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Litigation: Dispute Resolution and Traditional Litigation Essay
Submitted By KatheeK
Kathleen Kearns
LAW/531
Sonja Dickens
Litigation is big business. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, "The aggregate number of newly filed, reopened, and reactivated cases reported to the Court Statistics Project (CSP) from the nation's state courts reached a record high 102.4 million incoming cases in 2006" (Bureau of Justice Statistics). Along with traditional litigation, the court system, there is also Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) available to aggrieved parties. Given the sheer volume of cases it is understandable that some parties may forego traditional litigation in favor of ADR. While both forms of litigation are suitable for most cases there are certainly differences between the two forms.
Traditional litigation involves the court being used to decide a case. Litigation is, according to Cheeseman, "a difficult, time-consuming, and costly process that must comply with complex procedural rules" (Cheeseman, 2010). By comparison, ADR, which includes negotiation, arbitration, mediation, and conciliation, is a shorter, less expensive process that can be just as effective.
A court case has many steps that must be undertaken before a trial even begins. The pretrial litigation process starts with pleadings, which is the filing of paperwork to start and reply to a lawsuit. The plaintiff then files a complaint and summons. This names the parties in the lawsuit, states the facts and purposes regarding what laws have been violated, and contains a ""prayer for relief" for a remedy to be awarded by the court" (Cheeseman 2010). Next the defendant must file an answer to the complaint in which they confirm or deny wrongdoing. If a defendant admits the allegations, judgment is then entered against them. If the defendant denies wrongdoing, all or in part, the case proceeds to the cross-complaint and reply stage. This is where the defendant can bring a complaint against the plaintiff. The original plaintiff must then file a reply to the new complaint. The next step in the process is intervention and consolidation. If any parties share an interest in the suit they can then intervene and become parties to the suit. If this happens the court can then consolidate all of the cases into one case. The next phase is discovery which includes depositions, interrogatories, production of documents, and physical or mental examinations. Following discovery is dismissals and pretrial judgments which include motion for judgment on the pleadings and motion for summary judgment. At this point federal court and most state courts allow the court to hold a settlement conference or pretrial hearing to facilitate a settlement. According to Cheeseman, "more than 95 percent of all cases are settled before they go to trial". In the event that they are not, the case then goes to trial. Trials include jury selection, opening statements, the plaintiff's case, the defendant's case, rebuttal and rejoinder, closing arguments, just instructions,…
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Vote Yes on Regional Prop 1, then fight to protect tenants rights and prevent displacement!!
The Tenants Union of Washington (TU) endorses Regional Proposition 1, a proposition that will appear on ballots of voters in King, Pierce, and Snohomish Counties, also known as Sound Transit 3 (ST3). We recognize that access to reliable transportation is one of the most important factors in determining social mobility. We also recognize the need for a more efficient public transportation system in our region as congestion worsens and more people are moving in and will be needing to be move around the region. The ST3 campaign has been very intentional about supporting affordable housing efforts by ensuring that surplus property and a creation of a fund from Sound Transit will be used to develop affordable housing in the areas in which they will be constructing, and has worked to provide strong relocation packages and payouts to the families and communities they will be buying land from in order to construct the rail system.
However, the Tenants Union is also wary of the fact that the light rail has historically displaced communities, especially communities of color. The neighborhood of Columbia City in South Seattle, a historically diverse and lower income community, has seen its rental prices increase dramatically and many people have been priced out of their homes. Living there has become popular because of the accommodation points that these properties have scored from being within walking distance to a light rail station. Although ST3 has been very intentional to prevent discrimination and abuse directly from Sound Transit during construction, it does very little in protecting tenants' rights and preventing displacement from greedy landlords and developers who see the rapidly increasing value of purchasing property close to these future stations. Therefore, while the TU endorses ST3, we want to make it clear that in the case that ST3 passes, there is still a lot of work in forming policies and collective power building that will need to be done in order to protect our communities from these injustices.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Designed by architect Eduardo Posada, the home of Samuel and Dora is a beautiful contemporary style overlooking the shores of La Jolla. With extensive use of a variety of stone and marble materials, sapele was chosen to bring a warm, soft contrast to the interiors. A variety of the mahogany family, sapele is distinguished by its golden brown, almost glowing color, with a distinct ribbon-like grain pattern.
The home was an expansive project, with nearly every room of the four level dwelling having varying amounts of millwork. Tight coordination with RGB, the general contractor, was key. Much of the cabinetry is a contemporary "floating" style, designed with highly customized details. Several of the rooms are also clad wall to wall, floor to ceiling in sapele casework and wall paneling. The one material exception is the kitchen, which is done in walnut. The kitchen doors are a custom design, with linear "slats" that match up horizontally around every face. Behind the doors are Blum Intivo polished stainless drawer and pullouts, as well as many convenience hardware items. The kitchen also features a counter-to-ceiling dual-stacked stainless appliance garage system.
As the project evolved while in the building stage the design evolved as well. A few key areas were revamped to meet the clients' requests. We had the opportunity to work closely with the architect in this design process, with the layout of some areas sketched while the owner and architect expressed their ideas. We were then able to quickly translate these ideas into finished product while the rest of the cabinetry was being installed in the home.
It was an honor for the Trueline Woodworks team to be part of this 2015 San Diego Home and Garden Home of The Year. With every detail meticulously considered and executed, this home is surely one of the finest in San Diego.
PATTERNED AFTER an authentic Colonial house in Mexico, the residence that architect Mark Christopher designed for his La Jolla clients was a simple, vertical, adobe-like structure animated by elegant stone ornamentation, a winding staircase and elaborate ironwork. The clients were pleased, the construction permit was in hand and ground was about to be broken when the homeowners decided to move to Costa Rica.
Samuel and Dora, the new property owners, weren't as charmed by Mexican Colonial style. Because their tastes leaned more toward the contemporary, Mark was faced with the challenge of fusing his design with a sleeker appearance. But that wasn't the only difficulty. Samuel already had his own architectural designer: family friend Eduardo Posada.
"I was emotionally engaged with what I had done already," Mark says. "So I began the commission of restyling this house — bringing together Eduardo's familiarity of contemporary Mexican architecture with the house that I thought I had already perfected as a Mexican Colonial — with some apprehension.
To that end, cantera stone was installed throughout the four-level home on lower exterior walls, the front door's exterior surround, the pool's hardscape and in areas of the interior. In several bathrooms, giant slabs of marble were installed on floors and taken to full height on walls. Countertops and sinks were formed from one slab of stone.
Walnut makes its appearance in kitchen cabinetry, and sapele wood shows up on window and door trims, flooring and at the home's south end, where Eduardo designed a tower to act as a lattice screen for the stairwell.
Delight also is obtained through a sense of discovery. Looking through the glass-paned front door, you get a peek at the ocean and realize that you are about to see something wonderful as you enter. When the front door opens, you walk into the foyer on an intermediate level just below the second story. You have to go up a few steps before you arrive at the ta-dah moment where the full view greets you — a panorama that extends from the dining terrace and formal dining rooms on one side to the family room, kitchen and breakfast nook on the other, through to the patio and the majestic ocean view across from you.
Pocket doors link the spaces on the second floor. Even though the rooms for living are placed here and the children's bedrooms are below, the home cannot technically be termed an "upside-down" house, because the top tier contains the master suite: the crown jewel of the home, with views from every direction and its own balcony.
"We created a hierarchy system of priorities based on which rooms would most appreciate the views," Mark says.
The children's bedrooms, which include walk-in closets, spaces for homework and a wing with an upscale play kitchen for the youngest, are located on the first floor, one flight above the basement.
The cellar has an agenda all its own. You can relax in the steam bath, work out in the gym, swim in the lap pool that's lit from above by a skylight, watch football from five televisions in the game room (which also has a tequila bar and a wine-storage wall) and then relax with a movie in the adjacent home theater.
Go back up one level, and you're on the same floor as the cabana and outdoor pool at the home's south end. The pool's original design was adventure oriented: a play pool with a lagoon and waterfall.
Water, along with sun, light, textures and colors, are part of the essence of this house. All were brought together to create a lifestyle home that perfectly suits the new owners' needs.


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Red House Interpretive Center - Located just off Main Street in historic downtown Cape Girardeau. The center commemorates the life of the towns' founder, Louis Lorimier, as well as the historic visit made here by Lewis and Clark in 1803.Explore this historic building and museum and learn about frontier life. The Center commemorates the life of community founder French-Canadian, Louis Lorimier, as well as the visit of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in November, 1803. The Interpretive Center houses an early 1800's exhibit that reflects the lives of the early settlers of the old Cape Girardeau district. In addition, a rendering of Lorimier's Trading Post displays authentic items that would have been sold at the turn of the 19th century. The gardens on the north side of the house show the types of garden you might have seen in 1803 with flowers, vegetables, cooking herbs, and medicinal herbs.
Old St. Vincent's Church - Beautiful Renaissance architecture and ornate interior. The Renaissance architecture, referred to as English Gothic Revival style that this miraculous church is styled in, is not only beautiful but also extremely rare, as very few churches of this style exist in America today. Explore the many artifacts preserved in the church as you admire the arches and woodwork lining the interior of the chapel. Discover this fully restored beauty as it transports you back in time.
Glenn House - Hop off at the Holland School of Visual and Performing Arts to explore the Crisp Museum.The museum is dedicated to exhibiting significant historical and cultural objects of regional and national importance.Completed in 1883, the Glenn house is a fully restored historic museum in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. It is a prime example of the Victorian period lifestyle including the architecture, furnishings, clothing, and décor. The Glenn House was built for David A. Glenn, who was an influential figure in the city's history. He and his family occupied the home until 1915. Before they vacated the home, it was renovated in 1900 to the Queen Anne Style. The house is listed on the National Register of Historical Places. Many of the furnishings and features of the home have been restored to their original beauty and have been kept authentic to the Victorian time interior.
Holland School of Visual and Performing Arts River Campus - The home to the Earl and Margie Holland School of Visual and Performing Arts. The Earl and Margie Holland School of Visual and Performing Arts is composed of departments covering the history and science of art, music, music, theater, and dance. Visit the beautiful campus and explore the unique styles and subjects taught here. Walk around and discover impressive pieces of art, in many different styles, showcasing the talent and hard work of local students.
Crisp Museum's Crossroads Gallery - Interactive kiosks and exhibits highlight the history of southeast Missouri, while the Old Bridge Overlook and Park provide a dramatic view of the impressive Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge. The Crisp Museum collects in three thematic areas: archaeology, history, and fine art. The Archaeology collection as several collections of prehistoric Native American artifacts, which illustrate aspects of the daily and ceremonial lives of the indigenous peoples who lived in southeastern Missouri from 13,500 B.C. to 1400 A.D., highlighting some very rare and exotic artifacts. The museum's historical collections cover a wide range of artifacts with strengths in the areas of military, firearms and their accessories, clothing, and hand tools.
Cape River Heritage Museum - Learn all about Cape Girardeau at the Cape River Heritage Museum…where history comes to life. Founded in 1981, this museum offers an ever-changing lineup of exhibits highlighting the heritage and culture of the region. Since its founding in 1981, the Cape River Heritage Museum has focused on local history while preserving a historic building at the corner of Frederick and Independence streets. Located in an old fire house, the museum offers events, tours, and exhibits on steamboats, education, commerce, the Missouri mule, the state flag, the Show-Me slogan, Native American culture, and fire and police memorabilia. Snap a picture of yourself in the model steamboat or in the cab of a tall-ladder fire truck from the 1950's!
INCLUDED TOUR
Cape Girardeau Hop-On Hop-Off Tour
PREMIUM EXPERIENCE EXCURSION
A Tale of Tears: The Story of Two Cultures' Painful, Yet Inspirational Migration to a New Beginning Including the Trail of Tears National Park
Embark on a journey through history and discover the roots of America's melting pot on a full-immersion cultural expedition. Re-trace the route taken by displaced Native American's on the Trail of Tears and witness the quaintness of the American "Main Street." We will begin at the Trail of Tears State Park in Jackson, Missouri, where we will discover the heartache that was so dubbed the "Trail of Tears." At Bollinger Mill Historic Site, discover the history of a massive four-story mill dating back to the Civil War era, before continuing to Jackson, Missouri where we will enjoy a driving city tour before exploring the Jackson Heritage Museum or shopping.
APPROXIMATE DURATION 4.5 hours
CAPACITY 50 Guests
MORNING VISITS
AFTERNOON VISITS
SIGHTS YOU WILL SEE
Acres of Pristine Missouri Scenery, Sites of Jackson, Missouri
THINGS YOU WILL EXPERIENCE
Trail of Tears State Park, Guided Tour of Lutheran Heritage Center & Museum, Bollinger Mills, Jackson Heritage Museum, Shopping Opportunities
AVAILABLE VOYAGE(S)
Civil War Themed Voyages
Nestled along the western banks of the mighty Mississippi River, lays the city of Cape Girardeau, Missouri. For more than 250 years, people have been drawn to Cape Girardeau and the river on which it lies. Stroll along the riverfront, where you will feel the passion that led Mark Twain to write so eloquently about Cape Girardeau in Life on the Mississippi, the inspiration that General Ulysses S. Grant used to lead with firm conviction as he took command of the Union Army on the Mississippi in our historic downtown, and the warmth and hospitality that our community founder Louis Lorimier extended to Lewis and Clark as they began their exploration of the Louisiana Purchase.
CIVIL WAR THEME


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Laceby är en ort och civil parish i Storbritannien.   Den ligger i grevskapet North East Lincolnshire och riksdelen England, i den sydöstra delen av landet,  km norr om huvudstaden London. Laceby ligger  meter över havet och antalet invånare är .

Terrängen runt Laceby är platt. Den högsta punkten i närheten är  meter över havet,  km sydväst om Laceby. Runt Laceby är det tätbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Grimsby,  km öster om Laceby. Trakten runt Laceby består till största delen av jordbruksmark.

Klimatet i området är tempererat. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är juli, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är december, med  °C.

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: Fastest way to find the index of the maximum of each row I am trying to find an optimal way for finding the index of the maximum value in each row. The problem is that I cannot find a really efficient way in doing it.
An example:
Dummy <- matrix(runif(500000000,0,3), ncol = 10000)
> system.time(max.col(Dummy, "first"))
   user  system elapsed
  5.532   0.075   5.599
> system.time(apply(Dummy,1,which.max))
   user  system elapsed
 14.638   0.210  14.828
> system.time(rowRanges(Dummy))
   user  system elapsed
  2.083   0.029   2.109

My main question is, why is it more than 2 times so slow to calculate the indices of the max value in comparison with calculating the max and the min with the rowRanges function. Is there a way how I can improve the performance of calculating the index of the max of each row?

A: Expanding on krlmlr's answer, some benchmarks:
On dataset:
set.seed(007); Dummy <- matrix(runif(50000000,0,3), ncol = 1000)

maxCol_R is an R by-column loop, maxCol_col is a C by-column loop, maxCol_row is a C by-row loop.
microbenchmark::microbenchmark(max.col(Dummy, "first"), maxCol_R(Dummy), maxCol_col(Dummy), maxCol_row(Dummy), times = 30)
#Unit: milliseconds
#                    expr        min         lq     median         uq       max neval
# max.col(Dummy, "first") 1209.28408 1245.24872 1268.34146 1291.26612 1504.0072    30
#         maxCol_R(Dummy) 1060.99994 1084.80260 1099.41400 1154.11213 1436.2136    30
#       maxCol_col(Dummy)   86.52765   87.22713   89.00142   93.29838  122.2456    30
#       maxCol_row(Dummy)  577.51613  583.96600  598.76010  616.88250  671.9191    30
all.equal(max.col(Dummy, "first"), maxCol_R(Dummy))
#[1] TRUE
all.equal(max.col(Dummy, "first"), maxCol_col(Dummy))
#[1] TRUE
all.equal(max.col(Dummy, "first"), maxCol_row(Dummy))
#[1] TRUE

And the functions:
maxCol_R = function(x)
{
    ans = rep_len(1L, nrow(x))
    mx = x[, 1L]

    for(j in 2:ncol(x)) {
        tmp = x[, j]
        wh = which(tmp > mx)

        ans[wh] = j
        mx[wh] = tmp[wh]
    }

    ans
}

maxCol_col = inline::cfunction(sig = c(x = "matrix"), body = '
    int nr = INTEGER(getAttrib(x, R_DimSymbol))[0], nc = INTEGER(getAttrib(x, R_DimSymbol))[1];
    double *px = REAL(x), *buf = (double *) R_alloc(nr, sizeof(double));
    for(int i = 0; i < nr; i++) buf[i] = R_NegInf;

    SEXP ans = PROTECT(allocVector(INTSXP, nr));
    int *pans = INTEGER(ans);

    for(int j = 0; j < nc; j++) {
        for(int i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
            if(px[i + j*nr] > buf[i]) {
                buf[i] = px[i + j*nr];
                pans[i] = j + 1;
            }
        }
    }

    UNPROTECT(1);
    return(ans);
', language = "C")

maxCol_row = inline::cfunction(sig = c(x = "matrix"), body = '
    int nr = INTEGER(getAttrib(x, R_DimSymbol))[0], nc = INTEGER(getAttrib(x, R_DimSymbol))[1];
    double *px = REAL(x), *buf = (double *) R_alloc(nr, sizeof(double));
    for(int i = 0; i < nr; i++) buf[i] = R_NegInf;

    SEXP ans = PROTECT(allocVector(INTSXP, nr));
    int *pans = INTEGER(ans);

    for(int i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
        for(int j = 0; j < nc; j++) {
            if(px[i + j*nr] > buf[i]) {
                buf[i] = px[i + j*nr];
                pans[i] = j + 1;
            }
        }
    }

    UNPROTECT(1);
    return(ans);
', language = "C")

EDIT Jun 10 '16
With slight changes to find the indices of both max and min:
rangeCol = inline::cfunction(sig = c(x = "matrix"), body = '
    int nr = INTEGER(getAttrib(x, R_DimSymbol))[0], nc = INTEGER(getAttrib(x, R_DimSymbol))[1];
    double *px = REAL(x),
           *maxbuf = (double *) R_alloc(nr, sizeof(double)),
           *minbuf = (double *) R_alloc(nr, sizeof(double));
    memcpy(maxbuf, &(px[0 + 0*nr]), nr * sizeof(double));
    memcpy(minbuf, &(px[0 + 0*nr]), nr * sizeof(double));

    SEXP ans = PROTECT(allocMatrix(INTSXP, nr, 2));
    int *pans = INTEGER(ans);
    for(int i = 0; i < LENGTH(ans); i++) pans[i] = 1;

    for(int j = 1; j < nc; j++) {
        for(int i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
            if(px[i + j*nr] > maxbuf[i]) {
                maxbuf[i] = px[i + j*nr];
                pans[i] = j + 1;
            }
            if(px[i + j*nr] < minbuf[i]) {
                minbuf[i] = px[i + j*nr];
                pans[i + nr] = j + 1;
            }
        }
    }

    UNPROTECT(1);
    return(ans);
', language = "C")

set.seed(007); m = matrix(sample(24) + 0, 6, 4)
m
#     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#[1,]   24    7   23    6
#[2,]   10   17   21   11
#[3,]    3   22   20   14
#[4,]    2   18    1   15
#[5,]    5   19   12    8
#[6,]   16    4    9   13
rangeCol(m)
#     [,1] [,2]
#[1,]    1    4
#[2,]    3    1
#[3,]    2    1
#[4,]    2    3
#[5,]    2    1
#[6,]    1    2

A: Here's a pretty basic Rcpp implementation:
#include <Rcpp.h>

// [[Rcpp::export]]
Rcpp::NumericVector MaxCol(Rcpp::NumericMatrix m) {
    R_xlen_t nr = m.nrow(), nc = m.ncol(), i = 0;
    Rcpp::NumericVector result(nr);

    for ( ; i < nr; i++) {
        double current = m(i, 0);
        R_xlen_t idx = 0, j = 1;
        for ( ; j < nc; j++) {
            if (m(i, j) > current) {
                current = m(i, j);
                idx = j;
            }
        }
        result[i] = idx + 1;
    }
    return result;
}

/*** R

microbenchmark::microbenchmark(
    "Rcpp" = MaxCol(Dummy),
    "R" = max.col(Dummy, "first"),
    times = 200L
)
#Unit: milliseconds
# expr      min       lq     mean   median       uq      max neval
# Rcpp 221.7777 224.7442 242.0089 229.6407 239.6339 455.9549   200
# R    513.4391 524.7585 562.7465 539.4829 562.3732 944.7587   200

*/

I had to scale your sample data down by an order of magnitude since my laptop did not have enough memory, but the results should translate on your original sample data:
Dummy <- matrix(runif(50000000,0,3), ncol = 10000)
all.equal(MaxCol(Dummy), max.col(Dummy, "first"))
#[1] TRUE

This can be changed slightly to return the indices of the min and max in each row:
// [[Rcpp::export]]
Rcpp::NumericMatrix MinMaxCol(Rcpp::NumericMatrix m) {
    R_xlen_t nr = m.nrow(), nc = m.ncol(), i = 0;
    Rcpp::NumericMatrix result(nr, 2);

    for ( ; i < nr; i++) {
        double cmin = m(i, 0), cmax = m(i, 0);
        R_xlen_t min_idx = 0, max_idx = 0, j = 1;
        for ( ; j < nc; j++) {
            if (m(i, j) > cmax) {
                cmax = m(i, j);
                max_idx = j;
            }
            if (m(i, j) < cmin) {
                cmin = m(i, j);
                min_idx = j;
            }
        }
        result(i, 0) = min_idx + 1;
        result(i, 1) = max_idx + 1;
    }
    return result;
}

A: R stores matrices in column-major order. Therefore, iterating over the columns will be usually faster because the values for one column are close to each other in memory and will travel through the cache hierarchy in one go:
Dummy <- matrix(runif(100000000,0,3), ncol = 10000)
system.time(apply(Dummy,1,function(x) NULL))
##   user  system elapsed
##  1.360   0.160   1.519
system.time(apply(Dummy,2,function(x) NULL))
##   user  system elapsed
##   0.94    0.12    1.06

This should be close to the minimal time even the fastest Rcpp solution will be able to obtain. Any solution that uses apply() will have to copy each column/row, this can be saved when using Rcpp. You decide if the potential speed-up by a factor of 2 is worth the effort to you.

A: Generally, the fastest way to do things in R is to call C, C++, or FORTRAN.
It appears that matrixStats::rowRanges is implemented in C which explains why it is the fastest.
If you want to improve performance even more, there is presumably a little bit of speed to gain in modifying the rowRanges.c code to ignore the minimum and just get the maximum, but I think the gains will be very small.

A: Tried with STL algorithms and RcppArmadillo.
microbenchmark::microbenchmark(MaxColArmadillo(Dummy), #Using RcppArmadillo
                               MaxColAlgorithm(Dummy), #Using STL algorithm max_element
                               maxCol_col(Dummy), #Column processing
                               maxCol_row(Dummy)) #Row processing

Unit: milliseconds
                   expr       min        lq     mean    median       uq      max neval
 MaxColArmadillo(Dummy) 227.95864 235.01426 261.4913 250.17897 276.7593 399.6183   100
 MaxColAlgorithm(Dummy) 292.77041 345.84008 392.1704 390.66578 433.8009 552.2349   100
      maxCol_col(Dummy)  40.64343  42.41487  53.7250  48.10126  61.3781 128.4968   100
      maxCol_row(Dummy) 146.96077 158.84512 173.0941 169.20323 178.7959 272.6261   100

STL implementation
#include <Rcpp.h>

// [[Rcpp::export]]

// Argument is a matrix ansd returns a
// vector of max of each of the rows of the matrix

Rcpp::NumericVector MaxColAlgorithm(Rcpp::NumericMatrix m) {

//int numOfRows = m.rows();

//Create vector with 0 of size numOfRows
Rcpp::NumericVector total(m.rows());

  for(int i = 0; i < m.rows(); ++i)
  {
    //Create vector of the rows of matrix
    Rcpp::NumericVector rVec = m.row(i);

    //Apply STL max of elemsnts on the vector and store in a vector
    total(i) = *std::max_element(rVec.begin(), rVec.end());
  }

  return total;

}

RcppArmadillo implementation
#include <RcppArmadillo.h>
// [[Rcpp::depends(RcppArmadillo)]]
using namespace Rcpp;

// [[Rcpp::export]]
arma::mat MaxColArmadillo(arma::mat x)
{
  //RcppArmadillo max function where dim = 1 means max of each row
  // of the matrix
  return(max(x,1));
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: stuck inside 'if' test: part of another code Following is part of a previously asked code which I'm trying to optimize. This is not part of any app, just trying to make it better in terms of user context. How can make the if clause work Line 4 with minimal code, so that if user inputs any integer the test succeeds(I want to do it with if only). You know I'm trying to make out of long if clause.
int n;
cin >>n;
if(n ==  (0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9))
// if n is integer
    cout<<"succeeded";  //Line 4
else
    cout<<"failed";

A: n ==  (0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9)

This doesn't mean what you think it means. That big logical or chain will all just collapse to true, so you're really checking if n == 1.
You probably just want this:
n >= 0 && n < 10

A: Just declare n as an integer variable. That way the input either won't be read at all or just a 0 if the user enters anything else.


Low cost airline Mango reported today that the airline achieved load factors averaging 96% over the December 2009 holiday period and it also reported a 3% increase in traveller numbers during the 2009 calendar year versus 2008 numbers. In addition, the airline says that it's experienced a surge in travel interest since the World Cup Cape Town draw early December last year.
An upbeat Nico Bezuidenhout, Mango CEO, says that the airline's festive season figures, coupled with the annual growth in numbers, is a consequence of both travellers trading down to low cost air travel and, ultimately, the continued growth in the number of South Africans that opt for air transport.
"I believe that the affordability of air travel caused by healthy market competition continues to stimulate the market, despite the recession." He says that the increased pricing pressure airlines experienced as a consequence of the slowed economy contributed to this upward movement in the low cost sector.
Bezuidenhout remains confident that the industry will assume sustained growth by the third quarter this year.
Following the World Cup draw in Cape Town on December 4 last year, Mango also experienced a surge in enquiries and bookings for flights during the tournament. "The majority thus far have been from tour groups," says Bezuidenhout, saying that over and above scheduled bookings, a significant number of late night charters have been secured. "It seems travel between matches and home bases apply as much to teams as it does to fans." He expects the trend to continue.


A method and system for enhancing problem resolution at a call center based on speech recognition of a caller includes, receiving an incoming call and generating call data based on speech recognition of the incoming call using a computer. The method generates and associates annotated metadata about the call data. A historical record is created which includes the call data and the annotated metadata. The historical record may be stored in a storage medium communicating with the computer. Context data is generated for the incoming call by analyzing the historical record to identify: a caller, a topic, a date and a stress level of the caller. The method compares the context data to historical records of previous calls. A topic probabilities analysis is conducted by comparing the context data to the historical records of previous calls, and a solution is determined for the topic based on the probabilities analysis.
1. A method for enhancing problem resolution at a call center based on speech recognition of a caller, comprising: receiving an incoming call and generating call data based on speech recognition of the incoming call using a computer having a processor; generating and associating annotated metadata about the call data; creating a historical record including the call data and the annotated metadata, the historical record being stored in a storage medium communicating with the computer; generating context data for the incoming call by analyzing the historical record to identify: a caller, a topic, a date and a stress level of the caller; comparing the context data to historical records of previous calls; conducting a topic probabilities analysis by comparing the context data to the historical records of previous calls; and determining a solution for the topic based on the probabilities analysis.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining whether the incoming call is a new caller or a repeat caller.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining whether the incoming call includes a prior topic or a new topic.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: defining an attribute from the call data or the annotated metadata; and assigning a weight to the attribute.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the computer completes the steps of defining the attribute and assigning the weight to the attribute.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein a call center agent completes the steps of defining the attribute and assigning the weight to the attribute.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein the solution for the topic is also based on the weight assigned to the attribute.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein a learning phase includes reiteratively conducting the topic probabilities analysis to provide a plurality of solutions associated with the topic.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the learning phase includes saving the plurality of solutions associated with the topic in the historical record, and assigning a weight to the solutions based on their likelihood of success.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: conducting a new topic probabilities analysis and a prior topic probabilities analysis using the historical record for a new topic and a prior topic; and determining a new topic solution for the new topic and a prior topic solution for the prior topic based on the new and prior topic probabilities analyses, respectively.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the context data further includes: data for a previous corresponding incoming call, a solution to a previous topic of the previous corresponding incoming call; and a mood level of the caller.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the module further defines an attribute from the call data or the annotated metadata and assigns a weight to the attribute.
14. The system of claim 12, wherein the processor includes a learning phase module which iteratively conducting the topic probabilities analysis to provide a plurality of solutions associated with the topic, saves the plurality of solutions associated with the topic in the historical record, and assigns a weight to the solutions based on their likelihood of success.
15. A computer readable storage medium storing a program of instructions executable by a machine to perform a method for enhancing problem resolution at a call center based on speech recognition of a caller, comprising: receiving an incoming call and generating call data based on speech recognition of the incoming call; generating and associating annotated metadata about the call data; creating a historical record including the call data and the annotated metadata, the historical record being stored in a storage medium communicating with the computer; generating context data for the incoming call by analyzing the historical record to identify: a caller, a topic, a date and a stress level of the caller; comparing the context data to historical records of previous calls; conducting a topic probabilities analysis by comparing the context data to the historical records of previous calls; and determining a solution for the topic based on the probabilities analysis.
16. The computer readable storage medium of claim 15, further comprising: defining an attribute from the call data or the annotated metadata; and assigning a weight to the attribute.
17. The computer readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein a learning phase includes iteratively conducting the topic probabilities analysis to provide a plurality of solutions associated with the topic, saving the plurality of solutions associated with the topic in the historical record, and assigning a weight to the solutions based on their likelihood of success.
18. The computer readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the context data further includes: data for a previous corresponding incoming call, a solution to a previous topic of the previous corresponding incoming call; and a mood level of the caller.
 The present disclosure relates to a method and system for call center problem resolution, and more particularly, relates to a method and system for resolving call center topics/problems using speech recognition and probability analysis.
 Techniques for enhancing call center performance may include improving customer interactions with the call center and the call center's agents. For example, attempt to increase call center performance may include implementing a computer related method that includes accepting user input for analysis of a database having media data and metadata for more rapidly solving the user's problem. Other call center call topic resolution enhancements may include input from a supervisor using a grading system to indicate preferred solutions to problems, or presenting analyses to a call center agent for helping in a decision making process. Other techniques may include searching for words in one or more files to build a knowledge base from previous call topics and solution. In call centers, first call resolution is an important metric to gauge customer satisfaction. Another important metric used by call centers is the length of call time, or the amount of time a customer spends getting service including talking to an agent. Most call routing in typical call centers is based on services offered, for example, using the key pad of a telephone to select areas of interest, rather than the needs of the customer, for example, repeated calls from the customer, or urgency to the customer.
 It would therefore be desirable to improve call center response metrics. It would further be advantageous to improve the customer's experience with the call center while improving call center response metrics.
 According to an aspect of the disclosure, a method for enhancing problem resolution at a call center based on speech recognition of a caller includes: receiving an incoming call and generating call data based on speech recognition of the incoming call using a computer having a processor; generating and associating annotated metadata about the call data; creating a historical record including the call data and the annotated metadata, the historical record being stored in a storage medium communicating with the computer; generating context data for the incoming call by analyzing the historical record to identify: a caller, a topic, a date and a stress level of the caller; comparing the context data to historical records of previous calls; conducting a topic probabilities analysis by comparing the context data to the historical records of previous calls; and determining a solution for the topic based on the probabilities analysis.
 In another aspect according to the disclosure, a system for enhancing problem resolution at a call center based on speech recognition of a caller includes, a processor for executing a speech recognition module configured to receive an incoming call and generate call data of the incoming call. The processor further executes a module for associating annotated metadata about the call data with the call data. A storage module communicates with the processor for storing a historical record which includes the call data and the annotated metadata. The module is configured to generate context data for the incoming call by analyzing the historical record to identify: a caller, a topic, a date and a stress level of the caller. The module is further configured to compare the context data to historical records of previous calls, conduct a topic probabilities analysis by comparing the context data to the historical records of previous calls, and determine a solution for the topic based on the probabilities analysis.
 In another aspect according to the disclosure, a computer readable storage medium storing a program of instructions executable by a machine to perform a method for enhancing problem resolution at a call center based on speech recognition of a caller, includes: receiving an incoming call and generating call data based on speech recognition of the incoming call; generating and associating annotated metadata about the call data; creating a historical record including the call data and the annotated metadata, the historical record being stored in a storage medium communicating with the computer; generating context data for the incoming call by analyzing the historical record to identify: a caller, a topic, a date and a stress level of the caller; comparing the context data to historical records of previous calls; conducting a topic probabilities analysis by comparing the context data to the historical records of previous calls; and determining a solution for the topic based on the probabilities analysis.
 FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for enhancing the customer experience through a call center in one embodiment of the present disclosure.
 Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a system 10 and method 100 according to an embodiment of the disclosure, enhances problem resolution and routing of calls at a call center 14 using speech recognition. Step 114 of the method 100 of FIG. 2 includes, receiving an incoming call and generating call data from a user or caller 20 using a speech recognition module 70. The call data is associated with annotated metadata 62 related to the incoming call. The annotated metadata 62 may be contemporaneously generated, and stored in a database 60 with annotated metadata associated with previous calls or related calls. The annotated metadata may include data about the incoming call data, such as, call center agent comments, or computer generated notes regarding the incoming call. The annotations may include the agent's observations regarding the caller or the topic, and possible solutions to a problem.
 The annotated metadata 62 may also be searched for and retrieved from the database 60 which includes call data from previous incoming calls. The caller may be a person using one of many modes of communication including, for example, a land line 21 serviced by a telephone company. Other forms of communication include the Internet, or a network, alone or in combination, with the Internet, are collectively illustrated by communication techniques 22 in FIG. 1. Step 114, at least in part, may be implemented using a computer 50 having a processor 52 for executing a program 54 embodied on a computer readable medium or storage device 58. The computer readable medium 58 may include a hard drive, read only memory, or flash memory. The annotated metadata and call data provide context to the incoming calls.
 Step 118 includes creating a historical record for the incoming call including, the call data and the associated annotated metadata. The call data for the caller may be analyzed to find previous calls by the same user, as well as other callers who have had the same or similar topics stored as historical records.
 Step 126 includes identifying a caller, topic, date, and stress level for the incoming call. Step 126 further includes generating context data for the incoming call and the topic of the incoming call by analyzing the historical record, including the annotated metadata, and including related call data and metadata. The historical record may be stored in the database 60 for access by the computer 50. The context data may further include previous solutions to the topic, or related topics, and a stress level of the caller.
 The steps 114 -126 may be conducted contemporaneously and include the speech recognition module 70 analyzing the speech of the caller and identifying the caller based on the speech analysis, before a call center agent talks to the caller. For example, the caller may be prompted to answer one or more questions. Further, the caller can be identified as a previous caller or a new caller. For previous callers, prior issues or topics can be found and noted for the call center agent. Further, an assessment can be made as to whether a prior topic or new topic is being presented, as will be discussed in greater detail below.
 The method 100 continues to step 130 to determine whether the incoming call is a new caller or a repeat caller. If the caller is a repeat caller, the method 100 continues to step 134 to mine the historical record for the call data of the previous call or calls, and then continues to step 138 to determine if the call includes a prior topic or a new topic. If the caller is a new caller at step 130, the method 100 continues directly to step 138 to determine if the call includes a prior topic or a new topic. Step 142 includes comparing the context data to the historical records of previous calls. For example, mining the historical record for related topics to a new topic, or mining the historical record for a prior topic and related topics to a prior topic, and comparing the context data from the incoming call. Further, if the caller is a repeat caller, the historical records are mined for data records pertaining to the prior call, and for relevant data pertaining to the topic whether the topic is a new topic or a prior topic.
 Step 146 includes conducting a new topic probabilities analysis or a prior topic probabilities analysis using the historical record related to the new topic or the prior topic. For example, previous call data can be analyzed for data related to the new topic or a prior topic to provide a probability analysis for determining a solution with the highest probability of solving the problem of the topic. The analysis may include all context data from the speech recognition, wherein the speech recognition indicates voice stress of the caller.
 One example of evaluating voice stress includes using a key word indicator method, wherein the key work is typically used in a stressful vocabulary, thus triggering recognition of voice stress. Examples of terms which could indicate an elevated stress level are: frustrate, running out of patience. Another example of evaluating voice stress includes ascertaining the level of volume of the caller's voice to indicate stress level.
 One example of a probabilities analysis includes the method of the present disclosure evaluating whether a current problem indicated by a caller is related to a previous problem in the database. For example, if the caller states that their internet is not working on their computer, this problem may correlate with a previous problem related to an internet router being offline and needing to be reset.
 The method 100 includes determining a solution for the new topic or the prior topic for a new or repeat caller based on respective probability analyses, as in step 150. For example, a solution for a new topic may be determined by mining the historical records of metadata corresponding to the new topic, and determining a solution by comparing the context data including the new topic to the historical records of previous call data. In another example, a solution for a prior topic may be determined by mining the historical record of metadata corresponding to a prior topic, and determining and providing a solution by comparing the context data to the historical records of previous call data relevant to the topic. The relevant call data may include previous call data analyzed for data related to the prior topic or a new topic to provide a solution with the highest probability of solving the problem of the topic based on the historical records of previous call data. In one example, a solution may include highlighting other agents' responses related to a prior topic or a new topic.
 The method 100 may include assigning a weight to the historical record data (i.e., call data and annotated metadata). The data with an assigned weight may also be referred to as attributes of the incoming call. Assigning a weight may be organically developed during a learning phase by learning phase module 72 of the computer 50. In one example, the program 54 may define attributes and assign a weight to each of the attributes in the call data derived from speech analysis of the caller. Alternatively, the call center agent may assign a weight to call data or annotated metadata based on the caller and topic context. The assigned weight may be stored in the database 60 for use in deriving a solution by one or more probability analyzes as in step 146 of the method 100. The method, in the learning phase, may also include saving one or more solutions associated with the topic in the historical record, and assigning a weight to the solutions based on their likelihood of success derived from the metadata in the historical record.
 The learning phase may include iteratively conducting the topic probabilities analysis to provide a plurality of solutions associated with the topic, and saving the plurality of solutions associated with the topic in the historical record. A weight to the solutions based on their likelihood of success may be added in the learning phase. For example, the learning phase can be embodied as a generic algorithm in which attributes of a call are evaluated by the algorithm, and the algorithm provides possible solutions. The possible solutions are used to optimize solutions for the problem, for instance, given a set of XYZ attributes, the call can be routed to low level agents or higher level agents. Using multiple problems and solutions, it may be found that for XYZ attributes, a low level agent works best in resolving the problem, thus providing the best solution in future cases. The call center agent may also insert manual weighting or scores, and annotations to override or supplement the learning phase solution(s) based on their own evaluations.
 The learning phase of the method 100 may include adding to the historical record by adding annotated metadata and weight associated with an incoming call, including the caller stress and mood. Thereby, the learning phase adds to and maximizes the context of the call to facilitate the best possible solution to a topic, and resolve the caller's issues most efficiently.
 Additionally, assisting an agent is resolving an incoming call may include, for example, using previous context data of a call center's speech analyzed calls to index a set of common issues. The index can serve as both training and for practical access to provide possible solutions to agents while resolving incoming calls. For example, an index may be used by the method in finding a solution to a problem by providing an index of one or more solutions to a first problem. When the method determines that a second problem is similar to the first problem, the method can provide one or more of the solutions for the first problem to solve the second problem.
 In one example, the system 10 and method 100 may index known callers at the call center by issues, and the call center agent can annotate calls with annotated metadata. Models or algorithms can be used to provide agents with accurate context to an incoming call. The method 100 can mine a subset of historical calls (i.e., previous call data) and use the models and algorithms to learn how to detect relevance in a learning phase. The learning phase may be implemented by the models and algorithms accessing the subset of the historical calls to analyze known solutions and context data to learn how to detect the most relevant data. Therefore, when the solution to a problem or topic is not known, the method can use the learned algorithms to provide the best solution to the topic.
 Thereby, the speech analysis of the method of the present disclosure can provide information on whether it is a first time caller or a secondary caller. Typically, customers generally navigate automated voice response units and may be prompted multiple times before they are even identified, thus, their speech can be used to identify them (i.e., with voice/speech recognition software). This allows for personalization of service more than using an identifier for a product or household, because more than one customer may share the same identifier (i.e., family members inquiring about different matters). Further, speech analysis of past calls can provide valuable insights on the nature of the current call. For example, understanding the customer's problem helps an agent deliver higher quality service. The method 100 not only analyzes customer's current speech with prior calls they made, but other callers as well. This provides an agent with better understanding of how issues may have been resolved in the past, for example, if a technique was considered to address an issue in the past by other agents. Thus, the present disclosure employs speech analysis to improve call center metrics used to measure customer service by providing additional and improved context, e.g., context data) to aid in providing solutions to problems/topics, resulting in improving overall customer experience.
 FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic of an example call center and a representative computer system or processing system that may implement the method and program 54 in one embodiment of the present disclosure. The computer system is only one example of a suitable processing system and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of embodiments of the methodology described herein. The processing system shown may be operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with one or more processing systems in the present disclosure may include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, handheld or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
 The components of computer system may include, but are not limited to, one or more processors or processing units, a system memory, and a bus that couples various system components including system memory to processor. Computer system may include a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer system, and it may include both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. System memory 58, shown in FIG. 1, can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM) and/or cache memory or others. Computer system may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system 18 can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (e.g., a "hard drive"). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a "floppy disk"), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to bus 14 by one or more data media interfaces.
 Computer system may also communicate with one or more external devices such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display, etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer system; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur via Input/Output (I/O) interfaces. Additionally, computer systems can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter. As depicted, network adapter communicates with the other components of computer system via bus. It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computer system. Examples include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc.
 As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present disclosure may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a "circuit," "module" or "system." Furthermore, aspects of the present disclosure may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.
 Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the "C" programming language or similar programming languages, a scripting language such as Perl, VBS or similar languages, and/or functional languages such as Lisp and ML and logic-oriented languages such as Prolog. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).
 Aspects of the present disclosure are described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the disclosure. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
 The computer program product may comprise all the respective features enabling the implementation of the methodology described herein, and which--when loaded in a computer system--is able to carry out the methods. Computer program, software program, program, or software, in the present context means any expression, in any language, code or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause a system having an information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly or after either or both of the following: (a) conversion to another language, code or notation; and/or (b) reproduction in a different material form.
 The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements, if any, in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the disclosure in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the disclosure and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
 The system and method of the present disclosure may be implemented and run on a general-purpose computer or special-purpose computer system. The terms "computer system" and "computer network" as may be used in the present application may include a variety of combinations of fixed and/or portable computer hardware, software, peripherals, and storage devices. The computer system may include a plurality of individual components that are networked or otherwise linked to perform collaboratively, or may include one or more stand-alone components. The hardware and software components of the computer system of the present application may include and may be included within fixed and portable devices such as desktop, laptop, and/or server. A module may be a component of a device, software, program, or system that implements some "functionality", which can be embodied as software, hardware, firmware, electronic circuitry, or etc.
 The embodiments described above are illustrative examples and it should not be construed that the present disclosure is limited to these particular embodiments. Thus, various changes and modifications may be effected by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure as defined in the appended claims.


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I love this knife. It is so easy to have in your pocket and to use. The one hand opening feature makes it perfect for me.
This is quite the knife. It is very sharp and if it wasn't sometimes dangerous to shut I would have given it 5 stars. I like how thin it is I also like the added touch of the Stag Bone. I have bought some of these to give away to my customers.
Really convenient and stays sharp. Don't get in a big hurry opening the knife because you could slice your finger. She's a keeper though. I always carry it. An attractive knife that always seems to get comments like, "Let me see that thing!" Just be sure you get it back! Buy one or two; if you carry a pocket knife, you'll really like this one.
This is going to be in my pocket everyday, the slim profile is perfect for me. I also like that is only $7 and if I break it I can just buy a new one. Not like some of my more expensive knives that I'm afraid to look at lest they get scratched. Okay the plastic that is supposed to look like bone really doesn't look like bone at all, in the picture it has a nice burnt bone look but it's really just randomly grooved plastic with black paint but I didn't get this to look at I got it to use. Love the different shape and overall great knife for the price. If your thinking about it just get it!
This is a very nice knife for the price.Knives of similar design cost five to ten times more.This will be one of my everyday knives.
I realy like this knife. It fit my pocket very nice, not bulky. I am a mechanic so I'm not gentle with my knives. This one passes the test.


Poochon's are classed as a designer breed in my case two pure breeds of dogs a (Bichon - Female & Toy Poodle – Male) were mated to form a dog with the desired traits of both parents. Both the Toy Poodle and Bichon's are non-shedding, hypoallergenic breeds. This means the Poochon have the same traits. They will require regularly bathing to keep clean and healthy. Mum can get dirty on a walk but usually dry's white and surprisingly clean. They don't have sweat glands so don't smell!
Most Poochon's grow to be between 12 to 15 inches tall. They can weigh anywhere from 3 to 8kgs. They are very affectionate towards their owners. They are social, friendly and enjoy playing in the park with other dogs. Poochon's are more of an indoor dog, they don't require as much walking as a larger pet. However, they do need to interact with others so if you're at work all day and plan on leaving them at home, this is probably not the breed for you. They are highly intelligent and very easy to train.
You will see from the photo's both Mum and Dad are pure white. Our puppies are 7 weeks old and are still completely white. The puppies will be ready to leave Mum from 8 weeks (from 28/3/19). They will be Microchipped and have had their 1st Vaccination and be flea and worm treated.
Mums & Dad are both family pet who has been raised in a home environment with younger and older children. Mum She has an amazing temperament and is very, very good with children. She is an extremely intelligent little lady, very loving, friendly and fun in addition to being beautiful. She birthed the puppies at home without the need for medical assistance. She is up to date on all her vaccinations, flee and worm treatments. Dad is a Toy Poodle and KC registered and comes from a very long line of 36 champions in 5 generations (papers will be available to see). In addition to being bred by a cruft's judge. He is 14 inches at the withers and is a rare pure white from the first line of stain free poodles in the UK (NO TEAR STAINS) & PRA & VWD1 DNA Clear. Again, he is super smart which has been passed onto our clever puppies. We had a litter of 3 girls and 2 boys. 3 of the puppies have been reserved by their soon to be new families in their forever homes. We currently have two remaining girls.
We are Looking for forever homes so no time wasters please. With this in mind, in order to secure a puppy of your choice you will need to pay a £300 deposit. In addition, I will be asking new owners to sign a puppy contract. It's very important to us that the puppies go to a good home with someone who will looking after them and love them as we would so please don't be offended when we ask lots of questions about you and your home.


Camp Sabra is located midway between St. Louis and Kansas City, Missouri on the Staenberg Peninsula at the beautiful Lake of the Ozarks. Our peninsula sits on the Gravois arm of the lake, about 12.5 miles from Eldon, Missouri. Camp Sabra is a premier Jewish residential (sleep-away) summer camp that draws from its location and amenities to create a first-class experience for all our campers.
Camp Sabra is an outdoor, fresh-air experience – no video games or texting here! Our three and a half miles of private waterfront include two coves with swimming areas, a water-ski area and a large fleet of sailboats, funyaks, paddleboards, canoes and water toys. Our grounds also feature a large, in-ground pool, human foosball court, extensive athletic fields, lighted tennis courts, and several volleyball and basketball courts.
Camp Sabra's 205 wooded acres remain mostly undeveloped, encouraging our campers to connect with nature. It is in these areas that our campers can challenge themselves on our extensive high and low challenge ropes courses, 18-foot climbing wall, zip line, archery range and more.
Our facilities are continually being renewed and refreshed. Recent additions to Camp Sabra include new cabins, a covered outdoor sports pavilion, shower houses, a new health center and the Fox Family Theatre, with more upgrades scheduled for completion before the summer of 2017. Additionally, Camp Sabra features a chapel, a large, air-conditioned dining hall and an air-conditioned arts and crafts facility.


text:
Q: How to record multiple microphones simultaneously with AVAudioEngine I want to record audio from multiple microphones simultaneously (Macbook built-in microphone + connected external microphone).
However, AVAudioEngine has only one inputNode. Is it possible to create and attach other nodes that represent specific input device?

A: You can go into Audio Midi Setup.app create an aggregate device containing the two devices you want to record from, then set that aggregate device as the default input.
Tapping the input node will give you buffers that contain audio recorded from both devices, and as a bonus the audio will be synchronised!
The manual aggregate setup can also be done via Core Audio.
Alternatively you could simply record from the two separate devices using Core Audio's RemoteIO AudioUnits. You will be responsible for timestamp matching in this case. There are pros and cons to both approaches. My own anti-pattern is to write an AVAudioEngine solution then replace it with Core Audio.


A modern detached house in a sought after residential location on the outskirts of town set off a cul-de-sac down a private road. Having well presented accommodation comprising: entrance hall, cloakroom, lounge, dining room, breakfast kitchen, utility room and conservatory to ground floor. Landing, master bedroom with en-suite, three further bedrooms and family bathroom to first floor. Outside the property has a front garden, a driveway providing off-road parking, a detached double garage and an established enclosed rear garden. The property benefits from gas central heating and double glazing.
Having coved ceiling, radiator, Karndean flooring, telephone connection point, smoke alarm and staircase rising to first floor.
Having coved ceiling, heated towel rail, Karndean flooring, part tiled walls, extractor fan, close coupled WC and wash hand basin inset to vanity unit with cupboard under.
Having sealed unit double glazed uPVC windows to front & rear elevations, coved ceiling, two radiators, wall light points, television aerial connection points, telephone connection point and fireplace with marble back & hearth, inset gas fire and wooden surround.
Having sealed unit double glazed uPVC window to front elevation, coved ceiling, radiator and Karndean flooring.
Of sealed unit double glazed uPVC frame construction on brick walls with polycarbonate roof. Having french doors to side elevation and garden, wall mounted electric heater, ceiling fan/light fitting and ceramic tiled floor.
Having part glazed door to rear elevation, coved ceiling, Karndean flooring, lighting & electric sockets, wall mounted gas fired boiler providing for both domestic hot water & heating and walk-in cupboard with Karndean flooring. Work surface with tiled splashback, inset stainless steel sink & drainer, cupboard, space & plumbing for automatic washing machine and tumble dryer under.
Having sealed unit double glazed uPVC window to rear elevation, coved ceiling, radiator, smoke alarm, access to roof space and airing cupboard housing hot water cylinder with shelving.
Having sealed unit double glazed uPVC window to front elevation, coved ceiling, radiator, television aerial connection point, telephone connection point and fitted wardrobes to either side of double bed space with bedside cabinets, shelving and overhead lockers, further fitted wardrobes with central drawers and overhead lockers.
Having sealed unit double glazed uPVC window to rear elevation, coved ceiling, heated towel rail, fully tiled walls, shaver point and extractor fan. Fitted with a white suite comprising: shower enclosure with mixer shower fitting, close coupled WC and pedestal wash hand basin.
Having sealed unit double glazed uPVC window to front elevation, coved ceiling, radiator, television aerial connection point and fitted wardrobes to either side of double bed space with overhead lockers.
Having sealed unit double glazed uPVC window to front elevation, coved ceiling, radiator and telephone connection point.
Having sealed unit double glazed uPVC window to rear elevation, coved ceiling and radiator.
Having sealed unit double glazed uPVC window to rear elevation, coved ceiling, heated towel rail, tiled walls, shaver point and extractor fan. Fitted with a white suite comprising: panelled bath with overhead shower attachment and anti-splash screen over, close coupled WC and pedestal wash hand basin.
To the front of the property there is a lawned garden with gravelled borders.
Having two up-and-over doors, light and power.
Being enclosed and having shaped lawns, established borders and paved patio areas.
The property has mains gas, electricity, water and drainage connected. Heating is via a gas fired boiler served by radiators and the property is double glazed. The current council tax is band D.
From our offices in Wide Bargate proceed to the Bargate End roundabout and take the third exit on to John Adams Way. Proceed over Haven Bridge and at the roundabout take the second exit on to Liquorpond Street. Proceed past Halfords & McDonalds on your left and at the mini-roundabout take the first exit, over the level crossing on to Sleaford Road. Travel the full length of Sleaford Road and at the mini-roundabout adjacent to Taylors BMW, take the second exit (straight over) on to the A1121 Boardsides. At the next roundabout take the second exit on to Gilbert Drive. At the next roundabout take the third exit on to Sunflower Way then turn right on to Primrose Crescent where the subject property can be located towards the end of the road on the right hand side.
By appointment with Newton Fallowell - telephone 01205 353100.


Hello! My name is Lunawolf. I like to play lots of games and have sit down chatting streams. I have been streaming for 5 years. I was originally a Twitch streamer starting back in 2014. Streaming back then wasn't widely known but when I heard about it, I gave it a shot and I really enjoyed it. Streaming quickly became a huge hobby for me and I have been doing it ever since. I started to grow over the years but around the beginning of 2018, I started to fall off. I strived for Twitch Partner for a very long time, but I felt that I could not hold viewers like I used to. Most platforms, like Twitch, were hard to grow on and became too competitive. Most streams began to grow lonely and my income began to drop as well, and I knew something needed to change. That's when I found DLive. It was quite small when I first found out about it, and they recently switched over to LINO Blockchain from Steemit.
To be honest, I was afraid to start streaming on DLive, since every other platform I streamed on didn't do well. I decided to bite the bullet and went live with my first stream. I got SO much love and support from the community. People from all over the site were welcoming me, even those that may not speak English made sure to stop by and show their support. It was an amazing feeling and I never wanted to end the stream. Ever since that stream I have made DLive my home. Not only is the community extremely supportive, so is the staff. No matter the time of day, DLive staff will always be there for you to answer any questions you may have and always try to come to everyone's stream. I have never seen any other platform have something so amazing, and that's what makes DLive so special. Not only that, but the way the platform is monetized makes it convenient for EVERYONE, not just the streamer. I believe having a blockchain system is also what has made DLive stand out even more.


text:
3 Sheriff's Deputies On Leave After Man with Down Syndrome Died In Custody
Phil Yacuboski and The Associated Press
Three Frederick County Sheriff's Deputies are on administrative leave after a 26-year-old man with Down syndrome died while in their custody. The man was being escorted from a movie theater the three off-duty deputies who were working as security gu
Three Frederick County Sheriff's Deputies are on administrative leave after a 26-year-old man with Down syndrome died while in their custody. The man was being escorted from a movie theater the three off-duty deputies who were working as security guards.
A lawyer for the family says the grieving family is looking for answers after the death was ruled a homicide.
Robert Ethan Saylor died January 12 after guards tried to remove him from a Maryland movie theater where he had finished watching a movie and was refusing to leave, according to the family's lawyer. The Sheriff's Office previously said Saylor cursed and resisted arrest and was handcuffed as he was led out. Before leaving the theater Saylor began having what the Sheriff's Office said was a medical emergency. Authorities say the handcuffs were taken off and Saylor was taken to a hospital, where he died.
"We don't really know any of the substance of the investigation other than the medical examiner has classified the death as a homicide," said Attorney Joe Espo, a lawyer for the family.
Officials announced Friday that the state medical examiner's office determined that Saylor died from asphyxia.
Espo said Tuesday that sheriff's officials met with the family for about an hour Friday. He said the family is still in shock.
"I think what they most want to see out of the investigation is a clear account of what happened and why it happened," he said.
The man's mother, Patti Saylor, told a Washington, D.C. television station that her son went to see the movie "Zero Dark Thirty" with a health aide. The family's lawyer said Tuesday that the aide had gone to get the car, something she was allowed to do, when events unfolded. Patti Saylor said her son had no preexisting medical conditions and "just loved unconditionally," she said in a segment that aired in January.
"He would not have been doing anything threatening to anybody," she said.
Saylor's obituary in The Frederick News-Post said he loved his cat and music, particularly Reggae. He also liked learning about police and security agencies, his obituary said.
Espo, the family's lawyer, said both he and the family were concerned that the Sheriff's Department has been conducting the investigation into a matter involving its own deputies.
"We just think it would have been preferable to have an outside agency take a look," he said.
Spokeswoman Cpl. Jennifer Bailey said Monday that deputies who work with the public received training last year on interacting with people with mental health issues. The training by the county's health department did not specifically cover Down syndrome, however.
Down syndrome is a genetic, chromosomal disorder first reported by medical authorities in 1866.
Bailey says the results of the investigation will be forwarded this week to the State's Attorney's Office, which will then decide how to proceed.


text:
Q: Elegant way to pass arguments to super().__init__ while keeping their name in the signatures? class A:
    def __init__(self, x1, x2, x3, x4):
        pass
        ...

class B(A):
    def __init__(self, x1, x2, x3, x4, y1, y2):
        super().__init__(x1, x2, x3, x4)  # How to replace this without repeating the argument names?
        ...

I prefer not to use **kwargs or dicts, as it hides the actual signature.
One solution could be something like:
from inspect import signature

class B(A):
    def __init__(self, x1, x2, x3, x4, y1, y2):
        sig = signature(super().__init__)
        params = {k: v for k, v in locals().items() if k in sig.parameters}
        super().__init__(**params)
        ...

But this is cumbersome and has its own problems. Is there anything more elegant that could be done?
Edit: The motivation to this question is the DRY principle.

A: Expanding on my comment:
It sounds like x1, x2, x3, x4 are logically grouped in that you see their names repeating together throughout your hierarchy of classes. You can use a tuple to rid of the repetition. An even better solution would be a @dataclass, preferably read-only if the logical grouping is established at initialization time, and shouldn't be changed after. Both of these solutions would support heterogeneous types.
from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass(frozen=True)
class X:
    x1: ...
    x2: ...
    x3: ...
    x4: ...

Note that you don't need to use a @dataclass here, really any class with an __init__ method for aggregating this data and assigning it to self attributes would work. But @dataclass provides some nifty features here, see link and comments.
If the types of x1 ... x4 are homogenous, and you don't need to particularly enforce that there are 4 of these xs, you can use a list if you need indexing capability, otherwise set (and even frozenset to enforce this grouping to be done only at initialization time).
Point is that there is a clever solution out there to do what you want, but using structures to aggregate your data here will naturally get rid of repetition. This structure would be under a single name, and you would only have to pass this one argument to super().__init__.

A: I understand that usually this question is to be rather avoided - better use a dataclass as per Mario's answer, or just write the arguments again as suggested in the comments.
But for the sport and the chance that this will actually be useful to someone someday, I came up with the following solution:
import inspect
from functools import wraps

def calling_base_init(init):
    @wraps(init)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        sig_init = inspect.signature(init)
        bargs = sig_init.bind(*args, **kwargs)
        for cls in args[0].__class__.__bases__:
            sig = inspect.signature(cls.__init__)
            params = {k: v for k, v in bargs.arguments.items() if k in sig.parameters if k != 'self'}
            if len(params) == len(sig.parameters) - 1:
                cls.__init__(args[0], **params)
                break
        else:
            assert False, f"No appropriate signature was found among base classes of {args[0].__class__.__name__}"
        init(*args, **kwargs)

    return wrapper

And then use the decorator on the derived class's __init__:
class A:
    def __init__(self, x1, x2, x3, x4):
        print(x1, x2, x3, x4)

class B(A):
    @calling_base_init
    def __init__(self, x1, x2, x3, x4, y1, y2):
        print(y1, y2)

B(11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22)

Outputs:
11 12 13 14
21 22

as expected.


text:
Oana Andreea Manea (født d. 18 april 1985) er en tidligere rumænsk håndboldspiller som optrådte for det rumænske landshold.

Meritter
 EHF Champions League:
 Vinder: 2016
 Finalist: 2010
 Semifinalist: 2009, 2012, 2013
 EHF Champions Trophy:
 Vinder: 2007
 EHF Cup Winner's Cup:
 Vinder: 2007
 Semifinalist: 2002
 Europamesterskaberne:
 Bronze: 2010

 Verdensmesterskaberne:
 Bronze: 2015
 Årets Håndboldspiller i Rumænien: 2011

Kilder

Håndboldspillere fra Rumænien
Håndboldspillere fra CSM București (kvindehåndbold)
Håndboldspillere fra SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea


text:
Skip To Content Main Navigation Site Map
Employee Login | En Français |
Awards & Bursaries
Administration of Passport Funds
Administration of Individualized Funds
Applying For Support
The Downtown Centre
Be a Host Family
Inclusive Hiring
Global Disability Support
Understanding Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities
Connections in Our Community
Funding Supports
Growing Alongside Our Community
While the approaches and philosophies may have changed over the years, our basic premise has remained the same – support for people and families in their community to help them achieve a better life. We're proud of our history and how we've grown to what we are today.
In 1952, John and Laura Zoller approached the Windsor Board of Education and asked them to develop an education program for their son Charles. The result of this meeting was the establishment of a small class which began meeting at the YMCA in October 1952. Each parent paid $5 per week, out of which the group was able to hire a retired teacher for $25 per week. Word of the class spread quickly and so on others were making enquiries about enrolling their children. With such growing interest, the parents decided to incorporate as the Greater Windsor Parents Association, the second such association in Ontario.
After a year, the need for more space forced a move. The Association approached the City of Windsor,which offered a house at 1304 Church Street for an annual rental fee of $1. In 1954, the children's program with 35 students moved to the home and named it Churchwood.
By 1958, the Churchwood program had more than doubled its size. A $50,000 cost-matching donation from The City of Windsor and surrounding municipalities permitted the Association to build a new
Churchwood School on Virginia Park. This was the first Ontario school for children with disabilities built entirely with public funds.
Today our supports continue to evolve. While the approaches and philosophies may have changed over the years, the basic premise has remained the same– support for people and families in their community to help them achieve a better life, as it was in 1952.
1952 - formed as the "Greater Windsor Parents' Association for Retarded Children"
1955 - renamed "Windsor Association for Retarded Children"
1963 - renamed "Metropolitan Windsor Association for Retarded Children"
1968 - renamed "Windsor Association for the Mentally Retarded"
1989 - renamed "Windsor Community Living Support Services"
2002 - renamed "Community Living Windsor"
Our supports continue to grow and evolve every day.
Community Living Windsor
Community Living Windsor +
Contact Information +
7025 Enterprise Way Windsor, Ontario N8T 3N6
info@clwindsor.org
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Copyright © 2008 - 2019 Community Living Windsor. Website by Atmos Marketing
Registered Charitable #12271 6707 RR0001. US IRS #98-0440748.


Orange County – Five-million-year-old whale fossils were discovered during excavation at a Caltrans construction site in San Clemente.
This is the 20th in a series of Caltrans News Flash videos that present the wide-ranging and critical work Caltrans does to keep California moving. To see more of these and other videos, search for #CaltransNewsFlash on Twitter or go to www.youtube.com/user/CaltransVideo. For more information about the department's activities, connect with Caltrans at www.dot.ca.gov/socialmedia.