text:
Bharat Rakshak - Indian Air Force
offered by www.bharat-rakshak.com
This extension will let you query the Databases on the Bharat Rakshak Indian Air Force site
The Bharat-Rakshak.com web portal, as visitors may note is one of the oldest - if not the oldest web portal devoted to the Indian Armed Forces.  Started sometime around 1997, the site is still going strong after 22 years. Just look up when the domain was first created - 1997-05-08!
The database consists of over 30,000 individual officer details, 4800 awards, 2000 accidents and 5000+ serials. And more coming every day!
Note: All the data available via this tool is publicly available in the Gazette of India, published by the Indian Government, or from public domain sources, press releases about Awards and Right-To-Information (RTI) Requests. Additionally data shared by veterans is added to the page with permission. No data with respect to serving officers below the rank of AVM is displayed. Information in Gazette of India and Award citations and photographs as released by the Indian Air Force are the only details displayed.
Size: 12.43KiB
Email: iafhistory@gmail.com


Steve Goldflam and Associates is a full service tax accounting company. Here are our major tax services. If there's a service you require, but don't see it listed, please call or email. We probably offer it. If not, we'll refer you to one of our affiliates who offer great customer service just like we do!
Provide us with the information and we will write a professional business plan for you, ready to submit to a bank or investors. We also refer you to banks we think will work best for gaining financing.
You will actually enjoy or process of managing your wealth and assets, achieving tax compliance and building new streams of income.
Our Insurance Associate will help you with all you personal, life, business, auto, etc. insurance needs.
Our Investment Associate will assist you in building your net-worth and managing your money.
Our Retirement Associate will manage your assets and work with you so you can retire in style.


Floral Friday...Enjoying Delights from the Garden.
Our Fridays, however, are filled with afternoon angst. Rather than hopping off the bus into a fun-filled afternoon of play or relaxation, our kids gripe and complain. You see, in a rare Tiger-Mom moment, I ruined their launch into the weekend.
I insisted on piano lessons.
Unfortunately, the only time slot available was...wait for it...Friday afternoon.
It's not like I enjoy piano lessons on Fridays, either. Trust me. Still, the semester is paid for, the teacher is sweet, and we'll all survive.
Piano lesson Fridays are one of the reasons I'm introducing Floral Fridays.
Whether you need a mood booster, a hostess gift, or just a pretty arrangement for a weekend dinner party, Floral Fridays is designed to help you find the delight in bringing treasures from your garden inside. We spend so much time working to cultivate beautiful blooms in our landscapes that it's important to enjoy them, to take pleasure in the results of our efforts. What better way to celebrate our sweat and labor than by creating lovely, sweet, homegrown bouquets?
I've set a goal for myself, and I hope you'll join the Floral Fridays challenge, too. Each week, create a bouquet, centerpiece, wreath, posy, whatever you enjoy from materials found only in your garden. Now, I know you snow-covered northern friends are rolling your eyes at me. But evergreens, berries, pinecones, twigs--all are viable, interesting materials for arrangements. Let your creativity run wild!
Are you ready to play along? Just remember--have fun, take pleasure in your garden creations, and savor the scent of fresh flowers in your home!
For our first Floral Friday, I admit to being time-pressed, so I opted for an easy arrangement.
In South Carolina, it's hellebore season. Truly, these sweet perennials are among my favorite plants for several reasons. First, I started out with five plants about 10 years ago.
Now, our garden is covered in hellebores.
Look at all of the seedlings! Last spring, I transplanted at least 30 small hellebore seedlings along the forest path, and they are already blooming.
I adore them because they thrive in shade, and we live in the middle of a forest.
They're evergreen, they tolerate freezes well, and they're low maintenance. Yes, ideally I should snip the old leaves to clean them up. But I don't, and they don't suffer from my inattention. I might give them a snip if I can find some free time.
The biggest advantage to hellebores? They bloom in the thick of winter. Just when you swear you'll never survive the cold to see another flower again, out peeks the first nodding head.
And you realize that the daffodils can't be far behind.
I'm not going to get into all of the varieties today--I promise I will, though, but I've been rambling too long already. Instead, let's get on with it!
While I love the nodding heads of hellebores, you can't fully appreciate their beauty unless you lie on the ground and look up at them.
Instead, today I snipped blooms off several plants. Just the flowers (which are comprised of sepals).
I filled a shallow glass bowl with water, and floated the flowers on top of the water. Now, we can actually see and enjoy the subtle colors and freckles without crawling on our knees in the garden.
Of course, I snipped a few too many to fit in the bowl. So, I pulled out a wedding gift from my friend, Katie, that we've used often--candlesticks designed for floating candles. I filled them with water and floated three blooms on top of each.
See how easy Floral Friday can be? I love looking at the muted colors of the hellebores, I had a chance to think about my sweet friend when I used her gift, and most importantly--we have blooms to enjoy during these cold, dreary days.
So, are you up for the challenge? Will you play along? Please do! I'd love to see what delights you create from your garden.
tagged under: Growing one day at a time, Floral Friday.


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Bollywood Hungama » Amyra Dastur News
Tag: Amyra Dastur News
Amyra Dastur
Updated on Dec 22, 2022 01:30 PM IST
Updated on Dec 5, 2022 09:05 PM IST
Updated on Nov 22, 2022 03:08 PM IST
Amyra Dastur is absolute stunner in this beautiful outfit
Amyra Dastur has a fun chit chat with paps at the airport
Updated on Nov 15, 2022 09:36 AM IST
Amyra Dastur & Shivangi Upadhyay's unique dance
Photos: Kriti Sanon, Amyra Dastur, Shilpa Shetty and Raveena Tandon snapped at the airport
Amyra Dastur shows off her fluent moves!
Updated on Nov 8, 2022 04:30 PM IST

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This is a placeholder page for Kevin Coleman, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find Kevin Coleman.
You are visiting the placeholder page for Kevin Coleman. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Kevin Coleman. We created this page automatically in hopes Kevin Coleman would find it. If you are not Kevin Coleman, but are an alumni of Linden Mckinley High School, register on this site for free now.


This project Car Shop Management System has been developed on Java, JSP and MySQL database. We are providing easy java projects with source code for students. The main objective for developing this major java project Car Shop Management System can helps to maintain the customer information, car information, payment details, insurance details, loan details, take order, deliver order etc. This system is very easy to use for customer to book a car online and car-booking agency can also track their booking online. So this system is also very useful for car booking agency. It can also manage an online system through which customers can view available cars; register the cars, view profile and book cars. Mostly peoples use car for their daily transportation need. This project Intends different types of forms with different of Car varities provides to user to book online. This project provides a lot of features to manage in very well manner. We can develop best online java projects code for students who want to use java projects for learning. This project contains a lot of advance modules which makes the back end system very powerful. Student can easily download these academic java projects with source code can be used as a final year academic projects for students.


Truck Repair - Baldwin is the Best!
Preventive Maintenance The best way to minimize more serious breakdowns and the higher costs associated with truck repair is by doing routine maintenance. Preventive vehicle maintenance is simply what the manufacturer of your vehicle suggests getting done to keep your vehicle going. Whether you have a diesel, light or semi truck we provide the maintenance services to keep it running well.
The transmission may well be one of the most complicated and important components of your semi truck or diesel truck. That's why it's important to trust its maintenance and repair to a full–service shop. There are a number of problems that can be resolved simply while others may require a complete transmission overhaul. Our skilled mechanics have the training and expertise to properly diagnose your transmission problem and get you back on the road.
We service both Thermo King and Carrier units.


text:
EU, UN seek plan for Syria's future at aid conference
EU Foreign Policy chief Federica Mogherini attends the Arab League summit in the Jordanian Dead Sea resort of Sweimeh on March 29, 2017. / AFP / KHALIL MAZRAAWI
Brussels Conference
Food and Agriculture Organization
The European Union and the U.N. host a two-day conference starting Tuesday on Syria's future, with Russian-backed President Bashar Assad as firmly in place as ever despite efforts to oust him.
EU foreign affairs chief Federica Mogherini has billed the gathering in Brussels as a follow-up to a donors' conference last year in London, which raised about $11 billion (10 billion euros) for humanitarian aid programs in the devastated country.
The EU expects U.N. chief Antonio Guterres to attend along with Staffan de Mistura, his special envoy who is mediating the Syria peace talks.
The EU estimates that about 13.5 million Syrians need humanitarian assistance inside the country, while another five million have fled, most to Turkey and other neighboring countries.
The U.N. says 3.4 billion euros is needed for internal humanitarian aid this year, and 4.7 billion euros is required for the refugees.


Alexander Roth is a type designer at Monotype. Born in the former Soviet Socialist Republic of Tajikistan and raised in Germany, Alexander became fascinated by languages and letter shapes at an early age. He studied video production, animation, graphic design, typography and type design before joining the world-renowned type foundry, FontFont, as a font technician intern.
In the following years, he held positions as a graphic designer for FontFont, a lead graphic designer for FontShop and a marketing manager for Monotype's digital commerce businesses, including FontShop.com, FontFont.com, Linotype.com and MyFonts.com, before joining the Monotype Studio.
His portfolio includes work for transportation companies, auto manufacturers and government services. Alexander holds a bachelor's degree in Media Production, and a master's degree in Type Design from the Royal Academy of Arts in The Hague, as well as a handful of branding certificates, and accolades from the Type Directors Club in New York.


text:
The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason
If you liked The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason by Sam Harris,
here are some books like this:
How We Believe: The Search for God in an Age of Science
Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon
Daniel C Dennett
God: The Failed Hypothesis How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist
Victor J Stenger
Atheist Universe
Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam
The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever
The Science of Good and Evil: Why People Cheat, Gossip, Care, Share, and Follow the Golden Rule
Letters to a Young Contrarian (Art of Mentoring)
God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything
Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time
Stephen Jay Gould, Michael Shermer
Atheism: The Case Against God
George H Smith
Misquoting Jesus
Bart D Ehrman
Bushwhacked: Life in George W Bush's America
Molly Ivins, Lou Dubose
A Devil's Chaplain: Selected Writings
Why I Am Not a Christian: And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects
Simon Blackburn, Bertrand Russell
Hitch-22: A Memoir
Climbing Mount Improbable
Richard Dawkins, Lalla Ward
Freedom Evolves
Pale Blue Dot: a Vision of the Human Future in Space
Flim-Flam: The Truth About Unicorns, Parapsychology and Other Delusions
James Randi
Physics of the Impossible: A Scientific Exploration into the World of Phasers, Force Fields, Teleportation, and Time Travel
Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life
The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life
The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature
The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature
The Blind Watchmaker
The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark
Consciousness Explained
The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature
The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal
Jared M Diamond
The Fabric of the Cosmos
The Language Instinct: The New Science of Language and Mind
Death by Black Hole: And Other Cosmic Quandaries
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Thomas S Kuhn
Ben Goldacre
Hyperspace: A Scientific Odyssey Through Parallel Universes, Time Warps and the Tenth Dimension
Nate Silver
Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future
The Universe in a Nutshell
Stephen William Hawking
The Pleasure of Finding Things Out: The Best Short Works of Richard Feynman
Freeman Dyson, Richard Feynman
What Do You Care What Other People Think?: Further Adventures of a Curious Character
Richard P Feynman
The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory
SuperFreakonomics
Steven D Levitt, Stephen J Dubner
Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said


Storm water overflow is a major cause of poor water quality in urban rivers. When there's heavy rainfall, the combined sewers in London discharge directly into the River Thames. Although diluted by the rain, the overflow contains untreated sewage as well as water run-off from roads, hard surfaces, gullies and drains. The 'first flush' of storm water is particularly polluted.
In London, a large-scale engineering project has begun to capture most of the storm water overflow and divert it into a massive holding tunnel under the Thames. The waste water is then pumped to Beckton Sewage Treatment Works to be treated before being released.
In Southwark, there are three construction sites related to the building of the Thames Tideway Tunnel - Chambers Wharf, Shad Thames Pumping Station and Earl Pumping Station. For more information on this project, visit the Tideway website.


Our stems are more than a pretty flower! In any room they will help to freshen the air. When buds fall off the stems, crush them to help in scenting the room.
The GROS BLEU Variety is is a slightly wilder type of dried lavender. Not all stems are straight. It is one of the deeper purples in the intermedia (French lavender) family.
Not all lavenders are the same -- consider colour and height and even scent when picking: Do you want a deep purple? Then choose our lavender (English) stems: These are around 12 inches (30 cms) in height. Varieties include: Royal Velvet and English mix. Want a taller stem that is lighter in colour (greyish purple)? Then choose our lavandin (French) stems. These are around 18 inches (40 cms) in height. Varieties include: Grosso and Gros Bleu.
Please note that the number of stems in a given bunch will vary. The number of stems typically ranges from 75 to 125 per bunch.
Are you looking for just the dried flowers (no stems) to use in sachets? Please look for the non-culinary buds in our Home Perfect collection.


text:
package org.nlp4l.solr.ltr;

import org.apache.lucene.search.DocIdSetIterator;
import org.apache.lucene.search.Explanation;
import org.apache.lucene.search.Scorer;
import org.apache.lucene.search.Weight;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class LinearWeightScorer extends AbstractLinearWeightScorer {

  public LinearWeightScorer(Weight luceneWeight, List<FieldFeatureExtractor[]> featuresSpec,
                            List<Float> weights, DocIdSetIterator iterator) {
    super(luceneWeight, featuresSpec, weights, iterator);
  }

  @Override
  public float score() throws IOException {
    return innerProduct();
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Resource sharing is sufficient for the emergence of division of labour
Division of labour and the evolution of extreme specialization
Guy A. Cooper & Stuart A. West
Fitness benefits and emergent division of labour at the onset of group living
Y. Ulrich, J. Saragosti, … D. J. C. Kronauer
Task allocation in a cooperative society: specialized castes or age-dependent switching among ant workers
Yoh Iwasa & Sachi Yamaguchi
Food Income and the Evolution of Forager Mobility
Elizabeth Gallagher, Stephen Shennan & Mark G. Thomas
Patterns and consequences of age-linked change in local relatedness in animal societies
Samuel Ellis, Rufus A. Johnstone, … Darren P. Croft
Experimental evidence of frequency-dependent selection on group behaviour
Jonathan N. Pruitt, Brendan L. McEwen, … Noa Pinter-Wollman
Group formation and the evolutionary pathway to complex sociality in birds
Philip A. Downing, Ashleigh S. Griffin & Charlie K. Cornwallis
Individual and collective foraging in autonomous search agents with human intervention
Daniel S. Schloesser, Derek Hollenbeck & Christopher T. Kello
Gains to cooperation drive the evolution of egalitarianism
Paul L. Hooper, Hillard S. Kaplan & Adrian V. Jaeggi
Jan J. Kreider ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3389-53441,
Thijs Janzen ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4162-11401,
Abel Bernadou ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5600-587X2,3,
Daniel Elsner ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1397-76171,4,
Boris H. Kramer ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2775-19181 &
Franz J. Weissing ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3281-663X1
Social evolution
Division of labour occurs in a broad range of organisms. Yet, how division of labour can emerge in the absence of pre-existing interindividual differences is poorly understood. Using a simple but realistic model, we show that in a group of initially identical individuals, division of labour emerges spontaneously if returning foragers share part of their resources with other group members. In the absence of resource sharing, individuals follow an activity schedule of alternating between foraging and other tasks. If non-foraging individuals are fed by other individuals, their alternating activity schedule becomes interrupted, leading to task specialisation and the emergence of division of labour. Furthermore, nutritional differences between individuals reinforce division of labour. Such differences can be caused by increased metabolic rates during foraging or by dominance interactions during resource sharing. Our model proposes a plausible mechanism for the self-organised emergence of division of labour in animal groups of initially identical individuals. This mechanism could also play a role for the emergence of division of labour during the major evolutionary transitions to eusociality and multicellularity.
Division of labour—within-individual consistency but between-individual variability in task choice among the members of a group1—is a pivotal aspect of social life in human and animal societies. Division of labour occurs in a broad range of organisms2,3. For instance, in eusocial insects, workers specialise in foraging, defending the nest, or nursing the brood4. In some species of birds, such as noisy miners, some helpers specialise in chick provisioning or mobbing nest predators5. In the Lake Tanganyika princess cichlid, helpers engage in predator defence, nest maintenance or egg care6,7. Within prides of lionesses, individuals perform different roles during hunting and territorial defence, and they can specialise to take care of the cubs8.
A central question for understanding social life is consequently how such division of labour can originate. The emergence of division of labour is typically modelled in response threshold models1,9,10,11,12,13,14. These models assume that individuals differ in thresholds that determine their likelihood to start performing a task when they perceive a task stimulus. Individuals with a low response threshold take on a task more readily, thereby decreasing the task stimulus; this prevents other individuals with a higher threshold from taking on the task as well. As a result, individuals specialise in those tasks for which they have a low threshold. However, task specialisation and division of labour only occur if there are pre-existing interindividual differences in response thresholds15. It remains poorly understood how self-organised division of labour can emerge within homogenous groups of highly similar or even identical individuals.
Here, we present a model for the emergence of division of labour in animal groups of identical individuals. The model makes the realistic assumption that the nutrition level of individuals declines over time, and that a low nutrition level triggers foraging16,17,18,19,20,21,22 (Fig. 1a). In the absence of interindividual interactions, one would expect that individuals sequentially perform non-foraging behaviours (henceforth referred to as nursing) when nutrition levels are high and foraging behaviour when nutrition levels are low. However, within groups of animals, individuals interact and resource sharing regularly occurs23,24. This could lead to a certain degree of specialisation on foraging and non-foraging behaviour, as foragers that give part of their resources away may soon have to forage again, while the receivers of the shared resources can delay foraging. We therefore considered various resource-sharing scenarios (Fig. 1b), in order to investigate whether this common mechanism is sufficient to generate a high degree of task specialisation and division of labour.
Fig. 1: Task switching and four resource sharing scenarios.
a Our model assumes that individuals can switch (solid arrows) between two states: foraging (green) and nursing (blue). While foraging, individuals retrieve resources (black dots) from the environment and store these resources in a temporary storage organ (grey circle). As long as resources are in the storage organ, they can in principle be shared with other individuals. Once they are integrated into the individual's body (green dots in foraging individuals; blue dots in nursing individuals) they contribute to the individual's nutrition level and can no longer be shared. As foraging is triggered by a low nutrition level, foraging individuals have on average lower nutrition levels than nursing individuals. b Four resource sharing scenarios considered in our study: (1) No sharing: Resources are not shared; foraging individuals consume all resources themselves. (2) Equal sharing: Foraging individuals share the collected resources equally between themselves and a nursing individual. (3) Dominance-based sharing: Each individual has a pre-assigned dominance value and resources are shared in relation to these dominance values: The dominant individual obtains a larger proportion of the collected resources. (4) Nutrition-based sharing: As in (3), but now the dominance level of an individual is not pre-assigned and constant, but proportional to the individual's nutrition level.
We ran 20 replicate simulations for each resource sharing scenario. We quantified the degree of division of labour that emerges in the simulations using the metric D that was introduced by Duarte et al.25 (see Methods for details and Fig. S1 in the Supplement for other division-of-labour metrics). For the scenarios considered here (see Methods), D ranges from −1 to +1, where −1 indicates the strict alternation between tasks, 0 indicates random switching between tasks, and +1 indicates task specialisation25. Figure 2a shows that in the absence of resource sharing (Fig. 1b; (1) No sharing), the division-of-labour metric D takes on the extreme value −1, implying that individuals follow an activity schedule of alternating between tasks. Nursing individuals that start to forage to obtain resources keep all the resources for themselves. Consecutively, they nurse until their nutrition level has dropped to a threshold that induces them to start foraging again. As shown in Fig. 2b, the outcome is very different when resources are shared between foraging and nursing individuals (Fig. 1b; (2) Equal sharing). Now the metric D reaches positive values above 0.5, indicating that individuals specialise on foraging or nursing for longer stretches of time.
Fig. 2: Division of labour and nutrition levels of nursing and foraging individuals under no resource sharing and equal sharing.
a No sharing. In the absence of resource sharing, D = −1 which indicates that individuals alternate between nursing and foraging. As foraging is triggered by a decline in the nutrition level, nursing individuals have a higher nutrition level than foragers. b Equal sharing. If foraging individuals share their collected resources equally with nursing individuals, D ≈ 0.6 which represents an intermediate level of division of labour. Each grey dot (left panel) is the division of labour metric from a replicate simulation (n = 20). Blue (nursing) and green (foraging) dots (right panel) represent the nutrition levels of all individuals at the end of all replicate simulations.
Division of labour is reinforced if foragers have a higher metabolic rate
As metabolic rates can differ with task26,27, we tested how such differences affect the emergence of division of labour. Even if the metabolic rate associated with nursing is only slightly lower (90% or 95%) than the metabolic rate associated with foraging, division of labour is strongly reinforced (Fig. 3a), leading to a bimodal distribution of nutrition levels (Fig. 3b). If metabolic rates associated with nursing are higher compared to foraging, division of labour does still occur, but it becomes weaker. Similarly, when the duration of nursing is shorter than the duration of foraging, division of labour is reinforced because this decreases the amount of energy that nursing individuals metabolise during task performance relative to foraging individuals (Fig. S2).
Fig. 3: Division of labour when the metabolic costs of foraging and nursing differ.
a If metabolic rates during nursing are lower relative to foraging, division of labour is reinforced. Conversely, division of labour is weaker when metabolic rates during nursing are higher than during foraging. b As their metabolic rates become lower, the nutrition level of nursing individuals deviates more strongly from those of foraging individuals. For graphical conventions, see Fig. 2.
Dominance relationships reinforce division of labour, especially when dominance is related to nutritional status
Resource sharing is often not egalitarian but associated with dominance18,28,29,30. In order to investigate uneven resource sharing through dominance effects, we assigned constant dominance values to the individuals in the simulation at initialisation (Fig. 1b; (3) Dominance-based sharing). Under such dominance-based differences in resource intake, division of labour reaches maximal levels and nutrition levels of foraging and nursing individuals are bimodally distributed (Fig. 4a1). As individuals with larger dominance values obtain more resources during sharing, they rapidly are fixed into nursing whereas those with low dominance values consistently forage. Individuals with intermediate dominance values either forage or nurse (Fig. 4a2), which is stochastically driven by the random interactions that those individuals have at the start of a simulation. The model scenario considered in Fig. 4a has the drawback that division of labour is based on pre-existing differences (in dominance) between individuals. However, the same result can also be obtained in a population of initially identical individuals, if dominance is caused by differences in nutrition level (Fig. 1b; (4) Nutrition-based sharing). As shown in Fig. 4b1, division of labour again reaches maximal levels, and the nutrition levels of foraging and nursing individuals are bimodally distributed. At the start of the simulation, nutrition levels of individuals diverge relatively slowly but once small differences are present, a full divergence of nutrition levels is rapidly achieved (Fig. 4b2). In Fig. S3, we show that division of labour even emerges if individuals with low nutrition levels obtain more resources during sharing. In this more altruistic sharing scenario, low levels of division of labour emerge because some individuals that are about to start foraging obtain resources from returning foraging individuals and thus delay foraging. This result is similar to that in Fig. 3, where low levels of division of labour even emerge if foraging is associated with lower metabolic rates than nursing.
Fig. 4: Division of labour, nutrition level and dominance of nursing and foraging individuals.
a1 Dominance-based sharing. Division of labour reaches maximal levels of D = 1. Nursing and foraging individuals exhibit a bimodal distribution of nutrition levels. a2 Nutrition levels of individuals diverge over simulation time, depending on the individual's dominance. b1 Nutrition-based sharing. Division of labour again reaches maximal levels of D = 1, and nutrition levels exhibit a bimodal distribution. b2 Nutrition levels of individuals diverge over simulation time. a1 + b1 For graphical conventions, see Fig. 2. a2 + b2 Each line shows the nutrition level of an individual over the first 20% of simulation time from a representative replicate simulation, coloured according to the individual's dominance value if dominance values were pre-assigned.
Division of labour emerges irrespective of group size
Task specialisation has been suggested to increase with group size12,31,32 but this is not supported unequivocally25,33. We therefore altered group size to investigate its effect on the emergence of division of labour. Figure 5 shows that division of labour emerges independently of group size. However, in small groups, the degree of division of labour may strongly depend on details (such as whether group size is even or odd). Figure S4 further elaborates on this.
Fig. 5: Effect of group size on division of labour in the equal sharing scenario.
Division of labour emerges irrespective of group size. Each dot shows the division-of-labour metric from a replicate simulation per group size (n = 10).
We have demonstrated that resource sharing can result in strong task specialisation and division of labour. Pre-existing differences between individuals can enhance division of labour, but they are not required for its emergence. Our model is based on two general and plausible assumptions. First, individual nutrition levels decline in the course of time, inducing individuals to go out foraging once they become very low. In the absence of interactions with other individuals, this results in an activity schedule where individuals alternate between foraging (when nutrition levels are declining) and nursing (when nutrition levels are replenished). If, second, foragers share some of their collected resources with other individuals, this activity schedule becomes interrupted due to two feedbacks: nursing individuals may be fed before perceiving a hunger signal, thus retarding their next foraging bout; and foraging individuals cannot use the shared resources to fully replenish their nutrition level, thus reducing the time until the hunger signal induces them to start foraging again. These feedbacks lead to task specialisation and division of labour, because nursing individuals that are fed by others are likely to continue nursing whereas foraging individuals, who feed others, are likely to proceed with foraging.
Most response threshold models assume that individuals differ in their response thresholds throughout their lifetime. These differences are typically assumed to be established early in life, either arising from genetic differences9,10,11,12,13 or from stochastic processes during individual development34,35,36. In contrast, the individuals in our model all have the same threshold throughout their lifetime—there is stochasticity in our model as well, but it only affects the momentary decision of individuals and not the state of their decision mechanism. This difference between our model and the more traditional models could be tested experimentally. If division of labour emerges due to stable interindividual differences in response thresholds, as assumed by response threshold models, an individual that is foraging (or nursing) in one social group would tend to forage (or nurse) again when placed into another group. If, in contrast, all individuals employ the same decision mechanism and division of labour arises through feedback mechanisms acting on other parameters (such as individual nutrition level, as in our model), no such correlation is to be expected if the nutritional level (or any other feedback parameter) is equalised at the start of each experiment.
In some models of microbial specialisation34,35, the first step of specialisation results from phenotypic noise, that is, from stochastic factors that break the symmetry among initially identical individuals by inducing small, random differences. Subsequently, these differences are stabilised and enhanced by specific properties of the system or by positive feedback processes. Our model also includes phenotypic noise as a symmetry breaker (as individuals assess their nutrition level with some inaccuracy), but as shown in Fig. 2a this in itself does not induce division of labour. For this, resource sharing is required (Fig. 2b). Resource sharing also plays a key role in models for microbial specialisation34,37. However, in these models, resources are globally available and thereby shared by individuals, whereas in our model individuals assess their nutrition level—an individual-level property—in order to decide their task, and resources are shared between specific individuals.
Several studies have proposed that division of labour in social insects is associated with nutritional differences between foragers and nurses16,17,18,19,20,21,22,38,39,40. In our model, division of labour leads to a situation where nutrition levels of nurses are higher than those of foragers, and division of labour is enhanced when the metabolic rate while foraging is higher than the metabolic rate while nursing. However, pre-existing nutritional differences are not required for the emergence of division of labour—the crucial ingredient is resource sharing. In social insects, resources can, for instance, be transferred mouth-to-mouth via trophallactic exchanges24. However, for the emergence of division of labour it is not required that resources are shared altruistically. Foragers could, for instance, deposit part of the resources in the nest (destined to be fed to the brood at a later stage), where they are consumed by other individuals instead.
We here employed a definition of division of labour based on within-individual consistency and between-individual variability in task choice among the members of a group1. This definition allows for the possibility that division of labour emerges spontaneously from mechanisms that have not been evolutionarily selected for regulating division of labour but for other purposes. Other definitions of division of labour additionally highlight the relevance of selection for cooperation between individuals3. In models for the evolution of such cooperative division of labour, the shareability of goods/benefits is essential for the evolution of division of labour37,41. Our model does not include evolution, as the mechanisms underlying the self-organised emergence of division of labour (hunger-induced foraging and resource sharing) are assumed to be pre-existent and do not change during our simulations. Yet, such non-evolved division of labour can have important evolutionary implications, as it can be the substrate of subsequent adaptive evolution. This is elegantly shown in an experiment on cooperating robots42, where adaptive division of labour evolved more easily in the presence of pre-existing behavioural differences. Similarly, some evolutionary theories for the evolution of division of labour in social insects suggest that the initial steps are based on pre-existing mechanisms that regulated behaviours in solitary ancestors43,44,45.
Our model furthermore highlights the importance of dominance interactions and task-specific differences in nutrition level for the emergence of strong non-reproductive division of labour. Dominance and nutrition level also play an important role in the determination of reproductive abilities in social insects28,29,30,46,47 and in social spiders48, and thus in reproductive division of labour. For instance, in paper wasps, breeder and helper roles are likely determined by nutrition49, as also indicated by the differential expression of storage proteins in breeders and helpers50,51. Furthermore, in eusocial insects, caste is often determined by a nutrition-dependent developmental switch52, and across eusocial insects, castes differentially express genes coding for the storage protein vitellogenin40,53,54,55,56. Thus, differences in nutrition level that emerge in our model due to dominance interactions during resource sharing could also play an important role for the evolution of eusociality.
Response threshold models and empirical studies12,31,32 (though not all25,33) suggest that task specialisation and division of labour are most pronounced in large groups. In our model, division of labour emerges even in very small groups. In fact, division of labour can be stronger in very small groups (e.g. groups of two) than in larger groups. Equivalently, experiments have shown that division of labour emerges in paired associations of ants18,57, and the sexes of some species of birds exhibit strong division of labour between the breeding female and the foraging male58,59,60. Consequently, the strength of division of labour does not necessarily depend on group size alone but also the details of social interactions, such as the number of individuals with which foragers share resources, are crucial to be considered.
Lastly, resource sharing could be a mechanism for the emergence of division of labour beyond animal groups. For instance, in some cyanobacteria, cells are specialised on obtaining different resources—carbon or nitrogen—for the colony61. Resource sharing could thus play a role in the emergence and regulation of cellular division of labour during the major evolutionary transition to multicellularity62,63.
Overall, our model demonstrates that self-organised division of labour emerges through resource sharing between identical individuals. Given the omnipresence of resource sharing in biological systems—for instance, in group-living animals, eusocial insects, human hunter-gatherer societies, or within multicellular organisms—our model suggests a mechanism that could explain the emergence of division of labour across a broad range of organisms.
We developed an individual-based simulation model in continuous time. Each simulation represents a group of N individuals (N = 100, unless stated otherwise). Individuals either forage to obtain resources or perform other tasks to which we refer as nursing. Each simulation had a duration of T time steps (T = 10,000).
Nutrition level of individuals
Individuals possess an internal state variable n that reflects their nutrition level and ranges from 0 to nmax (nmax = 100). At the start of a simulation, all individuals are initialised with an identical nutrition level of ninit (ninit = 50). Thus, simulations start with identical individuals. Over time, the nutrition level of individuals decreases by a metabolic rate mfor when foraging, and mnur when nursing (mfor = 1.0, mnur = 1.0, unless stated otherwise).
Task choice
An individual's choice to forage or nurse depends on the individual's nutrition level. We assume that individuals become more likely to forage as their nutrition level declines. On average, individuals start foraging when their nutrition level reaches the critical threshold value \(\mu\) (\(\mu=50\)). However, we assume that individuals are not perfectly accurate in assessing their nutrition level: the perceived nutrition level is drawn from a normal distribution around the true nutrition level, with standard deviation \(\sigma\) (\(\sigma=1\)). After returning from a foraging trip, which has a fixed duration of tfor time steps (tfor = 5), an individual has the choice between foraging again or to switch to nursing. The choice made depends on the individual's perceived nutrition level in relation to the threshold value for foraging: the individual will forage again if the perceived nutrition level is below the threshold, and it will switch to nursing otherwise. Resources can be received through resource sharing by nursing individuals, which include previously foraging individuals that refilled their nutrition levels and switched back to nursing. Individuals thus have no pre-disposition to perform nursing or foraging tasks and all individuals can in principle share and receive resources. If a nursing individual is not fed before its perceived nutrition level declines below its threshold value, then it starts to forage. If the nursing individual is fed by a foraging individual, then it processes the food for a fixed duration of tnur time steps (tnur = 5), during which it cannot receive any further resources. After food processing, nursing individuals assess their nutrition level and decide whether to continue nursing or start foraging (Fig. S5).
Nutrition transfers
Foragers obtain R resources while foraging (R = 10). We implemented four different model scenarios of resource sharing. (1) No sharing: Upon return from a foraging trip, foraging individuals keep all of the resources they obtained. (2) Equal sharing: Upon return from a foraging trip, foraging individuals evenly share resources with i nursing individuals. The number of resources that the individuals engaged in the interaction obtain is thus \(R/(1+i)\) because one foraging individuals interacts with i nursing individuals. We assume that i = 1 but relax this assumption in the supplementary materials (Fig. S4). (3) Dominance-based sharing: Individuals are assigned a dominance value upon initialisation of the simulation, randomly sampled from a uniform distribution ranging from 0 to 1. The number of resources obtained by the individuals during the interaction is dependent on their dominance value, such that more dominant individuals obtain more resources than less dominant individuals. The number of resources obtained by individual k is calculated using the softmax function
$${S}_{k}=\frac{\exp ({d}_{k}s)}{\exp ({d}_{k}s)+{\sum }_{l=0}^{i}\exp ({d}_{l}s)}$$
where dk is the dominance value of focal individual k, dl is the dominance value of the other i individuals and s is a parameter for the softmax function. If s = 0, the model reduces to the equal sharing scenario, if s < 0, individuals with the lowest dominance values receive a disproportionate number of resources, and if s > 0, individuals with the highest dominance values receive a disproportionate number of resources. For the simulations with a dominance effect, we used s = 1, which results in the most dominant individual getting slightly more than their expected share based on their relative dominance. (4) Nutrition-based sharing: The dominance status of an individual is given by its nutrition level, relative to the maximum nutrition level possible, i.e. dk is now given by n/nmax. Otherwise, interactions proceed as in scenario 3, using Eq. (1) to determine resource distribution among individuals. Again, we used s = 1 (for simulations with other values of s, see Fig. S3). As dominance again determines resource distribution among individuals, individuals who have a higher nutrition level obtain more resources than individuals with a lower nutrition level.
When a foraging individual returns from a foraging trip, but no nursing individuals who can obtain resources are available, the foraging individual consumes all of the resources itself, independently of the sharing scenario.
Quantifying division of labour
We here defined division of labour as within-individual consistency but between-individual variability in task choice among the members of a group1. As within-individual consistency and between-individual variability are difficult to quantify in a single metric64, we used four different metrics for quantifying the degree of division of labour that emerges in the simulations25,31,64. The four metrics place different emphasis on the two defining properties of division of labour, but as shown in Fig. S1 they yield similar results for the main model scenarios. In the main manuscript, we therefore only report the results of the metric D proposed by Duarte et al.25, which is easy to understand and calculate. To calculate D, one considers all task choice situations (see Fig. S5, for when task choice situations occur), where individuals have to decide whether to perform the previous task again or to switch to the other task. It is defined as:
$$D=\frac{\bar{q}}{{p}_{1}^{2}+{p}_{2}^{2}}-1.$$
where \(\bar{q}\) is the proportion of cases that individuals chose to perform the previous task again (averaged over all individuals and choice situations), while \({p}_{1}\) and \({p}_{2}=1-p\) are the relative frequencies with which each of the two tasks (foraging and nursing) are chosen (averaged over all individuals and choice situations). The term \({p}_{1}^{2}+{p}_{2}^{2}\) in the denominator of Eq. (2) corresponds to the probability to randomly choose to perform the previous task again. Hence, D is positive if \(\bar{q} > {p}_{1}^{2}+{p}_{2}^{2}\), that is, if individuals have a higher than random tendency to perform the previous task again. As \(\bar{q}\) ranges between 0 and 1, D ranges between −1 (when \(\bar{q}=0\)) and \(2{p}_{1}{p}_{2}/({p}_{1}^{2}+{p}_{2}^{2})\) (when \(\bar{q}=1\)). In our model, the two tasks were approximately performed with equal frequency in all scenarios (\({p}_{1}\,\approx \,{p}_{2}\)). As a consequence, D ranged between −1 (indicating alternation between tasks) and +1 (indicating full task specialisation)25. We calculated all division-of-labour metrics over the last 10% of simulation time to avoid measuring initialisation effects.
Model analysis
The model was implemented in C++ and compiled with g++ 9.3.0. Model results were analysed and visualised in R 4.1.065 using the packages ggplot266, gridExtra67, cowplot68 and MetBrewer69.
Further information on research design is available in the Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article.
All data generated during this study is available under https://doi.org/10.34894/WD4EJZ.
Simulation code and data analysis scripts are available under https://doi.org/10.34894/WD4EJZ.
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We thank Hanno Hildenbrandt for helping us debug the model and increase simulation efficiency. We thank the Center for Information Technology of the University of Groningen for providing access to the Peregrine high performance computing cluster. J.J.K. was supported by an Adaptive Life grant by the University of Groningen. A.B. was supported by DFG grant no. BE6684/1−1 (Research Unit "So-long" - FOR 2218). D.E. was supported by DFG grant no. KO1895/19−1 (to Judith Korb) and by NWO grant no. 823.01.006 (to F.J.W.). F.J.W. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC Advanced Grant No. 789240).
Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
Jan J. Kreider, Thijs Janzen, Daniel Elsner, Boris H. Kramer & Franz J. Weissing
Zoology / Evolutionary Biology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
Abel Bernadou
Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062, Toulouse, France
Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, 79104, Freiburg (Breisgau), Germany
Daniel Elsner
Jan J. Kreider
Thijs Janzen
Boris H. Kramer
Franz J. Weissing
Conceptualisation: J.J.K., T.J., A.B., D.E., B.H.K., F.J.W.; Implementation: T.J., J.J.K.; Model analysis: J.J.K., D.E.; Writing: J.J.K., T.J., A.B., D.E., B.H.K., F.J.W.
Correspondence to Jan J. Kreider or Franz J. Weissing.
Nature Communications thanks the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.
Peer Review File
Kreider, J.J., Janzen, T., Bernadou, A. et al. Resource sharing is sufficient for the emergence of division of labour. Nat Commun 13, 7232 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35038-2


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On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the November 2019 flight schedule from Manchester to Las Palmas - Gran Canaria.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the July 2019 flight schedule from Belfast to Arrecife - Lanzarote.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the December 2019 flight schedule from Belfast to Arrecife - Lanzarote.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the July 2019 flight schedule from Tel Aviv to London Gatwick.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the January 2020 flight schedule from London Southend to Sofia.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the July 2019 flight schedule from London Southend to Tenerife South.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the February 2020 flight schedule from Amsterdam to Tenerife South.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the December 2019 flight schedule from London Southend to Arrecife - Lanzarote.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the March 2020 flight schedule from Belfast to Arrecife - Lanzarote.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the October 2019 flight schedule from Milan Malpensa to Fuerteventura.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the February 2020 flight schedule from Naples to Tenerife South.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the August 2019 flight schedule from Milan Malpensa to Fuerteventura.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the October 2019 flight schedule from Lyon to Essaouira.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the December 2019 flight schedule from Tenerife South to London Southend.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the July 2019 flight schedule from Amsterdam to Fuerteventura.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the January 2020 flight schedule from Manchester to Innsbruck.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the February 2020 flight schedule from Bristol to Sofia.
On 2019-04-11 06:33, EasyJet released the February 2020 flight schedule from Newcastle to Tenerife South.
When does EasyJet release April 2020 flight schedule for London Gatwick - Arrecife - Lanzarote?
When does EasyJet release January 2020 flight schedule for Jersey - Liverpool?
When does EasyJet release January 2020 flight schedule for Jersey - London Gatwick?
When does EasyJet release July 2020 flight schedule for London Gatwick - Fuerteventura?
When does Flybe release January 2020 flight schedule for Edinburgh - Manchester?
When does EasyJet release April 2020 flight schedule for Liverpool - Faro?
When does EasyJet release April 2020 flight schedule for Manchester - Las Palmas - Gran Canaria?
When does Flybe release August 2020 flight schedule for Southampton - Alicante?
When does EasyJet release June 2020 flight schedule for London Stansted - Dalaman?
When does EasyJet release April 2020 flight schedule for Tenerife South - London Gatwick?
When does EasyJet release August 2020 flight schedule for London Gatwick - Menorca?
When does EasyJet release April 2020 flight schedule for Lyon - London Luton?
When does EasyJet release April 2020 flight schedule for Edinburgh - Paphos?
When does EasyJet release April 2020 flight schedule for Liverpool - Madrid Barajas?
When does Flybe release November 2019 flight schedule for Newquay - London Heathrow?
When does EasyJet release April 2020 flight schedule for London Luton - Geneva?
When does EasyJet release April 2020 flight schedule for Bristol - Geneva?
When does EasyJet release April 2020 flight schedule for Bristol - Lyon?
When does Flybe release December 2019 flight schedule for Birmingham - Stuttgart?
When does Flybe release March 2020 flight schedule for Cardiff - Edinburgh?
Should I buy my ticket online or through a travel agent?: Most travel agents also sell tickets for lowcost flights. A travel agent usually buys a large number of tickets at once, so that he may have some discount on the total price. But he adds a commission to the initial price. So if you buy your ticket through a travel agent you may pay a higher final price for your plane ticket. It's always a good idea to compare prices before buying your ticket. However, keep in mind that the cheapest tickets sell first, so don't waste too much time comparing!


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text:
Headphones More Than $300 - Klipsch X11i
TWICE Staff
Klipsch calls its X series its "finest achievement in headphones." To be sure, the company went for the high-end-minded consumer with the X11i, giving the in-ear model balanced-armature drivers, a milled-aluminum construction, and its patented oval ear tips. The ear tips' oval design is meant to provide enhanced noise isolation as well as greater comfort.
When the company first unveiled the X11i in May 2013, it said they were its smallest and lightest headphones available. When asked why he thought the product had achieved such success, Mike Klipsch, president of global operations for Klipsch Group, told TWICE: "We achieved what no one has been able to do in the category and price point, which is exactly how we continue to succeed. The midrange of the Klipsch X11i in-ear monitor rivals that of headphones twice its price.
Frequency response for the X11i is listed at 5Hz to 19kHz, with sensitivity of 110dB and impedance of 50 ohms. A three-button in-line mic and remote on the flat cable provides control of iPhones, iPod Touches and iPads. Suggested retail is $349.
Headphones More Than $300: Klipsch X20i In-Ear
Headphones More Than $300: Polk UltraFocus 8000
Headphones Less Than $300: Skullcandy Crusher
Headphones More Than $300: Blue Microphones Mo-Fi
Klipsch Updates Flagship Headphones
Klipsch Expands In-Ear Headphones
Klipsch Updates Image Headphones Line
Headphones $100-$299: Klipsch Reference On-Ear Headphones
Klipsch Launches Anti-Counterfeiting Program For Headphones


This is a super powerful but sad letter written by a wind turbine leaseholder from the APEX Emerson Creek Wind Project! | Wind energy, not cheap, not free, not green, not a farm or a park, not reliable, not dispatchable, not an answer, ..call it what it is..A SCAM!
This is a super powerful but sad letter written by a wind turbine leaseholder from the APEX Emerson Creek Wind Project!
April 3, 2019 Website Mgr.
Previous PostLetter to the editor: Wind farms would change fiber of communityNext PostNow is the time to stand up together and tell these big wind companies to GO HOME!!


Also called chanoyu, sado, or chado, the ceremony is, quite literally, 'the way of tea,' or '[making] water for the tea.' Most famous of the Zen arts, drinking the stimulating matcha began in the monasteries as an aid to meditation. Developed as an art by the samurai in the thirteenth century, it was formalised two centuries later by the great tea master Sen-no-Rikyu, who laid down rules linking tea ceremony to the arts of calligraphy, flower arranging, and ceramics.


text:
13 tag results for: #Presidential race
Kazakhstan's President Unveils Plans to Attract Foreign Investments
Kazakhstan's President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev revealed the country's plans to attract up to nearly $150 billion in for...
Turkmenistan Starts Nomination for Early Presidential Polls
Orkhan Jalilov / February 14, 2022
The nomination of candidates for the upcoming snap presidential election has officially kicked off in Turkmenistan.
Who is Iranian President-Elect Ebrahim Raisi?
Orkhan Jalilov / June 21, 2021
Ebrahim Raisi won a landslide victory in the 13th Iranian presidential election on June 18.
Iran Leader Urges High Turnout in Presidential Election on June 18
Supreme Leader of Islamic Republic Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called for high turnout in the upcoming Iranian election, s...
9 Candidates Nominated To Run In Kazakhstan's Presidential Election
Nazrin Gadimova / April 30, 2019
Nine candidates have been nominated to appear on the ballot for an election of a new president of Kazakhstan – the fi...
Azerbaijanis Vote For A President While Europe & International Observers Look On
Mushvig Mehdiyev and Gunay Hajiyeva / April 11, 2018
Azerbaijanis are already headed to the polls today to vote in what is the Caspian country's eighth presidential elect...
Azerbaijan's President Garners Overwhelming Support In Pre-Election Survey
Mushvig Mehdiyev / March 27, 2018
The results of a survey conducted by the Center for Independent Studies ELS show that 84.1 percent of respondents sai...
Presidential Campaigning Begins In Azerbaijan
Yaver Kazimbeyli / March 19, 2018
Russia's presidential election is now over, but another Caspian country is gearing up for its own election in less th...


In issuing the invitation, Boehner stepped over a customary diplomatic line that an invitation to a head of state to make such a visit should come from the head of state of the United States, namely the president. Obama has resisted the idea because, for one thing, Israel is slated to have elections March 17.
The president rightly believes it would be improper to give Netanyahu the worldwide forum of an address to Congress so close to that election.
And the speech would come as the U.S., France, China, Russia, Britain and Germany are looking at delicate negotiations over Iran's nuclear program. Netanyahu sees Iran as a clear threat to Israel's existence.
Frankly, that he would accept the invitation is disturbing. Israel has no stronger ally than the United States, financial and otherwise, and President Obama, though he disagrees with Netanyahu on this issue, has himself been a strong supporter of Israel.
In his home country, Netanyahu has been making much of his visit to the U.S., saying it's part of his mission to stop a "bad" deal with Iran. That would seem an attempt to elevate himself with the electorate in his country on the eve of elections.
Some Republicans now wish it had not been arranged, and U.S. groups that support Israel are asking that the speech be delayed, canceled or taken to another venue.
Boehner has been on Capitol Hill long enough and dealt with enough foreign policy issues to know the problems with the situation he has created here. His actions represent a complete disrespect for diplomatic custom and for the office of the president.
His behavior is outrageous, and he shouldn't be surprised that Democratic members of the House are circulating a petition that asks Boehner to delay the appearance by Netanyahu.
Congressional Republicans are in control of both houses. They have ample opportunity, of which they've taken full advantage, to air their differences with the president, and certainly Boehner can meet with Obama whenever he wishes. He does not need to pull a stunt to get the president's attention.
In addition, the president and the secretary of state are charged with directing and conducting American foreign policy, often a delicate balance of duty and diplomacy.
If this kind of political maneuver by Boehner isn't interference, it's close to it.
He could easily have run the idea of having Netanyahu address Congress by the White House and forged some sort of compromise wherein the appearance could have come after the Israeli elections.


We should be investing in workforce training and small business development to help grow and expand our economy beyond our energy based industries. Included in this is the need to invest in the Department of Commerce's economic development programs to develop marketable sites for industrial activity and tourism marketing programs.
We must create competitive salaries for teachers and school service personnel as well as provide more funding for students to receive a world-class education. Included in this should be a commitment to continue the improvement of our vocational and technical schools so that students engaged in hands on skills development are adequately prepared to enter the workforce. We should strive to make West Virginia's public education system one that is nationally ranked for the quality of its teachers, instruction, and outcome measures.
We must provide more funding for treatment and evidence based community based response efforts, but just as important we must dedicate resources to prevention or we will lose another generation to this horrible affliction.
Without a healthy workforce, West Virginia will struggle to meet companies' needs for a qualified workforce. With potential federal cuts to Medicaid, and the rising costs of PEIA, West Virginia must have representation in the State Senate willing to take bold action to assure affordable health care is available to everyone.
Education leads to higher wages and our state must recommit to fund colleges and universities and do more to lower tuition so more students can afford college. This same level of commitment should be given to community and technical colleges to assure all West Virginians receive the vital skillsets they need to earn a good wage with benefits. Our higher education institutions should lead the way in research and innovation that when commercialized can be the catalyst for creating globally competitive businesses.
Clean drinking water is paramount to our quality of life. We need to address safety standards initially passed after the 2014 chemical spill and do more to preserve and monitor the quality of our rivers and streams in the Mountain State.
We need to promote legislation ensuring that West Virginians are hired for taxpayer funded projects. I will oppose current attempts to change the WV Jobs Act so that companies can hide the use of out of state labor for state funded projects. Hiring West Virginians will bring quality construction to publicly funded projects and will protect taxpayers from shoddy work and will bring much needed business and employment tax revenues to the state.
The State Senate put special interests ahead of people when it almost passed a bill to give industrial users a discount on their electric bills at the expense of residential customers. West Virginia needs a fighter for consumers in the Senate.
Lawmakers have raided the state's Rainy Day fund which has negatively affected our bond rating. We have to pivot to responsible, fiscal leadership. We must examine all reasonable avenues for revenue enhancement including from the burgeoning shale-gas boom, certain products, and an increase in efforts to use West Virginia companies to provide goods and services. Future generations can richly benefit, if we make sound fiscal decisions today.
I hope her lack of experience in politics is just what we need. Im disgusted with our government from top to bottom. With the examples we have choosing our representatives is a little scary.
Our president and the recent events have completely altered my views of our process, our responsibiilities as voters, the impact of those elected and the future of WV, America, and the planet.
I have more questions than answers and I'm deeply troubled as a citizen, woman, and first and foremost a mother. I hope to hear possible solutions.