sykes.

References

1952 singles
Max Bygraves songs
Song recordings produced by George Martin
1952 songs


text:
Siyəzən è un comune dell'Azerbaigian situato nel distretto di Siyəzən.

Collegamenti esterni
Siyəzən su GEOnet Names Server

Comuni del distretto di Siyəzən


text:
Contego Humanitas Foundation
Contribution Policy
July 22, 2020 July 22, 2020 Contego Humanitas China
How the Hong Kong Security Law Infringes Upon Fundamental Human Rights
The Hong Kong security law (or the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) that came into effect late on 30th June 2020 spells disaster for the pro-democratic city. As one of the five autonomous regions in China, the 'one country, two systems' policy has shielded Hong Kong from the excesses of the Communist Party of China and its desire for total control. But the introduction of the security law is a stark reminder of the autonomy that the mainland had conceded to the city in the interest of commercial viability and its power to rescind that freedom. The conversion of a hotel into the headquarters of the national security office (to be run by Chinese authorities independently of the Hong Kong government) is a metaphorical replacement of the laissez faire policies of Hong Kong by a veritable police state.
The security law focuses on four salient points- secession (Articles 20-21), subversion (Articles 22-23), terrorism (Articles 24-30), and collusion with external groups. Dissent has been criminalized along with the freedom of expression. Judicial autonomy has also been questioned on two grounds. Firstly, the very presence of a Chinese establishment in the form of the national security office is a threat to the citizens of Hong Kong. As a parallel organization for investigation into internal security, decisions of the national security office cannot be challenged through legal recourse within the Hong Kong judicial system. Secondly, it is within the Chief Executive's power to appoint the judges who would chair hearings on national security matters. Articles 13 and 16 of the Act also extend the Chief Executive's powers to appoint officials in the Committee for safeguarding national security and the police force respectively. The candidature of the Chief Executive has always been incumbent upon the shortlisted persons' affiliation with the mainland.
Articles 6, 7, 8, and 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which state the rights to equality before law and the right to have access to a fair trial have been put into jeopardy by the security law. This is especially concerning since China has ratified the declaration. The objectivity of the procedures of upholding national security is thus clearly in a limbo.
Amidst other dubious clauses such as those considering the vandalism of transportation to be an act of 'terrorism' or those banning anyone embroiled in a national security case from running for office in Hong Kong, the spotlight has fallen on the erosion of digital privacy. Under the law, Chinese officials can demand the disclosure of online activities of 'suspects'. Non-Chinese apps and tech companies are also liable to comply with such requests. Companies like Facebook, Twitter, Google, and Zoom have not fulfilled data sharing requests so far and are waiting for their own assessment on the matter. Preliminary analysis points out that these platforms are likely to concede to the demands if they want to continue doing business in Hong Kong. When profits are held hostage, foregoing privacy appears to be an easy option.
Censorship in China, especially on the internet, is a malaise that its people have learnt to live with, and also evade. Citizens have found creative ways of bypassing constant surveillance by the State and have also used the Internet as a means of holding their administrators accountable. But the nexus between corporates running social media networking sites and the government has eclipsed any progress in the opening up of China's cyberspace. Called the 'Great Firewall' of China, the unique combination of a drive to promote homegrown applications (in conjunction with Communist ideals of self-sufficiency) and a fear of snooping by international players using the Internet, has created a one-of-a-kind Internet patronage. Tech giants such as Google, Twitter, and Facebook have been forbidden from operating in the Mainland. Chinese supplements such as Weibo and Baidu are widely used instead.
Reasons for the rampant banning of certain hashtags or media range from the ludicrous to the bizarre. In 2013, the film Winnie the Pooh and its associated merchandise was banned because of the character's likeness to Chinese President Xi Jinping and the figure's usage in memes. During the anti-extradition law protests in Hong Kong last year, users of WeChat, a platform equivalent to WhatsApp, residing in the United States were also censored if they shared information showing their support to the movement. Even territorial boundaries cannot keep the all-seeing Chinese big brother out of people's digital footprint.
TikTok, the short-form video sharing and creation app, has withdrawn from the Hong Kong market post the announcement of the security law. Taken at face value, the decision appears to go against corporate interest and uphold the right to online privacy. By leaving the market, TikTok essentially disables any data-sharing requirements it is obliged to meet. But TikTok's parent company, ByteDance- a China based firm, also runs several other applications, the most popular of which is Douyin. Douyin is, simply put, the Chinese version of TikTok. According to Bloomberg, 86% of Douyin's sales came from China early this year. Considering the expanse of the Chinese market, it is not surprising that ByteDance chose to forsake its Hong Kong market share to guarantee continued revenue from China. Such an instance of the weighing of losses and profit within a political rubric illustrates the strength of China's 'Great Firewall'.
A weighty report by the New York Times throws light on the ruptures in everyday life that have emerged as a result of the law. Children are being told not to sing protest-songs while restaurant-owners are removing decorations supporting the pro-democratic movement. Anyone flying flags demanding Hong Kong's freedom is being arrested. Neighbours have turned into spies and mere suspicion can overturn people's lives now. Hong Kong's unique culture is a brew of the semi-permeable division between the city and China as well as its history. The security law is merely the first step in the hegemonic ambitions of China's intent of controlling Hong Kong completely. The vibrancy of its society that is home to several ethnicities including Indian and Filipino due to a shared colonial past, the forwardness of Cantonese cinema, a strong protest-culture, and a robust Press are likely to be lost in the fray.
The Hong Kong security law is also only one contention among many in the long-running trade and sanctions war between China and the West. The New York Times predicts an intensification of the animosity currently brewing between China and the United States if American tech is continued to be rankled in Hong Kong. The city's special status in the neo-liberal economy had shrouded it from Chinese controls for the sake of capitalist interests. Hong Kong's special status still continues to help it escape tariffs imposed on China and trade more freely in financial securities. However, with China gaining greater economic ground, its motivation for appeasing the West using Hong Kong as a front for commercial activities has waned. The world can only wait and watch how the stalemate between Hong Kong and China unfolds.
Authored by :- Divya Godbole
Divya is a sociology graduate from Lady Shri Ram College, University of Delhi.
Her areas of interest include foreign relations and rights of
scheduled and tribal groups.
Tagged China, Democracy, Dictatorship, facebook, Firewall, Free Speech, Google, Hong Kong, India, judicial independence, national security, Privacy, right to culture, Right to Privacy, secession, Terrorism, TikTok, Twitter, UDHR, Xi Jinping, Zoom
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text:
Racist vaccines? Polling data shows Hispanic Americans experience THREE TIMES more serious vaccine reactions compared to Whites
The prevalence of serious adverse effects caused by Wuhan coronavirus (Covid-19) "vaccination" is three times higher in Hispanic people than it is in white people, a new survey has found.
Big Data Poll found that people with brown skin are 300 percent more likely to become seriously injured or die post-injection than people with light skin, suggesting that Fauci Flu shots might have been designed with "minority" extermination in mind.
Richard Baris told Creative Destruction Media that Hispanic people reported the most "severe adverse effects that prevent daily activity." Hispanics also experience the most mild and moderate symptoms associated with covid.
While the survey was merely that, a survey as opposed to a study, it does highlight the questionable disparities that exist in terms of how the jabs are affecting people differently based on their skin color.
"This revelation could be partly why blacks are more unlikely to take the vaccine than whites," reported CD Media about another "minority" group that is highly suspicious of the shots.
African doctor declares covid vaccines are not a ploy to "kill black people"
We also know that for some time now, the powers that be have been trying to cover up all the injuries and deaths caused by the injections in black people, as well as in all people.
So many blacks especially are questioning the safety and effectiveness of the shots, and ultimately refusing them, that a prominent South African doctor actually came out and issued a statement suggesting that the shots were not designed to kill off black people, and that black people should just trust the authorities.
"The reality of the matter is, if anyone wanted to kill South Africans using a vaccine, they could have achieved that long ago," stated Dr. Sandile Tshabalala at a vaccine promotional campaign held at UKZN in Pietermaritzburg.
"So, it is mere fake news that now there is somebody who wants to kill South Africans using any vaccine for that matter. If you're saying it's aimed at killing Black people … Everyone across the racial spectrum is getting vaccinated. Then, why would it kill only Black people? It does not make sense. So, there is nothing like that."
The fact that someone actually came out to say something like this shows what a joke this all is, and how there are likely many more "hesitant" people out there of all skin colors than the media is suggesting.
Some are speculating that if even half of the population is "fully vaccinated" as claimed, then perhaps the real figure is more like one third. This would explain why the government, the media, and conventional doctors are having meltdowns over widespread distrust in the injections – because very few people, likely in the minority, are actually taking them.
"In years gone by, pregnant women and people with cancer or compromised immune systems were usually exempt from mandated or voluntary vaccines," wrote one commenter at Natural News about how quickly things have changed due to covid.
"Yet everyone in the world is supposed to believe that bureaucrats are concerned about the good health of others. These snakes are usually largely to blame in some form or fashion for most people being sick, diseased or dead."
Another pointed out that around 70 percent of America's black population has yet to receive any of the Chinese Virus injections.
"My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge: because thou hast rejected knowledge, I will also reject thee, that thou shalt be no priest to me: seeing thou hast forgotten the law of thy God, I will also forget thy children, Hosea 4:6," wrote another commenter about everyone who is just going along with the scheme.
To keep up with the latest news about Chinese Virus "vaccine" deception, visit ChemicalViolence.com.
CreativeDestructionMedia.com
IOL.co.za
Tagged Under: adverse reactions, Big Pharma, black, COVID, depopulation, genocide, pharmaceutical fraud, Plandemic, race war, side effects, vaccine injury, vaccine war, vaccines
Financial Times says Europeans should "prepare for demographic replenishment by Arabs and Asians"
Black New Yorkers protest COVID-19 vaccine mandates, compare them to slavery
BLM leader says NYC vaccine mandate is racist, likens it to "modern-day freedom papers"
UCLA Prof. Gordon Klein sues after suspension and smears for refusing preferential exam treatment for black students
Pharma retailer CVS tells employees complaining about critical race theory they are racists who need to shut up


As one of the most common addiction in The U.S.A., alcoholism has many offered programs as well as techniques for healing.
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Among the advantages of inpatient treatment is medical monitoring of the physical elements of addiction. Utilizing prescription medicines in combination with therapy increases the recovery success price to 50 percent.
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Walk further up the road from the watermills at the lower falls, about 25 minutes to the second ferry dock above the falls.
This is a four hour ferry trip that is very worthwhile and cost about 130Kn per person.
The ferry stops for about 20 minutes at a monastery on an island in the middle of the lake.
It then continues to the upper falls of Roski Slap.
You stop at Roski Slap for about 2 hours to see more watermills and other exciting things.
They serve a wonderful local lunch at Roski Slap consisting of homemade Dalmation ham, Cheese, Bread, Wine and tomatoes.
There are interesting water jet pools around the eating area where diners cool off by immersing themselves in these gushing wells at the bottom of the waterfalls.
On my second visit to Skradin, we engaged Ivan from the wine bar in Skradin to take us by road to Roski Slap for lunch. The "taxi" fare was about €90 and we had to pay park entry (80 Kn I think)as well as the cost of the lunch, but it was a lot of fun.
Ivan drove us there and waited while we had lunch. We asked him to join us but he declined.


Please check if your search information is correct and try again.
If the search information you entered is related to finding NYC Health Department school cafeteria inspections, it may be possible that the school you are searching for is not participating in the NYC Department of Education food service program. Cafeteria inspection data for schools not participating in the NYC Department of Education food service program can be found at this link - http://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/school-health.page.
*Menu(s) are subject to change.


text:
PakLab + EBCF
AMAZONIAN ALLIANCE
A Heroic Purpose
Protect the environment & combat poverty
While providing non-timbered, rare, & revitalizing ingredients
The Brazilian Enterprise for the Conservation of Forests (EBCF) provides natural, rain forest derived ingredients from plants, leaves, fruits and bark harvested by hand, in their natural habitat. EBCF owns 50,000 acres of Amazonian forest that they refused to timber. Instead, they opted to preserve the land and create a program through which local families could benefit.
Through PakLab's Amazonian Alliance, impactful social programs are being implemented to improve the living conditions and raise the standard of basic health for the families and children in the local communities.
Our Client Companies are invited to adopt and embrace a humanitarian and environmental protection cause that will create public trust while providing the very best, ethically sourced ingredients available.
15+ different communities
350 families and 1,750 people
Social & Environmental Programs
Education, Income Generation, Infrastructure, Sports, The Arts, & Monitoring Systems
Improve Health & Living Conditions
Eco-Friendly Housing, Safe Drinking Water, Health Kits, & Local Health Care Workers
Each one of the filled products that your company produces at PakLab contributes to the promotion of the Global Sustainability Program of Amazon Rainforest Conservation and CO2 Emissions Reduction called WE ARE AMAZONIANS
Conservation of the 50,000 acre Amazon Rio Sustainable Reserve located in the Manicore Municipality, in the State of Amazonas, Brazil.
Biodiversity protection in an area that is home to over 500 rare species, including native flora and fauna endangered facing extinction.
Protection of surrounding waterways and rivers of enormous relevance to our planet.
Support for the sustainable development of 15 riverside communities, benefiting over 3,000 people with implementation of social projects in the areas of education, health, income-generation and infra-structure.
Reduction of 3 million tons of CO2.
Creation and management of 10 million acres of NEW PROTECTED SUSTAINABLE RESERVES to support and benefit 30,000 local people and reduce approximately 50 million tons of CO2.
Sustainable Harvesting of Non-Timber forest products, raw materials and ingredients.
Scientific Research of new ingredients and products.
Corporate Social Responsibility.
Ask us more about how the Amazonian Alliance can benefit your brand!
R&D Laboratory
info@element4.com | 909.517.2442
Copyright © Universal Packaging Systems, Inc. DBA PakLab, All Rights Reserved.


These are just a few questions that we are asked.
TSL Designs is an up and coming design, forefront of cost effective internet/IT services for the smaller companies and to give them a fighting chance in this economy.
Computer repair and networking, Graphic design- (posters, logo design, stationary ect.), Website Design, Website Maintenance, and contracted work for companies and organisations.
What areas do your service cover?
For Computer repair and Networking we cover South Wales from Swansea to Bristol and some surrounding areas, but for Websites and Graphics location is not a problem.
There is over 420 million user's online every day and with a website you could reach those people and have the chance to hit your potential market.
An initial plan will be provided with a quote, but regular updates will keep you informed of your project as it progresses but it does depend on the scale of the project.
Prices depend on the services requested, but quotes are provided before work commences. Read some of our customer testimonials to see how other customers felt about the great value for money TSL Designs can offer.
What are the Advantages of contracted work?
As all companies know hiring people with the knowledge of certain fields are expensive and we offer a cheaper solution... our contracts for Website Design, Graphic Design and IT Support can give companies and organisation the chance to compete against the larger companies and give them the fighting chance against the other companies.
Why change names from TSL Production to TSL Designs?
Unfortunately TSL Production was a name used at start but over time as our services became refined we decided to drop it as we are more of a Design company so TSL Designs made more sense.
Where is the rest of your portfolio work?
Unfortunately most of our work is done for internal use only and these items/projects have to be kept a secret and cannot be disclosed. This can be from None Disclosure, the Data Protection Act, the National Secrets Act and/or these systems being on a closed network. But as more of our work comes in our portfolio will increase with time.


text:
Home/World/Donald Trump Sends Senate Final Wave of Federal Judge Nominees for 2017
Donald Trump Sends Senate Final Wave of Federal Judge Nominees for 2017
By Deputy Chief EditorDecember 22, 2017
AP Photo/Dario Lopez-Mills
byKen Klukowski22 Dec 2017Washington, DC0
22 Dec, 2017 22 Dec, 2017
WASHINGTON, DC – President Donald Trump released his ninth wave of judicial nominees before Christmas, nominating ten lawyers for federal courts throughout the country.
This month, the president set an all-time record for the most appointments to the federal appeals courts during the first year of a presidency when the Senate confirmed his twelfth nominee, breaking the previous record of eleven held by Presidents John Kennedy and Richard Nixon.
The president had previously made 58 judicial nominations during 2017. Coupled with the confirmation of Justice Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court and additional judges to the federal trial courts, President Trump has appointed 22 judges to lifetime appointments on the federal bench.
On Wednesday and Thursday, the president nominated another ten picks, bringing his total number of judicial nominations for 2017 to 68. This is the ninth wave of judicial nominations the White House has sent to the Senate.
This latest batch includes one nominee to the powerful federal appeals courts and nine to the federal trial courts.
The appellate nominee is Joel M. Carson III, to be a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. Carson will replace Judge Paul Kelly, a reliable conservative who was appointed by the first President Bush, and is now retiring after 25 years of service. The Tenth Circuit sits in Denver and covers the states of New Mexico, Oklahoma, Colorado, Kansas, Utah, and Wyoming.
The nominees to the federal district courts—which are the trial courts in the federal system—and the districts to which they are being nominated are:
Susan Baxter, Western Pennsylvania
Colm Connolly, Delaware
Kari Dooley, Connecticut
Gordon Giampietro, Eastern Wisconsin
Marilyn Horan, Western Pennsylvania
William Jung, Middle Florida
Chad Kenney, Eastern Pennsylvania
Maryellen Noreika, Delaware
Jill Otake, Hawaii
The nominations now go to the Senate Judiciary Committee for vetting and confirmation hearings.
Ken Klukowski is senior legal editor for Breitbart News. Follow him on Twitter @kenklukowski.
The post Donald Trump Sends Senate Final Wave of Federal Judge Nominees for 2017 appeared first on News Wire Now.
Edinburghs Floral Clock marks 100 years since Armistice
Cancel Brexit petition heads towards SIX MILLION signatures
Christmas in ruins: Santas barely find kids to hand presents to in devastated Mosul (VIDEO)
ISIS claims responsibility for suicide bombing at Libyas foreign ministry in Tripoli
U.S.: Israel Has Full Support in Defending Itself Following Iran Drone Incursion


A new raid defense mod idea @ Kabam.
This mod could replicate the other superconductors, by slowly filling either 1 or 2 bars of power. The duplicated mod could also work the same, by giving a small amount of power at the start of the fight.
How it can be different to the others, is by making the bot's special 3 attack unblockable! That will make the opponent think twice about holding block and waiting until the special 3 attack is used!
What do you think? Perhaps you could release the mod close to the next anniversary date, like say on April the 1st for example?
Or what about a mod that makes heavies unblockable too!
"Debuffs on the opponent last x% longer and are x% more effective.
"Buffs last x% longer and are x% more effective.
Just to clarify, by a power buff/debuff I mean up/down, not gain/drain.
That's a brilliant idea. Maybe we could increase the cost to 150,000 raid chips to compensate for the extra ability.
So to clarify, it will make special 3 and heavy attacks unblockable.
If it's limited to one mod per person, I don't think it would be too unbalanced, would it?
Ummm... SP3s are ALREADY unblockable.
Maybe one of our drones can retrieve what JKIN seems to have missed?
Oh dear. Maybe we can just remove that part, and just have it make heavy attacks unblockable. We can reduce the cost back down to 100,000 raid chips.
Ummm... I don't think I'm wrong, am I?
No, you're correct. We need perceptive people like you on this forums to catch our mistakes. Think of yourself as a game mechanics editor.
Are there any other problems with our mod design? Can we proceed with the power gain, bonus starting power, and unblockable heavy attacks?
I just see one issue with unblockable heavy attacks. What if a bot using the Superconductor 3000 mod comes up against a bot using the EMI Filter mod? If a heavy attack is used, the EMI Filter mod can resist it. Would the Superconductor 3000 override the EMI Filter, or would the EMI Filter still resist unblockable heavy attacks from the Superconductor 3000 mod enhanced bot?
Perhaps the bot could take full damage from the unblockable heavy, but their block can remain unbroken?
Ummm... that's impossible. No two mods can go against each other.
Well if you spacebridge between two nodes then it is possible.
I'd settle for being rewarded for all my raid defenses.
You gain medals, Raid Chips and avoid being stolen from.
Yo. Heavy Attacks are already unblockable. That's the whole point. To break blocks.
I just realized UrAverage was being sarcastic and Nutjob was apparently legit.
Oh dear. I really thought the suggested date of implementation was an obvious giveaway, but alas, I misjudged the situation.


Welcome to Pharr, Texas, a city rich with bi-cultural diversity, beauty and history. Positioned within one of the country's fastest-growing regions, the City of Pharr presents numerous advantages for residents and businesses, as well as plenty of things to see and do for tourists. The City has earned a spot as one of six America's Crown Communities for excellence in local government, and has garnered recognition as an All-America City and a Texas Main Street Community. In addition, Pharr is the Valley's first Preserve America City, a federal initiative that supports community efforts to preserve its cultural and natural heritage.
Pharr, the "First Texas Triple Crown City", is a culturally diverse city with a key location just minutes from the U.S. – Mexico border and South Padre Island. A regional hub for transportation, the city hosts the Pharr International Bridge, which supplies a competitive advantage for Pharr businesses and enhances international trade opportunities. This exceptional business environment continues to draw in new companies looking to relocate or expand in the Rio Grande Valley. In 2010 Pharr opened the "First" and only Pappadeaux Seafood Kitchen South of San Antonio, followed by the grand opening in 2012 of the "First" and only Costco Wholesale in the South Texas Region, two one-of-a-kind Rio Grande Valley "Firsts" that are a regional draw for the fast-growing All-America City.
Accompanying the exceptional economic features of Pharr are plenty of outlets for shopping, dining, recreation and culture throughout the Valley. And if you're looking to feel right at home while "Pharr away" from your home, we have the best hotels at the best prices, only a short distance from airports and major highways. The City is the home to Tierra Del Sol, a championship and celebrity preferred golf course, and the Pharr Events Center, where "Pharr Rocks", hosting the most concerts and main events in South Texas.
Historical Trolley Tours are a unique way to learn about the city, Pharr Live is a great way to enjoy the traditional music of our region, and a host of annual events provides a wonderful forum for the community to come together. Among the most popular events in Pharr is the Hub Phestival, celebrating our vibrant heritage with the "Biggest Outdoor Street Concert" in the Rio Grande Valley, featuring internationally acclaimed artists, food, rides and the only Margarita Showdown in South Texas, where you can sample some of the best tasting margaritas in the region. Our Salute to Veterans Parade & Firework Spectacular is the only one of its kind, offering the only fireworks show in South Texas in honor of our Veterans. Another "First in Pharr" event, that continues to grow, is the Mexico Artisan Fair, featuring over 130 artisans from across Mexico, as well as traditional Mexican food, music and dance.
While Pharr continues to experience much in the way of growth and development, it has held tight to its deep-rooted traditions, offering a friendly, tight-knit community ideal for families, Winter Texans and employers. Pharr is dynamic and prosperous, truly an exciting City to be in, offering a little something for everyone, in a very big way. As Pharr grows and continuous to diversify, we invite you to be "First in Pharr" and join us. Visit the following websites to learn more about all that's going on in Pharr, www.pharr-tx.gov, www.pharrchamber.com, www.pharrevents.com, or stop by and visit us on your way into the Rio Grande Valley.


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text:
Q: Admob rewarded ads server side verification I wanted to do server-side validation for Admob rewarded video ads on my android app. For this, I followed the instructions in the admob documentation but failed.
First I imported the google tink library from gradle as follows.
implementation 'com.google.crypto.tink:tink-android:1.3.0-rc1'

Then i wanted to call the RewardedAdsVerifier helper class in google tink library as shown in the Admob documentation, in MainActivity, showing the rewarded video ads, but this clas could not be included in my system.
RewardedAdsVerifier verifier = new RewardedAdsVerifier.Builder()
        .fetchVerifyingPublicKeysWith(
                RewardedAdsVerifier.KEYS_DOWNLOADER_INSTANCE_PROD)
        .build();
String rewardUrl = "url";
verifier.verify(rewardUrl);

When I try to call the RewardedAdsVerifier class in MainActivity as above, Android studio gives me the error "Can not resolve symbol 'RewardedAdsVerifier'".
As a result of my research on server-side verification of the rewarded video ad, I couldn't find any examples or samples. I'd be more than happy to help me with how I can do this. Thanks in advance.

A: I ended up running mine with:
implementation group: 'com.google.crypto.tink', name: 'apps-rewardedads', version: '1.3.0-rc1'
as shown here:
https://jar-download.com/artifacts/com.google.crypto.tink/apps-rewardedads/1.2.0-rc4/source-code

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange