text:
Baseball Therapy: Burn The Shifts
Russell A. Carleton
Image credit: MLB.com
Let's just …
Warning! Gory Mathematical Details Ahead
You probably think that The Shift works because you saw a chart that looks something like this:
Year GB BABIP vs. The Shift GB BABIP, no shift
2012 .208 .234
Those are league-wide numbers and they show that when a ground ball is hit in front of The Shift, it's turned into an out more often than if it's hit in front of an un-shifted defense.
Or maybe you saw this chart:
Year Overall BABIP vs. The Shift Overall BABIP, no shift
You reasonably figured that if BABIP was lower against The Shift, then it must be doing something right. I have bad news for you. We need to talk about selective sampling.
Here's a list of names: Anthony Rizzo, Kyle Seager, Mike Moustakas, Mitch Moreland, Jay Bruce, Rougned Odor, Carlos Santana, Kendrys Morales, Justin Smoak, Kole Calhoun, Logan Morrison, Matt Carpenter, Carlos Gonzalez, Curtis Granderson, Nomar Mazara, Shin-Soo Choo, Albert Pujols, Matt Joyce, Alex Gordon, Freddie Freeman, Lucas Duda, Brian McCann, Yonder Alonso, Eric Hosmer, Jake Lamb, Chris Davis, Cody Bellinger, Carlos Beltran, Victor Martinez, Brian Dozier, Brandon Belt, Giancarlo Stanton, Scott Schebler, Jackie Bradley, Edwin Encarnacion, Seth Smith, Kyle Schwarber, Kris Bryant, Justin Bour.
What do these 39 men have in common? In 2017, they all hit at least 200 balls in play against a shifted defense. Also, most of them are big, slow power htiters. There's nothing wrong with being a big, slow power hitter, but those guys tend to have two things working against them in the BABIP department.
Being power hitters, they tend to hit more fly balls than average. Fly balls are easier to catch and turn into outs than grounders, and the ones that they hit over the fence are specifically removed from their BABIPs, despite being a successful outcome. Being slow, they tend to leg out fewer infield hits than average. I think we've gotten so used to the DIPS idea that all BABIPs are .300 plus or minus some random error. That's (kinda, sorta) true for pitchers, but it is most certainly not true for hitters. There are high-BABIP hitters and low-BABIP hitters, and we recognize that as a repeatable skill.
I looked at these 39 men and found that they had a combined BABIP of .279 in 2017. It wasn't that The Shift was taking away all of their joy. In fact, in plate appearances where these 39 men did not face The Shift, they had a BABIP of .275, while against The Shift they had a higher BABIP of .280. If you take a group of hitters who have a BABIP of .275 and do something to your defense (i.e., The Shift) that raises their BABIP, that's not an accomplishment. The fact that this number is below the league average is irrelevant.
In the past, I've written on this topic and I think that we have our metrics for success on The Shift all wrong. Worse, they're telling the wrong story. There appears to be little evidence that The Shift, as a defense against balls in play, is actually superior to the two-left-two-right defense. It's very likely an inferior one. The Shift appears to "work" because the hitters who get shifted against are (on average) lower-BABIP hitters. We need to burn The Shift.
You may be wondering why that is. After all, the idea behind The Shift was that if you look at a spray chart, and if a hitter is going to hit the ball to the right side all the time, you might as well put an extra guy over there. And for what it's worth, The Shift probably does snare a few extra balls that might have previously gone for hits. The problem is that there are other effects that no one talks about.
Mostly, I think it freaks the pitchers out.
The methodology to look into this involves cross-weighting the data within an individual hitter's (or pitcher's) own performance. The short version is that if a hitter has a BABIP of .300 in situations where the defense isn't shifted, and he has 100 balls in play against The Shift, if the two defenses are equivalent, then he should get 30 hits. (If he has more hits than that, then The Shift isn't working for him. If fewer, then it works fine.) That gets us beyond the selective sampling problem. Within one hitter, there's going to be some random noise, but if we sum across the league, we can look at the effects of The Shift in the aggregate. We don't have to just use BABIP, although when we do use BABIP, consistently, we see higher BABIPs in front of The Shift than we would otherwise expect.
We can do any stat, as long as we have data, and it turns out that the story is told in more numbers than just BABIP. When we look a little deeper, we see two concerning problems, which I showed earlier this year. One is that hitters (as a group) hit more line drives in front of The Shift than we might expect based on their non-shifted performance (and pitchers give up more than we would expect). The other is that we see evidence that pitchers throw more balls in front of The Shift (and batters receive more balls) than we might expect of either of them. Those two facts are probably related. If a pitcher is throwing extra balls to a batter, then the batter is going to be in a hitter's count more often, and we know that BABIP is better when the batter is in a better count.
We can even put a run value on that extra ball, thanks to the work of researcher Dan Meyer. It checks in around .068 runs. (That's lower than the oft-quoted figure for a successful catcher frame, as the frame both takes a ball away and adds a strike.)
We have data on how many balls were involved in the plate appearances where a batter saw The Shift. Or at least some of them. Only plate appearances that end "in play" (i.e., not home runs, strikeouts, hit batsmen, or inconveniently enough, walks) are included. So, we will compare how many balls per plate appearance a hitter saw in his non-shifted (and in-play) plate appearances and compare it to his shifted (and in-play) plate appearances, and sum across the league. (We can do the same for pitchers.)
If our reference group is hitters (using 2017 data), they see 0.044 more balls per PA. For pitchers, it's 0.064. (The difference is because I had to set some minimum PA cutoffs.) We might be undershooting that a little, because we've specifically excluded the type of PA that by definition has the most balls in it, the walk, but let's split the difference of what we have and say that The Shift increases balls by 0.054 per plate appearance. That increase is not going to be visible to the naked eye, because we're talking about an extra ball once every 20 PA or so. It might not even be apparent to the pitcher himself, and it's not like the extra ball comes with a tag on it that says, "I'm the extra one!" in the same way that it's pretty obvious if a ball scoots through the hole in the right side where you were thinking about putting an extra infielder. But the data set can see those extra balls, even if you can't.
If there's something that we learned from catcher framing, it's not to ignore a small effect that impacts a high-frequency event. And as has been pointed out several times, The Shift has become a very frequent event. In 2017, there were 26,700 balls in play hit into The Shift. We don't have numbers on not-in-play events, but of course, there were times when the defense shifted, but the batter politely struck out. There were a total of 121,494 balls in play in 2017, meaning that 22 percent of all balls in play were hit into a shifted defense.
Let's assume that 22 percent of all plate appearances (and in 2017, there were 185,295 of them, league-wide) involved a shift. That's 40,764 shifts league-wide or 1,359 per team. If every shift is adding .054 balls per PA, and each added ball is worth .068 runs, then The Shift is costing the average team about five runs per year. There are some teams that are shifting a lot more than that, meaning that there are teams that could literally make themselves a win better by deleting their shift key. And we all know that a win is worth $70 gazillion (give or take).
That effect is mediated through a mechanism that's hard to see. Maybe pitchers nibble a little more with The Shift on. Maybe they don't feel comfortable with one of their pitch-location combos because they're worried about the batter getting a hold of it and poking it the opposite way … and no one's there right now. Maybe it makes him a tiny bit more predictable. It probably wouldn't even register to him as something that he's not doing. It's just that he pushes that option down in the preference order a little further.
Sure, when the batter rolls one over to the right side, it's easier for that extra fielder to pick it up, and that part is really easy to see. But if that extra fielder is causing something to happen in the pitcher's mind that more often puts the batter into an advantageous count where he can make better contact and hit a line drive instead of a ground ball (or he can walk to first, since you can't throw him out then), then that extra infielder on the right side is doing more harm than good.
All Hands Abandon Shift!
Reader, if you might indulge me for a moment while I break the fourth wall, because there are people in front offices that are going to read this one. (Hi!) You can interpret the above findings in one of two ways. One is that you should stop shifting, or at least significantly cut back. The other is that the effect could be countered by "working with" your pitchers. And in the sense that this is possible (and maybe some of you have already had "The Talk" with your pitchers) you're correct. I would caution you against relying on that second option as a way to say, "We've got this covered."
We are talking about a very subtle effect, one that really only has the power that it does because of the volume of shifts. It would be a lot easier to detect if the active ingredient were that pitchers were doing something that we could all point to and that immediately led to 500-foot home runs. Instead, I'm saying that perhaps pitchers are doing something a little more often or shying away from doing something that they might not have done anyway and it's leading to an extra ball. And it's not like we are trained to yell at a pitcher for giving up a ball. They happen and we're forgiving of the fact that they sometimes happen, but they do have consequences.
The choices that pitchers make are the result of learning that's probably taken place since their days on a Little League field. It's not that anyone sat down with a textbook and taught them these things. These are the kinds of behavior patterns that show up after a couple of decades of experiential learning. Pitchers learned to pitch in front of a two-left-two-right defense, and still take most of their turns in front of a traditional alignment. It's silly to believe that putting them in front of a shifted defense doesn't change that equilibrium, even if only a tiny bit. Maybe it is only a little bit, but math is sneakily not your friend on this one.
You can chat with your pitchers about "pitching the same way you always have" and they may even nod and swear that they are doing it. That would be the Full House model of behavior change, where change can be affected with a two-minute heartfelt conversation, some sappy music, and a hug from Uncle Joey. Maybe you guys hug your pitchers all the time. That's not how behavioral change works, especially when you're dealing with something that has been reinforced constantly over time and since well before they came into your system.
We all have behavioral patterns which, if we thought about them, we would realize that we have no clue why we do things that way. However, if we tried to break that habit, it's a rather big cognitive lift. People have all sorts of bad habits that they realize they need to get rid of, but can't. Take it from a former therapist, or just someone who has his share of bad habits.
And even if your pitchers are aware of what's going on, everything lines up for them to minimize it. "Talking to them" probably involves a conversation that starts with: "Hey, we've noticed that when we have The Shift on, you change the way that you pitch a little bit. You get a little more tentative and nibble a bit more." Hyper-competitive, 28-year-old men are not widely known for their abilities of understanding and responding to their own emotional states, particularly when you're basically accusing them of being afraid. And it's easy to say, "Well, if it's just a little thing, I can fix that!"
On top of that, I'm sure there's some Lake Wobegon Effect going on here as well. While all of these things might be problems league-wide, you guys have a "special" way of working with your pitchers, and it's the other 29 teams that are driving these findings. Right? You'd better be right about that. Someone's clearly still screwing up.
Many of you have been using The Shift for years. It's become part of your organizational philosophy and we here at BP have spent so much time giving out gold stars to teams who were at the top of The Shift list. I think we've had it backwards this whole time. The Shift was new and shiny and counter-intuitive and made mom and dad mad. That isn't the same thing as being a good idea.
Maybe there's room to say that in a specific case where a hitter who was so pronounced in his pull tendencies or a pitcher who was particularly aware of his own emotional state and how it affects him was on the mound, a shift might be warranted. But it's a lot harder to make the determination on the latter part than you might think, and on the former piece, when I ran the analyses with the 39 hitters who were most shifted against (presumably, the ones with the most "shiftable" profiles), all of the effects that I've been talking about were still there.
If I were given a choice between using The Shift as it is now and never shifting, based on the available data, I would recommend the latter. It doesn't matter what the spray chart says. It matters that putting a third infielder on the right side causes other problems that outweigh the benefit you get from the third infielder on the right side.
Burn The Shifts.
This is a free article. If you enjoyed it, consider subscribing to Baseball Prospectus. Subscriptions support ongoing public baseball research and analysis in an increasingly proprietary environment.
Joey Votto, Shortstop $
by Russell A. Carleton	1/05
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by Robert Arthur	12/27
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by Robert Arthur	6/04
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bhalpern
Hi Russell. Great stuff as usual. I'm wondering about these points: "When we look a little deeper, we see two concerning problems, which I showed earlier this year. One is that hitters (as a group) hit more line drives in front of The Shift than we might expect based on their non-shifted performance (and pitchers give up more than we would expect). The other is that we see evidence that pitchers throw more balls in front of The Shift (and batters receive more balls) than we might expect of either of them. Those two facts are probably related." Are these comparisons for all batters or adjusted to account for the batters facing the majority of shifts. As is pointed out this group is already more likely to have lower BABIP, but I'd expect they are also more likely to hit more line drives and see more balls.
Reply to bhalpern
The short answer is yes. All rates are individual players cross weighted against their own performance. For example, for my expectation of Justin Bour's LD rate or BABIP or called balls rate against the shift, I'm using his non shifted line drive rate. You can run the same analysis backward and it tells the same story.
Reply to Russell
bozos72
This is very interesting but in doing this analysis, wouldn't it be useful to see how the non-batted ball effects are also affected? Sure, as you pointed out, it's fairly intuitive to conclude that maybe there is an extra walk given out in front of a shift here and there but what is the effect on the hitter? For example, do we see hitters against whom the shift is employed swinging at more outside pitches to try to hit the ball the other way and, perhaps, expanding the zone? In other words, is there a way to not only measure behavioral differences in pitchers but also measure those behaviors in hitters?
Reply to bozos72
deadheadbrewer
And could that extra Ball be from umpire bias, and not from a change in the way a pitcher pitches in front of the Shift? It doesn't seem out of the question that umpires would empathize with big sluggers (who create much of the interest in the game) being "wussy-cheated on." Perhaps some umpires don't appreciate the alterations to the natural order of things, and so have some slight bias toward the hitter who is facing the "dirty, make-baseball-boring," Shift?
Reply to deadheadbrewer
newsense
If the shift is upsetting pitchers, it might be good to consider at which point the pitchers get upset. Do they feel ok when the SS is two feet to the left of the bag but lose it when he's three feet to the right? Or is it that all positioning has an effect on the pitcher but you can prove it most easily when you dichotomize the data into shift/no-shift
Reply to newsense
Rschau
Maybe this was discussed and I missed it, but it seems we should look at slugging pct, too. With a shift behind him, pitchers might pitch inside more often and that could lead to more HRs.
Reply to Rschau
I've sorta addressed SLG in a previous article. The short answer is yes... I'm pretty sure. Data are not available publicly about how many HR are hit in front of the shift. But we do have 2b and 3b and so we can get SLGBIP and that goes up.
oldbopper
BABIP, which does not include HR's, has to be a terrible way to measure the effectiveness of shifts. It seems totally intuitive that a player being shifted against, as mentioned in the article usually a slow running power hitter, would make a concerted effort to lift the ball even more leading to a lower BABIP but more ISO and potentially more runs. Also, a previous comment made a lot of sense in mentioning that pitchers would seem much more likely to try to induce hitting into the shift by pitching inside which leads to more HR's as well.
Reply to oldbopper
Jason Wojciechowski
Is there a selective sampling problem inherent in looking at shift vs. non-shift plate appearances? If a team has committed to shifting Batter X, then it's only not going to based on a particular situation, likely because of which men are on base, which in turn means that shifts are going to happen in baserunner states A, B, C, and D, while non-shifts happen in baserunner states E, F, G, H, and J. It seems conceivable that extra nibbling, or other decisions that lead not only to extra balls but also extra line drives, could be explained by the baserunner states (or even by the type of pitching that tends to lead to those baserunner states) as easily as it could be by the defensive alignment. (I'd be particularly unsurprised to learn that pitchers nibble more against big-time power hitters with the bases empty than they do when there's nowhere to put them.)
Reply to Jason


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text:
The sea fishermen on strike in France, here the blocus in Cherbourg, August 20, 1980 (tourists can't take the liner) (b/w photo)
Prize giving ceremony for a disc ("Prix de l'academie Charles Cros") in Paris, March 9, 1976 : Emmanuelle Riva, poet Pierre Seghers and Suzanne Flon (for the disc "La resistance" for the 30th anniversary of the liberation of the concentration camp) (b/w photo)
Prize giving ceremony for a disc ("Prix de l'academie Charles Cros") in Paris, March 9, 1976 : Emmanuelle Riva, poet Pierre Seghers and Suzanne Flon (for the disc "La resistance" for the 30th anniversary of the liberation of the concentration camp)
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PERMISSION REQUIRED FOR NON EDITORIAL USAGE

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
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#define SETTINGSWIDGET_H

#include <QtGui>
#include "../dialogs/appdialog.h"
#include "../classes/animation.h"
#include "../classes/models/apptablemodel.h"
#include "../classes/models/backuptablemodel.h"
#include "../classes/models/filetablemodel.h"

namespace Ui {
    class SettingsWidget;
}

class SettingsWidget : public QWidget
{
    Q_OBJECT

public:
    explicit SettingsWidget(QWidget *parent = 0);
    ~SettingsWidget();

    bool alwaysCloseCopy;
    bool phoneHiddenFiles;
    bool computerHiddenFiles;
    bool saveWindowPosition;
    bool rememberComputerPath;
    bool rememberPhonePath;
    bool showComputerColumnsHeaders;
    bool showPhoneColumnsHeaders;
    bool dialogKopiujShowModal;
    bool killDemonOnExit;
    bool checkForUpdatesOnStart;
    bool color;
    bool colorShellFiles;
    bool showAppIcon;
    bool showAppName;
    bool clearSettings;
    bool enableAnimations;
    bool getQR;
    bool getCyrketVer;
    bool showCopyConfirmation;

    QString phonePath;
    QString computerPath;
    QString showAppNameConfig;
    QString sdkPath;
    QString wlanIP;
    QString sdFolder;

    int sortByColumn;
    int getAppInfo;
    int getSystemAppInfo;
    int getBackupInfo;
    int BackupDefaultAction;
    int RestoreDefaultAction;
    int animationCurve;
    int animationDuration;
    int animationDirection;
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    QFont fontApp;
    QFont fontShell;
    QFont fontTables;

    QByteArray windowGeometry;

    void setSettings();

    int currentIndex;
    QStandardItemModel *appsColumnModel;
    QStringList appColumnList;
    QStandardItemModel *backupsColumnModel;
    QStringList backupColumnList;
    QStandardItemModel *computerColumnModel;
    QStringList computerColumnList;
    QStandardItemModel *phoneColumnModel;
    QStringList phoneColumnList;

    QColor shellBackgroundColor;
    QColor shellFontColor;

    QSize toolBarIconSize;
    Qt::ToolButtonStyle toolBarStyle;
    bool toolBarHideButton;
    Qt::ToolBarArea toolBarArea;
protected:
    void changeEvent(QEvent *e);

private:
    Ui::SettingsWidget *ui;
    void createCurveIcons();
    Animation animation;
    void setBackgroundColor(QLabel *label, QColor color);

public slots:
    void saveSettings();
    void changeFont();

private slots:
    void on_pushButtonChangeSDKPath_pressed();
    void getSettings();
    void settingsSlotChanged();
    void chooseFontApp();
    void chooseFontTables();
    void chooseFontShell();
    void setSettingsToDefaults();
    void on_buttonRemoveSettings_pressed();
    void curveChanged(int);

    void changePage(int);
    void animationFinished();

    void on_buttonAssociate_clicked();

    void on_shellPushButtonBackground_clicked();

    void on_shellPushButtonFont_clicked();
    void detectSdExtFolder();

signals:
    void settingsChanged();
};

#endif // SETTINGSWIDGET_H

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Official teaser confirmed: Overwatch 2 is coming to Nintendo Switch
Posted by Andre Volkman
It's official: Overwatch 2 is also coming to Nintendo Switch. In an official teaser trailer, Nintendo Blizzard's team shooter has also published initial information for the hybrid console. After Overwatch 2 had already been announced at last BlizzCon, it was clear that the shooter would also appear for consoles. However, it was unclear whether this also meant the Nintendo Switch - until now.
The first part was successfully ported to the Nintendo Switch, and this will also apply to the successor. After the announcement of Overwatch 2 at BlizzCon 2019, fans have speculated about what they would expect in the sequel apart from the published scraps of information. Everyone took part in the discussion, only Nintendo disciples were rather hesitant, because it was uncertain whether Overwatch 2 would make it to the Switch.
Overwatch 2 already announced at BlizzCon 2019
With the teaser trailer, Nintendo promises gameplay for Overwatch 2. You can't see much of that in the roughly two-and-a-half-minute video. A compilation of trailer material, some tracking shots and a few bits of information about the lorry from Overwatch 2 and a few action sequences: the trailer doesn't offer anything more about the gameplay.
If you want to take a look yourself, you can find the video on the official Nintendo YouTube channel:
Still, the video presents an unmistakable message: Overwatch 2 for Nintendo Switch is real.
With the successor to Overwatch, Blizzard strikes a different note and does not rely exclusively on multiplayer action. Overwatch 2 will offer a single player campaign and levelable heroes will provide the necessary long-term motivation. However, the shooter will not lose its focus on fast, tactical PvP battles.
The team shooter will appear for all common consoles and for PC. When exactly, however, is still uncertain. Blizzard itself says they don't know when the game will be released. On the other hand, it says - not entirely untypical for the studio: When it's done.
Jeff Kaplan has spoken to VG247 about the publication. He feels like the title will be discussed again at BlizzCon 2020. This suggests that Overwatch 2 will appear after the Bliizards in-house exhibition at the earliest, probably at the end of the year.
We publish the latest news from the areas of board and card games, literature and film, toys, video games and events. Send us an email with your press release.
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André Volkmann is a journalist who specializes in local news, games and entertainment.
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How Does Activated Charcoal Work on the Skin?
If you're on Instagram, you might have seen those oddly satisfying peeling videos.
It's disgusting, but peeling black masks off their skin and the grime being lifted with it just makes it look so satisfying. Have you ever wondered if these masks are as effective as they seem? We think so. It is a game changer for oily and acne prone skin. I did some digging and now I present you the benefits of activated charcoal and some face mask options so you can try for yourself.
Activated charcoal is charcoal that has been treated to increase its absorptive capacity. The charcoal attracts dirt, oil and other impurities. If it's food grade charcoal powder, it can be ingested. But know that this charcoal is very different than the charcoal you normally get and grill with, because this type is only available in pharmacies and on some online portals.
What are the benefits of activated charcoal powder?
• Activated charcoal makes pores look smaller. If used as a face mask ingredient, the charcoal helps bind the oil and dirt in your pores and pulls them out. This clears your pores and makes them look smaller.
• Activated charcoal also absorbs excess oil from your skin, leaving it clean and smooth. Make sure you do this not more than once or twice in a week, as you may over-dry your skin.
• Because of its slightly gritty texture, provides the gentle exfoliation that the skin needs.
Mix the above ingredients until you create a smooth paste. The salt will help fight bacteria and acne, the charcoal will help remove impurities, and the rose water will provide hydration and soothe inflammation. Gently massage your face with the scrub and rinse with warm water.
Mix the above ingredients until you create a smooth paste. The clay should help get rid of excess oils and the charcoal will pull impurities out form your pores. Apply it on your face evenly and let it stay until it is almost dry. Do not let it dry completely as it may then be difficult to wash off.
Have you used activated charcoal on your skin? Tell us about your experience below!


text:
Spring Carnival set for two weekends
The York County Annual Spring Carnival will kick off this weekend at the York Expo Center. More than two dozen rides...
Spring Carnival set for two weekends The York County Annual Spring Carnival will kick off this weekend at the York Expo Center. More than two dozen rides... Check out this story on ydr.com: https://www.ydr.com/story/life/2015/04/06/spring-carnival-set-two-weekends/31293219/
YorkDailyRecord Published 8:26 p.m. ET April 6, 2015
J.P. Louw with Majestic Midways pops his head up from under the tent to set up the carousel at the York Expo Center on Friday, April 3, 2015. The crew was setting up rides for the York County Spring Carnival, which runs on the weekends of April 10 and April 17.(Photo: Jason Plotkin - Daily Record/Sunday News)
On mobile? Click here to view photo gallery
The York County Annual Spring Carnival will kick off this weekend at the York Expo Center. More than two dozen rides for children, teens and adults as well as carnival food and games will be available on the fairgrounds, said Jake Inners, CEO of Majestic Midways in York Township.
A feature this year will be Munchkin Land, which will be a play area for children who are too small to ride. The play area will include games and one or two passenger rides, similar to those outside of retail stores.
Parents will have to pay for the rides. The carnival will be held April 10, 11, 17, 18 and 19. Hours are 6 to 10 p.m. on Fridays, 1 to 10 p.m. on Saturdays and 1 to 6 p.m. on Sunday. Admission and parking are free.
Read or Share this story: https://www.ydr.com/story/life/2015/04/06/spring-carnival-set-two-weekends/31293219/
Here's what booze Pa. residents buy the most
No Sweat York 2019 winter schedule: New location
Here's how to care for a real Christmas tree
Nov. 28, 2018, 8 a.m.
Hidden gem: Family flair grows tiny shopping plaza
Nov. 17, 2018, 11:08 a.m.
Wood Fire Italian Grill makes its own wine
Oct. 12, 2018, 10:52 a.m.
Mums bring color to fall gardens: A guide
Oct. 3, 2018, 10:45 a.m.


This preview shows page 2 - 3 out of 19 pages.
base as well as a U.S. bias for most of its 50-year history (Cheney et al. 2004). Some years ago Dalfelt, Heide and Simonsson argued that in Sweden, scholars seem to have missed the fact that organizational communication is a field that in an interna- tional perspective receives widespread and steadily increasing interest (Dalfelt, Heide and Simonsson (2001). Likewise, Flodin (2004), Dalfelt and Falkheimer (2001) com- ment on the scarcity of Swedish research in public relations. During the last decade, we have in fact seen a number of publications in this area, which gives the impression that this picture is no longer relevant. There is therefore a need for a research review, which traces out the recent developments. These arguments were taken as the starting point for the following review of the Swed- ish research, which aims to give an overview of research topics, methods and perspectives. Swedish research on organizational communication can be traced back to the 1970s. The area with the longest tradition is public information of non-profit organizations. From the 1980s onwards a number of studies in governmental organizations' external communication during major crises in society have appeared. During the last fifteen years, research focusing on organizations' internal communication has developed. On the Scope of the Definition In the paper, a wide definition of organizational communication is used, including in- ternal, external, informal and formal communication with processes ranging from intraindividual to mass mediated communication. Research focusing on organizational communication, public relations, and public information is reviewed. A rationale for this decision will be given here. Definitions of organizational communication traditionally employ dividing lines between internal/external and formal/informal communication (c.f. Kreps 1990, Heide, Johansson & Simonsson 2005). Dalfelt, Heide and Simonsson (2001; c.f. Cheney & Christensen 2001a, 2001b) present a detailed discussion on the definition of organiza- tional communication and the relationship to public relations. Broadly speaking, organizational communication researchers study internal formal communication, and public relations researchers study external formal communication. Research focusing on informal communication is still largely non-existent. In many countries, there is a sharp dividing line between the two research traditions. According to Botan and Taylor (2004: 646) public relations has developed its own spe- cialized journals, professional and scholarly associations, publishers, and network of collaborative relationships. This phenomenon might be one cause of the divide. Cheney and Christensen are certain that both arenas are to blame for this lack of in- teraction, networking, and cross-fertilization of ideas (2001b: 170). However, in my opinion the divide is not defensible, but instead counterproductive.


State General Reserve Fund and the Spain-based Mecanizados Escribano signed an agreement to acquire a 32.2% stake in the company.
The signing ceremony was held in SGRF premises under the auspices of HE Nasser bin Khamis Al Jashmi, Undersecretary of the Ministry of Finance. And was attended by H.E. Juan José Urtasun Erro, Ambassador of Spain to the Sultanate of Oman, and number of Omani and Spanish prominent officials, executives and businessmen.
Mecanizados Escribano is a Spanish company based in Madrid that manufactures precision mechanical components and develops its own systems for the aerospace and defense sectors. According to the deal, SGRF will invest in Escribano through a combination of equity purchase from the current owners and a capital increase to finance new development projects.
HE Abdulsalam Al Murshidi, Executive President of SGRF commended the agreement signing stressing that the deal comes in light of the Sultanate's continuous efforts to explore successful investment opportunities with leading companies around the world.
"The agreement is to replicate Mecanizados Escribano's business model in Oman, in respect to machining capabilities and technologies, but encompassing it to the startup of the local business. This will no doubt help create a lot of needed job opportunities and train our national cadres to work in this booming sector."
On his part, Javier Escribano commented on the agreement saying: "Mecanizados Escribano is happy to have joined hands with Oman to continue the march of a rapidly growing company which has managed to secure an impressive pipeline of contracts in the aerospace and defense industry. The Company has consistently remained a competitive and favored supplier to its clients, in an industry dominated by significantly larger players." He said."We will seek to transfer our expertise to Oman and help establish a solid industrial base that would guarantee better future for the country. Moreover, the Management team is excited to explore new markets, with the assistance of SGRF's relationships."
It is worth mentioning that the new partnership will be named Escribano Middle East LLC and Oman National Investment Development Co (TANMIA) is going to represent SGRF in the locally established company with a 30% share.


The SGH-C160 is an introductory market-level color GSM mobile phone incorporating FM radio in a basic but undeniably stylish bar design ¡V perfect for news and music lovers. E-mail and Web access also enhance usability while not affecting ease-of-use. Entry-level, but aiming high and wide for the best value basic handset.
Posted On : November 29, 2010 I've tried logging to the web but to no avail, please help me log facebook and download operamini on my samsung SGH-C160.
Posted On : February 10, 2009 hello , i tried to change the pssaword but it said that it already has a password so what is it?


Calculates age-adjusted estimates for TBSA, partial, deep, and user-selected palettes, in % and cm^2.
The screen is divided into two areas. The left portion of the screen is used for displaying and drawing diagrams while the right portion is used for displaying patient data and program information.
Before drawing a burn injury, You should first enter the patient's age. This allows SAGE to age-adjust body surface areas. Weight and height entries are also recommended so that SAGE can provide a modified Parkland fluid resuscitation estimate for burns > 20% and an estimate of total square centimeters. If the patient's age is 0-5 years old, SAGE will automatically switch to a pediatric diagram.
The patient's name and ID number are not necessary for creating and calculating a diagram, but are provided to help identify the patient. These fields are required entries before saving a patient diagram to a file. To create diagram files on your own PC, you must be running SAGE IIc.
Any area outside the body that is accidentally 'painted-in' will not be included in the calculations when the diagram is processed; i.e. between fingers, etc. Use of the tracing function is strongly recommended for defining burned areas at the perimeter of the diagram.
Copyright © 1987- - SageDiagram, LLC.


Yesterday a representative from Wise Cracks came to my home and inspected a leak in my basement. He estimated and repaired right on the spot, and only quoted and did the work that was actually required, unlike their competitors who wanted to charge me many thousands. I very much appreciate the integrity shown by Wise Cracks and their representative. If I ever need their services again, in any other part of my basement, they would be my only call. Also, will happily recommend them. Very stand up and honest company.
had horrible flooding, wisecracks came in and gave us n=a few options to help us, they were professional, respectable, hard working and clean. we would recommend them again zfor price, service, courtesy and professionalism.
Amazing customer service. A family business. Quality workmanship. Helped us save money and truly understand the work. Loved that they were local as well. Would recommend them to friends and family easily.
I called Wise Cracks when my foundation began pouring water into my basement. The phone staff was helpful and patient. A rep arrived to consult within 24 hours and reported 3 sites of water leakage. The rep explained the process, what has been happening and what damage it was causing sight unseen. The entire repair process was explained and demo ed for my understanding. The repairs were done quickly and thoroughly. The staff persons were respectful in my home, effecient in their profession and understanding of my questions. The work was completed on time and on budget. The repairmen cleaned up all the disaray and were polite and friendly. I would recommend Wisecracks for your moisture problems. Thanks to James in the office for all his time and help. This company was a pleasure to do business with.
Looking for Waterproofing pros in Lower Sackville?


How to buy a Shadows license using Western Union?
If you cannot send money (euros) by post nor pay with your credit card, you can use Western Union services to transfer the license fee to the author.
Go to your Western Union office (usually post offices), make the formalities to transfer the amount of money corresponding to the selected license. You will have to pay the extra fee for the Western Union service.
IMPORTANT: as soon as the transfer is initiated, send an Email to the author giving your complete address, the amount you transferred, the 10-digit transaction number given by Western Union, and your Email address where the license should be sent.
Then, the author will have to fetch the money to the post office and prepare and send you the license file. It may take several days between your first Email notification and the license delivery.


Currently, workers do not have a legal right to any time off if they suffer the loss of a child. Therefore, campaigns were started approximately eight years ago to change the legislation and provide the parents with an opportunity to take time off should such a devastating event occur. The campaigning has finally been successful and on 13th September 2018 the new Parental Leave and Pay Bill received royal assent, with the expectation that it will come into force in 2020.
The Bill provides that all parents, no matter how long they have worked at an organisation, will have the right to take two weeks leave if they lose a child under the age of 18 or suffer a stillbirth after the 24th week of pregnancy. Employed parents will also be entitled to pay subject to meeting the criteria that will be set.
If you have any questions regarding employees / workers rights under the current legislation please contact your dedicated solicitor.


text:
Public Release: 17-Dec-2013
New hypertension guidelines offer practical, clinical information for doctors and patients around the globe
Presented by the American Society of Hypertension Inc. and the International Society of Hypertension
The American Society of Hypertension, Inc.
High blood pressure affects approximately one in three adults in the Americas, Europe, some Asian countries and Australia, and one billion people worldwide. Because of this epidemic, The American Society of Hypertension, Inc. (ASH) and the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) are pleased to announce the creation of first-of-their-kind guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Hypertension: "Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in the Community." These are the first guidelines to be usable for medical practitioners in any socioeconomic environment around the globe, from those countries with state-of-the-art equipment to those that lack basic resources. And, most importantly, they are designed with guidance that is easy to implement for doctors and healthcare professionals in even the most impoverished areas.
The guidelines were first published on December 17 by the Journal of Clinical Hypertension in the U.S. and the Journal of Hypertension in Europe. They will also appear in medical journals across Latin America and have been endorsed by the Asian Pacific Society of Hypertension. The guidelines have already been translated to French, Spanish and Creole, and there are plans to continue translations for populations across the globe.
"These guidelines have been written to provide a straightforward approach to managing hypertension in the community. We are so proud to have created a set of guidelines that can help not only doctors but also patients understand their disease and the care they receive," says Dr. Michael A. Weber, Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Clinical Hypertension, former ASH President and current ISH Council member.
"Within the International Society of Hypertension we wanted to create Guidelines for management of hypertension for practitioners, which would provide easy to follow recommendations that were evidence-based and could be carried out in countries that have healthcare systems with either limited or with abundant resources, and above all, that were simple and user-friendly, contributing thus to the control of this highly prevalent condition. Indeed, hypertension is the number one cause of burden of disease worldwide," says Dr. Ernesto L. Schiffrin, President of ISH.
Hypertension is the most common chronic condition dealt with by primary care physicians and other healthcare practitioners. There is also a close relationship between blood pressure levels and the risk of cardiovascular events, strokes and kidney disease.
"With the development and dissemination of treatment guidelines that are designed to educate medical practitioners, doctors in training and other health care providers, ASH is furthering its commitment to our mission through initiatives that aim to improve the clinical management of hypertension and its complications," says Dr. William B. White, professor of medicine and current President of ASH.
The guidelines' 25 authors include top hypertension specialists and pharmacists from around the world, including past and present officers of the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension.
"Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in the Community" can be accessed in full through ash-us.org and ish-world.com, as well as the Journal of Clinical Hypertension at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jch and the Journal of Hypertension at journals.lww.com/jhypertension.
About the American Society of Hypertension, Inc.
The American Society of Hypertension, Inc. (ASH) is the largest U.S. professional organization of scientific investigators and healthcare professionals committed to eliminating hypertension and its consequences. ASH is dedicated to promoting strategies to prevent hypertension and to improving the care of patients with hypertension and associated disorders. The specific focus of the Society is to translate current research findings on hypertension into effective treatment strategies, in order to better address the needs of hypertensive patients. For more information, please visit http://www.ash-us.org.
About the International Society of Hypertension
The International Society of Hypertension (ISH) is the world's premier Society dedicated to research, education and clinical excellence in blood pressure and related cardiovascular disease. A special focus is given by the Society to new investigator initiatives and teaching activities in economically disadvantaged countries in Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe and Latin America. Educational and teaching initiatives are lead by the ISH Regional Advisory Groups (RAGs) and in conjunction with national societies and other organisations that represent blood pressure interests worldwide. The ISH recognises that to counter the hypertension epidemic it takes the brightest minds, the best research and effective education and implementation. This goal underpins the activities and strategic alliances of the ISH. For more information, please visit http://www.ish-world.com.
About Wiley
Wiley is a global provider of content-enabled solutions that improve outcomes in research, education, and professional practice. Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising; professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications; and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (NYSE: JWa, JWb), has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Wiley and its acquired companies have published the works of more than 450 Nobel laureates in all categories: Literature, Economics, Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, and Peace. Wiley's global headquarters are located in Hoboken, New Jersey, with operations in the U.S., Europe, Asia, Canada, and Australia. The Company's website can be accessed at http://www.wiley.com. For more information, please contact sciencenewsroom@wiley.com.
Korinne Leonardis
Pollock Communications
kleonardis@pollock-pr.com
Journal of Clinical Hypertension
HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS/SERVICES


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text:
Bei der Avro 707 handelt es sich um ein einstrahliges Forschungsflugzeug des britischen Herstellers Avro.

Geschichte
Im Zuge der Entwicklung des Bombers 698 Vulcan, mit der im Jahre 1947 begonnen wurde, beschloss man bei Avro, zur Erprobung der damals neuen Deltaflügel ein relativ kleines und somit kostengünstiges Flugzeug zu bauen.

Diese Maschine, die Avro 707, absolvierte ihren Erstflug am 4. September 1949 unter dem Avro-Testpilot S.E. "Red" Esler, der während eines Testfluges mit dieser Maschine am 30. September 1949 tödlich verunglückte.

Die als Avro 707B bezeichnete zweite Maschine startete am 6. September 1950 zu ihrem Erstflug und diente zur Erprobung der Langsamflugeigenschaften von Flugzeugen mit Deltaflügeln. Wie die erste Maschine war auch die 707B mit einem Rolls-Royce Derwent-5-Triebwerk ausgerüstet, besaß jedoch ein geändertes Fahrwerk.

Die 707B erwies sich als gutmütiges Flugzeug, das zunächst etwa 100 Flugstunden unter einem Avro-Testpiloten absolvierte und danach zu weiteren Tests an die britische Luftwaffe abgegeben wurde, wo es auch von zivilen Piloten geflogen werden konnte, um deren Urteil über das Muster zu erfahren. Ab 1952 wurde die 707B bei verschiedenen Flugschauen der Öffentlichkeit vorgestellt.

Hochgeschwindigkeitstests wurden mit der 707A genannten dritten Maschine durchgeführt. Die Maschine, die am 14. Juni 1951 zu ihrem Erstflug startete, wurde mit ihren Lufteinlässen in den Tragflächen und auch ihrem Cockpitdesign später als Vulcan in dreifacher Größe gebaut. Als Triebwerk diente das weiter entwickelte Rolls-Royce-Derwent-8-Triebwerk.
Dieses Flugzeug wurde 1953 auf dem Luftfahrtsalon in Paris vorgestellt und später zu weiteren Testflügen nach Australien gebracht.

Es wurde noch eine weitere Maschine der Version 707A gefertigt, diese wurde später als Versuchsträger für eine neuartige Schubsteuerung verwendet; außerdem entstand eine von ursprünglich vier geplanten doppelsitzigen Maschinen, diese wurden als 707C (ebenfalls mit dem Derwent-8-Triebwerk ausgestattet) bezeichnet.

Diese Maschine stand der Royal Air Force – später ausgerüstet mit einem Fly-by-wire-Steuersystem – bis 1967 als Versuchsflugzeug für Überschalltests zur Verfügung und wurde, ebenso wie die beiden Maschinen der 707A-Reihe, als Museumsstück erhalten.

Verbleib

Technische Daten

Siehe auch
 Liste von Flugzeugtypen

Literatur
 Barry Jones: Towards the Vulcan (British Experimental Aircraft No. 4 – Avro 707). In: Aeroplane Monthly Oktober 1992, S. 32–38
 A. J. Jackson: Avro Aircraft since 1908, Putnam, 1965, 2. Auflage 1990, ISBN 0-85177-834-8, S. 439–442
 Bill Gunston: Avro's Baby Deltas. In: Aeroplane Monthly Mai 1974, S. 660–667

Weblinks

Militärischer Flugzeugtyp
Experimentalflugzeug
707
Einstrahliges Flugzeug
Erstflug 1949

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Pacers rookie Bennedict Mathurin talked trash to LeBron James
Pacers rookie Bennedict Mathurin talked trash to LeBron James.
LeBron James is one of the top three conservative NBA players of all time. Benedict Mathurin is a rookie guard whose greatest accomplishment in basketball was being named a Second Team All-American while attending college in Arizona.
There shouldn't be any particular interest in a matchup between the living legend and the No. 6 overall pick in the 2022 draft. Still, an offseason comment from Mathurin made some headway as the Indiana Pacers traveled against the Los Angeles Lakers on Tuesday night.
In a Washington Post story in June before the draft, Mathurin essentially called out to James when he tried to talk about his confidence going into the league."A lot of people say he's great. I want to see how good he is. I don't think anyone is better than me. He needs to show me he's better than me," Mathurin said of James.
On Tuesday, Mathurin's Pacers met James' Lakers for the first time. The Lakers should be a team that could go deep into the playoffs this year, while Indiana should be among the worst teams in the league. Instead, the Pacers would have a home-field advantage if the NBA playoffs started today.
The Lakers would end the year as one of the league's worst teams and have to decide against the New Orleans Pelicans as part of the Anthony Davis trade. -Points behind in the fourth quarter. The Pacers' comeback was capped off by a game-winning buzzer-beater from Indiana's other rookie, Andrew Nembhard, in one of the most exciting ending sequences you'll see all season.
Meanwhile, Mathurin also took on James. The rookie finished with 23 points and eight rebounds while LeBron finished with 21 points and seven rebounds. Garbage talking to LeBron is usually silly, but Mathurin supported him. Best of all, his Pacers took the win.
READ MORE: Fans Erupt in Anger as Stephen Curry and Draymond Green Bear the Brunt of Bizarre Referee Calls
Mathurin has been phenomenal as a rookie so far. He averages 19.1 points per game on 41.7% of shots from the 3-point range. There have been many impressive rookies so far, but the Rookie of the Year race will likely be on Mathurin vs. No. Paolo Banchero is the first overall pick.
Some people mocked Mathurin's confidence when he called out LeBron before the draft, but he's had his back so far. The Pacers have an impressive young backyard to build in Mathurin and Tyrese Haliburton. In the new and severe rivalry between LeBron and Mathurin, the first round goes to the rookie.
Related Topics:Bennedict MathurinIndiana PacersLakersLebron JamesNBA NewsNBA World
Stephen Curry hilariously accepts $2K fine
The farewells and comments of Carlos Sainz and Charles Leclerc to Binotto after resigning at Ferrari


text:
Q: Saving tinyMCE value before submiting to php I am trying to accomplish this. it does work but I have to submit the form twice before tinyMCE value get stored.
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The Ajax part of the code works perfectly its just that the form like wise other forms but the tinyMCE text area wont submit on first go. if i click the button twice then it will save please assist.

A: Looks like you're doing the initializing in the wrong place.
The first time you submit the form, the tinymce gets initialized. Instead you should initialize it on page load.

A: you should do it like this:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Daň na sladké nápoje je typ daně nebo přirážky (v rámci daňové politiky spojené s potravinami), jejímž cílem je snížit spotřebu slazených nápojů. Vztahuje se primárně na sycené nealkoholické nápoje, sportovní a energetické nápoje. Hlavní motivací této daně je snaha o snížení obezity a zdravotních dopadů spojených s nadváhou.

V mnoha zemích je daň předmětem veřejné diskuse a výrobci nápojů se proti ní často staví. Zastánci, jakými jsou národní lékařské asociace a Světová zdravotnická organizace, daň propagují jakožto příklad Pigouovy daně.

Systém
Cukerná daň funguje na stejné bázi jako jakákoli jiná spotřební daň, kterou můžeme nalézt například u alkoholu, tabáku nebo pohonných hmot.

Tato daň má mít dvojí účinek. Prvním účinkem je zahrnutí nákladů spojených s odstraněním negativních externalit, které plynou ze spotřeby takového zboží, do ceny finálního produktu. Druhým účinkem je snížení spotřeby zboží, které zmíněnou negativní externalitu způsobuje. Vlády se při tom snaží eliminovat nežádoucí spotřební chování a dbát tak o veřejné zdraví.

Zdravotní důvody zavedení

 Celosvětový výskyt obezity se od roku 1975 téměř ztrojnásobil.
 Odhaduje se, že v roce 2014 trpělo nadváhou 39 % dospělých a 13 % bylo obézních.
 V roce 2016 bylo indikováno přibližně 41 milionů dětí mladších pěti let s nadváhou či obezitou.
 Počet obézních dětí a dospívajících vzrostl z 11 milionů v roce 1975 na 124 milionů v roce 2016, což představuje desetinásobný nárůst.
 Prevalence nadváhy u dětí v předškolním věku dětí se nejrychleji zvyšuje v zemích s nejnižšími, nízkými a středními příjmy.
 Lidé, kteří pravidelně konzumují sladké nápoje (1 až 2 plechovek denně nebo více) mají o 26 % vyšší riziko vzniku cukrovky 2. typu než lidé, kteří zřídkakdy konzumují tyto nápoje. Počet lidí s cukrovkou se zvýšil ze 108 milionů v roce 1980 na 422 milionů v roce 2014.
 Kromě cukrovky je obezita hlavním rizikovým faktorem způsobující srdeční choroby, rakovinu a další onemocnění.

Benefity
Daně na sladké nápoje pomáhají snižovat spotřebu a zabránit obezitě

 Zdanění sladkých nápojů je účinným opatřením ke snížení spotřeby cukru.
 Důkazy ukazují, že daň na sladké nápoje, která zvýší jejich ceny o 20 %, může vést ke snížení spotřeby přibližně o 20 %, což vede k prevenci obezity a cukrovky.

Úspory na zdravotní péči

 Odhady pro USA naznačují, že v průběhu 10 let by daň ze sladkostí nápojů ve výši 1 centu za unci přineslo více než 17 miliard USD na úsporách nákladů na zdravotní péči.

Příjmy získané z daní lze použít na podporu zdraví obyvatelstva

 Dle výpočtů pro USA mohla tato daň přinést přibližně 13 miliard USD daňových příjmů v roce 2016.
 Příjmy z těchto daní by mohly být vynaloženy na úsilí při zlepšení systémů zdravotní péče, podporu zdravějšího stravování, zvýšení fyzické aktivity nebo budování zdravotnických zařízení.

Nízkopříjmoví spotřebitelé a mladí lidé by mohli z daně čerpat největší prospěch pro zdraví

 V Mexiku dva roky po zavedení daně na sladké nápoje domácnosti s nejnižšími příjmy snížily nákupy sladkých nápojů o 11,7 % (srov. se 7,6 % napříč celou populací).

Problémy
Poptávková elasticita

Zkušenosti ze zemí, kde byla cukerná daň zavedena, jsou nejednoznačné. Někde skutečně k poklesu spotřeby slazených nápojů došlo, jinde efekt tohoto druhu spotřební daně nelze zatím jednoznačně určit. Problém spočívá ve skutečnosti, že slazené nápoje pravděpodobně patří do okruhu zboží s nízkou cenovou elasticitou poptávky. Neboli, lidé budou v průměru takové výrobky nakupovat, ať je jejich cena jakákoli.

Regresivní typ zdanění

Vzhledem k nízké cenové elasticitě poptávky může daň působit regresivně. Spotřebitelé s nižšími příjmy budou vyššími cenami ovlivněni negativněji než spotřebitelé s vyššími příjmy. Tento regresivní účinek daně lze ale potlačit tím, že se vybrané daňové příjmy použijí na dotování zdravějších potravin.

Demotivace nakupovat v tuzemsku

Přeshraniční nákupy v zemích, kde daň není implementována, mohou být pro spotřebitele snadným východiskem, jak daň neplatit.

Případová studie z Mexika
Důkazy naznačují, že zavedení daní na sladké nápojů může vést ke snížení spotřeby těchto výrobků.

V lednu 2014 přidala mexická vláda spotřební daň ve výši 1 peso na litr jakéhokoli nealkoholického nápoje s přidaným cukrem k lokální dani (Special Tax on Production and Services), kterou platí výrobce a která představuje přibližně 10% zvýšení ceny pro spotřebitele.

Studie provedená mexickým Národním institutem veřejného zdraví a Severokarolínské univerzity v Mexiku vyhodnocující první dva roky implementace této daně ukázala, že došlo ke snížení nákupu zdaněných sladkých nápojů v průměrné výši 7,6 % v letech 2014 a 2015. Domácnosti s nejnižšími příjmy snížily nákupy těchto nápojů o 11,7 %. Studie ukázala 2,1 % nárůst nákupu nezdaněných nápojů, zejména balené vody.

Během prvních dvou let bylo získáno více než 2,6 mld. USD.

Reference

 Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 (http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/149782/1/9789241549028_eng.pdf ).

 NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet, 2017; S0140-6736(17)32129-3.

 Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. Geneva: WHO; 2014.

 Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition. UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates. Key findings of the 2016 edition. New York: UNICEF, Geneva: WHO, Washington DC: World Bank Group; 2017.

 Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Despres JP, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugarsweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 2010;33:2477-83.

 Global report on diabetes. World Health Organization: Geneva; 2016.

 Bloom DE, Cafiero ET, Jané-Llopis E, Abrahams-Gessel S, Bloom LR, Fathima S, et al. The global economic burden of noncommunicable diseases (Working Paper Series). Geneva: Harvard School of Public Health and World Economic Forum; 2011.

 'Best buys' and other recommended interventions for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.

 Powell, LM., Chriqui JF, Khan T, Wada R, Chaloupka FJ. Assessing the potential effectiveness of food and beverage taxes and subsidies for improving public health: a systematic review of prices, demand and body weight outcomes. Obesity Reviews, 2013; 14:110-128.

 Wang YC, Coxson P, Shen Y, Goldman L, Bibbins-Domingo K. A penny-per-ounce tax on sugar-sweetened beverages would cut health and cost burdens of diabetes. Health Affairs, 2014; 31, no 1: 199-207.

 Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity. Revenue Calculator for Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes. Available at: www.uconnruddcenter.org/revenue-calculator-for-sugarsweetened-beverage-taxes.

 Chaloupka FJ. Existing Evidence and Guidance on Fiscal Policies. Presentation in Technical Meeting on Fiscal Policies for Diet and Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases, 5-6 May 2015, Geneva, Switzerland.

 Colchero, MA RJ, Popkin, BM, Ng SW. In Mexico, evidence of sustained consumer response two years after implementing a sugar-sweetened beverage tax. Health Aff 36(3):564-571. ; 2017.

 Fact Sheet. Uncapping the Truth: The Mexican Sugar Sweetened Beverage Tax Works. The Nutritional Health Alliance: Mexico; 2016.

Veřejné zdraví
Daně
Diabetes mellitus
Výživa


text:
Black Sails 1×4 Review: IV.
by Tara Lynne	| Posted on February 18, 2014 February 20, 2014
Remember that time when Black Sails dedicated the vast majority of its mere fourth episode to a plot that mostly consisted of cleaning a freaking boat?
If your answer is yes, and you're as frustrated with IV. as I am, then truly, my heart goes out to you.
Okay, okay, I'll give you this – this episode also featured Eleanor's push to get the guns that Captain Flint needs to finally go after the Urca. The problem is, while both the guns and a clean ship's hull may be necessary, the fact that the writers thought that they needed an entire hour to lay out these stories is something I just can't understand.
Also, though there was some interesting debating and deal-making going on between the Guthries and Captain Bryson (a.k.a. "the man with the guns"), Black Sails essentially repeated what it did last week – spent a large portion of an episode focusing on building what appeared to be an important alliance, only to tear that alliance apart/render it pointless at the very end. In this case it appears that either Eleanor's father convinced Mr. Scott to stop the transfer of the guns for Eleanor's own good – or Mr. Scott was simply sick of no one listening to him and acted of his own accord. Regardless, the guns are gone…though at least Captain Flint made a comment that left me with the hope that they will [finally] take to the sea in next week's episode, to chase after Captain Bryson and claim the weapons that they need.
One thing that IV. did very well was build up that ominous feeling that something (and in this case, likely something bad) was going to happen. Billy Bones insisting that the ship needed to be tied to a different palm was a bit heavy-handed, but the wind and the sand shifting and the creaking ropes – all of which built up to one hell of an 'accident' – at the very least had me on the edge of my seat any time there was a scene on that beach.
We also got quite a bit more insight into the characters of Miranda Barlow and Captain Flint. The former is likely the disgraced wife of an English nobleman, forced to hide away after her torrid affair with Captain Flint. The question is, will she take Guthrie up on his offer to set her up in Boston and restore some semblance of her former life? And as for Flint, he may be a bit more coy about it than some of the other pirates featured in Black Sails, but he really does seem to be the Biggest Pirate of Them All. Fights and lies to keep his captaincy? Check. Shady past? Check. Possibly worked his way up from some lowly position, like ship's cook? Check. Maybe even a defector from the British Navy? Check. No qualms about chopping off a limb in hopes of saving one of his men? Check. Not to mention the fact that it seemed pretty darn convenient for Captain Flint that Morley – who'd been doing quite a bit of whispering behind the Captain's back – was crushed under that ship. (Too convenient, really…)
Of course, we can't forget Captain Vane, who spent most of the episode in an opium-induced haze and only woke up toward the end to kill the owner of the local whorehouse. If this wasn't a show about pirates, or if pirates were people who were supposed to live on land and run whorehouses, I'd almost think that Vane's actions could lead to some interesting developments. Alas, probably not for this show.
Author: Tara Lynne
Tara Lynne is an author, fandom and geek culture expert, and public speaker. She founded Ice & Fire Con, the first ever Game of Thrones convention in the US, and now runs its parent company Saga Event Planning.
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Joint filler meets new ASTM D8139 standard.


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text:
Dorit Shavit (Hebrew: דורית שביט; born March 13, 1949 Jerusalem) was the first woman to be the Israeli Ambassador to Argentina, from 2011 until 2016.

From 1994 to 1999, she was Consul General in São Paulo.

She never intended to work for the Foreign Ministry, having studied Islamic Studies at Hebrew University. However, after the Yom Kippur War, and recommendations made by the Agranat Commission, "she was recruited for her knowledge of Arabic culture."

Shavit's parents emigrated to Mandatory Palestine from Germany. Her mother arrived in 1922 with her family. Her father arrived in 1936 to work on a kibbutz.

References

Israeli women ambassadors
Israeli consuls
Ambassadors of Israel to Argentina
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
1949 births
Living people


text:
A Gripping Novel of Murder, Corruption, Intrigue, and Retribution!
Sep 8, 2022 | Art
Revenge may be a dish best served cold, but justice tastes so much sweeter.
ALEDO, TX, September 08, 2022 /24-7PressRelease/ — Party girl, socialite, and granddaughter of the former Don of a New York crime family, Anna Barrichello lived a charmed life. But on The Day of the Dead, she found herself the sole survivor of an attack that wiped out her grandfather's entire bloodline. Her family had spent years making all of the family businesses legitimate to keep the family safe, but they misjudged how strongly the other crime families, former associates, and certain government officials, still harbored old grievances, jealousies, and vendettas.
Knowing who to trust and how to survive becomes Anna's primary focus. With the family businesses seized by the state, she must recover what's left of the family fortune before it falls into the wrong hands. Anna and her former bodyguard lead a small group of trusted family soldiers who work to identify and bring to justice the conspirators who murdered her family, while staying in the shadows so no one will know that she is still alive… and behind the retribution aimed at all those responsible for her terrible loss.
The Day of the Dead is a crime drama about one woman's quest for survival… and justice.
William Speir is an award-winning author living in Texas. He spent 25 years as an executive and a management consultant, and he is an amateur historian and Civil War artillery expert. William has published fiction and non-fiction works, spanning the Action-Adventure, Historical Fiction, Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Espionage Thriller genres. The Day of the Dead is William's 19th published novel. For more information about William's books and book projects, please visit his website at williamspeir.com.
The Day of the Dead and William Speir's other books are available through your favorite online bookstores and Progressive Rising Phoenix Press. Contact Publisher for Media Requests or Bulk Order Discounts.
Progressive Rising Phoenix Press is an independent publishing company offering award-winning titles in multiple genres. We avoid cookie-cutter stories and characters by publishing a diverse range of titles and genres, including children's picture books, chapter books, middle grade, young adult, new adult, nonfiction, and adult fiction spanning action-adventure, mystery, and suspense, science fiction, fantasy, romance, and paranormal.
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