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Bout recap: Hell on Wheels VII
April 30, 2013 November 19, 2017 - by QCRG
The QCRG double-header on April 20 at the Rainbow Roller Rink in North Tonawanda was anything but mellow as QCRG's Lake Effect Furies treated Long Island's Roller Rebels to a bit of Buffalo weather and, in the second bout of the night, the Suicidal Saucies and Devil Dollies fought neck-and-neck in the QCRG's seventh annual Hell on Wheels match, with the Dollies pulling off the win.
First Bout: Lake Effect Furies Take On the Long Island Roller Rebels
Photo by Jim Bush
The Lake Effect Furies started the night off with more fire than ice by coming at the Long Island Roller Rebels hot. By the ninth jam of the bout LEF's LiBRAWLian (#622) delivered 36 unanswered points, bringing the Furies' lead to 96-8. Soon afterward, however, The Long Island Roller Rebels began to stage a comeback.
After a LEF jammer spent time in the box and another jammer, Abercrombie & Fists (#99), got injured, the score shifted to 104-51 Furies by the end of jam 13. Blockers including Pepper Stix (#60), CU~T (#52), and Head Huntress (#54) held off the opposing jammer during power jams in which the Roller Rebels were keeping the pack slow for their jammer's benefit. Nearing the end of the first half, the Long Island Roller Girls were working hard to gain on the Lake Effect Furies. However the Furies defense used strategies such as "waterfalling" and "pinches" to get jammers like Addy Rawl to lengthen the lead. At the half the score was 154 Furies -74 Rebels.
Both teams came back from the halftime break ready to fight for the win. After making her first pass through the pack LiBRAWLian used her brain and brawn to knock the opposing jammer out of bounds, skate backwards right to where the Furies blockers were positioned at the front of the pack, and deliver that jammer to the LEF blockers before taking off again for a scoring pass.
During the second half, the Furies regained a considerable lead over the Rebels. Though the Furies did struggle with players in the box (at one time having 4 skaters assigned major penalties), they were able to make up losses with high scoring jams. With five minutes left of the bout, blocker VaJenna Warrior delivered a pick to aid LiBRAWLian with another 35 unanswered points.
Final score 325-133 LEF. The next Furies home game is against Burning River Roller Girls on June 15.
Second Bout: Hell on Wheels
The second bout of the night was the annual "Hell on Wheels" matchup between the Devil Dollies and the Suicidal Saucies. The name "Hell on Wheels" has endured for seven years because the competition between the two teams has always been fierce and a thrill to watch. This year did not disappoint.
The bout began with jammers for both teams fighting for four points at a time. The score was staying close with jams ending in 0-4, 4-4, 8-8. At jam 4, Saucies jammer B'kini Whacks (#21) started some jammer on jammer action by knocking down Devil Dollies jammer Crown Victoria (#404). By jam 7 the Saucies began to take the lead after a power jam helped B'kini Whacks pick up 20 unanswered points, leading to a score of 41 Saucies – 18 Dollies.
The Dollies were not about to let the game slip away however, and blockers such as June CleaveHer (#49), Fetishly Divine (#1125), Bette Churass (#32), Gibby S'more (906), and LipService (#360) turned up the hits. Meanwhile jammers such as the Saucies' Flame Throw-Her (#220) and Dollies' Low-Hits Griffin (#153) continued to earn their team points four at a time.
With two minutes left to the end of the half, the Saucies had the lead with a score of 96-86. Then Day TripHer (#711)took the line as jammer for the Dollies and delivered a 20-point jam to her team. At this time the Saucies lost a star blocker, Head Huntress (#54), to injury. By the end of the nail-biter first half the Dollies had gained the lead with a score of 106-96.
Soon into the second half the Devil Dollies began to lengthen their lead. A power jam for the Dollies allowed Low-Hits Griffin to pick up 34 unanswered points. Saucies jammer Miss Fire (#252) suffered an injury and the Saucies began to play Un-sena-mental (#48) as a jammer. The Dollies ended the bout with LipService appearing as jammer. The final score was 204-160 in favor of the Dollies.
The Dollies and Saucies will lock horns again at the QCRG Playoffs on May 11 when the Nickel City Knockouts and the Alley Kats meet up again as well.
Tickets are available here.
~Mexicali Bruise
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The video will start in 8 Cancel UEFA are set to support Arsenal's attempt to obtain a visa for Henrikh Mkhitaryan if they reach the Europa League final.
The Gunners lead Napoli 2-0 ahead of the second leg in Italy and will fancy their chances of holding onto their aggregate lead.
ESPN FC reports UEFA are confident Mkhitaryan would be granted an Azerbaijan visa, due to an exemption for sporting participants.
This year's competition will come to a conclusion in Azerbaijan's capital city Baku on May 28, with Arsenal in a great position to reach the last four.
Unai Emery decided not to include Mkhitaryan in his squad for the group stage match with Qarabag earlier this season.
The win took Arsenal back into fourth, level on points with fifth-placed Chelsea , although they have a game in hand on Maurizio Sarri's men.
It is going to give us a lot of information, this match.


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Pivotal K-12 funding spreadsheet remains unavailable to public
Lawmakers spent most of a Monday morning public hearing playing around with numbers — to see what a new funding formula would do for, or to, individual school districts.
But anyone else who wants to do the math is out of luck.
That's because the legislators and their consultants are tinkering around with a spreadsheet that isn't available to the public.
Ultimately, the math affects nearly 300,000 students across the state. A new funding formula — if adopted by the 2019 Legislature — could change the way the state distributes more than $1.5 billion in taxpayer dollars that go to K-12.
Which takes us to Monday — and the public but not wholly transparent legislative math exercise.
For months, consultants with the Denver-based Education Commission of the States has been working on a possible formula rewrite. The 2017 Legislature earmarked $400,000 for the consultants' work.
The ECS spreadsheet represents the centerpiece of the consultants' taxpayer-funded work product. And it was the focal point of the committee's discussion Monday morning. Lawmakers ran through a range of scenarios — looking at how the numbers would change depending on a host of adjustments.
For example, if the state earmarks more money to help English language learners, districts with a higher percentage of ELL learners would stand to benefit. And all districts would do better if lawmakers put another $100 million into the K-12 budget — but there would still be winners and losers. Even with a $100 million infusion of money, some districts could get fewer dollars than they received the previous year, depending on the overall structure of the formula.
The 10 members of the Legislature's school funding formula committee have had access to the ECS spreadsheet, before Monday morning's hearing at the Statehouse. At least one lawmaker in the audience, House Education Committee member Lance Clow, R-Twin Falls, had access to the spreadsheet and followed along on his laptop. The rest of the audience watched the number-crunching as it unfolded on three projector screens in the committee room.
The spreadsheet could be publicly available in about a week, Michael Griffith of ECS told Idaho Education News. Consultants are still working on adjustments, and Griffith says he has been reluctant to release the spreadsheet until it's finished.
The funding formula rewrite is in its third year. And the process also came under scrutiny earlier this year.
This June, ECS consultants held a series of closed-door focus group sessions with school administrators. The public and the news media were barred from these sessions, and even committee members and State Department of Education staffers were not allowed to attend. The Idaho Press Club, a media statewide organization, asked lawmakers to reconsider this approach, but the closed meetings went on as planned.
School funding committee kicks off regional meetings
Paid consultants will host a mix of public hearings and invitation-only focus groups where the public will be barred from attending.
Lawmakers face a funding and accountability puzzle
A legislative committee wants to present a new school funding formula to the 2019 Legislature. One question: Can the state link its funding formula to school accountability?
Funding formula committee to meet Tuesday
With the Legislature's work all but done for 2018, some summer committees are getting a jump on their work.
Round 3: Funding formula committee looks at another summer of work
Statehouse roundup, 2.15.18: A "truth in bonding" bill, designed to require school districts and local governments to disclose the bottom-line cost of tax proposals, heads to the House floor.
Featured Series, News
At $194.7 million, Idaho's supplemental levy bill keeps rising
During the recession, schools used the local levies to offset unprecedented state budget cuts. The state's K-12 budget is rebounding, but districts are still relying on help from local taxpayers.

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LASIK or Lasik ("laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis") is a type of refractive laser eye surgery performed by ophthalmologists for correcting myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. [ [http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSS/9339/32123.html "LASIK."] Aetna InteliHealth Inc. Accessed October 18, 2006.] The procedure is generally preferred to photorefractive keratectomy, PRK, (also called ASA, Advanced Surface Ablation) because it requires less time for the patient's recovery, and the patient feels less pain, overall; however, there are instances where PRK/ASA is medically indicated as a better alternative to LASIK.Fact|date=July 2008
Many patients choose LASIK as an alternative to wearing corrective eyeglasses or contact lenses.
The LASIK technique was made possible by the Colombia-based Spanish ophthalmologist Jose Barraquer, who, around 1950 in his clinic in Bogotá, Colombia, developed the first microkeratome, used to cut thin flaps in the cornea and alter its shape, in a procedure called keratomileusis. Stephan Schaller assisted. Barraquer also provided the knowledge about how much of the cornea had to be left unaltered to provide stable long-term results.
Later technical and procedural developments included the RK (radial keratotomy), started in the '70s in Russia by Svyatoslav Fyodorov , and the development of PRK (photorefractive keratectomy) in the '80s in Germany by Theo Seiler. RK is a procedure where radial corneal cuts are made typically using a micrometer diamond knife, and has nothing to do with LASIK
In 1968, at the Northrup Corporation Research and Technology Center of the University of California, Mani Lal Bhaumik and a group of other scientists, while working on the development of a carbon-dioxide laser, developed the Excimer laser. This formed the cornerstone for LASIK eye surgery. Dr. Bhaumik announced his discovery in May of 1973 at a meeting of the Denver Optical Society of America in Denver, Colorado. He would later patent it. [http://www.indianlifeandstyle.com/ILS-Sept-Oct05/looking%20glass.htm]
The introduction of Laser in this refractive procedure started with the developments in Laser technology by Rangaswamy Srinivasan. In 1980, Srinivasan, working at IBM Research Lab, discovered that an ultraviolet excimer laser could etch living tissue in a precise manner with no thermal damage to the surrounding area. He named the phenomenon Ablative Photodecomposition (APD). [http://www.aip.org/ca/srinivasan.html] . Dr. Stephen Trokel published a paper in the American Journal of Ophthalmology in 1983, outlining the potential of using the excimer laser in refractive surgeries.
The first patent for LASIK was granted by the US Patent Office to Gholam A. Peyman, MD on June 20, 1989, US Patent #4,840,175, "METHOD FOR MODIFYING CORNEAL CURVATURE", describing the surgical procedure in which a flap is cut in the cornea and pulled back to expose the corneal bed. This exposed surface is then ablated to the desired shape with an excimer laser, following which the flap is replaced.
Using these advances in laser technology and the technical and theoretical developments in refractive surgery made since the 50's, LASIK surgery was developed in 1990 by Lucio Buratto (Italy) and Ioannis Pallikaris (Greece) as a melding of two prior techniques, keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy. It quickly became popular because of its greater precision and lower frequency of complications in comparison with these former two techniques.
Today, faster lasers, larger spot areas, bladeless flap incision, intraoperative pachymetry, and wavefront-optimized and -guided techniques have significantly improved the reliability of the procedure compared to that of 1991. Nonetheless, the fundamental limitations of excimer lasers and undesirable destruction of the eye's nerves have spawned research into many alternatives to "plain" LASIK, including all-femtosecond correction (Femtosecond Lenticule EXtraction, FLIVC), LASEK, Epi-LASIK, sub-Bowman's Keratomileusis aka thin-flap LASIK, wavefront-guided PRK, and modern intraocular lenses.
There are several necessary preparations in the preoperative period. The operation itself is made by creating a thin flap on the eye, folding it to enable remodeling of the tissue underneath with laser. The flap is repositioned and the eye is left to heal in the postoperative period.
Preoperative
Patients wearing soft contact lenses are usually instructed to stop wearing them approximately 5 to 21 days before surgery. One industry body recommends that patients wearing hard contact lenses should stop wearing them for a minimum of six weeks plus another six weeks for every three years the hard contacts have been worn. [http://www.usaeyes.org/faq/subjects/contacts.htm] Before the surgery, the patient's corneas are examined with a pachymeter to determine their thickness, and with a topographer to measure their surface contour. Using low-power lasers, a topographer creates a topographic map of the cornea. This process also detects astigmatism and other irregularities in the shape of the cornea. Using this information, the surgeon calculates the amount and locations of corneal tissue to be removed during the operation. The patient typically is prescribed an antibiotic to start taking beforehand, to minimize the risk of infection after the procedure.
The operation is performed with the patient awake and mobile; however, the patient is sometimes given a mild sedative (such as Valium) and anesthetic eye drops.
LASIK is performed in three steps. The first step is to create a flap of corneal tissue. The second step is remodeling of the cornea underneath the flap with the laser. Finally, the flap is repositioned.
Flap creation
A corneal suction ring is applied to the eye, holding the eye in place. This step in the procedure can sometimes cause small blood vessels to burst, resulting in bleeding or subconjunctival hemorrhage into the white (sclera) of the eye, a harmless side effect that resolves within several weeks. Increased suction typically causes a transient dimming of vision in the treated eye. Once the eye is immobilized, the flap is created. This process is achieved with a mechanical microkeratome using a metal blade, or a femtosecond laser microkeratome (procedure known as IntraLASIK) that creates a series of tiny closely arranged bubbles within the cornea. [http://www.usaeyes.org/lasik/faq/intralase-intralasik.htm] A hinge is left at one end of this flap. The flap is folded back, revealing the stroma, the middle section of the cornea. The process of lifting and folding back the flap can be uncomfortable.
Laser remodeling
The second step of the procedure is to use an excimer laser (193 nm) to remodel the corneal stroma. The laser vaporizes tissue in a finely controlled manner without damaging adjacent stroma. No burning with heat or actual cutting is required to ablate the tissue. The layers of tissue removed are tens of micrometers thick. Performing the laser ablation in the deeper corneal stroma typically provides for more rapid visual recovery and less pain, than the earlier technique photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).
During the second step, the patient's vision will become very blurry once the flap is lifted. He/she will be able to see only white light surrounding the orange light of the laser. This can be disorienting.
Currently manufactured excimer lasers use an eye tracking system that follows the patient's eye position up to 4,000 times per second, redirecting laser pulses for precise placement within the treatment zone. Typical pulses are around 1 mJ of pulse energy in 10 to 20 nanoseconds. [ [http://freepatentsonline.com/5742626.html Patent: ultraviolet solid state laser] ]
Reposition of flap
After the laser has reshaped the stromal layer, the LASIK flap is carefully repositioned over the treatment area by the surgeon and checked for the presence of air bubbles, debris, and proper fit on the eye. The flap remains in position by natural adhesion until healing is completed.
Patients are usually given a course of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory eye drops. These are continued in the weeks following surgery. Patients are usually told to sleep much more and are also given a darkened pair of shields to protect their eyes from bright lights and protective goggles to prevent rubbing of the eyes when asleep and to reduce dry eyes. They also have to moisturize the eyes with preservative free tears and follow directions for prescription drops. Patients should be adequately informed by their surgeons of the importance of proper post-operative care to minimize the risk of post-surgical complications.
Higher-order aberrations
Higher-order aberrations are visual problems not captured in a traditional eye exam which tests only for acuteness of vision. Severe aberrations can effectively cause significant vision impairment. These aberrations include starbursts, ghosting, halos, double vision, and a number of other post-operative complications listed below.
Concern has long plagued the tendency of refractive surgeries to induce higher-order aberration not correctable by traditional contacts or glasses. The advancement of LASIK technique and technologies has helped reduce the risk of clinically significant visual impairment after the surgery. One of the major discoveries was the correlation between pupil size and aberrations: [ [http://www.usaeyes.org/lasik/faq/lasik-pupil-size.htm "Lasik Halo and Starburst; Pupil Size Importance"] . USAEyes] Effectively, the larger the pupil size, the greater the risk of aberrations. This correlation is the result of the irregularity between the untouched part of the cornea and the reshaped part. Daytime post-lasik vision is optimal, since the pupil is smaller than the LASIK flap. But at night, the pupil may expand such that light passes through the edge of the LASIK flap into the pupil which gives rise to many aberrations. There are other currently unknown factors in addition to pupil size that also affect higher order aberrations. In extreme cases, where ideal technique was not followed and before key advances, some people could suffer rather debilitating symptoms including serious loss of contrast sensitivity in poor lighting situations.
Over time, most of the attention has been focused on spherical aberration. LASIK and PRK tend to induce spherical aberration, because of the tendency of the laser to undercorrect as it moves outward from the center of the treatment zone. This is really a significant issue for only large corrections. There is some thought if the lasers were simply programmed to adjust for this tendency, no significant spherical aberration would be induced. Hence, in eyes with little existing higher order aberrations, wavefront-optimized LASIK rather than wavefront-guided LASIK may well be the future.Fact|date=March 2008
In any case, higher order aberrations are measured in µm (micrometers) on the wavescan taken during the pre-op examination, while the smallest beam size of FDA approved lasers is about 1000 times larger, at 0.65 mm. Thus imperfections are inherent in the procedure and a reason why patients experience halo, glare, and starburst even with small naturally dilated pupils in dim lighting.
Wavefront-guided LASIK
Wavefront-guided LASIK [ [http://www.iroc.ch/wir_publikation.html IROC . Institut für Refraktive und Ophthalmo-Chirurgie ] ] is a variation of LASIK surgery where, rather than applying a simple correction of focusing power to the cornea (as in traditional LASIK), an ophthalmologist applies a spatially varying correction, guiding the computer-controlled excimer laser with measurements from a wavefront sensor. The goal is to achieve a more optically perfect eye, though the final result still depends on the physician's success at predicting changes which occur during healing. In older patients though, scattering from microscopic particles plays a major role and may exceed any benefit from wavefront correction. Hence, patients expecting so-called "super vision" from such procedures may be disappointed. However, while unproven, surgeons claim patients are generally more satisfied with this technique than with previous methods, particularly regarding lowered incidence of "halos", the visual artifact caused by spherical aberration induced in the eye by earlier methods.
The most common complication from refractive surgery is the incidence "dry eyes". According to an American Journal of Opthamology study of March 2006, the incidence rate of dry eyes from LASIK after the six month post operative healing period was 36.36%. [American Journal of Ophthalmology, Volume 141, Issue 3, March 2006, Pages 438-445,Cintia S. De Paiva, Zhuo Chen, Douglas D. Koch, M. Bowes Hamill, Francis K. Manuel, Sohela S. Hassan, Kirk R. Wilhelmus, Stephen C. Pflugfelder] . The FDA (Food and Drugs Administration) website states that "dry eyes" may be permanent [http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/lasik/risks.htm] .
The risk for a patient of suffering from disturbing visual side effects such as halos, double vision (ghosting), loss of contrast sensitivity (foggy vision) and glare after LASIK depends on the degree of ametropia before the laser eye surgery and other risk factors.Pop M, Payette Y. [http://home.arcor.de/pinnipedii/poppayette.pdf "Risk factors for night vision complaints after LASIK for myopia."] "Ophthalmology." 2004 Jan;111(1):3-10. PMID 14711706.] For this reason, it is important to take into account the individual risk potential of a patient and not just the average probability for all patients. [ [http://www.operationauge.com/risks-lasik-lasek-prk.html "Individual Risk Factors of Halos, Loss of Contrast Sensitivity, Glare and Starbursts after LASIK"] . operationauge.com] The following are some of the more frequently reported complications of LASIK [ [http://www.usaeyes.org/lasik/faq/lasik-complications.htm "The most common complications of refractive surgery."] . USAEyes] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16465507&query_hl=35&itool=pubmed_docsum] :
*Surgery induced dry eyes
*Overcorrection [ [http://www.usaeyes.org/lasik/faq/lasik-overcorrection.htm "Lasik Overcorrection - Unexpected, Unwanted, Desired, and Planned."] . USAEyes] or undercorrection
*Visual acuity fluctuation
*Halos [ [http://www.usaeyes.org/lasik/faq/lasik-halo.htm "Night vision halo after Lasik and similar laser assisted refractive surgery."] . USAEyes] or starbursts [ [http://www.usaeyes.org/lasik/faq/lasik-starburst.htm "Night vision halo after Lasik and similar laser assisted refractive surgery."] . USAEyes] around light sources at night
*Light sensitivity
*Ghost images [ [http://www.usaeyes.org/lasik/faq/lasik-ghosting.htm "Ghost or double vision after Lasik and similar vision correction surgery."] . USAEyes] or double vision
*Wrinkles in flap (striae) [ [http://www.usaeyes.org/lasik/faq/lasik-striae.htm "Macro-striae and micro-striae complication of Lasik and All-Laser Lasik.."] . USAEyes]
*Decentered ablation
*Debris or growth under flap
*Thin or buttonhole flap [ [http://www.usaeyes.org/lasik/faq/lasik-buttonhole-flap.htm "Buttonhole Incomplete Flap in Lasik and All-Laser Lasik"] . USAEyes]
*Induced astigmatism
*Corneal Ectasia
*Floaters
*Epithelium erosion
*Posterior vitreous detachment]
*Macular holeArevalo JF, Mendoza AJ, Velez-Vazquez W, Rodriguez FJ, Rodriguez A, Rosales-Meneses JL, Yepez JB, Ramirez E, Dessouki A, Chan CK, Mittra RA, Ramsay RC, Garcia RA, Ruiz-Moreno JM. "Full-thickness macular hole after LASIK for the correction of myopia." "Ophthalmology." 2005 Jul;112(7):1207–12. PMID 15921746.]
Complications due to LASIK have been classified as those that occur due to preoperative, intraoperative, early postoperative, or late postoperative sources:Majmudar, PA. [http://www.aao.org/education/focal_points/upload/6202_Mod13.04-2.pdf "LASIK Complications".] "Focal Points: Clinical Modules for Ophthalmologists." American Academy of Ophthalmology. September, 2004.]
Intraoperative complications
*The incidence of flap complications has been estimated to be 0.244%.Carrillo C, Chayet AS, Dougherty PJ, Montes M, Magallanes R, Najman J, Fleitman J, Morales A. "Incidence of complications during flap creation in LASIK using the NIDEK MK-2000 microkeratome in 26,600 cases." "J Refract Surg." 2005 Sep-Oct;21(5 Suppl):S655-7. PMID 16212299.] Flap complications (such as displaced flaps or folds in the flaps that necessitate repositioning, diffuse lamellar keratitis, and epithelial ingrowth) are common in lamellar corneal surgeries [ [http://www.lasikinstitute.org/Intraoperative.html Eye Surgery Education Council ] ] but rarely lead to permanent visual acuity loss; the incidence of these microkeratome-related complications decreases with increased physician experience. [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=99153623&dopt=Citation PubMed Result ] ] [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10811084&query_hl=9 Microkeratome complications of laser in situ kerat... [Ophthalmology. 2000 - PubMed Result ] ] According to proponents of such techniques, this risk is further reduced by the use of IntraLasik and other non-microkeratome related approaches, although this is not proven and carries its own set of risks of complications from the IntraLasik procedure.
*A slipped flap (a corneal flap that detaches from the rest of the cornea) is one of the most common complications. The chances of this are greatest immediately after surgery, so patients typically are advised to go home and sleep to let the flap heal. Patients are usually given sleep goggles or eye shields to wear for several nights to prevent them from dislodging the flap in their sleep. A faster operation may decrease the chance of this complication, as there is less time for the flap to dry.
*Flap interface particles are another finding whose clinical significance is undetermined.Vesaluoma M, Perez-Santonja J, Petroll WM, Linna T, Alio J, Tervo T. [http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/41/2/369 "Corneal stromal changes induced by myopic LASIK."] "Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci." 2000 Feb;41(2):369-76. PMID 10670464.] A Finnish study found that particles of various sizes and reflectivity were clinically visible in 38.7% of eyes examined via slit lamp biomicroscopy, but apparent in 100% of eyes using confocal microscopy.
Early postoperative complications
*The incidence of diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) [http://www.usaeyes.org/lasik/faq/lasik-intralasik-dlk.htm] , also known as the Sands of Sahara syndrome, has been estimated at 2.3%.Sun L, Liu G, Ren Y, Li J, Hao J, Liu X, Zhang Y. "Efficacy and safety of LASIK in 10,052 eyes of 5081 myopic Chinese patients." "J Refract Surg." 2005 Sep-Oct;21(5 Suppl):S633-5. PMID 16212294.] When diagnosed and appropriately treated, DLK resolves with no lasting vision limitation.
*The incidence of infection responsive to treatment has been estimated at 0.4%. Infection under the corneal flap is possible. It is also possible that a patient has the genetic condition keratoconus that causes the cornea to thin after surgery. Although this condition is screened in the preoperative exam, it is possible in rare cases (about 1 in 5,000) for the condition to remain dormant until later in life (the mid-40s). If this occurs, the patient may need rigid gas permeable contact lenses, Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments (Intacs), [ [http://www.usaeyes.org/faq/subjects/intacs.htm Intacs for Mild Nearsighted Vision Correction and Keratoconus ] ] Corneal Collagen Crosslinking with Riboflavin [ [http://www.usaeyes.org/lasik/faq/c3-r.htm C3-R Corneal Collagen Crosslinking with Riboflavin ] ] or a corneal transplant.
*The incidence of persistent dry eye has been estimated to be as high as 28% in Asian eyes and 5% in Caucasian eyes.Albietz JM, Lenton LM, McLennan SG. [http://www.optometrists.asn.au/gui/files/ceo882089.pdf "Dry eye after LASIK: comparison of outcomes for Asian and Caucasian eyes." "Clin Exp Optom." 2005 Mar;88(2):89–96.] Nerve fibers in the cornea are important for stimulating tear production. A year after LASIK, subbasal nerve fiber bundles remain reduced by more than half.Lee BH, McLaren JW, Erie JC, Hodge DO, Bourne WM. [http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/43/12/3660 "Reinnervation in the cornea after LASIK."] "Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci." 2002 Dec;43(12):3660–4. PMID 12454033.] Some patients experience reactive tearing, in part to compensate for chronic decreased basal wetting tear production.
*The incidence of subconjunctival hemorrhage has been estimated at 10.5% (according to a study undertaken in China; thus results may not be generally applicable due to racial and geographic factors).
Late postoperative complications
*The incidence of epithelial ingrowth has been estimated at 0.1%.
*Glare is another commonly reported complication of those who have had LASIK.Tahzib NG, Bootsma SJ, Eggink FA, Nabar VA, Nuijts RM. "Functional outcomes and patient satisfaction after laser in situ keratomileusis for correction of myopia." "J Cataract Refract Surg." 2005 Oct;31(10):1943–51. PMID 16338565.]
*Halos or starbursts around bright lights at night are caused by the irregularity between the lasered part and the untouched part. It is not practical to perform the surgery so that it covers the width of the pupil at full dilation at night, and the pupil may expand so that light passes through the edge of the flap into the pupil. [ [http://www.usaeyes.org/lasik/faq/lasik-pupil-size.htm Pupil and Lasik Night Vision Halo - Starburst ] ] In daytime, the pupil is smaller than the edge. Modern equipment is better suited to treat those with large pupils, and responsible physicians will check for them during examination.
*Late traumatic flap dislocations have been reported 1–7 years post-LASIK. [ [http://www.journalofrefractivesurgery.com/showAbst.asp?thing=12869 Late Traumatic Flap Dislocations After LASIK ] ]
Lasik and other forms of laser refractive surgery (i.e. PRK, LASEK and Epi-LASEK) change the dynamics of the cornea. These changes make it difficult for your optometrist and ophthalmologist to accurately measure your intraocular pressure, essential in glaucoma screening and treatment. The changes also affect the calculations used to select the correct intraocular lens implant when you have cataract surgery. This is known to ophthalmologists as "refractive surprise." The correct intraocular pressure and intraocular lens power can be calculated if you can provide your eye care professional with your preoperative, operative and postoperative eye measurements.
Although there have been improvements in LASIK technology [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16552654&query_hl=27&itool=pubmed_docsum [Correction and induction of high-order aberration... [Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 2006 - PubMed Result ] ] [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16378639&query_hl=27&itool=pubmed_docsum Wavefront-guided versus standard LASIK enhancement... [Ophthalmology. 2006 - PubMed Result ] ] [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16329381&query_hl=27&itool=pubmed_docsum Conventional vs wavefront-guided LASIK using the L... [J Refract Surg. 2005 Nov-Dec - PubMed Result ] ] , a large body of conclusive evidence on the chances of long-term complications is not yet established. Also, there is a small chance of complications, such as haziness, halo, or glare, some of which may be irreversible because the LASIK eye surgery procedure is irreversible.
The incidence of macular hole has been estimated at 0.2 percent to 0.3 percent.Ruiz-Moreno JM, Alio JL. "Incidence of retinal disease following refractive surgery in 9,239 eyes." "J Refract Surg." 2003 Sep-Oct;19(5):534-47. PMID 14518742.] The incidence of retinal detachment has been estimated at 0.36 percent. The incidence of choroidal neovascularization has been estimated at 0.33 percent. The incidence of uveitis has been estimated at 0.18 percentSuarez E, Torres F, Vieira JC, Ramirez E, Arevalo JF. "Anterior uveitis after laser in situ keratomileusis." "J Cataract Refract Surg." 2002 Oct;28(10):1793–8. PMID 12388030.]
Although the cornea usually is thinner after LASIK, because of the removal of part of the stroma, refractive surgeons strive to maintain a minimum thickness to avoid structurally weakening the cornea. Decreased atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes has not been demonstrated as extremely dangerous to the eyes of LASIK patients. However, some mountain climbers have experienced a myopic shift at extreme altitudes. [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11738908&query_hl=3 Effect of high-altitude exposure on myopic laser i... [J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001 - PubMed Result ] ] [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12553606&query_hl=3 The ascent of Mount Everest following laser in sit... [J Refract Surg. 2003 Jan-Feb - PubMed Result ] ] There are no published reports documenting scuba diving-related complications after LASIK. [ [http://www.scuba-doc.com/diveye.htm Diving and the Eye ] ]
In situ keratomileusis effected at a later age increases the incidence of corneal higher-order wavefront aberrations.Yamane N, Miyata K, Samejima T, Hiraoka T, Kiuchi T, Okamoto F, Hirohara Y, Mihashi T, Oshika T. [http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/45/11/3986 "Ocular higher-order aberrations and contrast sensitivity after conventional laser in situ keratomileusis."] "Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci." 2004 Nov;45(11):3986–90. PMID 15505046.] Oshika T, Miyata K, Tokunaga T, Samejima T, Amano S, Tanaka S, Hirohara Y, Mihashi T, Maeda N, Fujikado T. "Higher order wavefront aberrations of cornea and magnitude of refractive correction in laser in situ keratomileusis." "Ophthalmology." 2002 Jun;109(6):1154–8. PMID 12045059.] Conventional eyeglasses do not correct higher order aberrations.
Microfolding has been reported as "an almost unavoidable complication of LASIK" whose "clinical significance appears negligible."
Blepharitis, or inflammation of the eyelids with crusting of the eyelashes, may increase the risk of infection or inflammation of the cornea after LASIK. [http://www.eyesurgeryusa.com/lasik-corrective-eye-surgery-procedures.htm What is Lasik and what are some of the risk factors] ]
Myopic (nearsighted) people who are close to the age (mid- to late-forties) when they will require either reading glasses or bifocal eyeglasses may find that they still require reading glasses despite having undergone refractive LASIK surgery. Myopic people generally require reading glasses or bifocal eyeglasses at a later age than people who are emmetropic (those who see without eyeglasses), but this benefit is lost if they undergo LASIK. This is not a complication but an expected result of the physical laws of optics. Although there is currently no method to completely eradicate the need for reading glasses in this group, it may be minimized by performing a variation of the LASIK procedure called "slight monovision." In this procedure, which is performed exactly like distance-vision-correction LASIK, the dominant eye is set for distance vision, while the non-dominant eye is set to the prescription of the patient's reading glasses. This allows the patient to achieve a similar effect as wearing bifocals. The majority of patients tolerate this procedure very well and do not notice any shift between near and distance viewing, although a small portion of the population has trouble adjusting to the monovision effect. This can be tested for several days prior to surgery by wearing contact lenses that mimic the monovision effect.
Factors affecting surgery
Typically, the cornea is avascular because it must be transparent to function normally, and its cells absorb oxygen from the tear film. Thus, low-oxygen-permeable contact lenses reduce the cornea's oxygen absorption, sometimes resulting in corneal neovascularization—the growth of blood vessels into the cornea. This causes a slight lengthening of inflammation duration and healing time and some pain during surgery, because of greater bleeding.
Although some contact lenses (notably modern RGP and soft silicone hydrogel lenses) are made of materials with greater oxygen permeability that help reduce the risk of corneal neovascularization, patients considering LASIK are warned to avoid over-wearing their contact lenses. Usually, it is recommended that they discontinue wearing contact lenses days or weeks before the LASIK eye surgery.
A 2004 Wake Forest University study established that heat and humidity affect LASIK surgery results, both during the procedure and in the two weeks before the surgery. [Walter KA, Stevenson AW. "Effect of environmental factors on myopic LASIK enhancement rates." "J Cataract Refract Surg." 2004 Apr;30(4):798–803. PMID 15093641.]
Age considerations
New advances in eyesight corrective surgery are providing consumers greater choices. Patients in their 40s or 50s who are considering LASIK surgery to improve their vision might want to consider to be evaluated for implantable lenses as well. "Early signs of a cataract might argue for surgery and implantation of multifocal lenses instead." [ The Cataracts and Gone - and so is the Need for Glasses, by Matthew Shulman. US News and World Report December 17, 2007, page 64. ]
The FDA has approved LASIK for age 18 and over [http://www.usaeyes.org/lasik/faq/lasik-age.htm] . More importantly the person's eye needs to be stable for two years prior to surgery.
The surveys determining patient satisfaction with LASIK have found most patients satisfied, with satisfaction range being 92–98 percent.Saragoussi D, Saragoussi JJ. " [Lasik, PRK and quality of vision: a study of prognostic factors and a satisfaction survey.] " "J Fr Ophtalmol." 2004 Sep;27(7):755-64. PMID 15499272.] Bailey MD, Mitchell GL, Dhaliwal DK, Boxer Wachler BS, Zadnik K. "Patient satisfaction and visual symptoms after laser in situ keratomileusis." "Ophthalmology." 2003 Jul;110(7):1371–8. PMID 12867394.] McGhee CN, Craig JP, Sachdev N, Weed KH, Brown AD. "Functional, psychological, and satisfaction outcomes of laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia." "J Cataract Refract Surg." 2000 Apr;26(4):497–509. PMID 10771222.] A meta-analysis dated March 2008 performed by the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery over 3,000 peer-reviewed articles published over the past 10 years in clinical journals from around the world, including 19 studies comprising 2,200 patients that looked directly at satisfaction, revealed a 95.4 percent patient satisfaction rate among LASIK patients worldwide. [Study On Post-Lasik Quality Of Life http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/103194.php]
Some patients with poor outcomes from LASIK surgical procedures report a significantly reduced quality of life because of vision problems. Patients who have suffered LASIK complications have created websites and discussion forums to educate the public about the risks, where prospective and past patients can discuss the surgery. In 1999, Surgical Eyes [New site details downsides of laser eye surgery http://www.post-gazette.com/healthscience/19991012hlasik4.asp] was founded [http://www.nj.com/healthfit/ledger/index.ssf?/news/ledger/stories/021102lasik.html here] in New York City [http://www.sptimes.com/News/100100/Worldandnation/Seeing_LASIK_s_risks_.shtml] by RK patient [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Link,_refractive_surgery_patient_advocate Ron Link] [http://www.fwweekly.com/content.asp?article=2439] as a resource for patients with complications of LASIK and other refractive surgeries. Other patient-founded websites to assist those with complications are [http://www.lasermyeye.org LaserMyEye] [http://biz.yahoo.com/nytimes/080424/1194768387709.html?.v=4] founded [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2937512.stm] in 2004 and [http://www.visionsurgeryrehab.org Vision Surgery Rehab] [http://www.thestar.com/News/GTA/article/306877] [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/13/fashion/13SKIN.html] in 2005. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/01/AR2006120101546_pf.html] Most experienced and reputable clinics will do a full-dilated medical eye exam prior to surgery and give adequate post-operative patient education care to minimize the risk of a negative outcome.
For best results, Dr. Steven Schallhorn, an ophthalmologist who oversaw the US Navy's refractive surgery program and whose research partly influenced the Navy's decision to allow its aviators to get Lasik, recommends patients seek out what's called "all-laser Lasik" combined with "wavefront-guided" software. [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,352548,00.html] [http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hm4_Y2gN7uuJFU9yGiiiwV0BWDagD908GLF80]
The FDA website on LASIK clearly states: "Before undergoing a refractive procedure, you should carefully weigh the risks and benefits based on your own personal value system, and try to avoid being influenced by friends that have had the procedure or doctors encouraging you to do so." [ [http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/lasik/risks.htm US FDA/CDRH: LASIK - What are the risks and how can I find the right doctor for me? ] ] As such, prospective patients still need to fully understand all the potential issues and complications, as satisfaction is directly related to expectation.
The FDA received 140 "negative reports relating to LASIK" for the time period 1998–2006. [ [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/13/fashion/13SKIN.html?pagewanted=2&ei=5087&em&en=a9b73aafeecaf5d1&ex=1205553600 Lasik Surgery: When the Fine Print Applies to You] by Abby Ellin, The New York Times, March 13, 2008.]
afety and efficacy
The reported figures for safety and efficacy are open to interpretation. In 2003, the Medical Defence Union (MDU), the largest insurer for doctors in the United Kingdom, reported a 166 percent increase in claims involving laser eye surgery; however, the MDU averred that these claims resulted primarily from patients' unrealistic expectations of LASIK rather than faulty surgery. [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2937512.stm BBC NEWS | Health | Laser eye surgery complaints up ] ] A 2003 study, reported in the medical journal "Ophthalmology", found that nearly 18 percent of treated patients and 12 percent of treated eyes needed retreatment. [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12689897&query_hl=5 Incidence and associations of retreatment after LA... [Ophthalmology. 2003 - PubMed Result ] ] The authors concluded that higher initial corrections, astigmatism, and older age are risk factors for LASIK retreatment.
In 2004, the British National Health Service's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) considered a systematic review of four randomized controlled trials [http://www.nice.org.uk/pdf/ip/233overview.pdf] [http://www.nice.org.uk/pdf/ip/Finalreport%20010605.pdf] before issuing guidance for the use of LASIK within the NHS. [http://www.nice.org.uk/pdf/2004_51_launchLASIK.pdf] Regarding the procedure's efficacy, NICE reported, "Current evidence on LASIK for the treatment of refractive errors suggests that it is effective in selected patients with mild or moderate short-sightedness," but that "evidence is weaker for its effectiveness in severe short-sightedness and long-sightedness." Regarding the procedure's safety, NICE reported that "there are concerns about the procedure's safety in the long term and current evidence does not appear adequate to support its use within the NHS without special arrangements for consent and for audit or research."
Leading refractive surgeons in the United Kingdom and United States, including at least one author of a study cited in the report, believe NICE relied on information that is severely dated and weakly researched. [ [http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=136786 British LASIK Report Flawed Says Study Author ] ] [ [http://escrs.com/Publications/Eurotimes/05january/pdf/regmatters.pdf Escrs European Society Of Cataract And Refractive Surgeons Home Page ] ]
On October 10, 2006, WebMD reported that statistical analysis revealed that contact lens wear infection risk is greater than the infection risk from LASIK. [ [http://www.webmd.com/content/article/128/117072.htm LASIK Surgery: Safer Than Contacts? ] ] Daily contact lens wearers have a 1-in-100 chance of developing a serious, contact lens-related eye infection in 30 years of use, and a 1-in-2,000 chance of suffering significant vision loss as a result of infection. The researchers calculated the risk of significant vision loss consequence of LASIK surgery to be closer to 1-in-10,000 cases.
On February 21, 2007, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a Class I recall of the LADAR-6000 surgical laser, manufactured by Alcon. [ [http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/recalls/recall-022107.html Class 1 Recall: Alcon Refractive Horizons, Inc. LADAR6000 Excimer Laser System ] ] [ [http://blogs.webmd.com/eye-on-vision/ Eye On Vision ] ] The recall was because the algorithm used to calculate the laser treatment left some patients with inaccurate surgical outcomes that could not be re-treated with additional surgery.
*Council for Refractive Surgery Quality Assurance (USAEyes)
*LASEK (Laser-Assisted Sub-Epithelial Keratectomy) or PRK (Photorefractive keratectomy)
*Radial keratotomy
*Refractive error
*Refractive surgery
*Wavefront
* [http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/lasik/ FDA information page on LASIK] Includes detailed animation of the procedure
* [http://www.agingeye.net/lasik/lasik.php University of Illinois page on LASIK] Educational videos and full-text peer-reviewed journal articles on LASIK
* [http://www.visionsurgeryrehab.org Vision Surgery Rehab Network] Support site for people with complications from LASIK and other eye surgeries.
* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/lasik/htm/index.htm U.S. National library of medicine]
* [http://www.eyesurgeryeducation.com/FAQ.html Eye surgery education council] LASIK faqs
Gurabo, Puerto Rico
LASIK — La technique du Lasik (LAser in Situ Keratomileusis) est une intervention chirurgicale de l œil. Son principe consiste à découper une fine lamelle dans l épaisseur de la cornée (qui est la partie transparente de la surface de l oeil) afin de… … Wikipédia en Français
LASIK MD — is Canada s leading provider of laser vision correction. As of 2007, LASIK MD performs approximately 40% of the laser vision correction procedures in Canada. [Maclean's June 11 2007 Volume 120 number 22] LASIK MD was founded in 2001 by Dr. Mark… … Wikipedia
LASIK MD — est une entreprise canadienne offrant des services en matière de correction de la vue au laser. En 2010, LASIK MD a effectué au delà de 70 000 interventions[1], plus de la moitié de toutes les corrections de la vue au laser au Canada[2]. LASIK MD … Wikipédia en Français
LASIK — [lā′sik] n. 〚las(er assisted) i(n situ) k(eratomileusis) < ModL keratomileusis, a cutting of the cornea /span> KERATO + Gr (s)mileusis, carving < smilē, a knife; see IN SITU〛 a type of eye surgery used to correct faulty vision: a thin, outer… … Universalium
LASIK — [lā′sik] n. [las(er assisted) i(n situ) k(eratomileusis) < ModL keratomileusis, a cutting of the cornea < KERATO + Gr (s)mileusis, carving < smilē, a knife; see IN SITU] a type of eye surgery used to correct faulty vision: a thin, outer… … English World dictionary
LASIK — Проверить нейтральность. На странице обсуждения должны быть подробности … Википедия
LASIK — Unter dem Oberbegriff refraktive Chirurgie werden Augenoperationen zusammengefasst, die eine Brille oder Kontaktlinsen zur Korrektur der Brechkraft ersetzen sollen. Die Augenheilkunde kennt mehrere Operationsmethoden zur Korrektur von… … Deutsch Wikipedia
LASIK — Abbreviation standing for laser assisted in situ keratomileusis, a kind of laser eye surgery designed to change the shape of the cornea to eliminate or reduce the need for glasses and contact lenses in cases of severe myopia (nearsightedness).… … Medical dictionary
LASIK — Intervención LASIK El … Wikipedia Español


text:
La Confédération Générale des Entreprises du Maroc ou CGEM (en arabe : ), est un syndicat patronal marocain fondé en 1947.

La CGEM s'est imposée comme représentant du secteur privé auprès des pouvoirs publics, des partenaires sociaux et des institutionnels. Elle affirme s'exprimer au nom de 90 000 entreprises mais elle incarne surtout l'élite casablancaise du patronat.

Le nombre de votes d'un adhérent est déterminé par son chiffre d'affaires. En conséquence, le leadership de la CGEM est toujours sélectionné par une poignée de grands patrons.

Depuis janvier 2020, la CGEM est dirigée par Chakib Alj.  Ancien dirigeant de la Fédération Nationale de la Minoterie, il est un cousin de l'homme d'affaires Saïd Alj.

Historique
Depuis sa création en 1947 et jusqu'aux années 1960, la CGEM est l'apanage des patrons européens tandis que le patronat marocain s'était organisé depuis les années 1930, autour du GIM, groupement des industriels du Maroc.

À partir de la fin des années 1960, il y a donc eu la marocanisation de la CGEM avec notamment l'intégration du groupement des industriels du Maroc (GIM) en 1969, et pour mieux défendre les intérêts de l'entreprise, la CGEM et le GIM ont fusionné sous la présidence de Mohamed Amor

Le GIM est alors présidé par M. Abderrahmane BENNANI SMIRES qui représentait le patronat de souche marocaine. L'unification du patronat du Maroc renforce la CGEM.

Entre Juin 2006 et mai 2009, la CGEM est dirigée par Moulay Hafid Elalamy

Entre Juin 2009 et mai 2012, elle est dirigée par Mohamed Horani

Entre Mai 2012 et mai 2018, elle est dirigée par Miriem Bensaleh-Chaqroun

À la suite des élections du 22 mai 2018, Miriem Bensaleh-Chaqroun laisse sa place au duo Salaheddine Mezouar et Faycal Mekouar, respectivement Président et Vice-Président de la CGEM. C'est le milliardaire Said El Alj qui aurait sponsorisé financièrement la candidature de Salaheddine Mezouar

En 2019, Salaheddine Mezouar démissionne après des déclarations polémiques .

Le 22 janvier 2020, Chakib Alj a été élu président de la CGEM avec 4112 voix sur 4275 voix.

L'assureur Ahmed Mehdi Tazi (Belasur) devient Vice-Président .

Chakib Alj est un minotier (Moulins de Berrechid, Moulins du Maghreb), un importateur de céréales (Gromic), et un promoteur immobilier (Kasbah Resort de Marrakech, Jardins du Belvédère et Hôtel Dawliz à Casablanca)

Il est le cousin du milliardaire du milliardaire Said Alj. Son frère, Abdelkader Alj, dirige le groupe Unimer, détenu par Said Alj.

Sa nièce, Sophia Alj, est mariée avec le frère de Moncef Belkhyat.

En septembre 2020, la présidence de la CGEM a créé une commission Afrique afin de renforcer les relations économiques avec les pays Africains. Son président est Abdou Diop.

En janvier 2021, la Fédération marocaine de l'industrie et de l'innovation pharmaceutiques (FMIIP) intègre la CGEM et a un siège dans son conseil d'administration.

Mission
La Confédération générale des entreprises du Maroc (CGEM) assure la représentation et la promotion des entreprises membres agissant dans différents secteurs et de différentes tailles.

Groupe CGEM à la Chambre des conseillers
La Confédération générale des entreprises du Maroc (CGEM) dispose depuis, le mois d'octobre 2015, d'un groupe parlementaire à la Chambre des Conseillers. Composé de huit conseillers, le « Groupe CGEM » travaille avec l'ensemble des composantes de la Chambre des conseillers dans l'objectif de défendre le développement de l'entreprise marocaine, conformément à la ligne de conduite que la Confédération s'est fixée. Résolue à apporter une contribution active à la vie législative du Maroc et à faire entendre la voix de l'entreprise marocaine au sein du Parlement, la CGEM, via son groupe parlementaire, participe activement à la gouvernance et aux travaux des Commissions permanentes de la Chambre des conseillers. Le « Groupe CGEM » à la Chambre des Conseillers est composé de 8 conseillers, tous, sans appartenance politique (SAP).

À rappeler qu'à fin juillet 2015, la CGEM avait été consacrée « Organisation professionnelle des employeurs la plus représentative ». Cette représentativité s'est illustrée lors du scrutin organisé par la CGEM, le 9 septembre 2015, à travers la mobilisation des grands groupes et des PME, dans l'ensemble des régions du Royaume.

En septembre 2020, le conseil d'administration annonce la nomination de huit présidents de conseils d'affaires: USA, Tunisie, Qatar, Jordanie, Allemagne, Chine, Arabie saoudite et les pays signataires de l'accord d'Agadir.

Présidents
 1955-1959 : Marcel Conchon (réélu le 5 avril 1956, le 25 mars 1957 et le 16 juin 1958)
 1959-1962 : Lorrain Cruse (réélu le 19 avril 1960, le 17 avril 1961 et le 24 mai 1962)
 1963-1965 : George Nestrenko (réélu le 11 mai 1964)
 1966-1967 : Jean Imberti
 1967-1969 : Robert Savin (réélu le 24 juin 1968)
 Octobre 1969 - juillet 1984 : Mohamed Amor
 Juillet 1984 - décembre 1984 : Mohamed Drissi Kaitouni (décédé en décembre 1984)
 Décembre 1984 - juillet 1985 : Farouk Benbrahim (par intérim)
 Juillet 1985 - juin 1988 : Bensalem Guessous
 Juillet 1988 - juin 1994 : Abderrahman Bennani Smires
 Juillet 1994 - juin 2000 : Abderrahim Lahjouji
 Juin 2000 - juin 2006 : Hassan Chami
 Juin 2006 - mai 2009 : Moulay Hafid Elalamy
 Juin 2009 - mai 2012 : Mohamed Horani
 Mai 2012 - mai 2018 : Miriem Bensaleh-Chaqroun
 Mai 2018 - octobre 2019 : Salaheddine Mezouar
 28 octobre 2019 - janvier 2020 : Mohamed Bachiri  (président par intérim)
 Depuis le 23 janvier 2020 : Chakib Alj.

Anciennes appellations
Depuis sa création, la CGEM a changé plusieurs fois de nom :
  : Confédération générale du patronat au Maroc (CGPM)
  : Confédération générale interprofessionnelle économique et sociale (CGIES) (fin du protectorat français)
  : Confédération générale économique marocaine (CGEM)
 Depuis 1995 : Confédération générale des entreprises du Maroc (CGEM).

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Keidanren, patronat japonais
 CEOE, patronat espagnol
 CBI, patronat britannique
 MEDEF, patronat français
 UTICA, patronat tunisien
 FEB, patronat belge
 Palmarès des meilleurs employeurs au Maroc

Bibliographie
 2012-2015 : Trois ans au service de l'entreprise - Miriem Bensalah Chaqroun /Salah-Eddine Kadmiri

 Catusse, Myriam. Le Temps des entrepreneurs ? : Politique et transformations du capitalisme au Maroc. Institut de recherche sur le Maghreb contemporain, 2014.

Lien externe

Économie au Maroc
Organisation patronale
Organisme fondé en 1947
Association ou organisme ayant son siège au Maroc

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Our Family Faith Walk: Why?
Let me start out by saying that 99% of people that hear about our adoption journey are completely supportive, wonderful, and kind. Most people are nothing but encouraging. But...there's that darned 1%. The small percentage of people that just "don't get it". The people that have opinions and aren't afraid to voice them, no matter how ignorant they are or how very little they actually know about the topic.
When you become open about a decision such as adoption, lots of things happen. You open yourself up to people on a personal level, mostly because you need the support. You tell your story in hopes that others will gather around you and encourage you, pray for you, support you. And as a whole, this is exactly what happens. But you also open yourself up to criticism. It's the one downside to being open about a journey like this one. The positives far outweigh the negatives, in my opinion. Where would we be if Josh and I had stayed completely tight lipped about our adoption decision? We wouldn't have the prayer support, we wouldn't have the emotional support, we wouldn't have the financial support that we so desperately need to continue with this adoption. It is completely worth it, to us, to be open about our story. It has connected us with people we otherwise would never have met. It has opened doors that would otherwise have remained shut. It has allowed people to see God work step by step, "making the rough places smooth" as it says in Isaiah. And that, after all, is our goal. To show how awesome our God is!
When I first started this blog, I told my readers they were lucky, because they were getting to see the journey from the very beginning! And I think I was absolutely right! It has been simply amazing to watch the Lord work throughout these months. He has provided continuously, faithfully. He has taught us so much. He has used our story to reach others, to soften hearts and open eyes to the idea of adoption. And we aren't even done yet, we've really only just begun!
But throughout the months, I have had a few comments that I tilt my head at. Usually I'm unable to respond immediately either because it is a comment left on my blog by a conveniently "anonymous" person, or because I'm too stunned or tongue tied to answer intelligently.
So I wanted to take a few moments and explain ourselves a bit. Maybe, then, by writing it all down, I will be able to draw from it when one of those rare comments surfaces. Maybe there are others out there who also get comments such as these and you can tell me how you answer them. Maybe I just want the opportunity to defend our decision, even though I have absolutely no obligation to do so.
I believe the most common head tilting comment is something to the effect of, "Well, don't worry, as soon as you adopt a baby you'll finally get pregnant! Happens all the time!"
Well...no, not really. First of all, I know what makes a baby, and it isn't filling out piles of paperwork and taking weeks of adoption classes. Josh and I are pros at baby making, thank you very much, and we did not pursue adoption because we just couldn't get pregnant, hoping that once the adoption is finalized, we'll "finally" get the baby we always wanted through a pregnancy.
The reality is, many people pursue adoption because having a biological child is not an option, for one reason or another. They might have fertility issues, in which case, no, adopting is actually not going to miraculously cure them, so a comment such as this is hurtful and highly unhelpful. They might have made a decision to adopt instead of having biological children, in which case a comment such as this is not necessarily hurtful, only ignorant. They may have no fertility issues whatsoever and have just felt led to adoption! They may, like us, have absolutely no problem getting pregnant. It's staying pregnant that is the problem. Yes, I may very well get pregnant the instant the adoption is final. But for us, that means nothing. Until I have a healthy baby in my arms, getting pregnant is nothing to smile about.
So, to be clear, we are not adopting in hopes that it will cast a magic spell on my uterus and I will finally be able to carry a baby to term. We are adopting because that's where God led us, and we couldn't be happier about it! If He chooses to someday bless us with another biological child, wonderful. But it won't be "because we adopted." And we are just, if not more, excited about our adoption as we ever were about any of our pregnancies! No need to offer a potential pregnancy as an incentive to adopt. The adoption is the prize!
I think the comment or question that bothers me the most is, "Why don't you just adopt an orphan from ------ (insert third world country or adoption organization here)? There are so many children there that need families."
Ohh. If only it were that easy. You mean to tell me that I could have just "gotten a baby" from there? Well, why didn't you say so?! I had no idea it was so easy! I had no idea that raising tens of thousands of dollars, taking off weeks from work to travel, leaving my children for perhaps months at a time, committing to an older or possibly special needs child for life, and waiting at least two years to be considered by said country or organization would be so easy! Why on earth didn't I think of that?! And P.S., thanks for your veiled comment on my selfishness for not adopting the special needs, older, or tragically orphaned child that you saw on some website or T.V. commercial.
That's what I want to say. But I don't. But if you have ever asked this, it's what I was really thinking. ;) Adoption is a HUGE, life changing, monumental decision that is absolutely, positively, never entered into lightly. And that is only the decision to adopt. Once that choice is made, there is decision after decision after decision that must be made at each stage of the game. Well, we've decided to adopt...now what? There is international, domestic, open, closed, fost-to-adopt. There is special needs adoption, adoption of an older child or sibling group, trans-racial adoption. There are about a million different agencies and a million different babies and children that need homes. How...how do you choose? I can't answer that for everyone. I can only answer it for us...we prayed.
We prayed and we researched. We asked around. We read blogs. We talked to people who had adopted. We asked questions. And we made decisions. We made them because we had to, and we went with our gut. That's really all I can say about it. Josh and I looked at our family and asked ourselves, "What do we feel like our family can commit to?" Our children are still young. Not so young though, that we can't ask them what they want. This adoption affects them just as much as it does us. So we did ask them. We took their desires and their hearts into consideration when making our decision. We took our own hearts and abilities and jobs and commitments into consideration. We prayed for God to give us a peace about where He was leading us.
And because I want to, I will share why we made the decision we did. I'm sure there will be at least one person who disagrees with us. Who thinks we should have chosen differently, who thinks we are selfish or ignorant or scared. That's fine. I'm still confident in our decision because we made each one prayerfully. And there is no better place to be than in God's will. There is no safer place, there is no place I'd rather be.
Josh and I looked into foster care. We attended a class and information session on the topic and became familiar with the process. We both felt, strongly, that it simply wasn't the path God was leading us down. Our children have faced quite enough loss for their little lives, and we could not in good conscience bring a child into our home that had a very high likelihood of being returned to his or her birth family after months, years even. Foster care is something we may consider when our children are older, but right now, we feel they need the stability of a permanent adoption, where they are free to bond and love the child as their own sibling without fear of that child being reunited with their birth family (which, we learned, is often the goal for children in foster care). And to be frank, I need that stability as well.
We looked very closely at international adoption. Each country has it's own requirements for adoptive couples. Josh and I are not yet 30, which actually eliminates quite a few countries and programs from our list of choices. Some countries, incidentally, actually have many other requirements, even taking into account your weight and BMI and other health issues. I have a chronic health issue that is perfectly under control but could very well put an international adoption in jeopardy very far into the process.
We also had to consider the fact that most, if not all, countries require you to travel, usually in two trips, to the country for court dates and to pick up the child. Josh is a teacher and he has zero flexibility when it comes to time off. His particular situation would simply not allow for this. That, and the fact that I could not picture leaving my children for weeks and possibly months at a time while they are so young made international adoption really questionable to us. To us, at this point in our lives, today. For other people, it is right. It fits, it works, they have a peace about it and a desire to move forward. As much as we would love to adopt internationally (and we would!), we just didn't have a peace about it, and there's not much else I can say on the topic.
One evening, early in the decision making process, Josh and I sat the kids down and talked with them. We asked them a lot of questions. We explained how adoption worked. We wanted to know their little hearts and get a feel for what they wanted. Both children were adamant that we adopt. They very badly wanted a little brother or sister "that wouldn't die". They knew we had tried again and again to give them a sibling, but each of those babies had gone to heaven. They told us it was time to adopt.
One of the other things that both children clearly expressed to us was that they wanted a baby. "A baby baby, one that still needs a bottle." In five year old language, they wanted an infant, not an older child or even a toddler. To be completely honest, so did we. My heart longs for a baby. My heart desires to once again rock a small infant to sleep, to be there from the beginning. In Jake's words, "I want to watch a human develop from the very beginning stages." ;) Is this selfish when there are so many older children out there who need homes? I have asked myself that question a lot. And the answer I've come up with is, it is no more selfish than getting pregnant.
Why do you get pregnant when you can adopt? Usually, it is for selfish reasons. You want to experience a pregnancy, you want a child with your own genetic makeup mixed with your soul mate's own genetic makeup. You want a baby. You want your baby. And no one faults you for it. I've never heard someone announce a pregnancy and then be told, "Why, that's a strange decision. Don't you think pregnancy is awfully selfish when there are millions of orphans out there that need families?"
Is that particular criticism true? Technically, yes, it is. But no one says that or rarely thinks it! Yet our decision to pursue domestic infant adoption is on some people's radar as "selfish". They've seen the sad faces of orphans in Ethiopia, and to them, it doesn't make sense that we'd choose an infant here in the states that has a dozen other couples in line for him. But the silly thing is, I have friends who are adopting internationally who get the same comments in reverse! "Why would you go all the way to so-and-so when we have so many children right here in America that need homes?" We actually were told that in our foster care information session by the instructor, so I have learned that it simply isn't possible to please everyone. No matter what decision you make, someone will disagree with it.
My children have very little say in most things. They had no say in whether they got a brother or a sister, and they had no say when their sister died and they never got to hold her. This, this I can give them a say in. And we did, because it meant something to us to have our children as part of this huge decision. If it is extremely important to them that we adopt an infant, and that is one of our many choices, yes, we'll try to give them that.
So, we narrowed it down to an infant adoption. We narrowed it down to a domestic adoption. We now needed an agency, a program. Our number one priority was that the agency be a Christian one, and that they take really, really good care of their birth mothers. After a lot of research and talking to many people who had also adopted domestically, we found Christian Family Care Agency. We fell in love with it. We loved their hearts for adoption, foster care, and birth families. We loved how Biblically sound they were. We loved their statement of faith, we loved that they did their best to work with your financial situation, we just fell in love with it. We decided to get an information packet and talked to people who had adopted through their infant adoption program. And we prayed.
Our prayers were always that God light the next step, just the next step. That's all we needed. Just tell us what's next, Lord. And He always did. He would always give us just the next step in the process, one thing at a time. We prayed He'd give us peace throughout the process if we were headed down the right path. We prayed that if this wasn't the path, He'd close the door firmly. But door after door He opened. He just kept opening them, and we kept walking. And soon we found ourselves knee deep in the adoption process!
We started fundraising. We started fundraising early, like, really early. That was a scary, intimidating, and daunting decision. What if we raised money and the adoption fell through? What if we try but no money comes in? How would we pay for it? What if, what if, what if. But...we decided God had led us there, and He'd work out the details. The reality was we were pursuing adoption with our full might, and we were going to need money to do it, period. So we jumped in and decided to just trust the Lord. And He provided.
And now, here we are. We are waiting for God to bring us the baby He had planned for us all along! The baby He had planned for us before we had Jake and Eisley, before our first miscarriage, before Lily, before our last miscarriage. He knew, all along, that this baby was to be part of our family. And He knew what it would take to bring us together. And for other people to say to me, "Why don't you just..." it just puts a lot of power in my hands that I simply don't have! I didn't make things happen this way. I was very open to the Lord's leading. God led us here, slowly, step by step. He closed doors and opened others.
I am confident of this because I have tried walking another path and been quickly turned back to this one! Josh and I very seriously considered a sweet little guy with special health needs living in Russia from Reece's Rainbow. We prayed really hard about him and told the Lord, "We are willing! Just give us the go ahead!" We started pursuing it even, waiting for God to make the path smooth if that was where He wanted us. But early on, God shut that door firmly. Another family stepped forward. Josh didn't feel total peace about continuing, and that was that. God can shut the door. Our job is to pay attention.
We have struggled with knowing "what God's will is". The truth is, sometimes we don't know! We make decisions based on the information we have. Aside from asking ourselves whether or not this is Biblical (okay, adoption is Biblical, but how do I know if it's God's will!?), we don't have a whole lot to go on. So we listen. We pay attention. We stay in Scripture and surround ourselves with other Christians making wise decisions with their lives. We keep praying for guidance, wisdom, direction. All we can do is take a step. Then another step. One at a time.
Josh and I had a desire to add to our family. We had a desire to adopt a little one. God has awesomely and graciously blessed us with the ability to do that! To the point that we now feel we would be stepping out of His will if we turned around and changed our minds. We are only being obedient. I don't know why God didn't lead us to this country or that country. I don't know why He clearly presented us with this particular agency and program. I don't know why He led us here, when there are a million orphans elsewhere that need families. All I know is that this is where He wants us to be. And who am I to question that? If He wants to shut the door to this, He is perfectly capable of that!
I posted this verse on our blog at the very beginning of our journey, and it has amazed me (though it really shouldn't) that God had done exactly this for us throughout this entire process.
"I will lead the blind by ways they have not known, along unfamiliar paths I will guide them; I will turn darkness into light before them and make the rough places smooth. These are the things I will do; I will not forsake them."
He has promised to stay with us, right by our side, when we are called to things that are unfamiliar (and for me and most people, unfamiliar = scary!). He has promised to light the way, to guide us, to smooth out the path He wants us to take. But most importantly, He will not forsake us. He will not lead us somewhere difficult or scary and then say, "Peace out homies! You're on your own from here!" He will be there. That is comforting to me, especially because it isn't the path to adoption that is the most scary to me, it is the result. I have no idea what we have gotten ourselves into. I don't know the child He will bring to us or his or her specific needs. I don't know how it will change our family, the challenges this child will bring. I don't know anything! All I know is that God will be there, too.
One little comment from a total stranger that, to me, seemed downright accusatory, led me to write this entry. Maybe I was being sensitive. I'm pretty sure I wasn't. But I know for a fact I'm not the only one that gets challenged with comments and questions like that one, so hopefully this will serve as an encouragement to others on a similar path. Unable to specify exactly why God led them down this particular road, only that He did. Someday we will know why! But today, all I can do is obey.
"Blessed are you, when men shall revile you, and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely, for my sake. Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in heaven: for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you" (Matthew 5:11, 12).
I hear you on the random and slyly rude comments! We have gotten several and it does hurt!!!!! I think you are doing exactly what is right for YOUR family! YOu know YOUR family, no matter what random stranger/people think!!!
p.s. hopped over from the blog hop!
Thanks ladies! It's all worth every bit of it though!!!
What a beautiful family you are - I can't wait to see your family with your new addition when that day comes!!!
Thanks for joining the blog hop - it's been really fun getting to visit new blogs and read about the different journeys through adoption God has people on! Yours is really fascinating to me, because while I know an awful lot about adopting from Russia - I know very little about adopting here in our country!! I have enjoyed reading about all the ins and outs!!!
Thanks again for joining the blog hop - how did you come to it by the way? Through someone else's blog??
Thanks for the comment on my blog!! I am so glad you did join the blog hop - that was part of why I did it - so that people can see all the different paths of adoption! You never know who might read a story and say - Hey, I could do that!!
I know the Kelley family! Well, I don't "KNOW" them, but I know them through Reece's Rainbow - and our little "Russia family" :) I can't wait to see Isaac home in their arms!!
Class #7 - Raising the Adopted Child and Updates!