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This site brings you the history of the Islamic Jihad from its beginnings at Mecca in 620 C.E. up to 9/11, and the lessons it has for us in today's challenging times. If we are to understand Islam, we need to understand the temperament of its founder Mohammed (PBUH*), the way victorious Muslims have treated the subject people, and above all the reasons for the victory of Islam thus far in the JIHAD.
What is Jihad: The Arabic word Jihad is derived from the root word Jahada (struggle). Jihad has come to mean an offensive war to be waged by Muslims against all non-Muslims to convert them to Islam on the pain of death. Jihad is enjoined on all Muslims by the Quran.
This site brings you the history of the Islamic Jihad from a neutral and factual viewpoint.
Outlook of this website:
This site is against all forms of fanaticism - religious and non-religious. But the emotional appeal of non-religious fanaticism like Nazism, Fascism or Communism is not as pervasive as that of fanaticism based on religion. When fanaticism and religion are mixed, we have a very potent and dangerous brew that can sustain itself for centuries unlike non-religious fanaticisms like Nazism and Communism which die out when the ringleaders are defeated. This is so, since religion is based on the psychological weakness of all humans, when we humans try to comprehend the unknown (universe). This understanding is (and perhaps will always remain) incomplete.
Religion tries to complete this incompleteness by fantasizing that the unknown is a god and that this god is the creator of all things that happen in this world and the universe. This idea that there is a god, which is assumed to be the unknown power in the universe makes the human mind paranoid because of our fear of the unknown. And this paranoia drives humans to do anything to propitiate this unknown power that is assumed to exist. This is what transforms this weakness of our human mind into a sickness. It is this sickness of the mind that drives humans to undertake wild acts like suicide bombings, fight holy wars, forced conversion, slaughter of humans who give a different name to this assumed power called god, etc, under the delusion of trying to please the unknown power that is assumed to be behind all existence.
While all forms of religious fanaticism are negative, only Islam raises slaughter of all Kafirs (non-Muslims) to a holy creed, it teaches Muslims to gloat over the killing of non-Muslims and celebrate their death. Hence Islam is the most demented and dangerous form of religious fanaticism. And it is not Islamic fanaticism that is to be blamed for this, as Islam itself is fanaticism.
From its root to its fruit Islam is the most violent, and virulent form of this delusion that the unknown universe is a god and all those who do not accept this brand of fantasizing of the unknown universe have to be slaughtered. This is so since Islamic fanaticism was born in a barren and harsh desert environment that gave birth to the paranoid mentality of the Bedouin Arabs among whom was born Mohammed (yimach shmo ve-zichro - may his name and memory be obliterated), the founder of this blood-thirsty creed - Islam.
This blood-thirsty Muslim mentality has trickled down to the newest convert to Islam be he or she Brown Black, Yellow or White. Most importantly it makes Islam the worst enemy of quest and science and of all human progress. While all religions are opposed to science as the Pope was to Galileo and Copernicus; but it is Islam which is the most blood-thirsty expression of this challenge of religion to reason. So Islam will have to be the first to be removed from the path of human progress and the reply to Islam to be effective would have to be more blood-thirsty and paranoid than Islam itself.
Those opposed to Islam will have to be like the hunter who aims his rifle between the eyes of the man-eater tiger and shoots till the tiger is dead meat. The hunter bears no enmity with the tiger, but shoots him dispassionately, so that he himself can live, and NOT end up by becoming the dinner of the man-eater.
This has to be the attitude, not based on a hate of Islam, but a determination to put a full and final end to Islam, so that Human society can progress without the hindrance of any religion obstructing its path.
After Islam is militarily defeated and then destroyed; the need of the day would be to come up with workable creative ideas, for brainwashing the remaining religious fanatics with techniques like anesthesia leading to amnesia and re-education of such brainwashed ex-religious fanatics; or the use of mass lobotomy to achieve the same result. Only such a technique could prevent religious fanaticism from being resurrected with a name other than Islam and insure the progress of human civilization without any obstacle from any religion.
To summarize, the religious outlook that claims to "know the unknown", as a god, allah, etc., is a sub-optimal human response (and so is a sub-human response). Violent monotheism is a criminal response which has brought our world to where it is today, post 11th September.
The need of our age is to start with the destruction of the most blood-thirsty form of religious fanaticism - Islam, followed up with the dovetailing of all other forms of religious fanaticism so that they move over and make way for rational-humanism. To make it more subtle; the need is for religion and religious fanaticism to move out of human minds and be replaced by rational-humanism.
Our maintaining this site, is our contribution for working towards this objective.
Chronological Jihads
The Jihad against Arabs (622 to 634)
The Jihad against Zoroastrian Persians of Iran, Baluchistan and Afghanistan (634 to 651)
The Jihad against the Byzantine Christians (634 to 1453)
The Jihad against Christian Coptic Egyptians (640 to 655)
The Jihad against Christian Coptic Nubians - modern Sudanese (650)
The Jihad against pagan Berbers - North Africans (650 to 700)
The Jihad against Spaniards (711 to 730)
The Reconquista against Jihad in Spain (730 to 1492)
The Jihad against Franks - modern French (720 to 732)
The Jihad against Sicilians in Italy (812 to 940)
The Jihad against Chinese (751)
The Jihad against Turks (651 to 751)
The Jihad against Armenians and Georgians (1071 to 1920)
The Crusade against Jihad (1096 - 1291 ongoing)
The Jihad against Mongols (1260 to 1300)
The Jihad against Hindus of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh (638 to 1857)
The Jihad against Indonesians and Malays (1450 to 1500)
The Jihad against Poland (1444 to 1699)
The Jihad against Rumania (1350 to 1699)
The Jihad against Russia (1500 to 1853)
The Jihad against Bulgaria (1350 to 1843)
The Jihad against Serbs, Croats and Albanians (1334 to 1920)
The Jihad against Greeks (1450 to 1853)
The Jihad against Albania (1332 - 1853)
The Jihad against Croatia (1389 to 1843)
The Jihad against Hungarians (1500 to 1683)
The Jihad against Austrians (1683)
Jihad in the Modern Age (20th and 21st Centuries)
The Jihad against Israelis (1948 - 2004 ongoing)
The Jihad against Americans (9/11/2001)
The Jihad against the British (1947 onwards)
The Jihad against Denmark (2005 cartoon controversy onwards)
The Jihad against the Filipinos in Mindanao(1970 onwards)
The Jihad against Indonesian Christians in Malaku and East Timor (1970 onwards)
The Jihad against Russians (1995 onwards)
The Jihad against Dutch and Belgians (2003 onwards)
The Jihad against Norwegians and Swedes (2003 onwards)
The Jihad against Thais (2003 onwards)
The Jihad against Nigerians (1965 onwards)
The Jihad against Canadians (2001 onwards)
The Jihad against Latin America (2003 onwards)
The Jihad against Australia (2002 onwards)
The Global Jihad today (2001 - ongoing)
The War on Terror against Jihad today (2001 - ongoing)
The Vision for the post-Islamic (and post-religious) world
History of Jihad against the Serbs, Croats, and Albanians (1389 to 1920)
NEW Movie script on Mohammed PBUH* - the founder of Islam
This site is dedicated to a factual and realistic analysis of the Islamic Jihad
Here you will read about the history of the Islamic Jihad from its beginnings at Mecca in 620 C.E. up to 9/11, and the lessons it has for us in today's challenging times. If we are to understand Islam, we need to understand the temperament of its founder Mohammed PBUH*, the way victorious Muslims have treated the subject people, and above all the reasons for the victory of Islam.
The History of Jihad site is brought to you by a panel of contributors. This site is co-ordinated by Robin MacArthur with Mahomet Mostapha and Naim al Khoury, New Jersey.
Other contributors to this site include professors and members of the faculty from the Universities of Stanford and Michigan (Ann Arbor), Kansas State University, Ohio State University, and the London School of Economics. We strongly suggest that this site be recommended as additional reading for students of Islamic History.
We also invite students and professors of this subject to mirror this site on your University or private servers, link it up from your sites, to print it as a non-profit publication and refer it to students, journalists, cinematographers, military personnel, members of both houses of Congress, and Parliamentarians from your countries, members of the judiciary and most importantly to officers of the FBI, CIA, Scotland Yard, MI5, Mossad, FSB (Russian Secret Police) Direction Generale de la Securite Exterieure (DGSE) and to all other stakeholders in the subjects of the Islam and the Jihad.
How the Serbs suffered under the Turkish Jihad but fought back tenaciously to reverse Islam from the Balkans
Historical negationism is the presentation of the one thousand four hundred years of jihad as a peaceful conquest, generally welcomed by the vanquished populations; and of the omission of non-Muslim sources that have described the actual methods of these conquests: pillage, enslavement, deportation, massacres, and so on; the mythical claims of historical conversion across the "centuries" and of "peaceful coexistence", masks the bloodied processes which transformed Christian majorities into minorities, who were constantly at risk of extinction.
The Saga of Serbs' Struggle against the Ottoman Jihad
Today Serbia, Bosnia and Albania are different nations. Kosovo and later perhaps Montenegro would also become different nations. But there was a time when all these people were one nation. There were differences of language among them, but they were bound by one faith - that of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
A cataclysmic event in the fourteenth century was seared into their memory during which all of them paid the price of preserving their national and cultural identity with blood and death. While some survived to retain their original Eastern Orthodox Christian character, some nations were not so fortunate. Centuries of oppression by the Ottoman Turkish Jihadis made them sterile to their ancient history and has changed their character today. While today the Kosovars, Albanians and Bosnian Muslims remain European in their appearance and in some aspects of their culture, they have become Islamized to practice and propagate the faith of their erstwhile tormentors.
A Serbian maiden gives water to thirsting knights on the battlefield of Kosovo Polje.
In Serbian "Kosovo Polje" means a "Blackbirds' Field'. But this Blackbirds' Field is also a field of death. And a shrine for Serbian patriots who sacrificed their lives in defense of their country, their culture and their freedom.
June 28, 1389, a mighty battle was fought at Kosovo Polje. It pitted the Serbian defenders against the invading Ottoman Empire (Turkey) adherents of the Muslim crescent moon.
Medieval Europe was fretting and hoping that the Serbs' would prevail over the Islamic crescent moon. At one point, the bells of the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris rang out in premature and erroneous salute to the Serbs' victory.
But it was not to be. The Serbs were defeated. One of them, however, Milos Obilic, managed to cut the gut of the invading Turkish Ottoman Emperor, Murat, with his sword, killing him, before being cut to pieces himself by the Sultan's guards.
Islam has cleaved a split in the cultural character of the Balkan nations
The four centuries of Ottoman tyranny has left a split in the cultural character of the Balkan nations, a split along which there are bloody lines of civil and military strife among the people, all of whom bore the brunt of Muslim tyranny. But some of whom have forgotten that tyranny, by shifting their loyalty to their tormentors, and today carry forward the banner of those tormentors, while fighting against those of their compatriots, who have preserved an unbroken link with their original culture, religion and nationality.
The same situation prevails in the Indian subcontinent where there is perpetual conflict between Hindus and Muslims within India and the conflict between India and Pakistan whose population is made up of Muslims who were formerly Hindus and embraced Islam as a result of the tyranny of Muslim rulers who had occupied the country for eight hundred years.
In India as in the Balkans, the period of Muslim occupation and tyranny was marked by long drawn wars, and national struggles and the people finally threw off the Muslim yoke, but in this process spread over many centuries, many of the countrymen were forced by cruel circumstances of Muslim oppression as Dhimmis (Zimmis) to give up their ancestral faith, culture and nationality and go over to the invaders by embracing Islam and saving their life, limb and the honor of their womenfolk from the evil intentions of those schizophrenic savages - the Muslims.
The irony is that these converts in Albania, Kosovo Bosnia or Kashmir and Pakistan have totally forgotten who they originally were and under what circumstances their ancestors were forced to embrace that vile creed of Islam through a war imposed on them by the Jihadis.
Origins of the Ottoman threat to Europe
In the early 1360s the Ottoman armies for the first time invaded Europe by through Thrace and after a battle at a place named Gallipoli they captured Adrianople (Edirne) and Philippopolis (Plovdiv), forcing the Byzantines to pay tribute.
For 600 years the battle of Kosovo Polje, the Blackbirds' Field, has been seared into the hearts and minds of all Serbs who are conscious of their history. Kosovo Polje to a Serb is like Jerusalem, Alamo, Bastogne, and Siege of Leningrad (St. Petersbrurg) - combined.
On June 28, 1989, the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo, over a million Serbs, 10% of the nation, made a pilgrimage to this sacred ground to pay their respects to the Kosovo heroes.
In 1366 the count Amadeus VI of Savoy (cousin to John V Cantacuzenus, the Byzantine emperor) initiated a minor crusade to aid the Byzantines. The count drove away the Turks from all of Europe except Gallipoli. The very next year the Ottoman chieftain Murad attacked anew and regained most of Thrace, including Adrianople.
In 1383 Murad declared himself sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Shortly thereafter he again began a new campaign in Europe. Sofia, the Bulgarian capital, fell in 1385 and the city of Nicopolis the year after. The Ottoman Conquest was halted briefly in 1387 when the Serbs won the battle of Plocnik by delivering a crushing defeat on the Ottomans. But two years later Murad marched anew into the west.
The Battle of Kosovo Polje - Turkish deception takes the victory away
During the early 1370s Murad launched his forces deeper into Europe. At the river Maritsa they encountered a 70,000 man strong Serbian-Bulgarian army under the Serbian king Vukasin and Prince Lazar at the battlefield of Kosovo Polje. The ottoman army was smaller, but due to tactics of subterfuge like attacking before dawn, and poisoning the horses of the Serb-Bulgars they defeated the Serb-Bulgar army and king Vukasin was killed.
Now that the Serbian coalition was weakened by such a blow Murad was quick to advance further into Bulgaria and capture the cities of Druma, Kavula and Seres (Serrai). This is how the Ottomans snatched a victory from the Serbs in the Battle of Kosovo Polje but the Sultan Murad himself was killed by the valiant Serb warrior Milo' Obilic.
To understand this battle in the context of Serbia, one must look back to the 14th century when Kosovo was the center of the Serbian empire and site of its most sacred churches and monasteries. In 1389, the Serbs lost the land of Kosovo and later Serbia to the Ottoman Turks in a decisive battle fought in Kosovo Polje, the Field of Blackbirds. The Battle of Kosovo is an event entrenched in the Serbian, Montenegrin, Croatian (and all southern Slav) consciousness, uniting all Serbs who treasure Kosovo as their Jerusalem, their holy land.
Great Serb Migration to flee from the Ottomans in 1690. This painting by P. Jovanovic 1895 "The Moving of the Serbs," portrays the Serbian Orthodox Patriarch Arsenije III Carnojevic, surrounded by soldiers, flocks of sheep and women with babies, leading some 36,000 families from his seat in Pec, Kosovo and Southern Serbia to what is now Vojvodina and further into Hungary in 1690, after Serbian revolts failed.
Under Milosevic, the Serbs tried to undo these historical injustices by reclaiming the territory of Kosovo that they had lost to the Ottomans who resettled Kosovo with Ottomans and Kosovar Muslim converts from Albania
After this battle, what is Kosovo and Albania today was occupied by the Ottomans who unleashed a merciless tyranny on the people of these lands. Over the next 500 years, the Ottomans forcibly converted many Albanians to Islam and once the entire population was converted, they forced these novice Muslim Albanians to leave their homeland to settle in Kosovo to alter the demographic balance in favor of Muslims and make the ethnic Christian Serbs a minority.
The Turks found the Illyrian Albanians easier to convert to Islam, than the steadfast Serbs, and used these neo-converts to undermine the Serbs.
By the time the Serbs reclaimed Kosovo in the Balkans Wars of 1912 to 1913, ethnic Muslim Albanian converts made up a significant portion of the population. And by 1950 the Muslims became a majority as their birth rate boomed due to the Islamic marital rules of having four wives and endless children. This was compounded by the continued Serb migrations north towards the Christian majority lands. Today, 1.8 million Muslim Albanians outnumber Christian Serbs nine to one in Kosovo - a fact that combined with events of recent history give an opportunity for Albanians to proclaim Kosovo as their land.
Beyazid the Lightning Bolt's revenge against the Serbs for his father's death in the Battle of Kosovo
Beyazid I succeeded to the sultanship upon the death of his father Murad in the battle of Kosovo. In a rage over the attack, he ordered all Serbian captives killed; Beyazid became known as Yildirim, the lightning bolt, for his temperament. He conquered most of Bulgaria and northern Greece in 1389-1395 and laid siege to Constantinople in 1391-1398. On September 25, 1396 at the Battle of Nicopolis, his forces met the Venetian-Hungarian army along with the Frankish knights led by king Sigismund of Hungary.
A Serbian Orthodox Church, cheek-by-jowl alongside a Moslem Mosque in Urosevac, Kosovo. The Ottomans with their Moslem Albanian allies who were Illyrian converts to Islam, demolished churches and built mosques on their sites. In recognition for their loyalty to their new Ottoman masters the Illyrian Muslim converts from both from Albania proper and Kosovo, were given the position of pashas and viziers by the Ottoman Turks.
The Ottomans used their tactics of subterfuge by feigning to negotiate with the Bulgarians and the Frankish knights and tricked them into a trap to win Battle of Nicopolis. After which Beyazid signed a peace treaty with Hungary. He then turned his attention to the east, conquering the Turkish emirate of Karaman in 1397. This emirate was a remnant of the Seljuks whom the Ottoman had displaced. This emirate was an ally of the Byzantine empire and an enemy of the Ottoman power.
Lessons from the Battle of Nicopolis
At Nicopolis, the Turks used techniques of hoodwinking the Bulgarians and the French Knights into feigned negotiations and luring them into a tap and then slaughtering them mercilessly. These are techniques that are still used by the Jihadis in waving white flags and then gunning down the American marines in Iraq, or of using women and children as human shields to act as cover for the suicide bombers in Israel.
Celekula - The Tower of Skulls in Nis A tower in which Turkish pasha used skulls of Christian Serbs as a building material. The History of Ottoman Moslem rule in Serbia written by Turkish historians gives a quite deceptive and dishonest picture of Turkish tyranny it as an age of tolerance and peaceful coexistence between Christians and Muslims in the Balkans.
This tradition of dishonesty and perfidy is today carried forward by the Communists, liberals and other bedmates of the islamofascists who march in droves yelling slogans against Bush and the war on Terrorism. Such elements need to rounded up and sent into internment camps as was done with the far more milder and less dangerous Japanese Americans after the Pearl harbor. attack
The Jihadis still use foul means which they used against the French Knights at Nicopolis. The knights, drawn from all over Europe, had gone into battle assuming that they faced a fierce, but honorable enemy. But with the massacre of the prisoners of war the Europeans were reminded in 1396 at Nicopolis that they could henceforth expect no mercy if captured by the invading Muslims, and thousands were to meet their end in this brutal way. At Nicopolis thousands of Christian soldiers who had laid down their weapons were slaughtered in a bloodthirsty orgy lasting several hours after the battle had ended. The opening of negotiations was normally used to end hostilities or to stop hostilities from taking place. But the subterfuge used at Nicopolis, with devastating effect, reminded the Europeans yet again, that the Muslims were never to be trusted. That the Muslims by instinct are a dishonorable people.
The Mongol Timurid Attack on Ottomans
Around 1400 the Mongol leader Timur Lenk entered the Middle East. Timur Lenk pillaged a few villages in eastern Anatolia. This conflict with the Ottoman Empire exposed the soft underbelly of the Ottomans. In August, 1400 Timur and his horde burned the town of Sivas to the ground and advanced into the interior. The war culminated at the Battle of Ankara in July, 1402. Timur won, captured Beyazid, and was free to raid and pillage Anatolia. Beyazid died in captivity in 1403.
Although nominally Muslims, the Mongols sacked many Ottoman cities and burned down Mosques to the ground in addition to their mass slaughter of the Turkish civilian population. The neo-Muslim Mongols under Timur carried forward the tradition of Hulagu Khan's sack of Baghdad two centuries earlier in 1258.
After the defeat at Ankara followed a time of total chaos in the Ottoman Empire. Mongols roamed free in Anatolia and the political power of the sultan was broken. After Beyazid was captured his remaining sons, Suleiman elebi, İsa elebi, Mehmed elebi, and Musa fought each other in what became known as the Ottoman Interregnum.
St. Sava was the first Archbishop of Serbia who lived in the 12th century (1172 - 1235). His relics (mortal remains were preserved in the Basilica at Belgrade. To humiliate the Serbs Sinan Pasha, the Ottoman Governor burnt the relics of St. Sava at Vracar near Belgrade in 1594. Such humiliation and tyranny sparked the Serb revolt against Turkish Tyranny. Many such revolts were put down with mindless bloodshed. It was only when the Russians defeated the Turks in the 17th century, that the condition of the Serbs could be ameliorated from the merciless Turkish tyranny. tyranny.
Of these sons of Beyazid, Mehmed elebi stood as victor in 1413 he crowned himself in Edirne (Adrianople) as Mehmed I. He set about restoring the Ottoman Empire to its former glory. The Empire had suffered hard from the Interregnum; the Mongols were still at large in the east, even though Timur Lenk had died in 1405; and many of the Christian kingdoms of the Balkans had broken free of Ottoman control. The land, especially Anatolia, had suffered hard from the war.
During his reign, Mehmed moved his capital from Bursa to Adrianople (Edirne), reinforced control over Bulgaria and Serbia, drove the Mongols from Anatolia. Next, Mehmet invaded Albania, Cilicia, the Seljuk Turkish emirate of Candar and Byzantine controlled areas in southern Greece.
Ottomans Jihad against Venice
When Mehmed died in 1421, one of his sons, Murad, became sultan. Murad spent his early years on the throne disposing off rivals and rebellions, most notably the revolts of the Serbs. In 1423 he paid a short visit to Constantinople, laid siege on it for a couple of months and forced the Byzantines to pay additional tribute.
The monument to the fallen at the battle of Kosovo Polje. Kosovo is to the Serbs what Jerusalem is to the Jewish people.
In 1423 the first regular Jihad against Venice (Italy) began. During Murad's siege of Constantinople, the Byzantine Emperor's control over the Greek city-states was weakened. As Murad II had been on peaceful terms with Venice the inhabitants of Constantinople requested, Venetian troops to take control of the city of Salonika (Thessaloniki). But the Ottoman army that laid siege to the city seized this opportunity of troop movement and killed several Venetian soldiers in cold blood. The Venetians deemed the act in contravention with their peace treaty with the Ottomans and declared full war.
Turks try to defeat Venetians using subterfuge to conquer Salonika
Murad acted swiftly, raised the siege of Constantinople and sent his armies to Salonika. The Venetians had gained reinforcements by sea and prepared for battle, but the Ottomans sent a delegation to the Venetians to negotiate a peace. Using this subterfuge, the Ottoman delegation reached the gate, asking for it to be opened and for them to be let inside. On the Venetians refusal to open the gates and asking for the leader of the Ottoman delegation to be lifted into the fort over the walls, the Ottomans asked for time to think over the proposal.
Feigning to have a discussion, the Ottoman delegation assembled below the gate and asked the Venetian guards stationed outside the gate to step away so as to have a confidential discussion of the terms the Venetians inside the fort had offered for parleys. With the guards away, and the Ottomans having craftily got an opportunity to get together without the watchful eye of the Venetians guards, they slyly swooped on the guards and slew them in a swift swordfight, before the guards inside knew what was happening outside the gate and could react to it.
The Ottoman delegation, which was actually made up of Janissary (Turkish Kamikaze troops, from Jan = Life and Nisar = Given Away) fighters, seized the opportunity and set a raging fire to the heavy wooden gate using naphtha balls. As the gate was burning from outside, the Venetians inside were powerless to douse the flames from inside and the water they threw from the top of the ramparts could not reach the fire, due to gate being inside the turret on top of it. Meanwhile the fire at the gate was a prearranged signal for the Ottoman forces assembled a kilometer away to storm the gate. Once the gate was burnt down, the outcome was given and the Venetians fled to their ships.
But when the Turks entered and began plundering the city, the Venetian fleet suddenly started bombarding the city from the sea-side. The Ottomans fled and the fleet was able to hold off the Ottomans until new Venetian reinforcements could arrive to recapture the city.
The outcome of the Battle of Salonika was a setback for Murad and when Serbia and Hungary allied themselves with Venice, the young sultan was involved in one of the Ottoman Empire's worst conflicts ever, with all odds against it.
Pope Martin V encouraged other Christian states to join the war against the Ottomans, in answer to the Pope's call Austria sent troops to the Balkans. This defeat was a setback for the Ottoman Jihad in the Balkans.
Renewed War in the Balkans
The war in the Balkans resumed when the Ottoman army moved to recapture Wallachia, which the Ottomans had lost to Mircea cel Batran during the Interregnum and that now was an Hungarian vassal state. As the Ottoman army entered Wallachia, the Serbs started attacking the Ottomans stationed in Bulgaria and, at the same time, urged by the Pope, the Anatolian emirate of Karaman attacked the Empire from the rear. So Murad was compelled to split his army.
The main force went to defend Sofia and the reserves had to be called to Anatolia. While the remaining Ottoman troops in Wallachia were crushed by the Hungarian army that was now moving south into Bulgaria where the Serbian and Ottoman armies battled each other. The Serbs were defeated and the Ottomans turned to face the Hungarians who fled back into Wallachia when they realized they were unable to attack the Ottomans from the rear, as the Serbs were no longer holding the Turks from the other side.
Murad consequently, fortified his borders against Serbia and Hungary but did not try to retake Wallachia, instead he sent his armies to Anatolia where they defeated the Emirate of Karaman in 1428.
In 1430 a large Ottoman fleet attacked Salonika by surprise. Unable to withstand the sustained Ottoman attacks, the desperate Venetians signed a peace treaty in 1432. The treaty gave the Ottomans the city of Salonika and the surrounding land. The war between Serbia-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire continued in 1441 when the Holy Roman Empire, Poland, Albania, and the emirates Candar and Karaman intervened against the Ottomans.
Nikopol and Sofia fell to the Christians in 1443 and the year after the Ottomans suffered a major defeat in the Battle of Jalowaz. July 12, 1444 Murad signed a treaty that officially gave Wallachia and the Bulgarian province of Varna to Hungary, western Bulgaria (including Sofia) to Serbia. This defeat forced Murad to abdicate in favor of his twelve-year-old son Mehmed.
Later the same year the Christians seeing opportunity to throw off the Ottoman tyranny attacked anew. But in November 11, 1444, Murad defeated the Polish-Hungarian army of Janos Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna.
Ruins of a Serb Orthodox Church of the Holy Virgin Odigitria, Musutiste built in 1315 which among the many that were destroyed by the Ottomans during their four hundred years of tyranny.
In the 14th century Kosovo was the center of the Serbian empire and site of its most sacred churches and monasteries. After 1389, when the Serbs lost the land to the Ottoman Turks in a decisive battle fought in Kosovo Polje, the Field of Blackbirds, the Turks systematically destroyed Christian churches in Serbia and Croatia. The Battle of Kosovo is an event entrenched in the Serbian, Montenegrin, Croatian (and all southern Slav) consciousness, uniting all Serbs who treasure Kosovo as their Jerusalem, their holy land.
Murad was reinstated with the help of the Janissaries in 1446. Another peace treaty was signed in 1448 giving the Empire Wallachia and Bulgaria and a part of Albania to the Ottomans. After the Balkan front was secured, Murad turned east and defeated Timur Lenk's son, Shah Rokh, and the emirates of Candar and Karamn in Anatolia. He died in the winter 1450-1451 in Edirne. Some have it that he was wounded in a battle against Skanderbeg's Albanian guerilla.
Mehmed II, the Vandalizer of Constantinople
Many doubted the young Mehmed II when he became sultan (again) following his father's death. But by conquering and annexing the emirate of Karaman (May-June, 1451) and by renewing the peace treaties with Venice (September 10) and Hungary (November 20) he proved his skills both on the military and the political front and was soon accepted by the noble class of the Ottoman court. Although, when he in 1452 proposed to attack Constantinople most of the divan, and especially the Grand Vizier, Kandarli Halil, was against it and criticized the sultan for being too rash and overconfident in his abilities.
On April 15, 1452, Mehmed ordered the construction of a castle on the shore of the Bosphorus. It was completed on August 31 and was named the Rumeli Hiskari (the European Castle). In September, Mehmed began mobilizing his troops, setting up a large camp surrounding the city of Constantinople. On March 3, 1453, he presented the Byzantine emperor Constantine XI with an ultimatum, but the emperor declined to surrender the city. The Siege of Constantinople began on April 6 and lasted for almost three months. On May 29 the city was finally captured by breaching one of its walls. Mehmed had the city's Christian (Greek) population put to the sword, nearly four fifths of the city was burned down its magnificent Cathedrals turned into rubble and some others into mosques, the Basilica of Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque in 1462 and the city was renamed as Istambul (Islam-bul) and later became know by its modified name Istanbul as it is known till today.
The fall of Constantinople, opened the Balkan nations to more depredations from the Turks. The Serbs revolted against Turkish tyranny repeatedly during the four hundred years from 1400. The Turks could maintain their stranglehold over Serbia with their brute force leading to many bloodied waves of forced migrations, incineration of villages, destruction of churches and mass slaughter of the Serbian population.
When Constantinople was captured and the Byzantine Empire extinguished after resisting Islam for eight hundred years starting from the Battle of Mu'ta in 629, Mehmed turned south to Morea (Pelleponessos) where a last Greek kingdom still remained in Christian hands, and west to the Balkans.
The fall of Constantinople, opened the Balkan nations to more depredations from the Turks. In 1456 Mehmed laid siege to Belgrade. On August 13 the Janissaries advanced into the city but were ambushed and fled. Mehmed himself never succeeded in taking Belgrade. But he entered Athens in 1460, until then ruled by emperor Constantine's two brothers, Thomas and Demetrios. The following year Mehmed launched a campaign into Anatolia defeating Sinope and Armenia under Uzun Hasan before capturing the Empire of Trebizond August 15, 1461.
But from here on the tide was to turn against the Jihad, till the European armies not only pushed the Ottoman Turks out of Europe, but British and French armies reached Egypt, Mesopotemia (which was later divided in to Syria, Iraq and Transjordan) and what is today called Saudi Arabia. The British held Transjordan as a mandate under the League of Nations and the French held Syria and Lebanon as another mandate.
It was in the British mandated Transjordan, where on the terms of the Balfour Declaration the Jewish homeland of Israel was formed in the Western half (or rather quarter) of Transjordan beyond the West Bank of the Jordan river. The East Bank being the homeland for the Arabs (Palestinians and Bedouins).
The European Counterattack on the Ottoman Jihad and the turning of the tide of the Jihad back into Asia
For all their brutality and savagery, the Ottoman Turks failed to keep up technologically with their European rivals, especially Russia. The Turks suffered a huge naval loss at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. After its defeat at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Ottoman Empire began a journey decline, culminating in the defeat of the empire by the Allies in World War I. After the great defeat of the Ottomans at Vienna, Austria, Prince Eugene of Savoy lead Austrian forces to further victories. By 1699, the whole of Hungary had been conquered from the Ottomans by the Austrians.
The fortress of Novo Brdo was the largest Serbian town in Kosovo. The Turks vandalized it and reduced it to ruins as they did with innumerable towns, villages and monasteries in Serbia and other parts of the Balkans. The photo on the top is how the fortress looks today and an artist's impression of the fortress during its heyday before the Turkish aggression of Serbia.
The Serbian Struggle for independence aided by the Russians
From 1815 onwards, after the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars at Waterloo, the Russians could concentrate fully on the threat from the South viz, the Turks. The resulting Russo-Turkish wars led to a string of Turkish defeats and the Turks began to lose fringe territories of their vast empire to the emerging Russian prowess under Peter the Great. The Russian attacks on the Turks came from two sides, one pincer came down from the Crimea through the Caucasus (Kavkaz), Armenia and Georgia, and the other from the Balkans. As a result the Ottomans began to lose lost fringe territories to Russia in the north.
The absence of an Industrial Revolution, Renaissance, and Reformation in the Islamic world led to the rot within for the Ottoman Turks
But more importantly the Ottoman Empire had now finally begun to fall behind in military technology as compared to the West. There was no industrial revolution in the Islamic world, neither was there any Renaissance, nor and Reformation, nor any Age of Reason.
The stranglehold of Islam was finally beginning to start the rot from inside, and this reflected from outside in the series of military defeats the Muslims suffered at the hands of the Europeans from 1683 up to the present (2006). 9/11 was a belated and futile attempt of the Muslims to reverse this tide. If 9/11 signifies anything it is that, this seminal event has awakened the West to the dangers of Islam, before it had been too late and the Muslims had matched the military prowess of the West in terms of their military capability, especially with Iran nearing the nuclear threshold and Pakistan already having its "Islamic Atom Bomb".
Coming back to the rot within the Ottoman empire, the outside world was still mostly unaware of the extent of the Empire's decline until the 1820s, when it became clear that the Ottoman armies had no way to put down the Russian backed revolt in southern Greece. The great powers of Europe decided to intervene to give Greece its independence. Thus in 1820, Greece became the first independent country created out of a section of the Ottoman Empire.
The break-up of European unity against the Ottomans and the beginning of European national rivalries
Russian aspirations for a section of the empire and military bases on Russia's southern flank provoked British fears over Russian naval domination of the Mediterranean and control of the land route to India.
When in 1853 Russia destroyed the entire Ottoman fleet at Sinope, Britain and France deplorably concluded that armed intervention on the side of the Ottomans was the only way to halt a massive Russian expansion, on the grounds that that the Ottoman armies could do nothing to stop a Russian march on Constantinople itself!
The Crimean War is the watermark when the internal rivalries of the European nations had begun to come into play giving Islam a lease of life
The internal rivalries of the European nations had begun to come into play. The Crimean War marks this watermark. The unity among Christian nations that had marked the struggle with the Saracens during the Crusades and for hundreds of years thereafter was to now take a backseat while individual interests of various Western nations came to the fore.
We need to mark here that it was this folly on part of European nations that gave Islam a lease of life of two hundred years more from 1815.
Islam which will finally be destroyed by 2015-2020, would have met its end in 1850-1860 had the British, French and the rising Prussian (German) power had combined with the Russians and Austro-Hungarians to defeat and destroy the Ottoman Empire and then swept into the far reaches of the rickety nations of the Islamic crescent from Turkey to Arabia to Morocco, Nigeria, India up to Indonesia and either killed or converted the heathen and beastlike Muslims to a civilized outlook..
Russia gives the last fatal blow to the Ottoman Jihad in Europe during the Crimean War
The Crimean War illustrated how modern technology and superior weaponry were the most important part of a modern army - a part that the Ottoman Empire was sorely lacking. While fighting alongside the British, French, and even the Piedmontese, the Ottomans could see how far they had fallen behind.
While the industrial revolution had swept through Western Europe, the Ottoman Empire was still relying mainly on medieval military technologies and tactics based on deception and subterfuge meant to engage the enemy in hand-to-hand combat and swordplay. Techniques that had been perfected by the Muslims when they burst upon the world with the blood-curdling cries of Jihad from the sandy wastes of Arabia in 632 C.E.
The vast Caliphate, the Islamic empire of the Ottomans had no railroads, and few telegraph lines. It took days before the major naval defeat at Sinope was learned of in the capital. The poor communications made it very difficult for Constantinople to control its provinces. Thus the provinces in the Balkans, Africa, and Asia became almost autonomous. Serbia was now an independent nation in all but name, paying only token tribute to the Sultan.
The Serbs suffered under Turkish tyranny. Their conditions were ameliorated only after the Russians started weakening Turkish power from 1853.
Most of the other provinces also paid only fractions of the tribute required by law. Even the areas under the Sultan's direct control had an outdated and corrupt tax system based on the Jaziya (Jiziya or Jeziya) tax to be levied on non-Muslims, that built up resistance from the Serbs and drastically depleting revenues. The disorganization and corruption permeating the nation also discouraged trade, hurting both itself and its relations with other nations. Compared to any other European power, the Ottoman empire also had virtually no industry, and its raw materials were not being harvested. It is not surprising then that at the mid point of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire was at the mercy of the Russians until other European powers intervened.
But things began to change after the Crimean war. The western powers had invested a great deal of resources in the Crimean war and they did not wish to come to the aid of the faltering Muslim Empire and lose out tremendous resources in fighting against the rising Russian power which had the advantage of proximity to the war zone. The factor that Russia was a fellow European Christian power was secondary, but that also played a role in cementing the loose Anglo-Russo-Franco alliance against the Ottomans from 1860 to 1920. Thus during the WW1, the Ottoman Empire was attacked by British, and French along with the Russians bringing an end to the Ottoman Caliphate.
The Serbian Revolts against Turkish Tyranny
To overcome the economic crisis the Ottomans tried to initiate measures to prevent an economic collapse throughout the empire by increasing the Jaziya tax on non-Muslims. This touched off a revolt in Herzegovina. The revolt in Herzegovina, quickly spread to Bosnia and then Bulgaria. Soon Serbian armies also entered the war against the Turks.
These revolts were the first test of the new Ottoman armies. Even though they were not up to western European standards the army fought effectively and brutally, and with mass slaughter of the Serbs, the Ottomans again re-established their control. Soon the Balkan rebellions were beginning to falter.
In Europe, however, a new problem was developing. The papers of Russia were filled with reports of Turkish soldiers killing thousands of Slavs. Soon more than Russian propaganda was moving southwards and a new Russo-Turkish war had begun.
Despite fighting better than they ever had before, the advanced Ottoman armies still were not equal to the Russian forces. This time there was no help for the Ottomans from abroad, in truth many European nations supported the Russian war, as long as it did not get too close to Constantinople. Ten and a half months later when the war had ended, the age of Ottoman domination over the Balkans was over. The Ottomans had fought well, the new navy of Ironclads had won the battle for the Black Sea, and Russian advances in the Caucasus had been kept minimal.
In the Balkans, however, the Russian army, supported by rebels, had pushed the Ottoman army out of Bulgaria, Walachia, Romania, and much of East Rumelia and by the end of the war the artillery firing in Thrace could be heard in Constantinople. So close had the Russian army moved to the capital of the Caliphate of the Ottoman Turks.
The Ostrog Monastery in Montenegro - one of the most important strongholds of Orthodox faith in the time of Ottoman rule. The Serbs built such monasteries into the mountainsides to serve the dual purpose of safeguarding the monasteries from the Muslim marauders and as safe havens during the struggle for deliverance from Turkish tyranny.
In response to the Russian proximity to the straits the British, against the wishes of the Sultan, intervened in the war. A large task force representing British naval supremacy entered the straits of Marmara and anchored in view of both the royal palace and the Russian army. The British may have saved the Ottoman empire once again, but it ended the rosy relations between the two powers that had endured since the Crimean War. Looking at the prospect of a British entry into the war the Russians decided to settle the dispute. The treaty of San Stephano gave Romania and Montenegro their independence, Serbia and Russia each received extra territory, Austria was given control over Bosnia, and Bulgaria was given almost complete autonomy.
The autocratic Sultans of the Ottoman Empire had remained unchanged through the centuries, while the rest of the world slowly became more democratic and liberal. The loss of nearly a quarter of the Empire's territory added to the already existing economic problems to make a situation ripe for revolution. The situation was especially dangerous in Constantinople, which contained thousands of refugees fleeing the Balkans.
A number of small coups broke out to overthrow the Sultan. None of them were well organized or even remotely successful, but they filled the then Ottoman emperor Abd-ul-Hamid II with a paranoia that lead to a self-imposed isolation in the palace of Yildiz. The entire Ottoman Empire was built around the Sultan, but this Sultan never left his palace and would only see a few trusted advisors. Unlike in the other states of Europe, such as Germany, where a weak ruler could be made up for by a powerful Prime Minister, there was no one who could make up for a weak Sultan.
While in his self-imposed exile the Sultan's Empire continued to fall apart. Egypt had long been only loosely connected to the Ottoman Empire through the Mamelukes and in 1882 the British incorporated it into their empire to protect the Suez canal. In 1896 Crete revolted and received aid from the Greeks. This soon lead to a war between the Ottoman Empire and its former province. But surprisingly, for the first time in centuries the Ottoman Empire won a war unaided.
Greece was invaded from the North and the Ottoman armies marched south as far as Thermopylae before King George I of Greece agreed to an armistice. Greece lost some of Macedonia, and had to pay an indemnity to Turkey. Crete was, however, given almost complete autonomy to appease Britain and Russia who did not want to see its Christian inhabitants returned to the Turks.
The "Young Turks" and Mustafa Kemal Pasha
This Ottoman military victory did nothing to stop the rise of revolutionary sentiments among the subjects of the Empire. In 1902 a meeting in Paris brought together the leadership of the "Young Turks" - a group, mainly made of students, who were fervent Turkish nationalists wishing to do away with the archaic Empire. In Bulgaria, Serbia and Macedonia nationalist freedom fighters started bombing Ottoman banks and government buildings demanding total independence. The two rebellions eventually joined in 1908 when an army regiment stationed in Macedonia rebelled and fled into the hills. It was joined by Macedonian rebels as well as large numbers of Young Turks. This group called itself the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP).
Soon other regiments in Bulgaria and Rumelia mutinied as did many of the Anatolian soldiers sent in to end the rebellion. Abd-ul-Hamid had no choice but to give into the revolutionaries' demands. A constitution was adopted and a parliament created, Abd-ul-Hamid was now the leader of an Ottoman constitutional monarchy. Soon after the first election, which the CUP won easily, there was a counter coup by the more conservative military officers. The coup failed to destroy the new government, mainly due to the skill of an unknown Adjutant-Major named Mustafa Kemal.
When the liberals discovered that the Sultan had aided the coup they decided that he must go. Thus a fetva was issued and Abd-ul-Hamid II's long reign was at an end.
Slobodan Milosevic represents the national aspirations of all the Southern Slavs to reverse the historical wrongs done to their nation by the Ottoman Jihadis. He too made mistakes with regard to the Croats and Slovenes. But the bridge at Mostar is a symbol of the common adversary of the Serbs and Croats. Many will say he killed innocent Muslim Men, women and children at Srebrenica. Killing is always bad, but then how can those who believe and practice a creed that calls for the murder of others be called innocent? Srebrenica and Sarajevo were in self-defense, as are Ramadi and Fallujah, Jenin and Jericho.
The Court at the Hague has failed to deliver its judgment on Slobodan, but the judgment of history that will be delivered after the dust of the War on Terror settles, will be that Slobodan was in the line of Heros who fought to reverse the Islamic Jihad. He shares honors with Charles Martel and Richard the Lionheart.
Final Defeat of the Ottoman Jihad in Europe during WW1
Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire on September 29, 1911, demanding the turnover of Tripoli and Cyrenaica. When the empire did not respond, Italian forces took those areas on that November 5 (this act was confirmed by an act of the Italian Parliament on February 25, 1912). Three years later on November 5, 1914 the United Kingdom annexed Cyprus, and together with France declared war on the Ottoman empire.
The final end to the aged and crippled empire came in the First World War. Close relations with Germany and the continued enmity towards Russia pushed the empire into joining the Central Powers. The British supported revolt of the Arabs, who lead by T. E. Lawrence (of the "Lawrence of Arabia" fame) defeated the Ottoman forces in the Middle East.
At the end of the war the Ottoman government collapsed completely and the empire was divided amongst the victorious powers. France and Britain got most of the Middle East while Italy and Greece were given much of Anatolia. At the same time an independent Armenian state was established in eastern Turkey, and an autonomous Kurdish area was also created. The Serbs and Croats meanwhile brought together all the Southern Slavs to form a single nation named Yugoslavia.
The Balkan Slavs and Albanian Illyrians who had converted to Islam during Ottoman rule wee now a problem
But with freedom from Ottoman rule came an additional factor to account for. Amidst the Slavs there were many who had converted to Islam during the intervening five centuries of the Ottoman Jihad in Europe. These Slavic and Illyrian converts to Islam did not fully identify with the independence of their homeland from Turkish rule.
Many of them secretly plotted for Turkish rule to return. And when this seemed impossible they nurtured within themselves the notion that as Muslims (although Slavs like Alija Izetbegovic), they were a distinct nation. This feeling was not erased by the six decades of Communist rule under Marshal Tito (the Croatian Strongman who held Yugoslavia together).
The Muslim Slavs of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Muslims Illyrians of Albania and Kosovo fomented a rebellion that broke into an insurrection against the Slavs (Serbs and Croats) to break away and form separate Muslim nations. It is just a matter of time till they declare themselves to be "Islamic Republics" of Albania, Kosovo and Bosnia. As a reaction to this the Christian Slavs were forced into a defensive war to preserve the unity of their nations.
Slobodan Milosevic represents the national aspirations of all the Southern Slavs
The Court at the Hague has failed to deliver its judgment on Slobodan, but the judgment of history that will be delivered after the dust of the War on Terror settles, will be that Slobodan was in the line of Heros who fought to reverse the Islamic Jihad. He shares honors with Charles Martel, Richard the Lionheart and Jan Sobieski.
The campaigns that were described as ethnic cleansing, were those that followed the age-old European Christian tradition of remaining steadfast in face of a beastly Muslim attack, occupation, tyranny. After the first vicious Muslim attack, the European Christians were initially beaten back and bewildered. This happened with the Christians when they first encountered the Muslim Jihad in Mesopotamia in the 7th century, when the Muslims overran Jerusalem in 634, along with Cesaria and Damascus.
The subterfuge in war of Muslim soldiers dressing up as women and attacking the bemused Christian Byzantine soldiers at the battle of Hieryomak (Al Yarmuk), followed by the mass slaughter of the civilian population especially at Cesaria, so seared the memory of the Byzantine Christians that they took some time to find their feet.
This was so, as in no time in Human history had any invader been so inhuman, like the Muslims. But once the Byzantine Christians had gauged their adversary as sub-human schizophrenic savages that they were, the Christians returned every barbarity with equally ferocity. The same was true for the Spanish Christians (Visigoths) who were first overrun by the Moors in 711. After the Muslim subterfuge they were victims of in the battle of Guadelete in Southern Spain, and the grisly sight of the head of their King Roederic (Rodrigo) being stuck on a spear and paraded before the Christian soldiers to break their spirit, the Spanish too learnt the kind of beastly enemy they faced in the Muslims. And they returned the favour to the Muslims in equal measure during the Reconquista. In fact the Reconquista, the Inquisition, and the Crusades all were a result of this unnervingly brutal experience of the Europeans at the hands of the beastly Jihadis.
Those who did not learn this lesson were to be extinct as were the Christians of North Arabia, Sinai, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Anatolia (Turkey), North Africa, Nubia, (North Sudan), as also the Zoroastrians of Iran, Baluchistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, the Buddhists of Afghanstan, Chinese Turkestan (Xinkiang), Kazakastan, the Hindus of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Kashmir, the nature and idol worshipping Arabs of Saudi Arabia, and many other unnamed people who are extinct today and whose descendants survive as robots trapped in the mental prison of Islam.
The Serbs under Milosevic, only tried to reclaim what was historically originally theirs in the only way possible with the Muslim - with that of blood and death. The Muslims understand no other language. If humanity and our civilization are to be emancipated from the Muslim threat, then the only way out is to match and outmatch the Muslims at their gameplan, in their methods of war, in their cruelty, their pervasiveness, persistence, foresight, deception, subterfuge, hate for the adversary and all other departments of the war.
We cannot fault the Serbs for what those with a faint heart, or those with a sneaking sympathy of the Muslims, or those who nurture paranoid fright of the Muslims, decry and moan as "Ethnic Cleansing of the Muslims" In fact this "Cleansing" has to be done, and will be done, across the globe after the first Muslim nuclear attack on the West that unfortunately is coming soon with Iran on the way to becoming a nuclear power and Pakistan already one that can be taken over by the Jihadis through a coup against the ruling nominally pro-American strongman Pervez Musharraf.
NATO attacks on Serbia under the Dhimmicratic (Democratic) Bill Clinton
The sad part of Serbia's chapter was motivated by the misplaced Western belief of trying to appease the Muslims, by winning their hearts and minds through a show of fair-play. It was this warped mentality that was the basis of the NATO policy of bombing Serbia to punish it for trying to reclaim its lost province of Kosovo.
The Dhimmicratic Bill Clinton, who disgraced our Presidency by doing what he did with Monica Lewinsky, tried to distract world attention from his escapades at the Oval Office, by attacking Serbia on behalf of the Kosovar Muslims and carve a place for himself in history.
The American led bombing of Serbia was an act of supreme stupidity that came home to roost on 9/11
Not only did we not win the hearts of the Muslim Ummah, but showed ourselves as dangerous nannies acting on behest of the Muslim murderers. Yes the Muslims were being hounded out of Kosovo, but they had hounded out the Serbs in 1690, to forcibly occupy the province and Islamize it for their Turkish Ottoman overlords. Do the Serbs not have a Right of Return to their lands occupied by the Muslims. In fact do not all non-Muslims have the Right of Return to the lands that the Muslims have overrun, starting from Makkah (Mecca) in the year 630?
The Dhimmicratic Bill Clinton who led America on to a fools errand to show the Muslim murderers, how fair and just he was, is an act that will haut our nation's conscience forever, till we redeem this folly by destroying Islam. Which we will do, unless we want to be destroyed by the Muslims.
George Bush has jettisoned Clinton's Serbia Policy
Have we noticed that in his two Presidential terms, good ole George has not mentioned his predecessors' bombing adventure of Serbia at all in any of his speeches. George has not favored Kosovo with a visit, as did Bill. This is a telling message that the Republican administration disapproves of the Dhimmicratic stupidity of bombing a potential ally in favor of a confirmed enemy!
Islam, Fanatic Islam and Islamic Terrorism
Today many the world over are innocent of how Islam was founded, how it grew and what Islam implies for the future of Humankind. So there are endless debates that Islam is a religion of peace, that all Muslims are not fanatical, and that we need to differentiate between, Muslims and terrorists.
The reading of the story of Islam so far should be enough to dispel the notion that Islam differs from Islamic fanaticism, or that Islam is a religion of peace and that the Terrorists have hijacked a peaceful religion. No it is not. It is Islam which gave birth to Terrorism, which started from the evil mind of its founder Mohammed (yimach shmo ve-zichro - may his name and memory be obliterated) and has filtered down to the last follower (Muslim) today. Islam is Fanaticism, it is high time we woke up to this chilling reality.
How Islam prevents Muslims from leaving Islam - Murder any Muslim leaving Islam
Mohammed (yimach shmo....) was a shrewd man who knew that there was always a danger of Muslims deserting Islam and reverting to some other less blood-thirsty religion, so he made it an offense punishable with death for anyone leaving Islam, having once accepted it. According to the Shariah, a Murtad (Muslim Apostate) has to be killed, and it is the duty of a Muslim to kill any other Muslim who leaves Islam.
The murderous Quran is the inviolable word of god
There can also never ever be any discussion on the murderous commands of the Quran, since it is the word of god, or so Mohammed (yimach shmo ve-zichro - may his name and memory be obliterated) told his followers.
Assemble five times a day to swear your loyalty to Islam
To be doubly sure that his flock remains together in to its murderous ken (prison), he decreed that it was compulsory for all Muslims to come together and pray five times during the day. So there wasn't any chance for his followers to leave Islam and emancipate themselves.
Getting into Islam was a one way street.
Islam was a dead end, where you could enter, (in fact you were forced to enter at the pain of death) , but could never leave, since you would be killed. In fact such was the indoctrination and mass hysteria that Mohammed (yimach shmo....) started, that in a generation or so, the new converts forgot that their forefathers were not Muslims, and in fact in North Africa, they even forgot that they were not Arabs. They forgot that their forefathers were made to submit to Islam at the pain of death.
This sealed the fate of all those who were forced to embrace Islam from ever becoming decent thinking humans ever again.
Only the total destruction of non-Muslim heritage and wholesale slaughter of non-Muslims has got the Muslims Victory
With every Muslim military victory, there was not just a change of ruler, but a wholesale slaughter of those who refused to convert or pay Jaziya. There was also a total destruction of the pre-Islamic culture, educational institution, libraries, etc. The planned and deliberately implemented slaughter of the non-Muslim priestly and warrior class was done to enfeeble the conquered populace so much that they would forget who they were their national and cultural identity be subsumed under a newly imposed Arabized Muslim identity.
This kind of tyranny was never known to the human race, with any other conqueror, like Alexander, Julius Caesar, Hannibal, or even those who came after the Muslims like the British Colonialists, or the Spanish Conquistadors. Yes the Spanish Conquistadors were ruthless, but in spite of all they did to he native Americans, the native Americans still have preserved their memory of they being a people different from the Spanish Conquistadors, not so with the Egyptians, North Africans, Berbers, et al.
Ask any Egyptian who he is, he will say he is an Arab, were the Pharaohs Arabs? Were the builders of the Pyramids, Arab? Ask any Libyan, Sudanese, Algerian, Tunisian, Somalian, who he is he will say he is an Arab. These are people, whom the conquering Muslim Arab, so Arabized that they have forgotten who they are, their national identities have completely been submerged into the Arab Muslim Ummah.
This has not happened with the native Americans or the Maoris or the Africans, in spite of the fact that apartheid was practiced in South Africa. The Arabs as conquerors totally brainwashed at the point of the sword all the conquered people, Arabized and Islamized them at the pain of death.
Knowing all this is relevant today for those who seek to defeat Islam. To do so we have to first understand the depth of depravity in Islam. If the Muslims have to be saved from Islam, then it is not sufficient to conquer the Muslim countries and try to being democracy to them, we have to de-Islamize these people, if they are to be emancipated into civilized beings.
Islam has brutalized them and made them robotic followers and into robotic killers, narrow-minded individuals, despotic rulers, and cruel sadists by following the injunctions of the Instruction Manual of Terrorism (the Quran). This is proven by the bloodied Shiite-Sunni murders that have started in Iraq despite elections, and elections by people who support a murderous creed throw up murders as their legislators as in the case of Hamas and the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.
Islam is a perverted mentality, a mental sickness based on intimidation to convert all non-Muslims to Islam, and to murder if you refuse to convert. And if you manage to save your head, then you have to live under their dehumanizing tyranny and live as non-Muslims (Dhimmis or Zimmis).
The Retrograde Negative Spirit of Islam pervades all across that Islamic civilization(sic). Although to call it "civilization" is a contradiction in terms
The very first verse uttered by that lecherous mass-murderer, the accursed Mohammed-ibn-abdallah was "La Ilah Il Allah, Mohammed ur Rasoolallah" which translated literally would read "No god but god, Mohammed is prophet of god". In Arabic "La" connotes "No". So what can one expect from a mentality whose very first of its five principles is based on negativism?
Negativism permeates all through Islam, its attitudes towards all non-Muslims, its use of dishonesty to portray itself as a victim, its murderous intent towards all those who refuse to convert to Islam, its use of any level of cruelty to Islamize entire humankind.
We can save ourselves from this Malignant Madness of Islam, only if we see it through to its grave. The other option is landing in the grave ourselves along with liberty, progress and free-thinking, freedom of speech and scientific advancement, all of which will be become slaves to that Instruction Manual of Hate and Terror - the Quran.
Why is a threat of death the only way to defeat Islam?
Islam was spread with the use of death threats. The defeated non-Muslims were given the choice of Islam or Death. After having been forced to accept Islam through such terminal coercion, the converted people had no way of renouncing Islam. If they did so, they were targeted as Murtads (apostates) and were killed. It is mandatory in Islam for Muslims to kill anyone who leaves the cult. So the converts were forced to remain Muslims. And as this was their fate, then the best bet for them was to imbibe the murderous attitude themselves and impose it on others.
Today although "Islam or Death" is not possible openly, unless you live in Muslim ruled countries of the Islamic crescent like Egypt, Sudan, Iran, Pakistan or in areas contiguous to Muslim majority areas like Malaku in Indonesia, Southern Sudan, Kashmir, North Nigeria.
Muslim converts today are convicts or psychological wrecks like Jose Padilla and Richard Reid
But the Muslims have devised ingenious methods to reach those best suited for Islam, so they evangelize in Prisons, where they can appeal to the dregs of society, or those come from broken families, those who have gone through divorces, or those who have had some heart-breaking personal experience.
It is on the emotions of such unfortunate wrecks and irredeemable convicts that these Muslim missionaries prey like vultures and hyenas to make them join the murderous ranks of Islam. Richard Reid, the Shoe bomber, Jose Padilla are specimen of those who become Muslim today.
The cardinal fact is that across the fourteen centuries of Islam's existence, it has been its death threat that made people Muslim and it was the same death threat that kept them Muslim. The same death threats are used today to intimate Ayan Hirsi Ali, Salman Rushdie and many others like them to keep them from speaking the truth about Islam.
He who was born by the sword shall die by the sword
Modifying the age-old adage "He who lives by the sword shall die by the sword." We can say that "Islam which was born by the sword shall die by the sword" As it was a death threat that made people into Muslims and kept them as Muslims, the only way these scum can be shaken out of their adherence to the savagery called Islam is a death threat. Not individual death threats as the Muslims hurl today at Hirsi and Salman, but a death threat of extermination through a nuclear holocaust of the entire Muslim population across the globe!
Only when the beastlike Muslims see the determination of a world to do them in, upto their last man and woman, can the Ummah of Islam be smashed.
When the Muslims see that there is no option other than death, if they persist in remaining Muslim, will the fort of Islam be breached and once the first trickle of Muslims who renounce Islam starts, the trickle will turn into a flood and an avalanche that will wipe out Islam.
Yes there will certainly be many Muslims who will try to kill those who renounce Islam, but when these murderers are themselves hunted down with equal ferocity, will the lay Muslims believe that it is safe for them to give up Islam. Then and only then, shall we see Muslims coming over in droves to give up Islam. But this can happen only we seriously hurl and start executing a death threat of mass killing of all Muslims across the globe. There are no soft options here.
Do we have it in us to do that?
The answer decides whether civilization wins or Islam wins!
Samson Blinded: A Machiavellian Perspective on the Middle East Conflict, by Obadiah Shoher
Jihad in the West: Muslim Conquests from the 7th to the 21st Centuries (Hardcover) by Paul Fregosi
The Sword of the Prophet: History, Theology, Impact on the World by Srdja Trifkovic
Islam Unveiled: Disturbing Questions About the World's Fastest Growing Faith by Robert Spencer
Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic (Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam) by David Cook
Why I Am Not a Muslim by Ibn Warraq
Onward Muslim Soldiers by Robert Spencer
Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis by Bat Ye'Or
Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide by Bat Yeor
What the Koran Really Says: Language, Text, and Commentary by Ibn Warraq
Islam and Terrorism: What the Quran Really Teaches About Christianity, Violence and the Goals of the Islamic Jihad by Mark A. Gabriel, Mark A. Gabriel
A Concise History of the Crusades by Thomas F. Madden
The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) by Robert Spencer
The Great Divide: The failure of Islam and the Triumph of the West by Marvin Olasky
The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims by Robert Spencer
Islam Unveiled: Disturbing Questions About the World's Fastest Growing Faith by Robert Spencer, David Pryce-Jones
The Koran (Penguin Classics) by N. J. Dawood
Don't Keep me Silent! One Woman's Escape from the Chains of Islam by Mina Nevisa
Christianity And Islam: The Final Clash by Robert Livingston
Holiest Wars : Islamic Mahdis, Their Jihads, and Osama bin Laden by Timothy R. Furnish
The Last Trumpet: A Comparative Study in Christian-Islamic Eschatology by Samuel, Ph.D. Shahid
Unleashing the beast: How a fanatical islamic dictator will form a ten-nation coalition and terrorize the world for forty-two months by Perry Stone
Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Religion and Politics) by David Cook
Islam and the Jews: The Unfinished Battle by Mark A., Ph.D. Gabriel
The Challenge of Islam to Christians by David Pawson
The Prophetic Fall of the Islamic Regime by Glenn Miller, Roger Loomis
Prophet of Doom : Islam's Terrorist Dogma in Muhammad's Own Words by Craig Winn
The False Prophet by Ellis H. Skolfield
The Approach of Armageddon: An Islamic Perspective by Muhammad Hisham Kabbani
The Cube and the Cathedral: Europe, America, and Politics Without God by George Weigel
Infiltration : How Muslim Spies and Subversives have Penetrated Washington by Paul Sperry
Unholy Alliance : Radical Islam and the American Left by David Horowitz
Unveiling Islam : An Insider's Look at Muslim Life and Beliefs by Ergun Mehmet Caner
Perfect Soldiers : The Hijackers: Who They Were, Why They Did It by Terry McDermott
Islam Revealed A Christian Arab's View Of Islam by Anis Shorrosh
Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out by Ibn Warraq
The Origins of the Koran: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book by Ibn Warraq
Unfortunately for humankind, the end of the death-seeking fiery cult of Islam can only come about through a fiery death-giving weapon. Ironically such nuclear mushroom clouds would be the blazing hell-fire that the Quran talks about and acknowledges will bring about an end to Islam such that there will be no one across the globe to say "Lah ilah il Allah, Mohammed ur Rasoolallah" (There is no god but allah and Mohammed is his prophet).
Exclusive Coverage
Iran preparing to launch an Electro-Magnetic Pulse Nuclear war
The Nazis of Yesterday and the Qazis and Ghazis of today!
Hitler and Khamenei - The two faces of Evil
Warrantless Wiretapping of Muslim phones and Electronic Surveillance of Radiation around Mosques
Our Resolution for the New Year - Realize, Learn and Implement the only way to destroy Terrorism - Attack the Hajj, pulverize Mecca
Shape of things to come in Iraq and the world over
Ramsey Clark as Saddam's Attorney and the politics of subterfuge and murder
Kill or Be Killed - Shiites and Sunnis in a Catch 22 trap inside Iraq
How we are making Islam self-destruct
Muslim Brotherhood raises its Hood in Egypt
Our withdrawal plans and news highlights about Sunnis being tortured by Shiite prison guards and link of these two happenings with the Saudi-Iranian Sunni-Shiite Proxy War that has already started in Iraq
Sharon turns out to be the proverbial "SHEEP" in "Wolf's" clothing!
Muslims crying about deprivation of Civil Liberties and Human Rights is like a Jackal crying "Wolf"
Najaf and Fallujah - A tale of two Cities and two strategies
The Amman Blasts – the first shots of the emerging schism between the Wahabis and the Hashemites
"We should bring our troops Home to achieve our Iraq Policy goals" - A Republican Neocon view
Why do Arabs discriminate against other Muslims from the Ummah - Reason: Muslims are thugs. As they fight with others to commit thuggery, they also fight amongst themselves while sharing the spoils of their thuggery.
Bring our Troops home - Afterall Cindy does actually have a point
Idle Minds are a Devil's Workshop, but in France we are confronting the Devils' Mind
The simple use of demographics of democracy against our enemy
Know the mind of the enemy if we are to defeat those who brought us sorrow
How are Muslims like women?
Shiite-Sunni War coming in Iraq and then across the Middle East
"Winning Muslim Hearts and Minds"
Earthquake in Pakistan - Allah's Jihad against Muslims?
Can the West win a mortal combat of the War on Terror with one hand cuffed?
Are Muslims Alienated everywhere as any civilized lifestyle is alien for them?
The effective way of defeating Pre-cultural theology-inspired Islamic terrorism
Optional Scenarios if the USA does not decimate Mullah Jihadis of Iran now
What we need to change within us to defeat Islamic Terrorism
Understanding Islamic Terrorism to enable us to destroy it once and forever
How Iraq can take the entire Middle East into Apocalypse
Musharraf's Pakistan - A friend or a foe?
What does it take to win a war against theology-inspired terror?
The Root causes of Muslim Alienation and of 9/11, 3/11, 7/7
What makes Muslims glorify murder and revenge?
The cracks and contradictions within the Communist-Islamist Alliance
The real Muslim mind revealed by an Ex-Muslim
Strategy to break the Islamist-Communist Alliance
Logic behind Iran's Mullahs' Desperation to get Nuclear Weapons.
Putin's romance with Palestinians, Iranians and Syrians - Shades of Hitler-Stalin (Ribbentrop-Molotov) Pact of 1939?
Iran's Duplicity in building Nuclear weapons under the cloak of Energy Requirements recalls Hitler's duplicity of building Luftwaffe using Flying Clubs
Vietnam War and the War on Terror - similarities and differences
Islamic Terrorists Murder Students at "Immoral Picnic" Book Review: Atomic Iran - Jerome R. Corsi Security breached at US nuclear power plant
A new and deadly form of Terrorism is Emerging
We are dealing with nihilists and despots who worship a death- cult. They hate modern liberalism and democracy and their ideology is the cousin of fascism and communism. When we faced Stalin and Hitler, the last thing we needed to do was agonize over why they didn't like our societies, lifestyles and systems of government. Neither should we do anything different in confronting the Osamas and Al Zarqawis. More....
Past Editorials
There will come a point when widespread Muslim terror attacks against the U.S. will no longer allow military actions as we have taken in Iraq and Afghanistan and will call for a re- appraisal of our military strategy…… More....
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What if the Muslims win the 3rd World War?
What would life be in the unlikely event of the Terrorists winning the 3rd world war? Would life be worth living then? »»
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text:
Q: How to load a partial view in a parent view using MVC5? View Page:
       function test()
       {
            document.getElementById("testing").showModal();
       }
       <img src="~/images/test.png" onclick="test()" />
       <dialog id="testing" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; ">@Html.ActionLink("test","Test","Home")</dialog>

Homecontroller:
      public ActionResult Test()
      {
          .....
        return PartialView(c);
      }

When i do this it redirect me to the next page  but i want this view as a popup on  the parent view . I have also used @Html.partial("Test") , It created this view as popup but doesn't performed the action means  it is not showing the results that i want on my popup .  can any one help  what should i do for generating this view as popup window in the parent view

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: I need to change my calendar format to start and end on the 23rd of each month (financial month) I'm working on a project where I need to change the months format to start on the 23rd and then end on the 23rd again.
Do you have a solution for this?

A: Use AJAX Calender Extender. Here is the Sample Markup Code:
 <asp:CalendarExtender ID="ControlIDHere" runat="server" Enabled="True"
                        TargetControlID="TextBoxIDHere" PopupButtonID="CalenderImageIDHere" Format="MM/dd/yyyy">
 </asp:CalendarExtender>

you can also initialize the StartDate and EndDate in CalendarExtender.
Hope Helps.

A: It is a little unclear what you are really asking. In C#, dates can be expressed with the DateTime struct. For example:
int startYear = 2017;
int startMonth = 2;
int startDay = 23;
DateTime startDate = new DateTime(startYear, startMonth, startDay);
//
int endYear = 2017;
int endMonth = 3;
int endDay = 23;
DateTime endDate = new DateTime(endYear, endMonth, endDay);

If this does not help, then try looking at Working with Calendars.
If no answer helps you, then you need to provide more info. For example, try posting the code you are working with. You don't need to post the entire project, just the snippet or perhaps class(es) that you have issues with.


text:
Car Hire Cologne
* Rates include tax and are based on a 7 day rental from 06/02/2023-13/02/2023 at Cologne
Hertz car hire in Cologne
Cologne is big, bold and beautiful. A sprawling city on the banks of the Rhine river, it's fuelled by creative and artistic flair. Here, medieval buildings are reinvented as avant-garde restaurants, and the narrow streets are a canvas for local artists. There's inspiration on every corner.
Cologne was badly damaged during the Second World War. However, the towering spires of its Gothic cathedral stand tall in its historic quarter.
Hire a car in Cologne and you'll be able to tick off all the must-see attractions in total comfort – not to mention the star attractions waiting to be discovered across the wider region. We have numerous pick-up points around the area, including at Cologne-Bonn Airport. Simply reserve your hire car online and our team will have it ready at your most convenient location.
Pickup Locations Cologne
Cologne-Bayenthal, Bonner Strasse 536
Opening hours: Mo-Fr 0800-1700, Sa 0800-1100, Su closed. From 1 January 2022: Mo-Fr 0730-1800, Sa 0800-1200, Su closed.
Address: Andre-Citroen-Strasse 24
Cologne, Robert-Perthel Strasse 14-16
Opening hours: Mo-Fr 0800-1800, Sa 0800-1100, Su closed.
Address: Robert-Perthel Strasse 14-16
Phone: +49 (0) 221 9498960
Cologne-Bonn Airport
Opening hours: Mo-Fr 0700-2300, Sa 0900-2200, Su 0900-2300.
Address: Terminal 1 - Car Rental Centre
Cologne-Godorf-IKEA
Address: Godorfer Hauptstrasse 171
Cologne- ROLLER
Address: Max-Planck-Strasse 5
Cologne, Home24 Outlet Cologne
Address: Max Planck Strasse 7
Cologne - BWFP Bookings Only
Opening hours: Mo-Fr 0800-1800, Sa 0800-1100, Su closed
Address: Trankgasse 11
Phone: 49-0-221-9498960
Pick-up Date and Time: closepickupTime 00:00 00:30 01:00 01:30 02:00 02:30 03:00 03:30 04:00 04:30 05:00 05:30 06:00 06:30 07:00 07:30 08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30 17:00 17:30 18:00 18:30 19:00 19:30 20:00 20:30 21:00 21:30 22:00 22:30 23:00 23:30
Return Date and Time: dropTime 00:00 00:30 01:00 01:30 02:00 02:30 03:00 03:30 04:00 04:30 05:00 05:30 06:00 06:30 07:00 07:30 08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30 17:00 17:30 18:00 18:30 19:00 19:30 20:00 20:30 21:00 21:30 22:00 22:30 23:00 23:30
Hire Car Type: Show Me AllVansAutomaticsDream CollectionFamily CollectionFun CollectionPrestige CollectionGreen Collection Apply a discount code
Discount/CDP/Club Code :
Driving in and around Cologne
Germany is known as the land of no speed limits. However, that's only true on the autobahn. On these major routes, signs display the variable speed limits, with a recommended top speed of 130km/h in the unlimited sections. In the heart of Cologne, it's a different story. The maximum speed here is 50km/h. Remember to drive on the right and overtake on the left.
Bridges are a central part of Cologne's transport network, connecting both sides of the city across the Rhine. Hohenzollern Bridge is perhaps the most distinctive, as it's often photographed with the iconic cathedral in the background. It's reserved for pedestrians, cyclists and trains – but it's still a sight you'll behold as you're cruising past.
A low emission zone is in force in much of central Cologne, so you'll need a permit to drive here. However, our hire cars and vans come with a green sticker permit as standard – so there's no hassle.
Finding a parking space in Cologne is simple – just look out for the blue 'P' signs at roundabouts and junctions. These direct you to the nearest multi-storey car parks and often display the number of available spaces. There are around 11,000 on-street parking spaces where you can park for 24 hours for just €4. Find out where they are with this map.
The best way to travel to the many nearby cities and attractions around Cologne is by motorway. Düsseldorf, another major artistic hotspot, is around one hour away via the A57 northbound. Bonn, the birthplace of musical virtuoso Beethoven, is just 40 minutes' drive down the A555. Find your inner thrillseeker at Phantasialand, an epic theme park around 30 minutes' drive from Cologne via the A555 and A553 southbound from the city centre.
A quick guide to Cologne
Cologne is an eclectic place where classic charms meet contemporary edge. Originally a Roman settlement, it's been refining its beauty for thousands of years. The city celebrates this every year at the Cologne Carnival – an epic six-day party awash with colour. While the event takes place in November, there are attractions and activities galore all year round.
Riverside adventures
The Rhine is the longest river in Europe, and it flows straight through the heart of Cologne. It's a central part of the city's identity, with many attractions adorning its banks.
Start downstream at the Cologne Chocolate Museum, indulging your senses on a tour of chocolate-making history. For a more savoury option, the smaller and more rustic Mustard Museum is just behind.
Walk north along the banks, past waterfront parks and blooming gardens, towards the dark green arches of Hohenzollern Bridge. On one side you'll see the Gothic spires of Cologne Cathedral looming large – on the other the modern KölnTriangle skyscraper will be gleaming in the sunshine. This one landscape provides the perfect contrast between medieval and modern architecture.
The banks of the Rhine are a pleasant place to be at all times of year. Open-air theatres and restaurants burst into action in the summer, and the twinkling lights of the Christmas market make it feel warm and cosy in the winter. Drop into Kölner Zoo to meet the resident elephants, and then drive onwards to the neighbouring city of Düsseldorf.
Old town curiosities
Cologne's medieval streets pack in thousands of years of history, legend and intrigue. Close to the cathedral, the Heinzelmännchen fountain is carved with mythical gnomes which are said to come out and play under the cover of darkness.
If you're around the Church of Great Saint Martin, you'll stumble upon the bronze statues of Tünnes and Schäl – two much-loved puppet characters. Make sure you rub Tünnes' nose for good luck.
Modern masterpieces
The star of the modern art scene in Cologne is Museum Ludwig, a contemporary gallery stands in the shadows of the cathedral. It's filled with masterpieces by the likes of Picasso, Matisse and Hockney.
The art spills out into Cologne itself, with bedazzling street art to be found across the city. Pick up an art map from the tourist centre and hunt down the most prized murals covering entire buildings, and original Banksy pieces tucked away in the shadows.
Full-on feasting
Cologne cooks up a storm in the kitchen, with a mix of creative fusion foods and hearty traditional favourites.
Cologne's Belgian Quarter is the thriving hub of the independent restaurant scene. Here you can slurp up Thai noodles, indulge in French favourites and feast on German classics – all within walking distance of the main urban squares.
Go all out by indulging at the city's ever-growing list of Michelin-star restaurants. Cologne is the gastronomic Big Kahuna of Germany, where exquisite flavours, settings and service have won close to 20 of the prestigious stars between them. For the feast of a lifetime, head to Restaurant Vendôme on the eastern outskirts of the city. It's headed up by Joachim Wissler, who has been voted the best chef in Germany.
Cologne is a city which marches to its own beat. Your time will run out before the fun stops – and you'll soon be back for more. Whether you're travelling on business or planning a romantic city break, explore it all with a hire car.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Grants of up to £90,000 available.
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Mid and East Antrim Local Action Group is funded under Priority 6 (LEADER) of the Northern Ireland Rural Development Programme 2014-2020 by the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs and the European Union.


5921 Partlow Road, Spotsylvania, VA, 22551 - Photos, Videos & More!
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The Finley Peasant Top combines navy and pink hand blockprinting with delicate embroidery and mirror detailing on crisp white cotton. The front button placket and softly gathered bodice is a romantic spin on the peasant blouse. Slip this overhead and tie the tassels or knot! Wear this top over shorts or jeans and you will definitely be vacation ready.


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