Learn about the basic functionality of hydraulics for your Hydroswing® single panel overhead door system, how hydraulics in the door system work and how to maintain the hydraulics.
Reservoir, Pump, Valves, Fluid, Motor, Hose, Filter and Cylinder.
• Bore: The interior diameter of a cylinder.
• Cylinder: The chamber within which a rod and piston move back and forth under the influence of fluid pressure, gravity, or mechanical force.
• Fitting: A device for creating a seal within a hydraulic system.
• GPM: Acronym that stands for "Gallons Per Minute".
• Piston: A fitting within a cylinder that moves back and forth with the rod.
• Positive Displacement Pump: A pump that displaces an exact amount of fluid per revolution, such as a gear, vane, or piston pump.
• PSI: Acronym that stands for "Pounds Per Square Inch".
• Ram: A term commonly used to refer to the rod and piston within a cylinder.
• Rod: A bar which drives the piston back and forth through the chamber of the cylinder.
• Seal: A tight closure that prevents the passage of hydraulic fluid.
• Spool: The internal passageways within a hydraulic valve. The standard spool has two ports that are blocked when the system is in neutral.
• Stroke: The movement, in either direction, of the piston and rod within a cylinder.
• Thread: Ribbing within a pipe or fitting that allows it to create a seal with another pipe or fitting.
Dirty/damaged components or seals Clean, repair, or replace components. Check for cause of excessive wear.
IF USING THIS GIUDE WITH OTHER BRANDS OF SINGLE PANEL DOOR SUCH AS SCHWEISS, HIFOLD, POWERLIFT, AND ALL OTHER NON Hydroswing® DOORS PLEASE ENSURE YOU READ SPECIFIC MAUALS FOR THOSE PRODUCTS, OR CALL +1 800 404 4937 TO ESTABLISH PARTS REPLACEMENT FOR YOUR NONE Hydroswing® DOOR.
• Q: What is the difference between a single-acting cylinder and a double-acting cylinder?
• A: In a single-acting cylinder, pressure is applied to one side of the piston. Therefore, work occurs in one direction only. The cylinder returns to its original position under the weight of the load (or by means of a manual lever). In a double-acting cylinder, pressure can be applied to either side of the piston. This allows work to occur in either direction.
• Q: What is the difference between a tie-rod cylinder and a welded cylinder?
• A: Tie-rod cylinders are held together by four rods. They cost less than welded cylinders and are easy to repair. On a welded cylinder, the fixed end is welded in place, adding strength and durability for high-pressure applications such as log splitters.
• Q: What is the difference between an open and closed system?
• A: The terms "open system" and "closed system" refer to two methods of reducing the pressure on the pump, which minimizes wear and tear. Open systems are common on log splitters and most tractors prior to 1960. When an open system is in neutral, an open center valve connects all lines directly back to the reservoir, bypassing the pump. The pump is always pumping, allowing a constant flow of oil without building pressure. Closed systems are common on construction machinery and modern farm equipment, including most John Deere models. When a closed system is in neutral, the closed center valve blocks the flow of oil from the pump. The oil travels instead to an accumulator, which stores the oil under pressure.
• Q: What is the difference between NPTF and JIC fittings?
• A: NPTF and JIC fittings both prevent leakage on the ports of hydraulic components. However, NPTF or "dry seal" taper pipe threads do this by using the resistance of the male to female thread taper. JIC or "straight" threads use an O-ring. Note: Do not use JIC and NPTF fittings interchangeably. Significant damage to the seal and the parts could result. However, you can purchase special adapters to convert from one type of fitting to another. Consult Tractor Supply's product catalog for a complete listing of fittings and adapters.
• Q: What is the difference between the various I.S.O. tips and OEM old-style tips and couplers?
• A: There are three types of I.S.O. tips. All three are interchangeable with each other and universal, except as noted below. The I.S.O. tip with ball was the first standard, universal tip in the marketplace. It seals with a metal-to-metal seat. This seal tends to "weep" when disconnected, but it is still the most widely used tip in the industry. The I.S.O. tip with poppet has the same basic design. However, this tip seals with an O-ring that presses together with the poppet to form a tight, 360-degree seal. This "soft seal" reduces fluid loss. In the future, this will be the choice of OEM manufacturers. The I.S.O. tip with pressure relief poppet has a secondary poppet in the tip. When pressure builds up in the hose, this secondary poppet allows pressure to be displaced to the coupler. The tip can then connect without pressure. Certain OEM designs that predate the introduction of I.S.O. tips require the use of OEM old-style tips. These tips and couplers are unique to each manufacturer, and cannot be interchanged. Specific conversion adapters are required for these machines to accept I.S.O. tips. See the in-store conversion adapter chart for more information.
• Q: Can I use galvanized or brass fittings if I need to replace door fittings?
• A: No. Galvanized and brass fittings do not meet the psi ratings of hydraulic systems. The metal tends to flake. This flaking can contaminate the oil and damage the hydraulic pump.
• Q: Can Teflon tape be used on hydraulic fittings?
• A: No. Teflon tape may flake. This flaking can contaminate the oil and damage the pump. Warranties are typically voided by using Teflon tape. Use a hydraulic-rated liquid Teflon sealant instead.
• Q: What is the difference between hydraulic oil and hydraulic fluid?
• A: Hydraulic oil is petroleum oil refined for use in hydraulic systems. This oil typically has additives to prevent rust and minimize foaming. Hydraulic fluid is any liquid in a hydraulic system that is not petroleum-based (such as water-based and synthetic mixtures.) These fluids are used in applications where there is a risk of fire (such as wet brakes, clutches, and transmissions). Note: The term "hydraulic fluid" is often used interchangeably to mean oil or any other fluid within a hydraulic system. Refer to your owner's manual for the requirements of your system. Using the incorrect fluid can harm seals and cause your system to break down.
• components. Change the oil and filter regularly to prolong the life of your system. Refer to your owner's manual for part numbers and recommended frequency.
• Q: How big should the reservoir be?
• A: Generally, the size of the reservoir should be 3 times system capacity, or 1.5 times the pump GPM rating. The reservoir must also have adequate surface area to allow heat to disperse.
• Q: What size hose do I need?
• A: The size of the pipe, tubing, or hose in a hydraulic system is very important. If the hose is too small, the oil flows at a high rate of speed. This generates heat, which means that the fluid is losing power. If the hose is too large, the time and cost of installation may be too high. A 2-wire hose is recommended for applications above 1800 psi. However, specifications vary by manufacturer, so read product packaging for specific application suggestions and psi ratings.


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FDA to Address Security Issues and HIPAA Compliance of Older Medical Devices
Home » Healthcare Data Privacy » FDA to Address Security Issues and HIPAA Compliance of Older Medical Devices
Posted By HIPAA Journal on Oct 4, 2014
The FDA is to take action to address problems relating to the cybersecurity of medical devices following complaints from hospitals and healthcare providers that manufacturers of the devices are not being proactive in providing protection against cyber attacks. There has also been criticism of the makers of medical equipment for failing to upgrade older models, meaning threats remain or new equipment must be purchased.
The FDA has already commenced a drive to build a more strategic and comprehensive cybersecurity program and has been running workshops to hear about security risks and concerns. The Agency is determined to get manufacturers to build in security controls rather than bolt them on afterwards and is in the process of finalizing its guidelines on pre-market approval procedures, which were first issued in the summer of 2013.
The FDA director of Emergency Preparedness/Operations and Medical Countermeasures, Suzanne Schwartz, has stated that new guidance will be released imminently.
There is a common misconception that makers of medical devices have to obtain FDA approval and therefore cannot upgrade their products without considerable bureaucracy, which is not the case. Schwartz has stated that it is not a requirement to involve the FDA before implementing improved cybersecurity measures and a new submission does not need to be made to the FDA.
A "Collaborative Approaches for Medical Device and Healthcare Cybersecurity," workshop was run in Washington D.C to assist device manufacturers and to hear their concerns. The FDA is now due to finalize its findings and to make its stance clear.
There has been a shift from viewing cybersecurity in terms of responding to incidents to a more proactive approach in recent months and cybersecurity threats must be considered throughout the entire lifespan of a product and manufacturers must incorporate the appropriate safeguards into product design.
The FDA understands that cybersecurity is a problem faced by everyone which calls for a collaborative approach to address all the issues. It believes health care providers and device manufacturers should work together to solve problems. The government will also be involved in the process of developing workable long term solutions to cybersecurity threats.
In June 2013, the FDA published the "Safety Communication: Cybersecurity for Medical Devices and Hospital Networks" , in addition to the first draft of its pre-market submission guidelines, specifically addressing device manufacturers and alerting them to cybersecurity risks that it was aware existed.
Manufacturers Must Address Security Risks
When the first draft of the guidance was issued there was concern raised by security experts that manufacturers were being issued with a warning, but that little was being done to hold these companies accountable for any breaches in security. Schwartz addressed this concern in a recent talk and made the FDA's position clearer. She explained that the guidance was a starting point and told manufacturers that gaining FDA approval would involve an assessment of the security of a device, and that this would be considered as an integral part of the product's effectiveness and safety.
As such, manufacturers would be required to take proactive steps to ensure appropriate security controls and measures are implemented in order for premarket submissions to be considered. It is no longer acceptable for cybersecurity measures to be bolted on after product release; they must be an integral part of the design process.
The FDA was forced to take a new approach due to the number of incidents involving data theft and loss involving medical devices though to previously have been low risk, in addition to known high risk devices. A thorough assessment of vulnerabilities was essential due to the high volume of data stored on networked medical devices, and there was a clear need for standards to be implemented to ensure security for the lifetime of a product.
The emphasis is now on manufacturers, although risks do exist in a healthcare setting and training on security risks must be provided and controls implemented on what is uploaded on a network.
External Help Sought by the FDA
The FDA has been working hard to improve understanding of cybersecurity and has sought advice from a number of security experts to address threats affecting devices; from purchase to decommissioning and replacement. Weekly focus group meetings have involved research, development, post market analyses, response to emergencies and biosurveilance. Additionally, the FDA has formed a cyber incident response team in collaboration with Homeland Security.
The October workshop organized by the FDA focused on identifying holes in security and working together as a community to address those issues.
The FDA sought input in five key areas in the run up to the workshop:
• How partnerships can be established to mitigate cyber threats specific to medical devices and their vulnerabilities and to quickly identify, assess and communicate security issues.
• Methods that can be adopted by the stakeholder community and incentives than can be used to improve sharing of information relating to cybersecurity
• Whether stakeholders are aware of the Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity and how this can be adopted to meet the cybersecurity needs of both the private and public sector in relation to medical devices.
• How to achieve the right balance between sharing and restricting access to data
• How to incentivize innovation in the HPH sector and move beyond HIPAA compliance, how to improve medical device security and the lessons that have been learned from previous case studies and security breaches.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Marc is on a mission to help coaches build stronger businesses. A lifelong entrepreneur, he achieves this with his podcast, "Natural Born Coaches", his coaching programs, and his Facebook group "The Coaching Jungle". He's also a contributor for Entrepreneur.com.


The restaurant business has always been subject to fads. One year, fish tacos are all the rage; the next year better burgers are. Whether it's avocado toast or Korean street barbeque, the hope of every new concept is to find a permanent seat at the American table.
One of the hottest trends right now in the restaurant business, and retail in general, is the food hall. Cushman & Wakefield first reported on this trend in November 2016; since then food halls' popularity has only continued to rise.
Click the download button to read more on how this trend is taking food-related retail in North America to a whole new level.


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All are invited to annual Raidersgiving celebration
By Sarah Olsen
More than 500 people are expected to attend Raidersgiving on Thursday, Nov. 24, from noon to 2 p.m. in the Nutter Center's McLin Gym.
Thanksgiving was created over a unity of cultures, sampling of new foods and new friends — just like Wright State's fifth annual Raidersgiving.
This year, more than 500 people are expected to attend Raidersgiving, which takes place Thursday, Nov. 24, from noon to 2 p.m. in the Nutter Center's McLin Gym. All of the Wright State community is invited to attend.
The first Raidersgiving started with 12 attendees in 2012.
The free Thanksgiving meal will consist of turkey, mashed potatoes and green beans along with options of halal chicken and Indian food.
"I like to walk into the McLin Gym around 11 a.m., when it is all set up, empty and quiet, and then come back around 1 p.m.," said Craig This, director of the Office of Institutional Research. "It is full, loud and noisy, and I can see people eating, talking, laughing and having a good time. … Then, I know we have done our job."
There will also be games and door prizes. Volunteers are also needed.
Everyone in the Wright State community is invited to Raidersgiving, whose motto is "No Raider Eats Alone."
"I really enjoyed last year because one RA asked if we could bring enough food for her mom and dad, who had joined her so she wouldn't be so lonely. We said yes," This said. "She quickly added, 'Can you bring a slice of pie? My dad says it isn't Thanksgiving without pie.' We took her three pieces of pie. I guess that's what I look forward to — making the holiday for students."
Raidersgiving supported by donations from the Wright State community. Ten dollars is the estimated price of a meal per student and includes transportation to pick up students.
You can donate to Raidersgiving at wright.edu/give/raidersgiving.
The overall fundraising goal is at least $5,000. Any exceeding amount will be saved for next year's event.
Sommer Todd, strategic financial analyst in the Office of the Provost, and Jamie Norris, director of auxiliary services, were among those who started Raidersgiving with This.
"Sommer Todd coined the phrase, 'No Raider Eats Alone' for Raidersgiving, and that is our hope," said This. "If they have no place to go for Thanksgiving — and we don't ask why — just please show up at the Nutter Center, and we will welcome you and feed you."
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Glucosamine and Chondroitin | Whiplash and Injury Clinic
Glucosamine and chondroitin are two molecules that make up the cartilage found within joints. Inside your joints, the cartilage undergoes a constant process of breakdown and repair. However, to be properly repaired and restored, the building blocks of cartilage must be present and available, together with plenty of oxygen and no doubt a myriad of other vitamins/minerals, enzymes, hormones, amino acids. The principle behind the use of glucosamine/chondroitin supplements is that more of the cartilage building blocks will be available for cartilage repair.
Glucosamine is sugar found naturally in the bones, bone marrow and cartilage of animals. That means it is found in our bodies too. Glucosamine is an important precursor in the body for the manufacture of substances called Glycosaminoglycans which link to proteins to form proteoglycans which are a major component of joint cartilage. The beauty of these substances, due to their polar nature, is their ability to bind water (which is also polar), which is strongly attracted to the proteoglycans. Water, like all liquids, is incompressible giving cartilage its stiff, yet flexible properties. This makes it the perfect material for example from which to build the discs between vertebrae. So when you jump up and down, the water-filled, incompressible disc prevents the bone above from crushing the one below. The first sign on MRI that the cartilage is degenerating is loss of this water-carrying capacity. A healthy water-filled disc looks white on a scan. As cartilage degenerates, it loses this whiteness.
Chondroitin sulfate too is a glycosaminoglycan sugar making up a different important component of cartilage, particularly giving it much of its resilience to compression. It also reputedly reduces the effect of destructive and noxious chemicals on cartilage. An important component thus of cartilage.
There are many different types of cartilage in the body, so the mix of these subsances (Glucosamine and Chondroitin) will vary from one to another. For example the cartilage in the joints between the ribs and the breastbone is different to the 'hyaline' cartilage that lines the ends of your long bones (i.e. in the hip)
Trigger Point Therapy for Athletes


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\begin{document}
\begin{titlepage}
\begin{flushright}
Cavendish-HEP-98/14\\
hep-ph/9810292\\
October 1998
\end{flushright}
\vspace*{\fill}
\begin{center}
{\Large \bf Power Corrections to Flavour-Singlet\\[1ex]
Structure Functions\footnote{Research supported by the U.K. Particle
Physics and Astronomy Research Council.}}
\end{center}
\par \vskip 5mm
\begin{center}
        G.E.~Smye\\
        Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge,\\
        Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.\\
\end{center}
\par \vskip 2mm
\begin{center} {\large \bf Abstract} \end{center}
\begin{quote}
We investigate the power-suppressed corrections to
structure functions in flavour singlet deep inelastic
lepton scattering, to complement the previous results
for the non-singlet contribution. Our method is a dispersive
approach based on an analysis of Feynman graphs containing
massive gluons; and our results agree with those obtained from leading
infrared renormalon contributions. As in non-singlet deep inelastic scattering
we find that the leading corrections are proportional to $1/Q^2$. We find
that the singlet contribution becomes important at small $x$.
\end{quote}
\vspace*{\fill}
\end{titlepage}

\sect{Introduction}
The study of structure functions in deep inelastic lepton
scattering (DIS) has received a great impetus from the increasing
quantity and kinematic range of the HERA data \cite{expstrfns}. Although
these functions cannot be calculated using perturbative QCD,
their asymptotic scaling violations (logarithmic $Q^2$ dependence)
can be predicted and used to measure the strong coupling $\alpha_s$. (The
same is true of the study of final-state properties, such as fragmentation
functions and event shape variables.)

One problem with the measurement of $\alpha_s$ using scaling violation,
in either structure or fragmentation functions, is that there
is $Q^2$ dependence associated with power-suppressed (higher-twist)
contributions, in addition to the dominant logarithmic dependence.
These contributions need to be estimated in order to make use
of the wide $Q^2$ coverage of HERA.

Recently so-called `renormalon' or `dispersive' methods of
estimating power-suppressed terms have been applied to a wide
variety of observables. By looking at the behaviour of
the QCD perturbation series in high orders, one can identify
unsummable, factorially divergent sets of contributions
(infrared renormalons \cite{renormalons,ren2,ren3}) which indicate
that non-perturbative power-suppressed corrections must
be included. The $Q^2$-dependence of the leading correction
to a given quantity can be inferred, and by making further
universality assumptions one may also estimate its magnitude.
Tests of these ideas provide information on the transition
from the perturbative to the non-perturbative regime in QCD.
In particular, one can investigate the possibility that an
approximately universal low-energy form of the strong coupling
may be a useful phenomenological concept \cite{dmw,aspapers,asmodel}.

Such an approach has been applied with some success to $e^+e^-$
fragmentation functions \cite{eefrag} and event shape variables
\cite{webber,eevent,dweevent},
and to flavour non-singlet DIS structure functions \cite{dmw,dwdisstr,disstr},
fragmentation functions \cite{disfrg} and event shape variables \cite{disev}.
Note that special care has to be taken when considering non-inclusive
observables such as fragmentation functions and event shape variables
\cite{milan}. There are also renormalon model results for photon-photon
scattering \cite{hautmann}
and structure functions in flavour singlet DIS \cite{stein}.

In the present paper we perform the singlet structure function
calculation using the dispersive method. We find agreement with the
renormalon model result: as in non-singlet DIS, the predicted leading
power corrections to these quantities are proportional
to $1/Q^2$, but their functional forms are different. In particular there
are contributions proportional to $(\log Q^2)/Q^2$, which are not found
in the non-singlet case. The hypothesis that
they are related to a universal low-energy strong
coupling implies that their magnitudes
are given by a universal non-perturbative parameters.

In the following section we review the approach of reference \cite{dmw}.
Section \ref{strucfns} presents the standard leading-order
perturbative treatment of DIS structure functions. In section \ref{calc}
we estimate the power-suppressed corrections using the method
outlined in section \ref{dispsec}. Our results are
summarized briefly in section \ref{concl}.

\sect{The Dispersive Approach to Power Corrections}
\label{dispsec}
We assume that the QCD running coupling $\alpha_s(k^2)$ can be defined for all positive $k^2$, and that apart from a branch cut along the negative real axis there are no singularities in the complex plane. It follows that we may write the dispersion relation:
\begin{equation}
\label{disprel}
\alpha_s(k^2) = - \int_0^\infty\frac{d\mu^2}{\mu^2+k^2}\rho_s(\mu^2)\; ,
\end{equation}
where the `spectral function' $\rho_s$ represents the discontinuity across the cut:
\begin{equation}
\rho_s(\mu^2)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\biggl\{\alpha_s(\mu^2 e^{i\pi})-\alpha_s(\mu^2 e^{-i\pi})\biggr\} = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\mbox{Disc }\alpha_s(-\mu^2)\; .
\end{equation}

We now consider the calculation of some observable $F$ in an improved one-loop approximation which takes into account one-gluon contributions plus those higher-order terms that lead to the running of $\alpha_s$. As discussed in \cite{dmw}, we expect, for squared Feynman diagrams containing a single gluon, that
\begin{equation}
F = \alpha_s(0)\cl{F}(0) + \int_0^\infty \frac{d\mu^2}{\mu^2}\,\rho_s(\mu^2)\,\cl{F}(\mu^2/Q^2)\;,
\end{equation}
where the {\it characteristic function} $\cl{F}(\mu^2/Q^2)$ is obtained by one-loop evaluation of $F$ (divided by $\alpha_s$) with the gluon mass set equal to $\mu$ \cite{ren2,webber}. The first term on the right-hand side represents the contributions in which a single gluon is produced or exchanged, while the second represents those with more complex final or virtual states (e.g. the `decay products' of a virtual gluon, which contribute to the running of $\alpha_s$).

We can eliminate $\alpha_s(0)$ by means of the dispersion relation \rf{disprel}:
\begin{equation}
\label{Feq}
F = \int_0^\infty \frac{d\mu^2}{\mu^2}\,\rho_s(\mu^2)\,\left[\cl{F}(\mu^2/Q^2)-\cl{F}(0)\right]\;.
\end{equation}

By rotating the integration contour separately in the two terms of the discontinuity, we obtain the following contribution to the observable $F$:
\begin{equation}
F = \int_0^\infty \frac{d\mu^2}{\mu^2}\,\alpha_s(\mu^2)\,\cl{G}(\mu^2/Q^2) \;+\; I_\infty[\alpha_s]\;,
\end{equation}
where, setting $\mu^2/Q^2 = \epsilon$,
\begin{equation}
\label{Gdef}
\cl{G}(\epsilon) = -\frac{1}{2\pi i}\mbox{Disc }\cl{F}(-\epsilon)\;,
\end{equation}
and the functional $I_\infty$ is some integral around a contour at infinity.

Non-perturbative effects at long distances are expected to give rise to a modification in the strong coupling at low scales, $\delta\alpha_s(\mu^2) = \alpha_s(\mu^2) - \alpha_s^{\mbox{\scriptsize PT}}(\mu^2)$, $\alpha_s^{\mbox{\scriptsize PT}}(\mu^2)$ being the perturbatively-calculated running coupling. This generates the following non-perturbative correction to the perturbative prediction:
\begin{equation}
\label{deltaF}
\delta F = \int_0^\infty \frac{d\mu^2}{\mu^2}\,\delta\alpha_s(\mu^2)\,\cl{G}(\mu^2/Q^2)\;.
\end{equation}

Since $\delta\alpha_s(\mu^2)$ is limited to low values of $\mu^2$, there is no contribution to $\delta F$ from the contour at infinity. Furthermore, the asymptotic behaviour of $\delta F$ at large $Q^2$ is controlled by the behaviour of $\cl{F}(\epsilon)$ as $\epsilon\to 0$.  We see from \rf{Gdef} that no terms analytic at $\epsilon=0$ can contribute to $\delta F$.  On the other hand non-analytic terms at small $\epsilon$ do contribute, the relevant terms being:
\begin{equation}
\cl{F}\sim a_1 \frac{C_F}{2\pi}\sqrt{\epsilon}
\qquad\Longrightarrow\qquad
\delta F = -\frac{a_1}{\pi}\frac{\cl{A}_1}{Q}\;,
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\cl{F}\sim a_2 \frac{C_F}{2\pi}\epsilon\log\epsilon
\qquad\Longrightarrow\qquad
\delta F = a_2\frac{\cl{A}_2}{Q^2}\;,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\cl{A}_q \equiv \frac{C_F}{2\pi}\int_0^\infty \frac{d\mu^2}{\mu^2}\,\mu^q\,\delta\alpha_s(\mu^2)\;.
\end{equation}

Notice that we express the result \rf{deltaF} directly in
terms of the modification to the strong coupling itself,
rather than that in the derived quantity $\ae$ which was used
in some previous publications \cite{dmw,dweevent,dwdisstr},
\begin{equation}
\ae(\mu^2) =
\frac{\sin(\pi\mu^2\,d/d\mu^2)}{\pi\mu^2\,d/d\mu^2}\alpha_s(\mu^2)
= \alpha_s(\mu^2)-\frac{\pi^2}{6}\left(\mu^2\frac{d}{d\mu^2}\right)^2\alpha_s(\mu^2)
+\ldots\;.
\end{equation}
Although $\alpha_s$ and $\ae$ are similar in the perturbative region,
they differ substantially at low scales, and the former probably
has a simpler behaviour. For example, the even moments of the
effective coupling modification,
\begin{equation}
A_{2p} \equiv \frac{C_F}{2\pi}
\int_0^\infty \frac{d\mu^2}{\mu^2}\,\mu^{2p}\,\delta\ae(\mu^2)\;,
\end{equation}
have to vanish for all integer values of $p$, whereas those of
$\delta\alpha_s$ do not. The translation dictionary for the moments
is in any case rather simple:
\begin{equation}
\cl{A}_{2p+1} = (-1)^p\,(p+{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}})\pi\,A_{2p+1}\;,\;\;\;\;\;
\cl{A}_{2p}   = (-1)^p\,p\,A'_{2p}\;,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
A'_{2p} \equiv \frac{d}{dp}A_{2p} = \frac{C_F}{2\pi}
\int_0^\infty \frac{d\mu^2}{\mu^2}\,\mu^{2p}\,\log\mu^2\,
\delta\ae(\mu^2)\;.
\end{equation}

Studies of the non-singlet contribution to DIS structure functions suggest that $\cl{A}_2 = -A'_2 \simeq 0.2 \mbox{GeV}^2$ \cite{dwdisstr}.

This is the formulation of the dispersive approach to power behaved corrections used where there is a single gluon propagator. However, the calculation which follows in section \ref{calc} involves two gluons, and so the above argument needs to be generalised.

Where a squared Feynman diagram contains two or more gluons, the generalisation of the above requires a separate independent dispersion relation and dispersive variable associated with each gluon. This leads to a characteristic function $\cl{F}(\epsilon_1,\cdots,\epsilon_n)$ in all of these variables, and, following the above argument, we will require those terms of $\cl{F}$ which are non-analytic at 0 in all the arguments. However, in the case where there are two or more internal gluons all constrained to have the same 4-momentum, we can simplify this to require only one dispersive variable for all of them, as discussed below.

Suppose a squared Feynman diagram contains $n$ such gluons whose 4-momenta are all constrained to be equal to $k$, for some $k$. (Although only the case $n=2$ is relevant to phenomenology, its treatment takes no fewer lines than that of the general case.) Then, by defining $\rho = - k^2 / Q^2$, we see that the dependence of the characteristic function $\cl{F}$ on $\epsilon_1,\cdots,\epsilon_n$ is given by
\begin{equation}
\cl{F}(\epsilon_1,\cdots,\epsilon_n) = \int\frac{d\rho\,f(\rho)}{(\rho+\epsilon_1)\cdots(\rho+\epsilon_n)}\;,
\end{equation}
where the integration limits and the function $f$ depend on the particular calculation. This may be expressed in partial fractions in the form
\begin{equation}
\cl{F}(\epsilon_1,\cdots,\epsilon_n) = \sum_{i=1}^n\biggl[\prod_{j\ne i}\frac{1}{\epsilon_j-\epsilon_i}\biggr]\int\frac{d\rho\,f(\rho)}{\rho+\epsilon_i}\;,
\end{equation}
which yields the result
\begin{equation}
\label{Fdecomp}
\cl{F}(\epsilon_1,\cdots,\epsilon_n) = \sum_{i=1}^n\biggl[\prod_{j\ne i}\frac{-\epsilon_i}{\epsilon_j-\epsilon_i}\biggr]\hat{\cl{F}}(\epsilon_i)\;,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
(-\epsilon)^{n-1}\hat{\cl{F}}(\epsilon) = \int\frac{d\rho\,f(\rho)}{\rho+\epsilon}\;.
\end{equation}

Now the generalisation of the one-gluon result \rf{Feq} to the multiple-gluon case (which can easily be seen from a generalisation of the argument in \cite{dmw}) is
\begin{equation}
F = (-1)^n\prod_{j=1}^n\biggl[\int_0^\infty\frac{d\mu_j^2}{\mu_j^2}\rho_s(\mu_j^2)\sum_{i_j=0}^1(-1)^{i_j}\biggr]{\cal F}(i_1\mu_1^2/Q^2,\cdots,i_n\mu_n^2/Q^2)\;.
\end{equation}
Substituting \rf{Fdecomp} into this gives
\begin{equation}
F = (-1)^n\prod_{j=1}^n\biggl[\int_0^\infty\frac{d\mu_j^2}{\mu_j^2}\rho_s(\mu_j^2)\sum_{i_j=0}^1(-1)^{i_j}\biggr]\sum_{k=1}^n\biggl[\prod_{l\ne k}\frac{-i_k\mu_k^2}{i_l\mu_l^2-i_k\mu_k^2}\biggr]\hat{\cal F}(i_k\mu_k^2/Q^2)\;.
\end{equation}
Rotating the integration contour over $\mu_1^2$, as in the single-gluon case, and noting that only terms with $k=1$ and $i_1=1$ contribute, we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
F &=& (-1)^{n-1}\int_0^\infty\frac{d\mu_1^2}{\mu_1^2}\alpha_s(\mu_1^2)\biggl[\prod_{j\ne 1}\int_0^\infty\frac{d\mu_j^2}{\mu_j^2}\rho_s(\mu_j^2)\sum_{i_j=0}^1(-1)^{i_j}\frac{\mu_1^2}{i_j\mu_j^2+\mu_1^2}\biggr]\hat{\cl{G}}(\mu_1^2/Q^2) \;+\; I_\infty[\alpha_s]\nonumber\\
&=& (-1)^{n-1}\int_0^\infty\frac{d\mu_1^2}{\mu_1^2}\alpha_s(\mu_1^2)\biggl[\prod_{j\ne 1}\int_0^\infty\frac{d\mu_j^2}{\mu_j^2+\mu_1^2}\rho_s(\mu_j^2)\biggr]\hat{\cl{G}}(\mu_1^2/Q^2) \;+\; I_\infty[\alpha_s]\;,
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{equation}
\hat{\cl{G}}(\epsilon) = -\frac{1}{2\pi i}\mbox{Disc}\hat{\cl{F}}(-\epsilon)\;,
\end{equation}
and $I_\infty$ is some integral along a contour at infinity.

Using \rf{disprel} $n-1$ times one finds
\begin{equation}
F = \int_0^\infty\frac{d\mu^2}{\mu^2}[\alpha_s(\mu^2)]^n\hat{\cl{G}}(\mu^2/Q^2) \;+\; I_\infty[\alpha_s]\;.
\end{equation}

As before, we expect to recover non-perturbative contributions to $F$ from the modification in the strong coupling, $\delta\alpha_s$. The behaviour of any power correction is given by the non-analytic parts of $\hat{\cl{F}}(\epsilon)$, in precisely the same way as that given by $\cl{F}(\epsilon)$ in the single-gluon case, but the coefficient multiplying the correction is different. In the case $n = 2$, we obtain the following non-perturbative contribution to the observable $F$:
\begin{equation}
\delta F = \int_0^\infty\frac{d\mu^2}{\mu^2}\left(2\alpha_s(\mu^2)\delta\alpha_s(\mu^2)-[\delta\alpha_s(\mu^2)]^2\right)\hat\cl{G}(\mu^2/Q^2)
\end{equation}

We shall see that the relevant non-analytic contributions are
\begin{equation}
\cl{F}\sim a_1 \epsilon\log\epsilon
\qquad\Longrightarrow\qquad
\delta F = a_1 \frac{D_1}{Q^2}\;,
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\cl{F}\sim {\textstyle\frac{1}{2}} a_2 \epsilon\log^2\epsilon
\qquad\Longrightarrow\qquad
\delta F = a_2\frac{D_1}{Q^2}\log\frac{D_2}{Q^2}\;,
\end{equation}
where $D_1$ and $D_2$ are defined by:
\begin{eqnarray}
D_1 &\equiv& \int_0^\infty \frac{d\mu^2}{\mu^2}\,\mu^2\,\left(2\alpha_s(\mu^2)\delta\alpha_s(\mu^2)-[\delta\alpha_s(\mu^2)]^2\right)\;,\\
\log D_2 &\equiv& \frac{1}{D_1}\int_0^\infty \frac{d\mu^2}{\mu^2}\,\mu^2\log\mu^2\,\left(2\alpha_s(\mu^2)\delta\alpha_s(\mu^2)-[\delta\alpha_s(\mu^2)]^2\right)\;.
\end{eqnarray}

While we expect the form of $\alpha_s(\mu^2)$, and hence $D_1$ and $D_2$, to be universal, we have as yet no numerical values for them, (unlike for $\cl{A}_2$). It will be necessary therefore to extract values for $D_1$ and $D_2$, either from experimental results or from some model of the form of $\alpha_s(\mu^2)$ (of which various models have been proposed \cite{asmodel}).

\sect{DIS Structure Functions}
\label{strucfns}
We consider the deep inelastic scattering of a lepton of momentum $l$ from a nucleon of momentum $P$, with momentum transfer $q$. The main kinematic variables are $Q^2 = -q^2$, the Bjorken variable $x=Q^2/2P\cdot q$ and $y=P\cdot q/P\cdot l\simeq Q^2/x s$, $s$ being the total c.m. energy squared.

The differential cross section is
\begin{equation}
\label{diffcs}
\frac{d^2\sigma}{dxdQ^2} = \frac{2\pi\alpha^2}{Q^4}\left\{\left[1+(1-y)^2\right] F_T(x)+2(1-y) F_L(x)\right\}
\end{equation}
where $F_T(x) = 2F_1(x)$ and $F_L(x) = F_2(x)/x - 2F_1(x)$ are the transverse and longitudinal structure functions, which also have a weak $Q^2$ dependence which we do not show explicitly. (For simplicity we are neglecting any contribution from weak interactions, i.e. $\mbox{Z}^0$ or $\mbox{W}^\pm$ exchange.)

In the parton model, to order $\alpha_s^0$, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
F_T(x) &=& \sum_q e_q^2 [q(x)+\bar q(x)]\;,\\
F_L(x) &=& 0
\end{eqnarray}
where $q(x)$ and $\bar q(x)$ are the quark and antiquark distributions
in the target nucleon.

The $\cl{O}(\alpha_s)$ contributions, such as those shown in figure \ref{singfig}, are given by
\begin{equation}
\label{ordas}
F_i(x) = \frac{\alpha_s}{2\pi}\sum_q e_q^2 \int_x^1 \frac{d\xi}{\xi}\{C_F C_{i,q}(\xi) [q(x/\xi)+\bar q(x/\xi)] + T_R C_{i,g}(\xi)g(x/\xi)\}\;,
\end{equation}
where $g(x)$ is the gluon distribution, $C_F=4/3$, $T_R=1/2$. The coefficient functions $C_{i,j}(\xi)$ are the integrals in the appropriate factorisation scheme, over the final-state variable $\eta = P\cdot r/P\cdot q$ ($0\le\eta\le 1$), of \cite{PeRu}:
\begin{eqnarray}
C_{T,q}(\xi,\eta) &=& \frac{\xi^2+\eta^2}{(1-\xi)(1-\eta)}+2\xi \eta+2 \\
C_{L,q}(\xi,\eta) &=& 4\xi \eta\\
C_{T,g}(\xi,\eta) &=& \left[\xi^2+(1-\xi)^2\right]
\frac{\eta^2+(1-\eta)^2}{\eta(1-\eta)}\\
C_{L,g}(\xi,\eta) &=& 8\xi(1-\xi)\;.
\end{eqnarray}

Here we concentrate on the singlet contribution, i.e. the corrections to $C_{i,g}(\xi)$, as shown in figure \ref{singfig}.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=singlet.eps, height=3.0in, width=3.0in}
\caption{\label{singfig}Flavour Singlet Contribution to Deep Inelastic Scattering}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\sect{Power Corrections in Flavour Singlet DIS}
\label{calc}
In the normal perturbative treatment of DIS, the asymptotic freedom of QCD enables us to treat the initial state partons as free particles confined within the nucleon; and so in a singlet calculation we would start from a free gluon and convolute the perturbative result with the gluon distribution function $g(x)$. We do not know how to do this in a calculation of power corrections, since the models we use consider modifications to the gluon propagator (loop insertions in the renormalon model, or, equivalently, a `mass' in the dispersive approach).
Let us therefore perform the calculation by considering our initial state gluon to be radiated from a fermionic parton. We may then try to recover the singlet contribution to the power corrections by deconvoluting the result with the quark to gluon splitting function, as performed in \cite{stein}, or we may leave the result as it is and interpret it as a second order non-singlet contribution. We might hope that these two interpretations would give similar predictions for power-suppressed corrections.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=diags.eps, height=3.0in, width=3.0in}
\caption{\label{diags}Diagrams Generating Flavour Singlet Contribution}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Consider the contribution to DIS from the diagrams in figure \ref{diags}. It is convenient to work in the {\it Breit frame of reference} \cite{PeRu,breit}, which is the rest-frame of $2xP+q$. In this frame the momentum transfer $q$ is purely spacelike, and we choose to align it along the $+z$ axis.

The momentum of the initial state parton is $p = xP/\xi$, $(x\le\xi\le 1)$; and let us introduce the variables $\rho = - s^2 / Q^2$, $\eta = P\cdot r/P\cdot q$, $\bar{\eta} = P\cdot k/P\cdot q$ , $\chi$ the azimuthal angle between $r$ and $s$, and $\gamma$ the azimuthal angle between $r$ and $k$. There is also an overall azimuthal angle $\phi$, the dependence on which is trivial.

In the Breit frame the kinematics are given by:
\begin{eqnarray}
P &=& {\textstyle\frac{1}{2}} Q (1/x,0,0,-1/x) \\
p &=& {\textstyle\frac{1}{2}} Q (1/\xi,0,0,-1/\xi) \\
q &=& {\textstyle\frac{1}{2}} Q (0,0,0,2) \\
s &=& {\textstyle\frac{1}{2}} Q (s_0,s_\perp\cos\chi,s_\perp\sin\chi,s_3) \\
r &=& {\textstyle\frac{1}{2}} Q (z_0,z_\perp,0,z_3) \\
k &=& {\textstyle\frac{1}{2}} Q (\bar{z}_0,\bar{z}_\perp\cos\gamma,\bar{z}_\perp\sin\gamma,\bar{z}_3)\;.
\end{eqnarray}

The definitions of $\rho$, $\eta$ and $\bar{\eta}$ along with the on-shell conditions for the outgoing particles require that
\begin{eqnarray}
s_0 = \frac{1}{\xi}-\rho\xi-\frac{s_\perp^2}{4\rho\xi}\hspace{0.3in} & &
s_3 = -\frac{1}{\xi}-\rho\xi+\frac{s_\perp^2}{4\rho\xi} \\
z_0 = \eta+\frac{z_\perp^2}{4\eta}\hspace{0.75in} & &
z_3 = \eta-\frac{z_\perp^2}{4\eta} \\
\bar{z}_0 = \bar{\eta}+\frac{\bar{z}_\perp^2}{4\bar{\eta}}\hspace{0.75in} & &
\bar{z}_3 = \bar{\eta}-\frac{\bar{z}_\perp^2}{4\bar{\eta}}\;.
\end{eqnarray}

Conservation of the 0th and 3rd components of 4-momentum give the conditions
\begin{eqnarray}
\eta + \bar{\eta} + \rho\xi &=& 1 \\
\frac{z_\perp^2}{4\eta}+\frac{\bar{z}_\perp^2}{4\bar{\eta}}+\frac{s_\perp^2}{4\rho\xi} &=& \frac{1-\xi}{\xi}\;,
\end{eqnarray}
while conservation of transverse momentum requires that $s_\perp$, $z_\perp$ and $\bar{z}_\perp$ satisfy the triangle inequalities
\begin{eqnarray}
\vert z_\perp-s_\perp\vert &\le& \bar{z}_\perp \\
\vert z_\perp-\bar{z}_\perp\vert &\le& s_\perp\;.
\end{eqnarray}

Two variables, $\alpha$ and $\beta$, are required to parametrise the permitted values of $s_\perp$, $z_\perp$ and $\bar{z}_\perp$. Let us choose to write:
\begin{eqnarray}
z_\perp^2 &=& \frac{4\alpha\eta(1-\eta)(1-\xi)}{\xi} \\
\bar{z}_\perp^2 &=& \frac{4\bar{\eta}(1-\xi)}{(1-\eta)\xi}\left[(1-\alpha)\rho\xi+\alpha\eta\bar{\eta}-2\cos\beta\sqrt{\alpha(1-\alpha)\eta\bar{\eta}\rho\xi}\right] \\
s_\perp^2 &=& \frac{4\rho(1-\xi)}{1-\eta}\left[(1-\alpha)\bar{\eta}+\alpha\eta\rho\xi+2\cos\beta\sqrt{\alpha(1-\alpha)\eta\bar{\eta}\rho\xi}\right]\;.
\end{eqnarray}

Given $s_\perp$, $z_\perp$ and $\bar{z}_\perp$, the angles $\chi$ and $\gamma$ are determined up to a sign. We may then choose $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\eta$ and $\rho$ as the independent variables, with phase space
\begin{equation}
0\le\alpha\le 1,\;0\le\beta\le\pi,\;0\le\eta\le 1,\;0\le\rho\le (1-\eta)/\xi .
\end{equation}

To estimate power corrections to perturbative calculations, we must perform the calculations as though the gluons had small non-zero masses $\mu_1^2 = \epsilon_1 Q^2$ and $\mu_2^2 = \epsilon_2 Q^2$. Using the machinery of section \ref{dispsec} we may write
\begin{equation}
{\cal F}_i(x;\epsilon_1,\epsilon_2) = \frac{\epsilon_1\hat{\cal F}_i(x;\epsilon_1)-\epsilon_2\hat{\cal F}_i(x;\epsilon_2)}{\epsilon_1-\epsilon_2}\;,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\hat{\cal F}_i(x;\epsilon) = \frac{\alpha_s^2 T_R C_F}{(2\pi)^2} \sum_q e_q^2 \int_x^1\frac{d\xi}{\xi} C_i(\xi;\epsilon) q(x/\xi)\;.
\end{equation}

The quantities $C_i$ are the integrated perturbative matrix elements with modified gluon propagators. (Note that these are not the same quantities as those introduced in equation \rf{ordas}, since they refer to different diagrams.)

To integrate the matrix elements we apply the operator
\begin{equation}
\int\frac{d^3\b{r}}{(2\pi)^3 2r^0}\frac{d^3\b{k}}{(2\pi)^3 2k^0}\frac{d^3\b{p}^\prime}{(2\pi)^3 2p^{\prime 0}}\:(2\pi)^4\delta^4(p+q-k-r-p^\prime)\;.
\end{equation}
Integrating away $\b{p}^\prime$ and making substitutions for $\b{r}$ and $\b{k}$ gives
\begin{equation}
\frac{Q^2}{32(2\pi)^5}\int\frac{z_\perp dz_\perp d\phi d\eta}{\eta}\frac{\bar{z}_\perp d\bar{z}_\perp d\gamma d\bar{\eta}}{\bar{\eta}}\:\frac{\delta\left(A+\sqrt{B+2z_\perp\bar{z}_\perp\cos\gamma}\right)}{\sqrt{B+2z_\perp\bar{z}_\perp\cos\gamma}}\;,
\end{equation}
where $A$ and $B$ do not depend on $\gamma$.

Next we integrate over $\gamma$. There are two values satisfying the integration condition, and they differ by a sign. This gives
\begin{equation}
\frac{Q^2}{32(2\pi)^5}\int\frac{d\eta}{\eta}\frac{d\bar{\eta}}{\bar{\eta}}\frac{dz_\perp^2 d\bar{z}_\perp^2}{2z_\perp\bar{z}_\perp\vert\sin\gamma\vert}d\phi\;.
\end{equation}

Applying the parametrisation in terms of $\alpha$ and $\beta$, we find that
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\partial(z_\perp^2,\bar{z}_\perp^2)}{\partial(\alpha,\beta)} &=& 32(1-\xi)^2\sin\beta\sqrt{\alpha(1-\alpha)\eta^3\bar{\eta}^3\rho/\xi^3} \\
2z_\perp\bar{z}_\perp\vert\sin\gamma\vert &=& 8(1-\xi)\sin\beta\sqrt{\alpha(1-\alpha)\eta\bar{\eta}\rho/\xi}\;.
\end{eqnarray}
Therefore the integral operator is
\begin{equation}
\frac{Q^2(1-\xi)}{8(2\pi)^5}\int d\rho d\eta d\alpha d\beta d\phi\;;
\end{equation}
and hence
\begin{equation}
C_i(\xi;\epsilon) = -\frac{1}{\epsilon}\frac{Q^2(1-\xi)}{8(2\pi)^5}\int_0^{1/\xi}d\rho\int_0^{1-\rho\xi}d\eta\int_0^1d\alpha\int_0^\pi d\beta\int_0^{2\pi}d\phi\frac{f(\xi,\eta,\alpha,\beta,\phi,\rho)}{\rho+\epsilon}\;,
\end{equation}
where the function $f$ is obtained from the appropriate matrix elements, excluding the denominators of the gluon propagators.

The integration over $\phi$ is trivial.

The part of this that is nonanalytic as $\epsilon\rightarrow 0$ is the contribution to the integral near $\rho = 0$. Therefore we try to proceed by expressing $f$ as a series expansion in $\rho^{\frac{1}{2}}$ about 0, up to ${\cal O}(\rho^2)$. In order to produce valid series expansions, it transpires that we have to divide the $\eta$ integral into three regions:
\begin{enumerate}
\item $0\le\eta\le\rho/\kappa$,
\item $\rho/\kappa\le\eta\le 1-\rho\xi-\rho/\kappa$, and
\item $1-\rho\xi-\rho/\kappa\le\eta\le 1-\rho\xi$,
\end{enumerate}
where $\kappa$ is some small arbitrary quantity on which the final answer should not depend. (In practice we perform the calculation in the limit of small $\kappa$.)

For region (ii) we may directly expand in $\rho$ without any problems. The integral over $\beta$ is then straightforward, being a sum of terms of the form $\mbox{const.}\cos^n\beta$, and upon performing this integral the terms in non-integer powers of $\rho$ vanish. The integrals over $\alpha$, then $\eta$, then $\rho$ are not difficult, provided we note that the non-analytic parts of the $\rho$ integrals are given by:
\begin{eqnarray}
\int_0^c\frac{\rho^n}{\rho+\epsilon}d\rho &\to& (-1)^{n-1}\epsilon^n\log\epsilon\;, \\
\int_0^c\frac{\rho^n\log\rho}{\rho+\epsilon}d\rho &\to& {\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}(-1)^{n-1}\epsilon^n\log^2\epsilon\;.
\end{eqnarray}
Note that because of the limits we have chosen for the $\eta$ integral, contributions up to ${\cal O}(\rho^2)$ will also arise from all higher terms in the series expansion of $f$. These contributions vanish as $\kappa\rightarrow 0$, so the calculation performed in this limit is valid.

For region (i) such a naive power series becomes invalid, but we may write $\eta = \lambda\rho$ and then expand as before. In contrast to the situation in region (ii) there are now no terms in non-integer powers of $\rho$. The integration over $\beta$ may be performed by writing $t = \tan(\beta/2)$, and that over $\alpha$ by making a series of substitutions. The integration over $\lambda$ (i.e. $\eta$) can then be performed, and, since we are only concerned about the limit $\kappa\rightarrow 0$, we neglect all terms that vanish in this limit. The $\rho$ integration then proceeds as above.

For region (iii), we use the symmetry between the outgoing quark and antiquark: if we replace $\eta$ by $1-\eta-\rho\xi$ we see that the integrals over regions (i) and (iii) are equal.

Putting all this together we have:
\begin{eqnarray}
\xi C_T &=& -{\textstyle\frac{2}{9}}(2-63\xi+63\xi^2-2\xi^3+12\log\xi-27\xi\log\xi-27\xi^2\log\xi+12\xi^3\log\xi)\log\epsilon\nonumber\\ & & +{\textstyle\frac{2}{3}}(4+3\xi-3\xi^2-4\xi^3+6\xi\log\xi+6\xi^2\log\xi)(\log\xi-1+{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}\log\epsilon)\log\epsilon\nonumber\\ & & +{\textstyle\frac{2}{5}}(2+25\xi^2-25\xi^3-2\xi^5+15\xi^2\log\xi+15\xi^3\log\xi)\epsilon\log\epsilon\nonumber\\ & & -2(5\xi^2-5\xi^3+2\xi^2\log\xi+2\xi^3\log\xi)(\log\xi-1+{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}\log\epsilon)\epsilon\log\epsilon\;,\\
\xi C_L &=& -{\textstyle\frac{8}{3}}(1-3\xi+2\xi^3-3\xi^2\log\xi)\log\epsilon\nonumber\\ & & -{\textstyle\frac{8}{225}}(17+75\xi^2-125\xi^3+33\xi^5+30\log\xi+75\xi^3\log\xi-45\xi^5\log\xi)\epsilon\log\epsilon\nonumber\\ & & +{\textstyle\frac{8}{15}}(2-15\xi^2+10\xi^3+3\xi^5-15\xi^3\log\xi)(\log\xi-1+{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}\log\epsilon)\epsilon\log\epsilon\;.
\end{eqnarray}

The terms that diverge as $\epsilon\to 0$ are responsible for the logarithmic scaling violations to the structure function (c.f. \cite{dmw}). To see this, note that the leading divergent pieces (i.e.~those proportional to ${\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}\log^2\epsilon$ for $C_T$ and to $\log\epsilon$ for $C_L$) can be expressed as a convolution of the quark to gluon splitting function with the first order gluon coefficient functions:
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{2(4+3\xi-3\xi^2-4\xi^3+6\xi\log\xi+6\xi^2\log\xi)}{3\xi} &=& 2[\xi^2+(1-\xi)^2]\otimes\frac{1+(1-\xi)^2}{\xi}\qquad\\
\frac{8(1-3\xi+2\xi^3-3\xi^2\log\xi)}{3\xi} &=& 8\xi(1-\xi)\otimes\frac{1+(1-\xi)^2}{\xi}\;.
\end{eqnarray}
The subleading divergence in $C_T$, i.e.~that proportional to $\log\epsilon$, is factorisation-scheme-dependent.

The terms proportional to $\epsilon\log\epsilon$ and $\epsilon\log^2\epsilon$ give the $1/Q^2$ power corrections. These are consistent with the results in \cite{stein}. Comparison of the results presented here with those in \cite{stein} indicate that the terms containing the factor $(\log\xi-1+{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}\log\epsilon)$ correspond to the contributions from the double renormalon pole, while those terms without this factor correspond to the contributions from the single renormalon pole. These results also suggest signs for the different contributions: the contributions in \cite{stein} from the single poles appear here with a positive sign whereas those from the double poles appear with a negative sign.

This leads to power corrections to the structure functions given by:
\begin{equation}
\delta F_i(x) = \frac{T_R C_F}{(2\pi)^2} \sum_q e_q^2 \int_x^1\frac{d\xi}{\xi} \delta C_i(\xi) q(x/\xi)\;,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{res1}
\delta C_T(\xi) &=& \frac{D_1}{Q^2}\biggl[\frac{2(2+25\xi^2-25\xi^3-2\xi^5+15\xi^2\log\xi+15\xi^3\log\xi)}{5\xi}\nonumber\\
& & \qquad-2(5\xi-5\xi^2+2\xi\log\xi+2\xi^2\log\xi)\log\frac{D_2\xi}{eQ^2}\biggr]\\
\label{res2}
\delta C_L(\xi) &=& \frac{D_1}{Q^2}\biggl[-\frac{8(17+75\xi^2-125\xi^3+33\xi^5+30\log\xi+75\xi^3\log\xi-45\xi^5\log\xi)}{225\xi}\nonumber\\
& & \qquad +\frac{8(2-15\xi^2+10\xi^3+3\xi^5-15\xi^3\log\xi)}{15\xi}\log\frac{D_2\xi}{eQ^2}\biggr]\;.
\end{eqnarray}

\sect{Results and Conclusions}
\label{concl}
The $1/Q^2$ power corrections arising from the diagrams shown in figure \ref{diags} are given above in equations \rf{res1} and \rf{res2}. While we do not know the values of $D_1$ and $D_2$, we can still make some qualitative predictions. Figure \ref{graph} shows plots of $K_T(x)$ and $K_L(x)$, defined by
\begin{equation}
\delta F_i(x) = \frac{D_1}{Q^2}\frac{T_R C_F}{(2\pi)^2}K_i(x)\;,
\end{equation}
i.e.~$K_i(x)$ are the coefficients of the $1/Q^2$ power correction, excluding the unknown factor $D_1$. These were calculated at $Q^2 = 500 \mbox{GeV}^2$, using the corresponding MRST (central gluon) parton distributions \cite{mrst}. The value of $D_2/e$ was set to be $0.06 \mbox{GeV}^2$, i.e.~approximately $\Lambda^2$, following the result of \cite{stein}. (The qualitative behaviour of the $K_i$ does not change provided we keep $D_2 \ll Q^2$.)

\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=graph.eps, height=3.0in, width=3.0in}
\caption{\label{graph}Graph showing $K_T(x)$ and $K_L(x)$.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

As can be seen from the graph, $K_T(x)$ and $K_L(x)$ both tend to zero at large $x$, and both diverge at small $x$. $K_T(x)$ is positive and $K_L(x)$ is negative, with the magnitude of $K_L$ considerably larger at small $x$ than that of $K_T$. The corresponding quantity related to $F_2/x$, which is $K_2/x=K_T+K_L$, also therefore behaves qualitatively like $K_L$.

Therefore if $D_1$ is positive, we have a negative correction to both $F_2/x$ and $F_L$. If $D_1$ is negative then the correction is positive. In either case the corrections are important at small $x$.

We do not know the sign or magnitude of $D_1$, and there is no a priori reason why it should be either positive or negative. However, since $\cl{A}_2$ is positive, we presumably have $\delta\alpha_s(\mu^2)$ being predominantly positive. We therefore might conjecture that $D_1$ would also be positive.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
The author wishes to thank B.R.~Webber and Yu.L.~Dokshitzer for advice and helpful comments.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


This Imperial White Tea Sample Selection includes a broad range of Spring White teas which are some of the finest available.
In total, this sample pack contains 90 grams of tea.
All the samples are packed individually in an aluminium foil bag.
Use about 5 grams of tea for 100 ml of water.
Water temperature should be about 170°F. Using water much hotter may make your tea bitter.
Infuse for one to three minutes depending on preferences. You will have to gradually increase your infusion time with each subsequent infusion.
You should be able to get 3 to 5 infusions from each session. Infuse each tea as long as the flavor profile continues to satisfy.
Have only just drunk the Fuding Shou Mei White and found it very smooth and flavorful. 5 more to go!


The high availability and performance of Map Intelligence is addressed by the quality of the network, access permissions, and the power of hosting machinery and related software such as the database, BI tool and mapping server being used. It's impossible to generalise because the network load is dependent on the complexity of the individual requests being made by the end-user and the design of the underlying database - BI architecture, ie: the quantity and timing of data movements.
Map Intelligece requires a Java Virtual Machine and is independent of the operating system. A dual core 3.2GHz processor with 1Gbyte of RAM set aside for Map Intelligence will support 20 concurrent users with good response times. The system should be scaled appropriately for more users, or multiple computers deployed with load sharing. Because most of the work is done in memory, the amount of memory needed is highly dependent on the complexity of the requests. Map Intelligence scales reasonably linearly with CPUs and it is usually memory that is the limitation, so it is better for larger installations to use load sharing with multiple machines. Allow about 100Mbytes disk space for the Map Intelligence server installation (without the map provider) and 200Mbytes for a Map Intelligence for GeoServer installations. Map data space is additional to this. A typical Postgresql-postgis installation with the full PSMA (Australian) data set takes about 11Gbytes.
All the "standard" user interface methods are used by Map Intelligence such as rotating icons indicating waiting for data or processing to complete. Time-outs are informed via pop-up messages. Connection failure is typically handled outside of Map Intelligence.
Map Intelligence is regularly run in Virtual Machines.


There is a common misunderstanding about the coming automated economy that may destroy us all.
Most people in business and finance (and most people, frankly) think that the new economy (of artificial intelligence and autonomous machines) is like the old economy: satisfying customers' needs for products and services.
The real heart of the new economy will be about helping people need each other more.
No, I'm not talking about the market for dating services. To build a new economy (and a decent, functional society), innovation must help us need each other more and in better ways… to bind us to each other. If innovations disintegrate those bonds, and decrease our mutual need we will head downhill.
When we no longer need each other, it's all over.
An economy is indeed about satisfying customers but that's not exactly the same as selling them products and services. Many business leaders will say this is academic nonsense, that it's the same thing. But by not seeing the distinction they cannot see whether they are helping or hurting the market and their customers. Plus, in that distinction lies the biggest business opportunity in history.
In micro-economics the customer and the worker are different: one earns, the other spends.
Corporations live in the micro world, they innovate and automate, lay off the worker to deliver a better deal to the customer. The customer is king, not the worker.
But customers who have lost their jobs are weak kings; their biggest need is to get a good job with a reliable income. When business tries to satisfy their need to earn by helping them live ever more cheaply, the economy is plunged into a paradox: economic growth always means increased revenues.
There is a solution to the paradox, but it is not what some micro-minded techno-anarchists are suggesting: to let innovation automate all jobs and offer people universal basic income.
In this vision of the future, people won't need to work for money and can instead spend their time doing meaningful things.
"Freedom actually begins only where labor which is determined by necessity and mundane considerations ceases," said Karl Marx a century ago. His vision was a society where technological innovation provides people with everything they need, where nobody is anyone else's servant and everyone is equal.
But Marx's Communism failed and will continue to fail.
The core concept of community is that people depend on each other. A society happens when a cluster of people are bound by a network of personal commitments. It is a self-organizing, self-reinforcing network of commitments between individuals that shapes a common language for trust, ethics, law and practice in which each committed individual has a stake.
This common language is the basis for any economy, culture or society. Therefore, "everyone is a customer, nobody a worker" is a recipe for disaster, it will dissolve societies because the interpersonal commitments and thus the personal stakes evaporate. Joblessness and exclusion also threaten societies, for the same reason. But where"everyone is a customer and a worker," on the other hand, good societies evolve and prosper.
A society happens when a cluster of people are bound by a network of personal commitments.
Utopians who point out that Finland is introducing basic universal income have not understood. Finland needs fewer pensioners and more workers or their economy will crash within a few years. No politician will raise the pension age and force elderly voters back to be job-seekers.
Shifting from pensions to universal basic income can be a solution, one might say that instead of raising the pension age to seventy, they lower it to seventeen. We discussed these things at the i4j Helsinki Summit. The Finns are aiming to reinvent the Nordic model; it is the opposite of 'utopian' communism.
The solution to the growth-profit paradox is to move from today's task-centered economy, focused on lowering the cost of tasks, to the people-centered economy that increases the value of people, which I have written about before.
The most powerful way to create new value for the customer is creating new value with the customer, with the help of innovation. The customer is the worker is the capital.
The Kauffman Foundation's NEG New Entrepreneurial Growth Agenda includes a piece where I show how a people-centered business can always beat a competition of task-centered businesses, as long as innovation is good enough.
In the people-centered economy the micro-economy is fully aligned with the macroeconomy. Now the customer is a worker for countries and enterprises alike. For both, the customer-worker is the capital they invest in. GDP and revenues both grow when the 'customer-worker' increases in value.
The people-centered economy solves the growth-revenue paradox. It knocks down the wall between labor policy and innovation policy, enabling governments to co-invest in innovation-for-jobs ecosystems that disrupt unemployment, giving people good jobs instead of welfare.
The step from the task-centered to the people-centered economy may seem large. But while it is a fundamental shift, it is really a small step, easily taken, by simply adding an Innovation-for-Jobs ecosystem to today's economy. This ecosystem integrates entrepreneurs, investors, policymakers and others engaged in raising the value of people. Read more about it in my contribution to the Kauffman Foundation New Entrepreneurial Growth Agenda.
With support from Kauffman, Google, Cisco and others, i4j, the Forum I co-chair with Vint Cerf, is moving to make the Innovation-for-Jobs Ecosystem happen. We are assembling the players and we have published our vision in a book, "Disrupting Unemployment" together with special chapters by an impressive list of i4j thought leaders.
In my previous column, I pointed to how Sebastian Thrun's Udacity has switched to a people-centered business model. The Gates Foundation, the Lumina Foundation and others are priming a market for connecting investors to education for work.
Education startups are creating business around income-share agreements, where students can go to college without paying tuition. Instead, they pay a part of their income for a few years after they graduate and get a job. Thus the income-sharing startup invests in the students. The ROI is the difference between the tuition fee they pay and the income-share they earn.
Vemo Education is presently building such a project together with Purdue University. This gives them an incentive to get the student a well-payed job after college.
Imagine a standalone company, no college involved; their best clients may be talented kids from poor families who, helped by the startup, can choose their college and be coached to a great job. If this concept takes hold, as I think it can, colleges will end up negotiating fees with these new companies, instead of with the student—something like health insurance and care providers, today.
Pave, recently funded at roughly $300 million, offers a lending platform for millennials wanting to achieve a goal in life. Let's say a kid wants to be a scriptwriter. Someone who believes in her talent may cover her costs and be a mentor.
This model offers the mentor personal satisfaction as well as ROI if the kid succeeds. In the people-centered economy, the 'Pave-mentor' might not need to cover college tuition fees that could be covered through an income-share agreement instead. Think about Steven Spielberg as the mentor. An income-share agreement will be a safe bet, the kid could become a star. So Spielberg can negotiate a very favorable income-share agreement for the kid.
This creates a new, more successful, human capital market where more people will have a stake in the individual success of others. This can be the future of work, the future of business the future of capital investment.
Because in the end, from the individual worker to the typical family, to the largest functional entity one can imagine, we are all here for each other; the best economy is where we invest in each other's personal success.


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Apparently, this is the first song sung entirely in Arabic to top the charts in Israel. The band is called A-WA, and consists of three sisters. I haven't got a clue what the lyrics are, but the song is catchy as hell.


Reporters of the RISE Project announced on Saturday they got hold of a suitcase full of financial documents, email images and hard drives containing videos, all information related to people close to the once state-owned TEL DRUM company which is now allegedly owned by Dragnea. The company is suspected of having benefited from public contracts worth tens of millions of euros.
One of the images found in the suitcase shows the politician in Brazil, which supports earlier findings that he could have been involved in a web of murky businesses with a powerful group of Romanian politicians and businessmen who spent their holidays at Cumbuco, an oceanside resort in the northeast of Brazil.
Dragnea, the head of the ruling Social Democratic Party (PSD), arrived on Monday at the House of People in Bucharest for a meeting of his party with two suitcases in hand: one allegedly containing incriminating documents connected to President Klaus Iohannis never before seen by investigators, and the other - full of doughnuts for RISE reporters.
"I am a little late because I received two suitcases. The first one is with donuts from RISE Project. They are fresh, we'll leave them here," he said.
In Romania, there is an expression that claims when somebody is lying, he is selling doughnuts, implying that RISE's allegations against him are empty.
"It was one of the most offensive public gestures a politician made against the press," said Victor Ilie, a RISE reporter who was present at the press conference before the party's meeting.
"He tried to shift the public attention from the essence of the investigation to the source of the story," he said.
RISE says the suitcase in their possession was given to them by a villager who said he found it in Teleorman county, where Dragnea was raised and where TEL DRUM is based.
The second suitcase Dragnea brought contains documents concerning the Romanian President that "have not made it to the DNA (National Anticorruption Directorate)," he said.
However, RISE had already reported on much of the information found in Dragnea's suitcase.


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Some Clarity on Influencer Marketing
Feb 27, 2018 | Social Media
Home » Social Media » Some Clarity on Influencer Marketing
January wasn't a good month for influencer marketing, or more specifically, for the social media influencers themselves.
First, there was the Logan Paul's Japan video where he was disrespectful and completely insensitive to suicide victims. A type of controversy that is not new to the Paul brothers or to YouTubers in general.
Then it was followed by a regional campaign that not a lot of people heard of outside of Saudi Arabia that was aimed to block influencers; a campaign that lasted many days, became a regional trending hashtag, and led to some influencers closing their accounts (Arabic source).
But probably the most interesting incident came later that month in what some called the "bloggate."
It all started when the 22-year-old YouTuber and Instagram influencer Elle Darby sent an email to the Charleville Lodge hotel (the less popular sister of the White Moose cafe) offering to feature them in her YouTube channel and Instagram account in exchange of a free accommodation. The latter was polite and clear.
Paul Stenson, the owner of both venues, replied publicly with a screenshot of her email with a rather less polite comment.
(The post has since been removed from their Facebook page)
Although he scratched off her name and personal details, you could still easily see he Instagram account if you bothered to zoom in the screenshot. Next thing you know, she started getting nasty comments on her Twitter and Instagram account, as she explains in her vlog.
This drama didn't grow in a vacuum. There has been this anti-influencer sentiment for a while now. I've heard this in networking events, Facebook groups, Twitter.
I've heard influencers being called everything in the book from influenzers, to freeloaders, to "a short weird awkward stage the world went through before we all grew up" (an actual quote on Twitter).
It is really tempting to jump on the influencers hate bandwagon, but the fact is, influencer marketing is not going anywhere anytime soon. There are millions who follow everything they do and engage with them, and many brands see the value of working with them. In fact, almost 40% of Twitter users say they've made a purchase as a direct result of a Tweet from an influencer.
Sometimes, even people who claim they are not influenced by influencers actually are. While researching for this article, I came across a thread of someone asking if an influencer ever made them buy a product or a service. In one of the comments, someone says, "of course not," only to follow it with another comment saying "I've been influenced to check a restaurant or a place but never looked at Instagram pic and said 'dayyuumm I want dat'." Except it worked. If it influenced someone to go and check a place, then dayyuumm, it worked!
So, without further ado, I'm going to use this incident as an example to explain more about influencer marketing as someone who worked with many of them.
First things first,
What is influencer marketing, anyway?
Influencer marketing is a marketing activity that dates back before social media, as a concept. It's basically collaborating with someone who can influence people's purchasing preferences or raise awareness about a brand or a product. It's not that much different than celebrity endorsements or even product placement.
Brands use influencer marketing throughout their customer's journey to increase brand awareness or engagement, generate demand, or acquire leads. This can be paid, or in exchange for a certain service (like getting some free products or services), or through employees of that brand, like their CEO (most notable examples are Richard Branson and Elon Musk).
After this detailed definition, we can understand why many people (including many marketers and brands) don't understand influencer marketing for what it really is.
So, whether we like it or not, influencer marketing is an effective method to achieve business goals – if used right.
Yeah, but who is an "influencer"?
Great question! There is a problem within the marketing community and among many brands of defining who is an influencer and who is not and if that person worth working with.
An influencer can be anyone really who has an influence on your target audience. In the context of marketing, they are usually people who can have an influence on their social media followers. They are much more than people with thousands (or millions) of followers.
Guess what, even Mr. All-bloggers-banned (the White Moose guy) is a social media influencer in his own right. He got over 20 thousand followers on Instagram and few other thousands on Twitter and Facebook, and he uses this influence to market his business. Just like a true influencer.
Within marketing, an influencer marketing campaign needs a good planning on who is the influencer you want to work with, what KPIs are you expecting from them, and how do they fit in your overall strategy. Paying someone with many followers to post about your product is just simply lazy marketing.
Yeah.. but,
Is it ethical?
I was presenting a social media strategy for the CEO of a big corporate last year. It was already presented to the marketing department and they knew about it, but it was new to the top management. When I reached the part about the influencer marketing strategy, I got this question: "Is that ethical? Paying people to talk about us on their social media accounts?"
I never get tired of hearing different variations of this.
Have you read the latest article in your favorite magazine about the best 5 restaurants that you should visit this weekend? That's probably native advertising. It is paid for to appear as an editorial.
Product placement in movies and TV, CSR campaigns, educational webinars that you spend 30 minutes on to find out it about selling a product and getting leads.
The bitter truth is, one way or another, this is how big part of marketing works. Marketing is much more than straight, in-your-face advertising. If you want to do an effective marketing strategy, you need to work on different channels using different tactics.
And to be perfectly clear about this, influencer marketing doesn't have to be about fake reviews. It's even a bad practice for the influencers themselves to give a good review for a bad product as people will find out, sooner or later, and it will affect their reputation leading to fewer brand deals.
Even in the White Moose case, the influencer mentioned that she sent emails to the hotels that she actually liked and wished to stay in. So she wasn't going to give a good review for something she didn't like.
I follow few tech influencers on YouTube. If they gave a fake review once, I might disagree with them, but if it became a habit, then they will lose my trust and I will simply unfollow them.
Of course, some influencers are more transparent than others. Look at these two influencer marketing videos from two different YouTubers. The first one is from Anwar Jibawi, a Viner turned YouTuber with 2.5 million subscribers. The second one is from a Dubai-based vlogger called Mo Vlogs with 4.8 million subscribers.
Both videos were done in a great way, except in the first one Anwar clearly discloses it's a sponsored content, but in Mo Vlogs' case it was hidden within a "real" story. Anwar's video got 6,613,799 views with only 1.57% negative sentiment, while Mo Vlogs video, although it was published a year earlier in a channel with twice the subscribers as Anwar's, got 969,115 views only with 5.88 % negative sentiment.
I think that says a lot about the impact of true ethical influence!
Fine! But..
Influencers are entitled little pricks with bad behavior, aren't they?
Let's go back to the White Moose guy (I think that's his official name). In addition to his ill-mannered reaction to a polite email with a simple business proposal, he is notoriously known for his rude behavior (to say the least).
In 2014 he got his business in the news for the way they talked to customers on social media, did it again a year later during the Ed Sheeran concert, later that year he "jokingly" said "any vegans attempting to enter the cafe will be shot dead at point blank," the next year he made fun of Brazilian people, same year he made the news again for demanding that "guests who demand gluten-free food are required to produce a doctor's note which states that you suffer from coeliac disease," last year called a customer behavior "a little c**tish" [source link has been removed since this article was published] replying to her bad TripAdvisor review, back to the controversy (and news) again just a few weeks before that influencer incident, he was telling guests that "you will not find any other hotel selling at a lower price. This means that your rights as a guest are limited."
Even before the influencer controversy heat cools down, he got in trouble with Michelin (the company that rates restaurants) for claiming his restaurant to be a 5-Michelin-Star restaurant while it's actually not, so he replied to them publicly on social media saying "If you are going to send a legal letter please ensure it's of the edible variety. Gluten-free if possible." Of course, he did, why wouldn't he.
There's so much of that, but I think you got a glimpse of his pleasant personality.
So, to put everything into perspective, people are expressing their hate for the attitude of social media influencers by rooting for.. This guy.
The reality is, he uses these tactics the same way influencers like Logan Paul use it, for publicity. He has been promoting himself as an expert of what he calls "outrage marketing." He even gives workshops about it. It's a strategy he uses to generate viral content the same way Salt Bae used his over-the-top performances that made him a meme.
(Who would have thought that it would work! If only celebrity chefs, talent show judges, stand up comedians, motivational speakers, and boxers only knew that talking trash in public will lead to more publicity!)
Working with many influencers in my life, I have built a database for the agency I worked with (more of an Excel sheet, really). When we work with a difficult influencer, I usually add them to the "blacklisted" tab to remind myself and the team to avoid working with them in the future.
There will always be the likes of PewDiePie and Logan Paul among influencers and non-influencers, but we will also have the likes of Lilly Singh (aka. IISuperwomanII) and Anwar Jibawi.
Some of them have it easy, but some of them bust their behinds to produce quality content that entertains millions.
In this whole White Moose fiasco, he mentions is one of his posts that "who is going to pay the staff who look after you? Who is going to pay the housekeepers who clean your room? The waiters who serve you breakfast?" The same guy who pays them when you publish a newspaper ad or print a flyer. It's a marketing activity that goes from the marketing budget.
Influencer marketing is a legitimate form of marketing like any other and it's here to stay. Especially now with the decrease of organic reach for business pages, influencers are becoming a more viable option. But with anything that involves a human element, you are bound to have the good and the bad. Eventually, brands will drop the bad and those who maintain good and professional behavior will remain in the market.
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A Private Pintxos Tour will make you feel as if you were visiting a friend. Enjoy a high quality private pintxos tour for gourmets guided by specialists in pintxos and tapas and Basque gastronomic culture. Locals, passionate about food and sharing our Basque culture. Recommended for food lovers.
Join the most complete full meal Pintxos Tour in San Sebastian and enjoy one of the most popular traditions of the Basque gastronomy. A great option for those who want to live the experience of a pintxos crawl of high quality selection tour in a funny environment. 8 pintxos paired with wines. Small groups - up to 10 people.
Many of our clients have shared in sites like TripAdvisor or directly to us, their opinion about a pintxos tour with San Sebastian Pintxos Tours.


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Tuesday 24 January 2023 7:14 pm
Mark Carney's net zero group disputes data showing only 7 per cent of banks' energy financing goes to renewables
By: Chris Dorrell
The new rules aim to clamp down on greenwashing, when firms make exaggerated or misleading claims about the environmental credentials of their investment products.
Only seven per cent of global banks' energy financing between 2016 and 2022 went towards renewable energy projects, according to new data, although Mark Carney's net zero financial coalition has disputed the claim.
A report by a group of campaign groups, including BankTrack and Rainforest Action Network, indicates "major failings" by financial institutions to help meet global commitments on net zero emissions by 2050.
Of the $2.5 trillion in bank loans and bond underwriting for energy activities made out since 2016, only $178bn was directed towards renewable energy projects, the report said citing data from sustainability research firm Profundo.
The share of financing for renewables reached a high of ten per cent in 2021. Last year the figure was nine per cent.
'We're all terrified of being accused of greenwashing', Standard Chartered boss tells Davos
Regarding individual banks, Citi and JP Morgan both put $181bn into energy companies between 2016 and 2022, but only two per cent went to renewable energy firms.
In the UK, data shows only two per cent of Barclays' financing of energy companies went towards renewable energy firms over the six year period. For HSBC, only five per cent of energy financing went towards green energy firms.
However, the figures were called into question by the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero, or GFANZ, led by former governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney.
"The report does not provide a comprehensive view of clean energy investment," a spokesperson for the group told City A.M.
"The report excludes 70 per cent of power generation companies, the bulk of which accounts for most of the world's wind and solar power," they said.
"Analysis by the IEA suggests that between 2021 and 2022 around 48 per cent of total energy investment went to low carbon energy supply. That would be impossible if GFANZ members weren't financing the transition," the spokesperson said.
The campaign groups' report did not consider biomass, nuclear, and blue hydrogen as renewable energies. Investment in carbon capture and storage was also not included. The IEA report, however, had a much broader definition for what it considered to be low-carbon energy investments.
A Barclays spokesperson said: "Barclays was one of the first banks to set an ambition to become net zero by 2050. We have set 2030 targets to reduce our financed emissions in four of the highest emitting sectors in our financing portfolio, with additional 2025 targets for the two highest-emitting sectors – energy and power."
"We have a target to facilitate $1trn of sustainable and transition financing by 2030 and we are investing £500m of our own capital into climate-tech start-ups," they continued.
JP Morgan declined to comment. Citi and HSBC were contacted for comment.
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ECJ confirms HSBC rigged Euribor but bank avoids £30m fine
Clawback: How Barclays is chasing down Covid-19 business loan cash
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Barclays, NatWest and HSBC increasingly targeted by litigation funders in wave of class-action lawsuits
Class-action Lawsuits


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Stranger Things Fans Think They Figured Out the Next Big Villain
The Final It: Chapter 2 Trailer Arrived, and Pennywise Still Gives Me the Creeps
Netflix's Elite Announces When It's Coming Back
13 Reasons Why Season 1 No Longer Shows Hannah Baker's Graphic Death
Claire Dodson
Netflix Announces "The Curious Creations of Christine McConnell" Cooking Show
Deliciously terrifying.
Composite. Courtesy of Netflix/Getty Images
Halloween isn't just for eating candy. If you're baker Christine McConnell, it's also for eating homemade skull-adorned cakes, alien pies, and cupcakes with ghastly-looking carrots on top. Of course, most of us aren't quite talented enough to make such dark delicacies on our own, but we can follow along with Christine on TV: According to Delish, she's the star of a new Netflix show that documents her witchy baking adventures — and it looks like a must-see for foodies and Halloween-lovers alike.
Christine is known for her spooky cakes and other treats like Cinnamon Bun Snails and Caterpillar Croissants, and has even been tapped to make incredible spreads to celebrate shows like Stranger Things and movies like Alien: Covenant. But it sounds like her own show will be about more than food. Over the course of the series, she "fills her home with haunting confections, creepy crafts — and wildly inappropriate creatures," according to its Netflix description.
"It's like if Morticia Addams stopped in the middle of the movie and started explaining how to bake cookies," Christine told MyRecipes. And as if that weren't intriguing enough, there are also some puppet characters thrown in. Henson Alternative, the adult spinoff of the company that created the Muppets, produced the show; and the promo photo hints at some cute non-human characters as well.
You can catch the show on Netflix starting on October 12, just in time to learn how to make some scream-inspiring recipes for Halloween.
Related: Halloween Party Treats to Make
KeywordshalloweenbakingNetflix
New Seasons of Stranger Things and Orange Is the New Black Are Coming to Netflix in July
Spongebob Squarepants Taught Us the Power of F.U.N.
The Haunting Trailer for Hulu's "Light as a Feather" Season Two Is Finally Here
Toy Story 4 Has So Many Easter Eggs, You're Gonna Need a Basket


Originally published June 22, 2018 by Active Schools.
As a physical education teacher at Maize South Middle School in Wichita, Kansas, Brandon Wolff is using the power of physical activity to make a positive impact — for his students and students in Puerto Rico affected by Hurricane Maria.
Originally published Sept. 27, 2017 in The Zebra.
James K. Polk Elementary School has received the 2017 Let's Move Active Schools National Award, the nation's top physical education and physical activity distinction for K-12 schools.
Polk was one of only six schools in the state of Virginia to receive the award. Four hundred and fifty-two U.S. schools, representing 37 states plus the District of Columbia, were recognized for their outstanding efforts to create an active school environment. Polk celebrated the achievement during their walk-to-school event on Oct. 4.


"Exploration of Kalanchoe Daigremontiana Phytochemicals for Antimicrobi" by Maryann Herman, Sridhar Anand et al.
Kalanchoe daigremontiana is a tropical plant traditionally used to treat infections, decrease inflammation, and promote wound healing. Prior work on a related species, Kalanchoe pinnata, has demonstrated significant inhibition of fungal and bacterial pathogens. This project aims to test effectiveness of organic extracts of K. daigremontiana against a range of human pathogens. We have cultivated K. daigremontiania under controlled conditions (soil, pH, water, light). At the three- and six-month time points in their growth, the aerial parts of the plants were dried, macerated, and exhaustively extracted using organic solvents of increasing polarity. Each solvent extract was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the resulting biomass was weighed. Samples at the nine- and 12-month points will also be acquired. Extracts will be tested against several human pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans) using a disk diffusion assay. Factors for future consideration are modifying the sample acquisition time and the use of abiotic stress factors to upregulate secondary metabolite production.
Herman, Maryann; Anand, Sridhar; Mattiacio, Jonelle; Walworth, Brianna S.; Somoulay, Xayathed; and Stoklosa, Grace E., "Exploration of Kalanchoe Daigremontiana Phytochemicals for Antimicrobial Properties" (2018). Biology Faculty/Staff Publications. Paper 39.


The Phoenix Vela Compact Security Safe SS0802 K is an affordable safe suitable for both the home and office, providing a recommended insurance rating of £1,000 cash or £10,000 valuables. The safe is secured by a high quality key lock with two keys, twin live locking bolts and concealed internal hinges. Comes complete with fixing bolts suitable for securing the safe to brick walls or concrete floors.
4mm solid steel door and 1.5mm body.
Concealed internal hinges for increased security.
Ready prepared for floor or wall fixing, fixing kit included.
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An artist's impression of the main entrance of the new Roma hospital.
WATPAC CONSTRUCTIONS has won the main construction tender for the new $90.4 million hospital, health minister Steven Miles announced this week.
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