text:
4Dmetrics
Consulting & Engineering
Website Data Privacy
Based on Article 13 of the Swiss Federal Constitution and the data protection provisions of the Swiss Confederation (Data Protection Act, DSG), every person has the right to protection of their privacy as well as protection against misuse of their personal data. The operators of these pages take the protection of your personal data very seriously. We treat your personal data confidentially and in accordance with the legal data protection regulations as well as this privacy policy.
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We would like to point out that data transmission on the Internet (e.g. communication by e-mail) can have security gaps. A complete protection of data against access by third parties is not possible.
By using this website, you consent to the collection, processing and use of data in accordance with the following description. This website can generally be visited without registration. Data such as pages accessed or names of files accessed, date and time are stored on the server for statistical purposes without this data being directly related to your person. Personal data, in particular name, address or e-mail address are collected as far as possible on a voluntary basis. Without your consent, the data will not be passed on to third parties.
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A general objection to the use of cookies used for online marketing purposes can be declared for a large number of the services, especially in the case of tracking, via the U.S. site http://www.aboutads.info/choices/ or the EU site http://www.youronlinechoices.com/. Furthermore, the storage of cookies can be achieved by disabling them in the browser settings. Please note that in this case not all functions of this online offer can be used.
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The provider of this website automatically collects and stores information in so-called server log files, which your browser automatically transmits to us. These are:
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All information on our website has been carefully checked. We make every effort to ensure that the information we provide is up-to-date, correct and complete. Nevertheless, the occurrence of errors can not be completely excluded, so we can not guarantee the completeness, accuracy and timeliness of information, including journalistic-editorial nature. Liability claims regarding damage caused by the use of any information provided, including any kind of information which is incomplete or incorrect, will therefore be rejected. The publisher may change or delete texts at his own discretion and without notice and is not obliged to update the contents of this website. The use of or access to this website is at the visitor's own risk. The publisher, its clients or partners are not responsible for damages, such as direct, indirect, incidental, consequential or punitive damages, allegedly caused by the visit of this website and consequently assume no liability for such damages. The publisher also accepts no responsibility or liability for the content and availability of third-party websites that can be accessed via external links on this website. The operators of the linked sites are solely responsible for their content. The publisher thus expressly distances itself from all third-party content that may be relevant under criminal or liability law or that may offend common decency.
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Google has undertaken to ensure adequate data protection in accordance with the US-European and the US-Swiss Privacy Shield.
Further information can be found in Google's privacy policy.
1. Google Maps
This website uses the offer of Google Maps. This allows us to display interactive maps directly on the website and enables you to comfortably use the map function. By visiting the website, Google receives the information that you have accessed the corresponding subpage of our website. This occurs regardless of whether Google provides a user account through which you are logged in or whether there is no user account. If you are logged in to Google, your data will be directly assigned to your account. If you do not want the assignment with your profile at Google, you must log out before activating the button. Google stores your data as usage profiles and uses them for the purposes of advertising, market research and/or demand-oriented design of its website. Such an evaluation is carried out in particular (even for users who are not logged in) to provide needs-based advertising and to inform other users of the social network about your activities on our website. You have the right to object to the creation of these user profiles, whereby you must contact Google to exercise this right. For more information on the purpose and scope of data collection and processing by Google, as well as further information on your rights in this regard and settings options for protecting your privacy, please visit: https://policies.google.com/privacy
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This website uses so-called web fonts provided by Google for the uniform display of fonts. When you call up a page, your browser loads the required web fonts into its browser cache in order to display texts and fonts correctly. If your browser does not support web fonts, a standard font is used by your computer. Google's privacy policy: https://policies.google.com/privacy
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This website uses functions of Twitter, Inc., 1355 Market St, Suite 900, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA. When you call up our pages with Twitter plug-ins, a connection is established between your browser and the servers of Twitter. In the process, data is already transferred to Twitter. If you have a Twitter account, this data can be linked to it. If you do not want this data to be associated with your Twitter account, please log out of Twitter before visiting our site. Interactions, in particular clicking on a "re-tweet" button, are also passed on to Twitter. You can learn more at https://twitter.com/privacy.
We use the marketing services of the social network LinkedIn of LinkedIn Ireland Unlimited Company, Wilton Plaza, Wilton Place, Dublin 2, Ireland (""LinkedIn"") within our online offer. These use cookies, i.e. text files that are stored on your computer. This enables us to analyze your use of the website. For example, we can measure the success of our ads and show users products in which they were previously interested. For example, information on the operating system, the browser, the website you previously visited (referrer URL), which websites the user visited, which offers the user clicked on, and the date and time of your visit to our website is collected. The information generated by the cookie about your use of this website is transferred pseudonymously to a LinkedIn server in the USA and stored there. LinkedIn therefore does not store the name or email address of the respective user. Rather, the above-mentioned data is only assigned to the person for whom the cookie was generated. This does not apply if the user has allowed LinkedIn to process without pseudonymization or has a LinkedIn account. You may refuse the use of cookies by selecting the appropriate settings on your browser, however please note that if you do this you may not be able to use the full functionality of this website. You can also object to the use of your data directly at LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/psettings/guest-controls/retargeting-opt-outtarget=. We use LinkedIn Analytics to analyze and regularly improve the use of our website. The statistics obtained allow us to improve our offer and make it more interesting for you as a user. All LinkedIn companies have adopted the standard contractual clauses to ensure that the data traffic to the USA and Singapore necessary for the development, implementation and maintenance of the services takes place in a lawful manner. If we ask users for consent, the legal basis for processing is Art. 6 (1) lit. a DSGVO. Otherwise, the legal basis for the use of LinkedIn Analytics is Art. 6 para. 1 p. 1 lit. f DSGVO. Third-party provider information: LinkedIn Ireland Unlimited Company Wilton Place, Dublin 2 Ireland; User Agreement and Privacy Policy.
Functions of the ""YouTube"" service are integrated on this website. ""YouTube"" is owned by Google Ireland Limited, a company incorporated and operated under the laws of Ireland, with its registered office at Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Ireland, which operates the services in the European Economic Area and Switzerland. Your legal agreement with ""YouTube"" consists of the terms and conditions found at the following link: https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms. These Terms constitute a legally binding agreement between you and ""YouTube"" regarding your use of the Services. Google's Privacy Policy explains how ""YouTube"" treats and protects your personal information when you use the Service.
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Plugins of the video portal Vimeo of Vimeo, LLC, 555 West 18th Street, New York, New York 10011, USA are integrated on this website. Each time you visit a page that offers one or more Vimeo video clips, a direct connection is established between your browser and a Vimeo server in the USA. In the process, information about your visit and your IP address are stored there. Through interactions with the Vimeo plugins (e.g. clicking the start button), this information is also transmitted to Vimeo and stored there. The privacy policy for Vimeo with more detailed information on the collection and use of your data by Vimeo can be found in the privacy policy of Vimeo.
If you have a Vimeo user account and do not want Vimeo to collect data about you via this website and link it to your membership data stored with Vimeo, you must log out of Vimeo before visiting this website.
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We may amend this privacy policy at any time without prior notice. The current version published on our website applies. Insofar as the data protection declaration is part of an agreement with you, we will inform you of the change by e-mail or other suitable means in the event of an update.
The author assumes no liability for the correctness, accuracy, timeliness, reliability and completeness of the information. Liability claims against the author for material or immaterial damage resulting from access to, use or non-use of the published information, from misuse of the connection or from technical malfunctions are excluded.
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text:
The Pope and Donald Trump
The Pope recently declared that Donald Trump was no Christian because of his border plans: "A person who thinks only about building walls, wherever they may be, and not building bridges is not Christian," said the pontiff. 'This is not in the Gospel.'" (here for Reuters, here for Catholic News Service).
This raises several issues. First, Popes have built and rebuilt walls around Rome. Does this mean they were not Christian? Constantine and successive Christian rulers built lots of walls. Were they Christian? No reporter or commentator raised this issue.
Second, the Pope's decision criterion—"This is not in the Gospel"—is a very dubious one. Gilded cathedrals are not in the gospels, nor are popes, nor are vaccines. Are these unchristian?
Moreover, Jesus effectively built walls around Samaria when he told his disciples not to preach to the Samaritans. Like nearly all Jews of his day, he hated the Samaritans. The parable of the Good Samaritan was based on the premise that they were detestable. (Yet even a good Samaritan was better than hypocrites refusing to help the needy.) I think it is quite likely that Jesus would have favored an elevated wall that let travelers between Galilee and Judea bypass Samaria.
Jesus' core teaching was to love your neighbor as yourself. (Samaritans did not count as neighbors.) One corollary of this teaching was to help the needy. That's why Jesus told the rich man to sell his possessions and give the money to the poor. That's why he said, store your treasures in heaven and not on earth. That's why he taught that the first in this world would be last in the world to come. And that's why Jesus damned the rich, saying "it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter heaven."
Donald Trump's most salient attribute is his wealth. He often boasts of it, and said he dedicated most of his life to amassing it. There's no question of his love of money. Yet the pope chose to remain silent about this. Pope Francis high-fived preachers of the Prosperity Gospel, which was traditionally regarded as heresy, even by those popes who sold indulgences and church offices. I think Francis is overly fond of grandstanding, and has a capricious way of defining Christian values.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: reset a database before each test I'm using node and supertest for a simple app. I got SQlite3 for the local test database. I did a simple test to get a super inserted into the database. I wanted to reset the database each time a test is run. I'm looking in the docs right now and can't seem to locate it. I figured I would ask here because it seems someone would most likely know the info.
const request = require('supertest');
const server = require('../server');

describe('Authentication', function() {

//database reset here

  it('should create a new user /users/registration', function(done) {
    request(server)
      .post('/users/register')
      .send({
        username: 'user-name',
        email: 'luser-name@gmail.com',
        password: '12345'
      })
      .set('Accept', 'application/json')
      .expect(201, done);
  });
});

A: If you want to run any piece of code before each test, you can use beforeEach function in jest
describe('my test', () => {
    beforeEach(() => {
       // code to run before each test
    });

    test('test 1', () => {
      // code
    });

   test('test 2', () => {
      // code
   });
});

A: So best way to do this is have some logic in your routing functions of your Api
Receive an API request
Check if ['X-MOCK-HEADER'] exists
If it does then route to the mock version of the endpoint

So your mock for create user would always return 201 OK - your mock endpoint would do something like this:
const routes = {
   CREATE_USER_OK:() => { return {....} } // make sure these return proper http responses
   CREATE_USER_BAD_REQUEST: () { return {...} }
}

 return routes[HEADER_VALUE]()

The reason being you're testing the route not the database class in this instance, so you just want to return static data, if you wanna test something else then just change the X-MOCK-HEADER value to whatever you want and add the mock route to return the right http response/code - I'd need to know what the API code looked like to help you on the backend implementation.
If possible stay away from messing with staging databases for testing because down the road you will suffer a LOT of pain as it gradually gets filled with garbage.
Also if you're working with a front end app you can quickly prototype with static data - this is especially useful if you've got a front end team waiting for an API endpoint to say create a login screen.

A: There's no defined way to reset a sqlite db, just delete the db and recreate.
Sqlite: How do I reset all database tables?

A: I did this in the file and it works fine
const request = require('supertest');
const server = require('../server');
const knex = require('knex');
const dbConfig = require('../knexfile.js')['test'];
const db = knex(dbConfig);

describe('Authentication', () => {
  beforeEach(async () => {
    await db('users').truncate();
  });

  it('should create a new user /users/registration', function(done) {
    request(server)
      .post('/users/register')
      .send({
        username: 'user-name',
        email: 'luser-name@gmail.com',
        password: '12345'
      })
      .set('Accept', 'application/json')
      .expect(201, done);
  });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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day of each month at Grange hall, Mulino.
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text:
Barbara Baker
A milestone at the zoo
Renee Rosensteel Preserving species //Under Barbara Baker's 25 years of leadership, the Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium has become one of the nation's leading institutions for the protection and breeding of endangered animals.
2015 marks the 25th anniversary of Barbara Baker's leadership as president and CEO of the Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium. On this occasion, Pittsburgh Quarterly posed a series of questions to Baker, a doctor of veterinary medicine with an MBA, about her tenure and the future of the zoo.
What brought you to Pittsburgh and what were your first impressions of the city?
I'm originally from South Carolina, and I first came to Pittsburgh in 1986 to accredit the zoo. I was very impressed with the zoo and the community and the people I met. But it also seemed to be a diamond in the rough; someone needed to take it and run with it. I told the city (the zoo was under the city then) that if the zoo director position ever became available to give me a call. And so when the position became available in 1990, I applied. We came and interviewed at a time when it was very green and beautiful. And because I'm a country girl, I was impressed that I could be in the big city and could live out in the country. I was very, very impressed with everyone I met, from the mayor all the way down and especially the staff at the zoo.
In 1994, the zoo became its own separate organization. What was that process like, and how has that changed the zoo?
When I started in 1990, the economy was going south and by 1992 – 93, the city was asking, "What should a city be running? What should be the governance of the aviary, Phipps Conservatory, and zoo?" While we were under the city, we were always competing with very essential services — fire, water and police — so it was hard to be a top priority; and it was hard for the city to afford the kind of zoo they really wanted to have. Zoos were privatizing across the country.
Over a 14-month period, we studied the key questions: Who would govern it? Who would run it? What would happen to the staff? The union? We developed a 99-year lease for the zoo. We maintained the same bargaining unit but rewrote the contract to better fit the zoo. We developed a financial plan and a business plan prior to privatization. At the same exact time, we were also working on the authorization of the Regional Asset District tax at the state legislature. It was pretty exciting but also fatiguing. And it came down to the exact same day in December 1993. The city approved our privatization at 11:08 a.m. and the RAD passed a little past 5 o'clock. And then we had a big party that night.
We literally took the zoo on a wing and prayer. We worried about how to fund it. The city paid for salaries of zoo staff for the first year, and then for the second year, the RAD tax support began — which now provides about 20 percent of our operating budget. We really didn't know if we were going to make it. Most impressive to me was that supporters began calling within the first month. "How can we help to make the zoo a success?" That was one of the main reasons to privatize — foundations and corporations had been leery about giving large amounts of money to a governmental agency. In our first four years, we thought $200,000 in grants from private entities was a large amount. Now we have donations in the millions. We had 45 full-time employees when we left the city. Now our staff is 148. Our budget has gone from $3 million to $17 million.
How has the ideology of what a zoo should be changed from 1990 to 2015?
Dramatically. In the first 10 years, we strove to grow, maintain the zoo and build a solid foundation — for the community, our visitors and the animals, of course. Now, the modern zoo is really focused on what can we do for wildlife and conservation. We're losing so many of these magnificent animals rapidly. For example, the African elephant — we're losing 96 African elephants a day. The poaching for ivory in Africa has just exploded. So we really have to look at conservation of animals at the zoo but also outside the zoo.
"Our detractors sometimes say zoos shouldn't be around. But the number of people visiting zoos continues to increase."
In 2011, we rescued three African elephants from Botswana — two 18-year-olds and a 20-year-old. That's prime breeding age. They had been rescued by a wonderful family in Botswana who built an enclosure for them. But there was an accident in Botswana in which a keeper was killed. These elephants were being used for a ride, and by law there, if there's a death, the animal has to be destroyed. Several foundations pitched in, we rented a 747 plane, trained the elephants to go into the crates and flew them directly to Pittsburgh. We had nine before these three, and now the Pittsburgh Zoo has the largest collection of African elephants in the country.
About 10 years ago, we developed a conservation fund with our partners at PPG, and so far, it's funded projects in 72 countries and two oceans. This includes coral propagation, in which we're catching polyps off of coral reefs and planting them back out on reefs that have been destroyed. We've done this coral re-population in Guam, Mexico and Florida, including rescuing coral off of a Navy pier, where the pier was going to be blown up. We took that coral to other reefs, and some came to our zoo. Zoos and aquariums work together on these kinds of projects, multiplying our effect.
How does our zoo's size, at 77 acres, compare with others, and how does that fit into your strategy? And what is the role of the 724-acre conservation center in Somerset?
Our zoo is considered to be a medium-to-large zoo. In our national association, the vast majority have a budget of $3 million or less and are smaller than our zoo. There are some mega facilities — such as the North Carolina Zoo with over 300 acres and the San Diego Zoo, which is actually only 62 acres but has about 1,000 acres in its wild animal park. (What they have that we don't have is huge marketing budgets!) Our 77 acres provide a wonderful visitor experience. People can see the zoo in a day, and we're one of only six zoos in the country with a major aquarium — and we don't charge separately for visiting it. We have 8,918 animals (we just did a census) with 909 species. And right now we work with 52 species of concern, which are either endangered or threatened.
After the accident in 2002 in which elephant handler Mike Gatti was killed, we really took stock and thought about what we were going to do with elephants. Should we continue our elephant program? After much thought, from the board down to staff, we decided we should either get out of elephants or make a major effort with elephants. Mike had felt the work was very important, so we decided to continue the program and in a big way.
We decided to look for a breeding center off site, away from the zoo, not only for elephants but also for rhinos and cheetahs. We spent two years looking and ended up finding a 724-acre facility in Somerset that used to be a deluxe hunting ranch. The owners had decided to sell, and we bought it. It's a gorgeous facility, with 20 paddocks and four different houses. It was perfect, and it's very isolated, which is good for the animals. All we had to do was build an elephant barn — 10,000 square feet — and we're raising funds to build a maternal care center for cows and calves in a herd situation.
Jackson, who is the most valuable breeding bull elephant in the country, moved out there in 2009. It's a beautiful area, and the Somerset community has been very welcoming — even to the point where they made a statue of Jackson at the Eat'n Park parking lot, and they decorate it at Christmas with a wreath around its neck.
How has the conservation message for the public changed, and what are the goals of the zoo in that regard?
Our detractors sometimes say zoos shouldn't be around. But the number of people visiting zoos continues to increase. When I first got here, attendance was about 450,000 and had been dead flat for 10 years. Now we fluctuate between 850,000 and a million visitors a year, so we've really doubled the attendance.
I've always believed you can't really justify having these fabulous animals in captivity unless you're doing everything you can do to educate the public about them. When I started, we had 453 people in educational programs. Now, we're up to 400,000, and we've built a 17,000-square-foot educational complex. We've gone from zero classrooms to 10, plus a large lecture hall. We have 24 different educational programs — all certified — which teachers can choose from. And we also have teacher workshops and our very popular summer programs. We have educational programs for just about every aspect you can think of in the community. And we have off-site programs where we go to the schools and nursing homes.
You've led the zoo through two high-profile crises, one in 2002 involving an elephant killing its handler, and the 2012 death of a 2-year-old boy who fell into the exhibit of African dogs, which killed him. How do you handle such crises, and what have you learned from them?
What you learn, ironically, on a personal level, is that some things simply aren't your plan. We, as humans, desire to control our environment. Some things are just bigger than we are. What you have to do in my role after a tragic accident is, first, you're the spokesperson. You have to be truthful and get as much accurate information out to the public as you can because people are concerned about the zoo.
Second, your biggest role is being supportive of your zoo and staff and community at large to help them through a tragedy. You have to be there for them. I spent a great deal of time on the grounds with the staff, and keeping the board informed. You really try to communicate as much as you can, so people have someone to talk with. Any tragedy like those is extremely hard on the staff and the community. People in Pittsburgh are proud of their zoo, and they consider it to be their zoo. One of my jobs is to pick up the pieces and keep moving forward because you can't go back.
I'm a mother of seven children, so losing a child was extremely difficult. All of our zoo folks here have families, and 82 percent who come to the zoo are families. It was very hard. There's a fine line. Having people be able to see the animals and having the appropriate codes for the animals to be viewed. The old school was they're just behind bars and glass and in cages.
You're working on a new exhibit — The Islands. How do you keep the zoo "fresh" and what is your strategy for its future?
The zoo is first and foremost a recreational facility. We're very proud we're the No. 1 cultural attraction in Pittsburgh and have been for probably 15 years. We try and open a new exhibit every three years, but because of what's happened over the last six years, we've not opened a new exhibit. So we're very excited to be opening The Islands. It's an exhibit featuring five species, and each of them is endangered. We're very proud of that, both educating visitors about these marvelous species but also having breeding programs for them as well.
We'll have Philippine crocodiles, the most endangered crocodile species in the world, with fewer than 100 in the world. We'll also have Galapagos tortoises, clouded leopards, warty pigs and siamangs. Siamangs are a lesser ape, the next level down from chimps, apes and gorillas. They swing through trees and are huge vocalizers. So not only will Highland Park hear the lions, they'll also hear the Siamangs. Fortunately, they don't call at night.
The zoo is in a great place right now. We have a fabulous board and wonderful support from the community. The zoo now has no unsupported debt. That's amazing. We have a fabulous staff, and our management team has over 300 years of animal expertise. People stay for a long time.
We have a daughter who just got accepted at Kent State. So I'll be here at least another five years because I have to pay one more college tuition. But I'll probably be here another 10 years unless they kick me to the curb. We've been here 25 years, and Pittsburgh is home, even though I still have a Southern accent. We're really looking forward to the great things we can do for wildlife and conservation in the future.
Category : CEO Profiles
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Central & South America /
Argentina /
Five reasons to visit Benin
We think it's fair to say that Benin isn't the first destination on everyone's travel list. But this little-known West African nation is one of the most exciting on the continent, a place where ghosts and gods, giant talking haystacks and kings who can turn into trees on a whim rule the streets. But there is more than just storybook magic here. Arguably the best wildlife destination in the region, its two national parks are teeming with buffalo, elephant and lion, while the tribal villages of the Somba and Tanéka peoples offer an invaluable insight into traditional life. If you hadn't considered visiting Benin before, we think you might after reading this.
Delve into the magical world of Voodoo
It's easy to catch a glimpse of Voodoo culture in Ouidah © Laurent Nilles
Universally regarded as the birthplace of Voodoo, Benin is undoubtedly one of the best places in the world to gain an insight into this fantastical world of magic and spirits. This animistic religion has roots that stretch back thousands of years, and its adherents believe not in the Hollywood-inspired clichés of the living dead and bloody sacrifices of virgins, but instead in the power of nature. The Fête du Vaudou, held in Ouidah in January, is easily the best time to catch a glimpse of this weird and wonderful hidden world, but almost any town or village in the south and centre of the country is a good bet – in fact, in many ways a small village is better than Ouidah as with fewer visitors there's generally a warmer welcome.
Enjoy an audience with royalty
Meet Nan Zognidi, Abomey's queen mother © Stuart Butler
If there is one place to meet a king while in Benin then it surely has to be Abomey. It comes as a surprise to many people to learn that if the king is in residence and not overly busy then he is happy to receive foreign guests. An immensely cheerful and friendly fellow, the now elderly Roi (King) Agoli Agbo wears a silver face mask over his nose and mouth. This is to prevent him from breathing in the germs of mere mortals like you and I. The king is of course very knowledgeable on his kingdom's history and culture and normally interested to learn about his visitors' own lives. As he's the most important king in the country you might expect a lot of pomp and overinflated egos, but in fact the whole audience is very relaxed and jolly.
Discover West Africa's best game parks
Benin is arguably the best safari destination in West Africa © J Van der Voorde, African Parks
West Africa isn't known for the vast conservation areas and huge herds of wildlife that are found in most countries in eastern and southern Africa. That being said, however, if you're looking to go on safari in the region, Benin is definitely the place to do so. The country is home to what is just about the last great savannah ecosystem in West Africa and, at the fabulous Pendjari and W national parks, it offers the greatest variety and best opportunities for viewing large mammals in all of West Africa, which include several sub-species never seen in eastern Africa. All of the Big Five can be spotted in the two UNESCO-listed national parks, as well as a colourful array of birds.
Explore hidden tribal villages
The Somba villages outside of Natitingou are some of the most unusual and interesting architectural constructions in Africa © Laurent Nilles
Fairytale-like castles made of mud bricks, known as Tata Sombas, dot parts of the north. Constructed by the Somba, one of Benin's oldest tribal groups, these perfect mud fortresses include a small entrance and ground floor reserved for the livestock, a first floor dedicated to the storage of crops and other items, and a second storey with turrets set aside for the family living quarters. The only access to this family living area is by a ladder, which can be withdrawn at the first sign of danger. To this day the Somba remain a shy, private people who prefer to keep themselves to themselves and this has allowed them to keep their traditions a little more alive than many African tribal groups. However, if you head to the village of Boukoumbé, you'll find plenty of people willing to show you around for a small fee.
Take a boat trip to the 'Venice of Africa'
The floating silt village of Ganvié is Benin's biggest tourist attraction © Laurent Nilles
Built with the aid of crocodiles, the floating stilt village of Ganvié is easily most memorable day trip from Cotonou. Known as the 'Venice of Africa', this extraordinary aquatic settlement is undoubtedly one of Benin's top attractions, but you would be unfortunate if you found yourself sharing your visit here with more than half a dozen others. The village itself seems to be nothing short of an organic creation – a town where nature went a little off the rails and the reeds and weeds just grew up into living houses, shops and a marketplace. As you lean back in your pirogue, drifting lazily across the hot lake to Ganvié, which means 'the people are saved', you may just wonder what on earth possessed anyone to build a town in such a peculiar location.
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Is Kim Kardashian The Kiki That Drake's Talking About?
Alright, so is Kim Kardashian the "Kiki" that Drake is talking about in "In My Feelings"?
Well, that's one theory that was going around yesterday on Twitter. Tyler Morrison took to Twitter to connect all the dots to come up with this idea that at some point Kim and Drake hooked up.
His whole thread is below. Just click on the Tweet and you'll see.
Kim however says that she never hooked up with Drake, which would make sense considering she's married to Kanye and I'm sure that wouldn't sit well with him. How did Kim put the rumor to rest? She simply said 5 words "Never happened. End of story," and that was it.
As I just said, of course she's not going to admit that this is true. But what do you think? Do you think Kim is "Kiki" or do you think people are reaching on this one pretty hard?


# I have decided to tackle this one in Python rather than PHP as I could quite happily do this in PHP but the point of doing these exercises is to expand my knowledge of multiple languages rather than just "solve them".
# Going forward it will likely be a mix of languages, I imagine it will rpimarily be PHP and Python.
# The prime factors of 13195 are 5, 7, 13 and 29.
# What is the largest prime factor of the number 600851475143?


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World Population Day 2015: Demographic Resilience
As events and discussions centered around World Population Day 2015 begin and continue, we spoke with the Wilson Center's Roger-Mark De Souza about the concept of "demographic resilience." Is a younger population more prone to conflict and instability? And what other contextual factors weigh in to the equation? He explains the meaning of "demographic resilience, and offers thoughts on its usefulness as a lens through which to view and assess the overall health of a community. That's the focus of this edition of Wilson Center NOW.
Roger-Mark De Souza is director of population, environmental security, and resilience for the Wilson Center. He leads programs on climate change resilience, reproductive and maternal health, environmental security, and livelihoods, including the Global Sustainability and Resilience Program, Environmental Change and Security Program, and Maternal Health Initiative. Before joining the Center in 2013, De Souza served as vice president of research and director of the climate program at Population Action International, where he provided strategic guidance, technical oversight, and management of programs on population, gender, climate change, environment, and reproductive health. From 2007 to 2010, as the director of foundation and corporate relations at the Sierra Club, he led a multi-million dollar foundation and corporate fundraising program. Prior to working at the Sierra Club, he directed the Population, Health, and Environment Program at the Population Reference Bureau for 10 years, where he designed and implemented research, communications, and capacity-building projects in the United States, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean.
John Milewski is the executive producer and managing editor of Wilson Center NOW and also serves as director of Wilson Center ON DEMAND digital programming. Previously he served as host and producer of Dialogue at the Wilson Center and Close Up on C-SPAN. He also teaches a course on politics and media for Penn State's Washington Program.
NOW Series
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Q: Error Message "CS5001 Program does not contain a static 'Main' method suitable for an entry point", have multiple classes So here's the deal, I have 2 classes at the moment (planning on adding multiple), and I get this error when i'm trying to call functions from both classes. Same namespace. I double-checked and look at my properties tab to see that it's set to compile.
using System;

namespace Game
{
public class SecondSet
{

    public void SituationSecondOne()
    {
        Console.WriteLine(" ");
        Console.WriteLine("Choices:");
        Console.WriteLine("1: First");
        Console.WriteLine("2: Second");
        Console.WriteLine(" ");

        int ChoiceOne = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

        switch (ChoiceOne)
        {
            case (1):
                Console.WriteLine("TEST2");
                break;
            case (2):
                Console.WriteLine("TEST2");
                break;
            case (1337):
                Console.WriteLine(" ");
                Console.WriteLine("Thank you for playing");
                Console.ReadLine();
                Environment.Exit(1);
                break;
            default:
                Console.WriteLine(" ");
                Console.WriteLine("Now, let's try that again ... (¬_¬)");
                SituationSecondOne();
                break;
        }
    }
 }
}

Now, when I call the function from the second to the first, I get no error.  What type of Main() method do I need for this? (I also tried to add the original public void Main(string[] args), once added, I can no longer add public to the function I want to call to the first class)
NOTE: I added this to the first class
SecondSet s2 = new SecondSet();

And it works fine as the code is posted above, but I get the compile error mentioned. valve pls fix :/

A: It's not clear what you mean.But
I was looking at this issue as well, and in my case the solution was too easy. I added a new empty project to the solution. The newly added project is automatically set as a console application. But since the project added was a 'empty' project, no Program.cs existed in that new project. (As expected)
All I needed to do was change the output type of the project properties to Class library
Change the Output Type under the Project > Properties to that of a "Class Library". By default, this setting may have been set to a "Console Application".
   static void Main()
   {
   }

A: You can also receive this error is you change your Main method to be async and forget to change void to be Task.

A: May be your program doest not contain Main which is the entry point of console application so replace with and read this
 class Hello
{

   public void SituationSecondOne()
{
    Console.WriteLine(" ");
    Console.WriteLine("Choices:");
    Console.WriteLine("1: First");
    Console.WriteLine("2: Second");
    Console.WriteLine(" ");

    int ChoiceOne = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

    switch (ChoiceOne)
    {
        case (1):
            Console.WriteLine("TEST2");
            break;
        case (2):
            Console.WriteLine("TEST2");
            break;
        case (1337):
            Console.WriteLine(" ");
            Console.WriteLine("Thank you for playing");
            Console.ReadLine();
            Environment.Exit(1);
            break;
        default:
            Console.WriteLine(" ");
            Console.WriteLine("Now, let's try that again ... (¬_¬)");
            SituationSecondOne();
            break;
    }
}
    static void Main()
    {
        SecondSet s2 = new SecondSet();
        Console.ReadKey();
    }
}

A: Please follow this way and its working and resolved your error.
public  class Program{
     static async Task Main()
             { }
 }

A: This was happening to me when running my code in VS2017.
Opening in VS2019 fixed the error.
async Task Main() entry point requires C# 7.1 or later, so perhaps you don't have required version installed.

A: For me it was that I set a startup project that have an Output Type (Console Application)
it was the wrong project anyway, so I set the top layer as a startup project.
also changed the other layers to be of Output Type (Class Library)

A: As OP did not restricted to WinForms, and I have this error because of a mixed WinForms => WPF approach, I feel that is OK to answer here.
In my case I have .NET Framework 4.8 that gets data from an ancient Outlook .pst file; on top of this I want to display contacts with a WPF UI - I know, I know, why not with a WinForms?
For WPF, I had to add System.Xaml, PresentationCore and PresentationFramework and of course deleted the Form1.cs and Program.cs causing the error msg "CS5001 Program does not contain a static 'Main' method suitable for an entry point" that immediately appeared.
After some SO Googling, I came here and to another thread and came up with this change at .csproj:
  <ItemGroup>
    <!--<Page Include="App.xaml">
      <Generator>MSBuild:Compile</Generator>
      <SubType>Designer</SubType>
    </Page>-->
    <!-- ^^^^^^^^ ERROR ^^^^^^^^ -->
    <!-- Above leads to an error Message "CS5001 Program does not contain a static 'Main' method suitable for an entry point"-->

    <!-- Below is the fix for WPF in NET Framework -->
    <ApplicationDefinition Include="App.xaml">
      <Generator>MSBuild:Compile</Generator>
      <SubType>Designer</SubType>
    </ApplicationDefinition>
    ...
  <ItemGroup>

PS: As a side note, when you unload the project and click Edit Project File and ask for Find App.Xaml with CTRL-F do you notice that - sometimes, at least - the default scope is Current Project? And as your Project is unloaded, although you are in the .csproj it does not find anything inside the current .csproj?
I lose a lot of minutes in that :( before I realize that I had to change scope to Current Document...


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Russia's Lavrov says Washington more 'receptive' to Moscow position on Syria
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said on Wednesday that the United States was increasingly receptive towards Moscow's position on the conflict in Syria.
Lavrov referred to comments by US Secretary of State John Kerry after military talks restarted between Washington and Moscow on Syria, where a war shows no signs of abating after four and a half years.A Russian diplomatic source said separately on Wednesday that Moscow saw growing chances for an international deal on Syria.


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text:
UK Supreme Court hands down judgment in its first collision case
The Collision Regulations are the "rules of the road" for mariners navigating vessels worldwide. Historically, English law has played an extensive role in shaping their interpretation and understanding. However, it has been nearly 50 years since a case involving their interpretation has reached the jurisdiction's highest court.
This changed recently when the Supreme Court handed down judgment in Evergreen Marine (UK) Limited v Nautical Challenge Ltd [2021] UKSC 6.
The collision occurred just outside the narrow channel to the port of Jebel Ali in the United Arab Emirates. The "ALEXANDRA 1" was bound for the port and needed to embark an inbound pilot before entering the channel. She was therefore travelling at a very slow speed through the pilot boarding area and waiting at the entrance of the channel. Conversely, the "EVER SMART" was outbound via the narrow channel.
The Admiralty Court and Court of Appeal's Decision
At first instance, the issue for the court was whether the crossing rules were overridden by the narrow channel rule. As many reading this article will know, the narrow channel rule (rule 9) requires a vessel proceeding along a narrow channel to keep to the starboard side of it. The crossing rules (rules 15-17) apply where two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve a risk of collision. They require the vessel which has the other on her starboard side to keep out of the way (the "give-way vessel") whilst the other vessel is required to keep her course and speed (the "stand-on vessel").
Sitting as Admiralty Judge, Sir Nigel Teare held that the crossing rules did not apply. Instead, this situation was governed by the narrow channel rule. In doing so he relied on "statements of principle" in previous authorities that vessels approaching a narrow channel intending to enter it must navigate in such a manner that, when they reach the entrance, they are on the starboard side of the channel in compliance with rule 9.
Further, he found that it could not have been intended by those who drafted the Collision Regulations that there would be two sets of rules (i.e. the narrow channel rule and the crossing rules) which apply at the same time. That would be confusing and not in the interests of safety. Lastly, Sir Nigel held that ALEXANDRA 1 was not on a sufficiently defined course for the crossing rules to apply in any event. The Court of Appeal agreed.
Issues for the Supreme Court
EVER SMART's owners appealed and asked the Supreme Court to answer the following questions:
Are the crossing rules inapplicable or to be disapplied where an outbound vessel is navigating within a narrow channel and has a vessel on a crossing course approaching the narrow channel with the intention of and in preparation for entering it?
Does the give-way vessel need to be on a steady course for the crossing rules to be engaged?
The Supreme Court's Decision
Question Two
Beginning with question two, the Supreme Court held that a give-way vessel does not need to have a steady course for the crossing rules to apply. All that is required for the crossing rules to be engaged is for the two vessels to be on a steady bearing, as viewed from each vessel. This is consistent with the express wording of rule 15 which makes no mention of "course" and is preferable from a practical perspective. In reaching this conclusion, the Court rejected a widely held interpretation of the Alcoa Rambler [1949] AC 236 which had been used to argue the contrary.
The Court also stated that the stand-on vessel does not need to be on a steady course for the crossing rules to apply. However, once the crossing rules are engaged, the stand-on vessel must keep its course but this does not mean that she must strictly maintain her precise heading, course, or speed. Instead, if the manoeuvre which she is visibly conducting when she becomes the stand-on vessel involves altering her heading or course, or slowing down, she may do so whilst maintaining her compliance with the rules.
Question One
The Court considered this question by reference to 3 broad groups of cases:
Group 1 were vessels which are approaching the entrance of the narrow channel, heading across it but not intending to enter it. It was common ground between the parties that the crossing rules apply here.
Group 2 were vessels intending to enter, and on their final approach to the entrance, adjusting their course to arrive at their starboard side of a narrow channel. In this situation, it was common ground between the parties that the narrow channel rule applies and not the crossing rules.
Group 3 were vessels approaching the entrance to the channel which are intending and preparing to enter but are waiting to enter rather than being on their final approach. This was the situation that the ALEXANDRA 1 found herself in. In these circumstances, the Supreme Court held that the crossing rules do apply and are not excluded by the narrow channel rule.
The Supreme Court had 3 primary reasons for reaching this conclusion. Firstly, the crossing rules should apply wherever they can and should not be overridden in the absence of an express stipulation unless there is a compelling necessity to do so. There is no necessity to disapply the crossing rules in Group 3 cases.
Secondly, if the crossing rules are to be overridden, it must be clear to those navigating the vessels when this is to take place. If the test for the disapplication of the crossing rules was that the vessel was "intending and preparing to enter the narrow channel" this would not be clear enough. As stated by the Court, "how is the [outbound] vessel to know what the approaching vessel is intending, or what preparations she may be making?" Accordingly, only overriding the crossing rules when the approaching vessel is "shaping to enter the channel, adjusting her course so as to reach the entrance on the starboard side of it, on her final approach" is a preferable test as that can be readily determined by the outbound vessel; either by visual or radar observation of the approaching vessel's course and speed.
Thirdly, by only disapplying the crossing rules when the approaching vessel is "shaping to enter the channel, adjusting her course so as to reach the entrance on the starboard side of it, on her final approach" instead of merely "intending and preparing to enter the narrow channel" the crossing rules will be overridden in fewer cases.
Overall, the judgment emphasises the paramount importance of the crossing rules and the principle that they should be strictly applied if they can be. More generally, the judgment provides comprehensive guidance on how the Collision Regulations are to be interpreted and is littered with useful definitions on bearing, course and heading which have sometimes been inadvertently conflated or taken for granted in previous judgments.
On a practical level, it is a positive development that the Supreme Court has rejected an additional requirement of steady course for the crossing rules to be engaged. This makes the rules easier to understand and apply. Ultimately, the judgment provides clear and understandable guidance to mariners which will be of use to them when waiting outside the entrance to narrow channels in locations all over the world.
Chris Grieveson
cjg@wrco.co.uk
Specialist Counsel and Admiralty Manager
mat@wrco.co.uk
Matthew Alker
maa@wrco.co.uk
Read our latest articles on Shipping Offshore
MUR Shipping v RTI: "Reasonable endeavours" decision overturned
Previously, we wrote about the case of MUR Shipping v RTI and whether the obligation in the relevant force majeure clause to use "reasonable endeavours" to overcome a force majeure event required "non-contractual" performance. The English High Court held that it did not. This decision was overturned by the English Court of Appeal.
Safety first: The position on demurrage
The High Court has clarified when a shipowner may disregard charterers' voyage instructions without interrupting demurrage, in a decision which underlines the obligation on voyage charterers to choose safe ports and safe berths for the vessel to proceed to.
BIMCO Infectious or contagious diseases clause for time charter parties 2022
In anticipation of possible cases of future pandemics and epidemics, BIMCO redrafted its 2015 Infectious or Contagious Disease Clause for Time Charter Parties, providing more clarity for shipowners and charters when it comes to risk and costs obligations as a consequence of disruption and delay.


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Who backs the backing singers in the rock star economy?
According to some chap called Paul Bloxham, New Zealand will be the 'rock star economy' of 2014. This dubious claim was given some airing earlier in the year because Mr Bloxham works for a Big Bank and therefore knows about economies and whatnot. The claim also happens to fit with the 'we're all better off now' narrative peddled by the mainstream media as it campaigns to get the National government re-elected. One of the few challenges to this claim came from a Stuff article suggesting most of us were roadies rather than rock stars. This is not surprising. The rock stars are corporates with political clout, not low-income households with overdue traffic fines.
As every concertgoer knows, apart from odd exceptions (solo acoustic sets, Slayer), rock stars also have backing singers. These warblers presumably do their thing, pick up their pay and go home (I'm speculating here). So it is with our economy. The backing vocalists keeping things joined together are cleaning our offices, caring for our elderly, and working on shop floors. Most of them are women.
Sadly things have not been going so well for these un/rock stars in recent years. Most of us are familiar with the statistics: women earn less than men even when they are doing the same work, they are more likely to be unskilled or semi-skilled, and are more likely to lose out careerwise if they are raising children.
About half of all mothers will be reliant on a benefit at some time while they are raising their children. Usually these benefit stints are relatively short, but they can lengthen when the children are very young or a child is disabled, or the mother has limited access to transport. As this blog has noted previously, women have also suffered more unemployment in the endless economic downturn New Zealand has endured since 2009.
Women, specifically women on what is now called Sole Parent Support (SPS), have also been vigorously targeted in the government's welfare reforms. Apparently they are bleeding the country dry, a point which has been hammered home with propaganda about multi-billion dollar future welfare costs. The future liabilities are bogus economics but they provide an alibi for the Minister's regular - and unprovable - assertions that the numbers on SPS have fallen because parents have moved from welfare into work.
There are many reasons to be highly sceptical of this claim but we will focus on only one here, and that is that unemployment rates among women remain well above what they were prior to the global financial crisis. This applies not only to women, but to unemployment generally, but that's a topic for another post. Below is a graph showing unemployment rates for women from late 2007, when unemployment was low, through to March 2014. The data was done by region although only two - Auckland and Northland - have been shown here, as well as the total. What the graph clearly shows is that despite the spin, unemployment went up steeply after the GFC and has remained high. Worse, it is showing signs of trending up again. This pattern can be seen in most regions, with Canterbury and Otago being exceptions.
In the Auckland region unemployment among women has risen since September 2013 to 8% while the number of SPS recipients has fallen by about 1,000.This raises two questions: if sole parents are being moved off benefits into work, where is the work; and are these women just displacing others in the labour market? Clearly mothers are not 'moving into paid work' because relatively more jobs are being created.
So what is happening to those mothers who are no longer on a benefit but have been unable to find work? We have no idea because although National's welfare reforms have been sold with such great promise, it appears no one is allowed to know whether they are working or even how they are going to be evaluated.
In the meantime we are left with the awkward fact that in our rock star economy, the incomes of thousands of women are increasingly precarious as unemployment refuses to fall and welfare assistance becomes harder to obtain and keep.
Why is no one challenging the narrative that everyone is benefiting equally from the improvement in the economy? One organisation that should be speaking out is the Ministry of Women's Affairs, but...silence. Households that have had $1 billion sucked out of them by the combined ravages of unemployment and welfare reform are not enjoying the after-show champagne.
And why is no one (apart from children's advocates) challenging Paula Bennett's oft-repeated assertion that somehow this is 'good for children'? Because what is happening in some of those households isn't good for anyone.


With over 18 years of experience, Katherine Nomack brings a vast knowledge of the Fairfield County Market and countless contacts in the real estate community. Her many repeat clients can attest to her professionalism, transparency, direct approach and ability to manage and close transactions.
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Katherine Nomack resides in Fairfield County with her husband and daughter.


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Churches - Synagogues
Learning Italian
Rent a Car with Driver
The Florence Academy of Art
Art Schools (11)
Churches - Synagogues (4)
Fashion Services (1)
Holiday Rental (2)
Learning Italian (6)
Rent a Car with Driver (1)
Wedding Planners (3)
The Florence Academy of Art was founded in 1991 by Daniel Graves to provide the highest level of instruction in classical drawing, painting and sculpture. Graves' vision of the Academy is its potential to train a select group of highly skilled Realist painters and sculptors.
The Florence Academy of Art is:
- a branch of the International Academy of Fine Art and has been recognized to be a tax-exempt charitable organization under Section 501 c 3 of the Internal Revenue Code of the United States since 2000
- recognized by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Italian Ministry of Universities as a foreign non-profit university-level program
- a member of the Association of American College and University Programs in Italy (AACUPI)
- affiliated with Laguna College of Art and Design in Laguna Beach, CA
Class Commitment and Studio Environment
The complete program of study is three years (each year is divided into three 11-week trimesters), although students may continue for a fourth year of specialization. The student's class commitment includes 36 hours per week of full instruction; each student receives one critique in the morning and one critique in the afternoon from the course instructors. Students may also attend additional life drawing classes in the evenings. Regular lectures are conducted in Anatomy, Art History, Humanities and Figurative Composition, while special lectures include Historic Methods and Materials, and technical demonstrations on paint grinding, the properties of individual pigments, oils and varnishes and canvas preparation.
Via delle Casine 21red, Florence-Centre, 50122


"A whopping 78% of Americans who've asked for a lower interest rate have succeeded."
Two key concepts rule all others when it comes to saving money: Everything is negotiable, and competition is your biggest ally. Here's how to use both truths to your advantage when shaving money off your biggest monthly bills.
As more of us cut the cable cord in favor of Internet-based alternatives, traditional providers are feeling the pressure—and often willing to make a deal.
If you haven't already, your first step is to look into those services, including Netflix, Hulu, SlingTV and DirecTV Now. You might discover they offer enough options, in which case your new bill is likely south of $50. Check with your Internet provider before switching, though. If your home service has a strict data cap, do some math to ensure you're not erasing savings with overage fees.
If these options don't suffice, however, research a couple competitor deals and call up your provider. See if they'll match them. If you're cool with a streaming service and cable combo, ask about "skinny" bundles, which are deeply discounted basic packages.
These days, getting a better smartphone deal means getting a better data deal. At T-Mobile, Sprint and AT&T, unlimited plans are back. At Verizon, you select a tier: 2GB, 4GB and so on. To make an intelligent choice here, carefully examine your previous bills to decide whether you could downgrade to a cheaper level.
The real savings, however, come if you're willing to drop the big four carriers and sign up with lesser-known providers like Walmart's Straight Talk, which can cut your bill in half.
If New Year's resolutions are your thing, you might want to join a gym soon. (Or else reacquaint with the one you already pay for.) Gyms are notorious for their complicated terms and contracts, but there's still plenty of negotiating room.
Initiation or sign-up fees are often used to balance out promotional discounts, but it doesn't hurt to ask for a break there, too. Some experts say that if you agree to join with a friend, you're even more likely to get these fees waived. You can also look for deals online. (Costco's deals list is a great source, even for non-members.) Many clubs have a policy against letting mid-contract members renew for less money, but some will do it anyway.
And if you ever feel like you've succumbed to high-pressure tactics (hey, it happens to us all), check with the attorney general's office. Many states have "cooling off periods" or "right of rescission" provisions, which often give you 72 hours to cancel.
A March 2016 CreditCards.com survey found that a whopping 78 percent of Americans who've asked for a lower interest rate have succeeded. Yet nearly four out of five of us haven't asked. So do it now before rates on variable-APR cards get higher.
Before you pick up the phone, research other card deals or balance-transfer offers. The bank doesn't want to lose your business, so implying you'll move your balance increases your odds of a rate reduction.
Did you know you could refinance your auto loan, too? There's actually pretty hot competition among banks for these loans, so the fees can be trivial. If you have an extra long loan—73-84 months are very popular now—or your credit's improved since you borrowed the money, consider this. While interest rates for subprime loans (if your score is 600 or less) can top 10 percent, those with better scores can find rates as low as 2 percent.


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Inspiring the next generation of female leaders!
Young Wome's Leadership Academy (YWLA)
Cultural Enrichment Program
GGRF SCHOLARSHIPS
The Minority & Immigrant Women Initiative (MIWI)
ESSENTIALLY YOU! – SHEROES WALL OF FAME
Women Entrepreneurs Business Breakfast (WEBB)
Women of Influence Award
Tag: Olympic Sprinter
She Rocks! Aliann Tabitha Pompey, Olympic Sprinter
Aliann Pompey is a Guyanese sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres. She has represented Guyana at the Summer Olympics on four separate occasions (2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012). She has competed at the World Championships in Athletics five times. Born in Georgetown, Guyana, she moved to the United States at the age of 14 and graduated from Cohoes High School, and then Manhattan College in The Bronx, New York City. Initially uninterested in track and field, she began to … read more
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Award-winning 501c3 entity dedicated to inspiring the next generation of female leaders in the Guyanese community.
Today we welcomed our new and returning students t
#YWLA2021 is almost here! We can't wait to welco
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The Chamber Home
The Community Home
Refugio County Museum
Refugio Weather
Austwell
Marquee Ads
The area presently occupied by Refugio County was originally occupied by the Karankawa Indians, a nomadic and cannibalistic tribe whose favorite camping ground was the present location of the town of Refugio. The first Europeans in the area was likely the party of the Spanish explorer, de Vaca around 1520.
In 1793 Spain established a mission at the junction of the San Antonio and Guadalupe rivers in order to minister to the local Karankawa Indians and to establish a claim to the entire surrounding area. After a disastrous Indian raid in 1793 the mission, called Nuestra Senora del Refugio, was eventually moved to a location on the Mission River at the southern end of the present town of Refugio. The mission remained active until 1830. By that time a small village had taken root and approximately 100 Mexicans lived on small ranchos in the surrounding area.
Anglo-American immigration in the area was limited by Mexico until after 1836; however, an exception was the contract held by empresarios James Power and James Hewetson. Under the terms of this contract, they proposed to settle Irish Catholics and Mexican families in the region from the Nueces River to the south all the way north to the Guadalupe River.
Despite the terms of the contract, many of the families brought in were not Catholic; however the little community began to grow and the municipality of Refugio was established at the site of the old mission. From its inception the municipality was troubled by political disputes including what the area should be called. The name was briefly changed to Wexford in honor of the Irish county from which many of the settlers had come. The name was never accepted by many residents and was eventually dropped.
There was divided loyalty among the county residents during the war with Mexico that eventually led to the independence of Texas. However, most were in favor of independence. In 1836 a badly outnumbered Texan force commanded by Amon King and William Ward were defeated by Mexican General Urrera at the 1836 battle of Refugio. Most of Ward's men escaped; however, many of King's contingent were either killed of captured. Those captured were later executed in the Goliad Massacre.
After independence from Mexico, Refugio was organized as one of thirteen original counties of the new Republic of Texas and occupied considerably more area than today. By 1858 much of the original area had been granted to the surrounding counties of Goliad, Calhoun, San Patricio, and Victoria counties. By the 1850's Refugio County became a center for hide and tallow factories. The town of Refugio itself had 3 dry-goods stores, 2 public hotels, 1 private boarding house, 3 churches, 2 schools, 2 doctors, 1 dentist, and 1 lawyer. By 1860 the county population was 1,748 including 234 slaves and six free blacks.
Residents of the county staunchly supported the confederacy and many resident males served in gray. Overall, the Civil War had a dramatically negative effect on the economy of the county. In the decade after the war a darker aspect of Refugio County history occurred. Most of the Mexican-American population was driven out either through direct violence or intimidation. Vigilante groups were largely responsible after the murder of white ranchers. By the twentieth century, only a handful of Mexican-Americans ranchers were left.
Vast deposits of oil and gas were discovered and produced beginning in the 1920's. By 1936 production had risen to almost almost 10 million barrels of oil annually and by 1944 it was 25 million barrels. Exploration and production still continue.
Refugio County covers 771 sq miles of essentially flat land covered with tall prairie grass spotted with some areas of mesquite, live oak, prickly pear, and huisache. Elevations range from 0 at the coast to 100 feet in the northwest corner of the county. The region is drained by the converging Guadalupe and San Antonio rivers to the north and to the south by the Aransas River.
The county has a humid, subtropical climate with 37 inches average rainfall. Temperatures often climb into the 90's in the summer and average 45 degree in January. Freezes are rare but do occur. A wide variety of wildlife inhabits the county including deer, javelina, bobcat, quail, fox, turkey, duck, geese, and sandhill cranes. The most well known of the wildlife is the endangered whooping crane now under federal protection. The Aransas National WIldlife Refuge where these cranes nest is partially in Refugio County.
Newspaper Wikipedia Genealogy & Hist Jackie Barnes Library 361 526-4042
301 N Alamo St · Refugio, TX 78377
Refugio County Chamber Of Commerce
Copyright 2021 - Refugio County Chamber of Commerce


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Pete Talbot
Montana Politics • Steve Bullock
Midweek musings: R.I.P. Mike Fellows and some other updates
Mike Fellows was a true believer. I remember him sitting alone in his booth in the Commercial Building at the Western Montana Fair hawking Libertarian literature. Or doing his public access Libertarian TV show on MCAT. Or seeing his name on the ballot every two years since 1996 as the Libertarian candidate for some statewide office.
Although I don't know the source, this quote has been attributed to Mike: "I just want gay married couples to be able to protect their marijuana plants with guns."
There are some aspects of the Libertarian philosophy I embrace. Most I do not, and Mike and I had our disagreements, but no one could ever accuse him of waffling on the issues. And with me, he was always civil.
He died Monday night in a car wreck returning from a candidate forum in Seeley Lake. Here's the story.
Mike contributed mightily to the democratic (that's small 'd') debate and will be missed on the stage of political discourse.
Just up the road the following evening in Condon was a community forum on public lands hosted by state Sen. Jennifer Fielder (R-Thompson Falls) and state Rep. Kerry White (R-Bozeman). I wrote about it here. I received a comment on that post this morning from 'Dan' who wrote this about the forum:
Last night was a parade of lies, half truths, and twisted science combined with poor math. The crowd was openly opposed to and hostile to the snake oil hawkers. The best response came from Montana State Senator Sue Malek who politely welcomed White and Fielder to her district and proceeded to embarrass Fielder for misrepresenting the actions of the Senate and finished with a flourish by stating that she was going to fight Fielder and White on this issue every step of way. The crowd loved it. Malek clearly came prepared with facts about Fielder's legislative record. Fielder had no response, and really did not seem particularly bothered to be called out for lying to the public. I learned years ago that public meetings at the Condon Community Hall are always a good show and last night kept that tradition alive.
I should have been there last night — so many political events; so little time — and I await other reports. (Full disclosure: this is also a plug for Sen. Malek. I am actively campaigning for her re-election.) UPDATE: The Missoulian's Rob Chaney has a balanced piece on the forum. I appreciate a reporter who fact checks statements made by various organizations' spokesmen and women, and by elected officials.
In the governor's race, some bad news for Greg Gianforte. The Bozeman Chronicle reports that Gov. Steve Bullock is the fourth most popular governor in the U.S. with an approval rating of 66 percent, and he's the most popular Democratic governor in the nation. Here are the ratings.
(Kansas Gov. Sam Brownback, "who has pretty much demolished his state by turning it into a lab rat for every crackpot notion that Arthur Laffer ever had," to quote Esquire, is the least popular with a 23 percent approval rating.)
I find it hard to believe that an incumbent governor with a 66 percent approval rating is going to lose. Logcosity thinks it's going to be a close race. But the author of the post points out that in the last 60 years, every incumbent governor who ran for a second term has won. Smart money is on Bullock.
I agree with Dans synopsis of the meeting in Condon last night. However, the crowd was not hostile, just many well informed people who were not buying her pretty, fluff presentation.
James Conner says:
Bullock's approval rating increased from 61 to 66 percent over the last three months. The Chronicle's 406 blog reports the margin of error is six percent, so the sample was small, in the neighborhood of 260. The increase is as important as the absolute number and is good news for Bullock.
Hillary Clinton, not Greg Gianforte, may be Bullock's biggest problem. She's losing ground. If Trump carries Montana with 60 percent or more, he may help GG and other statewide Republicans.
Why Does Ryan Zinke Support A Gun-Grabbing Candidate for President?
A Striking Illustration of the Difference Between Ryan Zinke and Denise Juneau
'Papa' Pete Talbot is first and foremost a grandfather to five wonderful grandchildren. Like many Montanans, he has held numerous jobs over the years: film and video producer, a partner in a marketing and advertising firm, a builder and a property manager. He's served on local and statewide Democratic Party boards. Pete has also been blogging at various sites for over a decade. Ping-pong and skiing are his favorite diversions. He enjoys bourbon.