Nikola Tesla (July 10, 1856 to January 7, 1943) was an engineer known for designing the alternating-current (AC) electric system, which is still the predominant electrical system used across the world today. He also created the "Tesla coil," which is still used in radio technology. Born in what is now Croatia, Tesla came to the United States in 1884 and briefly worked with Thomas Edison before the two parted ways. He sold several patent rights, including those to his AC machinery, to George Westinghouse.
EARLY YEARS: Nikola Tesla was born on July 10, 1856, in what is now Smiljan, Croatia. Nikola Tesla was one of five children, including siblings Dane, Angelina, Milka and Marica. Tesla's interest in electrical invention was spurred by his mother, Djuka Mandic, who invented small household appliances in her spare time while her son was growing up. Tesla's father, Milutin Tesla, was a Serbian orthodox priest and a writer, and he pushed for his son to join the priesthood. But Nikola's interests lay squarely in the sciences. After studying at the Realschule, Karlstadt (later renamed the Johann-Rudolph-Glauber Realschule Karlstadt); the Polytechnic Institute in Graz, Austria; and the University of Prague during the 1870s, Tesla moved to Budapest, where for a time he worked at the Central Telephone Exchange. It was while in Budapest that the idea for the induction motor first came to Tesla, but after several years of trying to gain interest in his invention, at age 28 Tesla decided to leave Europe for America.
TESLA AND EDISON: In 1884 Tesla arrived in the United States with little more than the clothes on his back and a letter of introduction to famed inventor and business mogul Thomas Edison, whose DC-based electrical works were fast becoming the standard in the country. Edison hired Tesla, and the two men were soon working tirelessly alongside each other, making improvements to Edison's inventions. Several months later, the two parted ways due to a conflicting business-scientific relationship, attributed by historians to their incredibly different personalities: While Edison was a power figure who focused on marketing and financial success, Tesla was commercially out-of-tune and somewhat vulnerable.
FIRST SOLO VENTURE: In 1885, Tesla received funding for the Tesla Electric Light Company and was tasked by his investors to develop improved arc lighting. After successfully doing so, however, Tesla was forced out of the venture and for a time had to work as a manual laborer in order to survive. His luck would change two years later, when he received funding for his new Tesla Electric Company.
AC ELECTRICAL SYSTEM: Tesla designed the alternating-current (AC) electrical system, which would quickly become the preeminent power system of the 20th century and has remained the worldwide standard ever since. In 1887, Tesla found funding for his new Tesla Electric Company, and by the end of the year he had successfully filed several patents for AC-based inventions. Tesla's AC system soon caught the attention of American engineer and businessman George Westinghouse, who was seeking a solution to supplying the nation with long-distance power. Convinced that Tesla's inventions would help him achieve this, in 1888 he purchased his patents for $60,000 in cash and stock in the Westinghouse Corporation. As interest in an AC system grew, Tesla and Westinghouse were put in direct competition with Thomas Edison, who was intent on selling his direct-current (DC) system to the nation. A negative-press campaign was soon waged by Edison, in an attempt to undermine interest in AC power. Unfortunately for Thomas Edison, the Westinghouse Corporation was chosen to supply the lighting at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and Tesla conducted demonstrations of his AC system there.
HYDROELECTRIC POWER: In 1895, Tesla designed what was among the first AC hydroelectric power plants in the United States, at Niagara Falls. The following year, it was used to power the city of Buffalo, New York — a feat that was highly publicized throughout the world and helped further AC electricity's path to becoming the world's power system.
THE TESLA COIL: In the late 19th century, Tesla patented the "Tesla coil," which laid the foundation for wireless technologies and is still used in radio technology today. The heart of an electrical circuit, the Tesla coil is an inductor used in many early radio transmission antennas. The coil works with a capacitor to resonate current and voltage from a power source across the circuit. Tesla himself used his coil to study fluorescence, x-rays, radio, wireless power and electromagnetism in the earth and its atmosphere.
FREE ELECTRICITY PROJECT: Having become obsessed with the wireless transmission of energy, around 1900 Nikola set to work on his boldest project yet: to build a global, wireless communication system — to be transmitted through a large electrical tower — for sharing information and providing free electricity throughout the world. With funding from a group of investors that included financial giant J. P. Morgan, in 1901 Tesla began work on the project in earnest, designing and building a lab with a power plant and a massive transmission tower on a site on Long Island, New York, that became known as Wardenclyffe. However, doubts arose among his investors about the plausibility of Tesla's system. As his rival, Guglielmo Marconi — with the financial support of Andrew Carnegie and Thomas Edison — continued to make great advances with his own radio technologies, Tesla had no choice but to abandon the project. The Wardenclyffe staff was laid off in 1906, and by 1915 the site had fallen into foreclosure. Two years later Tesla declared bankruptcy and the tower was dismantled and sold for scrap to help pay the debts he had accrued.
DEATH: Poor and reclusive, Nikola Tesla died on January 7, 1943, at the age of 86, in New York City, where he had lived for nearly 60 years. After suffering a nervous breakdown following the closure of his free energy project, Tesla eventually returned to work, primarily as a consultant. But as time went on, his ideas became progressively more outlandish and impractical. He grew increasingly eccentric, devoting much of his time to the care of wild pigeons in New York City's parks. He even drew the attention of the FBI with his talk of building a powerful "death beam," which had received some interest from the Soviet Union during World World II.
TESLA MOTORS & THE ELECTRIC CAR: In 2003, a group of engineers founded Tesla Motors, a car company named after Nikola Tesla dedicated to building the first fully electric-powered car. Entrepreneur and engineer Elon Musk contributed over $30 million to Tesla in 2004 and serves as the company's co-founder CEO. In 2008, Tesla unveiled its first electric car, the Roadster. A high-performance sports vehicle, the Roadster helped changed the perception of what electric cars could be. In 2014, Tesla launched the Model S, a lower-priced model that, in 2017, set the Motor Trend world record for 0 to 60 miles per hour acceleration at 2.28 seconds. Tesla's designs showed that an electric car could have the same performance as gasoline-powered sports car brands like Porsche and Lamborghini.
• Jul 10 1856: Nikola Tesla is born.
• 1862: Family moves to Gospic; Father is Pastor of Church there.
• 1863: Tesla's brother Dane dies (aged 12) after falling from horse. Tesla may have caused the accident when he spooked the animal.
• 1870: Tesla moves to Carlstadt, Croatia; receives education in math and physics.
• 1873: Tesla contracts Cholera. Convinces father to let him pursue engineer's degree.
• 1875: Tesla Enrolls at Austrian Polytechnic in Graz; dropped out after third year.
• 1881: After several years of "finding himself" and getting "into trouble," Tesla works in Budapest Telegraph Office as Chief Electrician and starts perfecting ideas for an AC motor.
• 1882: Nikola Tesla recovers from a "nervous breakdown." During a vision of the Sun that involved a passage from Goethe's FAUST, he "receives" the completed concept for the AC motor.
• 1883: begins working for Continental Edison in Strasbourg, France to repair a new DC lighting system; he is never compensated.
• Jun 6th, 1884: Tesla arrives in New York, penniless and robbed after a voyage that involved mutiny and theft. He begins working for Edison, who doesn't pay him a promised salary for improving his DC electric systems.
• 1885: Nikola Tesla quits working for Edison; tries to start up an electric company, is betrayed by investors, and ends up digging ditches.
• 1887: War of Currents era begins; Tesla starts up a Lab at 89 Liberty Street.
• 1889: New Lab at 175 Grand Street. Works on High Frequency technology, wireless transmission, and further experiments in electromagnetic radiation (x-rays).
• 1890: Illuminating a vacuum tube wirelessly; becomes the basis for the radio.
• 1888--1893: Awarded 22 patents for AC motors, generators, transformers, transmission lines, and the Tesla Coil.
• 1890's: Beginning of life-long interest in Eastern religions, especially Hinduism.
• 1895: Fifth Avenue Lab burns down; all of his invention models, plans, notes, lab data, tools, photographs (valued at over $50K) were destroyed. Opens his new Lab at 46 East Houston Street.
1897: Tesla gives up his patent rights, royalties, and use of technologies to George Westinghouse to save Westinghouse's company. This altruism begins a repeated pattern that lands Tesla into debt and eventual poverty.
• 1901: Construction begins on Tesla's Wardenclyffe Tower; Tesla signs over 51 percent of his interest in his patents and inventions including future ones relating to electric lighting and wireless telegraphy for $150K to J. P. Morgan.
• 1904: Patent Office reverses itself and awards Marconi patent for radio; Colorado Springs Lab torn down.
• 1905: Patents on most AC products expire; technology is now in the Public Domain.
• 1906: Wardenclyffe abandoned for financial reasons.
• Aug 4 1915: Tesla Files Lawsuit Against Guglielmo Marconi, but is unable to afford the litigation.
• 1920's: Patents include improvements for aerial transportation.
• Jul 10 1934: The New York Times publicizes Nikola Tesla's particle Beam research.
• 1930's--early 1940's: Tries to interest Britain and the US in his Particle Beam Weapon.
• 1937: Hit by NY Taxi; severely injured.
• Jan 7 1943: Nikola Tesla Dies, one day before meeting with US government.
• 1943: U.S. Supreme Court upheld Tesla's radio patent number 645,576. The Court had a selfish reason for doing so. The Marconi Company was suing the United States Government for use of its patents in World War I. The Court simply avoided the action by restoring the priority of Tesla's patent over Marconi.
• 1943-1945: Tesla Papers lost or stolen. 70 trunks? 30 trunks? US photographs all documents? Papers moved to Wright-Patterson Field (Project Nick): papers "lost" in 1945?
• 1952: Sava Kosanovich (nephew) gets surviving materials and moves them to Tesla Museum in Belgrade.
• 1970's: Russia and US work on Beam Weapon.
In 1888, Westinghouse paid Tesla $2.50 royalty per horsepower generated by his AC motor. He also received a $2000 a month salary, the equivalent of $48,000 per month today. As AC power slowly became more widely adopted across the country, Westinghouse happily paid Tesla hundreds of thousands of dollars in royalties each year on Tesla's patents. By 1897, after years of fighting with Edison, Westinghouse was more than $10 million in debt and on the verge of bankruptcy. Out of desperation, George Westinghouse begged Tesla to lower or temporarily rescind his royalties on his patents in order to allow the company to survive. According to some sources, Tesla tore up their original contract on the spot. Tesla was grateful to Westinghouse for believing in him when no one else would. (The original unsigned contract exists in the Westinghouse archives, but there is no record of a signed copy.) By relinquishing his royalties, claims on his patents, and salary (all for "the greater good"), Tesla single-handedly saved the Westinghouse Electric company. In return, Westinghouse paid Tesla a $216,000 lump sum ($5.4 million today) for the right to use Tesla's AC technology in perpetuity. (I.e. Westinghouse would keep all profits and give NOTHING to Tesla. Many feel that Westinghouse cheated Tesla in the same way Edison had a few years earlier.) In retrospect, Tesla may have been a brilliant inventor but he was a terrible capitalist. In 1897, when he "tore up the contract," bankers estimated the value of his patents/technology to be $12 million. That technology is worth BILLIONS of dollars today. In many ways, this episode marks the point of no return for Tesla's decline into debt and poverty.
The 1790 U.S. Patent Act assigned a maximum term of 14 years to a patent. A revision in 1995, included in the international Patent Cooperation Act, extended certain patents to 20 years. Tesla saw many of his patents expire and become fair-game for others to use. In the case of J.P. Morgan or George Westinghouse, Tesla signed over all or portions of the usage rights and royalties. For example, what Tesla signed away to George Westinghouse was the right to use all of his inventions and technology utilized under the Westinghouse Co. name in perpetuity. One aspect of this would mean that--since a patent can't be renewed like a copyright can--Westinghouse Co. could apply for a new patent on an "improvement" to the original invention, thus building on Tesla's idea without having to reward him. The ramifications for all this--including intellectual property laws--are legion and account for a whole branch of the legal profession.
1. Alternating Current: Tesla didn't exactly invent Alternating Current (AC), but he made AC practical and usable for the entire planet. It wasn't until wealthy investor George Westinghouse got behind him that Tesla's work on AC began to be taken seriously, and the AC/DC Wars were on. It was a question of practicality in truth. Thomas Edison's Direct Current (DC) needed many power plants to provide electricity to large numbers of people, while Tesla's AC used thinner wires and was able to transmit over great distances. Edison embarked on a very public smear campaign against AC, going so far as using AC to electrocute cats and dogs, but Tesla won out in the end. It is Alternating Current that Tesla is arguably best known for, and it was this that helped catapult the Serb into the scientific stratosphere.
2. Induction motor: Some 63 years after French mathematician François Arago argued the existence of rotating magnetic fields, Tesla utilized these to create the first AC induction motor. The invention made a world of difference to the efficiency of energy generation, and in many ways was responsible for kick-starting a second industrial revolution. The lights in your home, your electric toothbrush and your vacuum cleaner? It all comes back to Tesla's induction motor.
3. Tesla Coil: How can one talk about Nikola Tesla without mentioning the coil that takes his name? The Tesla Coil is used to produce high-voltage, low-current, high-frequency electricity; in other words, it's a contraption that creates flying arcs of electrical energy. That sounds quite dangerous, but Tesla wasn't one to shirk in the face of potential electrocution. His coil created huge amounts of energy and allowed him to light bulbs without using wires, among other things.
4. Remote Control: Tesla was awarded a patent for remote control in 1898, after using a battery-powered boat as a demonstration. Years passed before the technology was used in any meaningful way, but it is difficult to imagine a modern world without remote control tech. Tesla's invention saw a boat controlled by radio signals, which subsequently powered the rudders and propellers. It was another of Nikola's inventions that went way over the heads of many at the time.
5. Radio: The credit for inventing the radio initially went to Italian engineer Guglielmo Marconi, but it was later revealed that Tesla had come up with the invention first. Tesla had two radio patents accepted in the late 19th century, but the financial clout of Marconi's backers saw the Italian awarded the patent that mattered. Radio was one example of Tesla's overactive mind and creative tendencies getting the better of him, allowing someone else to swoop in and get the credit for the Serb's creation. It wasn't until 1943—a few months after Tesla's death— that the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Tesla's radio patent number 645,576. The Court had a selfish reason for doing so. The Marconi Company was suing the United States Government for use of its patents in World War I. The Court simply avoided the action by restoring the priority of Tesla's patent over Marconi.
6. Wireless communication: It is difficult to imagine a world without remote control, but one without wireless technology? Unthinkable. Tesla had a dream that one day every single person on the planet would be able to receive free energy. He set about building a tower that would use natural frequencies to transmit date across the globe – undoubtedly a precursor to the world wide web. Tesla was well on his way to finishing the tower when his backer, J. P. Morgan, pulled the plug, citing the lack of profitability in the project as his reason. Modern wireless communication is still traced back to Tesla however. With radio waves distances can be short, such as a few meters for Bluetooth or as far as millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones.
7. Violet Ray: It may be obsolete today, but at the beginning of the 20th century electrotherapy was all the rage, if 'all the rage' is an acceptable thing to say about revolutionary medicine. People soon grew tired of having electric currents thrust through their bodies, and the practice stopped. It was revolutionary back in 1900, however, and Tesla's violet ray was at the center of it all. He introduced it at the Chicago World's Fair 1893.
8. Fluorescent and Neon Lighting: There was a time in the 20th century when you couldn't walk down a city high street without being bombarded by neon signs of all shapes and sizes. The technology can be traced back to Nikola Tesla, who developed and used fluorescent and neon bulbs some four decades before they became popularized. Tesla didn't invent neon lights themselves, but it was his work that ultimately led to their creation, a byproduct of his experiments with wireless lighting.
9. Robotics: Nikola Tesla is the 'father' of many things, and another discipline that he is credited with kicking off is the typically futuristic world of robotics. The magical combination of science and engineering had existed since the days of Yan Shi of course, but it was Tesla who brought it into popular culture. When Tesla demonstrated the first radio-controlled boat in 1898, he paved the way for the robotic explosion that took place in the 20th century. When asked about the boat's potential as an explosive-delivery system, Tesla retorted, "You do not see there a wireless torpedo; you see there the first of a race of robots, mechanical men which will do the laborious work of the human race." If you've ever enjoyed Isaac Asimov, you have Tesla to thank. No Tesla, no Robot Wars.
10. Death Ray (Laser Technology): We can't quite decide whether it sounds like the coolest thing on the planet or the scariest. The likelihood is both, but Tesla's invention had both eyes firmly fixed on peace as opposed to war. The idea was to make nations entirely impregnable to attack. The existence of death rays would make war obsolete, although such thinking is quite clearly steeped in problems. Tesla's invention of what we now call laser technology has nonetheless helped evolve medical practices.
11. Shadowgraph: X-ray technology is another invention that is credited to someone else (Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895) but it came about thanks in no small part to the genius of Nikola Tesla. It was some throwaway experiments in 1894 with discharge tubes that led to the discovery when Nikola noticed that photographic plates nearby were damaged as a result of his noodling. Two years later, in 1896, Tesla produced some of the first images of the human body using X-rays. He produced the first x-ray image in the United States when he attempted to obtain an image of Mark Twain with the vacuum tube. Surprisingly, instead of showing Twain, the resulting image showed the screw for adjusting the camera lens. Later, Tesla managed to obtain images of the human body, which he called shadowgraphs. Tesla sent his images to Roentgen shortly after Roentgen published his own discovery on November 8, 1895. Although Tesla gave Roentgen full credit for the finding, Roentgen congratulated Tesla on his sophisticated images, wondering how he had achieved such impressive results. Moreover, Tesla described some clinical benefits of x-rays—for example, determination of foreign body position and detection of lung diseases—noting that denser bodies were more opaque to the rays.
 The Lie Zi text is an ancient philosophical volume of stories which is believed by Chinese and Western scholars to have been composed sometime in the 4th century BC. The text contains numerous stories, one of which featuring an astounding account of what may be an ancient engineering marvel, much older than the text itself. The text describes a sort of engineer, an 'artificer' named Yan Shi. Sometime around 1023 to 957 BC, Yan Shi presented a marvelous invention before the fifth king of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty, King Mu. Yen Shi had created a life-sized automaton which was able to move and preform several impressive functions. The automation could move in a like-like manner and could sing.
TESLA PATENT 1,655,114 APPARATUS FOR AERIAL TRANSPORTATION.
Application filed October 4, 1927. Serial No. 223,915.
This application is a continuation in part of my application Serial No. 499,518, filed September 9, 1921, and is made pursuant to the rules of the Patent Office, its purpose being to describe and claim apparatus which I have invented for carrying into practice the method therein disclosed.
The invention consists of a new type of flying machine, designated "helicopter-plane", which may be raised and lowered vertically and driven horizontally by the same propelling devices and comprises: a prime mover of improved design and an airscrew, both especially adapted for the purpose, means for tilting the machine in the air, arrangements for controlling its operation in any position, a novel landing gear and other constructive details, all of which will be hereinafter fully described.


We do not have real blue skies and white clouds very often here. Sometimes the sky is clean. Sometimes the sky is absolutely cloudy. Sometimes the air pollution does not allow to watch the sky on its plenty blueness.
The day I took these pictures was one of the lucky days.
This song was the theme of a chapter of the X-Files.


The Refurbished GE LightSpeed 16 Slice CT Scanner is the 4th evolution in the LightSpeed series. It is one of the most popular and widely used CT scanners on the market due to its ratio of price to performance. The GE LightSpeed 16 Slice CT is dependable and user-friendly, designed to deliver diagnostic confidence and productivity.
Both dependable and user-friendly, the refurbished GE Lightspeed 16 Slice CT system has the capability to deliver diagnostic confidence and productivity.
With a lower entry price, lower costs of maintenance, and such capability and dependability - the refurbished GE Lightspeed 16 Slice CT scanner has hit the peak of price-to-performance.


For This week Shoot Em Up Update I will Show you new Features I`ve Been added to My Shoot Em Up Games.
The First thing I want to show you is UI in My shoot em up, UI Is Basiclly a User Interface Its show The status Of the player Health, Shield, And Many more For My UI Refferences I use from warframe They Combine the health bar and shield bar and Put it in the top Right corner.
Why do I choose Warframe UI Because Warframe UI is Simple and Easy to Put any Corner Also Its doesn't take so many space. My shoot em up games have Damage Hit so if the enemy shoot you The health bar Will Decresed from 100 To 90 because My games is Refferences From UN Squadron. For Example Damage Hit Like This gif the Game From Trespassers.
I Add a Damage Hit in My Shoot Em up games so the player know How many Damage they taken or How many Damage the Enemy Get, For the references I use from the Division And From Trespassers when you Hit The enemy there will be a Number Flying and pop up in the Screen, Every time you Shoot the enemy the Color will change And also the number will Change Every time you Upgrade Your weapon.
For my Health bar I use SAO Health bar, But when the player get hit from the enemy The health bar Will go down And the number also going down. I use Red color its because Its the Symbol Of Blood and Power. Example Health Go down.
On the right is The player Plane with a Shield And on the right Its without the Shield, I just Copy the Plane then Change the color to Blue And Reduced the Opacity.


text:
Q: Cannot connect AppSmith to local PostgreSQL server Problem
In general, there have been a ton of issues in connecting a remote service to a PostgreSQL database. The documentation for most services doesn't really have documentation for this since the task of connecting to a PostgreSQL database requires the Admin to modify both the postgresql.conf and pg_hba.conf files.
The current scenario is giving AppSmith remote access to the given server.

*

*PostgreSQL needs to allow the following IP addresses at the pg_hba.conf: 18.223.74.85 and 3.131.104.27

*Research SSL Connections and if one would be required in this case

Success Criteria:

*

*Appsmith is able to connect to given database

*Appsmith is able to read/write data to given database

Resolution Research

*

*Allowing the above IP addresses to connect to the PostgreSQL database in the pg_hba.conf file and changing the postgresql.conf file to allow remote connections using listening_addresses = '*' did not resolve the issue. Appsmith is unable to connect to the database.

SSL Connection: SSL stands for Secure Sockets Layer and, in short, it's the standard technology for keeping an internet connection secure and safeguarding any sensitive data that is being sent between two systems, preventing criminals from reading and modifying any information transferred, including potential personal details.
SSL proved to be a dead-end for this issue with no resolution.

*

*In order to create an SSL connection, the following steps must be followed (PostgreSQL SSL documentation: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/ssl-tcp.html):

*

*OpenSSL needs to be installed on the host server (https://fedingo.com/how-to-install-openssl-in-ubuntu/). Determined that OpenSSL is already installed on the host server using openssl version -a.

*Following the above steps from the postgresql documentation does not produce the desired result.

*Following steps from https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/postgresql-remote-access-or-connection/ does not work either.

Error in all cases on Appsmith: Failed to initialize pool: The connection attempt failed
Next-steps

*

*Consult with the Stackoverflow community to see if anyone else is having a similar issue.

*Similar issues have been found, but Appsmith documentation and the Stackoverflow community did not have the information needed to fulfill this issue. I will post the full case to the community.

A: I resolved this problem using ngrok to make a tcp tunnel on your localhost.
Donwload and conifg ngrok and create a new tunnel on terminal, just run ngrok tcp 5432 at terminal
After this, get the host/port and insert at Appsmith PostgreSQL Connection.
make sure your username/password is correct.
Image from host/port create on ngrok
Image to how config this host/port on Appsmith

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Myotis leibii  () è un pipistrello della famiglia dei Vespertilionidi diffuso nell'America settentrionale.

Descrizione

Dimensioni
Pipistrello di piccole dimensioni, con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 43,2 e 48 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 30,8 e 34 mm, la lunghezza della coda tra 29,8 e 35,2 mm, la lunghezza del piede tra 6,6 e 7 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 12,2 e 13 mm, un'apertura alare fino a 250 mm e un peso fino a 5,5 g.

Aspetto
La pelliccia è lunga, soffice e lanuginosa. Le parti dorsali sono fulvo-ocracee, con dei riflessi più brillanti lungo il collo. Le parti ventrali sono giallo-brunastre. La base dei peli è ovunque nerastra. Il muso è nero, corto e ottuso. Le orecchie sono corte e nere. Anche il trago è nero. Le membrane alari sono bruno-nerastre e attaccate posteriormente alla base delle dita del piede. I piedi sono piccoli. Il calcar è carenato. Il cranio è relativamente piccolo ed appiattito. Il cariotipo è 2n=44 FNa=52.

Biologia

Comportamento
Si rifugia negli edifici, sulle scogliere rocciose, in gallerie autostradali e lastroni di rocce. Forma gruppi fino a 30 individui sebbene sia prevalentemente solitaria. Durante l'inverno entra in ibernazione all'interno di grotte e miniere. L'attività predatoria inizia al tramonto. Il volo è lento, erratico o regolare, solitamente fino a 3 metri dal suolo.

Alimentazione
Si nutre di insetti che cattura sopra superfici d'acqua.

Riproduzione
Le femmine danno alla luce un piccolo l'anno, a maggio o giugno. L'aspettativa di vita è di 6-12 anni.

Distribuzione e habitat
Questa specie è diffuso nel Canada sud-orientale e negli Stati Uniti d'America orientali, dal Maine meridionale a nord, fino alla Georgia e Alabama settentrionali a sud e Oklahoma orientale ad ovest.

Vive in zone collinari e montane, vicino o all'interno di foreste sempreverdi o decidue fino a 1.125 metri di altitudine.

Stato di conservazione
La IUCN Red List, considerato il vasto areale, classifica M.leibii come specie a rischio minimo (LC).

Note

Bibliografia

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Microchirotteri

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Franklin Rising Dividends Fund - Advisor
[alert-heading]
Oct 19 2018 Conversion of Class C Shares to Class A Shares - Read More
Beginning on 10/19/18, Class C shares held for 10 years or more will automatically convert to Class A shares. Thereafter, Class C shares held for 10 years or more will automatically convert to Class A shares on a monthly basis. This conversion allows shareholders to take advantage of the lower expenses offered by Class A shares. Please see the prospectus supplement for more information. If you have any questions, please contact your financial advisor or call Franklin Templeton.
Sep 10 2018 Class A and A1 Changes to Sales Charges and Dealer Commissions - Read More
Effective 9/10/18, certain sales charges and commissions paid to dealers on Class A and A1 shares of our mutual funds changed. Please see the prospectus supplement for more information. If you have additional questions, please contact your financial advisor or call Franklin Templeton.
FRDAX
Franklin Rising Dividends Fund
Share Class Advisor
Share Class A
Share Class C
Share Class R
Share Class R6
Favorite [favorite]
PRICE AND YTD RETURN As of 07/18/2019
NAV up $0.33
YTD Total return at Nav
AVERAGE ANNUAL TOTAL RETURNS As of Quarter end 06/30/2019
Sales Charge
Read important information about results and other investment disclosures
10 YEAR RETURN
Investment Category
CUSIP
Fund Number
Total Net Assets (all share classes) As of 05/31/2019
$19,187.2 (M)
Distribution Rate at NAV
30-Day Standardized yield
SALES CHARGE, EXPENSES, & FEES As of 02/01/2019 (updated annually)
Gross Expense Ratio
Net Expense Ratio Further Information
Net Expense Ratio represents the expense ratio applicable to investors.
Max Initial Sales Charge
CDSC
12b-1 Fee
Fund Description
The fund seeks long-term capital appreciation by investing at least 80% of its net assets in companies of any size that have paid consistently rising dividends.
Strategy Statement
"Using a rigorous, research-driven stock selection process, we only consider a company if it passes our five screens and then only buy if they are attractively priced relative to historical valuations."
Donald Taylor
Nicholas Getaz, CFA®
Joined Franklin Templeton in 2011
Matt Quinlan
Overall Morningstar Rating As of 06/30/2019
Rating Category: Large Blend
The fund's overall Morningstar Rating measures risk-adjusted returns and is derived from a weighted average of the performance figures associated with its 3-, 5- and 10-year (if applicable) rating metrics.
Historical Morningstar Rating As of 06/30/2019
Morningstar Style Box As of05/31/2019
Table Legend
Historical Style Current Style Historical Style
Strategy, Benefits, Results
We employ a unique, disciplined approach to stock selection. Companies must meet the following criteria before stocks are considered for purchase:
Consistent Dividend Increases. We only consider companies that have increased their dividend in at least 8 out the last 10 years, without a decrease.
Substantial Dividend Increases. We look for companies that have doubled their dividend over the last 10 years.
Strong Balance Sheets. We invest in companies with strong financials and low levels of long-term debt.
Reinvested Earnings for Future Long-Term Growth. We search for companies that reinvest at least 35% of their earnings in their own future growth.
Attractive Price. We purchase shares that are attractively priced relative to historical valuations and stocks must have a price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) in the lower half of its range over the last 10 years or less than the current P/E ratio of stocks in the S&P 500 Index.
Diversification. We invest in companies across the entire market-cap spectrum, with a variety of industries and sector.
A Record of Lower Volatility.
Value Expertise. Investors can benefit from our veteran management team with extensive value investing experience.
Hypothetical $10K Investment
Investing In The Fund
Value securities may not increase in price as anticipated, or may decline further in value.
For stocks paying dividends, dividends are not guaranteed, and can increase, decrease or be totally eliminated without notice.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tiny Apartments Gain Traction in Latin America: How Small Can They Go?
With workers in major Latin American cities stuck in grueling three-hour commutes and hamstrung by unaffordable housing options, architects are turning to a big idea: small housing—really small housing. The introduction of micro-apartments—as small as 10 square meters, a size comparable to a parking space—are the latest trend to hit cities like Sao Paolo, Bogota (pictured above), Mexico City and Buenos Aires, cities where a swelling population has not been kind to students and young professionals looking for affordable living options.
While critics are labeling the apartments and similar approaches to housing like California's Podshare as prison-like, others are promoting these ideas as an innovative way to respond to the growing demand for affordable housing. Through co-living spaces including kitchens, dining rooms, movie theaters, gyms and lounges, architects are finding ways to attract a younger generation of renters. These renters sleep in their tiny apartments, but that's about it, said Alexandre Frankel, executive director of a development firm building micro-apartments in Sao Paulo.
"People sleep in their apartments, but the rest of the building is theirs, too," Frankel told BBC Mundo.
Micro-apartments aren't a new phenomenon. In Japan, where rent and population density rank among the highest in the world, there are apartments as small as 8 square meters. The trend is also underway in pricey London. Nevertheless, the development of these micro-apartments in Latin America is pushing the boundary to a new level there. Sao Paulo's government responded to the trend with new regulations limiting the size of new apartments to 11 square meters. Frankel said he would make the apartments even smaller if he could.
Argentina's government approved the building of micro-apartments a few months ago, the BBC reported. The construction of these mini homes is expected to proliferate there, though most of the city's apartments do not dip below 20 square meters.
The trend hasn't quite spread to Mexico City, where residents aren't showing much interest in living in an apartment smaller than 65 square meters. But in a city where the growth rate is among the highest in the world, it may not be long before residents opt to swap space for practicality.
Are micro-apartments and tiny homes here to stay, or rather a short-term solution for a more enduring housing problem?
Experts tend to view micro-housing as a temporary stopgap while the private sector, government and policymakers grapple with how to approach more longstanding issues in the housing market. Living in a cramped space some compare to a prison cell may also have lasting psychological effects, experts say. Communal spaces like the ones Frankel is envisioning for his firm's future micro-projects may curb this concern. And in far-off cities like Auckland, New Zealand, local officials are looking to this trend in Latin America for inspiration on how to tackle their own local affordable housing crises.
Micro-housing may not be the silver bullet to solving the housing crisis, but it can be used as a crucial strategy to complement more long-lasting improvements, like increased public housing and better transportation systems to mitigate traffic and unlock easy city access for more rural dwellers.
There is no one-size-fits-all solution to the housing crisis. Singapore and Hong Kong, for example, require unique solutions to their overcrowded cities—their small landmass doesn't provide them the luxury of building further into the countryside. Instead they build higher and higher. Hong Kong tops the world ranking for city with the most skyscrapers, with nearly 75 percent of them being residential buildings. Cities in Latin America, however, have a little more leeway. Investments in strong transportation systems in these cities can more easily connect suburbs to downtown, reducing traffic woes and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions from cars along the way.
The market, above all, will dictate the immediate future of micro-housing. If young professionals and college students are willing to downsize for the right price, then architects and developers will jump on the idea of mass producing these parking-space-sized homes. Investors, too, want a piece of the action—they see high profitability in buying these homes on the cheap and renting them out to tourists paying premium prices for daily and weekly rentals.
Image credit: Michael Lechner/Unsplash
Grant Whittington
Based in Atlanta, GA, Grant is a nonprofit professional and freelance writer passionate about affordable housing and finding sustainable approaches to international development. A proud graduate of the University of Maryland, Grant spent four months post-grad living in Armenia where he worked for Habitat for Humanity and the World Food Programme. He enjoys playing trivia with friends but is still seeking his first victory - he ceaselessly blames his friends lack of preparation.
Read more stories by Grant Whittington
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The American Heart Association will sponsor a public CPR class from 6:30-10 p.m. Wednesday, October 29 at the Prince George County Emergency Operations Center. Participants must be pre-registered through the Fire/EMS office.
For more information, call (804) 722-8714.


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Timex Watches
Uniquely, Timex is a watchmaking company who has managed to stay ahead of style whilst retaining its reputation for creating quality yet affordable timepieces. The brand can trace its roots right back to Waterbury Clock Company founded in 1854, which competed in the European market for the most afforded timepieces. A partnership between the company and Ingersoll Watch Company was forged when Robert Ingersoll and his brother produced a pocket watch called Yankee in 1896. It became known as the watch that made the dollar famous. Timex, under this name, experienced its first taste of success. The birth of the wristwatch saved Timex during the early 1900s when the need for a wrist-worn military timekeeping tool was made abundantly clear. Waterbury was one of the first companies to supply one. Soon after, Waterbury and Ingersoll signed a deal with Disney and changed its name to the United States Time Corporation during the 1940s before Timex began producing wristwatches under its own label, namely those for nurses during the Second World War. Clever manufacturing techniques led to Timex's position in the industry as one of the cheapest watch brands on the market during this time, and by the 1960s it was said that one in every three wristwatches sold was a Timex. The watches were put under stringent quality tests known as "torture tests" to prove their robustness and resilience.
When cheaper mechanical watches arrived on the market during the 1960s, followed by quartz-powered movements, Timex was forced to downsize both its manufacturing facilities and its team of craftsmen and designers. Luckily, by the 1980s an opportunity arose for Timex – a collaboration with the Iron man Triathlon. The Indiglo watch was born, featuring an innovative back-light that would enhance legibility for easy timekeeping whilst worn in tough conditions. This feature was noted to have assisted an office worker in saving some of his work colleagues during the tragic 1994 World Trade Centre bombings. In addition to focussing its efforts on technologies such as GPS devices and heart rate monitors, the company relocated its headquarters and managed several smaller businesses under its umbrella such as Nautica, GUESS, Gc, Versace, Versus and Salvatore Ferragamo.
Today many Timex watches are based on the history of the brand and the features that have proven successful throughout the company's heritage. Some of the manufacturer's biggest successes have been based on quartz and digital watches, however, the current collection is also home to many reliable mechanical timepieces. Some models stand out in Timex's catalogue as icons of their time. The Q Time watch is an example of such. The first design was released in the 1970s when the quartz watch was a new concept. In an ode to the popularity of the piece, the brand released a new iteration of the Q Timex model in 2019. The M79 watch by Timex echoed the aesthetics of the Q Timex watch and featured an angular case and a bracelet crafted from woven stainless steel. This model, however, showcased the performance of an automatic movement through its exhibition caseback. Newer versions of the model demonstrated how Timex has remained at the forefront of watch styles and trends, enlarging the case size of the M79 watch from 38mm to a beefier and more modern 40mm case.
In addition to these popular models, reinvented and redesigned for the modern wrist, the current Timex catalogue also comprises several renowned collections like the Expedition, Weekender and Ironman series.
Timex Expedition watches
Some of the key features of the Expedition watch collection by Timex include the weather-resistant and impact resistant qualities of each model. These rugged tools are engineered to face harsh external conditions. Outdoor watches like the Timex Expedition are ideal for outdoor goers, especially skiers, mountain climbers, hikers and explorers. Despite having been developed from robust, weather-hardy materials for a tough external construction, they remain incredibly stylish, making them some of the most popular timepieces from the entire Timex catalogue. Timex Expedition watches come in different case sizes and offer different features, different styles and a choice between analogue and digital form. Just some of the many features integrated into watches from the Timex Expedition collection include chronographs for effortless measuring of elapsed time, luminescent hands and hour markers for reading the time effectively in low-light conditions and date functions, enabling them to be easily worn as everyday companions, as well as for outdoor challenges. The general design of a Timex Expedition watch is big and bold, making this style of watch ideal for those with broad wrists who can carry off a larger, bulkier-looking case. Many of the models from the range have been crafted from hardened engineered resin or stainless steel – the latter material of which is chosen particularly for its anti-corrosive properties. Since Timex is renowned for creating both affordable and robust timekeeping tools, great focus has been dedicated to creating a strong and sturdy design, and part of this process includes equipping an Expedition watch with a firm, weather-resistant and equally durable strap. Many bands fitted to these outdoor-friendly wristwatches are made from rubber, leather or fabric.
Timex Ironman watches
Timex's premier digital sports watch collection is known as the Ironman range. It is home to wristwatches that, similar to the Expedition watch series, are known for their robustness, but the collection is also sought-after for its varied range of high-tech features, including their GPS technology and touch screen functionality. In addition to their robustness, Timex Ironman watches are also reliable and designed ergonomically to fit comfortably to the wrist. They also offer an impressive water-resistant capability making them ideal companions for underwater exploration and partaking in water sport activities. For those who like a more classic look, Timex Ironman watches are typically fitted with rubber straps in dark, sophisticated colours. These pair easily with all attire, including an office suit or a business wardrobe. For those who like to stand out from the crowd, Timex Ironman watches are also available on brightly coloured, neon rubber straps that give the watch a somewhat sportier look on the wrist.
Timex Weekender watches
Weekender watches from Timex are considered by the brand and its loyal collectors as versatile leisure watches. The range is renowned for its broad selection of different styles to accommodate all tastes and preferences. One of the characteristics of the Weekender watch is its slip through lugs, which enable the wearer to switch the brand's NATO straps over and transform the look of the watch depending on the occasion. Arabic numerals dressed against classic white and black dials lend the Weekender watch a legible and practical design for wearing both during the day and for attending more sophisticated events during the evening. If NATO straps are not the preferred choice, Timex offers an appealing selection of dyed leather straps as well as the block colour or striped nylon straps. Some Timex Weekender watches feature an additional 24-hour inner track centred around the hands, boasting a palatable, simple dial layout for straightforward timekeeping. For this reason, these are often the choice of watch for dress watch collectors and loyal fans of Timex's three-handed models.
Timex Allied watches
The Allied watch collection by Timex is home to noticeably more robust, masculine-styled watches compared to the likes of the Weekender models and some of the brand's refined dress watch styles. Instead, the Allied watch collection combines cutting edge technology like Timex's 'Intelligent quartz' (which grants the wearer affordable access to a set of advanced features) with reliable materials and an accurate analogue display. Geared towards tech-savvy collectors, the Timex Allied watch is a perfect balance of classic and modern. GMT models feature within this range, ideal for avid travellers or those needing to frequently switch between time zones for business.
Our full range of Timex watches can be viewed here at Watch Direct, complete with comprehensive spec lists and details on delivery and availability.


In 2004, the Jharkhand government launched the Mukhyamantri Kanyadaan Yojna, a plan to help poor, tribal families get their daughters married. But like all ambitious plans, this one too backfired — now the government has to deal with allegations that several minor girls were married off to meet 'official targets'.
The allegations are serious. The National Family Health Survey III (NFHS) for 2005-06 put Jharkhand on top of its list of states with a high percentage of child marriages.
The survey said 61% of women in Jharkhand married before 18, the legal age for girls to enter into wedlock, and 27.5 per cent of women between 15 and 19 were mothers or were pregnant.
Tribal organisations, too, alleged that the scheme was without any checks and that families were lured into getting their minor daughters married off.
Under the scheme, which was launched during Arjun Munda's term, tribal families below the poverty line were identified and if they had daughters of marriageable age, the state would not just fund the wedding but provide a grant of Rs 10,000, besides household utensils to each couple.
Over 10,000 poor tribal girls were married off under the scheme in the last two years. The government has been routinely fixing an annual target for each district, failing which the authorities are pulled up. Tribal activists say that for several poor tribal families, the offer was irresistible. With a little bit of prodding, they gladly pushed their underage girls into marriage.
The Adivasi Ho Samaj Mahasabha (AHSM), an organisation of the Ho tribe, claimed they had warned the government about how the Kanyadaan Yojna was leading to marriages of minors.
Chief Minister Madhu Koda is not sure if he should perform any more kanyadaans. "The NFHS figure has put us in an embarrassing position. The NFHS figure is more than enough to prove that all is not well with the yojna. I have to take serious action against the offending officials," Koda told HT.
A government official, who didn't want to be named, said, "The scheme resulted in some forced marriages. I had drawn the then government's attention to the issue, but nothing happened." The officer said that a 15-year-old girl was forced to marry a 65-year-old man in Seraikela Kharswan. "The girl was studying and was against the marriage, but she had no option. A powerful minister was present at the wedding," the secretary said.
Sources in the Silli block office confirmed that on July 7, 2004, a six-year-old boy was married off to a five-year old girl under the scheme.
ISLAMABAD: India's Jaduguda uranium mines in Jharkhand are becoming notorious for the smuggling of processed uranium, or 'yellow cake', which is being sold in the international black market, according to 'WMD Insights' – a reputable US-based magazine.
More recent reports dealing with international discussions on the smuggling of nuclear and radioactive materials have said that uranium ores stolen from the Jaduguda mines in India have found their way to Nepal, from where they are sold to international buyers.
An Indian newspaper, Vijay Times, wrote, "In an alarming development, smugglers are sending highly radioactive yellow cake or processed uranium, used in making nuclear weaponry, to Nepal through the clandestine narcotic route via the Jharkhand-Bihar-West Bengal conduit, and it is suspected that the destination might be Al Qaeda."
India is being projected by some as a responsible nuclear-capable state. In fact this has been cited as a prima facie by the US to offer India civilian nuclear cooperation. However, the facts belie any such presumption.
India became a nuclear-capable state by diverting peaceful nuclear technology provided by the US and other countries to achieve its military objectives, and contrary to what the US wants the world to believe, India is one such country where security for nuclear material is far from ideal.
As a result, dangerous nuclear material that could end up in the hands of terrorists continues to be smuggled out of the country through various means.
Just in November, there had been two incidents of theft and reported loss in India. There could be many more incidents that could not come to light or may not even have been discovered by the Indian authorities.
India's lax controls on nuclear materials and technology were further exposed in a recent incident in which highly radioactive Caesium (Cs-137) was stolen from one of its storage facilities.
Similarly, in another incident reported to the International Atomic Energy Agency in November, India reported the loss of another radioactive material, Iradium (Ir-192), from Gujarat.
Bhubaneswar, Feb. 23: After the scurry for steel and aluminium, it could well be time for a gold rush in Orissa.
While Posco, Arcelor-Mital, Sterlite and Tata Steel have lined up for a stake in the bauxite and iron ore reserves of Orissa, a Jharkhand-based mining company has received the Centre's nod for prospecting gold in the state.
Rungta Mines Ltd, a part of the SR Rungta group, which has been in the mining business for the six decades, is expected to get the state government's nod for gold and diamond exploration soon.
S.N. Sarangi, additional secretary in the steel and mines department, today told The Telegraph that his department received the Centre's approval last week to grant reconnaissance permit to Rungta Mines for undertaking exploration of gold and diamond deposits.
So far, reconnaissance permits have been granted to 14 mining companies for exploration of precious minerals like gold, diamond, copper, lead and nickel, said mines director R.N. Sahoo. Prominent among the companies are De Beers and BHP Billiton.
Under the existing rules, the Centre's approval is needed for grant of the permit by a state government.
According to official sources, Rungta Mines is likely to be allowed to carry out exploration of gold and diamond deposits over 2,824 sq km in mineral-rich Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj districts.
During the exploration exercise, aerial, geo-physical and geo-chemical surveys are likely to be undertaken.
Managing director of the company L.N. Rungta said: "The state government had forwarded our application to the Centre and recommended grant of reconnaissance permit. We would start the exploration work as soon as we receive the order."
The senior official said they would undertake airborne surveys and other studies during the exploration period, which is likely to last three years.
A recent survey conducted by the state directorate of geology suggested that traces of gold have been found in Telkoi, Saleikana, Siriabahal, Dubulapal, Gopur, Gajipur, Odal, Taramakenta, Kalima, Kadangi and Samakuda areas of Keonjhar district, Suruda, Jashipur, Suriaguda, Kadeikucha and Gorumahisani in Mayurbhanj and Govindpalli area of Koraput.
Similarly, diamond deposits were found in Kalahandi, Nuapara and Keonjhar districts of Orissa.
A survey, conducted by Geological Survey of India in Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar and Nowrangpur, also revealed traces of gold.
If Harry Potter had been born a Chamar somewhere in Bihar, turned into a Communist and then a Naxalite, had been fired upon by the police and had a chance to describe his life and the society he had lived in, this would have been the book he would have written.
The book is named after a paradox. One cannot see through stones, but if one could, what would one see? Opacity? Or a fuzzy depiction of reality? The author, one of India's most incisive and intelligent chroniclers of the growth and development of the Indian Communist movement, seeks to describe life in Puraina, a semi-mythical village somewhere in Bihar-Jharkhand through real-life incidents that have occurred in this region. Semi-mythical because you might not find Puraina on a map of India. But those who are familiar with the region know that there are hundreds of Purainas all over northern India where feudal upper castes rule society and politics through their own caste-based armies and through judicious interventions on their behalf by the State.
Mahendra Chamar, born a Dusadh, does not become a Communist overnight. His being is overlaid by decades of history beginning from the freedom movement, a time when lower castes and tribals in this region conducted their own parallel struggles—both against the British and against caste. The story of the decaying economy of feudalism and the degeneration of the ruling castes is told through Hari Pratap and his uncle-father, Chote Thakur. The lives of Hari Pratap or Harry and Mahendra Chamar and their families intersect throughout the book—sometimes through Ashok Sharma, the police officer posted in the region enjoined upon with hunting down Maoists, sometimes through Rani, the doctor wife of Sharma, whom Chamar knew as a little girl. The central point in the book is the confrontation between the upper castes and the Chamars in a historic encounter in which the haveli of Chote Thakur is attacked and male descendants killed. This is the catalytic event that transforms benevolent feudalism into a lifelong struggle of lower castes against upper castes.
There are lots and lots of characters in the book: Baguna Oraon, the tribal villager who becomes Chamar's lieutenant; Bhola, the informer who causes Chamar to be captured and almost killed during a shootout; Chamar's escape from hospital, where Rani Sharma is treating him; and Mohan Ram, the Dusadh, who turns Communist in the belief that this would liberate him of caste but finds history and society a bigger shackle than ideology. There is also Sister Lilian, a nun radicalised by her association with Naxalites, and Mahendra Karma, through whom is told the story of the factional struggles in the Naxalite movement. The novel skirts the reasons for the rise and decline of Naxalism in the more rarefied environs like St Stephens College (where lecture room blackboards carried slogans like "Reactionary Teachers, We will Have Your Skin for Shoes for the Poor"). There are repeated allusions to "Spring Thunder", the 1967 split in the CPI (M) by Charu Majumdar, and the launching of the Naxalbari movement against Communist revisionism, the power struggle between Jyoti Basu and Pramode Dasgupta and the Communist view of the Congress.
But interspersed with these 'real' events are magical encounters of the protagonists: through visions, half-remembered dreams at dawn and oral history of battles won and lost by tribesmen told by their kinsmen around campfires to 'Komrets'—which is how the tribals refer to Naxalites. The life of Mahendra Chamar and his associates is laid out against events in recent history: the rise and decline of leaders like Jagjivan Ram, the Emergency, the assassination of Mrs Gandhi, the electoral rise of the OBCs, and the restoration of the primacy of the village. But the social attitudes of the protagonists do not change. Towards the end of his life, Mahendra Chamar, a half-crazed Lear-like old man, watches assaults by descendants of the upper castes in Puraina on a statue of himself. He dimly perceives that for his sacrifices, the villagers have elevated him to the status of a God. But for the upper castes, he remains a symbol of all that is dirty, an eyesore, a dangerous thing that might talk back.
The only flaw in the book is that there are probably too many characters. Names pop up from all over the place, making it confusing to follow the lives of all of them. It is also sometimes confounding to leap from event to historical event unless you can read the author's mind and follow the invisible logical progression that ties these events together. But this is recent history from below, humbling for those who think they know Indian politics.
The government Tuesday told the Supreme Court that the law providing for 27 percent reservation for students from socially and educationally backward classes in higher educational institutions does not violate the basic structure of the Constitution.
The government made the assertion in its affidavit to the court adjudicating on a bunch of petitions, challenging the legality and constitutionality of the Central Educational Institutions (Reservations in Admission) Act, 2006.
In its affidavit, the government said, 'Reservation, whether in employment or in education, is not violative of the basic structure or equality code' prescribed in the constitution.
It argued that there was nothing unconstitutional to specify in terms of units or castes those identified as Socially and Educationally Backward Classes on social and educational criteria.
The government said implementation of the legislation to accommodate students in the reserved categories would be done by increasing the number of seats and would not reduce the number of seats in the non-reserved seats.
'The 93rd Constitutional (Amendment) Act, in no way alter the basic structure of the constitution or that Parliament has overreached its powers under Article 368 of the constitution in the said case', it told the court.
'The amendment is not only a valid and justified exercise of the amending power of Parliament, but also does not, in any manner, violate the basic structure of the Constitution,' the government said.
Kolkata, February 24: More than two in every 10 students studying in the state's recognised madrasas are not Muslims. They are Hindus from backward classes.
Those teaching in madrasas say that a strong population from the Hindu mainstream opt for education in madrasas because they cannot afford other schools. Most of them belong to the Schedule Castes and Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
The state government has under its wing 506 madrasas which are affiliated to the West Bengal Board of Madrasa Education. The state-run madrasas impart secondary education through two modes of instruction. The High Madrasas (where Advanced Arabic and Arabic are the only theological subjects), and the Senior Madrasas (called Alim courses which have a strong theological content).
Data available with Newsline, shows that every fourth student appearing for Class-X in the High Madrasa system, is from the Schedule Castes and Tribes or Other Backward Classes. In 2005, such candidates formed 31 per cent of all students. Last year, it was 28 per cent. This year too, 25 per cent of students appearing for the High Madrasa examination are from the SC, ST and OBC families.
"There are no Muslim candidates in the SC, ST categories. In OBC category, the Muslims presence is negligible. These are mostly Hindu candidates from backward sections. Besides them, we also find Hindus from the general category studying in madrasas. Since we keep no count on the basis of religion, we do not know the exact number of general Hindu students. But they form a large part of the madrasa community," said Soharab Hossain, Board president.
Interestingly, the theology content in High Madrasa syllabus has not deterred Hindu students. "There are two papers — Advanced Arabic and Arabic language, besides other commonly-taught subjects. Students have an option to choose between the two. The Advanced Arabic covers basic facts about Islam. So it's not tough to get through, and most students thus opt for this paper," said a madrasa teacher.
As the madrasas cater to the most underprivileged sections of society, this trend highlights the plight of general Hindus, when it comes to availing secondary education. The Board feels the presence of Hindu students in madrasas could have been even higher. "The Senior Madrasa syllabus (Class-X, Alim course) has strong theology content. This is the only reason why Hindu students are absent in this stream," said an official.
Having found itself guarding the interests of minorities, the Board is now equally concerned about its Hindu students. "We will assess the number of Hindus from the general category too. Earlier, they have been missed in figures, as no data has been collected on the basis of religion," said Hossain.
The Railway Minister Lalu Prasad has lived up to the expectation of people of Bihar and joined the race for development in state by announcing six new trains from the state in the rail budget of 2007-08. Besides, he has also tried to match the state government's development initiative in Madhepura by announcing setting up of a locomotive factory at an estimated cost of Rs 1300 crore. The rail minister had already announced setting up of a sleeper factory at Madhepura in the rail budget of 2006-07.
Of the 40 new trains announced by the railway minister, Bihar has once again got a rich haul of six new trains including a weekly Patna-Kolkata Garib Rath. This is in contrast to Jharkhand, which has just been given only one new train, the Bhubhaneshwar-Ranchi tri-weekly Garib Rath.
This would be the third Garib Rath from the state, the others two being between Saharsa and Amritsar and Patna and New Delhi.
The other new trains announced in this year's rail budget are daily Intercity Express train between Patna and Dehri-on-Sone, Bhagalpur-Banka passenger, weekly Bhagalpur-New Delhi Express, tri-weekly Bapudham Motihari-Varanasi Exprress and weekly Chapra-Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Jansadharan Express via Siwan and Gorakhpur.
Acceding to long a long pending demands of MPs and different representatives, the frequency of Patna-New Delhi Rajdhani Express has been increased from two days a week to six days a week. Similarly Patna-Pune Express would now run four days a week instead of two days and Patna-Yashwantpur Express would run twice a week.
The state capital has also been provided with a direct link to Udaipur. The budget proposes to extends the services of 2315 Sealdah-Ajmer Ananya Express upto Udaipur. Besides, four Darbhanga-bound trains have also been extended up to Jaynagar. They are – Saryu-Yamunaaa Express, Saheed Express, Sealdah-Darbhanga Express and Gangasagar Express.
The Railway Minister has also tried to bring in new areas under rail network by announcing the survey of Gaya-Nateshwar and Chakia-Bargaia-Madhubani (Champaran)-Senhara-Piprahi rail line. Already, the gauge conversion work is on in all the parts of the state. He also mentioned about the establishment of a high axel load wagon / bogie factory under the public-private partnership.
Incidentally, during the last rail budget, Prasad had announced altogether 55 new trains, of which 15 were from Bihar.
Videocon revamped the sick food processing unit, 'Kanchan' into a CTV and computer production factory in Siliguri, a North Bengal town.
Monday, February 26, 2007: Kolkata: Recently, Videocon revamped the sick food processing unit, 'Kanchan' into a swanky CTV and computer production factory in Siliguri, a North Bengal town. This is probably for the first time that such an industrial endeavour has been taken up by a company in the North Bengal region.
Videocon had taken over the sick unit of 'Kanchan' just a year back. Speaking on the occasion, Asok Bhattacharya, MIC urban development and municipal affairs department, government of West Bengal, said, "Videocon has set an example by opening the factory. The company for the last one year had rendered training to the workers of 'Kanchan' and turned the sick unit to a new factory. A year back, when CM laid the foundation stone, many criticised it as an eyewash before the elections. But, now everything is crystal clear." He added that presently 40 employees have been recruited. "With time when there will be an investment of 100 crores by the company, more people will get jobs."
According to the Videocon sources, in the next two years, if everything falls into place, 500 people will get jobs. Right now, Module I has started. Later on, Module II and III will be taken up. The unit targets to produce 5000 CTVs. This will serve as a gateway to the entire north-eastern region and Bangladesh market.
Gautam Sengupta, VP, Videocon said, "Not a single employee of Kanchan has lost job. They have been trained by us who will make CTVs and computers. But, we have also recruited a few technical people to help them. Further, we have also started campus interviews at the local engineering colleges to recruit more fresh technical heads."
He added, "Videocon also plans to set up a bio-technological park and an IT hardware factory at Fulwari, Siliguri."
Meanwhile, The Videocon group has also submitted a bid to the West Bengal government among other companies to become a joint venture partner for Webel Consumer Electronics (WCEL), the television manufacturing company under Webel. The Videocon group's proposal involves setting up of a printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing unit and a finishing school for IT engineers. It will be the fourth major investment of the group in consumer electronics in the state.
Hindustan Motors Limited (HML) will develop an Integrated IT Township and Auto Park in West Bengal's Uttarpara town over the next seven years.
The automakers Tuesday finalised an arrangement with Shriram Properties of Bangalore for development of a township in line with its plan for modernisation of existing facilities at Uttarpara in Hooghly district into an automotive forging, casting and stamping facility as well as expansion of its product range.
The plan was accepted in 2006 under the West Bengal Industrial Renewal Scheme 2001.
Maoist rebels have shot dead four policemen and wounded another four in the eastern Indian state of Bihar, police say.
A police spokesman quoting local eyewitnesses said the officers were killed just after midnight when up to 600 rebels attacked a police camp.
Police say the attack took place at Khaira village in Lakhisarai district.
They say that the rebels ordered the police to give up their arms but they refused to do so, and fought back.
Police said the rebels also blew up railway tracks at two places nearby.
The Maoists say they are fighting to defend the rights of the poor and indigenous tribes.
Correspondents say that of Bihar's 38 districts, 18 are badly affected by the Maoist insurgency. Central Bihar in particular has a long bloody history of killings.
In November 2005, Maoist rebels raided a jail in Jehanabad district and freed more than 300 inmates.
The rebels are pressing for the creation of a communist state comprising tribal areas in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Bihar and Chhattisgarh.


Recognizing the importance of a geographically and temporally diverse base of knowledge, the undergraduate programs require students to study a wide range of aesthetic production, while still allowing for a focus on the areas of particular interest to each student.
FAH101H1 is a selective survey of the major periods and monuments in the history of art and architecture, team-taught by members of the department. The rotating lectures provide students with the opportunity to be introduced to key works of art by leading experts in each field. FAH102H1 serves as a practical and critical introduction to the practice of art history and is an integral component of the curriculum; students are encouraged to take this class early in their progress toward an FAH degree. Half courses at the 200 level are more comprehensive surveys that thematically introduce the material from specific chronological periods, regional areas, or the history of architecture. Many of these courses, which are offered on a regular basis, serve as "gateway" prerequisites for courses at the 300 and 400 level.
At least nine FAH FCEs, and two FCEs in one or more languages including at least one German, French, or Italian, though an acceptable alternative modern language as Dutch or Russian (or Chinese and/or another Asian language) may be acceptable. It is strongly recommended that students acquire a reading knowledge of German, French, or Italian by the end of the third year. Students specializing in Ancient or Medieval art should also recognize the necessity of studying Greek and/or Latin. Students interested in pursuing Asian art history will need to acquire Chinese and/or Japanese and/or another Asian language.
At least one half course in each of Groups A, B, C, and D (see below for definitions).
One additional half course in Group A and Group B.
No more than 3.5 courses may be taken at the 200-level.
4.5 courses at the 300+ level, of which at least one full course must be at the 400-level.
No more than 1.5 FCEs at the 400-level will be counted toward fulfilling program requirements.
No more than 10 FCEs of FAH courses may be taken in total. Approved courses in other programs may be substituted for up to two FAH FCEs.
Notes: In addition, the Faculty of Arts and Science requires Fine Art History specialists who do not complete FAH338H1 to complete at least 0.5 FCE in Arts and Science courses in Breadth Category 5: The Physical and Mathematical Universes. Approved courses in other programs may be substituted for up to two FAH courses.
At least one half course in three of the four FAH Groups (see below for definitions).
Three FCEs at the 300+ level, including at least one half-course at the 400-level.
No more than 1.0 FCE at the 400-level will be counted toward fulfilling program requirements. No more than 13 FAH and VIS courses may be taken in combination; of these, no more than 7.5 may be FAH courses.
Approved courses in other programs may be substituted for up to one FAH FCE.
At least one half course in two of the four FAH Groups (see below for definitions).
At least one FCE at the 300-level.
No more than 5 FCEs of FAH courses may be taken in total.
Certain courses, including FAH101H1, do not satisfy the requirement for any group, but do count toward any FAH degree program.
Students who have already taken FAH100Y1 are encouraged, but not required, to take FAH102H1 for the fulfillment of the degree requirements.
Courses used to satisfy one group requirement, e.g., FAH300H1, cannot be counted toward another group requirement.
On the Arts & Science Timetable the days of the week are expressed as M, T, W, R, F (R = Thursday); unless indicated otherwise the duration of classes is 1 hour and 50 minutes, from 10 minutes past the hour until the next hour.
Students in the History of Art program are encouraged to develop language skills throughout their program. Advanced study normally requires competence of French, German, Spanish, or Italian, though an alternative modern language such as Dutch or Russian (or Chinese and/or another Asian language) may be acceptable. Students specializing in Ancient or Medieval art should also recognize the necessity of studying Greek and/or Latin, while those interested in pursuing Asian art history will need to acquire Chinese and/or Japanese and/or another Asian language.
At the U of T and other comparable institutions, the MA program requires reading knowledge of two languages in order to graduate. The first language exam is administered by the Department during the Fall term and consists of a one-hour translation exercise of an art history text.
What is true of languages is also true of many other disciplines: they are invaluable to art historians because they provide a context for our studies, or support such studies in other ways. Certain courses in cognate disciplines are recognized for credit as if they were FAH courses, e.g. East Asian Studies, Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations (see the "Related Courses" section for specific courses).
Other courses, although not eligible for FAH credit, are particularly recommended because they enrich studies in art history. These include courses in history, literature (offered by various language departments), religion, urban studies, and some college programs, e.g. Anthropology, Classics, English, Geography (especially cultural, historical and urban geography), History, Innis College, Philosophy, Religion, St Michael's College, Victoria College, etc. Note that courses in classical mythology and Christian ritual and belief are a useful complement to the study of most periods of Western Art.
Information on degree requirements, grading practices, faculty examinations, student records, checking of marks, recording of transcripts, and petitions is contained in the Faculty's Calendar.


Sterling Engineering was presented with a "Sponsorship Appreciation Award" by the Chicago SolidWorks Users Group (CSUG) at their April 28, 2011 meeting at Oakton Community College. The award was presented by CSUG President, Denny Bahl, for Sterling's continued support and sponsorship of the SolidWorks Users Group meetings. The award was by Sterling's Chris Graziano.
The Chicago SolidWorks Users Group provides a forum for learning and information exchange among Chicago area SolidWorks users. The CSUG is a not-for-profit organization for Chicago area professionals involved in the use of the 3D mechanical CAD program, SolidWorks. This group is composed mostly of engineering and industrial design professionals, but anyone interested in SolidWorks is welcome and encouraged to join. The CSUG meets bi-monthly at Oakton Community College.
For more information on the Chicago SolidWorks User Group, visit the CSUG webpage.
CSUG President, Denny Bahl Presents Sterling with the Award.


Consider allowing your kids to play games on consoles rather than computers. With consoles, you can assume greater privacy, security and content control, as opposed to computers. Children will be more protected when 4MS2 using a console.
Limit game playing to a few hours a day. There is no doubt that gaming is addictive, and this has become a real problem for many people. Put a cap on your gaming at about three hours. Take a breather every now and again if you are going to be playing for awhile.
MapleStory 2 can help you exercise. Motion sensitive technology is making a big impact on the gaming industry. This technology allows you to play the game with your entire body. There are titles for most popular sports and workout activities, such as soccer and yoga. You can now get into great shape using your MS2 in your living room.
As a parent, you must be responsible for setting appropriate limits for your child. For example, children (and adults!) should be limited to no longer than two hours of gaming at a time, per day. Any longer increases the risk of eyestrain.
Be sure you have proper equipment for your games. You may believe that the controller is all that is needed for you to play; however, once you get home and try to play, you could be surprised to discover you need other components. Look over the box and peruse the online descriptions to know exactly the type of controllers you will need to play the game. This lets you plan ahead so that you will everything you need for the game.
Playing a MS2 is good entertainment, but it can be much more. In this Maple Story Mesos article, we have shared ideas with you about different aspects of gaming; use it and have fun.


Jessamyn West of librarian.net created a video of installing Ubuntu (the Linux distribution) on a couple of library computers, and it's been sweeping the net. I had seen it on her blog first, then Boing Boing, and now Groklaw. Excellent!
According to Groklaw, the US Patent and Trademark Office will be examining Blackboard's e-learning patent and all 44 associated claims, due to requests from the Software Freedom Law Center. The request was filed on behalf of Sakai, Moodle, and ATutor, open source educational products.


Regular cleaning in and outside the house is crucial. Keeping the dirt and other debris off the surfaces makes a house stunning and habitable. There are certain services that are best provided by specialists following their professionalism and physical capacity. Therefore, seeking the professionals in carpet cleaning Oak Brook IL will save you greatly. There are times that one can vacuum the rug but a routine professional cleaning is vital. Shop for a good expert following the criteria below.
A company that handles its business professionally makes the best candidate. The workers in the company should be trained in the cleaning operations and customer relations as well. Such staff members will conduct themselves professionally which enhances their operations significantly. Quality of services is also guaranteed by the legitimacy. Contractors who have registered their businesses and obtained licenses observe work ethics comprehensively. These are accountable for their services and will, therefore, meet the expectations accordingly.
Continue the search on the experience that the experts have in carpet cleaning. As the staff gets involved in these activities, they improve their skills considerably. These will manage to remove stains effectively to increase the longevity of your rug. Amateur mistakes are avoided when working with such professionals. Examine the period that each business has been operational and rank them accordingly.
Conducting research from people around you can direct you to the best cleaners in Oak Brook IL. Referrals are important since they are objective. These can be relied upon when shortlisting or elimination the companies offering the services. Search for more information from company websites and read the comments. Those receiving positive responses on their services must have a good track record, unlike their counterparts.
Select the experts that use green certified chemicals. Cleaning and stain removal requires the use of chemicals. Hazardous ones will pose health issues to children and pets. As such, ascertaining the rug is serviced you are obtaining observes the quality of detergents and other chemicals used. Confirming the chemicals from the headquarters or through phone calls helps one to categorize the companies accordingly.
Evaluate the quality of equipment used by the candidates. Technology is changing at a fast pace and new equipment are being introduced. The companies that adopt such new facilities like the vacuum cleaners will get the precedence. Embracing the modern equipment shows the commitment of companies to keep up to speed. The competence level is brought to light through adopting such equipment and other related technologies.
Pricing will differentiate the contractors as well. The ones asking for reasonable charges get the tender as their expensive counterparts are left aside. The former will help you save some pennies over the long run thus making best candidates. Prudence is crucial as it guarantees a high living standard. Saving your finances whenever you can pave way for a smooth lifestyle. Keep the expenditure as low as possible but do not compromise quality over cost.
It is good to check the number of extra services that a company is providing. Firms offering other services like carpet repairs enhance its appearance and longevity. The additional services create a significant difference and must be incorporated when deciding the best specialist to settle with. Enhanced looks improve the beauty of your floor considerably as well as the interior of a house.
You can get great tips for choosing a carpet cleaning Oak Brook IL company and more information about a reputable company at http://www.chicagocarpetandairductcleaners.com/carpet-cleaning now.


Dr. Melahn was born and raised in a small town outside of Raleigh, North Carolina. After receiving her bachelor's in communication disorders from Appalachian State University in 2010, she went on to complete a clinical doctorate in audiology at Arizona State University. Prior to graduating from Arizona State in 2015, Dr. Melahn completed a one-year fellowship at UVA.
Dr. Melahn serves as a clinician in the Division of Communicative Disorders and Audiology at UVA. Her specialties include diagnostic testing, vestibular disorders, aural rehabilitation and auditory-evoked potentials. She is a fellow of the American Academy of Audiology and a member of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
Outside of work, Dr. Melahn makes every attempt to complete The New York Times Crossword on Sundays, a hobby she picked up from her dad. She also enjoys playing sports and spending time with friends and family.


Blockstack is looking for experienced full-stack engineers to help build our browser for decentralized apps. This is a role for engineers who can collaborate with a team to architect and deliver feature upgrades and improvements. Engineering partners in this role have built features such as multiplayer storage. This person must be comfortable working in diverse development ecosystems and a have worked independently in a rapidly scaling start up.


text:
EPA Temporarily Suspends Enforcement During COVID-19 Outbreak
By Gary A. Jones
EPA announced on March 26, 2020 a temporary enforcement discretion policy that applies to civil violations during the COVID-19 outbreak. EPA recognizes the extraordinary challenges the pandemic has created and will exercise reasonable enforcement discretion to forego civil enforcement for companies and other entities who are acting responsibly and making good faith, reasonable decisions. The primary basis for the policy is the lack of access to key staff, laboratories and facilities that work to analyze samples due to current social distancing measures and travel restrictions.
Under the policy, which was retroactively enacted for March 13, 2020, EPA will not expect to seek penalties for noncompliance with routine monitoring and reporting obligations that are the result of the COVID-19 pandemic. EPA does expect operators of public water systems to continue to ensure the safety of our drinking water supplies.
EPA still expects compliance with regulatory requirements where reasonably practicable and requires regulated facilities to return to compliance measures as quickly as possible. The policy strongly encourages facilities to notify authorities as quickly as possible when noncompliance could result in an acute risk or imminent threat to human health or the environment of failures of air emissions, wastewater, or waste treatment equipment. Activities under Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action enforcement are not included in the temporary guidance and will be addressed in a separate statement.
Regulated facilities need to adhere to certain guidelines in order to qualify for enforcement discretion. In order to be eligible, the facility needs to keep records and document any procedures or steps made to prevent or mitigate noncompliance and demonstrate how the pandemic contributed to the noncompliance. The measure does not provide any leniency for intentional criminal violations or conditions of probation that have been outlined as a result of past sentences.
EPA will assess the continued need for and scope of the temporary policy on a regular basis and will update it if EPA determines modifications are necessary. In order to inform the public when the policy will be terminated, EPA will provide a notification at least 7 days prior to terminating it.
In addition, many states that have issued shelter in place or similar orders are also exercising discretion in their enforcement policies. Some are extending deadlines, granting requests on a case-by-case situation, and making special arrangements for facilities to meet their compliance obligations. Since each state has the authority to administer its own program, the policies for that state need to be followed.
Business Management - Government/Governmental
Gary A. Jones Author's page
Gary A. Jones is the director of environmental, health and safety (EHS) affairs at the PRINTING United Alliance in Fairfax, VA. His primary responsibility is to monitor and analyze EHS regulatory activities at all domestic and some international government levels. He provides representation on behalf of the printing and specialty graphic imaging industry.
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