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Ма́рковичі — село в Україні, у Луцькому районі Волинської області. Населення за переписом 2001 року становить 391 осіб.

Географія
Село розташоване на лівому березі річки Безіменки, лівої притоки Липи.

Археологічні відомості
Перше перебування людей на цій території відноситься до ранньої кам'яної доби, підтвердженням цього є знайдені в середині 70-х р. XX ст. кремнієві сокири епохи палеоліту.

На території села у 2013 р. було знайдено скіфську вуздечкову зооморфну прикрасу, яка датується IV—III ст. до н. е. Прикраса являє собою фігурний щиток, від верхнього кінця якого відходить вперед голівка тварини, повернута у фас. Вона оздоблювала кінську вуздечку. Ця історична знахідка підтверджує факт перебування на території сучасного села скіфських вершників, з якими племена неврів, що проживали тоді на цій території, підтримували торговельні контакти.

На території села біля урочища «Безодня» виявлено багатошарове поселення, а в урочищі «Замогилля» — курган невизначеного часу, які віднесено до пам'яток археології Волинської області, що перебувають під охороною держави. Село Марковичі як населений пункт утворилося в період Київської Русі (Х-ХІ ст.), свідченням цього є археологічні старожитності цього періоду, виявлені на території села.

Історія
Першою писемною згадкою про село Марковичі є грамота польського короля Казимира Ягеллончика 1450 року, якою він надав луцькому зем'янину Олізару Шиловичу Марковичі, а також Серники, Любче, Горохів, Губин тільки в Луцькому повіті. В наступному році Казимир IV підтвердив Олізару Шиловичу його вотчинні маєтності. З часом Олізар Шилович займав посади володимирського старости та маршалка волинського.

З 1496 році село Марковичі належить володимирському наміснику Василеві Хрептовичу, що підтверджується грамотою польського короля Олександра Ягеллончика. Разом з Марковичами Василь Хрептович одержав довічно у власність Горохів з присілками Підліски, Старий Став, Рачин, Озірці , які після смерті Олізара Шиловича його вдова Федка Юршанка у 1486 році подарувала польському королю. У 1514 році Василь Хрептович заповідає частину своїх володінь дочці Ганні — дружині князя Андрія Михайловича Сангушковича-Кошерського.

30 червня 1545 року в маєтку Конюхи княжна Ганна Василівна Хрептович підписує заповіт (тестамент) про дарування частини Горохова з селами Марковичі, Підліски, Старий Став, Рачин і Озірці своєму синові Олександру Андрійовичу Сангушковичу. Ревізія Луцького замку 1552 року підтверджує, що Горохів і частина сіл, у тому числі і Марковичі, належать князеві Олександру Сангушко-Кошерському. Наступними власниками села Марковичі були також князі Сангушки — Лев Олександрович (1536?-1571), Григорій Львович (1566?-1602), Адам Григорович (? — 1653).

Шляхта і магнати часто здавали свої маєтки або їх частину в оренду за відповідну плату, адже вони завжди потребували грошей. Так, 21 квітня 1620 р. за сприяння возного Томаша Мицевського князь Адам Сангушко надав в оренду на чотири роки колківському підприємливому єврею Маєру Давидовичу місто Горохів і села Старий Горохів, Озерці, Марковичі та Рачин. В угоді застерігалося, що до оренди не входив замок. Все це з «дворами, фолварками, зе збожями вшелякими, з бояры, людми тяглыми, огородниками и подсуседками, з их платы, чинъшами, подводами и всякими повинъностями, з кгрунъты пашными и сеножатными, з ставами, млынами и их вымерками и их спустами и зъ ловенъем рыбъ вшеляких, з гаями, дубровами, лесами, запустами и зо всими пожитками малыми и великими».

В грудні 1622 р. горохівський війт Омелян Никифорович Островський здав Маєру Давидовичу за 2000 злотих на рік (від Великодня 1622 р. до такого ж свята 1623 р.) в оренду горілчану корчму, міські млини, а також корчми в селах, що належали до м. Горохова: Старому Горохові, Марковичах, Рачині та Озерцях «при томъ мыта, капъщизну од пива и меду водле звычаю давного зовсими тое аренъды пожитъками и приходами и приналежностями», але у грудні позбавив його оренди.

У 1629 році мешканці села Марковичі сплачували податку 50 димів. Подимне («дим») — податок з хати. За кількістю «димів» (хат) можна визначити приблизну кількість людності в селі. Припустімо, що в кожному «димі» проживала родина із шести осіб, то загальна чисельність мешканців села Марковичі мала б на той час становити 300 осіб. Для порівняння, у 1629 р. у Горохові було 152 будинки.

У 1629 році в селі вже діяла дерев'яна церква Святого Архістратига Михаїла, що підтверджують відомості сплати подимного податку (серед інших димів (хат) згадується хата священника, з якої подимне не було сплачено).

У 1645 році село Марковичі вже належало Киліану Вельгорському (нар. 1600 р.), підстарості володимирському (1637 р.), королівському ротмістру, підчашому волинському (1649—1653 рр.), якому продав його князь Адам Сангушко , обтяжений на той час багатьма боргами.

Наступними власниками села ймовірно були: Юрій Вельгорський (помер в 1684 р.), підкоморій володимирський, каштелян волинський (1681 р.), полковник, учасник битви під Віднем 12 вересня 1683 року, у якій об'єднані польсько-австрійсько-німецько-козацькі війська під проводом Яна Собеського розгромили турецькі війська;  Анна Вельгорська, волинська каштелянка, вдова за Юрієм Вельгорським, фундаторка створення мурованого костелу Святої Трійці та монастиря тринітаріїв у Львові; Вацлав Вельгорський (1679—1709), каштелян волинський; Іоанна Вельгорська, вдова за Вацлавом Вельгорським; Фелікс Вельгорський (помер у 1737 р.), ротмістр королівського війська, волинський урядник, посол до сейму від Володимирського повіту у 1730 р.; Михайло Вельгорський (1730—1794), відомий державний діяч Речі Посполитої, граф, великий обозний коронний (1758-1762), кухмістр великий литовський у роках 1763-1774, учасник Барської Конфедерації, політичний письменник.

Щоб покрити свої борги, Михайло Вельгорський у 1791 році змушений був продати частину своїх маєтків разом з Марковичами принцу Станіславу Понятовскому, племіннику короля.

Наступний власник села Марковичі Станіслав Понятовський, племінник польського короля, великий екс-скарбник литовський, емігруючи за кордон, у 1795 році перепродав село Валеріанові Стройновському (1753—1834), земському судді, відомому політичному і громадському діячеві Речі Посполитої. У 1821 році село успадкувала його дочка Валерія Тарновська (1782—1849), а після її переїзду на постійне місце проживання в Дзіковський замок, село перейшло у власність до її сина Тадея Тарновського (1819—1890). Загальна площа його володінь у селі Марковичі становила 477 десятин, або 521,1 га. Площа орних земель у даному маєтку становила 375 десятин, площа лісів — 102 десятини.

Відомості про соціальне становище мешканців села у період з 1841 до 1927 року, їх прізвища, дати народження, шлюбів, смерті  містяться в метричних книгах православної церкви  Святого Архістратига Михаїла, які зберігаються у державному архіві Волинської області.

За переписом 1911 року в селі М. було 487 мешканців, кредитове товариство, водяний млин. У 1921 році в селі М. проживало 413 мешканців, з них: 191 — чоловіки, 221 — жінка. Кількість будинків у селі — 78. За національною приналежністю мешканці села становили: поляків — 9, українців — 404. За віросповіданням: 2 — римокатолики, 404 — православні, 7 — інших віросповідань.

Населення
Згідно з переписом УРСР 1989 року чисельність наявного населення села становила 405 осіб, з яких 193 чоловіки та 212 жінок.

За переписом населення України 2001 року в селі мешкало 385 осіб.

Мова
Розподіл населення за рідною мовою за даними перепису 2001 року:

Відомі люди
 Лотоцький Микола Логінович — підполковник Армії УНР.
 Корецька Клавдія Данилівна — поетеса. Серед книг письменниці — «Час пік» (1990), «Збирачі купальського вогню» (1993), «Відкрите небо» (1999), «Між зіркою і Аїдом» (2002), «В очікуванні Адама» (2007), «Еміграція в осінь» (2011), «Павутинка» (2012), «Маленький український ангел» (2016).
 Гаврисюк Аркадій Дмитрович (1954—2017), у 1981 році закінчив з відзнакою Львівський політехнічний інститут за спеціальністю «Електропостачання промислових підприємств, міст і сільського господарства», з 1981 року працював у Нововолинському електромеханічному технікумі на посадах викладача електротехнічних дисциплін, завідувача заочного відділення, з 2000 року — заступником директора закладу освіти з навчально-виробничої роботи.

Книга пам'яті мешканців села Марковичі, які віддали своє життя у боротьбі з фашизмом в роки Другої світової війни
 Бомбалюк Петро Іванович, 1906 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Загинув 15 лютого 1945 р. Похований у с. Нойхальселдорф, Польща.
 Бороновський Іван Йосипович, 1919 р. Волинська область, Горохівський район, с. Марковичі. Мобілізований Горохівським РВК. Зник безвісти. Знайдений у ході пошукових робіт на місці колишнього табору військовополонених у м. Борисові (Шталаг 382) військовослужбовцями 52 оспб ЗС РБ. Встановлений по медальйону.
 Гань Яків Павлович, 1914 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Загинув 26 січня 1945 р. Похований у с. Завєти, Нестеровський район, Калінінградська область.
 Дацюк Володимир Корнійович, 1924 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Помер від ран 26 лютого 1945 р. Похований у р. Гродзанув, Вроцлавське воєводство, Польща.
 Дацюк Іван Матвійович, 1903 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Загинув у 1945 р. Похований у м. Клострин, Польща.
 Дацюк Онуфрій Ілліч, 1923 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Помер від ран 20 березня 1945 р. Похований у м. Люблін, Польща.
 .Загоруйко Давид Кіндратович, 1901 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Загинув 14 квітня 1945 р. Похований у с. Черепаново, Гурєвський район, Калінінградська область.
 .Затірка Арсеній Степанович, 1916 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Загинув у вересні 1944 р.
 .Звонковський Іван Васильович, 1906 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1941 р. Рядовий. Пропав безвісти у жовтні 1944 р.
 Кекоцький Іван Андрійович, 1913 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Загинув 15 вересня 1944 р. Похований у с. Вимерки, Тарнобжегське воєводство, Польща.
 Косюк Онуфрій Павлович, 1912 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Загинув у 1944 р. Похований у Польщі.
 Куб'як Максим Йосипович, 1901 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Зник безвісти в 1945 р.
 Кульчицький Василь Антонович, 1907 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Зник безвісти в 1944 р. в Польщі.
 Мушит Павло Пилипович, 1903 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Загинув 26 березня 1945 р. Похований у с. Мала Гура, Чехія.
 Павлик Михайло Спиридонович, 1912 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Зник безвісти в 1944 р.
 Притула Максим Васильович, 1922 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований в 1944 р. Молодший лейтенант. Загинув 23 березня 1945 р. Похований у с. Вайянова, Гданське воєводство, Польща.
 Приходько Степан Захарович, 1911 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Пропав безвісти у грудні 1944 р.
 Пудровський Максим Михайлович, 1905 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1941 р. Рядовий. Загинув у 1944 р. в Санкт-Петербурзі.
 Солтис Микола Петрович, 1925 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Помер від ран 27 вересня 1944 р. Похований у м. Сандомир, Тарнобжегське воєводство, Польща.
 Солтис Петро Петрович, 1912 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1941 р. Рядовий. Загинув у червні 1941 р. поблизу м. Сокаля, Львівська область.
 Солтис Степан Митрофанович, 1904 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Загинув 12 березня 1945 р. Похований у с. Лансиняс, Тукумський район, Латвія.
 Харчук Максим Сидорович, 1918 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Загинув у 1944 р. Похований у Польщі.
 Харчук Семен Павлович, 1912 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Загинув 12 жовтня 1945 р. Похований у м. Пряшів, Словаччина.
 Хіль Євтихій Данилович, 1903 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Загинув у 1944 р.
 Швайковський Іван Якович, 1922 р. с. Марковичі Горохівського району Волинської області. Мобілізований у 1944 р. Рядовий. Загинув 7 лютого 1945 р. Похований у м. Бредельвитц, Польща.
 Жельчик Левко Федорович

Село у творчості поетів

Примітки

Джерела
 Блануца А. Земельні надання та підтвердження Казимира Ягеллончика на українські землі Великого князівства Литовського. — Режим доступу: http:// history.org.ua/journall/uacenter/7/6./pdf
 Добинда І. П. Історико-культурні рекреаційні ресурси поселень Волинської області: суспільно-географічна оцінка. Чернівці, 2016.
 Заяць А. «Єврейське» щастя: як волинський єврей Маєр Давидович збирав свій капітал (перша половина XVII ст.). с. 255—274. — СОЦІУМ. Альманах соціальної історії / Гол. ред. В. Смолій; Відп. ред. В. Горобець. НАН України. Інститут історії України, Центр соціальної історії. — Вип. 11–12. — К.: Інститут історії України, 2015. — 410 с.  — * Тинченко Я. Офіцерський корпус Армії Української Народної Республіки (1917—1921): Наукове видання. — К. : Темпора, 2007. — 254 с. — ISBN 966-8201-26-4.

 Цинкаловський О. Стара Волинь і Волинське Полісся. Т. 2. Вінніпег, 1986.
 Aftanazy R. Dzieje rezydencji na dawnych kresach Rzeczy Pospolitej. T.V.- Wroclaw, 1994.
 Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej opracowany na podstawie Pierwszego Powszechnego Spisu Ludności z dn. 30 wrzesnia 1921 r. i innych źródeł urzedowych. T. 9 : Województwo Wołyńskie | Główny Urząd Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej.
 Epsztein Tadeusz. Polska własność ziemska na Ukrainie w 1890 roku. Wydawnictwo: Neriton. Instytut Historii PAN. 2009, s. 476.
 Книга пам'яті України.1941-1945. Електронна база даних. — http://www.memory-book.com.ua/people/book/24?page=129
Луцький музей збагатився унікальною знахідкою скіфського часу. - https://p-p.com.ua/news/40473/
Зведений каталог метричних книг, що зберігаються в державних архівах України : міжархів. довідник: Том 1: Метричні книги у фондах державних архівів Волинської, Дніпропетровської, Закарпатської областей / Держкомархів України, Укр. наук.-досл. ін-т архів. справи та документознавства; упоряд.: С. Зворський, М. Ковтун. – К., 2009. – 810 с.
Kłaczewski W. Sanguszko Adam Aleksander, książę z linii koszyrskiej (ok. 1590—1653) // Polski Słownik Biograficzny. — Wrocław — Warszawa — Kraków : Zakład Narodowy Imienia Ossolińskich, Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 1993. — T. XXXIV/3. — Zeszyt 142. — S. 464—467. Режим доступу: https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/adam-aleksander-sanguszko

Посилання
 Погода в селі Марковичі

Населені пункти Луцького району
Села Волинської області


Dirty Electricity, EMFs and Health presentation at the 2010 NEXUS Conference by Donna Fisher.
The Expanding Earth & 2012 presentation at the 2010 NEXUS Conference by Dr James Maxlow.
Frequency Healing Technology presentation at the 2010 NEXUS Conference by Dr Kathy Forti.
The Trillion Dollar Conspiracy & the NWO presentation at the 2010 NEXUS Conference by Jim Marrs.
Hidden History presentation at the 2010 NEXUS Conference by Jim Marrs.
HCG Hormones, Body Fat & Health presentation at the 2010 NEXUS Conference by Sherrill Sellman.
All 14 conference DVDs from the 2010 NEXUS Conference.
UFOs, Exopolitics & Disclosure presentation at the 2010 NEXUS Conference by Stephen Bassett.


text:
BJU commemorates 9/11 tragedy with front campus display, chapel service
InstaMeet to give students opportunity to explore University, fellowship
Investiture ceremony to honor new president
Published by Collegian Staff at September 13, 2014
The Bob Jones University student body commemorated the 9/11 tragedy with a patriotic display on front campus. Photo: Tatiana Bento
As the nation paused to remember the tragic events of Sept. 11, 2001, the student body at Bob Jones University did its part to ensure that America would not forget the day that changed the lives of so many forever.
Beginning Sept. 8, a group of student volunteers, including the entire men's intercollegiate basketball team, began assembling a display of miniature American flags near the Wade Hampton Boulevard entrance to the campus. The flags are arranged on either side of the entrance, depicting the World Trade Center on one side and the Pentagon on the other.
The flag-formed silhouettes measure 12 feet wide and 80 feet tall for each Twin Tower and 80 feet wide and 80 feet tall for the Pentagon. Each flag in the display represents one of the 2,977 people who perished in the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
"It's important for all of us to remember what happened on 9/11," said BJU President Steve Pettit in a statement released by the University. "Many lost their lives in heroic attempts to save others. We owe a debt of gratitude to those first responders who, day in and day out, never shrink from their duty to protect and serve others."
Men's student body president Matthew Arnold, who helped to arrange the display, said he hopes it will be a memorial to all the lives lost on 9/11, especially as we get further away from that date.
"It's an event that should never be forgotten," he said. "As the Student Leadership Council, we want to do our part to make sure that the student body doesn't forget."
Women's student body president Carol Anne Matthews, who was also actively involved in the initiative, was impressed with the level of student involvement.
"Just to see students come out and get involved with that type of thing, especially at the beginning of the semester, was phenomenal to see," she said.
In addition to the flag display, BJU commemorated the 9/11 tragedy with a special chapel service on Thursday, Sept. 11. During this special service, a piece of steel girder, originally from the North Tower at the World Trade Center in New York City, given to the University by the September 11th Families' Association, was unveiled.
The flags on front campus will remain on display until Monday, Sept. 15.
Collegian Staff
Copyright (c) 2020 Shutterstock. Photos used with permission.
Biden declared winner, results still disputed by Trump
Health Sciences panel to discuss transgenderism in healthcare
Editorial: Giving Back?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Michael Savage let loose with a rant today that should have his conservative admirers, as well as the entire military, calling him a "traitor". Not only did the hateful, conservative Savage disparage the thousands of veterans who fought for the country that enables him to go on his spiteful diatribes, but he also insulted the entire nation, calling the U.S. a "weak, sick nation" that is "being laughed at" by other countries.
On his radio show, Savage was discussing the possible renaming of a tunnel in San Francisco after the late actor Robin Williams, who committed suicide after battling depression. Savage argued with a caller to his show, who happened to be a veteran suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), about the renaming of the bridge, which Savage is against because it would glorify suicide. After the call was over, Savage launched his abhorrent denunciation of those suffering from depression and PTSD.
SAVAGE: I am so sick and tired of everyone with their complaints about PTSD, depression. Everyone wants their hand held, and a check — a government check. What are you, the only generation that had PTSD? The only generation that's depressed? I'm sick of it. I can't take the celebration of weakness and depression.See, I was raised a little differently. I was raised to fight weakness. I was raised to fight pain. I was raised to fight depression. Not to give into it. Not to cave into it and cry like a little baby in bed. "Boo-hoo-hoo. Boo-hoo-hoo." Everyone has depression in their life. Everyone has sickness and sadness and disease. And loss of relatives. And loss of career. Everyone has depression in their life. But if the whole nation is told, "boo-hoo-hoo, come and get a medication, come and get treatment, talk about mental illness." You know what you wind up with? You wind up with Obama in the White House and liars in every phase of the government. That's what you wind up with. It's a weak, sick, nation. A weak, sick, broken nation. And you need men like me to save the country. You need men to stand up and say stop crying like a baby over everything. Stand up already. Stop telling me how sick you are and sad you are. Talk about the good things in your life.
When have you last heard that? Oh, everyone's holding their hand. "Oh, welcome to Good Morning America, sir. You almost committed suicide, how interesting. Please tell us your story." Maybe a young child who's on the edge can commit suicide. What a country. No wonder we're being laughed at around the world. No wonder ISIS can defeat our military. Take a look at that. Take a look at that, why people aren't even getting married anymore to have children. They don't even have the guts to raise a child. The men are so weak, and so narcissistic, all they want to do is have fun. Bunch of losers. Just go have a brewski and look at the 49ers, you idiot, you. They won't even get married, won't have a child, it takes too much of a man to do that. What a country. You're not a man, you're a dog. A dog raises babies better than most American men do.
It's rather ironic that Savage refers to others as "narcissistic" given his "And you need men like me to save the country" remark, huh?
Listen to it below, from Media Matters.
The post Michael Savage Launches Despicable Attack On 'Weak' Veterans With PTSD (Video) appeared first on Firebrand Progressives.
Yeah, you jealous lazy drunks! Be more like Ben Stein!
He uses the word narcissist but yet his one by saying "you need man like me." We don't need man like him that think society should run in a stereotype view. Guys and girls have the right to cry. Also, if we don't take care of people who have PTSD or any mental disorder then that is going to raise crime rates and people going postal.


text:
Q: How does macOS High Sierra generate bold weights for its system font? Apple's new system font, "San Francisco", has two versions - "Compact", for display on small screens like the Apple Watch, and a regular version for display on larger screens like macOS devices.
I am looking to replace the system font on my Mac from SF Regular to SF Compact. This is the procedure I'm using:
https://www.macissues.com/2014/11/21/how-to-change-the-default-system-font-in-mac-os-x/
Previously, the macOS font files in the /System/Library/Fonts folder included separate .ttf files for each font weight (bold, light, regular, etc.) On High Sierra, however, there is only one .ttf file containing a single font weight (regular).
The file is located here: /System/Library/Fonts/SFNSText.ttf. Using Fontforge, I replaced the alphanumeric glyphs of this font with those from the SF Compact file /System/Library/Fonts/SFCompactText-Regular.otf.
After restart, the following happens:

Any interface text that would normally be bold now fails to render.
For reference, with stock system font:

So, my question is: How does macOS display generate bold type instances of the system font?
What's interesting to note is that even when I only modify certain characters ("C", "r", "m"), the entire bold string ("Chrome") fails to render. This leads me to believe that the individual glyphs are not the issue, rather, something is being changed during Fontforge export. Fontforge does have a feature which allows for "Multiple Masters" - different weights and widths of a font contained in the same TTF file, but the original Apple-provided SF font (SFNSText.ttf) does not include any "Multiple Masters".
Any help would be greatly appreciated!
Edit: I am aware that there are also Display and Text variants of both fonts (SF and SF Compact). The menu bar uses the Text variant, so I am focusing on that one.

A: If you go to Apple Fonts you can download the SF Pro or SF Compact Fonts. When I download and open the SF Pro I got 30 .otf files for Text and Display fonts. I installed these using Font Book. This installed SF Text and SF Display. SF Text contains 16 variations ranging from Regular to Bold and including Semi-Bold, Heavy Italics, and Text Light among others.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: jquery delete selected comment I have made a forum and I want the user to delete their comment if they don't want it.
Now it deletes the first post and not the post that they have clicked "delete" on.
How can I check that its the comment they click on that gets deleted?
I have made this:
$(function() {
    $(".slet").click( function(event) {
        event.preventDefault();
        //$(this).css("background-color","#000");
        var id = "<?=$deleteID?>";
        //alert(id);
        $("#forum_content").fadeOut();
    });
});

and my php:
it is a little messy.
        <?php foreach ($comments as $comment): ?>

        <?php
            if($comment->level == "admin")
            {
                echo '
';
            }
        ?>

<img width="90" height="90" src="<?php echo base_url();?>images/users/thumbs/<?php echo $query->profile_picture; ?>">

<?php echo anchor('profil/index/'.$comment->kommentar_brugernavn, $comment->kommentar_brugernavn); ?>
                 Siger

<?php echo nl2br($comment->indhold); ?>

                <abbr class="timeago" title="<?php echo $comment->dato; ?>"><?php echo $comment->dato; ?>
                <?php
                if($this->session->userdata('logget_ind') == 1 &&
                   $this->session->userdata('username') == $comment->brugernavn &&
                   time() - $comment->time < 300)
               { echo "- Ret - Slet";
                 $deleteID = $comment->commentID;
                } ?>

            <?php if ($comment->level == "admin") { ?>
 <?php } ?>

        <?php endforeach ?>

A: On each page use a counter, on which you assign a unique id to each comment from as it's added. That way you can delete comments irrelevant of their order (original or ordered).

A: Change the line echo "- Ret - Slet" to
echo "- Ret - commentID."' href=''>Slet"

and the click handler to:
$(function() {
    $(".slet").click( function(event) {
        event.preventDefault();
        //$(this).css("background-color","#000");
        var id = $(this).attr("id").replace(/[^0-9]/g, "");
        alert(id);
        $("#forum_content").fadeOut();
    });
});


text:
define(function (require, exports, module) {
    "use strict";

    var _                = brackets.getModule("thirdparty/lodash"),
        ExtensionManager = brackets.getModule("extensibility/ExtensionManager"),
        ExtensionUtils   = brackets.getModule("utils/ExtensionUtils"),
        FileSystem       = brackets.getModule("filesystem/FileSystem"),
        FileUtils        = brackets.getModule("file/FileUtils");

    var Promise           = require("bluebird");

    var moduleDirectory   = ExtensionUtils.getModulePath(module),
        packageJsonPath   = moduleDirectory.slice(0, -1 * "src/".length) + "package.json",
        packageJson;

    // immediately read the package json info
    var readPromise = FileUtils.readAsText(FileSystem.getFileForPath(packageJsonPath)),
        jsonPromise = Promise.cast(readPromise)
            .then(function (content) {
                packageJson = JSON.parse(content);
                return packageJson;
            });

    // gets the promise for extension info which will be resolved once the package.json is read
    exports.get = function () {
        return jsonPromise;
    };

    // gets the extension info from package.json, should be safe to call once extension is loaded
    exports.getSync = function () {
        if (packageJson) {
            return packageJson;
        } else {
            throw new Error("[brackets-git] package.json is not loaded yet!");
        }
    };

    // triggers the registry download if registry hasn't been downloaded yet
    function loadRegistryInfo() {
        var registryInfo = ExtensionManager.extensions[packageJson.name].registryInfo;
        if (!registryInfo) {
            return Promise.cast(ExtensionManager.downloadRegistry());
        } else {
            return Promise.resolve();
        }
    }

    // gets the latest version that is available in the extension registry or null if something fails
    function getLatestRegistryVersion() {
        return loadRegistryInfo().then(function () {
            var registryInfo = ExtensionManager.extensions[packageJson.name].registryInfo;
            return registryInfo.metadata.version;
        }).catch(function () {
            return null;
        });
    }

    // responds to callback with: hasLatestVersion, currentVersion, latestVersion
    exports.hasLatestVersion = function (callback) {
        getLatestRegistryVersion().then(function (registryVersion) {
            if (registryVersion === null) {
                callback(true, packageJson.version, "unknown");
            } else {
                var has = packageJson.version >= registryVersion;
                callback(has, packageJson.version, registryVersion);
            }
        });
    };

    exports.getInstalledExtensions = function () {
        var rv = {};
        _.each(ExtensionManager.extensions, function (obj, name) {
            if (obj.installInfo && obj.installInfo.locationType !== "default") {
                rv[name] = {
                    name: obj.installInfo.metadata.title,
                    version: obj.installInfo.metadata.version
                };
            }
        });
        return rv;
    };
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Although mistreated by her cruel stepmother and stepsisters, Cinderella is able to attend the royal ball through the help of a fairy godmother.
I'm walking here! I'm walking here!
In this magical tale about the boy who refuses to grow up, Peter Pan and his mischievous fairy sidekick Tinkerbell visit the nursery of Wendy, Michael, and John Darling.
Aide: We are in sight of the towers of home and your father's palace.
Prince: It hardly seems like we've been gone for an entire year.
Aide: I sent messengers ahead to tell of your arrival.
Prince: I am dying of thirst. Let us stop at that cottage.
I was nine years old in 1965, and I fell head-over-heels in love with Lesley Ann Warren when I saw this film. I haven't seen it since the late '60s or so, but I still remember the songs and the overall feel of this classic (from a nine-year-old's point of view, of course). That just goes to show what a powerful effect a film can have when everything is done just right. One of these days I'll find this and watch again. Until then, I still have my memories.
23 of 26 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?


text:
The TRIPS Waiver: Intellectual Property, Access to Essential Medicines, and the Coronavirus COVID-19
Australian Centre for Health Law Research
QUT Faculty of Business and Law
Z1064, Gibson Room, Level 10, Z Block
QUT Gardens Point Campus
This research event focuses upon the geopolitical debate over access to essential medicines during the coronavirus public health crisis. This event brings together researchers, experts and scholars working in the field of access to essential medicines — ranging through the disciplines of intellectual property, public health law, human rights, international law, and trade law.
There has been a remarkable effort to engage in research and development of vaccines, treatments, and diagnostics in response to the coronavirus public health crisis. Yet, there has been global concern over 'vaccine nationalism', 'vaccine inequity', 'vaccine hoarding', and 'vaccine apartheid' during the public health crisis. Civil society organisations — such as the People's Vaccine Alliance Oxfam, MSF, Human Rights Watch, and Universities Allied for Essential Medicines — and the labor movement of unions have lobbied for a People's Vaccine. As a result of a concern about the devastating impact of COVID-19, South Africa and India have put forward a proposal for a TRIPS Waiver in respect of intellectual property and technologies, such as vaccines, treatments, and diagnostics. Over a hundred countries have thus far supported the proposal for a TRIPS Waiver.
After taking an 'America First' approach under the Trump Administration, the United States Government under the Biden Administration has revised the national position and supported a TRIPS Waiver for Vaccines. After some deliberation, the governments of New Zealand and Australia have supported this option. Key European nations — such as Germany — have resisted the adoption of a TRIPS Waiver. The European Union has put forward a counter-proposal to the TRIPS Waiver — focusing on intellectual property flexibilities. A number of other countries such as the United Kingdom have been reluctant to support a TRIPS Waiver. There also remain a few nations — like Canada — which have been uncommitted to a position in the geopolitical debate over the TRIPS Waiver. Pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology developers, and medical diagnostics firms have been lobbying against a TRIPS Waiver.
This event will also explore the key disciplines of intellectual property — including patent law, trade mark law, copyright law, and related rights, such as confidential information, trade secrets, and database protection. There will be a strong focus upon public health law, policy and institutions. There will also be a larger consideration of international law — particularly trade-related agreements, such as the TRIPS Agreement, the Doha Declaration, the WTO General Council Decision, and the TRIPS Waiver. There will also be a consideration of the role of international institutions during the coronavirus crisis — such as UNAIDS, the World Health Organization, the World Trade Organization, and the World Intellectual Property Organization.
This research workshop will also consider the regulation of data and information in respect of coronavirus. There will be a discussion of vaccine hesitancy, COVID-19 misinformation, and COVID-19 fraud. In its consideration of the 'info-demic', the event will draw upon the disciplines of health law, consumer protection, media regulation, and criminal law.
This event is hosted by the Australian Centre for Health Law Research (ACHLR) — based at the QUT Faculty of Business and Law. This event is part of the Centre's research activity in respect of the legal, ethical, and public policy dimensions of the coronavirus.
This event will be subject to QUT's management plans and rules in light of COVID-19. There will be a limited physical audience for this event — capped at 30 people. Registrations are only required for physical attendance of the event.
This event is a hybrid event — with live physical presentations by Queensland-based speakers, supplemented by pre-recorded presentations by interstate and international speakers.
The physical presentations will be recorded by the AV Unit of QUT, and made available afterwards. A few interstate and international speakers will be delivering their talks by video.
Picture Credit: Oxfam, People's Vaccine Campaign (but it should be noted that this is not an Oxfam event).
We acknowledge the Turrbal and Yugara peoples as the First Nation owners of the lands of where QUT now stands. For thousands of years the Turrbal and Yugara people have gathered along the banks of Maiwar, the Brisbane River, to share their knowledge and stories. We pay our respects to their Elders, lores, customs, and creation spirits. We recognise that these lands where QUT now stands have always been places of teaching, researching and learning. We acknowledge the important role Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people play within our QUT community. From Moreton Bay, inland as far as the Great Dividing Range near Warwick and Toowoomba. As far north as the Caboolture River including the lands around Brisbane city, Meanjin. Yeru yeru yinala balka bebalka (greeting, come and gather) ngai nuguru nguru (my ancestor spirits) mara makura (share old stories and teachings); nunya birralee (thank you sky country) nunya Biame (thank you God). Welcome to the traditional country of the Turrbal and Yugara people.
Session 1 — Pandemics and Public Health Emergencies (9:00 am — 10:30 am)
Unmasked: The Politics of Pandemics
Bill Bowtell (by video)
Nature creates viruses. But people and politics create pandemics. And pandemics create new politics. In the 1980s, the toxic politics of the response to HIV/AIDS turned a serious but manageable viral threat into a global pandemic that took the lives of 32 million people and brought illness and suffering to millions more. In 2020, COVID-19 emerged into a world where many governments had failed to heed the lessons of the past, and so they were unprepared and unable to stop its global spread. But some countries had learned the harsh lessons of HIV/AIDS, and had contained SARS1, Ebola, Zika and MERS. When coronavirus hit, they knew what to do to save their people from avoidable infections and deaths.
In Unmasked: the Politics of Pandemics, Bill Bowtell draws on his four decades of experience in the global and local politics of public health to examine why some countries got it right with coronavirus while others collapsed into misery and chaos. He looks closely at the critical weeks when poor planning brought Australia to the brink of disaster, until the Australian people forced their governments to put public health before politics. Unmasked reveals how and why our politicians failed us during the greatest public health crisis of this century to date.
Bill Bowtell AO is one of Australia's foremost health policy strategists. As senior adviser to the Australian health minister, Bill Bowtell was an architect of Australia's world-renowned response to the emergence of HIV/AIDS which brought together affected communities, researchers, clinicians and politicians, changing the course of the Australian pandemic and saving thousands of lives. For over four decades, Bill Bowtell has served in many roles and capacities at the intersection of health, development and politics in Australia and internationally. He served as a senior adviser to Australian prime minister Paul Keating. From 2005, Bill Bowtell led the advocacy organisation Pacific Friends of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and worked with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to increase funding and support for the Global Fund. Since early 2020, Bill Bowtell has written, broadcast and tweeted extensively on the Australian and international response to the coronavirus pandemic.
Themes and Motifs from a Pandemic: The Independent Panel on Pandemic Preparedness
Associate Professor Wendy Bonython (Bond University)
On 31 December 2019, a Chinese financial media outlet published an article on a notice by the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission, advising Wuhan's hospitals of patients with pneumonia whose infection could not be accounted for. Those media reports triggered international global disease surveillance networks alerting the world to the emergence of a new disease, now known to all of us as COVID-19.
In the nearly two years since, strengths and weaknesses within technology governance and regulation, global institutions, and domestic governments have been laid bare. Alongside breathtaking achievements in genomic sequencing, public health modelling, development of supportive care and — perhaps most significantly — vaccine development, we have seen abundant examples of systemic failures, encompassing issues as diverse as domestic policy decisions to divest from critical research and development and infrastructure, through to poor global governance and regulation of social media and other technology based platforms, diminution of the authority and efficacy of global institutions, and widespread diminished public trust and confidence in governments, institutions, and science.
Not all of these strengths and weaknesses have been as might be expected. Some countries with high levels of economic development and stability, traditionally expected to be most resilient in the case of global shock such as a pandemic, have performed more poorly than their less socio-economically developed counterparts; while other situations have clearly manifested prior predictions about the effects of long-term erosion of infrastructure and capability at the policy level, and endemic governance weakness.
How do we make sense of all the isolated incidents and accidents of the pandemic on a global scale, and translate them into lessons learned in anticipation of the next one, which epidemiologists assure will come, and probably sooner than we might anticipate? Analysis of the key themes of the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response Report reveals a number of themes which may provide a useful lens through which to review the past twenty-four months of pandemic responsiveness. Those themes — time, information, and equity — variously account for many of the missed opportunities and wrong steps that have arisen during the pandemic, and may enhance preparation in anticipation of the almost inevitable next one.
Associate Professor Wendy Bonython teaches and researches in the Law and Medicine Programs at Bond University, at the intersection of law and ethics, medicine, and technology. She has a PhD in Molecular Medicine, as well as post graduate qualifications in Law, and is an admitted legal practitioner, with experience working in medical research and health administration, as well as higher education and consulting. Her research interests include regulation of medical and healthcare devices and services, liability for healthcare and service failures, governance and regulation of medical and personal information, and governance and regulation of research. She is a member of the Defence Department of Veterans' Affairs Human Research Ethics Committee.
The Two Track Approach to Revise the International Health Regulations and the Proposed Pandemic Treaty (or Can We Have Our Cake and Eat it Too?)
Professor Sara Davies (Griffith University)
For over 60 years the International Health Regulations has been the World Health Organization's only instrument available to coordinate international response to public health emergencies, including novel infectious disease outbreak events like SARS-CoV-2. The IHR has undergone multiple revisions, most recently in 2005. Since those revisions the IHR has come under scrutiny in response to health emergencies including the H1N1 outbreak (2009), MERS outbreak (2012), Ebola outbreaks (2014, 2018, 2019) and the Zika outbreak (2016), to name a few. As it became clear that the Covid-19 endemic was going to become a pandemic, WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus began to raise the prospect of an international legal instrument that could manage, specifically, pandemic events. However, with the exception of the European Union, there is no clear support for a new treaty beyond that of revising the IHR to work more efficiently and effectively. Indeed, the 2021 World Health Assembly was only able to secure a resolution to create a working group to discuss the pandemic treaty on the proviso that the IHR was also part of this discussion. This has led to the specially convened WHO Working Group on Strengthening WHO Preparedness for and Response to Health Emergencies managing a 'two track approach'. This paper will examine the necessity of the two track approach, specifically, why the pandemic treaty proposal has endured despite significant opposition.
Dr Sara E. Davies is a Professor at School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University, Australia and an Adjunct Professor at the Gender Peace and Security Centre, School of Social Sciences, Monash University.
Sara is an International Relations (IR) scholar with a specific focus on Global Health Governance and the Women, Peace and Security agenda. Sara has been an Australian Research Council Discovery Australian Postgraduate Award Scholar (2008–2012) and an Australian Research Council Future Fellow (2014–2018). Sara's research career has been devoted to identifying the political conditions that deny humans access to civil, economic and social human rights. Her research has focused on situations where humans face immense vulnerability: disease outbreaks events, gender-based and sexual violence in conflict, and forced displacement. She has recently authored Containing Contagion: Politics of Disease Surveillance in Southeast Asia (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019).
Session 2 — COVID-19, Patent Law, and the TRIPS Waiver (11 am — 12:30 pm)
The Proposal of India and South Africa for a TRIPS Waiver
Dr Muhammad Zaheer Abbas (QUT)
Situations like the COVID-19 outbreak require international solidarity and broader multilateral collaboration. The response to the COVID-19 pandemic was marked by unilateral nationalistic approaches, advanced purchase agreements, production restrictions and unequal access leading to international inequalities. Pharmaceutical and vaccine manufacturing corporations are inclined to continue their business-as-usual approach to intellectual property (IP) protection even during a pandemic. The routine application of IP protections restricts diversified global production and universal distribution of critically needed health technologies. IP protections bar national governments, especially in resource-poor countries, from adopting a comprehensive strategy to have timely, adequate, and affordable access to COVID-related health technologies as they can be subjected to court litigation and complaints under the WTO rules. In October 2020, India and South Africa submitted to the WTO TRIPS Council a proposal for a temporary waiver of certain provisions of the TRIPS Agreement. This paper provides an overview of the waiver proposal and analyses the evolution of the push for this proposal in light of formal and informal discussions at the WTO. This paper reviews key objections to the waiver proposal and responds to arguments put forward by some governments and patentee corporations against the waiver proposal. This paper argues that the proposed TRIPS waiver is critical for bringing an end to the pandemic by stimulating global manufacturing of and expediting equitable access to vaccines and other COVID-related health technologies.
Dr. Muhammad Zaheer Abbas is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Faculty of Business and Law, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia. In this role, he is working with Professor Matthew Rimmer on his Australian Research Council Discovery Project 'Inventing the Future: Intellectual Property and 3D Printing'. In March 2020, he completed PhD in Law at QUT as a recipient of QUT Postgraduate Research Award (QUTPRA). He has published 27 refereed articles, mostly related to intellectual property protection and the public interest. He has also presented 38 conference papers on related topics.
Dr Abbas has undertaken extensive research on public health dimensions of intellectual property laws. He has written about TRIPS Agreement's public health flexibilities like compulsory licensing (Journal of World Intellectual Property, 2018), parallel importation (Journal of Generic Medicines, 2021), and patent opposition (Global Public Health, 2020). He has evaluated the possibility of invoking trade-related security exceptions (ANZSIL Perspective, 2021), the practical implications of 'vaccine nationalism' (South Views 2020), and the importance of localized supply chains (South Views, 2021). He has also analyzed policy options like patent pooling (Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 2020) and tiered pricing (Journal of Generic Medicines, 2020). Abbas has also considered the implications of free trade agreements (Australasian Dispute Resolution Journal, 2018) and evergreening (Journal of Generic Medicines, 2019) for affordable and equitable access to essential medicines. He has been providing expert commentary on the issue of access to vaccines and other COVID-related health technologies during the current pandemic.
A TRIPS Waiver for Vaccines? President Joe Biden, Intellectual Property, Access to Essential Medicines, and the Coronavirus COVID-19
Professor Matthew Rimmer (QUT)
After the 'America First' approach taken by the Trump administration, Progressive Democrats pressed the Biden Administration to offer support for the TRIPS Waiver. In the Senate, former Presidential candidates Senator Bernie Sanders (Vermont) and Senator Elizabeth Warren (Massachusetts) — and other leading progressive Democrats — were champions of a TRIPS Waiver. Sanders and his colleagues pleaded with President Joe Biden: 'Your Administration has the opportunity to reverse the damage done by the Trump Administration to our nation's global reputation and restore America's public health leadership on the world stage'.
After much deliberation, the new Biden Administration has agreed to support a version of the TRIPS Waiver, which is focused on vaccines. The United States Trade Representative Ambassador Katherine Tai commented upon the decision:
This is a global health crisis, and the extraordinary circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic call for extraordinary measures. The Administration believes strongly in intellectual property protections, but in service of ending this pandemic, supports the waiver of those protections for COVID-19 vaccines.
Katharine Tai insisted: 'The Administration's aim is to get as many safe and effective vaccines to as many people as fast as possible.' She observed: 'As our vaccine supply for the American people is secured, the Administration will continue to ramp up its efforts — working with the private sector and all possible partners — to expand vaccine manufacturing and distribution'. The Ambassador also said that the United States administration 'will also work to increase the raw materials needed to produce those vaccines.' Subsequently, Katherine Tai has also been promoting a 'peace clause' to resolve conflicts over intellectual property and access to essential medicines during the COVID-19 crisis.
There were a number of countries who followed the leadership of the United States on the TRIPS Waiver. After previously being non-committal on the topic, Jacinda Ardern's New Zealand Government said that it would support a TRIPS Waiver for vaccines. After further debate, Scott Morrison's Australian Government ended its equivocation on the TRIPS Waiver, and agreed to support Biden's proposal for a TRIPS waiver for vaccines.
In October 2021, Senator Brian Schatz — a Democrat from Hawaii — led a bipartisan group of 14 Senators calling on President Joe Biden to strengthen United States leadership on global vaccination and efforts to fight the COVID-19 pandemic: 'We are deeply concerned about the inequitable access to these vaccines and other essential supplies across the world and what that means for more avoidable infections, deaths, disruption to the global economy, and the risk of new variants.' The Senators urged President Biden 'to do more to lead global efforts to end this pandemic and increase global vaccine access'. The politicians also asked the President 'to place a stronger focus on development of and access to COVID-19 diagnostics and treatments and strengthening health systems worldwide.' The group of Senators stressed that 'more significant U.S. leadership, urgency, and accountability is essential for a more effective global response to the pandemic.'
Rimmer is a chief investigator in the QUT Australian Centre for Health Law Research (QUT ACHLR), and the QUT Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society, and Technology (QUT BEST). He is a member of the QUT Centre for the Digital Economy — which is part of the QUT Centre for Future Enterprise; the QUT Digital Media Research Centre (QUT DMRC), the QUT Centre for Justice; and the QUT Centre for Clean Energy Technologies and Processes. Rimmer is a chief investigator, and co-director of the legal program in the NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence on Achieving the Tobacco Endgame (CREATE) (2020–2025) — a transnational research network. Rimmer was previously the leader of the QUT Intellectual Property and Innovation Law Research Program from 2015–2020 (QUT IPIL).
Over the past two decades, Rimmer has investigated intellectual property and access to medicines in a range of contexts. He has considered conflicts in relation to HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, tropical diseases, non-communicable diseases such as cancer, the SARS virus, avian influenza, ebola, and the coronavirus COVID-19. Rimmer is a co-editor of a collection on access to medicines entitled Incentives for Global Public Health: Patent Law and Access to Essential Medicines (Cambridge University Press, 2010). The work considers the intersection between international law, public law, and intellectual property law, and highlights a number of new policy alternatives — such as medical innovation prizes, the Health Impact Fund, patent pools, open source drug discovery, and the philanthropic work of the (Red) Campaign, the Gates Foundation, and the Clinton Foundation. Rimmer is also a co-editor of Intellectual Property and Emerging Technologies: The New Biology (Edward Elgar, 2012). Rimmer has undertaken extensive research on intellectual property and access to essential medicines. He has written about the Race to Patent the SARS Virus (Melbourne Journal of International Law, 2004). Rimmer has analysed Canada's pioneering regime for the export of pharmaceutical drugs (Public Health Ethics, 2008). He has also evaluated the system for priority review vouchers (WIPO Journal, 2012). Rimmer has also considered the impact of the Trans-Pacific Partnership on access to essential medicines (IP Journal, 2017). Rimmer has been providing expert commentary on intellectual property, access to essential medicines, and the coronavirus COVID-19.
Climate Change Technology and the WTO: Will a TRIPS Waiver Support Technology Transfer?
Associate Professor Felicity Deane (QUT)
Technology transfer to developing countries requires a strong commitment to support the uptake of new technologies. This commitment is required from both developed and developing countries alike. It also requires a commitment from private corporations. There is a debate about whether intellectual property protection should apply where there is an international interest in sharing technology. On one hand, IP protection supports research and development by incentivising companies to incur costs associated with it. On the other hand, one could rightfully argue that where there is a technology available to potentially halt or reverse catastrophic climate change, then it should be openly available. Within my presentation I will suggest that the argument to suspend intellectual property protections provided by the TRIPS Agreement provides something of a distraction from more important debates surrounding mitigation technologies. Indeed, the contradictory ends of open trade and climate change mitigation requires urgent attention, to resolve the ongoing conflict that pursuing both objectives creates. Addressing this in a meaningful way again raises concerns about injustice and inequality, particularly when evaluating fears of carbon leakage. My presentation reviews arguments beginning with the claim that the TRIPS agreement strikes the right balance of protection between private interests and flexibility for WTO members when the agreement obligations are properly implemented at a domestic level.
Dr Felicity Deane is an Associate Professor at the Queensland University of Technology. She has been researching and teaching the law of the World Trade Organization for over a decade and has extensive knowledge of international trade law and practice. Over the past 10 years she has collaborated with industry partners on projects that focus on land use practices in Australia, export markets and climate change. Her first book, Emissions Trading and WTO Law: A Global Analysis, examined the impact of trade rules on climate change market based instruments. Most recently she has been working on projects that evaluate the digitisation of international trade, whilst leading a co-authored monograph entitled 'Natural Capital, Agriculture and the Law'.
Session 3 — Comparative Debates about the TRIPS Waiver (12:30 pm — 1:30 pm)
The EU Counter-Proposal to the TRIPS Waiver: Opposition, False Promises and Delaying Real Solutions
Associate Professor Aisling McMahon (Maynooth University, Ireland) (by video)
Against the backdrop of significant COVID-19 vaccine inequity between high- and low-income countries, and threats posed by the Omicron variant for the control of COVID-19 everywhere, there is an ongoing and increasing urgency to deliver global equitable access to vaccines and other health technologies for COVID-19. The TRIPS waiver first proposed by India and South Africa in October 2020 sought to offer a pathway to achieve this and would enable the clearing of intellectual property obstacles to facilitate the upscaling of health-technologies including vaccines. However, since the TRIPS waiver was first proposed, now over a year ago, the EU has remained in strong opposition to it.
This paper examines the European Union's (EU) approach to the TRIPS waiver proposal. Since the outset, the EU has strongly opposed the TRIPS waiver proposal, and more recently, in June 2021 it put forward an alternative proposal for consideration, the so-called EU Counter Proposal. The paper outlines the EU's opposition to the TRIPS waiver by examining some of its key statements in this context. It will then critically analyse the EU's counter proposal, which focuses primarily on compulsory licensing as a purported solution in the EU's view to address issues posed by intellectual property rights in the COVID-19 context. The paper argues that this counter proposal does not offer any real solution to the current obstacles posed by how intellectual property rights are used within the COVID-19 context and is particularly lacking for vaccines. Instead, the EU position has detracted from finding a real solution and has served to delay discussions and the prospect of adopting a TRIPS waiver. The counter proposal has been strongly criticised by civil society and many leading experts, who have deemed it "meaningless" and "wholly inadequate". Moreover, the EU's position is increasingly an isolated one, as support increases for the TRIPS waiver globally.
The paper concludes by arguing that the EU should urgently reconsider its position and support the TRIPS waiver, which is vital at this time for moral reasons to address global vaccine inequity and bridge the increasing gap between high- and low-income countries in this context. It is also vital from a self-interested perspective within the EU as without increasing vaccine access everywhere there is likely higher risks of new variants emerging, which may in future be resistant to existing vaccines, threatening control of COVID-19 everywhere.
Dr Aisling McMahon is an Associate Professor of Law at Maynooth University. Her research focuses on health law and intellectual property law. Dr McMahon's work is particularly interested in the role of intellectual property rights within the health context, including the potential impacts that patents, can have on access to, and delivery of healthcare. She has published widely on these issues within leading international peer reviewed journals, including in the: Journal of Medical Ethics, Medical Law Review, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, Journal of Law and the Biosciences, and the Intellectual Property Quarterly. Dr McMahon's work has been funded by sources including: the British Academy/Leverhulme, the Irish Research Council, the Economic and Social Research Council, and the Society of Legal Scholars.
Dr McMahon's recent work in the COVID-19 context examines the role of patents (and other intellectual property rights) arguing that they act as private governance tools allowing rightsholders significant control to shape access to and delivery of COVID-19 vaccines, diagnostics and therapeutics (Journal of Medical Ethics 2020). Her work has also examined the role and limitations of compulsory licensing laws at a national level in the COVID-19 context (NILQ 2020). Alongside this, together with Siva Thambisetty, Hyo Yoon Kang, Luke McDonagh & Graham Dutfield, their recent co-authored work has argued in favour of a TRIPS waiver, as a necessary and proportionate measure needed at this time, to clear intellectual property barriers enabling companies freedom to operate in upscaling production of COVID-19 vaccines and other health technologies globally. Whilst, her recent work with Susi Geiger, compares current and proposed global institutional mechanisms to increase equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines, focusing on their institutional complementarities and overlaps (Journal of Medical Ethics 2021).
The TRIPS Waiver and Free the Vaccine: Universities Allied for Essential Medicines
Dr Jennifer Nguyen and Declan Sakuls (UAEM North America) (by video)
Inequities in COVID-19 vaccine access worldwide and discussions about the TRIPS Waiver have shed further light upon the crucial role that technology transfer can play in improving access to COVID-19-related vaccines and therapeutics. Universities Allied for Essential Medicines (UAEM) (https://uaem.org) is a student-led non-profit organization that advocates for affordable access to life-saving medicines through equitable licensing practices. UAEM's global campaign to "Free the Vaccine", launched at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, advocates for equitable COVID-19 vaccine and therapeutic access worldwide.
Key outputs of the Free the Vaccine campaign include increased public engagement on COVID-19 vaccine accessibility issues, increased dialogue with public and private research institutions regarding equitable technology transfer, growing global support of the TRIPS Waiver, and increasing public awareness of the crucial role that public funds play behind the development of COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics.
With the launch of UAEM's COVID-19 Mapping Platform (https://publicmeds4covid.org) during the Free the Vaccine campaign, there has been growing public awareness of the significant role that public funding played behind the development of the current COVID-19 vaccines. Pfizer, Moderna, and AstraZeneca each received over $2 billion USD in taxpayer funds as of December 2020 (https://publicmeds4covid.org). Further research estimates found that the AstraZeneca vaccine was 98% supported by taxpayer funds (Keestra et al. 2021). This supports the growing narrative that publicly funded vaccines should be made equitably accessible to the public.
Further discussions on the importance of equitable vaccine access in the pandemic eventually led to the US Biden administration, followed by multiple other countries, supporting the TRIPS Waiver.
Currently, Moderna and the US National Institute of Health (NIH) are in a dispute regarding ownership of the Moderna vaccine, which was developed with the support of NIH co-inventors and over $2.5 billion USD in taxpayer funds (https://publicmeds4covid.org). Without public pressure or government intervention, there is minimal incentive for private corporations to choose a path that could lessen their profits. In this light, the TRIPS Waiver is an important step for the world to take to improve global COVID-19 vaccine accessibility.
With the COVID-19 vaccine being largely supported by public funds, publicly supported technologies should be made equitably accessible to the public. Equitable technology transfer will be critical to enable global access to the COVID-19 vaccine and eventually end the pandemic.
Dr. Jennifer Nguyen is a hospital doctor and clinical instructor at the University of Toronto. She has been an active advocate in the access to medicines field for the past 8 years. She was a global project coordinator for the COVID-19 Mapping Project (https://publicmeds4covid.org), which was incorporated in the World Health Organization's Health R&D database (https://www.who.int/observatories/global-observatory-on-health-research-and-development/resources/databases/databases-on-inputs-to-r-d/funding-flows-for-health-r-d-by-disease). She currently serves as the North American Representative on the Global Executive Committee for Universities Allied for Essential Medicines (UAEM). Dr. Nguyen has previously been the Australian Director and Liaison for UAEM Australia, and was a UAEM North American Coordinating Committee Member. She completed a postgraduate General Practice Residency at the University of British Columbia and completed her Bachelor of Science with a Specialization in Biology and Major in East Asian Studies at the University of Western Ontario.
Declan Sakuls is a first-year law student at the University of Victoria and a 2020 graduate of McGill University where he majored in Political Science and joined the McGill UAEM (Universities Allied for Essential Medicines) chapter. He is currently a Coordinating Committee member of UAEM North America, involved primarily in the Moderna FOIA project and the Free the Vaccine Campaign. He participated in every season of the Free the Vaccine Campaign, as an activist, project manager, and as a member of the leadership team. Declan is particularly interested in ensuring global affordable access to COVID-19 vaccines, treatments, and diagnostics and ensuring clinical trial transparency.
The New Zealand Debate about the TRIPS Waiver
Edward Miller (by video)
New Zealand has been praised internationally for the effective of its first-wave covid response, and Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern has been outspoken on the international stage on the need for an equitable global vaccine rollout. However when India and South Africa proposed the TRIPS waiver in October 2020, the New Zealand Government ignored the demands of the Global South. When questioned by civil society organisations, Trade Minister Damien O'Connor fell back on tired old arguments about the importance of intellectual property protections to safeguard innovation. Alongside new WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, NZ and six other nations worked to develop a "third way" approach based on direct discussions with the pharmaceutical giants, arguably in violation of the Marrakesh Agreement. It was only once President Biden came out in support of a waiver for covid vaccines that the NZ Government moderated its position. Observers argued that this opaque change of position was evidence of the need for a truly independent trade and foreign affairs policy, however subsequent official information requests suggest that NZ's perceived powerless provided cover for its own private healthcare industry to boost exports.
Edward Miller is the researcher at FIRST Union and spokesperson for It's Our Future, the peoples' campaign against dangerous free trade and investment agreements.
Session 4 COVID-19, Consumer Protection, Misinformation, and Fraud (1:30 pm — 3:00 pm)
Vaccine Hesitancy and COVID-19 Misinformation
Samuel Roach (QUT)
The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare reports that vaccines provide 'the largest potential for controlling' SARS-CoV-2. However, realising this potential requires that people are vaccinated. 'Vaccine hesitancy' is one of four underlying issues that undermine widespread vaccination. This phenomenon is characterised by indecision about or refusal of vaccination, where vaccination services are available.
Vaccine hesitancy is not unique to the COVID-19 pandemic. Organisations dedicated to opposing vaccination, such as the 'Anti-Vaccination Society', began emerging in 1798, just two years after Edward Jenner published the first scientific work on vaccination. The concerns raised by such groups are analogous to those heard today. Common themes involve religion, vaccine safety and effectiveness, and the perceived violation of one's liberty. This presentation will examine the role that these vocal vaccine deniers play in disseminating misinformation, the relationship between misinformation and vaccine hesitancy, and the various interventions available to a government when responding to this phenomenon.
Samuel Roach is an Associate Lecturer and PhD student in the Faculty of Business and Law at the Queensland University of Technology.
His thesis examines the role of law in promoting adult vaccination. Australia has implemented a number of policies aimed at promoting childhood vaccination, however there has been comparatively less emphasis on improving vaccination uptake in the adult population. Using an interdisciplinary approach, he is examining how uptake can be improved without unduly infringing upon individual liberty.
As an Associate Lecturer, Roach developed, implemented and now coordinates the unit 'COVID-19 and the Law'. This unit is taught in a blended learning environment, utilising multi-media Sway modules and online discussion forums. The unit follows the life cycle of a pandemic, drawing on present-day examples, to develop students' knowledge of public health law. Using Australia's response to the coronavirus pandemic as a case study, students develop knowledge of the history of public health law and the entities tasked with pandemic preparedness. The unit also examines the issues associated with pandemic responses, including the inherent tension between executive power and individual rights, and the impact on vulnerable communities. Further, this unit analyses regulatory and ethical requirements relevant to vaccine development and vaccination.
Roach also coordinates the Community Justice Project and International Legal Placement units. These units enable students to experience the real-world application and development of their legal knowledge and skills through participation in a project focused on social justice. Students work in small groups to assist a community legal centre or not-for-profit organisation to develop resources and undertake law reform, community legal education or other service-learning projects. Through these projects, students engage in legal research, draft reports and prepare presentations under the supervision of a lawyer. This unit affords students an authentic learning context in which to complete pro bono work in a real-world legal environment.
Roach has taught undergraduate law students in the areas of Criminal Law, Statutory Interpretation, Equity, Trusts and Contemporary Law and Justice. He has also taught undergraduate nursing students about their ethical, legal and professional responsibilities.
Prior to commencing his PhD, Roach was a solicitor at MinterEllison and LawRight.
COVID Snails in Policy Bottles: Trust, Regulation and Therapeutics
Dr Bruce Baer Arnold (the University of Canberra)
COVID has tested both the global intellectual property framework and Australian consumer protection law. It offers disquieting answers about misplaced faith in the TRIPS exceptions and the willingness of governments in the North to meet the needs of people in the South. As we head to the centenary of Donoghue v Stevenson we haven't been good neighbours. Within Australia the pandemic has highlighted weaknesses within law and administration regarding consumer protection in the public health space. The presentation explores regulatory incapacity, public trust, professional responsibility, political opportunism and incoherence in consumer protection law. It ranges from Lorna Jane antivirus leotards, the Pete Evans 'biocharger' and five tonnes of worm medicine through to questions about rights without responsibilities, the Beast 999 and the Australian Consumer Law.
Associate Professor Dr Bruce Baer Arnold teaches technology law at the University of Canberra, with a particular interest in the interaction of consumer protection, high technology goods/services, intellectual property and industry development. He is the author of forthcoming monographs in 2022 on the nature of legal identity, on the Animal Crossing digital platform and on identity crime. Recent publication deals with health big data, regulatory incapacity regarding complementary medicine, health sector patents and misrepresentation in marketing of health products/services. Dr Arnold is an advisor to Friends of Science in Medicine.
Fraud and COVID-19
Associate Professor Cassandra Cross (QUT)
In 2020, the world was catastrophically disrupted through the COVID-19 pandemic. From March 2020, citizens globally began experiencing the effects of COVID-19, and measures such as hard lockdowns, social distancing and physical restrictions of movement were enacted. Sadly, these are still ongoing today.
Within an Australian context, offenders transitioned seamlessly from previous bushfire approaches (from summer 2020) to those framed by COVID-19. In the initial stages, phishing emails skyrocketed, and schemes sought to capitalize on the fear and anxiety of citizens, as well as harnessing government responses to the economic impacts of COVID-19 (such as stimulus payments and access to superannuation). In March 2021, with the commenced rollout of the vaccination program, approaches evolved to encompass payments for vaccines and fake registration sites for the vaccine. Most recently, with the development of vaccination certificates, there have been cases in the media of falsified and forged documents being created and sold. Statistics from the ACCC indicate that fraud losses continue to escalate, and demonstrate the impact of COVID-19 on the vulnerabilities of individuals to various fraud types.
This presentation will explore how COVID19 has impacted on fraud victimisation. It will explore the techniques used by offenders to perpetrate these offences, and how COVID19 has arguably changed the fraud profile of many in society to increase their likelihood to victimisation. It will provide some examples of approaches witnessed in Australia and overseas. Overall, it positions COVID19 not as anything new, but as an ongoing example of how offenders successfully manipulate and exploit societal vulnerabilities for financial gain.
Dr Cassandra Cross is the Associate Dean (Learning and Teaching) in the Faculty of Creative Industries, Education and Social Justice. She also holds the position of Associate Professor in the School of Justice QUT. She recently completed a two-year Senior Research Fellowship with the Cybersecurity Cooperative Research Centre exploring romance fraud victimisation. Dr Cross is an international expert on fraud, having worked with victims and related organisations globally. In 2011, while working for the Queensland Police Service, she was awarded a Churchill Fellowship to examine the prevention and support of online fraud victims worldwide. Since taking up her position at QUT in 2012, she has continued this research, publishing over 70 outputs across the policing, prevention, and victim support aspects of fraud. Further, she has been awarded over AUD$1.3million in funding, largely to drive her research in this area. She is co-author (with Professor Mark Button) of the book Cyber frauds, scams and their victims published by Routledge in 2017.
Session 5 — COVID-19, Intellectual Property, Trade Secrets, and Data Protection (3:30 pm — 5:00 pm)
TRIPS and the Evil Empire: What would Darth Vader say?
Professor Charles Lawson (Griffith University)
After detailing the key elements of the proposed TRIPS waiver, the talk considers the mischief the TRIPS waiver is supposed to address, then: outlines the problems for diagnostics and therapeutics; the place of TRIPS among a range of other problems such as transport, tariffs, bottlenecks and delivery; the potential of TRIPS flexibilities; and then the politics using the lens of Darth Vader and the Empire to posit the TRIPS waiver as the exception and ask whether a return to the "normal" TRIPS is what we really want or need?
Charles Lawson is a Professor in the Griffith Law School, Griffith University. He studied science and law at The Australian National University (ANU) and holds a Bachelor of Science with Honours in biochemistry and genetics and a Bachelor of Laws. He also holds a Doctor of Philosophy from the ANU's Research School of Biological Sciences in molecular biology and biochemistry and a Master of Laws from Queensland University of Technology for research into gene patenting and competition. Before joining the university sector, he worked as a lawyer in both the private and public sectors, including at the Australian Government Solicitor and the Commonwealth Department of Finance and Deregulation. His research focus is on biology law and public administration law.
The Proposal of a Waiver of TRIPS Agreement Section 7: Protection of Undisclosed Information — In Response to Covid-19
Teddy Henriksen (University of the Sunshine Coast)
TRIPS Article 39 refers to protection against unfair competition as provided in Article 10bis of the Paris Convention (1967). Article 39.2 specifically protects undisclosed information disclosed, acquired by, or used without consent in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices such as breach of contract or breach of confidence. Article 39.3 essentially protects information provided to regulatory authorities in support of marketing applications for new pharmaceutical products.
Consideration of TRIPS Article 39 makes the wording of the text of the waiver critical in determining exactly what the proponents of the waiver wish to give timely access to: technologies involved in pharmaceutical manufacture (TRIPS Art 39.2) or clinical test results of new pharmaceuticals (TRIPS Art 39.3) related to Covid-19.
The proponents of the TRIPS waiver assert the objective of the waiver is to avoid barriers to the timely access to affordable medical products including vaccines and medicines or to scaling-up of research, development, manufacturing and supply of essential medical products.
While trade secrets are antithetical to patents in principle due to their non-disclosure, they are still important to pharmaceuticals. It has long been noted that trade secrets and patents are complementary, especially with respect to pharmaceuticals.
The nature of a trade secret is the withholding of information. Indeed, to qualify as a trade secret (confidential or undisclosed information), amongst other things, the information needs to be secret.
A waiver, then, would allow sharing of confidential information (a secret). A waiver in itself may not pose a problem with respect to trade secrets as such, what may pose a problem is trying to put the trade secret genie back in the bottle if, as is proposed, a waiver is temporary.
Teddy Henriksen is a PhD candidate with the USC Law School with degrees in law and pharmacy. His research is concerned with the interface between pharmaceutical drug development and the law, particularly legal issues around biologic drug molecules and biosimilars.
A Tale of Two Coronaviruses — Data Sharing During Infectious Disease Emergencies
Dr Michelle Rourke (Griffith University)
The local, national and global response efforts to infectious disease emergencies like COVID-19 require access to the best available data. In 2018, we conducted a study on the barriers and enablers to data sharing during infectious disease emergencies using the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in Saudi Arabia and the 2014–2016 West African Ebola crisis as case studies (see Halabi, S., Rourke, M. and Katz, R. 'The Effect of Proprietary and Attribution Claims on Data Sharing During Infectious Disease Emergencies' (2021) 23(2) Journal of Health Care Law and Policy 203). Our research found that a variety of attribution and proprietary claims over various types of data (e.g., epidemiological data, clinical trial data and pathogen genetic sequence data) hindered emergency response efforts. While retrospective analyses of data sharing practices during COVID-19 will be required to get a full understanding of the specific barriers and enablers to data sharing throughout the current pandemic, it was clear from the very early days of COVID-19 that many of the same issues were responsible for obstructing response efforts. This presentation will cover some of the key data sharing barriers that existed during the MERS-CoV outbreak in 2012, including sovereign claims over virus samples, proprietary claims over viral genomes, the publishing imperative, press controls and formal data sharing initiatives, to see what, if any, lessons were learned in the lead up to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Michelle Rourke is a CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Research Fellow at Griffith University's Law Futures Centre where she researches the global regulation of access to genetic resources for the Australian synthetic biology community. Michelle was a Scientific Research Officer in the Australian Army for ten years, researching the intra-host genetic variation and evolution of dengue virus and Ross River virus. She completed her doctoral studies at Griffith Law School and as a Fulbright Scholar at the O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law at Georgetown University, Washington D.C. Her thesis examined how international access and benefit-sharing (ABS) laws under the Convention on Biological Diversity, its Nagoya Protocol and the World Health Organization's Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework impact access to virus samples and associated genetic sequence data. Michelle is a member of the Global Virome Project's Ethical, Legal and Social Implications (ELSI) Working Group, a Johns Hopkins Emerging Leaders in Biosecurity Initiative (ELBI) 2020 Fellow, and a non-resident Affiliate of the Center for Global Health Science and Security at Georgetown University Medical School.
Beyond The TRIPS Waiver
Professor Natalie Stoianoff (UTS) (by video)
'But it's not vaccines that will stop the pandemic, it's vaccination. We must ensure fair and equitable access to vaccines, and ensure every country receives them and can roll them out to protect their people, starting with the most vulnerable.'
WHO on COVID-19 Vaccines 2021 (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines)
This is the point of the TRIPS Waiver, ensuring that private monopoly rights, such as patents, don't work against the greater good of ensuring '…the highest attainable standard of health as a fundamental right of every human being' (WHO Constitution (1946)). The right to health is contained in article 12(1) of the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and this Covenant requires States Parties to take specific steps 'to achieve the full realization of this right', including:
(c) The prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases;
(d) The creation of conditions which would assure to all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness (article 12(2) ICESCR).
This presentation reviews the issues surrounding the balancing of rights between the public and vaccine patent holders, considering the role of TRIPS flexibilities, the failings of WHO initiatives in addressing the balance and the potential solution beyond the TRIPS Waiver.
Natalie P. Stoianoff is a Professor and Director of the Intellectual Property Program at the Faculty of Law, University of Technology Sydney. This Program provides the complete knowledge requirements for registration as a Patent and Trade Marks Attorney under the Trans-Tasman Intellectual Property Attorneys' Board. Natalie is also the Chair of the Indigenous Knowledge Forum Committee, a member of the UTS Commercialisation Advisory Panel and co-convenor of the Technology and Intellectual Property Research Cluster. Her international leadership both academically and professionally has resulted in her election in 2021 as President of the Asian Pacific Copyright Association and her membership of the Australian Academy of Law.
Natalie's interdisciplinary research is concerned with new technologies including the legal, ethical and commercial aspects of biotechnology. Her research interests include patenting of living organisms, genes and pharmaceuticals, software and business methods, protecting traditional/Indigenous knowledge and culture, technology transfer, environmental taxation and climate law.
Natalie has an extensive track record in investigating the operation of intellectual property law across multiple jurisdictions and cultures. As a joint recipient of an Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Grant (2005–08), Natalie investigated intellectual property enforcement and awareness building in the People's Republic of China. She also led an Indigenous Knowledge Forum project on Recognising and Protecting Indigenous Knowledge associated with Natural Resource Management (2013–14), funded by the Aboriginal Communities Fund of the North West Local Land Services. The White Paper produced by that project led to the award of an ARC Linkage Grant (2016–19) for the project — Garuwanga: Forming a Competent Authority to Protect Indigenous Knowledge — which explores the governance framework for an access and benefit-sharing regime.
She is the author of numerous publications, including Commercialisation of Intellectual Property (as lead author, Lexis Nexis, 2019) and Intellectual Property Law: Text and Essential Cases (as co-author, Federation Press), which has been adopted by several Australian universities and is now in its fifth edition. She is currently the managing editor of the series for the Indigenous Knowledge Forum (Lexis Nexis, first edition published 2017).
Natalie's current research includes collaborative work on information literacies with colleagues at the University of Library Studies and Information Technology, Sofia. This project, A Conceptual Educational Model for Enhancing Information Literacy in an University Information Environment, is funded by a three year grant (2020–2022) from the Bulgarian National Science Fund.
The Fall of the Innovation Empire and its Possible Rise through Open Science
Professor Richard Gold (McGill University, Canada) (by video)
There is growing concern that the innovation system's ability to create wealth and attain social benefit is declining in effectiveness. This article explores the reasons for this decline and suggests a structure, the open science partnership, as one mechanism through which to slow down or reverse this decline. The article examines the empirical literature of the last century to document the decline. This literature suggests that the cost of research and innovation is increasing exponentially, that researcher productivity is declining, and, third, that these two phenomena have led to an overall flat or declining level of innovation productivity. The article then turns to three explanations for the decline — the growing complexity of science, a mismatch of incentives, and a balkanization of knowledge. Finally, the article explores the role that open science partnerships — public-private partnerships based on open access publications, open data and materials, and the avoidance of restrictive forms of intellectual property — can play in increasing the efficiency of the innovation system.
A James McGill Professor, Richard Gold was the founding Director and current director of the Centre for Intellectual Property Policy. He teaches in the area of intellectual property, international intellectual property, comparative intellectual property, innovation policy and intellectual property management. His research generally focuses on the life sciences.
Professor Gold has provided advice to Health Canada, Industry Canada, the Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee, the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (where he was the lead author of the OECD Guidelines on the Licensing of Genetic Inventions and a report on Collaborative Mechanisms in Life Science Intellectual Property), the World Health Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization and UNITAID.
His research is currently supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, Genome Canada, Genome Alberta, Genome Prairie, Genome Quebec, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and Grand Challenges Canada. His previous work has been supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Genome Canada, the National Centres for Excellence and the National Institutes of Health. He is a Research Associate at the Health Law Institute at the University of Alberta and was a Jean Monnet Fellow at the European University Institute. His research has been published in high-impact journals in science, law, philosophy, international relations, including Nature Biotechnology, The Lancet, PLoS Medicine, la Revue de droit de McGill, Public Affairs Quarterly, International Studies Quarterly, the European Journal for International Relations. He has filed amicus briefs with the Supreme Court of the United States and with the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Professor Gold was Associate Dean (Graduate Studies) at the Faculty of Law from 2015 to 2019.
Australian Centre for Health Law Research, 'The TRIPS Waiver: Intellectual Property, Access to Essential Medicines, and the Coronavirus', 10 December 2021, https://www.eventbrite.com/e/the-trips-waiver-ip-access-to-essential-medicines-and-the-coronavirus-tickets-196211422647 (convenor) https://drrimmer.medium.com/the-trips-waiver-intellectual-property-access-to-essential-medicines-and-the-coronavirus-139a07f5d12f (conference archive)
Session 1 — Pandemics and Public Health Emergencies
1. Bill Bowtell, 'Unmasked: The Politics of Pandemics', The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/zQkAndH6_qc
2. Associate Professor Wendy Bonython, 'Themes and Motifs from a Pandemic: The Independent Panel on Pandemic Preparedness', The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/yQwIko5p9_s
3. Professor Sara Davies, 'The Two Track Approach to Revise the International Health Regulations and the Proposed Pandemic Treaty (or Can We Have Our Cake and Eat it Too?)', The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/CSroGoIahu0
Session 2 — COVID-19, Patent Law, and the TRIPS Waiver
4. Dr Muhammad Zaheer Abbas, 'The Proposal of India and South Africa for a TRIPS Waiver', The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/B09aZAFuiP8
5. Professor Matthew Rimmer, 'A TRIPS Waiver for Vaccines? President Joe Biden, Intellectual Property, Access to Essential Medicines, and the Coronavirus COVID-19', The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/D_hcpMU6ziE
6. Associate Professor Felicity Deane, 'Climate Change Technology and the WTO: Will a TRIPS Waiver Support Technology Transfer?', The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/xbwexoJWjFs
Session 3 — Comparative Debates about the TRIPS Waiver
7. Associate Professor Aisling McMahon, 'The EU Counter-Proposal to the TRIPS Waiver: Opposition, False Promises and Delaying Real Solutions', The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/0K_m3AqK-iA
8. Dr Jennifer Nguyen and Declan Sakuls (UAEM North America), 'The TRIPS Waiver and Free the Vaccine: Universities Allied for Essential Medicines', The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/xh8AdO0XKXw
9. Edward Miller, 'The New Zealand Debate about the TRIPS Waiver', The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/qJmRh78Pzm4
Session 4 COVID-19, Consumer Protection, Misinformation, and Fraud
10. Samuel Roach, 'Vaccine Hesitancy and COVID-19 Misinformation', The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/G0mRQFvqiL0
11. Associate Professor Bruce Baer Arnold, 'COVID Snails in Policy Bottles: Trust, Regulation and Therapeutics', The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/oO8CGX48Kuo
12. Associate Professor Cassandra Cross, 'Fraud and COVID-19', The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/0dM7jPVOCmI
Session 5 — COVID-19, Trade Secrets, and Data Protection
13. Professor Charles Lawson, 'TRIPS and the Evil Empire: What would Darth Vader Say?' The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/NVPoMZgtR9k
14. Teddy Henriksen, 'The Proposal of a Waiver of TRIPS Agreement Section 7: Protection of Undisclosed Information — In Response to Covid-19'. The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/dsfeApGYX1Y
15. Dr Michelle Rourke, 'A Tale of Two Coronaviruses — Data Sharing During Infectious Disease Emergencies', The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/zatOigTU4DU
16. Professor Natalie Stoianoff, 'Beyond the TRIPS Waiver', The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/6650zQrLYrI
17. Professor Richard Gold, 'The Fall of the Innovation Empire and its Possible Rise through Open Science', The TRIPS Waiver, Australian Centre for Health Law Research, QUT Faculty of Business and Law, 10 December 2021, https://youtu.be/9GnI0PruDQI
Trips Waiver


There's a lot about Vienna that a lot of people aren't so familiar yet. Not so many would know that this city offers life's comforts and enjoyment.
Vienna is one of Central Europe's largest and most important cities in terms of its rich history and culture. It is located on the rail lines between Venice, Budapest, and Prague. It is at the crossroads between Eastern and Western Europe.
This Austrian capital city is comparable to other European cities like Barcelona, London, Milan, Paris or Rome. What makes Vienna a bit unique is that some people consider it compact and easy to negotiate where a mix of urban layers and old historic center makes up that Vienna feel. And speaking of mix, various traditions of a European city are evident in the city ranging from Roman influences to Gothic, Baroque and Historicism. Some of the famous musicians and artists that considered Vienna their home are Mozart, Hayden, Strauß, Beethoven, Schubert, Otto Wagner and Hundertwasser.
Visitors will find Vienna's historical past fascinating as this royal-imperial flair blend with the latest trends. The Hapsburg dynasty ruled the city for centuries and remnants of their reign is seen in many of the city buildings like the Schönbrunn Palace, the Imperial Palace found at the city center, the Vienna State Opera, the museums on the Ringstraße, and the the University of Vienna. Other past conquerors that include the Celts, Romans, Babenbergs also left their marks in the city.
Museums and exhibitions in Vienna have various themes and topics. The city is adorned by fine art collections and world-renowned works of art. Apart from these, there are about 50 theaters, three opera houses, two theaters staging musicals, and 100 other museums to choose from. Other Viennese prides are the Burgtheatre, one of the best theatres among German speakers, and its branch, the Akademeitheatre.
Cafés and Austrian wine taverns are also a few of the things about Vienna that people love. Vienna's warmth is readily seen in lively coffee shops, where people spend their day in leisure while enjoying the city.
Viennese cuisine is influenced by regions that surround Vienna as well as events in the history of the city. Some of those that delights the palate are the "Sachertorte" (a rich chocolate cake), the "Apfelstrudel" (apple strudel) or the "Kaiserschmarrn" (sugared, cut-up pancake with raisins), or the "Wiener Schnitzel" (breadcrumbed and fried veal escalope), the "Tafelspitz" (choice pieces of boiled beef). The Wiener Naschmarkt is a popular Vienna street market reflecting the city's mix of nationalities and food cultures.
The Viennese people are famous for the "Wiener Schmäh" (Viennese charm). Viennese are a friendly lot which is contrary to negative stereotypes.
Vienna is host to international organizations like United Nations (UNO), the OPEC, the OSZE and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In fact, Vienna is the only EU capital with a UN headquarters setup within its soil.