I was seventeen before I spent my first Christmas apart from family—and I shouldn't have been there, in more ways than one.
Fairbourne sits in the curve of Wales where it meets the Irish Sea. It's a small place, and lately getting smaller all the time. It's also the place where most of my memories of growing up reside.
My parents were the proud owners of a static caravan on a small—some might say primitive—site on the very southern edge of the village. Trapped between the sea, soaring cliffs, a thousand foot mountain and a railway line, the caravan lay no more than forty feet from the sea at high tide.
My earliest memories are of lying in bed with the sound of surf churning and sucking at the pebble bank—the only thing separating us from the waves. Now, fifty odd years later, the bank is damaged and, if another tidal surge occurs the village will be left to its own devices. Sink or swim, as they say. Except, in this case, it will be sink.
Most of us have had a best friend. Mine was a kid called John Walford, who is no longer with us. We spent most weekends together between April and September, and also the long summer break from school. Six whole weeks. My father would deliver us to the coast, a two hour drive in those days and those vehicles, and deposit my mother, myself and my brothers at the caravan. We wouldn't return home until the day before school started. And for the entire six weeks I was barely indoors. There were cliffs to climb, mountains to explore, fish to be caught, sea to swim in. And a railway bridge.
It spanned—and continues to span—the Mawddach estuary. If you don't know Wales and don't know the pronunciation that likely comes out as Mawdak, but it's softer than that. More like Mowthach except the ch at the end is softer than you think.
The bridge runs for a mile or more, linking the Fairbourne side to Barmouth. It's fashioned out of thick wooden piles encrusted with barnacles, and if you go there at the right time of year salmon hang lazily in the current before they foray upstream. It was, and remains, one of the most beautiful locations in this world.
Except that year when I was seventeen John Walford and I had plans. We were going to spend Christmas at Fairbourne. Whether we were meant to or not.
I took the train because I was only three months into being seventeen and not yet passed my driving test. John, a little older, came on his motorbike. A BSA with learner plates. In those days you could ride a machine up to 250cc on learner plates, so that's what he did. We met at the caravan site, hoping nobody would discover us. Then we had to decide what to do with ourselves.
The railway line ran above the site, raised on a high boulder bank. When we were younger we'd put pennies on the line and wait for a train to come along. Somebody told us it was dangerous, the coins might derail the train and it would come careening down from its high position. But we did it anyway.
The train would come, roaring and steaming—yes, in those days they steamed—and our pennies would clatter up and outward.
Afterward we went in search of them. If we were lucky they'd be flattened, made twice the size. It was a challenge to put the coin on the line a second, third or fourth time to see how flat, how large they could grow.
But on this Christmas Eve, let loose from family control, we had to go somewhere, do something.
I was too young to drink. Here in the UK you can legally buy and consume alcohol from the age of 18. I wasn't. But John was.
We both knew there was a public house on the station at the start of the long bridge. In those days it was Barmouth Junction, but now it's called Morfa Mawddach. Remember the pronunciation? There might be a test later.
We could have ridden there on John's BSA, but we knew we intended to drink pints of beer. As many as we could manage. It never occurred to us we wouldn't get served, and in that we were right.
We walked. Along the railway line. Climbing the boulder bank and making our way through the darkness. The last train was due at 10 pm, and we started off at 9. More than enough time. The distance was no more than three or four miles, and that Christmas Eve boasted a clear sky with stars pricking holes through.
At the station we entered the bar, me tentative, John, as always, more confident.
I sat in a wooden chair at a wooden table. John went to the bar. Behind it stood a barmaid. Thirty years old. To me, then, that was old. How things change.
John returned, two pint glasses in hand, and we set to.
When we arrived we were the only customers. Then the last train came through. It stopped. It went on. Two men came into the bar. They glanced around, bought drinks, then took a table across from us. If I thought the barmaid old, these two were ancient. Grizzled men of the hills, farmers or fishermen, we never did find out. But, as the beer continued to flow, they told us the tale of the Ghost Train.
There was a film once, they said, back in the 1940's. Not a great film, but entertaining all the same. And by coincidence some of the filming took place at the very station, in the very bar, we now sat.
"I don't believe in ghosts," said John.
John laughed and I, already the worse for wear, giggled along.
John laughed again, but it came out uncomfortable this time.
"Line was busier back then," the man said. "There'd be ten, twelve trains a day. And the station were busier too. People waiting on people coming home. Except one day they waited too long." He looked at us both with rheumy eyes which had seen everything, including two kids who had no place in a bar on Christmas Eve. "One day the train went over the cliffs south of town. Went tumbling down, taking all the folks with it. Nobody survived. Except…" He paused, maybe for effect, maybe because his glass was empty.
The barmaid eyed me. I more than likely looked even younger than my seventeen years, but she poured four pints of bitter anyway. I paid and carried them back, two in each hand.
The man sipped at his, smiled.
"Ghost train, it was," said his companion.
I sat back. I listened—for the sound of a distant whistle, for the rumble of something on the tracks. Nothing. But, on this first Christmas Eve on my own, the night felt different. I looked at John. He looked back. We nodded and drank our pints and stood.
The moon silvered the track ahead of us as we stepped from wooden sleeper to wooden sleeper, the distance never quite right, either too short or too long. Behind us silver light illuminated the languid current of the Mawddach estuary.
Our breath plumed the air and white frost decorated the grass beside the line. We came to Fairbourne station and went on, little more than half a mile to go. We didn't speak again. Our eyes followed the twin tracks of the railway line until they met in the distance. We were watching. Waiting for something to appear.
We came to the bridge over the roadway and John started down the bank.
I hesitated, feeling in my pocket and pulling out a penny. I knelt and laid it on the line, taking a moment to get it square. They always worked better if they were square to the metal.
John stopped and looked back at me, then climbed up and placed his own coin on the other rail.
We stood for a moment staring at them, the sound of the surf on the beach loud, then we scrambled down and burrowed under the covers and slept the sleep of drunken youth.
Except, at some time in the night, I turned over, disturbed by some sound. I was barely conscious, and more than likely what I heard was nothing more than a dream, but it sounded like a train running fast along the line, rattling and clattering, growing loud, louder, then passing to fade away. A distant whistle sounded and I fell back into sleep.
In the morning we woke late. Remembering the dream I climbed the line in search of my penny, only as I was almost there remembering it was Christmas Day and there were no trains. Except I was wrong.
My penny wasn't on the line where I had left it, solid and squared.
I looked around. Sometimes they would lie close. Other times they were flicked away, sometimes so far you never did find them. This one I did. Ten feet from the line. My penny lay dull in the grass and I bent to pick it up, turned it over, turned it again. It was wide and flat and thin as a sheet of paper where something heavy had run across it in the night. It was wider and flatter and thinner than any I had ever seen before. And some kind of light clung to it in the grey air of Christmas Day.
I tossed it in the air, caught it and slipped it into my pocket. Good luck or bad? I still don't know.
What a wonderful story. You painted a very vivid experience, one that I was happy to share in through this post.
Lovely story, thank you, David.
Thanks so much for your story! I love suspenseful ghost stories! Plus the setting! Oh my, you can't beat Wales. My daughter went there while studying abroad and her pictures and stories captured my loyalty and admiration (plus my great grandparents came from there!). My daughter has TRIED to teach me to pronounce many of the Welsh place names and words, but I'm hopeless. It was fun to have you include bits about pronunciation in your story, because for those of us who have tried, it really meant something. Thanks for being a part of the Blog Hop! Happy Christmas to you and yours!


01. Wet the Coffee Bar first to prepare for use on damp skin.
02. Take the bar and scrub in circular motions on your skin, concentrating on problem areas.
03. Let your skin absorb the oils for up to 5 minutes, then rinse off. Repeat twice a week or when necessary. Patch test before use.


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Rosa María Lavín Ibarra (Sestao, 1973), és una economista i empresària basca, actual presidenta de la patronal basca d'empreses d'economia social des de 2015, sent la primera dona a ocupar el càrrec.

Es va llicenciar en Economia en la Universitat del País Basc i postgrau en Economia Social també en la UPV.

Treballa en l'àmbit econòmic i financer, i sempre ha estat unida a les cooperatives i el moviment cooperativista i al teixit empresarial basc. Lavín ha estat consellera d'EROSKI, liquidadora d'empreses i avui dia és directora econòmica-financera (CFO) en diverses empreses.

L'any 2015 Lavín va ser elegida presidenta de la Confederació de Cooperatives d'Euskadi i l'any 2019 va ser elegida presidenta de la Federació de Cooperatives d'Euskadi. Com a Presidenta de KONFEKOOP és l'encarregada de les relacions amb el Govern Basc i les associacions empresarials. Ha comparegut diverses vegades en el Parlament Basc, especialment amb l'elaboració de la nova llei de cooperatives de l'any 2019. Lavín acudeix a la recepció anual a la societat basca del lehendakari.

Lavín també és consellera de l'empresa pública SEED CAPITAL de capital de risc de la Diputació Foral de Biscaia y consellera de l'empresa pública HAZIBIDE de Capital Llavor de la Diputació Foral d'Àlaba.

Referències

Persones de Sestao
Alumnes de la Universitat del País Basc
Empresaris biscaïns
Economistes biscaïns

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
TCU Rolls SMU After A Sluggish Start
The Horned Frogs did not look superb early in their first road test of 2018, but they fought through some of their own mistakes to win big in the end.
Josh Cowan
Getty Images - Ronald Martinez
The Friday night Battle for the Iron Skillet was a tight one for just over a half, before the Horned Frogs ran away with it to top the Mustangs 42-12. Not a lot went as planned for the Frogs in the first half, including when they kicked off. TCU was favored to win by double digits, but started out sluggish after a 2-hour weather delay, and found themselves trailing SMU after being held to 60 yards of offense in the first quarter.
SMU started the scoring on their initial drive, but that touchdown would end up being their last. They did manage to get a safety from Horned Frog punt miscue and a crucial field goal before halftime. Defensively, the Mustangs managed some big stops and after a handful of penalties and sloppy play for both teams, at halftime there was only a difference of two points between the Metroplex rivals.
Their commitment to running the ball and taking advantage of SMU's mistakes eventually swung the momentum of this one back in favor of the Horned Frogs. They put up 14 points per quarter over the last three quarters and methodically turned this game into a blowout.
TCU Can Rack Up Points Even When The Offense Is Struggling
This contest felt like a clinic on being solid in all three phases of the game. On more than one occasion, a non-offensive player was able to find the end zone for TCU.
Those plays came at pivotal moments, as two critical scores in this game were able to compensate for the lackluster play of the offense. The first time that the Horned Frogs got on the board was when returner KaVontae Turpin took a punt 78 yards for a touchdown. That score got TCU within two points of the Mustangs and kept the Horned Frogs from falling into too big of a hole early.
http://landgrantgauntlet.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/TCU-at-SMU-KaVontae-Turpin-78-yard-touchdown-punt-return.mp4
The other timely touchdown came from the defense in the third quarter. The Horned Frogs led 14-12 when quarterback Shawn Robinson threw an interception that appeared to give SMU a shot of momentum. Two plays later, however, the TCU defense made up for that mistake. Defensive end Ben Banogu got excellent penetration and forced a fumble which was scooped up and taken into the end zone by the Horned Frogs.
http://landgrantgauntlet.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/TCU-at-SMU-Alec-Dunham-gets-the-24-yard-Scoop-and-Score.mp4
Turpin almost scored again on a 34-yard punt return later in the fourth quarter. In some ways, that special teams success for the Horned Frogs was somewhat foreseeable – SMU last week had given up a kick return for a touchdown against North Texas and did not look good covering kicks. Still, these special teams and defensive scores are a reminder that TCU is a multidimensional football team.
The Horned Frogs' Passing Game Is A Work In Progress
This was not a great day for sophomore Shawn Robinson, and games like this one make you wonder just how far he is in his development. The evening's weather conditions should definitely be taken into consideration when looking at Robinson's stat line, but there are reasons for concern here as well.
One of those issues was a problem that Robinson had reading the defense and delivering the ball on target to his wide receivers. Outside of Turpin, no wideout had more than 50 yards receiving and the starting quarterback for TCU ended with only 146 passing yards. Some of that was due to the play of the offensive line, which struggled at times to hold off the SMU pass rush.
The most pivotal turnover by Shawn Robinson, however, seemed to come from the young quarterback's own mistakes.
A bad play he made in the first half sticks out especially. Early in the second quarter, Robinson took a first down snap at the SMU 24-yard line and fixed his eyes on Jarrison Stewart. Telegraphing that he was going to go to Stewart, a reliable target for Robinson, the young quarterback threw ball right into the hands of SMU's Shaine Hailey, who had dropped back to be their for the pick.
Of course, TCU got it together in the second half, and Robinson showcased that he is a threat to score with his legs.
http://landgrantgauntlet.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/TCU-at-SMU-Shawn-Robinson-runs-for-a-18-yard-touchdown.mp4
Overall, the ground attack was consistently solid for the Horned Frogs, and will surely be a team strength moving forward.
This Was By Far Not A Perfect Game For The Horned Frogs
If you're a head coach, this is the kind of game that you love – you get a comfortable win on the road, but there are plenty of areas for your team to improve.
After bad tackling led to a quick SMU touchdown, TCU also gave up a safety when an errant snap bounced off Adam Nunez's hands and careened into the end zone. It was about as bad of a start as the Frogs could have drawn up.
http://landgrantgauntlet.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/TCU-at-SMU-SMU-gets-a-safety.mp4
Admittedly, many of these types of errors, including a bad snap that was fumbled in the first half, were due to poor field conditions. This game was delayed almost two hours because of storms, and Gerald R. Ford Stadium was soaked.
At the same time, those were mistakes that a Gary Patterson-coached team usually doesn't make. Should the head coach of the Horned Frogs be worried? Probably not, but it will give TCU an opportunity to hone their focus as they prepare to take on Ohio State next week.
TCU's Defense Remains Dominant, Especially Against The Pass
Rain or no rain, any time a team gives up less than three yards per pass attempt, that's a good day. SMU Quarterback Ben Hicks threw for 111 yards against a stingy secondary that didn't have trouble tackling Mustang wide receivers in the open field.
It also helped that the Horned Frogs defensive line was able to get constant pressure on Friday night. Against one of the better quarterbacks in the AAC, TCU had four sacks and three quarterback hurries. Ben Banogu and Corey Bethley were in the backfield all night, creating enough havoc to make the SMU signal caller uncomfortable.
Outside of SMU running back Braeden Smith's 51 yard touchdown run in the first half, the Horned Frogs played the run solid all night as well. There were some tackling and recognition issues early that led to the Mustangs taking a 9-0 lead, but eventually TCU buckled down.
KaVontae Turpin is Fast
Turpin is a bad, bad man. Anytime he gets the ball in space, he is going to make you pay. Him and Robinson are a dangerous duo to contend with.
http://landgrantgauntlet.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/TCU-at-SMU-KaVontae-Turpin-42-yard-touchdown-catch.mp4
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Baylor | Iowa State | Kansas | K-State | Oklahoma
Oklahoma State | TCU | Texas | Texas Tech | West Virginia
Related Topics:2018Big 12Big 12 ConferenceBig 12 FootballCFBcollege footballGary PattersonHorned FrogsIron SkilletNCAArecapTCUTCU Horned Frogsweek 2

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


STATE COLLEGE, Pa. (May 26, 2017)—Mission Critical Partners, Inc. (MCP) today announced that it has been named one of the top 20 telecommunications firms in the United States by Engineering Record-News magazine. The firm provides public safety consulting services across multiple disciplines, particularly in the area of emergency response communications.
MCP was listed at number 17 in the annual ranking of top telecommunications firms, two positions higher than last year. The ranking is based on total reported revenue. The top 20 firms collectively accounted for $877.1 million in revenue in 2016, and market share of 74.1 percent.
The growth experienced by the firm last year was driven by the public safety sector's universal desire to migrate to next-generation technology.
"The reason why MCP has experienced significant growth every year since its founding is that the public safety agencies from coast to coast trust our expertise and appreciate our collective devotion to their life-safety mission," said Kevin Murray, MCP's president and founder.
State of Nebraska—Development of a strategic plan to guide the migration from legacy 911 systems to NG911; comprehensive wireless integrity testing in nine counties along the Nebraska-Iowa border to determine the technical and operations issues that are preventing 911 centers from expeditiously routing and transferring calls to each other.
Texas Commission on State Emergency Communications—Implementation of a state-level Emergency Services Internet Protocol Network, or ESInet, to support NG911 services.


Now in its 13th year, the Unique Boutique is the PTO's largest fundraiser to benefit the After Prom. This year, Beachwood Schools are joining with the City of Beachwood again to present the Beachwood Fall Festival, a community-wide event held on the Sunday before Homecoming Weekend.
This one day event will be open to the public from 12 to 5 pm on October 7, 2018, at Beachwood City Hall. The event will also feature food trucks, games and live music for Beachwood families and surrounding communities to enjoy.
This event will be WELL advertised!
This event goes on Rain or Shine.


Do you know most of the people get confused between healthy food and healthy food that makes them suffer in term of health deterioration if you don't want to suffer and make your health than continue reading?
I am sure, You will love it.
People all over the world are realizing how important it is to take care of the diet that they take, it can seem very confusing which diets work best, with new diets such as the keto diet and the Atkins diets showing up. But there are very easily specific diets that just work without a doubt in mind, the healthy food and the unhealthy food diet. In order to discuss these two diets, one needs to pay careful attention to what they mean.
A healthy food simply means that it is a food that will have a carryover in one's general health, while an unhealthy food means a food that will have a negative impact to one's general health. The first thing that is going to be noticed when eating healthy foods is that they usually digest better, eating a meal of brown rice, chicken breast and broccoli will digest much faster than a pizza.
This may be due to the high amount of fat found in pizza as they typically have a lot of fat; moreover, the food component of unhealthy foods is much harder for the stomach to digest, with meats, bread, cheese, sauces, spices, oils and vegetables, your body will have a tough time digesting all of those at once.
Unhealthy foods are usually junk food and one should stay away from them as much as possible for health and efficiency. Healthy foods are in a very long list of biologically active ingredients. For example, antinutrients like phytic acid (found in many grains and vegetables like the wheat used to make donuts) will bind with minerals and prevent your body from absorbing them.
There's been a lot of animals as well as some human studies on compounds like phytic acid, oxalates, etc. That being said, fruits and veggies have lots of compounds like that.
In terms of losing weight, if you're meeting your micronutrients and staying within your macronutrients, then replacing the macros with unhealthy alternatives will be fine. Depending on your amount of intake, it may not be sustainable because generally, you get less volume of food when eating unhealthy options.
I believe if you can get results you want eating the way you want then that is the best way to go because it will make you happy. In the long run, it probably isn't great because eating a wide variety of nutritious foods is the best way to go, but getting some tests done to check your overall health would show if you are missing any vital nutrients.
Unhealthy foods, on the other hand, they tend towards better taste, cost, and convenience. A donut might have all sorts of weird additives so that is cooks faster (many are prebaked before they get to the store), trans-fats or saturated fats so they store longer, sugar for taste, "natural" and artificial flavors and sugar for taste. It's all a grand experiment of things that are "generally regarded as safe".
What you need to pay attention to is not necessarily the general knowledge on it, but you need to pay attention to the nutrition facts label, which is the most ignored thing. This label is usually at the back of the product and it displays the most important components of the product. Sometimes the product you are buying claims to be 0 percent fat, but when you look at the fat, you see that it has 14grams of fat for instance. This is basically a marketing lie because the marketed "fat-free" only concerns the unsaturated fat for instance.
The same can be applied to the sugar-free claims or the reduced sugar, often times it is not that much decreased if decreased at all. In marketing, the product can claim whatever, but the nutrition facts label is what tells the truth. The sugar-free for instance can means, no sugar coming from artificial sources which means they can include sugar coming from other sources.
Healthy foods are necessarily always found in the farmer's market, they can be found in your everyday grocery store such as Greek yogurt for instance. The product is stored in the grocery store, the organic claims are usually true, and you can always check the nutrition facts label. The truth of the matter is that there is not really a portion of inherently healthy food, you can always make a healthy food unhealthy, for example, you can take broccoli, dip it in eggs and bread crumbs and deep fry it.
Then sauce it with cheese and burger sauces which will definitely make broccoli unhealthy in that case. On the other hand, you can take food regarded as unhealthy such as burgers and make it healthy. Just by replacing the buns with whole wheat bread will make a huge difference, in addition to that, you can make the cooking of the meat better by cooking them in a less oily pan. This is all going to make the burger into a very healthy and beneficial meal.
The debate that sparks is when people have a lot of complaints in the results they get in comparison to the way they eat, they claim to eat "healthy foods", but the way they eat them destroys the nutritional benefits of the food. For example, a person might claim they eat healthy, while they dip their vegetables in cheese sauces and cook them with a lot of oils, they might add too much sugar, and make their vegetables less clean. A person who eats a balanced diet with a lot of healthy choices is the one who will benefit the most.


text:
Your Sunderland Programme
Plenty to read in Saturday's programme
Sunderland are the visitors to the Kassam Stadium for Saturday's big game, and we have produced another quality edition of the programme for the occasion.
With in-depth interviews with man-of-the-moment Mark Sykes, the returned-from-injury Anthony Forde, and last-minute goalscorer Matty Taylor, there is plenty to read.
We also have match action from the Blackpool and Newcastle games, a look back at the FA Cup fifth round tie against Blackburn Rovers from 56 years ago with Colin Harrington, and our usual comprehensive look at the day's visitors. In the Kids Zone pullout section the centrefold poster is of Cameron Brannagan.
For visiting Sunderland fans we have again produced a separate programme, available from the club shop and in the away concourse.
The programme is available from the club shop, J's Bar, the Holiday Inn Express and from sellers in and around the ground. For just £3 it really does represent fantastic value for money. And if you're unable to get to the game, or just want to read the programme as you travel to the game, you can buy the online version from www.matchdayfix.com/oufc to read on your mobile, laptop or other device. Whatever you do, don't miss out.


The consultancy specialising in India with plants in Bochum and New Delhi offers their services in the neighbouring country on March 01, 2010 Netherlands opened the German consulting firm Dr. Wamser + Batra GmbH its first representative office in the Netherlands. The company has focused on the monitoring of European companies to India, response to the increasing importance of Dutch companies in India and the existing in India sales opportunities for Dutch products. The representative office was established on the site of Haarlem, 20 km west of Amsterdam and is headed in the future by the Dutch marketing expert Gerbrand Rustenburg. "We are convinced that market access must be carefully prepared for India. And so it will be necessary also for Dutch companies, in advance of India engagement funded with the local conditions, opportunities to deal but also risks and difficulties, according to the Managing Director Mike D. Batra.And therefore is also a local presence in the Netherlands of sense for us. At Jeremy Tucker you will find additional information. We want to be as easy, where our clients can sit, and we need to be able to serve Dutch customers with the same quality of advice, as we do this in Germany", continues with Managing Director Dr.
Johannes Wamser further. "In particular technologies the two industries food processing 'and ship construction industry', in which Dutch companies are traditionally strong, demand in the Indian market. This have we used as an opportunity to us here specifically to prepare and to concentrate initially on these two sectors, "so the new Dutch representative, Gerbrand Rustenburg. First projects, as for example for the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, the KvK Limburg and the Dutch shipbuilding industry association were successfully completed. Gerbrand Rustenburg profile: Senior consultant & partner Netherlands, many years of international experience in the field of marketing & Sales"of farming equipment and chemical and pharmaceutical industry. Author of several books and marketing lecturer on the topic "International marketing" at the Hogeschool Utrecht. Contact: short profile Dr. Wamser + Batra GmbH: WB consults and supports European companies on the way to and in India.
The services include market analysis, planning and implementation of market entry and brand positioning actions, company formation, personnel search, sales development as well as administration support, crisis management and support for complex tasks on the ground in India. The references include companies such as Miele, Bollhoff, SieMatic, heritage, Schell, Castle guard, Klaus Union and WISKA. Dr.


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Saving your child from the experience of taking harmful high stakes tests, and promoting the importance of classroom instruction by a certified, quality teacher are critical first steps towards ridding our state of this horrible and costly practice. It will send a clear message to your child's school, school district, Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction(OSPI), and the state legislature that you have had enough with all the mandates being placed on your child, your child's teacher, and your child's school.
It is costing millions and millions of dollars of limited tax payer dollars to continue the use of invalid and unreliable testing instruments. This money should be going directly to the classrooms and used for instructional purposes and learning experiences.
Consider your child's test may be scored by someone hired off of Craig's List at $11.20 an hour. They are not educators, yet they read your child's responses, and assign a score.
Consider the problems given in the test itself. View the kinds of questions your child faces in the report entitled, "The Smarter Balanced Common Core Mathematics Test is Fatally Flawed and Should Not Be Used". From there you can download the full report. The items are quite confusing and worth exploring.
Scientists Raise Concerns about Health Risks with EdTech. How Will The U.S. Department of Education Respond?
Consider the hours teachers are spending test prepping. It is not their fault. They have to. The platform used on the computer requires your child to deal with confusing interfaces. Therefore, the teacher, in all fairness, needs to expose your child to the ins and outs of utilizing all the controls and understanding how to interact with all the tabs.
Consider how 8, 9, and 10 year olds are sitting in front of computer screens from 9:00 a.m. until the bell rings at 3:00.
The exhaustion experienced by these children is incomprehensible. College aged student's finals don't take this long. Yet our youngest learners are expected to perform for hours at a time. Can you say developmentally inappropriate?
D E V E L O P M E N T A L L Y I N A P P R O P R I A T E.
Consider the size of their hands. Many tiny hands do not span the keyboard. Yet they are asked to write full paragraphs into a window with a Microsoft Word Toolbar above. See how "Using Computers Widens The Achievement Gap in Writing". This means teachers need to devote more instructional hours and their only choice is to instruct them in programs like Microsoft Word and using typing programs. How long did it take you to learn to type?
Ask yourself… is this the most critical learning necessary for an 8, 9, 10 year old?
Can they read? Do they love to read?
Are they curious? Do they want time to explore their world in the classroom?
How are they progressing in math concepts and skills?
Is there time for your child to be exploring social studies and science?
What do you value most for your child in their classroom with their teacher?
Do you desire to see evidence of their classroom work?
Do you like to see a story they wrote on their own and made up from their imagination?
Consider your child's teacher is not allowed to look at the test items. (Either are you).
Consider the test scores don't come back until August or September of the following school year. What benefit do they have to the teacher then? She has a whole new class of children with different needs than the class before. The new teacher can look at the scores, but she is now expected to teach the new grade level standards.
Consider the exhaustion, stress, and tears teachers see in their student's eyes.
Consider whose money is backing these policies.
Consider which Legislators are "bought" and voting for these mandates.
O P T O U T.
R E F U S E.
Send a clear message to Olympia.
Send a clear message to Washington D.C.


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The Rickey: A DC Favorite
08/01/2018 In Behind the Scenes
The District is known for so many things: neoclassical monuments, cherry blossoms, hardcore punk, hardcore politics, and the city's signature cocktail: The Rickey.
Back in the 1880s, Shoomaker's Saloon was the place to be for politicos. After the founding owners died, Democratic lobbyist Colonial Joseph Rickey bought the place on E Street's Rum Row, and bartender George Williamson supposedly designed a new drink in his honor. At first, the drink was bourbon-based, but by 1903 it was listed as a drink-to-know in Daly's Bartender's Encyclopedia, combining lime juice, gin, and seltzer.
The Rickey is deceptively simple but packs a punch. Although its fame spread far and wide throughout the 20th century, we never forgot its roots. So much so, that The DC Craft Bartender's Guild named July Rickey Month!
If you're hankering for a Rickey but are absolutely too lazy to combine three ingredients in a glass, here are 3 hot spots in DC to get one made for you:
Founding Farmers (alcoholic or non-alcoholic!)
Wisdom (DC's premiere gin bar)
Teddy & The Bully Bar (Sheeney's Rickey features bourbon and gin)


The Hyangyak chipsong pang, the Tongui pogam, and other medical texts of the Yi Dynasty discuss symptoms of epidemic disease best explained as influenza. Although large and small epidemics of influenza probably occurred many times during this period, the historical records are ambiguous; perhaps the outbreaks were not sufficiently striking or widespread to be separated from other epidemic diseases. However, major influenza epidemics occurred in Japan during this period, and it seems reasonable to assume that there were comparable epidemics in Korea. Moreover, given the nature of influenza, epidemics could have ricocheted back and forth between Korea and Japan (Fujikawa 1934).


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Approved: Assembly passes bill that would limit what food stamp recipients can purchase
MADISON (AP) — The state Assembly has passed bill to limit the types of food that food stamp users could buy, including how much of their allotment can be spent on junk food.
The Assembly passed the Republican-sponsored measure on a 60-35 vote Wednesday.
The bill would require food stamp recipients to use at least two-thirds of their monthly benefits to purchase nutritional foods such as beef, chicken and produce.
Republican supporters say they want to prevent people on taxpayer-funded public assistance from spending their money on junk food.
"A lot of people, an awful lot of people who are on FoodShare are also on BadgerCare, so there is a direct financial benefit not just to the individual, which of course is obvious to have better health, but also to state taxpayers and society as a whole," Rep. Robin Vos (R-Rochester) said.
Users would also be barred from buying crab, lobster, shrimp and other shellfish.
The change would require a federal waiver, which no state has ever received.
The Assembly passed a similar bill last session but it never got a vote in the Senate.


This site is dedicated to providing as much information about Show Beagles, as possible.
Many of the links are categorized by country.
The website will be updated frequently, and we are always looking to add more links. Please tell us, if you know of a site we have missed, and we will include it.
We are committed to keeping show Beagle people in contact with one another — around the corner or around the world. The more we exchange knowledge about our favorite breed, the better we understand it.


Club Amazonas and Boys on the Rooftop are part of the 2016 Cinema Queer International Film Festival, taking place in Stockholm from September 29 to October 2.
Boys on the Rooftop: September 29, 8pm.
Club Amazonas: October 1, 330pm.


David Firestein, EWI Perot fellow and vice president for Strategic Trust-Building and Track 2 Diplomacy, will discuss Threading the Needle: Proposals for U.S. and Chinese Actions on Arms Sales to Taiwan—a groundbreaking report on U.S. arms sales to Taiwan—at Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.
Threading the Needle—the result of two years of research and discreet consultations with policymakers and scholars from the United States, China and Taiwan—is the first report by a U.S.-based think tank to conclude publicly that both the United States and China have, for their own reasons, not fully complied with their commitments to each other on the issue of U.S. arms sales to Taiwan.
For more information, please visit the Belfer Center website.
This seminar is off the record and comments cannot be published without the consent of the speaker. The seminar is open to Harvard students, fellows, faculty and ID card holders.


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Authorities say Oklahoma deputy shot, wounded man who had knife
The Associated Press - October 13, 2017 9:13 am
VERA, Okla. (AP) – Authorities say an Oklahoma deputy shot and wounded a man who was trying to stab a woman in northeast Oklahoma.
The Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation says a Washington County deputy shot 47-year-old Corey Wesley Peoples on Thursday in a pasture near Vera, about 20 miles north of Tulsa.
Peoples was taken to a hospital in stable condition. The deputy's name hasn't been released.
The OSBI says the deputy was assisting a bondsman who was seeking Peoples for jumping bail.
The agency says Peoples put a knife to the throat of a woman who was with him and the woman dropped to the ground. The OSBI says the deputy then shot Peoples when he raised the knife to stab the woman.
The woman's condition was not released.


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Tag: orbital dynamics
One month of Es'hail 2 Doppler data
In a previous post I talked about my Doppler measurements of the Es'hail 2 10706MHz beacon. I've now been measuring the Doppler for almost a month and this is a follow-up post with the results. This experiment is a continuation of the previous post, so the measurement setup is as described there.
It is worthy to note that, besides the usual satellite movement in its geostationary orbit, which causes the small Doppler seen here, and the station-keeping manoeuvres done sometimes, another interesting thing has happened during the measurement period.
On 2018-12-13 at 8:00 UTC, the antenna where the 10706MHz beacon is transmitted was changed. Before this, it was transmitted on a RHCP beam with global coverage. After the change, the signal was vertically polarized and the coverage was regional. Getting a good coverage map of this beam is tricky, but according to reports I have received from several stations, the signal was as strong as usual in Spain, the UK and some parts of Italy, but very weak or inexistent in Central Europe, Brazil and Mauritius. It is suspected that the beam used was designed to cover the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region, and that Spain and the UK fell on a sidelobe of the radiation pattern.
At some point on 2018-12-19, the beacon was back on the RCHP global beam, and it has remained like this until now.
The figure below shows my raw Doppler measurements, in parts-per-billion offset from the nominal 10706MHz frequency. The rest of the post is devoted to the analysis of these measurements.
Continue reading One month of Es'hail 2 Doppler data
Categorised as Experiments, Space Tagged doppler, eshail2, orbital dynamics, satellites
Studying Es'hail 2 Doppler
Es'hail 2, the first geostationary satellite carrying an Amateur radio payload, was launched on November 15. I wrote a post studying the launch and geostationary transfer orbit, and I expected to track Es'hail 2's manoeuvres by following the NORAD TLEs. However, for reasons not completely known, no NORAD TLEs were published during the first two weeks after launch.
On November 23, people found Es'hail 2 around the 24ºE geostationary orbital slot by receiving its Ku-band beacons at 10706MHz and 11205MHz. On November 27, NORAD TLEs started being published, confirming the position of Es'hail 2 around 24ºE. Since then, it has remained in this slot. Apparently, this is the slot that will be used for in-orbit test before moving the satellite to its operational slot on 25.5ºE or 26ºE.
Since November 27, I have been monitoring the frequency of the 10706MHz beacon to measure the Doppler. A geostationary satellite is never in a fixed location as seen from the Earth. It moves slightly due to imperfections in its orbit and orbital perturbations. This movement is detectable as a small amount of Doppler. Here I study the measurements I've been doing.
Continue reading Studying Es'hail 2 Doppler
Es'hail 2 launch in GMAT
After a long wait by many Amateur radio operators, Es'hail 2, the first geostationary satellite carrying an Amateur radio transponder launched yesterday on a SpaceX Falcon 9 Full Thrust from the historical LC-39A pad in Kennedy Space Centre, which was used by many Apollo and Space Shuttle launches in the past.
Es'hail 2 is the second communications satellite operated by the Qatari company Es'hailSat. It was built by Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (MELCO). It carries several Ku and Ka band transponders intended for digital television, Internet access and other data services. It also carries an Amateur radio payload designed by AMSAT-DL, in collaboration with the Qatar Amateur Radio Society. The payload has two transponders, with S-band uplink and X-band downlink. One of the transponders is 250kHz wide and intended for narrowband modes, and the other one is 8MHz wide and intended for DVB-S and other wideband data modes.
SpaceX live-streamed the launch, and the recording can be seen in YouTube. Today, Space-Track has published the first TLEs for Es'hail 2 and the second stage of the Falcon 9 rocket. Here I look at these TLEs using GMAT.
Continue reading Es'hail 2 launch in GMAT
Categorised as Events, Space Tagged eshail2, gmat, orbital dynamics, satellites
Geometry for DSLWP-B Moonbounce
I have already spoken about the Moonbounce signal from DSLWP-B in several posts. To sum up, DSLWP-B is a Chinese satellite that is orbiting the Moon since May 25. The satellite has an Amateur payload that transmits GMSK and JT4G telemetry in the 70cm Amateur satellite band. This signal can be received by well equipped groundstations on Earth, including the 25m radiotelescope at Dwingeloo, in the Netherlands (and also by much smaller stations).
The people at Dwingeloo publish the recordings that they make of the RF signal. In two of these recordings, the signal from DSLWP-B is received not only via the direct path, but also through a reflection off the Moon's surface. The reflected signal is around 25dB weaker, usually has a different Doppler shift, and has a Doppler spread of around 50 to 200Hz.
What I find most interesting about this is that of all the days that Dwingeloo has observed DSLWP-B, in only two of them (on 2018-10-07 and 2018-10-19) the Moonbounce signal has been visible. Mathematically, using a specular reflection on a sphere model, whenever the satellite is visible directly, there is also a ray from the spacecraft that reflects off the lunar surface and arrives at the groundstation (see the proof here). Therefore, I think that there must be something about the particular geometry of the days 7th and 19th that made the Moon reflections relatively stronger and hence detectable. Here I use GMAT to study the orbital geometry when the reflections were received.
Continue reading Geometry for DSLWP-B Moonbounce
Categorised as Experiments, Space Tagged dslwp, moonbounce, orbital dynamics, satellites, vhf & uhf
DSLWP-B Moonbounce
If you have been following my latest posts, you will know that a series of observations with the DSLWP-B Inory eye camera have been scheduled over the last few days to try to take and download images of the Moon and Earth (see my last post). In a future post I will do a chronicle of these observations.
On October 6 an image of the Moon was taken to calibrate the exposure of the camera. This image was downlinked on the UTC morning of October 7. The download was commanded by Reinhard Kuehn DK5LA and received by the Dwingeloo radiotelescope.
Cees Bassa observed that in the waterfalls of the recordings made in Dwingeloo a weak Doppler-shifted signal of the DSLWP-B GMSK signal could be seen. This signal was a reflection off the Moon.
As far as I know, this is the first reported case of satellite-Moon-Earth (or SME) propagation, at least in Amateur radio. Here I do a Doppler analysis confirming that the signal is indeed reflected on the Moon surface and do some general remarks about the possibility of receiving the SME signal from DSLWP-B. Further analysis will be done in future posts.
Continue reading DSLWP-B Moonbounce
Categorised as Experiments, Maths, Space Tagged doppler, dslwp, moonbounce, orbital dynamics, satellites, vhf & uhf
Lunar orbit perturbations and DSLWP-B
Ever since simulating DSLWP-B's long term orbit with GMAT, I wanted to understand the cause of the periodic perturbations that occur in some Keplerian elements such as the eccentricity. As a reminder from that post, the eccentricity of DSLWP-B's orbit shows two periodic perturbations (see the figure below). One of them has a period of half a sidereal lunar month, so it should be possible to explain this effect from the rotation of the Moon around the Earth. The other has a period on the order of 8 or 9 months, so explaining this could be more difficult.
DSLWP-B eccentricity
In this post I look at how to model the perturbations of the orbit of a satellite in lunar orbit, explaining the behaviour of the long term orbit of DSLWP-B.
Continue reading Lunar orbit perturbations and DSLWP-B
Categorised as Experiments, Maths, Space Tagged dslwp, orbital dynamics, satellites
DSLWP-B long-term orbit evolution
In my last post I commented that one of the motivations for the periapsis raise manoeuvre of DSLWP-B on July 20 was to prevent the satellite from crashing into the Moon in a few months. When Wei Mingchuan BG2BHC told me this, I found it a bit surprising, since I had the impression that the periapsis had been raising naturally since the satellite was injected in lunar orbit on May 25. Thus, I decided to propagate the orbit for a period of 2 years using GMAT and study the long-term effects in the Keplerian elements.
Continue reading DSLWP-B long-term orbit evolution
Categorised as Experiments, Space Tagged dslwp, gmat, orbital dynamics, satellites
Update on DSLWP-B eclipse manoeuvre
A few days ago I discussed the manoeuvre performed by DSLWP-B in preparation for the lunar eclipse. The manoueuvre raised the periapsis of DSLWP-B by around 385km. Wei Mingchuan BG2BHC has now informed me that the manoeuvre was performed on 20 Jul 2018 10:47:09.657. There were two motivations for this manoeuvre: first, to avoid eclipse, as I showed in the previous post; second, as Wei tells me, to prevent DSLWP-B from crashing into the Moon in a few months (more on this in a future post).
Wei doesn't know the delta-v used for the manoeuvre, but estimating it is an easy exercise using GMAT, which is what I will do in this short post. In this simulation I am taking the orbital state for DSLWP-B from the first line of the 20180714 tracking file published in dslwp_dev. I will assume that the manoeuvre was a prograde burn performed at apoapsis that raised the periapsis by 385km. The GMAT script I have used is lunar_eclipse_manoeuvre.script.
First I propagte the orbit to the date mentioned by Wei. I note that the spacecraft is a little short of apoapsis, so I propagate to apoapsis, which happens at 20 Jul 2018 10:49:33.178 UTC. Then I propagate to periapsis and take note of the periapsis radius, which is 3030.91km. Finally, I use GMAT to estimate a burn that will achieve a periapsis radius of 3415.91km using a differential corrector.
The differential corrector finds a delta-v of 17.2m/s. The iterations of the differential corrector can be seen in the figure and text below. A more difficult exercise is to find a burn that stitches together the orbits described by the 20180714 and 20180727a tracking files. I will leave this as an exercise for the reader. Something very similar was done in DSLWP-B's journey to the Moon: part II.
Differential corrector solving for the periapsis raise burn
Continue reading Update on DSLWP-B eclipse manoeuvre
Categorised as Experiments, Space Tagged dslwp, gmat, orbital dynamics
DSLWP-B and the lunar eclipse
As you may well know, last Friday 27th July there was a total lunar eclipse. This is an interesting event for lunar-orbiting spacecraft such as DSLWP-B. In fact, depending on the spacecraft's orbit, it may also pass through the Earth's umbra or penumbra. Here I look at the trajectory taken by DSLWP-B during the eclipse.
Continue reading DSLWP-B and the lunar eclipse
Categorised as Events, Space Tagged dslwp, gmat, orbital dynamics, satellites
Comparison of DSLWP-B orbit determination with tracking files
In the last post I compared the results of my orbit determination for DSLWP-B using one lunar month of Doppler data with the observations in the VLBI experiment done on June 10. In this post I will compare my orbit determination with the tracking files published by Wei Mingchuan BG2BHC in gr-dslwp. These tracking files are produced from the orbit determination performed by the Chinese Deep Space Network using two-way S-band Doppler measurements.
The tracking files contain a listing of the position \(x\) and velocity \(v\) vectors for DSLWP-B in ECEF coordinates. The entries are given at intervals of one second. The tracking files can be used directly to compute Doppler as received in a groundstation. In fact, if the ECEF coordinates of the groundstation are \(x_0\), then \(R = \langle x – x_0, v\rangle/\|x-x_0\|\) is the range-rate, and so the Doppler can be computed as \(D=-fR/c\), where \(f\) is the downlink frequency and \(c\) is the speed of light in vacuum. Here I have used this method to compute the Doppler according to the tracking files.
All the tracking files published so far have been considered in this study, except for the first two, which contained an incorrect anomaly at epoch. The figure below shows the residuals between the Doppler measurements made by Scott Tilley VE7TIL and my orbit determination (called "new elements") and each of the tracking files. It seems that the residuals are quite similar.
The figure below shows the difference between the Doppler according to each of the tracking files and the Doppler predicted by my orbit determination.
It seems that the match is quite good for the central days, but not so good towards the edges. My orbit determination is numerically propagated from a single set of elements at MJD 28264.5 for the whole period, while the tracking files probably use different sets of elements that are propagated numerically over a few days only. Therefore it might happen that my orbit determination is affected by some accumulative error due to numerical integration or an inaccuracy in the force model.
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Nike Glide React men's running shoe redefines lightweight flexibility. A neoprene bootie provides a sock-like fit, while revolutionary React cushioning delivers a smooth, responsive ride. Nike React cushioning provides a smooth, lightweight ride. Neoprene bootie provides a soft, sock-like fit. Mesh upper enhances breathability. Engineered mesh vamp provides lightweight ventilation. Geometric, athlete-informed outsole pattern helps evenly disperse impact to provide a smooth transition and soft feel.


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Betuwe, een Nederlandse landstreek in het rivierengebied
 Neder-Betuwe (streek), een substreek van de Betuwe
 Neder-Betuwe (gemeente), een gemeente in de streek de Neder-Betuwe
 Over-Betuwe, een substreek van de Betuwe
 Overbetuwe, een gemeente in de streek de Over-Betuwe

 Betuwe Radio, voormalige omroep in Buren
 Maatschappij De Betuwe, een Tielse jamfabriek die bestaan heeft van 1885-1993

Zie ook
 Betuwelijn
 Betuwepad
 Betuweroute
 Betuws Oorlogsmuseum "The Island" 1944-1945


Lock in a great price for Ngan Phu Villa – rated 9.3 by recent guests!
The room and bathroom were great. The staff was very kind. The location is near of the center of the city in a silent place.
The staff was incredible! They brought me out an orange juice when I arrived to welcome me, and they let you use their bikes for free. The pool was nice, and the room was quiet. The bed was comfortable.
Extremely nice and helpful staff. Nice and spacious rooms, terrace and very pleasant surrounding. Excellent breakfast. We loved noodles, coffee and mango shakes! Just awesome.
Room, staff, owners, location. Nice breakfast. We felt very taken care of. We arrived a bit late on New Years Eve. They had made dinner for all the guests. They invited us to have dinner with them at the family table. What an honor and the food was superb!
Really nice and professional staff, helped us with everything we asked for. We stayed there for 4 nights, enjoyed our stay very much! We did a great cooking class they recomended on, enjoyed the complementary bicycle, and the good and varied breakfasts. Highly recomended!
Lovely little spot about a 20 minute walk from the old town. Free bike rental is available, but we found it wasn't a bad walk. It was nice to be able to come back to the pool in the afternoon after a day of wandering around in the heat. The lady who works at the front desk was very friendly and helpful. She gave us a free smoothie when we checked in that was really tasty. The free cookies they leave in your room are also a nice touch! The included breakfast was also good.
Awesome location away from hustle but still near, rent the free bikes and meander around. Lovely quiet garden courtyard setting with bonus of a pool to cool down after a hot day. Staff were always helpful and friendly and spoke good English, always checking if we were ok but in no way obtrusive. Rooms were always beautifully clean, fresh towels every day and biscuits! Bed was huge and air con worked brilliantly. Couldn't recommend highly enough, especially for couples.
Beautiful little gem of a hotel and amazing value. The room was immaculate and the bed so comfy. The garden was a beautiful place to eat (breakfast is delicious and varied) and je pool was one of the cutest I've ever seen - we loved it. The staff were very helpful and sorted onward travel. It's perfectly located for the beach and the town (10-15 min cycle either way) and with the bikes it's so easy to get around. Highly recommend !
Offering free rental of bicycles, Ngan Phu Homestay provides free Wi-Fi access in the guestrooms. It is just a 5-minute bicycle ride from Hoi An Ancient Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The property is a 10-minute bicycle ride to Cua Dai beach and a 30-minute bicycle ride to the nearest vegetable farm. Da Nang International Airport is a 40-minute drive away.
Offering garden views, rooms feature a flat-screen TV with cable channels, a wardrobe and an private bathroom with shower facilities, toiletries and a hairdryer.
Luggage storage facility is available, while airport shuttle service can be arranged at a surcharge. The in-house restaurant serves breakfast, lunch and dinner upon request.
When would you like to stay at Ngan Phu Villa?
Offering city and garden views, rooms feature a flat-screen TV with cable channels, a wardrobe and an private bathroom with shower facilities, toiletries and a hairdryer.
This single room has a seating area, air conditioning and tile/marble floor.
This twin room has a seating area, air conditioning and flat-screen TV.
This single room features a tile/marble floor, air conditioning and seating area.
House Rules Ngan Phu Villa takes special requests – add in the next step!
One child under 6 years is charged VND 116629.05 per night when using existing beds.
Ngan Phu Villa accepts these cards and reserves the right to temporarily hold an amount prior to arrival.
Bicycles are subject to availability.
Please inform Ngan Phu Villa of your expected arrival time in advance. You can use the Special Requests box when booking, or contact the property directly using the contact details in your confirmation.
Friendly helpful staff. Good pool, good breakfast and comfortable room. The price was fair.
Delicious breakfast (you can choose an option from a breakfast menu + coffee/tea + juice + fresh fruit), nice little pool, you can use their bikes for free, nice spacious rooms with comfy beds, very friendly and helpful staff.
The staff is extremely nice and helpful. The location is a bit further away from the center but is quiet and the hotel has really good bikes to rent for free so don´t get discouraged by the distance. Th breakfast is also very good.
My room didn't have a window, which I didn't like. It was so dark and sad. I think most of the rooms have a window, I think I just was the unlucky one, so I would put that in as a request if that is something that would bother you.
Staff was so nice and the breakfast was fantastic!!
Staff very kind and helpful. Will stay there again!
Lovely hosts. We enjoyed everything. It is close to the center, silence, free bikes, pick up from the airport for a very good price, very good breakfast.
Great property with great hosts. loved the warmth with which we were received. we had a triple sharing room, which was very spacious. Good breakfast and they could help ordering food in case you wanted to eat in. free cycles and scooters at nominal cost were available to help one move around town. The staff was helpful in providing tips for sightseeing and whatever other help we needed.
Extremely friendly staff. Always went an extra mile to help. The atmosphere was like a home away from home. Nice large rooms. Spotlessly clean. Amazing value and Highly recommended.
Everything was fine. The location is a bit outside of the old quarter but close enough to walk.
We stayed in the family room on the ground floor. A nice big room with high ceilings.


Let's face it, sometimes you spend more time with your proposal team than you friends or family. Team chemistry can make those late nights and last minute pushes more bearable with true teammates on board. How do you help foster that sense of camaraderie for those that might not be as engaged?


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require_dependency "rails_zero/base_client"

module RailsZero
  class PackagesClient < BaseClient
    def download_destination
      Rails.root.join('tmp', 'rails_zero', 'downloads', 'public.tar').to_s
    end

    def get
      remote_url = File.join(RailsZero.config.backend.url, packages_path)
      FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(download_destination))
      command = "curl #{remote_url} > #{download_destination}"
      stdout_str, stderr_str, status = Open3.capture3(command)
      Rails.logger.error stderr_str
    end
  end
end


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Nasheed blames council election defeat on government
Speaker of the Parliament Mohamed Nasheed (R) with President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih (L)
Speaker of the Parliament and former President of the Maldives, Mohamed Nasheed has stated that main-ruling Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP) lost the local council election due to the government.
MDP suffered an embarrassing defeat in Male City during April's Local Council Election when the opposing Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM) won the majority of Male City Council seats and some other constituencies which were previously won by MDP.
In an interview given to India's WION News, Nasheed said MDP lost the election as the government had let go of the core values of MDP. Nasheed said MDP voters felt that their core beliefs and ideas were ignored and that the government was pandering to minority views. This resulted in MDP voters not turning up to vote, said Nasheed.
"They were not very happy about that. They wanted to give a clear message to the leadership, especially in Male'. I believe that government must correct its course quickly," said Nasheed.
Nasheed, who recently accused religiously conservative ruling coalition partner, Adhaalath Party of 'monopolizing' the government's decisions, further said previous elections have been won with the support of extremist elements. However, pandering to such ideologies means letting extremism creep into the country, said Nasheed.
MDP President Mohamed Nasheed Male City + Local Council Election Male' City Council
Will be detrimental if MDP fails to secure Male' majority: Nasheed
Dr. Muizzu is a capable leader: Nasheed
Former MP announces decision to contest in 2023 presidential election
SG Anas of main ruling MDP to contest for Mayor


Welcome to our July Southeast Asia themed event! Over 50 of SL's top designers have come together to create these amazing exclusives for your shopping pleasure! Visit us from July 9th at 12pm SLT through July 28th and find your perfect look and style of the season!
On9 takes you to Southeast Asia, July 9th-28th!
On9 2016 Photo Contest Winners!


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Home > Statistics > Outline of Statistics and Statistical Release Schedule > Notices of Changes and Corrections 2003
Notices of Changes and Corrections 2003
List by Year
Table : Notices of Changes and Corrections 2003
Sep. 30, 2003 Revision of Flow of Funds Accounts
Aug. 18, 2003 Modifications on items in "Financial Statements of Japanese Banks (Fiscal 2002)"
Aug. 7, 2003 Changes in Items in "Monetary Base and the Bank of Japan's Transactions"
Jul. 2, 2003 Release of the Amount of the Bank's Purchases of TBs and FBs (Issue by Issue)
Jun. 9, 2003 Reference Index of the Money Stock Statistics
May 26, 2003 Change to the data in "Average Contracted Interest Rates on Loans and Discounts"
May 15, 2003 Revision of the Monetary Survey and Changes in Money Stock (M2+CDs) and Credit Statistics
May 2, 2003 Stop of the updating of "Postal savings"
Apr. 24, 2003 Revising the list of surveyed banks for the "Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices at Large Japanese Banks"
Apr. 10, 2003 Revision of the Definition of "Money Stock"
Mar. 31, 2003 Release of long-term time-series data, "Figures on Settlement of Japanese Government Bonds"
Mar. 18, 2003 Information about the treatment of the Japan Post on the statistics compiled by the Bank of Japan
Mar. 11, 2003 Revisions to the Industrial Classification of the Loans and Deposits Statistics
Feb. 20, 2003 Regular Addition of New Sample Enterprises to All Enterprises Tankan
Feb. 5, 2003 A change in the starting period of historical series of "Principal Figures of Financial Institutions"
Feb. 3, 2003 The revision of the format of "Repo Rate (indication, aggregated)"
Feb. 3, 2003 Financial Statements of Japanese Banks for the First Half of Fiscal 2002
Jan. 8, 2003 Alterations in "Assets and Liabilities of Financial Institutions, etc."


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coal mining conditions in late 1800s
The Lanarkshire Mining Industry, The 1800's saw a massive rise in the amount of coal and iron mines as the industrial revolution swung into full effect In 1879 there were 314 iron-works with 5149 puddling furnaces and 846 rolling mills in operation in Lanarkshire and in 1881, 392 coal pits and 9 fireclay pits19th century mining disaster, In some mines ponies were used to move carts of coal to the shafts where they would be winched to the surface The new mines that grew up in the 19th century depended on men and children to work long hours in often dangerous conditions Accidents were common As mines became bigger and deeper new problems emergedHistory of Coal Mining In Iowa & Coal Statistics, mines of the eastern coal counti The beds are too local in extent and the market too limited to warrant much expenditure of labor or capital As in other loc~lities also much of the early suppl'y of coal was obtained by stripping :IlS well as by drifts Shaft mines are shallow, ranging from thirty to seventy feet in depth Scott CowntyThe deadliest disasters in Derbyshire's mining history ,, Jan 09, 2021· The last deep mine closed in 1993, bringing an end to more than a century of deep coal mining in the county, where records show men have brought coal to the surface since the 1200sCoal Mining | The Canadian Encyclopedia, A carbonaceous fossil fuel, coal has a long history as the key energy source in the transition to industrialization, beginning in 17th-century Europe In Canada, the history of commercial coal mining dates back nearly three centuri Coal provided a critical energy source for early industrialization, generating steam power and coke (ie, a manufactured, high-carbon derivative of coal that ,.
Grim Times for an 18th Century Coal Mining Family ,, Oct 16, 2016· Different type of mining, but the death of Francis highlighted the dangers of underground work in the late 18th century and made me think once again about my coal mining forefathers However grim I think my job is, I only have to think about my ancestors, men, women and children, who worked down the coal mine to realise how lucky I amCoal Mines Industrial Revolution, Traditionally mines were operated on small scale focusing on coal near the service however as the demand increased as did the need to find more coal Mines therefore began to get deeper As they began to get deeper they were flooded with groundwater which made working conditions difficult The coal was cut by hand with a pick-axeWelsh mining women of the 19th century who toiled for 12 ,, Jan 15, 2019· The pictures were taken circa 1865 by W Clayton of Tredegar, South Wal Tredegar was an early centre of the Industrial Revolution in Wales where it had both a coal ,Coal mining, Various methods of ventilating mines were invented, but none was widely adopted until 1849 when compressed air first became possible Ten years later the employment of children under 12 was made illegal This image shows children working in coal min It is taken from a government report compiled by the Children's Employment Commission in 1842Coal Mines in the Industrial Revolution, The result of this was that coal mines grew deeper and became increasingly dangerous Some Coal shafts would extend hundreds of feet down into the ground And then, once a coal seam had been discovered, miners would dig horizontally But working conditions in these deep and narrow mines ,.
The Hazards of 19th Century Coal Mining | eHISTORY, The coal operators needed engineering expertise among their employees in order to dig deep min There were no professional mining engineers at this time--it was an expertise not yet formally developed--so the operators turned to skilled miners from Wales, England, and Scotland, men who had developed expertise through practical experienceCoal Miner Records, Coal Miner Records The Pennsylvania State Archives hold numerous collections which pertain to persons either employed in or in some way associated with the anthracite (hard coal) and bituminous (soft coal) mining industries of the CommonwealthHistory of coal mining in the United States, in 19th Century MinesThe Rise and Fall of Coal Miners' Unions | JSTOR Daily, Sep 23, 2015· Production of coal grew from 79 million tons in 1880 to 193 million in 1895 Meanwhile, the industry consolidated: big mine operators grew and merged and small ones were forced out of business Mining was a labor-intensive industry, and mine ,The Life of a Coal Miner | eHISTORY, But however favorable the conditions, the boy's life is a hard one , These images of coal mining were not part of the Rev John McDowell's article They are presented here as images taken from publications of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries ,.
BBC, Nov 25, 2010· The rise of the Welsh coal industry seemed unstoppable, with high quality coal available in massive quantiti The mines were privately owned throughout the 19th centuryConditions in the Mines, Conditions in the Min Conditions for those who worked in the coal mines of Britain was probably as bad as, although different from, the conditions of those who worked in the cotton millsMiners had to work long hours in the dark and wet with a number of hazards to deal with which were not to be found in many other work-plac These includedCoal Mining in the UK During the Industrial Revolution, Dec 27, 2018· The state of the mines which boomed throughout the United Kingdom during the industrial revolution is a passionately argued area It is very hard to generalize about the living and working conditions experienced in mines, as there was great regional variation and some owners acted paternalistically while others were cruelCoal industry, Fire was also a threat in the mines and caused great concern The temperature of deeper tunnels sometimes rose above 130 degrees F Mining was probably the most or one of the most dangerous jobs in the country because of so many hazards Several labor unions were also formed in the West by miners who worried about safety and pay in the 1860sHistory of coal mining in the United States, The history of coal mining in the United States goes back to the 1300s, when the Hopi Indians used coal [citation needed] The first commercial use came in 1701, within the Manakin-Sabot area of Richmond, iaCoal was the dominant power source in the United States in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and although in rapid decline it remains a significant source of energy in 2019.
The US Coal Industry in the Nineteenth Century, As a result, coal mining needed larger amounts of capital as new systems of pumping, ventilation, and extraction required the implementation of steam power in min By the 1890s, electric cutting machines replaced the blasting method of loosening the coal in some mines, and by 1900 a quarter of American coal was mined using these methodsThe Interesting Evolution of the Coal Industry in America, English settlers discovered coal in Eastern North America in 1673, but commercial coal mining did not begin until the 1740s It remained a small industry until the early 1800s, as American settlers preferred to use the plentiful supplies of woodBrief History of Mining & Advancement of Mining Technology ,, Bituminous coal overtook anthracite in the mid-1800s In the 1960s, smaller coal companies merged into larger, more diversified firms In 2008, competition in the coal mining industry became more intense than ever, leading to a demand for better technology and new min History of Mining Technology In the beginning, miners used primitive ,
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With two projects, Pitt Student Government Board is aiming to highlight student achievement and diversity, Board members said Tuesday.
Pitt Voices, SGB's second project, is moving forward as the SGB Diversity Committee continues to meet and discuss the implementation.
The concept for Panther of the Month originated last year from former Board member Meghan Murphy who wanted to highlight the students who make a positive impact during their time at Pitt, but SGB implemented the idea too late last year, and there was only time for one Panther of the Month award last year. Board member Sam Jankowitz implemented the project again at Tuesday's meeting.
"The idea is to recognize students who are passionate about making Pitt better for everyone here," Jankowitz said.
Students can nominate themselves or someone else any time before Oct. 31. Each month, the application will be available until the last day of the month and the winner will be announced in the next week or two.
Initially, students had to be involved in three different organizations, but this year the Board decided to emphasize the quality of involvement more than the quantity. The only criteria for students is that they must be enrolled as full-time undergraduate students at the Pittsburgh campus.
Pitt Voices, the second project, is a photojournalism project culminating in a published magazine, led through SGB, that aims to highlight the experience of minority and marginalized groups on campus.
Based loosely off the Humans of Pitt project, the publication will be made up of portraits and more in-depth interviews with Pitt students. The project will culminate with a magazine published by March 2017.
Anish Kumar, a senior linguistics major, co-founded Humans of Pitt and is leading Pitt Voices.
"[Pitt Voices] is a diversity campaign focusing on the minority identity present on campus that people don't always know is there," Kumar said.
Kumar became intrigued with the idea of doing a larger project on diversity after a conversation with some of his friends led Kumar to think people at Pitt are not aware of the minority groups present at Pitt.
Since this year is Pitt's Year of Diversity, Kumar said the Pitt Voices project is coming at a particularly good time. SGB agreed to help spearhead the formation of the publication and created a committee to work on making the project a reality.
The SGB Diversity Committee this semester has been working to assemble photographers and writers interested in the project. They do not yet have a count of the number of people involved. Board member Alyssa Laguerta said she is excited about the legacy a published work on diversity will have.
SGB plans to invite the University to potentially collaborate and help fund the project.
Pitt Voices aims to wrap up the preliminary meetings and planning by the end of this semester. They may release periodic online publications next semester leading up to the print version.
Club Golf Team: The Pitt Club Golf Team requested $7,927.68 for registration and airfare to the national championships. The Board approved $7,103.68 and denied $824.
Men's Club Soccer: The Pitt Men's Soccer Club requested $2,060 for registration and lodging for the regional tournament. The Board approved $1,970 and denied $90.


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Advisory Board Bylaws
The purpose of the BREATHE Advisory Board is to advise, assist, support, and advocate for development and growth of extensive partnerships, both internal and external to the University of Kentucky. The specific purposes of the Board include:
Provide advice and counsel to the BREATHE Director and research team on matters for which external advice is critical. This may include long range planning and philanthropic endeavors as well as advice on achieving goals related to state, national, and international prominence in policy development, outreach and education, and research.
Increase awareness of the BREATHE team's work at the state, regional, national and international levels.
Serve as an advocacy network and ambassadors for the BREATHE team.
Members of the BREATHE Advisory Board must have attained prominence in their respective careers and are chosen for their value in providing sound counsel to the BREATHE team and its director.
Donna Arnett, PhD, MSPH
Prior Dean of College of Public Health University of Kentucky
Former BREATHE Board Member
Arnett Spotlight
Colmon Elridge
Vice President to Global Development and Membership
Elridge Spotlight
Linda Gorton, BSN
Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government
Gorton Spotlight
Stan Holmes
City Council Member
Radcliff, KY
Spotlight Coming soon!
Stephanie Hong
Director of Youth Services
Hong Spotlight
Debbie Long
Owner, Dudley's on Short
Long Spotlight
Timothy Wm. Mullett, M.D.
Professor of Surgery
Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Mark Neikirk
Scripps Howard Center for Civic Engagement
Lee T. Todd, Jr.
Retired President University of Kentucky
Todd Spotlight
Penny Warren, JD, MBA
Warren Spotlight
Ellen J. Hahn, PhD, RN, FAAN
Professor Marcia A. Dake Professorship, University of Kentucky
Director, Kentucky Center for Smoke-Free Policy
Janie Heath, PhD, APRN-BC, FAAN
Retired Dean and Warwick Professor of Nursing, University of Kentucky
Heath Spotlight
Kerrie Moore, MA
Director of Alumni and Philanthropy
University of Kentucky College of Nursing
BREATHE ADVISORY BOARD MEMBER BIOGRAPHIES
Donna Arnett, PhD, MSPH was the Dean of the UK College of Public Health. She is the former associate dean and chair of Epidemiology at the University of Alabama-Birmingham. Dr. Arnett is also the former president of the American Heart Association. A Kentucky native, Dr. Arnett obtained her Bachelors of Science degree in nursing and a Master's of Science in public health from the University of South Florida before earning her PhD in epidemiology at the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill. Dr. Arnett has been an NIH-funded researcher for 20 years and focuses her research on genes related to hypertensive disorders and organ damage that results from hypertension. Dr. Arnett served on the BREATHE board until 2022.
Colmon Elridge is Vice President of Global Development and Membership at International Coach Federation, a non-profit organization designed to help life coaches. Colmon earned a bachelor of arts degree in History from Transylvania University, master's degree in public administration from Eastern Kentucky University and master's degree in business administration from Sullivan University. Colmon previously worked as executive assistant to Governor Steve Beshear and was elected vice-president of the Young Democrats of America, and later appointed executive vice-president of that organization. Colmon currently serves on the boards of Prevent Child Abuse Kentucky, the Alzheimer's Association of Kentuckiana, the Bluegrass Center for Teacher Quality, Transylvania University, and as Board President of the Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation of Kentucky, as well as lending his time and energies to numerous other activities aimed at strengthening the broader Commonwealth of Kentucky. In 2014, Colmon was named as one of the Ten Outstanding Young Americans by the United States Junior Chamber of Commerce.
Linda Gorton received her Bachelor of Science in Nursing from the University of Kentucky. She worked as a registered nurse for Baptist Physicians of Lexington for 16 years. Linda was then elected as the Vice Mayor and Council Member for Lexington-Fayette County until she recently retired. Linda has been a long-time supporter of smoke-free legislation, voting for Lexington-Fayette County's smoke-free ordinance in 2003 (the first in Kentucky). Before retiring, Linda championed the amendment of Lexington's law to prohibit e-cigarette use in all workplaces. She is currently pursuing a career as a writer as a rural, agricultural, and urban enthusiast. On November 6, 2018, she returned to public service as mayor of the city of Lexington, KY.
Stan Holmes has served as a City Council Member for Radcliff, Kentucky since November 2006. He is an Adjunct Professor Professor since 2007 teaching courses on small business management, organizational behavior, and managerial decision making. He also provides professional development training and management consulting through his company, Success in Life, LLC. Mr. Holmes is a "numbers and data" guy, with interest in legislation, continuous education and professional development.
Stephanie Hong is the Director of Youth Services at Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government. She served previously as Executive Director at M.A.S.H. Drop In Emergency Shelter. She holds a masters degree in criminal justice from Eastern Kentucky University. Ms. Hong's interests are tobacco prevention education to youth; utilizing community resources; policy development and advocacy.
Debbie Long is owner of Dudley's on Short and its sister restaurant, Buddy's. She earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Kentucky in Special Education (Speech and Hearing). Debbie serves on the Lexington Chamber of Commerce, Downtown Lexington and Fayette Alliance boards, as well as others. Long has won numerous awards including 2001 Woman Business Owner of the Year; 2009 Smiley Pete Award; 1997 Kentucky Restaurant Association's President Plate Award; 2006 Blue Plate Award-Restaurateur of the Year by Plate magazine; and South's Best Restaurants By State by Southern Living magazine. Long is a member of the advisory boards of Ashland-The Henry Clay Estate and Sullivan College along with being a member of the Rural Land Management Board of Fayette County and serving as a member of the Board of Regents for Morehead State University.
Timothy Wm. Mullett, M.D. is a professor of surgery for the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery at the University of Kentucky. He received his medical degree from the University of Florida where he completed his residency in general surgery as well as his fellowship in pediatric and cardiothoracic surgery. His interests and specialties include surgical treatment of lung cancer, early detection of lung cancer, and pulmonary hypertension. Dr. Mullett is currently the Medical Director for the Markey Cancer Center Affiliate and Research Networks at UK and Co-Investigator for the Kentucky LEADS (Lung Cancer Education Awareness Detection Survivorship) Collaborative.
Mark Neikirk is the executive director of the Scripps Howard Center for Civic Engagement at Northern Kentucky University. The center works to connect the campus and community by supporting service learning classes, a student philanthropy program, a community lecture series featuring NKU students and faculty, and community public affairs forum. Mark's background includes 28 years as a journalist, lastly as managing editor of The Cincinnati Post. He is a member of the boards of the Friedell Committee for Healthcare Transformation, the Thomas D. Clark Foundation (University Press of Kentucky), the Behringer-Crawford Museum, and the Cincinnatus Association.
Lee T. Todd, Jr. was the 11th President of the University of Kentucky. Dr. Todd received a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from UK. He pursued graduate studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, earning his master's degree and a doctoral degree before returning to the University of Kentucky as faculty. Dr. Todd has founded two high-technology firms, DataBeam and Projectron. He has received numerous awards for his technical work including induction into the Telecon Magazine Hall of Fame, Kentucky Society of Professional Engineers, and Outstanding Business Leader of the Year to name a few. Dr. Todd was instrumental in providing leadership for UK's campus to go tobacco-free in 2009. The Lee T. Todd Smoke-free Hero Award is given out annually at the Kentucky Center for Smoke-free Policy's Spring Conference in his honor. Dr. Todd served on the BREATHE board from 2016-2021.
Penny Warren received her Master of Business Administration from the University of Arkansas and her Juris Doctor from the University of Kentucky College of Law. Penny was a partner at Wyatt, Tarrant, & Combs, LLP for 16 years before becoming the Director of Mediation and Family Courts Division for the Kentucky Administrative Office of the Courts. She then moved to an attorney position for the United States District Court for 8 years before starting her own practice. Penny is a passionate advocate for smoke-free environments.
Ellen Hahn, PhD, RN, FAAN is an Alumni Professor in the Colleges of Nursing and Public Health at UK. She holds the Marcia A. Dake Endowed Professorship in the College of Nursing. Dr. Hahn is Associate Director for the Center for Health Services Research, Faculty Associate at UK's NCI-designated Markey Cancer Center, and facilitator for the Lung Cancer Translational Research Group. Dr. Hahn received her undergraduate degree in nursing from Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University. She earned a Master of Arts in Health Education from The Ohio State University and a Master of Science in community health nursing from Indiana University. In 1992, she completed a PhD in health policy/health of the community with a minor in substance abuse and the family at Indiana University School of Nursing. Dr. Hahn directs the BREATHE (Bridging Research Efforts and Advocacy Toward Healthy Environments) research team which includes the Tobacco Policy Research Program, the Kentucky Center for Smoke-free Policy, and the Radon Policy Research Program. Through the Kentucky Center for Smoke-free Policy, Dr. Hahn and her colleagues have assisted many of Kentucky's 42 communities to go smoke-free. Hahn and colleagues have published multiple smoke-free workplace policy outcome studies showing positive health effects and no harm to business. In 2010, Dr. Hahn was inducted into the Sigma Theta Tau International Nurse Researcher Hall of Fame, and in 2011, she was inducted into the American Academy of Nursing. Dr. Hahn was named the 2012 UK Provost's Public Scholar, is the Co-Chair of the UK Tobacco-free Campus Initiative, and is an Ambassador for Friends of the National Institute of Nursing Research.
Janie Heath, PhD, APRN-BC, FAAN is the Dean and Warwick Professor of Nursing at the University of Kentucky. She was formerly an endowed professor of nursing and the chief academic officer at the University of Virginia and Georgia Health Sciences University. Dr. Heath earned her Master of Science Degree, with a clinical nurse specialist focus, from the University of Oklahoma and her post-master's certificate with an acute-adult nurse practitioner focus from the University of South Carolina. She completed her PhD in Nursing from George Mason University. She has more than 38 years of acute care nursing experience, has been awarded more than $12 million for academic and/or research initiatives, has generated more than 150 publications and abstracts, and served on numerous task forces for tobacco control.
Kerrie Moore, MA is the Alumni and Development Director for the University of Kentucky College of Nursing. She first worked for the College in the mid-1990's as an assistant to Dr. Marcia Stanhope, returning in 2008 as the Recruiter, Graduation and Scholarship Coordinator. Most recently, she was the College's Alumni and Annual Giving Coordinator.


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Arts + Life » Books
A Rare Man of Peace
Book review: Champlain's Dream
by Elisabeth Crean
Vermonters have christened everything from convenience stores to chocolate companies after Samuel de Champlain (ca. 1570-1635). The French explorer charted vast stretches of North America and created hundreds of place names for geographical features in his remarkably accurate, elaborately illustrated maps. But he named only one after himself: the lake that he, two French companions and a small party of Indian allies reached on July 14, 1609. Vermont's own, almost-Great Lake Champlain.
In Champlain's Dream, historian David Hackett Fischer recounts the Frenchman's dramatic arrival, exploration and lakeside battle at Ticonderoga in lavish and loving detail, as he does every aspect of Champlain's life. The monumental biography is sweeping in scope and scholarship. (Care for a refresher course on France's 16th-century Wars of Religion?) The Pulitzer Prize-winning author doesn't quite have David McCullough's ear for spinning academic history into delightful yarns. But he keeps the 531 pages of narrative flowing by confining some of the more arcane points to 110 pages of endnotes and 66 pages of appendices.
Fischer engages readers with refreshing insights and colorful particulars as the story unfolds. What happened on Lake Champlain 400 years ago is a riveting example. A full moon meant the French and Indian allies had to proceed slowly southward to remain concealed from their enemies. This gave the explorer time to appreciate the lake's abundant natural resources. In battle, he and his companions quickly defeated the much larger Mohawk forces. The Frenchmen's arquebuses, Champlain recalled, "astonished them so much that, seeing their chiefs dead, they lost courage, took to their heels, and abandoned the field and their fort, fleeing into the depth of the forest."
This clash was one of the rare times Champlain used firepower against the Indians. Fischer sharply contrasts Champlain's philosophy and practice with how the English, the Dutch and especially the Spanish treated America's native inhabitants. Other European powers saw the Indians as racially inferior and sought to remove or exploit them, through violence if necessary. Champlain spent several months covertly observing colonial rule in the Caribbean, where the Spanish enslaved Indians while forcibly converting them to Christianity. He noted that these practices were both cruel and ineffective, so outraging the Indians "that they made war against the Spaniards, and killed and ate them."
The historian delves deeply into the milieu of 16th-century France to explain other factors that shaped Champlain's more enlightened approach. Extant biographical info is surprisingly sparse for such an important figure. Even the year of his birth remains uncertain. Champlain wrote and published copiously about his voyages but little about his own life. In fact, he may have deliberately shrouded his personal background. Fischer examines one possible reason: Champlain may have been one of King Henri IV's many illegitimate sons.
So Fischer must pursue the man through his historical context, and this he does brilliantly. A full chapter on Henri and the Wars of Religion, for example, illuminates how Champlain and the king (his future royal patron) "both become men of humanity in a world of cruelty and violence." Having come of age on the battlefield, in the terrible crucible of civil war, they both committed themselves to ideals of peace and religious tolerance. Champlain's dream was a New France never torn by the conflicts that nearly destroyed Old France.
Fischer thoroughly documents and analyzes what Champlain achieved pursuing this vision. The gifted explorer and cartographer traveled through territory that now encompasses six Canadian provinces and five American states. The skilled mariner made 27 Atlantic crossings without losing a ship. The wily politician mastered dealing with Parisian court intrigue, negotiating peace with a dozen Indian tribes and leading struggling settlers through the remote colony's early days.
Although the facts themselves make Champlain's life extraordinary, Fischer's tone communicates a certain boosterism about his protagonist. He shows occasional flashes of defensiveness about academia's late-20th-century bias against Dead White Males, especially those who had any contact with Native Americans. He carefully deconstructs anything Champlain wrote about the Indians that appears condescending.
Native Americans had been living on Lake Champlain for a long time when the Frenchman showed up. But if it feels culturally sensitive (or politically correct) to be dismissive of the 400th anniversary, ponder this: Who considered Champlain a hero and preserved his memory most faithfully? Stories about the "great and brave" white man who came in peace persisted in the oral traditions of Indian tribes for centuries. And that truly fulfilled Champlain's dream.
Excerpt from Champlain's Dream, Chapter 7: Tadoussac — The Great Tabagie, 1603
In May 1603, Champlain first arrived in the St. Lawrence River Valley, the heart of what became New France, and later, the province of Québec. He landed at Tadoussac, where the Saguenay River empties into the St. Lawrence. A "huge assembly" of Montagnais and Algonquin Indians (Champlain estimated at least 1000) gathered for a tabagie, a "great tobacco feast ... to celebrate a victory over their common enemy, the Iroquois." Accompanying the explorer and his expedition commander, Pont-Gravé, were two young Montagnais interpreters. — E.C.
The two French leaders came ashore with their young Montagnais companions and walked boldly into camp. They showed not the slightest sign of fear or hostility — a demeanor that was very different from that of many Europeans...
One of the two Montagnais who had been to France ... talked at length of his good treatment by the people of France. Champlain remembered that the young Indian was heard "with the greatest possible silence." When he finished, the grand sagamore smoked a long pipe, passed it to the other sagamores and to Pont-Gravé, and began to speak "with great gravity." He said that "in truth they ought to be very glad to have His Majesty for their great friend."
[...] After more dances and celebrations the Indians retired to their lodges. Champlain delighted in their company. He was fascinated by their character and culture, and quick to perceive its complexity ... "They speak very deliberately," Champlain wrote, "as though they would make themselves well understood, and stopping suddenly, reflect for a good while, and then begin to speak again."
[...] Here was a moment of high importance in the history of North America. Nobody had planned these events, but both French and Indian leaders were quick to see an opportunity. The Great Tabagie marked the beginning of an alliance between the founders of New France and three Indian nations. The Indians gained a potential ally against their mortal enemies, the Iroquois. The French won support for settlement, exploration, and trade...
The leaders who had met at Pointe aux Alouettes also did something else. They gave tone to the alliance ... They treated each other with dignity, forbearance, and respect. They began to build an atmosphere of trust that was fundamental to relations between Europeans and Indians. They also kept it growing. When trust grew strong, many things were possible. When trust was lost, it was rarely regained. This meeting was important for that spirit, as well as for its substance. It marked the beginning of a relationship that was unique in the long history of European colonization in America. Something of its spirit has endured in Canada between Europeans and Indians even to our own time—an extraordinary achievement.
The Quadricentennial Issue
Like, oh my Quad! Quadricentennial, that is. After a long build-up, the massive celebration on account of Samuel de Champlain's arrival here 400 years ago is finally upon us, and we can hardly contain the puns.
This week we preview some events in the Burlington International Waterfront Festival — see Dan Bolles' Q&A with Steve Earle. But while we look forward to the fun, this issue also looks back — at the rich human and natural history surrounding Lake Champlain. Lauren Ober visits four individuals whose livelihoods and passions have depended on the water. She also tours the embattled Fort Montgomery across the lake. Elisabeth Crean wades through the hefty bio of Champlain the peaceful explorer, and Alice Levitt forages at the Abenaki Traditional Garden in the Intervale. Marc Awodey offers the most sobering perspective with a poem about lives lost beneath the waves.
Any way you look at it, Champlain is a lake with stories worth telling.
This is just one article from our 2009 Quadricentennial Issue. Click here for more Quadricentennial stories.
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Books books history book review non-fiction quadricentennial


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