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Badger Improvement Proposals
At its core, Badger is run by its community members. As such, major changes to BadgerDAO go through a full-community approval process known as Badger Improvement Proposals (BIP). Some actions that have required BIPs include: adjusting fees for Vault products, committing treasury funds to support grant programs, and making major purchases such as the badger.com domain name. More details on the BIP process can be found here, but at its core requires:
Discussion. Ideas for BIPs usually begin on the Badger Discord, forum, or elsewhere in the community.
Forum Feedback. A community member opens a Request for Feedback (RFF) in the Badger Discord to start initial community discussion. Following discussion, a more extensive draft BIP is circulated on the Badger forum for a period of debate and refinement lasting at least five days. Any member of the Badger community may propose a BIP.
Forum Vote. A vote is held on the forum, requiring a quorum of at least 50 votes.
Snapshot Vote. After reaching quorum on the forum, a member of the core Badger team will post the BIP to Snapshot.org vote where BADGER token holders can vote. This vote usually lasts three days, however this period can be shortened to 24 hours in urgent cases. Proposed BIPs require a simple majority (50% +1) to pass.
Implementation. Following a successful Snapshot vote, signers of Badger's multisig are authorized to deploy code, make payments, or otherwise begin work to implement the BIP.
Council of Badgers
In February 2021, a Council of seven members, three from the core team and four from the community, was formed by BIP 28 to handle grant requests. The initial members of the Council were chosen by a forum nomination process and a community Snapshot vote.
Over time the Council suffered various changes, members were changed and more responsibilities were put into place so it could serve the true purpose of its creation; to have a group of members , chosen by the community, that had a notorious influence over how decisions were made. BIP 93, outlined as "Council 2.0" created the framework for Council operations and their role in ensuring an engaged community that is active and empowered in DAO governance.
This frameworks consists of:
Part I: Governance (BIP) Process
The governance process facilitates community, Core team and Council involvement in bringing new proposals forward. The Council has primary responsibility for facilitating Badger governance and will act for the good of the community regardless of personal opinions or financial interests.
This section provides the framework for:
BIP Creation
Forum Signaling
Snapshot Voting
Each BIP should balance the needs of all Badger stakeholders while safeguarding growth and viability of the DAO.
The Council will engage with members in the Badger Forum and Discord who would like to bring proposals to governance. Initial drafts should be created by the sponsoring member(s) of the community and then refined in collaboration with the Council. The Council will ensure BIPs:
Are properly formatted and easily understood
Include all relevant information for voters to make informed decisions
Have considered impacts to the Core team, treasury, tokenomics, etc.
Outline how BIPs address / impact prior BIPs
Are capable of being implemented technically and financially
Are safe from attack vectors and legal risk
Have clear implementation plans that have been vetted by the people who need to do the work
Have an BIP/RFF channel in the public Discord for community engagement
The Badger Forum provides the most community exposure to a proposal. For this reason, BIPs will be posted on the Forum to give the community the chance to provide feedback to the Council before a BIP is sent to a snapshot vote.
The Council posts BIPs to the Forum after it is approved in draft form by a majority of Council members. The Core team may post a BIP to remove the Council or alter its membership, but otherwise should work through the council.
BIP voting in the forum is a way for the community to signal support and objections in a quantifiable way. Forum voting is one of many inputs to the feedback loop and is non-binding. BIP signal voting and commenting will be held on the Forum for 72 hours. The Council can vote for a shorter signaling period.
Based on community feedback and level of engagement, the council may opt for 4 possible outcomes:
Proceed: BIP will be taken to snapshot
Rework: BIP will be updated based on feedback and submitted to the forum feedback again
Extend: The signaling period may be extended by the council to allow discussions to settle or to allow for additional community exposure
Halt: a. Work on the BIP will be stopped until/unless circumstances warrant it being revisited b. The council will provide a written explanation in the Forum comments
The Core team may choose to formally endorse or object to a BIP based on their collective view of the benefits or risks to the DAO. In this case:
A formal written team statement for or against a BIP can be ratified via a Core Team 2/3 majority emoji vote
This statement will be published on the forum and linked in the snapshot vote
Individual members of the Core team remain free to express their personal preferences regardless of the Core Team formal statement.
BIPs will be moved to a snapshot vote based on a majority of the Council voting in favor via an emoji vote.
A snapshot vote outcome requires a minimum 100k votes and will remain open for a minimum of 72 hours. A snapshot will be closed and not passed if 72 hours have elapsed and it has not reached the 100k vote quorum.
If a snapshot does not reach quorum then the Council will evaluate the reason for the lack of community engagement and will decide on next steps. For example, the Council may work with the community to address the reason it did not get enough support and then resubmit it through the governance process which may, or may not, include another pass through the Forum. Or, the Council could choose to let the outcome stand with no further action.
The Core team will schedule implementation of the BIP after snapshot passage
Core Team will include a member of the Council to the pod owner's meeting to discuss upcoming / approved BIPs
Implementation timeframe, or a plan to create one, will be communicated to the community after the next Core team meeting following the snapshot passage
During implementation it may become clear that the BIP cannot be reasonably implemented because of financial constraints, technical impossibility, legal risk, or some other existential risk to the DAO.
If the Core team decides a BIP cannot proceed then:
a. The team is permitted to stop work on the BIP until the issue is resolved
b. This issue may be resolved through a new BIP that amends or cancels the original
c. Responsibility for the updated BIP is a shared responsibility between the Core team and the Council.
Part II. Check and Balances
The Council is being entrusted with new governance responsibilities. It is important for the community and Core Team to have the ability to check those new responsibilities. This section outlines these checks and balances.
Core Team Oversight
The Core Team will appoint an Oversight Board of their choosing to review Council performance and recommend improvements.
The Oversight Board will review council performance and compensation quarterly.
At any point, the Core Team may directly post a snapshot to remove the Council. This will:
a. Transfer responsibility to the Core team for moving BIPs to > snapshot via a simple majority of all full time team members.
b. Remove any and all Council decision making authority.
c. All subsequent governance decisions will require a snapshot vote.
Community Oversight
The community may force a snapshot to remove the Council:
a. Via an emoji vote on the Badger Community Discord with least 50 affirmative votes and a majority in favor
b. The snapshot vote will last for 96 hours. During this time governance will be paused unless it is deemed to be critical for operational or security by at least 70% of the Core Team.
c. Votes to remove the Council are limited to one every 8 weeks.
Part III: Council Structure & Responsibilities
This governance proposal assigns responsibilities to the Council with the goal of improving and streamlining governance, increasing community involvement and allowing the Core team to focus on strategy, operations, partnerships and growth.
Additional Responsibilities of all Councilors: Below are Councilor responsibilities not defined in the sections above:
Be present on a majority of AMA's and community facing calls made to discuss governance in process.
Participate in monthly council meetings to keep in sync and discuss governance process and improvements.
Attend up to 20 hours per quarter of extraordinary meetings about the governance process.
Always vote in the best interests of the DAO and the community over their own personal interests.
Never accept personal bribes or other favors for votes.
Any exchange or value for outcomes (eg. Badger votes for gauges, protocol emissions to a vault) will always be directed towards the DAO/Treasury and fully disclosed as part of the governance matter in question.
Council Roles: The standard council size is 7 members consisting of 2 Core Team councilors and 5 Community (standard/committee) councilors.
Core Team Councilors: The Core Team Council size will be 2 unless a community Councilor joins the Core team. In this case, the person will move from the community to the core Councilor position and can be backfilled on the community team.
Standard Councilors: There will be 5 Standard Councilors elected from and by the community. They shall: a. Review and vote on 80%+ Council items. b. Contribute to defining the council process.
Committee Councilors: Up to 4 Standard Councilors may serve as Committee Councilors at any time. The are: a. Elected by the Council. b. Reclassified as standard Councilors voluntarily, through a Council majority vote or unilaterally by the Core Oversight Board. c. Regularly involved with the community to bring proposals forward d. Actively involved in creating, discussing, facilitating, documenting and deciding BIPs and/or council motions
Chairbadger: If someone steps up to drive the council forward, a Chairbadger of the council may be appointed: a. The Chairbadger shall be appointed by a majority vote of both the core team Oversight Board and the Council. b. The Chairbadger may be removed by a super majority of at least 5 council members or unilaterally by the Core Oversight Board.
Expert Advisory Support: The Council is authorized and encouraged to retain: a. Technical writing support focused on policy and law. b. Technical writers and advisors to support making informed decisions.
Councilor resignation and replacement:
Resignation: Council members may resign at any point.
Replacement: Council members can be forced to resign from the council with an affirmative vote by at least 5 of the other councilors.
Vacancies:
The Core Oversight Board will appoint a core team member to fill in a vacant seat.
During this time the council will, through some process of their own choosing, identify candidates who will then be selected/ratified through a snapshot vote.
Appointments will stand until a successful snapshot vote is completed.
Council Term and Elections
Community involvement in governance is a critical aspect of Badger DAO. In support of this a snapshot vote to re-elect or replace council members will be held every 6 months. The last Council vote completed on March 30, 2022 and so the next one will occur on Sept. 30, 2022, and so on.
Deprecated Contracts


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Fly fishing on North Fork Teanaway River. Photo by Holly Werran.
Learn › Blog › Major step forward for biggest Greenway conservation priority
Major step forward for biggest Greenway conservation priority
The Teanaway River Basin, just north of Cle Elum, boasts working forest lands, livestock grazing acreage, opportunities for many kinds of recreation, hundreds of miles of streams and dozens of trails.
Today Governor Jay Inslee signed the capital budget for the State of Washington which included $132 million for the Yakima Basin Integrated Plan which will provide water for farmers throughout the Yakima River Basin. This large-scale plan includes $100 million to acquire 50,272 acres in the Teanaway River Basin to ensure a healthy watershed for forests, farms, people and fish and wildlife.
This is wonderful news in the Greenway!
Conservation of these lands in the Teanaway has been a top statewide priority for land conservation for years, and represents a huge step forward in connecting land ownership and ensuring ecological health of the Mountains to Sound Greenway. Increased recreation access will bring increased tourism and revenue to nearby communities, including Ellensburg, Cle Elum and towns throughout the Upper Kittitas Valley.
Additionally, the Washington Wildlife and Recreation Program was funded at $65 million, making for an historic state investment in conservation and recreation. Funded projects within the Greenway include boat access to the scenic Yakima River along Highway 10; regional trail connections on the East Lake Sammamish Trail, Cross Kirkland Corridor and Redmond Central Connector; new hiking and mountain biking trails at Olallie State Park and Tiger Mountain; and land conservation of more than 5,000 acres just south of Cle Elum.
As we move forward to make the Greenway a National Heritage Area, these major conservation and recreation successes will continue to show the national significance of this spectacular landscape.
Thanks to the Washington State Legislature for tremendous strides forward in conservation of our natural heritage in the Mountains to Sound Greenway and throughout the state.
2023 Legislative Priorities January 17, 2023
From Ellensburg to Seattle, the Mountains to Sound Greenway National Heritage Area (Greenway NHA) encompasses spectacular natural lands, productive working farms and forests, opportunities for …
Continue reading 2023 Legislative Priorities
BIPOC Outdoors and Conservation Careers Resource Guide January 13, 2023
This list is a roundup of resources to help self-identified Black, Indigenous, and People of Color break into guiding and conservation careers at varying skill …
Continue reading BIPOC Outdoors and Conservation Careers Resource Guide
Landmark Legislation to Ensure Long-Term Stability for America's National Heritage Areas Now Law January 6, 2023
President Biden signed the National Heritage Area Act yesterday WASHINGTON, DC – Yesterday, President Biden signed the National Heritage Area Act (S. 1942). …
Continue reading Landmark Legislation to Ensure Long-Term Stability for America's National Heritage Areas Now Law

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Agriculture built North Carolina. The NC Plant Sciences Initiative will keep it growing.
Complex challenges demand complex solutions. A rapidly growing population. Less farmland. Climate and water shifts. Emerging crop diseases and pests.
These are just some of the challenges facing agriculture today.
The NC Plant Sciences Initiative (PSI) strives to address these grand challenges.
We are bringing the brightest minds in academia, government and industry together to drive innovation that increases yields, creates new varieties, extends growing seasons, enhances agricultural and environmental sustainability and produces new and improved technology. Interdisciplinary teams that can shift nimbly.
Establishing the PSI Building on NC State's Centennial Campus will be the tipping point in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences' (CALS) ability to impact North Carolina and the world of agriculture.
Think of all the good we can do.
The grand challenges facing the world don't mimic the neat organizational structure of a traditional university.
Take hunger, for example. As the climate changes, populations grow and arable land shrinks, it's going to take a collaborative approach to ensure reliable plant-based food sources. NC State researchers in biology, computer engineering and environmental engineering are merging botany and big data to determine why some plants wither under stress while others thrive.
An interdisciplinary research model is the cornerstone of the NC Plant Sciences Initiative. Having plant scientists collaborate with experts in engineering, economics, biology and even marketing ensure the research covers all the potential aspects. And resulting in a strong, cohesive purpose and greater market potentials.
90+ crop varieties are produced in N.C. Help us develop more.
The NC Plant Sciences Initiative will certainly help grow agriculture in our state. But it will also help in ways you may not expect, due to its the interdisciplinary approach. Scientists will be needed, of course. But so will engineers, mathematicians and economists. As well as disciplines ranging from meteorology to marketing.
What's developed in the lab will need to be tested in the field. NC State and the N.C. Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services oversee more than 30 testing facilities. These sites give our farmers the new varieties and methods they need to improve yields and raise profits, growing local economies. In short, our impact is innovation in action.
Here's one example: NC State researchers developed the Covington sweet potato variety in 2005. Look at how successful it's been in under 10 years.
Partnerships that will impact generations to come.
The people of North Carolina, the Golden LEAF Foundation, commodity groups and agricultultural organizations and NC State University have already gifted financial support.
The NC Plant Sciences Initiative has received strong support from commodity groups and the biotech industry, underscoring the state's desire to create a global hub for plant sciences.
For Dan Weathington, executive director of the North Carolina Small Grain Growers Association, supporting the initiative is a matter of supporting the state's farmers.
Together we define the future of plant sciences. Join us.
The first level of the building focuses on the integration of community based efforts and education of the public. A welcoming, two-story entrance titled the "Hearth" will highlight a demonstration area focused on the agricultural sciences and projects that are going to be housed at the Plant Sciences Building.
Best-in-class seminar, lecture and common spaces where all partners, students and stakeholders will interact in ways that transform innovation and learning. This highly visible location accommodates 135-150 people for seminars and workshops. The pre-function space will provide a gathering area for collaborators before and after events in this room.
Rooftop greenhouse space will provide fully conditioned under glass growth environments. There will be a mix of BSL2 and BSL3 greenhouse space located on the fifth level. This controlled-environment facility for working with and containing plant diseases and insects can house select agents that are not currently present in the United States.
The Boardroom will overlook the Oval and will have dramatic views of the Oval, Hunt Library and the lake beyond. Located on the third floor, this space is where leading minds come to discuss complex problems. The room will hold 30 people.
The Plant Sciences core laboratory support spaces (aka "anchor labs") will provide access to state of the art equipment and staff to support the research projects of the PSB. The core labs distributed across each lab floor and will include growth chambers and environmental rooms. Anchor Labs: Genotyping Lab, Spectroscopy and Omics Suite, Transformation Suite, Soils Analysis Lab and Engineering Lab.
Break spaces and shared conference space is clustered between research wings on each floor, providing amenities at the center of the building, positioned to maximize interaction and collision on each floor. The spaces will have different amenities and atmosphere to encourage researchers to leave their floor in search of different environments.
Eminent scientist Charles Stuber is stepping down after 13 years as director of the consortium he helped to create at NC State.
A common perennial grass may hold uncommon promise for research, agriculture and industry – and it may even fuel the future. A team of NC State scientists are exploring the potential of miscanthus.
An international team, including researchers from NC State, identifies the regulators that spur plants to grow larger and more complex once they've germinated. The research, published in the journal Nature, has important implications for agriculture.


The Guardian Ice System is a highly effective method of preventing ice contamination. Guardian Ice Systems mount inside or outside an ice machine, providing sanitary storage for ice scoops. Scoop can be removed from mounting apparatus by the handle, eliminating even the risk of indirect contact with ice. In addition to assisting in sanitary ice procedures, the Guardian Ice System is also a convenient tool for quick access to ice scoops.
Great For: safely storing ice scoops and providing quick access to ice scoops.
Materials: durable plastic. Guardian Ice Systems are NSF listed.


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Home » News » NRK's contribution to media diversity analysed
NEWS | 24 Apr 2018
NRK's contribution to media diversity analysed
The public service media house NRK makes a positive contribution to media plurality in Norway, and its online operations do not seem to place significant constraints on the market competition. These are the Norwegian Media Authority's main conclusions in a report presented in April.
Commissioned by the Ministry of Culture, the Norwegian Media Authority (Medietilsynet) has carried out an analysis of NRK's role and contribution to Norwegian media diversity in terms of both content and consumption.
The analysis has also assessed NRK's cooperation with commercial actors and the competitive effects of its output of news and current affairs online.
Besides the main conclusions – that through its public service mission NRK makes a positive contribution to media plurality and that it constitutes no direct harm to its competition in the media markets analysed – the analysis also finds that there is no correlation between NRK's online offering and the willingness to pay for digital news, and that NRK's cooperation with commercial actors is developing in a positive way.
The Media Authority also concludes that even though the commercial media players are still in a demanding transformation phase – in which local and regional journalism is particularly vulnerable – the solution is not to weaken public service media. This would not make commercial media more competitive, but might instead have negative effects on the overall Norwegian media diversity.
More information (in Norwegian):
Download the report from the Media Authority's website
Download the report in PDF format directly
About the commission from the Ministry of Culture, Dec 2017
External research reports: In addition to its own assessments, the Media Authority has brought in analyses from independent media researchers and consultants.
Researchers from the University of Bergen have contributed two reports: Brukerperspektiv på NRKs bidrag til mediemangfoldet og innvirkning på andre aktører [User Perspective on NRK's Contribution to Media Diversity and Impact on Other Actors] by Hovden, Moe, Rosenlund and Holm, and NRKs bidrag til mediemangfoldet [NRK's Contribution to Media Diversity] by Sjøvaag and Pedersen. A third analysis, on the competitive economics of NRK's news online in three selected markets, has been conducted by Menon Economics.
The reports can be downloaded from the Media Authority's website.
EVA HARRIE
Media structure


We've been providing low cost local advertising for over 6 years now and we also are able to offer you printing at incredibly low prices. Formerly known as Carlton Print Solutions, at The Farnborough Local we are able to bring you printed materials like business cards, stationery, leaflets, posters, folders and much more at trade prices. A bit like a mortgage broker who is able to deal with companies and get deals that you or I wouldn't have access to as a consumer, we are able to offer the same brokering service in the print market to our customers.This allows us to offer the best value and quality, whatever your print requirement.
Every printer has a specialist area of expertise. Rarely can a single printer offer the best value, quality, and service in all areas of printing. This would mean having the best machines imaginable for every single variation of print job. This is why many of our clients prefer using our print broker services as opposed to a single printer.
We have a large network of trusted printers that we regularly use, each specialising in a specific area.
We know the best printers for business cards, the best printers for brochures, the best printers for large format graphics, and so on. This allows us to meet the individual requirements of each specific job and, because of the spending power we have, means we can offer better value and quality.
Most importantly we are able to get the lowest prices available for YOU!
Office Stationery (Letterheads, Compliment Slips etc) Business Cards Leaflets Flyers brochures Posters Banners Labels books Magazines and much more.


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Q: Unable to refresh jtextarea after Selection from JOptionPane drop down list box The first time I select an option from the list, the value is displayed on the jtextarea
The second time I select an option, the value doesn't change.
Is there a refresh option? Or a better approach for this problem? Thanks!
Here's a snippet of the code:
String[] choices = {"Apple","Orange", "Pear"};

String fruit= (String) JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "Select Fruit:","Select Fruit", JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE, null, choices, choices[0]);

if (fruit!= null){

jtextarea.append("Name\t:  " + fruit.getName() + "\n");
jtextarea.append("Color\t:  " + fruit.getColor() + "\n");

}

A: fruit.getName()
fruit.getColor()

These two are wrong since it's a refrence to what your JOptionPane returns and not an object with an getter. As it is not your array choices contains strings. Simply append what your joptionpane returns which is fruit(This will be either Apple, Orange or Pear) :
jtextarea.append("Name\t:  " + fruit + "\n");

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Using CNG to fuel hydraulic hybrid trucks can deliver even greater energy savings.
Hydraulic hybrid technology has been around for years. It enables large vehicles like garbage trucks, delivery trucks, and buses to capture the kinetic energy produced by their own braking system via a hydraulic pump and reservoir system. This energy can then be released to help turn the drive shaft. These types of systems can cut emissions by 40 percent compared to traditional truck designs, while also improving overall fuel efficiency.
Traditionally, hydraulic components have been paired with gas or diesel engines in hybrid systems. Now, however, Parker Hannifin has developed a new system that uses Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) instead of gasoline for even greater reductions in costs and emissions. This new RunWise Advanced Series Hybrid Drive System also introduces the innovation of capturing energy not only from the brakes, but also from the engine.
Waste collection trucks using the RunWise system have been manufacturer by Autocar LLC and tested extensively in locations from Miami-Dade County, FL to Chula Vista, CA. After over a million miles of testing, Parker reports that that the RunWise system is delivering significant improvements in fuel consumption and emissions. The system is also very reliable with 99 percent up time.
Parker also reported that drivers appreciate that the system offers improved responsiveness, smoother shifting, and less noise. Plus, the company expects these CNG hydraulic hybrid vehicles to experience less brake wear which will help reduce service and maintenance costs. Parker plans to continue to work on the RunWise system with the goal of creating a commercialized version of the technology soon.
Bernell Hydraulics is proud to be an authorized parts provider for Parker. While we may not be seeing parts for CNG hydraulic hybrid vehicles on the shelves just yet, we do have many other innovative Parker parts that use the latest technology to deliver exceptional efficiency and performance for virtually any kind of hydraulic system. Next time you need certified genuine Parker hydraulic parts, please make Bernell Hydraulics your first phone call. You can come by one of our stores to pick up your parts, have them delivered to your work site if it's in our local area, or have them shipped anywhere in the world.


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Grain Fort ist die Ruine einer Artilleriefestung unmittelbar östlich des Dorfes Grain auf der Isle of Grain in der englischen Verwaltungsgrafschaft Medway. Das Fort wurde in den 1860er-Jahren, einer Zeit der Spannungen mit Frankreich, zum Schutz der Mündung des River Medway in das Ästuar der Themse errichtet. Die Lage der Festung ermöglichte es, mit ihren Kanonen den nahegelegenen Grain Tower und das Garrison Point Fort in Sheerness auf der anderen Seite des River Medway zu unterstützen. Mehrmals wurde Grain Fort umgebaut und seine Bewaffnung auf den jeweils neuesten Stand der Technik gebracht. 1956, als das Vereinigte Königreich sein Küstenverteidigungsprogramm aufgab, wurde es außer Dienst gestellt. Anschließend wurde es abgerissen. Die Überreste des Forts sind heute noch sichtbar und in einen Park an der Küste integriert.

Strategische Zusammenhänge

Das Fort wurde als Antwort auf das Wettrüsten der Marinen von Großbritannien und Frankreich gebaut. Die britische Küstenverteidigung war seit der Zeit der Koalitionskriege nicht wesentlich verbessert worden, aber eine neue Generation von zielgenauen und starken Geschützen, die auf schnellfahrenden, gut manövrierbaren und eisengepanzerten Kriegsschiffen montiert waren, machte die existierenden Artillerieforts, die im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert entlang der britischen Küstenlinie errichtet worden waren, nutzlos. Die Themsemündung wurde als besonders verwundbar eingestuft. Sie war nicht nur eine der wichtigsten Handelsrouten des Landes, sondern an ihr lagen auch noch eine ganze Reihe von Einrichtungen der Marine von großer Bedeutung, z. B. die Ausrüstungshöfe von Deptford, die Waffenfabriken des Arsenals von Woolwich und die Magazine in Purfleet.

Die Antwort der Regierung auf die erhöhte Bedrohung war die Berufung der Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom, die 1860 einen weitgehenden Bericht veröffentlichte. Sie forderte, dass viele der existierenden Forts ausgebaut oder gänzlich neu gebaut und neue Forts zum Schutz der strategisch besonders wichtigen und verletzlichen Punkte entlang der Küste errichtet werden sollten. Insgesamt wurden daraufhin etwa 70 Forts und Batterien an der englischen Küste errichtet.

Es gab bereits eine Geschützbatterie vor der Isle of Grain, Grain Tower, etwa einen Kilometer vom späteren Standort des Grain Fort entfernt. Sie war im Stil eines Martello-Turmes in den Jahren 1848–1855 errichtet worden, aber die Einführung der schweren und genau schießenden Vorderlader mit gezogenen Läufen in den 1850er-Jahren machte sie gleich nach ihrer Fertigstellung unbrauchbar. Der Bericht der Kommission von 1860 forderte, dass der Grain Tower in ein vollständig mit Kasematten versehenes Fort umgebaut werden sollte, das um die bestehende Anlage herum errichtet werden sollte. Aber die Kosten hierfür wurden als zu hoch angesehen und der Vorschlag wurde als Teil eines Kosteneinsparungsinitiative zur Minderung der Investitionen in das Festungsbauprogramm fallen gelassen. Stattdessen wurde eine neue Landfestung in Grain errichtet und die existierende Geschützbatterie in Garrison Point auf der Isle of Sheppey modernisiert und befestigt, sodass Garrison Point Fort entstand.

Bau und layout
Grain Fort wurde von 1861 bis 1868 in siebeneckiger Form erstellt. Anfangs hatte es 13 offene Geschützplattformen auf einem Erdwerk, unter dem die Magazine und Verbindungsgänge angelegt waren. Ein halbrunder Donjon in Ziegelbauweise in Nord-Süd-Ausrichtung stand in der Mitte des Forts. In ihm waren Unterkünfte für die Garnison untergebracht, und er war mit Verteidigungseinrichtungen, wie Schießscharten in der Frontfassade zur Ermöglichung von Musketenfeuer, ausgestattet. Ebenso hatte er hinten, wo der Haupteingang war, Zinnen, die den Verteidigern Schutz vor einem Angriff von hinten boten. Er besaß vier Kaponnieren, die die Ecken schützten und über Wege im Untergrund zugänglich waren. Ein innerer Graben um den Donjon war mit drei weiteren Kaponnieren sowie zwei Halbkaponnieren, gedeckt, die in die Erdwälle einerseits und zum Donjon andererseits führten. Den Donjon konnte man über eine Brücke, die ihn mit dem Terreplein verband, betreten.

Geschichte des Einsatzes
Die anfängliche Bewaffnung von Grain Fort bestand aus 13 schweren Vorderladergeschützen mit gezogenen Läufen (sechs 11-Zöllern, vier 9-Zöllern und drei 64-Pfündern). Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts wurden diese durch vier deutlich stärkere Geschütze ersetzt: zwei 9,2-Zoll-Mark-X-Hinterlader und zwei 4,7-Zoll-Geschütze. Die ursprünglich 13 Geschützplattformen wurden 1895 auf 5 reduziert. Auch während des Zweiten Weltkrieges blieb das Fort in Benutzung und wurde weiteren Veränderungen unterzogen; seine beiden 6-Zoll-Geschütze für die Nahverteidigung wurden mit bombensicheren Einhausungen versehen. Ebenso wurden Feuerkontrollstände hinzugefügt und Spigot-Mörser an beiden Enden des Terreplein. 1956 wurde das Fort außer Dienst gestellt und fünf Jahre später an die örtliche Verwaltung verkauft. Diese ließ alle oberirdischen Gebäude abreißen.

Zur Unterstützung der Feuerkraft des Forts wurden später zwei zusätzliche Geschützbatterien in der Nähe installiert. Es handelte sich dabei um die Grain Wing Battery (erbaut in den Jahren 1890–1895) 50 Meter südlich von Grain Fort und die Dummy Battery (erbaut in den Jahren 1861–1868) etwa einen Kilometer südlich des Forts. Keine der beiden war lange im Einsatz, bevor die Waffen abgebaut und die Anlagen für andere Zwecke genutzt wurden. Beide Batterien wurden zusammen mit dem Grain Fort außer Dienst gestellt und verkauft.

Heute
Heute kann man nur noch wenige oberirdische Überreste von Grain Fort sehen. Nicht nur der Donjon wurde abgerissen, sondern auch die Stellen, an denen die oberirdischen Gebäude einst standen, mit Geröll und Abfall aufgefüllt. Die Erdwerke der Festung und eine Ziegelschanze sind heute noch erhalten und ein Fußweg verbindet die Betonschürzen der verfüllten Geschützplattformen miteinander. Die vorderen Kaponnieren sind mit Erde bedeckt, aber größtenteils noch vollständig erhalten. Magazine und Tunnel in den Kellern existieren noch und wurden von Stadterkundern erforscht. Viele Einbauten sollen noch bis heute erhalten sein. Das Gelände des Forts gehört heute zum Isle of Grain Coastal Park, der von den Friends of the Coastal Park zusammen mit den Besitzern, dem St James Parish Council, verwaltet wird. Das Fort ist Teil eines Scheduled Monument, das 1976 ausgewiesen wurde, um "die Verteidigungsanlagen der Küstenartillerie auf der Isle of Grain, direkt östlich und südöstlich des Dorfes Grain" zu schützen.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks und Quellen
 Isle of Grain Fort. Pastscape. Historic England. English Heritage.
 Grain Fort. Subterranea Britannica.
 Grain Tower. Victorian Forts.

Festung im Vereinigten Königreich
Ruine in England
Scheduled Monument im Borough of Medway
Bauwerk im Borough of Medway
Erbaut in den 1860er Jahren

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Maple syrup is made from maple sap, collected from sugar maple trees in very late winter and early spring. The sap is a very dilute liquid containing from 1% to 7% sugar, varying from tree to tree and probably averaging around 2% sugar. It takes approximately 40 gallons of this sap to produce 1 gallon of maple syrup.
As the end of winter approaches, the farmer breaks roads through the snow to the sugar house, and throughout his maple woods. He then proceeds to wash and sterilize all his sugaring equipment.
Next comes the tapping of the sugar maples. A 7/16 inch hole is drilled into the tree to a depth of about 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 inches. Into this is driven a "spout." These spouts are rather like modified pieces of pipe from which the bucket is hung or pipeline is run. A cover keeps dirt and rain water out of the buckets until collection; pipeline carries the sap directly from the tree to the storage tank.
From the storage tank the sap flows, to the "evaporator". Evaporators are large pans, varying in size according to the size of the operation. A popular size is 5 feet wide and 16 feet long. Most evaporators have two pans; the flue pan and the syrup pan. The sap flows first to the flue pan, which has a bottom made of flues to provide a greater heating surface, and then to the flat bottomed syrup pan. The pans are divided by partitions, which creates a continual but very slow movement of sap from the point where it enters the evaporator around the many partitions and finally out of the evaporator as syrup.
To evaporate the tremendous amount of water in the sap, a large quantity of fuel must be burned. Some producers use oil, however most sugar makers use wood cut from their own woodlots as fuel. Sugar makers like to have the wood cut and finely split a year in advance of sugaring, as dry wood boils the sap much faster. Preparing this wood is hard work, requiring many days of labor.
It takes a long time for the 2% sap to be condensed by the evaporation process to the exact density of maple syrup. If cooked too thick the resulting syrup will crystallize. If the syrup is too thin it will be apt to ferment. Sugar makers use a hydrometer to check the density. When the hydrometer settles in the liquid syrup to a mark designating the correct density, the syrup is drawn from the pan. It is then filtered again to remove the nitre (or sugar sand) which has developed in the boiling process.
From the filtering tank the maple syrup flows into small retail containers or into 35 and 50 gallon drums to be packed later. The syrup is packed hot and each can must be sealed according to Vermont law. The grade of syrup and the packer's name and address must be marked on the can.
As you can see, making maple syrup is a fairly long and costly process, but the excellent tasting, high quality product which results makes it all worthwhile. Order some from our online shop or come see our process in action (see map directions). We'd love to see you!


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Home » Artist News » IndiePulse Reviews: "Not Too Bad" by Bad French
IndiePulse Reviews: "Not Too Bad" by Bad French
Posted on September 3, 2018 by Joseph Timmons in Artist News, featured, Featured Artists / Bands, Industry News, Koffeehouse News, Label News, Music News, New, New Albums, New Albums, New Faces New sounds, New Music, news // 0 Comments
The New Album "Not Too Bad" by Australian Duo Bad French now available on Unearth Records Label
Review by Joseph Timmons: IndiePulse Music Magazine
In Review: "Not Too Bad" by Australian duo of Daniel Forsyth and Michael Carney at first glance might appear to be a new international odd couple, one a dashing and debonair aristocrat and the other a part animal wildman, which, well…. is exactly what they are, but the enigma of Bad French is the switch places quite often and often in mid step. One should never judge a book, or an album by the cover, it is whats in the grooves that count, and on the album "Not Too Bad" there is a whole lot of magic in each and every groove of each and every track. these wonders from down under are extreamly talented and make every second count.
So, from the sophisticated streets of Paris…. Australia, we introduce you to Bad French, with an 80's Retro style and an air of wit, they produce high end, Pop driven and sometimes sarcastic tracks that make you want to dance and jive your way to freedom of expression, and enjoyment of the better things in life, like their music for instance.
Bad French has a very alluring sound, new wavy and exotic, occasionally erotic, they take time to write great music, great lyrics and mix it up with a little Vermouth, Gin, Scotch or whatever is lying around the poolside bar.
I sincerely enjoyed the tracks "Within You", "Errol's Forest", "Teen Dream Woman" and "Monsieur de la Nuit", all tracks great, but these 4 are inspirational, exciting and just so avaunt guard rapscallion delicious. Don't get me wrong, this Duo is quite serious about their music and it shows in their sound, "Not Too Bad" is actually quite Fab!
Listen to "Not Too Bad" by Bad French
Over the years, frontman Dan Forsyth and instrumentalist Mike Carney have shared houses, bands, books and ideas together. More recently they have shared a desire to speak French which they both can do… badly.
The idea of Bad French is to embrace being bad and to put aside ideas of perfection. The first song the pair wrote together was after sharing a meal, a bottle of wine and some laughs whilst writing a bad song. Interestingly, the song that came about, Le Pull, ended up being not too bad.
Described by themusic.com.au as warm synths, offbeat bass pulses, jangly guitar and sweet, sweet man-vox, Bad French's music fits into a genre labelled 80s discount. Mike and Dan are not quite sure what that means, but if it's 80s-inspired music that is allowed to be bad, well then that's OK. The US blog Indie Shuffle characterised Bad French as unique, spellbinding, and captivating .. some people will like it; others will hate it.
Since their first get together, Dan and Mike have pulled together 8 tracks and compiled them into a debut release titled Not Too Bad. The album takes inspiration from artists such as AIR, Michael Jackson, Tame Impala and Little Dragon. Most of all however the pair try to look into the souls and see what comes out. If it's discounted, bad and people hate it, well… c'est la vie.
Find and Follow Bad French Online
Bad French / UNEARTH Label Home Page
Listen to Album On Spotify
http://www.facebook.com/badfrenchmusic/
http://www.instagram.com/badfrenchmusic/


Corporations: can they really have it all? Not unless they open the doors of their board rooms to women. According to a gigantic new study, stock prices of corporations with a little estrogen on their boards outperformed their bro-tastic peers during the financial crisis by a significant and noticeable margin. Guess this means giving women important jobs doesn't lead to them embezzling company money to spend it all on shoes and cushy luxury tampons; instead, giving women a say results in big, ovary shaped zeroes added to the end of the bottom line.
Companies with women on boards really outperformed when the downturn came through in 2008. Stocks of companies with women on boards tend to be a little more risk averse and have on average a little less debt, which seems to be one of the key reasons why they've outperformed so strongly in this particular period.
It's like a beer commercial when ladies ruin all of the fun, except instead of ruining the fun, they save giant corporations from hoards of angry shareholders by keeping them from getting tribal tattoos on their necks. Or, uh, from over leveraging themselves.
But stock price wasn't the only arena in which the presence of women bolstered companies during times of turmoil — among the 2,360 companies analyzed by Credit Suisse, the presence of women on corporate boards was also correlated with larger growth of net income, smaller debt-to-income ratio, and quicker paydown of corporate debt compared to companies that stocked their board room with bros. Even in industries that tend to be more "defensive" and less risky by nature — health care, for example — companies with women in the board room still outperformed men over the last several years.
Despite the benefit of including women on boards of directors, 36% of US corporations still don't include a single female board member. You've got a long way to go, baby.
This set of data adds another confusing wrench into the gears of American conservatives' ever-chugging logical processes — if the key to economic success is unfettered corporate profits, and if corporations and Mitt Romneys are What Makes America Great, then it should, logically, be in America's best interest to make sure those corporations and Romneybots make as much money as possible, so they can pee it out on the poor for a "trickle down" effect. And if promoting the presence of women on corporate boards is good for companies' bottom lines, and therefore Good for Amurrica, it would make sense for the government to help foster a legal environment that encouraged women to get more involved in the upper echelons of corporate America, not less. That means equal pay for equal work, paid maternity leave, and, yes, easy, affordable access to birth control and abortion, should women choose to use them. Encouraging women to get their pretty little heads back into the ruffled gingham zone of the kitchen is actually anti-productivity, anti-profits, anti-capitalist, and — dare I say it — anti-American.


We strengthen our physical core to build resilience to injuries, to protect your inner organs, and to improve balance and stability. In the same way, we can work our mental core to build resilience to the stormy winds of life, to protect our minds, and to improve balance and stability.
*This post contains affiliate links. To read my full disclosure, please click here.
Nico, but I struggle even to build my physical core – how can I possibly build my mental one? And wait – what does that even mean?
What is the "mental core"?
First of all, let's clarify what I mean about our "mental cores". Our mental core includes things I talk about all the time on this blog. Our self-validation skills, self-care activities, our recognition of our own thoughts and emotions, things we practice to be kind to ourselves, our radical self-acceptance – all of these are part of the mental core.
When we cultivate and strengthen our mental core, we become more resilient to distressing situations, thoughts, and emotions. We learn to stop harmful automatic thoughts in their tracks, and practice redirecting them with patience. In this way, we can nurture our inner therapist. He/she/they are in all of us, waiting to be called on and to gently respond to our often overpowering inner critics.
Some of you may have checked out some of my other posts above and seen the variety of ways you can practice embracing your imperfections and being kind to yourself. But, and hear me out here, there is some core-ception. It might be clear from the title of this post, but I'm talking about our core values.
Our core values are what kick in to help us when we tell ourselves, "What is the point of practicing all this? Why am I doing this in the first place?". They are not limited to the world of mental health, either.
Core values spread across why you practice anything related to your health and wellness. Mental, physical, spiritual, social, occupational, environmental, and intellectual wellness – these are all dimensions of wellness that we should strive to maintain.
How come I should know my core values?
An awareness of your core values can be used to ground and recenter yourself around how come you are doing what you are doing, and how come you are working toward the goals that you currently are working toward.
Building an awareness of your core values motivate you from a place of self-reflection, which is much more sustainable than finding external motivations that often are not effective for you, and worse – are perfectionistic in nature.
Imagine a life where you are continuously working and working and working and have no idea where you are going and how come you are doing it. You jump through hoops that are set in front of you, carried forward by an overwhelming sense that you should be doing this, because "everyone else is doing it". Sure, you may succeed by others' standards, but what about your own?
We are inundated nowadays with messages to "just keep going", but this fosters the notion that if we pause and take time to self-reflect, we are somehow lagging behind. Lagging behind what? The generalized motivational quotes "keep on keeping on" and "keep chugging along" are tossed around like they're magical confetti that will lead us to paradise.
Remember: this is your life. This is you, not them.
Can we take these hoops set by society, parents, peers, other people – and move them around according to what we envision for ourselves? What we want? What we place our importance on? Can we hop off from the conveyor belt, and start walking a path that we create?
This will require looking inward. Your external environment will shift. But you will always have yourself. You and your core values may change as you move through life, but what will remain constant is how you will strive to maintain self-awareness.
Find your core values with me!
Finding your core values may take some time and contemplation. If you are new to the practice of self-reflection and introspection, that's okay! You are here now, and we'll work through this together.
Optional: Grab my printable exercise!
I created a printable for you to work through this exercise if you would like! Printables are subscriber-exclusive. You can sign up for email updates below and gain access to all past and future downloadable content for my posts free of charge.
1. Think about what matters to you right now. Take a few minutes to sit in thought. If you would like, take notes about your thoughts.
I wrote some notes. Yours do not have to be as abstract as I tend to reflect! Things that matter to you can be more simple or concrete. There is no right or wrong answer, so go for it!
2. Take a gander at this list of core values, and add your own to the list from your own self-reflection.
3. Highlight and list 10 core values that you currently find important. You do not have to put them in any particular order!
I chose empowerment, integrity, health, meaningful interactions, family, balance, affection, community, growth, and authenticity!
4. Write next to your 10 core values what each of the values mean to you.
What does living with (a core value) mean to you?
We will be narrowing this list down soon but this is good to write down so that you can refer to it in the future!
5. Pick your top three core values at this moment. Write them large on your paper (or REALLY expand that font size). Be bold and proud.
If there is an order of importance that makes sense to you, reflect this in how you write them. Maybe you don't want to write them – maybe you want to get artsy with it! It's up to you. Whatever you decide, make sure you bring them out into the world BIG!
I'm personally not used to writing or drawing big so this was challenging for me! My top 3 core values are authenticity, growth, and balance.
For me, growth derives from balance, so this is why I created an effect where the word is growing from balance. Growth might come from something well-established and practiced (like my calligraphy), but it requires going out of your comfort zone and expanding.
Authenticity involves being able to just be myself, wherever I am and whoever I am with. This is why I just did some standard calligraphy instead of trying to go for any particular design. I looped the 'Y' around the 'T' of growth because I want to pursue growth through authenticity.
6. Reflect on your top three core values. How might these translate into your everyday life? Write down your vision.
How can you strive to live through your core values? What are your indicators of success? What are indicators that you may need to recenter?
7. Keep your core values visible to you and close to you.
If you wrote or drew them out, maybe tape the page to your mirror, take a picture and save it as your phone background, or for those who value simplicity, maybe rewrite them onto a sticky note and keep it somewhere that can remind you everyday.
Work from within, and trust that your inner guide will lead you and motivate you.
Now that you have gained awareness of your core values, you can work from a place of connect with yourself. While you go about your everyday life, I hope you will embrace imperfections in your practice.
You will inevitably stray off the course of what your core values mean to you, and please know that this is okay. When you build your ability to recognize these moments, your core values will help you to recenter yourself.
Recognition is often the most difficult step of all cognitive work! So when you notice yourself working from a place that is not effective for you, you've already done yourself an amazing feat. Trust in yourself, and trust in the process. Be kind to yourself. You deserve it!
P.S. I use a specialized journal to revisit and recenter around my core values each month! It's called the "Goals Journal" by Kikki.K, and I highly recommend it if you would like to envision your dream life, and create goals that can work toward manifesting aspects of this dream life! Each month, there is a space to write your three core values so that you can work from your inner connection. You can check it out on Indigo!


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Kids Welcome | Spa
Miami: 11 miles from Miami airport
Located on Miami Beach, Eden Roc Miami Beach's captivating vibe pulses with a dynamic convergence of modern and classic, delivering the unexpected with a sophisticated and memorable resort experience. Bask in the sun at one of four refreshing pools or claim a chaise lounge on the beach to watch the waves roll by. The Spa boasts a bevy of indulgent, luxurious treatments and signature services in a perfect harmony of style, service and serenity. Nearby, you'll find the extraordinary outdoor experience of Lincoln Road Mall, high fashion boutiques at Bal Harbour Shops and unrivaled furnishings and interior design showrooms of the Miami Design District.
Parking*
Spa*
High-Speed Internet Access*
Wireless Internet Access*
Beauty Salon*
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Fitness Classes*
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Pet Friendly*
Car Rental Service*
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* denotes activities/services available for an additional cost. Amenities and inclusions are subject to change at any time.
Room amenities include air conditioning, balcony/terrace, cable/satellite television, telephone with voicemail, wireless internet access, internet access, mini fridge, iPod docking station, radio/alarm clock, coffee/tea maker, safety deposit box, iron/ironing board and hairdryer.
Requests for a specific bedding arrangement or room location are fulfilled by the hotel based on availability.
[1] Deluxe Hotel View - Legendary Tower
One king bed or two queen beds. 380-420 sq ft.
[2] Deluxe Bay View - Legendary Tower
One king bed or two queen beds. The Bay View Room is located on a higher floor featuring views of Downtown Miami and Biscayne Bay's Intracoastal Waterway. 380-420 sq ft.
[3] Deluxe Ocean View - Legendary Tower
One king bed or two queen beds. 440 sq ft.
[4] Miami Suite Bay View - Legendary Tower
One king bed. This expansive suite features stunning views from Biscayne Bay's Intracoastal Waterway and Miami Beach. 539 sq ft.
[5] Legendary Suite Ocean View - Legendary Tower
One king bed. Showcasing an expansive balcony with ocean and partial bay views. 593 sq ft.
[6] Junior Suite Ocean View - Ocean Tower
One king bed or two queen beds. Your bed and sofa face the furnished ocean view balcony. 600 sq ft.
[7] Bi Level Loft Ocean View - Ocean Tower
One king bed. These two-story suites have a living room and half bath on the first level, a bedroom and en-suite bathroom on the second level. The two-story floor to ceiling window offer views of the pool area or the Atlantic Ocean. Some lofts offer private patios with direct access to the swimming pool. 700 sq ft.
[8] One Bedroom Suite Ocean Front - Ocean Tower
One king bed. This corner suite offers 200 square foot balcony and floor-to-ceiling panoramic windows with breathtaking ocean views. 650 sq ft.
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The personal report that begins below, first appeared in the website, Mondoweiss.
This report conveys the horror of war experienced by young Palestinian college students in Gaza during recent summer weeks of unrelenting and vicious attacks by Israel.
As all academics in Gaza, I had given much thought to my students who were suffering all sorts of agonies and worries caused by Israel's aggression. After 40 days of atrocities caused by heavy bombardment and random artillery shelling, which destroyed thousands of houses and devastated countless families, the Islamic University of Gaza (IUG) did everything it could to make use of the three-day temporary ceasefire, which was extended for five days and then for another 24-hour period before it ended at midnight on August 19th, 2014.
They decided to resume the classes on Saturday, August 16 that had so crudely interrupted summer semester.
I was unsure what to say to my students in my lecture class. Many agonizing questions occupied my mind, among them: Were all my students and their families safe or were any of them injured or maimed? Would they be mentally able to come to class? Were they still living at home, or displaced in some shelter? How did they feel about resuming class in the midst of such agony and grief?
What tragedies had each of my students been through and how much were they comfortable talking about? Overwhelmed by these concerns and well aware of the deep wounds, loss, and hardship every single Palestinian in Gaza has suffered, I was not able to enter the classroom with a big smile on my face as I had always done in the past.
In a broken voice, struggling to breathe normally, Naji began narrating his own tragedy.
Quietly, his eyes became heavy with tears and the words stuck in his throat. A few seconds later, he continued narrating his story of loss.
"Khalid is one of my best friends, and the best of our project team. Khalid can never be forgotten; he has an amazing personality full of fun and life and energy. He is a fantastic and lovable friend and friendly to everyone.
"About two weeks after the attacks had started and during the most extreme atrocities in Shujai'iya on 20 July, I was listening to the news on the radio when I suddenly learned that Khalid had been killed when an Israeli rocket hit his house around midnight. His 55 year old father was buried under the rubble and severely injured his spine.
To read the entire report from Professor Al-Masri, click here.
An older Jewish generation, survivors, and descendents of survivors from the Holocaust, have raised their voices over Israel's "massacre of Palestinians in Gaza".
Hundreds of Holocaust survivors and descendants of survivors have signed a letter, published as an advertisement in Saturday's New York Times, condemning "the massacre of Palestinians in Gaza" and calling for a complete boycott of Israel.
According to the letter, the condemnation was prompted by an advertisement written by Elie Wiesel and published in major news outlets worldwide, accusing Hamas of "child sacrifice" and comparing the group to the Nazis.
"…we are disgusted and outraged by Elie Wiesel's abuse of our history in these pages to justify the unjustifiable: Israel's wholesale effort to destroy Gaza and the murder of more than 2,000 Palestinians, including many hundreds of children.
Palestinian college students and Holocaust survivors, and descendants of Holocaust survivors, share a common sense of outrage and sadness over Israel's massacre.
Does the American media hear these cries of anger and anguish?
Do American religious leaders, the secular political leaders, and the American public hear what is happening in Gaza?
Clearly they do not, because they all remain silent.
In the AFP picture above a bomb strikes a building in Gaza City August 24.
This entry was posted in Human Rights, The Human Condition, Uncategorized, War. Bookmark the permalink.
An incredibly compelling and heartrending piece Jim, thank you for giving voice to those are often silenced.
I will be sharing my personal experience of the Palestinians next month, 20 years after writing a book about them.
"Bringing It All Home" is the title of my talk, referring to the home I have finally found back in a Lutheran congregation I left for the Anglicans during my 22-year marriage.
I will focus on "the ordinary"and how my several years intimate involvement with an activist refugee family in Deheishe Camp helped restore to me the "ordinary" (the "kitchen spoon") which dropped out of my life with the early death of my father when I was a child. It was, and continues to be the ordinary, that the Palestinians have held on to for dear life–dancing, eating, joking, teasing, visiting, marrying, picking olives, having children, etc.–under a long and harsh occupation designed to make that ordinary life impossible.
"We must 'to live." the older brother of a young martyr kept repeating to me. Write about "the human," Nidal continued to advise me. And it is the ordinary once again that was under horrendous attack in Gaza–the homes, the universities, the hospitals, the little gardens, the side streets, all of those places that support the everyday.
God bless Jane Austen and that English professor and those students, alive and dead!
And God bless all pf our kitchen spoons!
I struggle to find words to respond, Jim, and would prefer not to speak. But the final words of Professor Al-Masri compel us to find a way to convey this horror to our friends and neighbors. Thank you for bringing this before us.
Thank you, Jim for giving exposure to what some of the brave young men and women are going through in Gaza.
To me the US is like the vast forest and the destruction of Gaza is like the falling of a tree. Our mainstream media, have earplugs, or are not there to pick up the sound.
Fortunately, there are Americans of conscience, like your good self, who make sure that sound is picked up and transmitted beyond the borders of Palestine.


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Components of a Solution
Solutions are a type of homogeneous mixture in which one or materials (the solute) are dissolved in another material (the solvent). Solutions are most often composed of solid and/or gas solutes and a liquid solvent. When a solution is made of two or more liquids, it is not feasible to identify a solute and solvent. In this situation, liquids are said to be miscible (they dissolve in one another) or immiscible. Oil and vinegar provide an example of two liquids that are immiscible because they do not dissolve in one another.
Concentration - Molarity
Quantitatively, concentration is important for determining the relative amount of solute dissolved per unit of solution. There are many units used for measuring the concentration of a solution. Molarity measures the number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution. It is important for stoichiometric calculations as it is one of the few units that quantifies moles of solute, and the only unit that does so in terms of the volume of solution. The formula used for calculating molarity is given below. The variable nsolute represents the the number of moles of solute, and Vsolution represents the volume of the solution, in liters or dm3.
Problems - Molarity
Example #1 - Find the molarity of solution that can be made by dissolving 3.50 g of NaCl in 230.0 mL of solution. There are two important reminders to keep in mind here. The first is that the molarity formula does not gave a variable in which mass can be substituted. The mass of solute must always be converted to moles before using the molarity formula. The second is that the molarity formula requires that the volume is given in liters. For this reason, 230.0 mL becomes 0.2300 L.
Example #2 - Determine the mass of potassium bromide needed to make 415.5 mL of a 0.185 M solution.
Concentration - Molality
Though only one letter different than molarity, molality is a unique unit of concentration. It measures the moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. In an aqueous solution (i.e. one that has water as the solvent), the number of kilograms of solvent is equal to the volume of water used. This relationship is based the density of water, which is 1 g/mL. One liter (1000 mL) of water should have a mass of 1000 g, which is one kilogram. Therefore, one kilogram of water occupies a volume of one liter. This relationship works for water solutons only!
The formula used for calculating the molality of a solution is given below (note the molality is represented by the variable b):
In this equation nsolute represents the number of moles of solute in the solution. The variable msolvent represents the mass of the solvent, in kilograms. Numerically, for aqueous solutions the molarity and molality are similar, but not identical in value.
An electrolyte is a compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water. The level of dissociation is important, and serves as the means of further classifying compounds as either strong or weak electrolytes. Strong electrolytes dissociate 100% in water, while nonelectrolytes exhibit partial dissociation. A nonelectrolyte is a compound that does not dissociate into ions in water. This does not necessarily mean the compound is insoluble in water. Sugar is a good example of a nonelectrolyte. It is quite soluble in water, but because it is organic in nature it is incapable if dissociating into ions.
ΔGreaction Can Predict Solubility
Although a solubility table or solubility rules can be employed to determine if an ionic compound is soluble in water, ΔGreaction (or perhaps more appropriately in this scenario ΔGsolution) can be calculated for a dissociation reaction and used to determine solubility. A positive value will indicate the compound is not soluble in water, while a negative value indicates it is soluble in water. Additionally, the value for Ksp for a partially soluble salt can be found from ΔGreaction using the formula ΔGreaction = -RTlnK. Solving for K will give the solubility product constant.
Colligative properties of a solution are those that depend on the ratio of solute particles (ions in many cases) to solvent particles, and not the identity of the solvent. Freezing point depression and boiling point elevation are examples of colligative properties. In other words, two solutions of equal volume, one made by dissolving 1 mol of NaCl and the other made by dissolving 1 mol of KBr, each lower the freezing point the same amount. This is because the concentration of ions dissolved in solution is the same; it has nothing to do with the identity of NaCl or KBr.
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation
Specfically, it is the molality that is important when considering freezing point depression and boiling point elevation. The freezing and boiling point of a liquid can be changed when solutes are dissolved in it. For water, the freezing point can be lowered (depressed) by 1.86 degrees Celsius for per molal of solute. The boiling point is raised (elevated) by 0.51 degrees Celsius for per molal of solute. Additionally, solutes that dissociate in water yield a greater number of particles in solution, and therefore alter the freezing point more. For example, when 1 mol of sugar is dissolved in 1 kg of water (a solution that is 1 molal), the boiling point of the water is raised by 0.51 degrees Celsius to 100.51 degrees Celsius. However, if 1 mol of NaCl is dissolved in 1 kg of water, the boiling point will be raised by 1.02 degrees Celsius. This is twice the change that the sugar caused despite the fact that both solutions contained 1 mol of solute. The reason for the difference is because NaCl will dissociate into two moles of ions. Sugar, a nonelectrolyte, does not dissociate and therefore produces no ions. All electrolytes that dissociate in water will change the boiling point (or freezing point) by a multiple equal to the number of ions produced. In other words, a solution of CaCl2 will generate three moles of ions when dissolved in solution. One mole of CaCl2 dissolved in one kilogram of water will raise the boiling point by 1.53 degrees Celsius, or three times 0.51 degrees Celsius.
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