text:
Kosraean, também chamada  Kusaiean, é a língua falada nas ilhas Kosrae (Kusaie), Ilhas Carolinas e Nauru.  Em 2001 eram cerca de 8 mil falantes.

Há em Kosreano classes de possessivas curiosas, tais como  "sihk" (meu, minha) para se referir a algo da habitação e  "nihmuhk" (também meu, minha) para se referir a bebidas.

História
Kosrae é uma nação que foi colonizada desde pelo menos o século XVII. A ilha estava sob soberania nominal espanhola desde 1668, mas não foi efetivamente ocupada até 1885. Os espanhóis converteram o povo ao cristianismo e controlaram a ilha até 1898, quando os espanhóis a perderam a Guerra Hispano-Americana para os Estados Unidos. Unidos. A Espanha vendeu as ilhas Carolinas (onde fica Kosrae) para a Alemanha por 25 milhões de pesetas. Assim, ficou sob controle alemão, até serem derrotados na Primeira Guerra Mundial, quando a ilha caiu sob o controle do Império do Japão. Essa colonização por muitos países resultou em que muitos do povo de Kosovo sendo bilíngues, já que alguns deles ainda são capazes de falar japonês. Após o término da Segunda Guerra Mundial, a administração da ilha passou para os Estados Unidos até 1986, quando se tornaram independentes.

População
De acordo com Ethnologue, existem cerca de 8 mil falantes na Micronésia e uma população total em todos os países de 9.060 . As pessoas são reconhecidas pelo governo, pois o idioma kosraiano é o idioma oficial do país.

Classificação
Kosraean é classificado como austronésio, malaio-polinésio, centro-oriental da Malásia-polinésia, oriental da Malásia-polinésia, oceânico, oceânico do centro-oriental, oceânico remoto, micronesiano, micronesiano próprio, kusaieano

Fonologia

Consoantes

Vogais

Um som semi-arredondado e de vogal dupla posterior é escrito fonemicamente como  e pronunciado foneticamente como . Ao ocorrer em uma posição mais extensa, o  é alongado como .

Mudanças fonológicas

1 Ver Jackson 1983:329-330 para exceções aparentes.
2 No fim de palavra
3 Antes de , com raras exceções.
4 Antes de  ou .
5 Em palavras de origem estrangeira.

Gramática

Ordem das palavras
A ordem das palavras principais em kosraiano é SVO (Suijeito Verbo Objeto), mas às vezes pode mudar com os diferentes tipos de frases ditas. Lee (1975)  apresentou uma frase em Kosreaeno que dizia "mwet ah tuh ahsack ik ah", que significa 'as pessoas pegaram o peixe ("mwet" significa pessoas,"ahsack" significa "pegar" e " ik "significa" peixe) . Para sentenças interrogativas, usadas ao fazer perguntas, a ordem das palavras permanece relativamente a mesma, mas também pode mudar. Lee (1975) escreve uma pergunta no kosraiano "Kuh kom mas?", Que significa "Você está doente?" Mas quando a frase inclui uma palavra interrogativa como a palavra "fuhkah", que significa "como", então a estrutura pode mudar. Por exemplo, "kuh kom mas" significa "você está bem", mas quando você inclui a palavra "fuhkah" no final da frase, "Kuh kom fuhka", significa "como você está?". Portanto, existem duas maneiras de interpretar uma sentença interrogativa em kosraiano, mas a maioria das sentenças está no formato SVO.

Reduplicação
A reduplicação é uma das principais características do kosraiano. Lee (1975) afirma que existem dois tipos de reduplicação:  reduplicação completa , quando uma palavra inteira é repetida, e  reduplicação parcial , quando apenas parte da palavra é repetida. A reduplicação em kosraeano usa dois morfemas distintos: um prefixo e um sufixo.
A reduplicação se manifesta de maneira diferente, dependendo da estrutura consoante e vogal da palavra. Por exemplo: a reduplicação completa do CV: C A palavra "fato"  (gordura)  resulta em "gordo", traduzindo para "muito gordo". Isso também pode ser visto na palavra "lahs"  (coral) , que se torna "lahs-lahs", que significa "muitos corais".

A reduplicação completa das palavras V C é diferente. Lee (1975) afirma que "quando palavras monossilábicas da forma V: C sofrem reduplicação completa, a semivogal y aparece antes da segunda sílaba em algumas palavras". A palavra "af"  (chuva)  é reduplicada para "af-yaf", que se traduz em "chuvoso". A reduplicação completa geralmente indica um aumento na quantidade ou significância sobre a forma base da palavra.

Quanto à reduplicação parcial, Lee (1975) afirma que "quando uma palavra monossilábica sofre reduplicação parcial, a primeira consoante e a vogal são repetidas". Por exemplo, a forma parcialmente reduplicada de "fosr" (fumaça) é "fo-fosr", que significa "emitir fumaça". Palavras com várias sílabas são um pouco mais complexas. A fílula de duas sílabas se torna "ful-fu-le".

Verbos
Lee (1975) afirma que os verbos em kosreanos são estruturalmente simples, complexos ou compostos. Os verbos simples consistem em um único morfema livre, os verbos complexos consistem em um morfema livre combinado com um ou mais morfemas ligados e os verbos compostos são uma combinação de mais de um morfema livre que pode ou não ser combinado com morfemas ligados. Segundo Lee (1975), "os verbos em podem ser classificados em verbos transitivos e intransitivos". Lee (1975) afirma que uma maneira de saber se um verbo é transitivo ou intransitivo é combiná-lo com o sufixo passivo - yuhk. Lee (1975) determinou que "o sufixo passivo pode ser usado com verbos transitivos, mas não com verbos intransitivos".

Adjetivos
Segundo Lee (1975), os adjetivos em kosreano têm dois usos principais. Lee (1975) diz que o primeiro uso principal é "modificar substantivos em termos do tipo, estado, condição ou qualidade". O segundo uso principal é semelhante ao dos verbos intransitivos, e o adjetivo serve para uma "função semelhante a predicado" (Lee, 1975). Lee (1975) também afirma que "não é fácil fazer a distinção entre adjetivos e verbos intransitivos".

Determinantes
Lee (1975) descobriu que, estruturalmente, existem dois tipos de determinantes em kosraeano, referidos como "simples" e "composto". Determinantes simples em kosraeano incluem "ah" que significa "o", "uh" que significa "isto" ou "estes", "um" significado "que" ou "aqueles" e "oh" que significa "aquilo" ou "aqueles ali" "(Lee 1975). De acordo com Lee (1975), os determinantes compostos podem ser divididos em duas categorias separadas. A primeira categoria é "composta pelo número  se  'um' e pelos determinantes simples (Lee, 1975). A segunda categoria é" composta pelo morfema  ng , cujo significado não é claro, e os determinantes simples "(Lee 1975).

Vocabuário
Indígena:
 "Fosr" = fumaça
 "Pysre" = roubar
 "In-sifac" = cabeça
 "Infohk" = terra
 "Tuhram" = pássaro
Devido ao contato do idioma com outros idiomas e culturas por meio da colonização, existem muitas palavras emprestadas no léxico, especialmente do inglês e do japonês. Essas palavras emprestadas foram alteradas para se ajustarem à fonologia de Kosraean. Alguns exemplos incluem:
  kacluhn.  N. gallon [Ingl.]
  kacm.  N. camp [Ingl.]
  nappa . N. repolho [Jpn.]
  paka . ADJ. fora de ordem, ausente, degradado [Jpn.]

Escrita
O Kosraeano usa o alfabeto latino como seu sistema de escrita, pois não havia sido documentado na forma escrita antes do dicionário de Lee na década de 1970. No geral, o sistema de vogais kosraeano inclui muito mais vogais do que as representadas pelo sistema básico de escrita latina, e isso significa que a ortografia das palavras pode ser complicada e não refletir com precisão a fonologia da língua. Em seu dicionário Kosraeano-Inglês de 1976, Lee incluiu um guia de pronúncia para explicar as discrepâncias entre o uso de letras para certos sons em inglês e em kosraiano.
. A cextensão da vogal não está marcada na ortografia.

Vitalidade
Não há muitos materiais ou recursos na língua kosraiana, mas existem alguns livros e fontes nas quais as pessoas on podem pesquisar -line. Existem alguns vídeos do YouTube sobre o povo e a língua do Kosreanaovo, e alguns cantando no idioma. Lee Ki Dong escreveu a Gramática de Referência Kosraeana e o Dicionário Kosraeano-Inglês. Elizabeth Baldwin traduziu a Bíblia para Kusaie em 1928, e a Sociedade Bíblica Americana a imprimiu em 1953.

A transmissão intergeracional é essencial para a sobrevivência de um idioma, pois ele precisa que as gerações mais novas passem o idioma para a próxima geração e assim por diante. O Kosraean é usado como o idioma principal na ilha, com o inglês sendo o segundo idioma oficial e geralmente usado apenas como um Lingua Franca ou em contextos oficiais de negócios.

Mudanças fonológicas

1 Ver Jackson 1983:329-330 para exceções aparentes.
2 No fim de palavra
3 Antes de , com raras exceções.
4 Antes de  ou .
5 Em palavras de origem estrangeira.

Gramática

Ordem das palavras
A ordem das palavras principais em kosraiano é SVO (Suijeito Verbo Objeto), mas às vezes pode mudar com os diferentes tipos de frases ditas. Lee (1975)  apresentou uma frase em Kosreaeno que dizia "mwet ah tuh ahsack ik ah", que significa 'as pessoas pegaram o peixe ("mwet" significa pessoas,"ahsack" significa "pegar" e " ik "significa" peixe) . Para sentenças interrogativas, usadas ao fazer perguntas, a ordem das palavras permanece relativamente a mesma, mas também pode mudar. Lee (1975) escreve uma pergunta no kosraiano "Kuh kom mas?", Que significa "Você está doente?" Mas quando a frase inclui uma palavra interrogativa como a palavra "fuhkah", que significa "como", então a estrutura pode mudar. Por exemplo, "kuh kom mas" significa "você está bem", mas quando você inclui a palavra "fuhkah" no final da frase, "Kuh kom fuhka", significa "como você está?". Portanto, existem duas maneiras de interpretar uma sentença interrogativa em kosraiano, mas a maioria das sentenças está no formato SVO.

Reduplicação
A reduplicação é uma das principais características do kosraiano. Lee (1975) afirma que existem dois tipos de reduplicação:  reduplicação completa , quando uma palavra inteira é repetida, e  reduplicação parcial , quando apenas parte da palavra é repetida. A reduplicação em kosraeano usa dois morfemas distintos: um prefixo e um sufixo.
A reduplicação se manifesta de maneira diferente, dependendo da estrutura consoante e vogal da palavra. Por exemplo: a reduplicação completa do CV: C A palavra "fato"  (gordura)  resulta em "gordo", traduzindo para "muito gordo". Isso também pode ser visto na palavra "lahs"  (coral) , que se torna "lahs-lahs", que significa "muitos corais".

A reduplicação completa das palavras V C é diferente. Lee (1975) afirma que "quando palavras monossilábicas da forma V: C sofrem reduplicação completa, a semivogal y aparece antes da segunda sílaba em algumas palavras". A palavra "af"  (chuva)  é reduplicada para "af-yaf", que se traduz em "chuvoso". A reduplicação completa geralmente indica um aumento na quantidade ou significância sobre a forma base da palavra.

Quanto à reduplicação parcial, Lee (1975) afirma que "quando uma palavra monossilábica sofre reduplicação parcial, a primeira consoante e a vogal são repetidas". Por exemplo, a forma parcialmente reduplicada de "fosr" (fumaça) é "fo-fosr", que significa "emitir fumaça". Palavras com várias sílabas são um pouco mais complexas. A fílula de duas sílabas se torna "ful-fu-le".

Verbos
Lee (1975) afirma que os verbos em kosreanos são estruturalmente simples, complexos ou compostos. Os verbos simples consistem em um único morfema livre, os verbos complexos consistem em um morfema livre combinado com um ou mais morfemas ligados e os verbos compostos são uma combinação de mais de um morfema livre que pode ou não ser combinado com morfemas ligados. Segundo Lee (1975), "os verbos em podem ser classificados em verbos transitivos e intransitivos". Lee (1975) afirma que uma maneira de saber se um verbo é transitivo ou intransitivo é combiná-lo com o sufixo passivo - yuhk. Lee (1975) determinou que "o sufixo passivo pode ser usado com verbos transitivos, mas não com verbos intransitivos".

Adjetivos
Segundo Lee (1975), os adjetivos em kosreano têm dois usos principais. Lee (1975) diz que o primeiro uso principal é "modificar substantivos em termos do tipo, estado, condição ou qualidade". O segundo uso principal é semelhante ao dos verbos intransitivos, e o adjetivo serve para uma "função semelhante a predicado" (Lee, 1975). Lee (1975) também afirma que "não é fácil fazer a distinção entre adjetivos e verbos intransitivos".

Determinantes
Lee (1975) descobriu que, estruturalmente, existem dois tipos de determinantes em kosraeano, referidos como "simples" e "composto". Determinantes simples em kosraeano incluem "ah" que significa "o", "uh" que significa "isto" ou "estes", "um" significado "que" ou "aqueles" e "oh" que significa "aquilo" ou "aqueles ali" "(Lee 1975). De acordo com Lee (1975), os determinantes compostos podem ser divididos em duas categorias separadas. A primeira categoria é "composta pelo número  se  'um' e pelos determinantes simples (Lee, 1975). A segunda categoria é" composta pelo morfema  ng , cujo significado não é claro, e os determinantes simples "(Lee 1975).

Vocabuário
Indígena:
 "Fosr" = fumaça
 "Pysre" = roubar
 "In-sifac" = cabeça
 "Infohk" = terra
 "Tuhram" = pássaro
Devido ao contato do idioma com outros idiomas e culturas por meio da colonização, existem muitas palavras emprestadas no léxico, especialmente do inglês e do japonês. Essas palavras emprestadas foram alteradas para se ajustarem à fonologia de Kosraean. Alguns exemplos incluem:
  kacluhn.  N. gallon [Ingl.]
  kacm.  N. camp [Ingl.]
  nappa . N. repolho [Jpn.]
  paka . ADJ. fora de ordem, ausente, degradado [Jpn.]

Escrita
O Kosraeano usa o alfabeto latino como seu sistema de escrita, pois não havia sido documentado na forma escrita antes do dicionário de Lee na década de 1970. No geral, o sistema de vogais kosraeano inclui muito mais vogais do que as representadas pelo sistema básico de escrita latina, e isso significa que a ortografia das palavras pode ser complicada e não refletir com precisão a fonologia da língua. Em seu dicionário Kosraeano-Inglês de 1976, Lee incluiu um guia de pronúncia para explicar as discrepâncias entre o uso de letras para certos sons em inglês e em kosraiano.
. A cextensão da vogal não está marcada na ortografia.

Vitalidade
Não há muitos materiais ou recursos na língua kosraiana, mas existem alguns livros e fontes nas quais as pessoas on podem pesquisar -line. Existem alguns vídeos do YouTube sobre o povo e a língua do Kosreanaovo, e alguns cantando no idioma. Lee Ki Dong escreveu a Gramática de Referência Kosraeana e o Dicionário Kosraeano-Inglês. Elizabeth Baldwin traduziu a Bíblia para Kusaie em 1928, e a Sociedade Bíblica Americana a imprimiu em 1953.

A transmissão intergeracional é essencial para a sobrevivência de um idioma, pois ele precisa que as gerações mais novas passem o idioma para a próxima geração e assim por diante. O Kosraean é usado como o idioma principal na ilha, com o inglês sendo o segundo idioma oficial e geralmente usado apenas como um Lingua Franca ou em contextos oficiais de negócios.

Notas

Amostra de texto
Tuh God El lungse faclu ouinge: El ase Wen sefanna natul, tuh elos nukewa su lulalfongi in el fah tia misa, a elos fah eis moul ma pahtpat

Português

Pois Deus amou o mundo de tal maneira que deu o seu Filho unigênito, para que todo aquele que nele crê não pereça, mas tenha a vida eterna.

Notas

Bibliografia
Yi, K.-d. (1976). Kusaiean-English dictionary. PALI language texts. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 0-8248-0413-9
Lee, K. D. (1975). Kusaiean reference grammar. Honolulu: UP Of Hawaii
Kinnaman, S. (n.d.). Lwem wolena kosrae!. Eugene: University Of Oregon.
Yi, K.-d. (1976). Kusaiean-English dictionary. PALI language texts. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.

Ligações externas
 Kaipuleohone archive includes a possible Kosraean lexical database
 [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kos Ethnologue- Kosreano
 Omniglot – Kosreano
Três Dicionários Freelang,  Glosbe, Talking Dictionary

Kosreano
Kosreano

Línguas micronésias
Línguas dos Estados Federados da Micronésia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Burned in the Valley of the Sun. The Sacramento Kings completely blew their opportunity to move over the .500 mark at the midway point of the season Tuesday night at Talking Stick Resort Arena.
After sharing the ball and finding the open man early, Sacramento overdribbled, forced shots and played hero ball in the third quarter to squander a 21-point lead.
Sacramento turned the ball over 10 times in the third, while shooting just 4-of-16 from field. Phoenix outscored the Kings 33-14 to force a tie going to the fourth and stole the momentum of the game.
The loose handles continued into the final quarter, where the Kings gave the ball away seven more times, including multiple gaffs in the final minutes with the game on the line.
Overall, Sacramento turned the ball over a total of 26 times as a team, including a game-high eight for point guard De'Aaron Fox.
"We gave the ball up too much, that's what cost us the game," Fox said following the 115-111 loss.
Despite the obscene amount of mistakes, the Kings still had a shot in the closing moments, but they failed to box out on two crucial rebounds and the Suns made them pay. De'Anthony Melton got inside to tip in a ball with just over a minute remaining.
Moments later with the Kings trailing by one with just over ten seconds remaining, Phoenix missed a shot, but no one put a body on Kelly Oubre. The newly acquired forward flew in with a left-handed jam to push the lead to three and help seal the win for the Suns.
The Kings have lost five of their last six games, but they've been in each game down to the wire. They are struggling to find a way to get over the hump and close out teams late.
This was just the 10th win of the season for Phoenix. They came into the night on a six-game losing streak and they were without their leading scorer in Devin Booker.
With the loss, the Kings move into the second half of the season at 20-21. It's a surprising start for Sacramento, but for a team with larger aspirations, this one stings.


text:
'We are each other's enemies right now': Travis Kelce ready to take on hometown Browns
by: Juan Cisneros
KANSAS CITY, Mo. — The Kansas City Chiefs host the Cleveland Browns on Sunday as they begin their playoff push to repeat as champions.
For Cleveland-native and Chiefs' tight end Travis Kelce, the matchup against his hometown team is a little more personal.
"Being from Cleveland and playing the Browns, it's definitely, kind of, upped the ante a little bit, made it a little bit more personal," Kelce said.
"I absolutely love Cleveland, but I understand that we are each other's enemies right now."
Kelce graduated from Cleveland Heights High School where he played quarterback. He later went on to attend the University of Cincinnati where he transitioned to the tight end position.
At Cleveland Heights High School!! #TheHeights https://t.co/pdKinMu2f7
— Travis Kelce (@tkelce) October 3, 2017
The Cleveland Browns are coming off their first playoff win since 1994. Kelce, born in 1989, said he has friends and family calling him "the enemy" this week.
"I got no hard feelings. I understand what it means to be a Cleveland sports fan, to be a die hard at that," Kelce said. "I think a lot of the close friends and family are going to be wearing their Chiefs gear, but maybe throw an orange shirt with a nice Browns helmet on underneath or something like that."
Mixed feelings aside, Kelce said he is "going in with a mindset that the Kansas City Chiefs gotta win this game."
by Gregg Palermo / Jan 20, 2021
ST. LOUIS, Mo- New University of Illinois Head Football Coach Bret Bielema made another addition to his first Illini staff Wednesday, announcing George McDonald as his Assistant Head Coach. McDonald, an Illinois receiver from 1995-1998, will also coach the position in Champaign.
"I'm super excited to come back to the University of Illinois," McDonald said in a news release. "Everything I've accomplished in my career can be attributed to the U of I and the former players, coaches and staff who helped mold me into the person I am today. It's awesome to be able to work with Coach Bielema as a part of his staff and to work and learn under him."
ST. LOUIS, Mo- Almost a month since coronavirus issues benched the Saint Louis University Billikens' men's basketball program, the school announced Wednesday a plan to return. Practice will start Friday, with the team's first game back planned for Tuesday January 26 at home against Dayton.
The Billikens, 7-1 on the 2020-2021 season, are still ranked #25 in the Associated Press Top 25 despite not having played since December 23, 2020. The Atlantic 10 has not yet announced if or how teams will make up games lost due to coronavirus. A total of 8 games on the SLU have been impacted.
KANSAS CITY, Mo. — Reliever Wade Davis is returning to the Kansas City Royals, the team he helped pitch to the 2015 World Series title.
Davis and the Royals agreed to a minor league contract, and the 35-year-old right-hander will go to spring training trying to earn a spot on the major league roster.
A Twitter List by FOX2now

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
History of Brain School
Join Brain School!
The Brain School Team
What is Brain School?
Brain School is an independent, informal and inspiring neurosurgical training series. Originally aimed at London-based neurosurgical registrars, with aim of preparing for the FRCS (SN) examination, its popularity and remit have widened. It now consists of a rolling programme of talks from invited speakers – predominantly neurosurgeons but also clinicians and scientists working in allied fields – with the primary aim to educate and inspire for those within medicine, at all levels, interested in neurosurgery. Running on the last Wednesday of every month (except August and December) at the Foyer seminar room, Institute of Neurology, 22 Queen Square, London England, at 7 pm, all are welcome.
Copyright © Brain School. All rights reserved.


Well Carleigh's first week of pre-school is complete. Well sort of. She was sick on Thursday so she didn't go. They aren't allowed to go if they have a runny nose even if its just allergies. Friday they were off of school, so I guess she only had a three day week, but still apparently it went pretty well. Rumor has it she is using they potty for Miss Mary (I don't think the #2 issue has arrived, so that may still be a problem, but we'll tackle that when we get there I guess). She says she has made some friends and seem to enjoy going. We'll see how long that lasts. Other than that no new major news or milestones.


text:
For West Sacramento mayor, stop signs trump sexuality
By Kel Munger
Christopher Cabaldon, West Sacramento's mayor, has found that his constituents care a lot more about development than about his sexual orientation.
Clips from Logo's Coming Out Stories: The Mayor episode, about West Sacramento's Christopher Cabaldon, can be viewed online at www.logoonline.com.
Six months ago, West Sacramento Mayor Christopher Cabaldon threw a curve into his State of the City address by announcing that he was gay. What's more, his coming-out was the subject of a documentary program for the gay-oriented cable channel Logo. Those who've gone through it know that coming out is a process.
If Cabaldon's experience in West Sacramento is any barometer, most citizens are far more concerned with stop signs, sprawl and smart growth than they are with the mayor's sexual orientation.
"I was surprised and very moved by the reaction of people," Cabaldon said. He credits the particular way that he told his story, highlighting "my personal life, or rather the lack thereof, and the choices I had made because of my desire to serve.
"They got that I had cut my life in half," Cabaldon said. While most people might have understood what he went through on an intellectual level, the responses were far more emotional than he'd anticipated.
Some of West Sacramento's Republicans made a point of disavowing the national GOP's positions on gays and lesbians. "They seemed to need to reaffirm for themselves that they were not hateful people, that the national agenda was not theirs," he said.
But it wasn't all roses. Cabaldon also heard from constituents who weren't thrilled—and a few who were outraged—about his decision to come out. "I got the nasty notes in the mail and the calls. There were some protesters," he said.
A more subtle form of homophobia also surfaced. Cabaldon described those responses as coming from people "who write letters to the editor of the local paper that somehow find the way to put 'childless' in front of my name at every opportunity, which is pretty transparent code."
Ironically, Cabaldon said that he was protested by members of a local Baptist church that he'd previously assisted. According to the mayor, the Russian Baptist Church, part of the Bryte neighborhood for a generation, had outgrown its space to the extent that "parking and such was getting to be a problem in the neighborhood."
The church approached the city about acquiring some city property—a spot on Sacramento Avenue at Jefferson Boulevard. Cabaldon said the city agreed to assist the church with the acquisition of the property. "I was at the groundbreaking and then was asked to speak at the dedication," he said.
But after he came out, church members weren't quite as welcoming. "Protesters—from this church and others—say that I'm promoting homosexuality and kids and others are 'turning' because they want to be like me," Cabaldon said, with a bemused shrug. "I haven't even been out promoting homosexuality for me, let alone for thousands of others."
The senior pastor for the church was in Russia as this story went to press. A church secretary confirmed that the mayor had spoken at the dedication but would not comment on any protests.
But Cabaldon thinks it's a mistake to focus on the people who have been upset. "Forget the protesters," he said. "Compared to the backlash over a stop sign in the wrong location, their response is not all that far out of proportion."
He doesn't want to be "Pollyanna-ish" in his judgment about the success of his coming-out process. What he really wanted to do, he said, was to treat his community with respect.
"I'd been dealing with it for a long time," Cabaldon said. "If I struggled, surely they would struggle." He believes that his coming out is as much a process for his city as it is for him and that it would be both disrespectful and unfair not to give West Sacramentans an opportunity to work through it.
He trusts that his attempt to treat his community respectfully through the process will be rewarded when he stands for his fifth term as mayor in November's election.
Cabaldon's opponent is Mary Lasell, a lifelong West Sacramentan and self-described "Broderick girl." She agrees with him on the city's needs—to foster a sense of unity and to grow without losing the city's rich and diverse character—but disagrees strongly on how to go about that. "I'm giving people an option," she said.
She doesn't think that his coming out is an issue that voters will care about. She is, however, a little upset with some of Cabaldon's public remarks. "He thinks we're bigots," she said, "and we are not."
Lasell pointed to a Sacramento Bee article that quoted Cabaldon's coming-out speech: "The pressure and the stigma and the all-too-casual bigotry in this town made it painfully clear when I first ran for office that I could either serve this community, or I could be a gay man, but I could not be both." That statement, she said, is proof that Cabaldon underestimates their community.
"Every family has their interesting family members," she said. "We live side by side with people, no matter what, and we seem to have managed all these years."
That sort of attitude in West Sacramento is essentially what Cabaldon has counted on, and it seems to have paid off. He described the variety of e-mails and letters he's received "from residents, from city employees. Some of them were parents of gay people. Some were from people who were going to come out because they thought, 'If he did it, so can I.'"
Cabaldon said those messages produced a feeling similar to the one he gets from walking onto Raley Field, the first major city project he had a hand in creating. "It makes me feel that something I chose to do helped in a meaningful way."
More Local Stories » News
Washington's farewell address
The city seized the Washington Market in the name of "public interest," leaving its owners in limbo.
Stem-cell setback
Bay Area company banks, then backtracks on stem-cell breakthrough.
Don't walk away
Sacramento County may be able at long last to greenlight PERT—psychiatric emergency-response teams.
The future of nukes past
Can the state fill its energy needs with Diablo Canyon and San Onofre?
Gang silence
Even victims of gang violence are afraid to talk to authorities for fear of the "snitch" label.


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Q: Axis of revolution How do I calculate the volume of a solid revolution when the axis of revolution is NOT the x or y axis? I thought you do \begin{equation} π∫_a^b f^2(x-c) - g^2(x-c) dx \end{equation} where y=c (a horizontal line) is the axis of revolution, but it doesn't always work. It seems like sometimes I'm supposed to do (c-x) instead, but I can't figure out why. Can anyone explain this to me?

A: I am guessing you want
$$\pi \int_a^b (f(x)-c)^2 - (g(x)-c)^2 \; dx$$
instead? (You need, presumably, to check that $f(x)\geq c$, and $g(x)\geq c$ for $x \in [a,b]$.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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U.S.|As More Mothers Fill Prisons, Children Suffer 'A Primal Wound'
https://nyti.ms/39lUAbF
Mothers who are imprisoned in Texas met with their daughters in a special room.Credit...Ilana Panich-Linsman for The New York Times
As More Mothers Fill Prisons, Children Suffer 'A Primal Wound'
At least 5 million children have had a parent behind bars. The toll is exacting, from unstable homes to lasting effects on their well-being.
By Dan Levin
GATESVILLE, Texas — Every month, Lila Edwards wakes up early for a two-hour road trip with a group of girls that ends with them walking single file through a metal detector. Inside an empty classroom, Lila eagerly and anxiously awaits Inmate 01740964.
When the inmate, a woman serving a 40-year sentence for murder, walked in during a recent visit, Lila collapsed into her arms and didn't let go for more than a minute.
These monthly visits at a minimum security prison are the only times that Lila, who is 10 years old and in the fifth grade, touches her mother.
"Sometimes I ask, 'Mom, when are you going to come home?'" Lila said. "She says soon and tells me to pray more to God about it. I pray for my mom every night."
A toddler when her mother was convicted of stabbing to death a woman who was also dating Lila's father, Lila will be an adult when her mother, Lena Acosta, is eligible for parole in 2030.
Ms. Acosta says she regrets that her own actions from nearly a decade ago have left her daughter in this position today. "The person I was was horrible," she said, adding that her faith has helped her change.
Lila Edwards, 10, visited her mother, Lena Acosta, in prison.Credit...Ilana Panich-Linsman for The New York Times
As the prison population in the United States skyrocketed since 1980, the number of incarcerated women has grown by more than 750 percent, at a rate twice that of men. The increase, according to criminologists, has been driven by a rise in the imprisonment of white women for property and drug-related crimes. And as the population has risen, so, too, has the number of children growing up with a mother or father behind bars.
At least 5 million children — or about 7 percent of American youth — have had an incarcerated parent, with black, poor and rural minors disproportionately affected, according to a 2015 report that examined federal data.
The consequences are exacting, from unstable homes to lasting effects on well-being. Studies show that children in many ways share the sentences with their parents: They face increased risks of psychological and behavioral problems, insufficient sleep and poor nutrition, and higher odds of entering the criminal justice system themselves.
The toll it takes on children is often far more severe when the inmate is their mother. More than 60 percent of women in state prisons, and nearly 80 percent of those in jail, have minor children, and most are their primary caretaker.
"To have a mother in prison is like a primal wound," said Brittany Barnett, founder of Girls Embracing Mothers, the organization that takes Lila for the monthly prison visits. The program, which started six years ago, has worked with 52 incarcerated women, all but two of them single mothers.
"Once the mom goes to prison, it really devastates the home and family," said Ms. Barnett, whose mother spent time in prison.
No state locks up more women than Texas, where four out of five women in state prison are mothers, according to a 2017 report by the Texas Criminal Justice Coalition. The average sentence is nine years for a drug conviction and more than eight years for theft offenses, the organization said, a significant portion of a child's life.
In response to the growing number of incarcerated mothers, and amid growing public pressure over a series of inmate deaths and scandals involving the treatment of imprisoned women, Texas lawmakers this year passed a series of so-called dignity laws to better accommodate female prisoners.
One measure orders the Texas Department of Criminal Justice to study the effects of its visitation policies on the relationships between inmates and their children.
Jeremy Desel, the director of communications at the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, said the prison system's visitation policy allowed small children to be held by their parents during the two-hour visits, guidelines that were "intended to protect everyone involved."
"The first and foremost priority always has to be security," he said, adding, "there is room for discretion in that policy."
The department has a program that allows mothers to bond with their newborn children for several weeks after their birth, Mr. Desel said, and the department is open to suggestions that might come from the mandated study.
'Mom's Missing All These Milestones'
Texas is among eight states where the women's prison population has surged — with more than 12,000 serving time, the majority of them for nonviolent crimes — while the number of incarcerated men has fallen, according to a study by the Prison Policy Initiative, a Massachusetts research group.
Many of those women are locked up in Gatesville, a rural city about 40 miles west of Waco that is home to nearly 16,000 people and five of the eight women's prisons and state jails operated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice.
One recent morning, donkeys grazed in a field outside the Linda Woodman State Jail as 22 girls stepped off the Girls Embracing Mothers bus. Most of their mothers had been transported from a nearby prison.
To participate in the program, inmates must have had no infractions for at least six months. In addition to monthly visits, the mothers are counseled on ways to bond with their daughters, including how to talk openly about what led to their imprisonment.
On this recent visit, the women and their daughters ate cupcakes and listened to lessons about building their self-esteem.
Malishia Booker, who is serving a 20-year-sentence for aggravated assault of a public servant and other offenses, tried to give her daughter Jessicah advice on filling out college financial aid forms. But there was little she could offer besides encouragement.
"I feel so helpless," said Ms. Booker, 46, the mother of seven children, four of whom who were living together in an apartment outside Dallas.
Jessicah, 19, described the latest sibling tensions at home and the merlot-colored dress she wore to senior prom.
"Mom's missing all these milestones," Jessicah said tearfully as her sister Ja'Bria, 18, slouched in a chair across the table, looking glum. "We're not mad at her anymore, just sad."
The ramifications of lengthy prison terms often follow mothers long after they are released, from financial hardships to damaged relationships with their children.
Karen Keith — who spent nearly three years in Texas prisons after she fell behind on $1,200 monthly restitution payments for an embezzlement charge — has struggled since her release in 2015 to find housing because, she said, many landlords reject those with criminal records.
Even more painful, she said, is that her family has cut off all contact.
"I have not seen my three children and three grandchildren in six years," said Ms. Keith, 62, who said she stole $143,000 to pay for her son's medical care, which had maxed out her health insurance coverage. "They don't want anything to do with me."
Maggie Luna, a single parent whose first prison term began in 2011 after she was convicted of writing bad checks, has lost custody of her three children. A Texas judge terminated her parental rights in 2014 after she failed a drug test, she said. Unable to afford a lawyer to file an appeal, she said, the ruling sent her into a downward spiral of drug addiction that led to another prison sentence.
Her youngest daughter was adopted, her 9-year-old son is in a psychiatric hospital, and her oldest, 13-year-old Delilah, is living with Ms. Luna's mother.
Delilah was in kindergarten when her mother was first sentenced. For a while, she and her siblings lived with Delilah's father, who occasionally took them to visit their mother.
Both mother and daughter can still recall the pain of those visits.
"The guards would say no touching," said Delilah, who at the time was 5 and too old to sit on her mother's lap. "We'd have to sit on opposite sides. It was really hard for me to understand."
The most searing moments came at the end of each visit, when guards escorted Ms. Luna out of the room as her distraught children looked on.
"My son's screaming and there's nothing I can do," recalled Ms. Luna, 39, who has been out of prison for two years.
Since 2016, parental incarceration has played a role in nearly 20,000 children entering the state's foster care system every year, according to the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services.
"I can't tell you how many times I heard the guttural cries of women who got served papers to terminate their parental rights," said Lauren Johnson, an outreach coordinator with the American Civil Liberties Union of Texas, who was imprisoned three times for crimes related to drug addiction. "Losing your children is the ultimate price to pay."
Absence Takes Its Toll
Lila Edwards was just a year old when her mother, then 19, clutched a kitchen knife outside her boyfriend's apartment complex, watching as he talked with a woman who had been competing for his affections. When the woman ran up to her and took a swing, Ms. Acosta fatally stabbed her, according to court records.
"That's a night I'll never forget," said Ms. Acosta's mother, Helen Garcia, 51, who is raising Lila and four other grandchildren.
Lila, whose favorite subject is math, rarely acts out, but her mother's absence has taken a toll. "Everyone else at school has their mom," Ms. Garcia said.
Lila has told only her best friend about her mother's incarceration, and she did not reveal it until last year.
When Lila joined Girls Embracing Mothers in 2017, she had not seen her mother in three years. She arrived at the prison with her hair in braids, but she later asked her grandmother to leave it natural so her mother could comb it.
Lila has not missed a monthly visit since. Together, she and her mother have made keepsakes: pillowcases, a dreamcatcher that now hangs in Lila's bedroom, and an origami box filled with Lila's handwritten praises to her mother, which sits on a shelf in her prison cell.
For Ms. Acosta, the visits, which last four hours, are a rare chance to bond with the daughter who is growing up without her.
"It's a great relief to know her as a person," Ms. Acosta, 29, said. "I can really talk to her about girl things, like how to take care of herself as a young lady."
But as Lila grows older, their conversations increasingly touch on Ms. Acosta's incarceration. "I told her I made a bad decision," she said. "Lila's at a point where she understands. She got sad, but I don't lie to her."
At 2 p.m., the visit was over, and the girls, many of them teary-eyed, hugged their mothers goodbye.
"I love you, baby," Ms. Acosta murmured into her daughter's ear, savoring their final embrace for a month.


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Return to Christmas beautifully blends the two struggling worlds of a former marine and a little boy with attachment disorder. Former Marine Chet is having a hard time adjusting to civilian life. He doesn't need help. He needs employment. He doesn't have issues. The little boy his friends adopted has issues. But there is something about that little boy that draws him. Will the events leading up to this Christmas be able to melt his soldier heart or will he spiral into a dark depression?


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BMS Statement on NASCAR Awards Ceremony in Nashville
"From the 'Birthplace of Country Music' in Bristol to the home of country music in Nashville, we join all Tennesseans in welcoming the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Awards Ceremony to the Volunteer State," said Jerry Caldwell, executive vice president and general manager of Bristol Motor Speedway. "Music City never misses a beat when hosting high-profile events, and every race fan will want to join in when the stars of NASCAR roar into town for this season-ending celebration."


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It is not an exaggeration to say – there is a taxi revolution going on in Dubai at the moment. The wildest futuristic products of fiction are just about to become real. SF and comix visions are there on the streets of Dubai at this very moment. Good news is that is a highly effective way of beating traffic jams.
The first news was that there are more than 1000 licensed taxis that are fully equipped with wi-fi and interactive touch screens. And that was just the beginning, as the Dubai Taxi Corporation plans an expansion of this number. Meanwhile, taxis with touch screens make possible to passenger to review its journey and give feedback on the driver.
But the real revolution is a flying taxi, that will be introduced in Dubai during the month of July 2017. This drone taxi will start flying around the city during summer, proving the futuristic dreams can come true. Each vehicle is actually self-driven, which leaves passenger only to communicate with the machine, designed to be secure. This pioneer project is challenging traffic jams, and so far known ways of moving through the city. Since transportation area is not just horizontal, but also vertical, this brings a enormous change into future of transport.
Calling a flying taxi actually became as simple entering the destination into an app. These flying devices are electric-powered, running up to 63 miles per hour. It can reach the destination of 31 miles carrying one person and luggage, all together weighing up to 100 kg.
The flight is not direct, but has to land on several spots. While landing, the propellers automatically fold and make it fit into just one car parking space. Being the first city in the world to introduce air taxis, Dubai will definitely provide precious basis for estimating the actual applicability in real urban environments. Drone taxis are of course equipped with fail safe system, which prevents any accidents. The navigating system makes the drone land in the nearest place if anything goes wrong. To prove that they were thinking about the safety, not just in a physical sense, the designers of the device made all communication go through encrypted channels.
The revolution is also in making transportation a solitary experience. Chatting with taxi drivers was one of the priceless experiences in our lives. Short, effective, moving through the city horizontally and vertically, could prove itself to be the perfect solution for overcrowded cities.


Good morning and happy Tuesday! We are headed into another beautiful day that will be jam packed with sunshine for the rest of the week, less humid air and no precipitation.
A high pressure system was centered right over southwestern Kentucky earlier this morning and is bringing us beautiful conditions.
The high temperature for today will top out in the mid-80s while the low is expected to dip to the low-60s. We will be taking a much needed break from the humid air thanks to lower dew points than we have seen in quite a while. There is no expected precipitation, so get outside and enjoy the sunshine.
Wednesday is going to be almost exactly the same as today. That high pressure system will still be influencing our weather by bringing us picture perfect conditions once again.
A high pressure system will still be influencing the area.
The high temperature will once again reach the mid-80s with the low temperature dropping to the low-60s. Dew points will remain more relaxed again, which will continue our break from the humid air. No precipitation is in the forecast for Wednesday, so get outside and soak up more of that sunshine.
You all won't believe this, but we are going to have another day of beautiful, sunny weather. The high temperature will reach the mid-80s while the low will reach the upper-50s. The dew point temperature will remain low enough for the air to be comfortable instead of humid. Once again, no precipitation is expected.
I hope you all enjoy these days full of sunshine because they are going to be beautiful. Make sure to follow @wxornotBG for all of your live weather updates. Have a great day!


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The Big Bang Wasn't Actually the Beginning of the Universe
Written by Ashley Hamer
It's a story as familiar as one of Aesop's Fables: A long, long time ago, the universe began as an infinitely small, dense point called a singularity. Then, all of a sudden, BANG! In a trillionth of a second, it expanded faster than the speed of light to form the universe we know today. Well, it turns out that the popular understanding of this cosmological origin story isn't entirely accurate — and scientists have known that for decades. There was probably no singularity, and the expansion of the universe after the Big Bang happened at a snail's pace compared to the expansion that came beforehand. Yes, beforehand: The Big Bang wasn't the beginning of the universe.
Big Bang Got a Problem? Yo, I'll Solve It
No disrespect to the Big Bang theory — it's backed by boatloads of scientific evidence, and it almost definitely happened. This idea, usually credited to Edwin Hubble but actually proposed by a priest and astronomer named Georges LeMaître, first popped up in the 1920s when scientists realized that the furthest galaxies were moving away from us faster than the closest ones. That suggests that it's not the galaxies that are moving, but the universe that's expanding — and if it's expanding, it must have been smaller in the past.
If the universe is expanding, light must be stretching as well. It is, in fact — those faraway galaxies are redshifted, meaning their light wavelengths have stretched out and headed for the red, lower-energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum. But that also means that everything had even higher energy in the past, which means one thing: The beginning of the universe was incredibly hot. As in, too hot for atoms to form. We can see evidence of this, too, in the weak, super-stretched leftover radiation that makes up the cosmic microwave background.
We have evidence for many other steps in the process: We've recreated the dense plasma soup that made up that early universe and we know what kind of particles that soup should have coalesced into, which just so happens to be the exact ratio of particles we see in the universe today. We've even spotted a black hole that existed around the time that everything had cooled off enough to let light flow freely through the universe. It all matches up.
Except. Except there are a few frustrating pieces that don't seem to fit the puzzle. For one thing, evidence from the cosmic microwave background suggests that the universe is flat, even though the Big Bang predicts that the universe should most likely be curved. There's also the fact that everything in the universe seems to be about the same temperature, even though some parts of the universe are so far apart and the age of the universe is so young that there's hardly any chance these parts were ever in contact with each other to even out their heat. Finally, the violence of the singularity-style Big Bang should have produced ultra-high-energy particles called magnetic monopoles, but so far, these are nowhere to be found.
But if the universe didn't emerge out of a singularity, what actually happened? According to another theory called inflation, the universe we know was born out of fluctuations in the nothingness of space.
raspirator / iStock / Getty Images Plus
Honey, I Blew Up the Universe
Inflation theory relies on something called vacuum energy. See, even when no matter or even radiation exist, as the inflation theory predicts was the case before the Big Bang, the vacuum of space is still full of energy thanks to pairs of quantum particles that constantly blink in and out of existence. That energy made the empty universe expand at an exponential rate, enlarging it by a factor of something like 1026 in a fraction of a second. As it expanded, fluctuations in vacuum energy left the fabric of space uneven, with random spots where the energy density was slightly higher or slightly lower than average. Eventually, all that energy decayed into matter and radiation that existed in the super-hot, still-expanding state predicted by the Big Bang.
This fixes a lot of the problems with the Big Bang theory in its original form. Inflation predicts a flat universe, and the speed at which it happened allows for everything to end up at the same temperature since it was possible for every point in the universe to have once been in contact. Inflation also says that magnetic monopoles may have existed prior to expansion, but their density would have dropped to undetectable levels afterward. Plus, those fluctuations in the vacuum energy density nicely explains how stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters formed. If it weren't for those random clumps of extra energy, humanity would never have existed.
If your knowledge of the Big Bang starts with a singularity, it may be time to revise that old fable. Here, we'll start: A long, long time ago, before matter or radiation existed, energy bound in the fabric of space made everything expand by a trillion trillion times in less than the blink of an eye. Soon, that energy turned into matter and radiation, which eventually coalesced into stars and galaxies — and the rest is history.
Hear the whole story of our universe's origin in the New York Times bestseller, "Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe" by Simon Singh. We handpick reading recommendations we think you may like. If you choose to make a purchase, Curiosity will get a share of the sale.
Written by Ashley Hamer September 9, 2019
What Came Before the Big Bang?
The Center of the Milky Way Is Home to a Massive Fountain That Spews Antimatter


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The Knapsack - General Forums
The Long Dusty Road
Mid-19th Century Life
Victorian "Bluestockings"
Thread starter Eleanor Rose
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"In the Library" by August Toulmouche, 1872.
The Victorian "bluestocking" was defined as, "a stiff, stilted, queer literary woman of a dubious age." This stereotype actually made its way into an 1883 edition of the Popular Encyclopedia, where a "bluestocking" was defined as a "pedantic female" who had sacrificed the "excellencies of her sex" to education and learning. Ouch!!! Maria Haweis provided advice to these "stiff" female academics in her 1883 book entitled, The Art of Beauty:
"It is one of the most potent objections to the cause of female education, that clever women go in for huge boots and Gampian umbrellas, setting at nought many graces essentially womanly and indispensable in woman: and the fact, which really has some truth in it, positively damages the cause.
Recollect that you have a body, although exceptionally gifted with a mind: a little attention to it will neither nip your mental powers nor impede you as you clamber up the tree of knowledge. Busy sisters, if you climb at all, climb gracefully, rather than bring the tree into disrepute."
"Young Girl Reading" by Otto Scholderer, 1883.
Haweis subscribed to the notion that an excess of education turned attractive young ladies into frumpy bumpkins. She counseled Victorian females not to flaunt their intelligence and to never be so strong-minded as to be accused of "aping a man." Ouch again!!!
Haweis did advocate education for some women. For unattractive girls who she referred to as "Nonentities," she asserted that education was absolutely essential. Her advice to the "Nonentities" was quite forthright:
"To her I have but one word to say: educate yourself...books are so cheap, and your leisure probably so large that there is little to prevent an effort to redeem lost time."
It is clear throughout her book that Haweis deems outward beauty as a woman's most important asset. She refused to believe "bluestockings" who said appearance wasn't important to them. She wrote:
"No woman can say truthfully that she does not care whether she is pretty or not. Every woman does care. The immutable laws of her being have made physical attractiveness as much a natural glory to her as strength is to a man...After all, what is vanity? If it means only a certain innocent wish to look one's best, is it not another name for self-respect—and without it, what would woman be worth?"
Ouch yet again!!!
Sadly the idea that a woman's worth stemmed from her outward appearance was popular in the Victorian era. Many thought that beauty and intellect were incompatible in women. While these views weren't necessarily the norm, it seems the stereotype of the unattractive "bluestocking" was very prevalent.
Source: The Art of Beauty by Maria Haweis, 1883.
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More lovely art @Patrick H. Hope you enjoy!
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Patrick H
Eleanor Rose said:
Yes indeed! That's beautiful. So was the model. I get a strong sense of this being a portrait face with an excellent likeness to the model--maybe the artist's daughter. The lady in the blue gown is more idealized. She's probably painted from a model, but not with any attempt to identify her.
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Thread Medic
Answered the Call for Reinforcements
a "bluestocking" was defined as a "pedantic female" who had sacrificed the "excellencies of her sex" to education and learning
I am curious just what were those sacrificed "excellencies". I find intellect a very attractive trait. Thanks for sharing.
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Gladys Hodge Sherrer
Okay, so I'm a bluestocking! Who knew?
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Gladys Hodge Sherrer said:
Maybe we can start a CWT Bluestocking Society!
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A CW Bluestocking Society is a pretty amusing concept--at least nowadays. Seriously, though, I had never really given much thought to this in terms of history. I'd like to think that men of the CW era appreciated and respected and valued well-educated women, and I'm sure at least a few of the men did. It is pretty disturbing to think of so many women and girls being dismissed as "bluestockings."
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FarawayFriend
Haweis subscribed to the notion that an excess of education turned attractive young ladies into frumpy bumpkins
One little story from the late 1970s: I went to an all-girls school, a pretty good one, we had a lot of daughters of aristocrats, it had been the educational institution for the Upper Ten Families in my hometown. Now believe it or not, back in 1979 I had a class in school, named "Values and normative rules" and one semester we worked on emancipation - not only women's emancipation, but also slavery etc. But when we worked on women's emancipation, our male teacher asked the class "Prove the sentence that intelligent women are mostly ugly"
Imagine! He stood in front of a class of bright young girls !!!!
But even worse was that some of the girls even raised their hands to reply!!! I will never forget that one sycophant really said "That is probably because while these women do a lot of intellectual work, they forget to wash their hair and to apply make-up."
My friend Sabine and I thought we had to choke on what we could not say to her in that situation!!
So if you look for members for your "CWT Bluestocking Society" - seems here is another one!
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Patrick H said:
Mary Wollstonecraft, an 18th century advocate of women's rights and an original "bluestocking" once said:
"Those who are bold enough to advance before the age they live, and to throw off, by the force of their own mind, the prejudices which the world . . . will in time disavow, must learn to brave censure. We ought not to be too anxious respecting the opinion of others."
Mary is best known for her book, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argued that women were not naturally inferior to men, but appeared to be only because they lacked education.
Mary Wollstonecraft by John Opie (c. 1797)
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FarawayFriend said:
OMG!!! There are no words! Kudos to you for choking on your words and not choking her!
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NH Civil War Gal
But why the term "Bluestocking?" I have never, ever found out a reason for that! If anyone has read the Anne of Green Gables series, you find out Anne and others like her, fighting to get into the women's college, are termed that.
My father remembered old Joel Hesser from Hesser College, now defunct, coming to the farm in NH in 1918 (just past Victorian) to convince his father on why it was okay for a woman to go to college. Apparently my father's much older sister (born in the 1890s) applied on her own! My grandfather must have been convinced because he paid for the 2-year college, which was big doings back then.
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christian soldier
Ellie. Once again you continue to educate me. I never heard of this term before your excellent and rather interesting article and commentary. Incidently, I find the young girl in the blue dress to be rather becoming and beautiful. There is nothing more satisfactory than seeing a beautiful woman surrounded by books. David.
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NH Civil War Gal said:
But why the term "Bluestocking?" I have never, ever found out a reason for that
I always thought it was a German term, because we have the same word, "Blaustrümpfe".
But actually the origin lies in England and the first bluestocking was ... a man!! Biologist Benjamin Stillingfleet did not have the financial means to afford the proper black silk stockings in 1750 London...
"A society was founded in the early 1750s by Elizabeth Montagu, Elizabeth Vesey and others as a literary discussion group primarily for women. The society was noted for wanting conversation and did not encourage card playing. They invited various people to attend including Anna Laetitia Barbauld, Catharine Macaulay, Elizabeth Griffith, Hannah More, Elizabeth Ann Linley, Charlotte Lennox[10] and Stillingfleet. One story tells that Stillingfleet was not rich enough to have the proper formal dress, which included black silk stockings, so he attended in everyday blue worsted stockings."
https://www.revolvy.com/page/Benjamin-Stillingfleet
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But why the term "Bluestocking?
Apparently there was indeed a Bluestocking Society in England in the 18th century and one legend goes...
Once upon a time, "in the 1750s a lady named Elizabeth Montagu sought to make her home on Hill Street the intellectual capital of London. She was to be England's answer to the French salonnière, an aristocratic/upper bourgeosie hostess of late hour assemblies where men and women gathered on equal footing to discuss society's fashionable arts. From the written word to the painted embodiment, London's distinguished came to discuss whatever was itching society at the present moment. And unlike other club atmospheres of the day, it was a society undressed, the Georgian answer to casual attire and debate en famille.
For a club geared toward the intellectual expansion of women, its attendees were also prestigious. On any given evening, one might encounter Samuel Johnson's high-reaching troop including Oliver Goldsmith, Edward Gibbon, Sir Joseph Banks, David Garrick, Adam Smith, and many others.
But there was only one man who wore blue stockings or so the legend says. He was purportedly a philosopher who minded his economics over his fashion sense (ever an admirable trait among the enlightened). Blue worsted stockings were cheap compared with bleached or black silk and he sported them on his frequent visits to Hill Street, flashing his legs at Montagu's get-togethers whenever he was in the mood for a bit of high-minded chatting."
Brilliant Women: 18th-century Bluestockings edited by Elizabeth Eger and Lucy Peltz.
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Seems more than one MAN wore the infamous blue stockings, lol!
Found a couple great pictures to illustrate the Bluestocking Club...
Elegant Lady at her Toilette by Michel Garnier, circa 1788. (Color enhanced - no doubt!)
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Well, now I know! Thank you @FarawayFriend and @Eleanor Rose for filling in that particular gap in my education!
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Elizabeth Montague's Bluestocking Society incurred savage criticism. Take a look at this:
Breaking Up of the Blue Stocking Club by Thomas Rowlandson (1756–1827)
William Hazlitt, an English essayist, carried this vitriol into the 19th century when he wrote:
"The bluestocking is the most odious character in society … she sinks wherever she is placed, like the yolk of an egg, to the bottom, and carries the filth with her."
Back to saying ouch!!!
Anna Laetitia Barbauld, a prominent English poet and writer advised:
"The best way for a woman to acquire knowledge is from conversation with a father, or brother, or friend."
Anna's comments strike me as especially odd since one would think she was a well read woman herself.
Of course during her lifetime Elizabeth Montague didn't take the criticism lying down. The Oxford National Dictionary of Biography records Elizabeth as giving as good as she got:
"In a woman's education, little but outward accomplishment is regarded. Sure, the men are very imprudent to endeavor to make fools of those to whom they so much trust their honour and fortune, but it is in the nature of mankind to hazard their peace to secure power, and they know fools make the best slaves."
Don't want to veer off into the 18th century, but Elizabeth does deserve her due.
Portrait of Elizabeth Montague (1718-1800) by Allan Ramsay (1713-1784) in 1762.
WJC said:
In Charles Dickens' eponymous book, David Copperfield passes over the intelligent Agnes to marry the pretty little ninny, Dora. He soon finds her a poor housekeeper, and a less than stimulating companion. Dora is well aware of her shortcomings, which are due to her upbringing.
After Dora's death, David eventually marries the educated and sensible Agnes, who makes for him a much more satisfactory wife. Dickens uses the marriages as a commentary on nineteenth century social expectations for women, drawing on his own experience of marrying a pretty but silly woman, of whom he soon tired.
What 19th century men thought they wanted and what they really wanted were two different things. As the Amish put it so succinctly, "Kissing, don't last, but cooking do." Practicality and sensibility make for a much more companionate relationship. Fortunately, men look at women a bit differently now.
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