220. Protocol for Adjust & Select Models - This project is about modeling species abundances in communities.
221. Large objects for R - Package 'ff' supports fast on-disk objects: standard and packed atomics, ffdf data.frames, csv import/export, chunking and indexing. Integrated package 'bit' supports fast in-memory booleans: 'bit' (1-bit boolean), 'bitwhich' (asymetric booleans).
222. R2scheme - Compile R code to binary machine code and dynamically link the binary to R using the bigloo scheme compiler.
223. Rniftilib - Rniftilib provides an interface to the niftilib C-library (http://niftilib.sourceforge.net/).
224. radR - processing of radar data in R - radR retrieves data from your live radar or recorded archive and analyses it for features, which are saved in replayable files that are much smaller than raw data sets. You can extend radR via plugins.
225. Testing external pointers in C++ - Testing external pointers with finalization in R using C++. Show how to create C++ objects with external pointers from R which are deleted automatically from R. After installing and loading the package in R, type help(testcpp) to get started.
226. DierckxSpline - This package contains wrappers for Dierckx FITPACK routines for splines. These include univariate smoothing and least-squares splines.
227. ddepn - DDEPN (Dynamic Deterministic Effects Propagation Networks): Infer signalling networks for high-throughput genomic or proteomic timecourse data, generated after external perturbation like activation or inhibition of network nodes.
230. klausuR: Multiple Choice Test Evaluation - A package to generate results of multiple choice tests: Detailed global results, anonymous/personalised feedback (LaTeX or PDF), item statistics like Cronbach's alpha or disciminatory power. Supports parallel test forms and partially answered items.
231. R/GNU Linear Programming Kit Interface - GLPK is an open source software for solving large-scale linear programming (LP), mixed integer linear programming (MILP) and other related problems. Rglpk provides a high level interface to R for solving LP/MILP problems.
232. Forecasting with Artificial Intelligence - The package ForAI uses machine learning methods such as artificial neural networks, support vector regression, extreme learning machines, and evolutionary algorithms for forecasting and prediction.
234. AICTS II - VAR, SVAR, VECM and SVECM models: Estimation, prediction, impulse response analysis, forecast error variance decomposition, diagnostic testing.
235. pkg2html - Some scripts to render CRAN package information for a package-specific web-page hosted at R-forge using jekyll.
236. FNTD - Routines to analyze images from Al2O3:C,Mg-based fluorescent nuclear track detectors in ion-beam research. As from 9/17(15, the development has moved to github (https://github.com/FNTD) & R-forge is updated with (relatively) stable versions.
237. AICTS I - Unit root and cointegration tests encountered in applied econometric analysis.
239. libamtrack - This package is the R interface to the open-source, ANSI C library libamtrack (http://libamtrack.dkfz.org). It provides computational routines for research in proton and ion beam therapy.


text:
Alissa Stechschulte
Alissa Stechschulte has 9 articles published.
Alissa Stechschulte is a senior at Gettysburg College studying Political Science with a concentration in American Government. She was born and raised in New York City, and a little over two years ago was #WithHer. But once she got involved in politics, she realized her values and beliefs were more conservative. She currently lives in Washington D.C. with her husband Will.
Posted on September 13, 2017 September 13, 2017 in News
White House: DOJ 'Should Certainly' Investigate James Comey
During Tuesday's White House press briefing, Press Secretary Sarah Sanders suggested that the Department of Justice should investigate James Comey for his actions while serving as Director of the FBI. Following up on her remarks at Monday's briefing, in which she stated that it had been discovered Comey had given a "false testimony" to Congress, in addition to having leaked privileged information to the New York Times, Sanders was asked if "the President encourage[s] the DOJ to prosecute Comey?" "That's not the President's role" she responded. "That's the job of the Department of Justice, and something they should certainly look… Keep Reading
Posted on August 3, 2017 in Politics
Mainstream Media Hacks Abandon Objectivity On The Immigration Question
CNN's Jim Acosta went on a rampage during yesterday's press briefing toward Senior Policy Advisor Stephen Miller while he was discussing the RAISE Act, an immigration reform bill. "This is the largest proposed reform to our immigration policy in half a century," Miller began. "The most important question when it comes to the U.S. immigration system is who gets a green card. A green card is the golden ticket of U.S. immigration." Immigration reform has been, since the campaign began, one of the areas of main concern for the President Donald Trump and his administration. For some odd reason, it… Keep Reading
Posted on July 18, 2017 in News
White House Kicks Off 'Made in America' Week
This week, the White House will be hosting 50 companies from across the country, each intended to represent a state. The companies will display a product that they manufacture in the United States, such as a NASA spacesuit made by ILC Dover LP, Delaware's representative. Steinway, representing New York, will display a piano. Shotgun chaps made by K Bar J Leather, on behalf of South Dakota, will be displayed as well. The list goes on from there. Press Secretary Sean Spicer talked up this campaign at yesterday's off-camera press briefing, stating that the country has an "incredible span of American products." But no endeavor… Keep Reading
Posted on June 30, 2017 June 30, 2017 in News
Pres. Trump: North Korea "Has No Respect For Human Life"
President Trump and South Korean Leader Moon Jae-in spoke to the press this morning about their plans to combat the North Korean regime. This meeting comes shortly after the untimely death of Otto Warmbier, who was held as a North Korean prisoner for the past year. He was returned to the United States in a coma, and doctors indicated that he was in a "state of unresponsive wakefulness." He died June 19 at the age of 20. In his speech this morning, Trump asserted that "patience is over" because North Korea "has no respect for human life" which has been "proven… Keep Reading
Sarah Sanders Deals Out Reality Check For The Mainstream Media
When Deputy Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders got behind the podium at yesterday's Press Briefing, the truth finally came out. One correspondent posed a question in regards to CNN recently publishing a false news story, resulting in a number of individuals getting fired. The outlet reportedly apologized for this incident, but the President, of course, took to his social media account to call CNN "fake news." The corresponded wanted to know why CNN's initial response "was not good enough for the President." Secretary Huckabee Sanders responded, "I don't know that it's that the response isn't good enough for the President.… Keep Reading
Huckabee-Sanders Addresses Trump Tweets, Obamacare Repeal In Off-Camera Briefing
"I don't think it was a game," Deputy Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee-Sanders said in response to a question about President Trump's tweet on potential Comey recordings approximately 40 days ago. At today's White House press briefing, correspondents were focused on receiving answers about a recent tweet by President Trump that stated: "With all of the recently reported electronic surveillance, intercepts, and unmasking and illegal leaking of information, I have no idea whether there are 'tapes' or recordings of my conversations with James Comey, but I did not make, and do not have, any such recordings." One reporter asked Huckabee-Sanders why… Keep Reading
MSM's Continual Quest For A Spicy Slip Up
It's as if the mainstream media has yet to learn that Sean Spicer is the Seth Grayson of the Trump administration. And when I say that, I mean that Secretary Spicer doesn't have a clear in-depth answer to every single question that we, the media, ask. He only knows what the administration wants him to know. But, as I have come to learn, the media makes it their life mission to have him slip up and tell us something he doesn't even know. Now what sense does that make? "We have tremendous respect for the first amendment… we're gonna work with… Keep Reading
Obsession Ensues Following Trump's Tweets On London and Travel Ban
At today's press briefing, Secretary Shulkin announced the Department of Veteran Affairs will begin to adjust its Electronic Health Record. The changes would make it so the Department of Veteran Affairs and Department of Defense would have the same system, therefore making it easier for health care information to be passed along and kept track of. Keep Reading
Posted on June 5, 2017 June 5, 2017 in News
Spicer and Pruitt Put On The Defense Over Paris Climate Accord
White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer and EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt were put on the defense at Friday's press briefing over President Trump's decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Climate Accord. However, the two representatives of the current administration solely expressed further support and clarification on the President's decision. Secretary Pruitt expressed his appreciation towards President Trump's fortitude and leadership in the matter, and stated that his decision was "very courageous." He indicated that U.S. withdrawal did not mean disengagement on the world platform. Additionally, he emphasized that the United States had already made significant progress in reducing CO2 emissions long… Keep Reading

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Luciano Damián Balbi (Rosario, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina; 12 de abril de 1989) es un futbolista argentino. Juega como lateral por izquierda y su primer equipo fue Lanús. Actualmente milita en Brown de Adrogué de la Primera Nacional.

Estadísticas
 Actualizado al 10 de octubre de 2022

</center>

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Copas internacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Futbolistas de Rosario
Futbolistas de las inferiores del Club Atlético Rosario Central
Futbolistas de las inferiores del Club Atlético Lanús
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Lanús
Futbolistas de la Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Huracán
Futbolistas del Real Valladolid Club de Fútbol en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Unión (Santa Fe) en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Extremadura Unión Deportiva
Futbolistas del F. C. Inter Turku
Futbolistas del Panetolikos
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Temperley
Futbolistas del Club Ferro Carril Oeste
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Brown

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Statue La Grisette is located in Paris. Add Statue La Grisette to your Paris travel itinerary, and discover new vacation ideas by using our Paris online sightseeing planner .
For information, "Grisette" meant in the 19th century, young Parisians from the working class. The name life t of the color of their modest clothes. This statue dates from 1911. It's touching.
This statue of "Grisette" is located at the end of the Jules Ferry square, opposite the Canal Saint Martin. The one we see is dressed as a saleswoman of roses, of 1830, with her dress with flywheel, shoulders uncovered, her sleeves "ballon" and her hairstyle with bun. She's holding a basket of roses in her hands. The Parisian grayette is one of the characters that the writers of the time staged, such as Honoré de Balzac, Alfred de Musset or Alexandre Dumas. They describe it as a person with light manners, but of course it was a "caricature". In fact, this character is a young woman of the working class, who was doing odd jobs to live, as a seamstress or salesgirl of the four seasons. The gown of her outfit, usually of grey color, gave him his name! This character was also immortalised by "Mimi Pinson" this stone statue, a good Bill, is the work of the sculptor Jean Descomps (1872-1948), in 1912. The model had been presented at the Salon of 1909. It is so rare that a woman who has existed and surbelieves a modest condition, is honored with a statue, so that it is noticed and praised!


text:
Histogen Announces Filing an Investigational New Drug Application for HST-003
SAN DIEGO, Dec. 17, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Histogen, Inc. (NASDAQ: HSTO), a clinical-stage therapeutics company focused on developing potential first-in-class restorative therapeutics that ignite the body's natural process to repair and maintain healthy biological function today announced that it has submitted an Investigational New Drug ("IND") application with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") for the initiation of a Phase 1/2 clinical trial of HST-003 to evaluate the safety and efficacy of human extracellular matrix (hECM:HST-003) implanted within microfracture interstices and the cartilage defect in the knee to regenerate hyaline cartilage in combination with a microfracture procedure. It is anticipated that clinical sites participating in the trial will include: OasisMD in San Diego, CA, The Steadman Clinic in Vail, CO and Walter Reed Medical Center in Bethesda, MD.
"There is a significant need for improved acute knee injury treatments in both military and civilian populations. Approximately 900,000 Americans are affected by knee cartilage injuries annually, with 200,000 requiring surgical intervention1. Further, among US military personnel, musculoskeletal injuries are a leading cause of morbidity, lost training time and reduced operational readiness," said Richard W. Pascoe, Histogen's President and CEO. "Assuming the HST-003 IND is approved, we anticipate initiating the Phase 1/2 trial in the first quarter of 2021 utilizing funding provided by the $2M grant from the Department of Defense."
The U.S. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity, 820 Chandler Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, is the awarding and administering acquisition office. The views expressed in this press release are those of the author and may not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.
About HST-003
Histogen's human extracellular matrix, or hECM, is intended for regenerating hyaline cartilage for the treatment of articular cartilage defects with a novel malleable scaffold that stimulates the body's own stem cells. In multiple preclinical models, HST-003 has been shown to regenerate mature cartilage and well vascularized bone, indicating great therapeutic potential in the sports medicine, spinal disc repair, orthopedic, and dental areas. Studies conducted by outside experts have demonstrated that HST-003 is anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and can stimulate the growth of stem cells in damaged areas to induce tissue regeneration. The most extensive in vivo work in animals has focused on the regeneration of new hyaline cartilage and bone in full thickness knee injuries.
About Histogen
Histogen Inc. is a clinical-stage therapeutics company focused on developing potential first-in-class restorative therapeutics that ignite the body's natural process to repair and maintain healthy biological function. Histogen's innovative technology platform utilizes cell conditioned media and extracellular matrix materials produced by hypoxia-induced multipotent cells. Histogen's proprietary, reproducible manufacturing process provides targeted solutions across a broad range of therapeutic indications including hair growth, dermal rejuvenation, joint cartilage regeneration and spinal disk repair. For more information, please visit www.histogen.com.
This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the "safe harbor" provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other Federal securities laws. For example, we are using forward-looking statements when we discuss Histogen's ability future operations and its ability to successfully initiate and complete clinical trials and achieve regulatory milestones and related timing, including those related to the approval of the HST-003 IND and planned Phase 1/2 clinical trial of HST-003 for regeneration of cartilage in the knee; the nature, strategy and focus of Histogen's business; and the development and commercial potential and potential benefits of any of Histogen's product candidates, including HST-003. Histogen may not actually achieve the plans, carry out the intentions or meet the expectations or projections disclosed in the forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Because such statements deal with future events and are based on Histogen's current expectations, they are subject to various risks and uncertainties and actual results, performance or achievements of Histogen that could differ materially from those described in or implied by the statements in this press release, including: the uncertainties associated with the clinical development and regulatory approval of Histogen's product candidates, including potential delays in the approval of the HST-003 IND and commencement, enrollment and completion of clinical trials such as the planned Phase 1/2 clinical trial of HST-003 for regeneration of cartilage in the knee; the potential that earlier clinical trials and studies of Histogen's product candidates may not be predictive of future results; risks related to business interruptions, including the outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus, which could seriously harm Histogen's financial condition and increase its costs and expenses; and the requirement for additional capital to continue to advance these product candidates, which may not be available on favorable terms or at all. The foregoing review of important factors that could cause actual events to differ from expectations should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with statements that are included herein and elsewhere, including those risks discussed in Histogen's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Except as otherwise required by law, Histogen disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof, whether as a result of new information, future events, or circumstances or otherwise.
Susan A. Knudson
Executive Vice President & CFO
Histogen, Inc.
ir@histogen.com
1 Merkely, G., Ackermann, J. & Lattermann, C. Articular Cartilage Defects: Incidence, Diagnosis, and Natural History. Oper. Tech. Sports Med. 26, 156–161 (2018).


text:
Q: Storing values of jQuery Mobile optgroup in SQLite I have an optgroup like this for example:
<select id="opt1" multiple="multiple" data-native-menu="false" data-icon="grid" data-iconpos="left">
            <optgroup label="optgroup options" id = "opt">
                <option value="option1">Option1</option>
                <option value="option2">Option2</option>
            </optgroup>
        </select>

It is in the jQuery Mobile style and you can select multiple boxes.  I was wondering, once you select multiple boxes, it comes up as a list separated by commas on the select menu. Like:
option1, option2 (if both option1 and option2 are selected)
How would I then store option1 and option2 as separate values in my database?  For example if I had a column called "selectedoptions" how would I have it like this:
selectedoptions
option1
option2
rather than:
selectedoptions
option1, option2
in my database table
Hope this makes sense, any answers welcomed.
EDIT:  This is the code I'm using to store the multiselect values:
db.transaction(function(transaction) {
               transaction.executeSql('INSERT OR REPLACE INTO myTable(Id, selectedoptions)\
                                      VALUES(1,?)',[$('#myoptgroup').val()],
                                      nullHandler,errorHandler);

               });

This returns my selected values like this: option1,option2 in my table row if both are selected as mentioned before.

A: In a multiple select element, the val() actually already returns an array of the selected values. You are seeing a comma delimited list because that is how the debugger displays arrays. So you can easily iterate the array like this:
var sel = $("#opt1").val();
for (var i=0; i< sel.length; i++){
    //create individual row here
    alert(sel[i]);
}

DEMO

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Positive reviews from electronic and print media have followed the release of the newest Zoombinis game, Zoombinis Island Odyssey. Earlier reviews called the first Zoombinis game, Zoombinis Logical Journey, "the best math game ever." Island Odyssey expands on the Zoombinis legend by integrating science puzzles.
The web site GameZone.com features a lengthier review of Island Odyssey in which they describe Island Odyssey as "nearly perfect." GameZone also dubbed Island Odyssey an Editor's Choice.
All three Zoombinis game are available through The Learning Company. Visit www.learningco.com.


Lucy (26) is an adventurer in every meaning of the word. A mountaineer, Arctic explorer and Jungle survivor. She has travelled all over the world scaling gnarly peaks, leading solo and team expeditions to the Arctic and has crossed countries by foot. Most recently she solo skied along the Norwegian-Russian border, did a speedy crossing of the Arctic Finnsmarkvidda plateau and climbed the treacherous peaks within Tajikistan, narrowly escaping disaster. With a television background, she films each expedition and uses them to communicate her story as well as to start the conversation of the climate crisis that she observes during her challenges. She provides a real and honest approach to the harsh reality of these environments.
Lucy was made a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society at just 23 and is a Member of the Scientific Exploration Society.
Lucy is currently on our screens around the world in the new Dove Skincare Campaign featuring as herself. She was selected for her talent on camera and the surprising fact that she is an extreme adventurer!


Yaacob, Solehah@Nik Najah Fadilah (2011) The alleged transmission of Greek thinking concepts into Arabic grammar: is it still relevant? In: International Conference Islamic Thought After Modernism 2011, 18-20 October 2011, IIUM K.L Campus,ISTAC.
This list was generated on Sat Apr 20 14:58:48 2019 +08.


(2 November 2018, Hong Kong) Currie & Brown announces the appointment of Anthony Ng as director of project management services for North Asia.
Anthony has around 20 years of extensive experience in high-end residential, office fit-outs, retail stores roll-outs, iconic greenfield and mixed-use development projects across China, Hong Kong, Malaysia and the USA. Anthony is highly regarded for his detailed and technical approach, and his skills have been instrumental in bringing a blend of strategic stakeholder management and project delivery skills to clients.
Please visit www.curriebrown.com for more details.


text:
Q: Conditionally append file contents I have a source file with contents which needs to be appended to destination file after checking if the all the lines in source file (as a group) are not already there in destination file.
If it's already found in destination file, I should not again append as that would duplicate the contents in the destination file.
This is essentially comparing blocks of lines as a whole.
Is there a way to do this in python without using regex?

A: src = open('source').read()
if src not in open('dest').read():
    with open('dest', 'a') as dst:
        dst.write(src)

A: If you can load the whole file in memory as a single string then you can simply use count:
import os

f = open("the_file_name", 'r+')
s1 = "the block of text\nwith newlines!\nyou will search in the file"
s2 = f.read() # s2 now has the whole file
if s2.count(s1) > 0:
    # seek to end and append s1
    f.seek(0, os.SEEK_END)
    f.write(s1)


I'm very pleased to have my album of piano and synthesizer improvisations, JANIFORM, released on the UK-based label Assembly Field. At time of this posting, there are still a few copies of the limited edition CD left. You can purchase it here.


text:
Quality Road (foaled March 23, 2006, in Virginia) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse.

Background
Quality Road was bred and owned by Edward P. Evans. He was sired by Elusive Quality, who also sired 2004 Kentucky Derby/Preakness Stakes winner Smarty Jones and 2008 Breeders' Cup Classic winner Raven's Pass. His dam is Kobla, a daughter of 1983 Australian Champion Racehorse of the Year Strawberry Road.

At maturity, he reached  high.

Racing career

2009: three-year-old season
Trained by Jimmy Jerkens, Quality Road raced in Florida in early 2009, where his wins in the Fountain of Youth Stakes and Grade 1 Florida Derby made him a favorite for the Kentucky Derby. However, he suffered two injuries. The first was a quarter crack on his right hind foot the day he won the Florida Derby. In April, he suffered a second quarter crack on his right front foot. As a result, he missed all three legs of the U.S. Triple Crown series.

In mid June, owner Edward Evans transferred the colt to the care of trainer Todd Pletcher. On August 3, 2009, Quality Road made his first start since his injury, winning the Amsterdam Stakes at Saratoga Race Course in a track record time of 1:13.74 for six and a half furlongs.

On August 29, 2009, Quality Road finished third to Summer Bird in the Travers Stakes. He followed that with a second to Summer Bird in the October 10 Jockey Gold Cup.  Later that month, Quality Road was pre-entered in the Breeders' Cup Classic, in the hopes that his running style would be well-suited to the polytrack at Santa Anita Park.

On November 7, 2009, Quality Road became the first horse to scratch at the gate in the Breeders' Cup Classic.  After he refused to load into the starting gate, kicking with his hind legs on two or three occasions, the track crew blindfolded him and he kicked wildly, scraping his hocks on the gate and forcing the scratch.

2010: four-year-old season
On January 3, Quality Road made his 4-year-old debut in the Grade III Hal's Hope Stakes as the odds-on favorite. He won by  lengths.

On February 6, he broke his own track record when he won the Donn Handicap with John Velazquez riding. Quality Road finished the race in 1:47.49 to break the record of 1:47.72, which he set when he won the 2009 Florida Derby. He took control of the race at the stretch and  began to pull away at the eighth pole. Dry Martini, the 2009 Suburban Handicap winner, was second.

In an interview with the Thoroughbred Times after the race, Pletcher said he would point the colt for the Metropolitan Handicap and the "big races" at Saratoga Race Course "before the Breeders' Cup Classic" in fall 2010. He also complimented Quality Road's performance, saying, "He's got a very high cruising speed and can go :46 and 1:09 and still keep going. Not many horses can do that and he was spotting weight to all those horses, six pounds or more.

Quality Road earned a 121 Beyer Speed Figure in the Donn Handicap, then the highest speed figure awarded for a race over one mile since 2005.

In the May 31 Metropolitan Handicap , Quality Road was installed as favorite and held off Musket Man to win in a very fast time of 1:33.11. On August 7, 2010, he ran 2nd in the Whitney Handicap, beaten a head by eventual Breeders' Cup Classic winner Blame. On September 4, 2010, he won the Woodward Stakes by  lengths.

Quality Road ran only once more. On November 6, 2010, he started in the Breeders' Cup Classic at Churchill Downs. Breaking from the 1 post, he remained on the rail throughout the race and finished 12th and last behind Blame. After the race, it was determined that the horse had an abscess and that was the reason he was pulled up.

Stud record
Quality Road was then retired to Lane's End Farm in Versailles, Kentucky. His stud fee for 2011 was $35,000. His first crop raced in 2014, most notable runners were 2014 Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf winner Hootenanny, multiple graded stakes winner Blofeld, and stakes winner Overprepared. He was the leading first crop sire by earnings in 2014.

He was not as successful with his second crop that started racing in 2015, but in 2016 he rebounded by leading the third crop sire list. His outstanding runner of 2016 was Abel Tasman, who went on to win the 2017 Kentucky Oaks.

Quality Road's top progeny includes

Notable progeny
c = colt, f = filly, g = gelding

Racing record

Pedigree

References

 Quality Road's pedigree and partial racing stats

External links
 Video at YouTube of Quality Road winning the 2009 Florida Derby

2006 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in Virginia
Racehorses trained in the United States
Horse racing track record setters
Thoroughbred family 13-c


The birds burst into song.
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text:
De geschiedenis van de logica bestrijkt de ontwikkeling van logica, zoals deze in de geschiedenis van verschillende culturen en tradities is voorgekomen.

Algemeen
Vele vroege culturen maakten gebruik van intrinsieke systemen voor het redeneren. Deze systemen voor logisch denken waren impliciet aanwezig en tot op zekere hoogte uitgewerkt bijvoorbeeld in Babylonië, maar bleven verder onbesproken. De expliciete analyse van methoden van redeneren en de ontwikkeling hiervan vindt men oorspronkelijk slechts in drie tradities:
 de logica in China
 de Indische logica
 en de Griekse filosofie.
Alhoewel exacte data onzeker zijn, vooral in het geval van India, is het mogelijk dat logica tot ontwikkeling kwam in alle drie de beschavingen rond de 4e eeuw v.Chr. De formele academische behandeling van moderne logica stamt van de Griekse traditie en in het bijzonder van de logica van Aristoteles, welke verder is ontwikkeld in de Islamitische logica en hierop door middeleeuwse logica. De ontdekking van de Indische logica door Britse academici in de 18de eeuw heeft ook zijn invloed gehad op de moderne logica.

Oosterse logica

Logica in Mesopotamie
In Mesopotamië Esagil-kin-apli's medische Diagnostisch Handboek geschreven in de 11e eeuw voor Christus is gebaseerd op een logische set van axioma's en aannames. Dit werk bevat ook de moderne opvatting, dat men door het onderzoeken en inspecteren van symptomen van een patiënt, het mogelijk is om de ziekte te bepalen, haar oorzaak en verdere ontwikkeling, en de kansen op het herstel van de patiënt.

Gedurende de 8e en 7e eeuw voor Christus begonnen Babylonische astronomen gebruik te maken van het consistentiebewijs binnen hun systeem van planetaire voorspellingen. Dit was een belangrijke bijdrage aan de logica en de wetenschapsfilosofie. Het Babylonische gedachtegoed heeft een substantiële invloed gehad op het vroege Griekse denken.

Logica in India
Twee van de zes Indiase filosofische scholen behandelen de logica: Nyaya en Vaisheshika. Hierbij bevat de Nyaya Sutras van de Aksapada Gautama de centrale tekst van de Nyaya school, een van de zes orthodoxe scholen van de Hindoeïstische filosofie. Deze realistische school ontwikkelde een vast vijfleden schema van gevolgtrekking, opgebouwd uit een aanvangspremisse, een redering, een voorbeeld, een toepassing en een conclusie. De idealistische Boeddhistische filosofie werd een hoofdopponent van deze Naiyayikas. Nagarjuna, de grondlegger van de Madhyamaka "middenweg" ontwikkelde een analyse, die bekendstaat als "catuskoti" of tetralemma.

  (bevestiging)
  (ontkenning)
  (beide)
  (geen van beide)

Deze vierhoekige argumentatie kwam na systematisch onderzoek tot de bevestiging van een uitspraak, haar ontkenning, de gezamenlijke bevestiging en ontkenning en uiteindelijk tot de afwijzing van haar bevestiging en ontkenning.

In de 5de eeuw voor Christus was het met Dignaga en zijn opvolger Dharmakirti, dat de Boeddhistische logica tot grote hoogte opbloeide. Hun analyse richtte zich op de definitie en de noodzakelijke logische implicatie, "vyapti", ook bekend als de onveranderlijke "concomitance" of "pervasion". Aan deze zijde is een doctrine ontwikkeld, die bekendstaat als "apoha". Deze heeft betrekking op de zogenaamde inclusie en exclusie van gedefinieerde eigenschappen. De moeilijkheden, die dit met zich meebracht, stimuleerde een neo-scholastieke school van de Navya-Nyāya, die zich in de 16e eeuw richtte op een formele analyse van de gevolgtrekking.

Logica in China
In China heeft een tijdgenoot van Confucius, genaamd Mozi of "Master Mo", een Mohistische school gesticht, wiens canons handelen over onderwerpen als gevolgtrekking en de voorwaarde om correcte conclusies te trekken.

In het bijzonder, is er één school uit het Mohisme voorgekomen, de "School der Namen", die zich verdienstelijk hebben gemaakt met vroeg onderzoek van de formele logica. Zo formuleerde de Chinese filosoof Gongsun Long (ca. 325–250 v. Chr.) de paradox "één en één kunnen niet twee worden, aangezien geen van beide twee wordt". In China is de traditionele academische studie van logica echter onderdrukt tijdens de Qin-dynastie op voorspraak van de rechtsfilosoof Han Feizi. Deze lijn van onderzoek verdween in China en kwam pas weer op met de introductie van de Indiase filosofie door het Boeddhisme.

Logica in Islamitische filosofie
Enige tijd na Mohammeds dood, werd in de Islamitische wet het belang gehecht aan de formulering van standaarden voor de argumentatie. Dit gaf aanleiding tot een nieuwe benadering in de logica in de Kalam. Deze benadering werd later echter vervangen door ideeën uit de Griekse en Hellenistische filosofie, voorgesteld door een nieuwe groep Mu'tazili, die het Organon van Aristoteles hoog waardeerden.

Het werk van door het Hellenisme beïnvloede Islamitische filosofen was cruciaal voor de ontvangst van de logica van Aristoteles in het middeleeuwse Europa, en ook de commentaren op het Organon van Averroes. Het werk van al-Farabi, Avicenna, al-Ghazali en andere logici, die de logica van Aristoteles vaak becommentariseerde en corrigeerde en hun eigen vorm van logica introduceerde, speelde ook een rol in verdere ontwikkeling van de middeleeuwse Europese logica.
Islamitische logica omvatte niet alleen de studie van formele patronen van gevolgtrekking en hun geldigheid maar ook de elementen van de taalfilosofie en elementen van kentheorie en metafysica. Door disputen met Arabische grammatici waren Islamitische filosofen geïnteresseerd geraakt in de relatie tussen logica en natuurlijke taal, en veel van hun discussies waren gewijd aan het verband tussen enerzijds de onderwerpen en de doelen van de logica en anderzijds redeneren en spraak. Op het gebied van de formele logische analyse werkten zij de theorie van termen, proposities en syllogismen verder uit. Ze beschouwden het syllogisme als de basis van rationele argumentatie en de syllogistische theorie als de kern van de logica. Zelfs de poetica werd door veel Islamitische logici beschouwd als een syllogistische kunstvorm.

Een belangrijk wapenfeit van de Islamitische logici is onder meer de ontwikkeling van de "Logica van Avicenna" als vervanging van de Aristotelische logica. Avicenna's systeem van logica was verantwoordelijk voor de introductie van het hypothetisch syllogisme temporele modale logica, en inductieve logica. Andere belangrijke ontwikkelingen in de Islamitische filosofen omvatten de ontwikkeling van een strenge citeerwetenschap, de isnad, en de ontwikkeling van een wetenschappelijke methode voor open onderzoek om uitspraken te weerleggen, de ijtihad, die op allerlei vragen kon worden toegepast.

De Westerse logica
De geschiedenis van de Westerse logica kan worden onderverdeeld in vier perioden:
 De Antieke tijd
 De Middeleeuwen
 De Nieuwe tijd
 en de moderne ontwikkelingen.
Hierbij moet wel worden aangemerkt, dat van een geleidelijke ontwikkeling nauwelijks sprake was. Immanuel Kant zelfs was van opvatting, dat de logica sinds Aristoteles niet meer ontwikkeld was. Volgens hem had Aristoteles een definitief systeem voor de logica, die ook niet verder ontwikkeld kan worden. Kants opvatting over de ontwikkeling van de logica', bleef tot halverwege de 20e eeuw gezagdragend.. Zijn opvatting over de perfectie van Aristoteles klassieke logica werd in de 19e eeuw al achterhaald met de ontwikkeling van de moderne symbolische logica.

Antieke tijd

Aristoteles wordt algemeen beschouwd als grondlegger van de logica van de Antieke Griekse filosofie. Hij bediscussieerde in meerdere geschriften van zijn Organon thema's als begrip, bewering, definitie, bewijs en sluitredenering. In zijn logische werk Analytica priora ontwikkelt hij de syllogistiek, een formeel logisch systeem in de moderne zin, waarin een specifieke argumentatiestructuur onderzocht wordt. In een syllogisme wordt uit twee uitspraken, premissen genoemd, een derde uitspraak afgeleid, de conclusie genoemd. De uitspraken zetten op hun beurt bepaalde begrippen in een onderlinge samenhang. Zo wordt bijvoorbeeld met de formulering als "P komt alle S toe" uitgedrukt, dat alles dat onder het begrip S valt ook onder het begrip P valt. In de spraak van de middeleeuwse syllogistiek werd dit: "Alles S is P".

Een voorbeeld van een geldig syllogisme is de argumentatie: "Geen rechthoek is een kruis. Alle vierkanten zijn rechthoeken. En zo is geen vierkant een kruis". Logische systemen, waarin begrippen met elkaar in verband worden gebracht, wordt begripslogica genoemd.

In dit verlengde heeft Aristoteles in zijn Metafysica enige fundamentele basisprincipes van het menselijk denken ontwikkeld. Hiertoe rekenen we de wet van de non-contradictie en de Wet van de uitgesloten derde, die in de moderne logica weliswaar geen metafysische rol meer spelen, toch in logische principes nog gelden in de klassieke logica en ook in vele eigentijdse logische systemen.

In zijn omgang met syllogismen bedient Aristoteles zich van tegenwoordig nog gangbare methoden. Zo gebruikt hij het indirect bewijs en weerlegt syllogismes op een semantische wijze, waarbij hij tegenvoorbeelden aangeeft. Aansluitend schetst hij op het gebied van de Modale logica een uitwerking van de syllogistiek met logische operatoren als "noodzakelijk", "mogelijk", "onmogelijk" en "contingent". Veel van zijn grondstellingen formuleert Aristoteles als syllogismen, waaronder de transitieve relatie: "Is A alle B eigen en B alle C eigen, dan is A alle C eigen". Dit wordt ook wel de Barbara modulus genoemd.

Onafhankelijk van de Aristotelische logica ontwikkelt zich in de eeuw na Aristoteles in de Megarische en Stoïcijnse filosofiescholen een tweewaardige propositielogica. In een van de weinig overgeleverde fragmenten over de Megarische logica beschrijft Philo van Megare de oudste waarheidstabel met de logische implicatie. Dit werk wordt verder ontwikkeld door de Stoïcijnse filosoof Chrysippos van Soli. Hij ontwikkelde de eerst bekende axiomatische propositielogica met booleaanse operatoren in een Kalkül vorm en preekt de latere Stoïcijnse logica. Dit werk heeft grote invloed in de Antieke tijd maar gaat met de val van het Romeinse Rijk verloren. Pas met het werk van Jan Łukasiewicz en Benson Mates begin 20ste eeuw kreeg dit weer een opleving.

De Middeleeuwen

Een tweede belangrijke periode voor de logica is de Middeleeuwen. Op de Middeleeuwse universiteit werd de logica bestudeerd als een van de Zeven vrije kunsten. De drie basisvakken, het trivium geheten, bestonden uit grammatica, retorica en logica. De studie van deze vakken vormde de basis voor alle andere studie aan de universiteit.

Rond het midden van de 13de eeuw bestond het onderwijs in de logica uit drie afzonderlijke tekst corpora. De logica vetus en de logica nova handelde over de overgeleverde logische geschriften, met name het Organon van Aristoteles en commentaren van Boëthius en van Porphyrius. De parva logicalia kan men als eigen schepping van de middeleeuwse logica bezien. Hier wordt afgezien van de antieke voorbeelden een hele rij van nieuwe probleemstellingen ontwikkeld op het grensgebied van de logica en de semantiek. Deze worden in van elkaar onafhankelijke traktaten bediscuseerd. Enige bekendere traktaattypen waren:

 De proprietatibus terminorum behandelt de eigenschappen van grondstoffen van niet-logische termen.
 De syncategorematicis onderzoekt de formele logische uitdrukking.
 De suppositio terminorum formuleert de middeleeuwse suppositie theorie.
 In de consequentiis gaat het om de gevolgtrekking.
 De insolubilibus heeft paradoxen als onderwerp
 De Relativis heeft betrekking op de eigenschappen van Anaforische gezegdes.
 De Modalibus onderzoekt de Modaliteit uitdrukking
 En in de Obligationibus gaat het om de logische randvoorwaarden voor een coherent dispuut.

De invloedrijkste middeleeuwse logici waren Petrus Abaelardus, William of Sherwood, Pietro Hispanus, Willem van Ockham en Johannes Buridanus.

De Nieuwe Tijd
In de Nieuwe tijd bloeit ook de interesse op in logica. Wijdverbreid is echter de opvatting van Kant dat het systeem van de Aristotelische syllogistiek tot een afsluiting was gekomen, en dat er hierom verder niets te ontdekken viel. De bespreking van logica bleef in de 18e eeuw dan ook veelal beperkt tot de leerboeken. Uitzonderingen hierbij waren Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz en Gottfried Ploucquet.

Pas in het midden van de negentiende eeuw vindt de logica weer bredere interesse, voornamelijk vanuit Engeland. Maatgevend is hier George Boole met zijn korte traktaat "The Mathematical Analysis of Logic" (1847) en zijn latere hoofdwerk "Laws of Thought" (1854). Het is Booles idee de logica als een mathematische calculus op te vatten, dat op de waarden 1 en 0 (waar en onwaar) gefundeerd is. Op klassesymbolen kunnen zodoende algebraïsche bewerkingen zoals optelling, vermenigvuldiging et cetera uitgevoerd worden. Op deze wijze ontwikkelt Boole een volledig systeem van predicaatlogica, die de syllogistiek als subsysteem bevat. Tegelijkertijd met Boole publiceert Augustus De Morgan zijn werk "Formal Logic" 1847. De Morgan interesseert zich hier onder meer in een veralgemenisering van de syllogistiek op uitspraken van de vorm "De meeste A zijn B". Een andere logicus in Engeland is John Venn, die met zijn boek "Symbolic Logic" 1881 de beroemde venndiagrammen introduceert. In het logisch onderzoek zijn verder in Amerika Charles Sanders Peirce en in Duitsland Ernst Schröder actief.

De eigenlijke doorbraak in de moderne logica wordt echter gerealiseerd door Gottlob Frege, die als de (naast Aristoteles) belangrijkste logicus überhaupt beschouwd moet worden. In zijn Begriffschrift (1879) stelt hij voor de eerste maal een volledige tweede orde predicatenlogica voor. Hieruit ontwikkelt hij het idee van een formele taal en daarop voortbouwend de idee van een formeel bewijs, dat niets aan het toeval overlaat. Deze ideeën vormen een wezenlijke theoretische grondslag voor de ontwikkeling van de moderne computertechniek en de informatica. Freges' werk wordt door zijn tijdgenoten echter nauwelijks waargenomen; dit kan onder meer geweten worden aan zijn zeer moeilijk leesbare logische notatie. In de twee banden van de "Grundgesetze der Arithmetik" die in 1893 en 1903 verschenen, probeert Frege de gehele wiskunde in een verzamelingenleer te axiomatiseren. In dit systeem systeem blijft echter een contradictie bestaan (de zogenaamde russellparadox), waarvan Frege in een beroemd geworden brief van Bertrand Russell uit 1902 kennisneemt.

Aan Russell zelf is het voorbehouden, tezamen met Alfred North Whitehead in de Principia Mathematica (1910) de eerste contradictievrije verzamelingenleer voor te stellen die als grondslag van de wiskunde kan dienen. De auteurs erkennen Frege in het voorwoord, aan hem waren zij het meeste schuldig qua "logisch-analytische vragen". In tegenstelling tot Freges werk wordt de Principia Mathematica een doorslaggevend succes. Een grond hiervoor kan men onder meer in de door Russell en Whitehead gebruikte notatie zien, die nog steeds gewoon is. Aanzet tot deze notatie leverde Giuseppe Peano, een veelbetekenend 19e-eeuws logicus, die Russell in het jaar 1900 op een congres leerde kennen. Naast zijn gedachten over de logische notatie is Peano vooral bekend om zijn axiomatisering van de getaltheorie (de zogenaamde axioma's van Peano).

De Moderne tijd
In 1903 hebben Alfred North Whitehead en Bertrand Russell getracht om de logica formeel op te werken tot de hoeksteen van de wiskunde, uitgewerkt met de publicatie van Principia Mathematica. Met uitzondering van het elementair gedeelte worden deze beginselen niet meer gebruikt en zijn grotendeels vervangen door de verzamelingenleer.

Het propositielogische deel van de "Principia Mathematica" dient als uitgangspunt voor de ontwikkeling van een grote verzameling metalogische begrippen. In zijn habilitatieschrift uit 1918 toont Paul Bernays (voortwerkend op het werk van David Hilbert) contradictieloosheid, syntactische en semantische volledigheid en onderscheidbaarheid en onderzoek de onafhankelijkheid van de axioma's (waarbij hij vaststelt, dat een van de axioma's feitelijk onafhankelijk, maar ook overbodig, is).

Naast de axiomatische methode van de "Principia" worden verdere calculustypen ontwikkeld. In 1934 presenteert Gerhard Gentzen zijn systeem van de natuurlijke deductie en zijn sequentiecalculus. Hierop voortbouwend ontwikkelt Evert Willem Beth in 1959 het semantisch tableau. Weer hierop oriënteert Paul Lorenzen zich bij zijn dialogische logica.

De moderne logica brengt uiteindelijk de ontwikkeling van een semantiek van de predicaatlogica voort. Belangrijk voorwerk hiervoor is de stelling van Löwenheim-Skolem (voor het eerst bewezen door Leopold Löwenheim in 1915, een algemeen resultaat toont Thoralf Skolem in 1920). Kurt Gödel bewijst in 1929 de volledigheid van de eerste orde predicaatlogica (de zgn. Volledigheidstelling van Gödel) en in 1930 de onvolledigheid van de Peano-aritmetica (Gödels onvolledigheidsstelling). In 1933 formuleert Alfred Tarski een waarheidstheorie voor de predicatenlogica.

Verdere belangrijke gebeurtenissen in de geschiedenis van de moderne logica zijn de ontwikkeling van de intuïtionistische logica, van de modale logica, van de lambdacalculus, van de typentheorie en de hogere orde logica. Een belangrijke tendens in de moderne logica is ook de ontwikkeling van geautomatiseerde bewijzen (zie ook kunstmatige intelligentie) evenals de toepassing van de logica in de informatica door formele methoden.

Onderzoek en onderwijs in Nederland

In 1846 werd C.W. Opzoomer buitengewoon hoogleraar in de wijsbegeerte aan de Utrechtse universiteit. Zijn inaugurele rede in 1846 De wijsbegeerte den mensch met zichzelven verzoenende was de eerste inaugurele rede in Nederland, die in het Nederlands, in plaats van in het Latijn, werd uitgesproken. Met zijn boek "De weg der wetenschap : Een handboek der logica" uit 1851 presenteerde hij zijn inleiding in de logica. Dit script werkte hij verder uit in het boek Het wezen der kennis : een leesboek der logika uit 1863. Een tijdgenoot van Opzoomer was Jan Pieter Nicolaas Land (1834-1897).

Opzoomer werd in 1890 opgevolgd door zijn leerling Bernard van der Wijck (1836-1925), die sinds 1863 hoogleraar Wijsbegeerte was geweest in Groningen. In Groningen werd Van der Wijck opgevolgd door Gerard Heymans. In Amsterdam trad rond die tijd Gerrit Mannoury in de voorgrond, die een inspiratie waren voor Evert Willem Beth en ook nog voor Adriaan de Groot.

In Nederland is in 1946 Evert Willem Beth benoemd tot buitengewoon hoogleraar in de logica en haar geschiedenis en de filosofie der exacte wetenschappen aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam en in 1948 volgt hier zijn benoeming tot gewoon hoogleraar.

Vanaf 1982 werkt de huidige professor W.R. de Jong als docent met een zelfstandige leeropdracht logica, wijsbegeerte van de logica en geschiedenis van de logica. Hij doceert tegenwoordig geschiedenis van de moderne wijsbegeerte, (wijsgerige) logica en taalfilosofie. Meer toegespitst gaat zijn aandacht en belangstelling in de eerste plaats uit naar problemen en inzichten uit kentheorie, ontologie, taalfilosofie, logica en wetenschapsfilosofie op basis van een sterk ideeënhistorische benadering en aanpak.

Literatuur
 Johan van Benthem (2003), Logica Voor Informatica.
 Evert Willem Beth (1944), Geschiedenis der logica, Servire's Encyclopaedie, Afd. Logica, No. 37. 's-Gravenhage.
 Dov M Gabbay en John Woods (2004), Handbook of the History of Logic.
 Peter King & Stewart Shapiro (1995), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, (OUP 1995), pp 496–500

Referenties

Externe links
 History of logic and its relation to ontology: an annotated bibliography

Wetenschapsgeschiedenis
Geschiedenis van de filosofie


See previous post about John Edwards.
Early one morning in late April, a truck from California rolled into Chapel Hill, bringing the John Edwards Memorial Collection–nearly a thousand boxes of old 78-rpm phonograph records, sheet music and faded letters–to its new and permanent home at the University of North Carolina. For this archive, assembled by a young Australian, shipped at his death in 1960 to a fellow collector in New Jersey, then back across America to a long residency at the University of California at Los Angeles, it was journey's end.


Swimming not only helps runners with endurance, but it also builds strength and enhances recovery.
If you find yourself in a pool or lake, don't just float there. Aqua jogging is a great low-impact workout that can boost your fitness and improve your running form. As your legs move through their natural motion, the resistance of the water forces them to find a more efficient path, which can reduce some of the wobbles in your gait when you're on land. A flotation belt allows you to "run" in deep water, so you can use the same stride as you do on hard ground. Everybody into the pool!
Wearing a flotation belt, start running at a depth at which your feet lightly touch the bottom; this helps you establish an upright body alignment. Then move into deeper water, maintaining your stride. Run five minutes, then rest five minutes. Repeat two to four times. Each session, increase the length of the run segment and decrease the rest until you can run for 30 minutes continuously.
At first, keep your effort level easy. No huffing and puffing. After several sessions, gradually increase the turnover of your legs so you're breathing the same as you would during a moderately paced run.
Swim a lap or two during your rest periods, or alternate pool runs with a lap workout: Swim one lap easy, rest for 20 to 30 seconds, then swim a slightly faster lap. Rest one minute, then swim two easy laps. Rest one minute, then swim two to four fast laps, resting as much as you wish after each.
For a long run, simply run in water the same duration of time you would run on land. For speed workouts, shorten your stride and quicken your turnover, moving your legs faster, and keep the duration of your effort and recovery the same. During rest periods, move your legs slowly and gently.


"She was not trying to make excuses or be dramatic..."
So remember that whole Kendall Jenner Pepsi ad fiasco?
ICYSMIBYWLUAR (In case you somehow missed it because you were living under a rock): Kendall was in a problematic Pepsi ad that took place at a protest and she handed a cop a Pepsi, which obviously solved everything.
At the time, Pepsi issued a apology for the ad and Kendall's big sister Kim Kardashian spoke out about how "awful" Kendall felt about the whole thing.
kendall jenner is cancelled in my book. because, she hasn't issued an apology for her pepsi ad.
Do you think Kendall should have made a statement?


text:
Bluefin is a leading provider of secure, integrated payment solutions for Independent Software Vendors and SaaS providers, but in a marketplace where big names like PayPal and Authorize.net dominate consumer mindshare, Bluefin needed a way to differentiate their services and become the number one resource for secure payment solutions.
BRAND & AUDIENCE INSIGHTS
To this end, Bluefin had very specific goals for their search engine optimization efforts. They wanted to improve organic traffic for services related to Independent Software Vendors (ISVs), educate these ISVs about Bluefin's benefits and ultimately increase qualified leads.
Nebo began by conducting audience and industry research to develop a comprehensive strategy to capture additional visibility and reach new visitors in the research, consideration and purchase phases of the buying cycle. The target market for these strategies was twofold: new visitors without an established brand preference in the market and users currently utilizing an outside solution (like PayPal or Authorize.net).
We learned that security was one of the primary features the target audience was interested in so our goal became to effectively communicate the benefits of Bluefin's consolidated interface, tokenization, end-to-end encryption and overall superior security to both of these audiences.
Website copy was implemented to specifically address these concerns, acknowledge their legitimacy and communicate how Bluefin's products help mitigate these security and integration concerns.
We also implemented detailed analytics conversion tracking and crafted our campaigns to be optimized for each phase of the buying cycle.
To capture users in the research phase without an established brand bias, we concentrated heavily on the Features pages as the primary assets. We delivered technical recommendations to improve crawlability and revised many of these pages to include new language optimized for the searching audience that focused on what is most important to the user.
For users in the consideration phase, Nebo developed digital PR initiatives to position the brand as an authority in the space and increase visibility. Relationships with key outlets were developed to educate subject matter experts on Bluefin's innovative approach to security and integration and position Bluefin as a leader in the industry.
For users in the buying phase, the conversion funnel on the website was optimized to improve usability and drive users to complete a Contact or Referral form. This was accomplished by establishing multiple touchpoints for users to convert, including optimized calls-to-action and copy throughout the website.
Nebo's campaigns allowed us to deliver unprecedented results for Bluefin. Over the course of the first year, Bluefin enjoyed a substantial increase in traffic and visibility through organic search.
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So it's all steam ahead to the 30th November! I've had to compress my planned pre-publishing timescale a little, but the date is set. This is both a super-exiting time, but nerve racking too as a culmination of over a year's worth of work goes on display to the public.
Expect updates to the site, some gems coming up in my Author Interview Series (award winning gems) and my face and book cover plastered wherever I can get them to stick! Please share and tweet and I will do the same in return. If anyone knows the number for BBC Arts Desk just let me know. I'm available for interviews or guests posts abound, I just have to fit in some intense last minute editing first!!
What if you woke to find the electricity off, the internet down and the streets deserted? What if you were forced to run for your life, no longer top of the food chain? What if the government had no interest in keeping you alive? Those around every corner were intent on hunting you down, but you'd found a reason to struggle on, a new meaning to this life?
Meet Logan. That's me. The first to believe the world had changed forever. The first to urge our friends to run. The first to kill, but not the first victim. I was the first to see for myself as nature twisted before my eyes. With death surrounding, getting ever closer, they looked to me for answers.
Can Logan overcome his fears and find what it takes to get them all to safety, or will it be the end for humanity?
Congrats–what date did you decide on?
30th November. Can you see the image at the top of the page?
Oh no sorry–I was looking at it in Reader and it doesn't show there.
Ah okay, I'll add the text in too. Many thanks!
Thank you Gabi, will take a look!
My husband had the same thought….I have perpetual writer's block, so I'm no one to judge, but I understand how it could be jarring. Otherwise, it seems like a good read! Honestly, I need to read more fiction again. I've been trapped in research papers for too long….
Yes it was intentional. It might not be for some but we'll see how it goes. Thanks for the feedback, it's always welcomed.
Ooh, sounds interesting! If you couldn't guess, I have a soft spot for apocalyptic and/or dystopian fiction. 🙂 Actually, I plan on posting a "Top 20" book list on my blog, and your book might make it onto the second edition! It was originally just a "Top 5" list, but I….uhh….I have A LOT of favorite books.
Ha ha. Maybe in a few years I could make it to your top one hundred?! I look forward to your post!


When Tapu Koko was first revealed, I really liked the idea of the Island Guardians and I was excited to see the others. Anyway, all my friends say I'm a mermaid because of the way I swim, so of course I have to pick Tapu Fini! I quite like them all, though. Tapu Lele is my second favorite for sure, followed by Tapu Koko and Tapu Bulu. Tapu Fini is so pretty and graceful looking, which is what I like to see in a Pokemon. I've only used Tapu Lele in battle (got me pretty deep into super doubles with Mega Alakazam), so I'm not even sure how Tapu Fini compares.


One passenger, an officer from ATIC, ran up to me and handed me a roll of film.
"Here's some pictures of them," he said breathlessly. "I never thought I'd see one."
The next passengers I recognized were two other officers, Ph.D. psychologists from the Aero Medical Laboratory. I knew them because they had visited Blue Book many times collecting data for a paper they were writing on UFO's.
The title of the paper was to be: The Psychological Aspects of UFO Sightings.
Almost climbing over each other in their effort to tell their story they told me how they had watched the UFO's from the C-54. Both had seen them "dogfighting" between themselves.
"How fast were they going?" I asked.
"Like hell," was their only answer but the way they said it and the looks on their faces emphasized their statement.
The crowd on the ramp had increased by now and some of the newcomers had binoculars. The men with the binoculars were the focal point of several individual groups as they watched and gave blow-by-blow accounts.
Some of the crowd were talking about jet fighters and it suddenly dawned on me that just across the parking lot was the operations office of the local ADC jet outfit, the 97th Fighter Interceptor Squadron.
I ran over to interceptor operations and went in. I knew the duty officer because several times before the 97th people had chased balloons over Dayton. When I told him about the UFO's all I received was a rather uninterested stare. When I said they were over the base he did me the courtesy of going out to look.
He came running back in and hit the scramble button. Three minutes later two F-86's were headed UFOward. They soon disappeared but their vapor trails kept the tense crowd informed of their progress.
And believe me there was tension.
As the vapor trails spiraled up, first as two distinct plumes, and later only one--as they blended at altitude--more than one pilot standing on the ramp expressed his thankfulness for his unenviable position--on the ground watching.
The vapor trails thinned out and disappeared right under the three UFO's and it was obvious that the two jets had closed in.
Here were three that didn't escape.
That night the 97th Fighter Interceptor Squadron added three more balloons to their record. The F-86's had been able to climb higher than the F-84's.
The next morning photos confirmed the balloons. They had been tethered together and carried an instrument package.
I had been fooled. Two Ph.D psychologists who had studied UFO's had been fooled. A C-54 load of "experienced observers" (many pilots) had been fooled. The tower operators had been fooled and so had a hundred others.
This was an interesting sighting and we used to discuss it a lot. All of the observers later agreed that what made them so excited was the tower operator's announcement: "F-84's from Lockbourne are chasing three high speed objects." This set the stage and from then on no one even considered the fact that if the objects had been traveling 2000 or 3000 miles an hour they would have been long gone in the fifteen minutes we watched them.
Secondly, I found out that the C-54, a slow airplane, had actually overtaken and passed the balloons between Columbus and Dayton but none of the passengers I talked to had stopped to think of this.
And I'm positive that in our minds the balloons, which were about 40 feet in diameter and at 40,000 feet, looked a lot larger than they actually were.
I know the power of suggestion plays an important role in UFO sightings. Once you're convinced you're looking at a UFO you can see a lot of things.
But then there's the "unknowns."
Any good saucer fan--wild eyed or sober--will magnanimously concede that a certain percentage of the UFO sightings are the misidentification of known objects. They drag out the "unknowns" as the "proof."
Technically speaking, an "unknown" report is one that has been made by a reliable observer (not necessarily experienced). The report has been exhaustively investigated and analyzed and there is no logical explanation.
To this, the Air Force says: "The Air Force emphasizes the belief that if more immediate detailed objective observational data could have been obtained on the 'unknowns' these too could have been satisfactorily explained."
I think the Case of the Lubbock Lights is an excellent example of this. It is probably one of the most thoroughly investigated reports in the UFO files and it contained the most precise observational data we ever received. Scientists from far and near tried to solve it. It remained an "unknown."
The men who made the original sightings stuck by the case and furnished the "more detailed objective observational data" the Air Force speaks of.
The mysterious fights appeared again and instead of looking for something high in the air they looked for something low and found the solution.
The world famous Lubbock Lights were night flying moths reflecting the bluish-green light of a nearby row of mercury vapor street lights.


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Where we cover
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NG seal monster deal in Nottingham city centre
Commercial property specialists NG Chartered Surveyors have landed another important office deal in Nottingham city centre.
Acting on behalf of a private landlord, Sunny Landa, director at NG has concluded a deal to sell the 1,407 sq ft Unit F, King Edward Court on King Street in the heart of the city centre to a student accommodation provider.
NG sold the premises for a premium price which is undisclosed.
The property is situated within King Edward Court; a courtyard office development on the south-eastern edge of Nottingham city centre. The property is only a few minutes walk from city centre shopping and the countless leisure opportunities the city has to offer.
Sunny said:
"Using our knowledge of the market and experience of dealing with this size of office accommodation, we worked on a proactive marketing campaign that resulted in a fantastic result for our client."
"To achieve such a record breaking price at King Edward Court is a great achievement by the NG team. I'd urge any other landlord with similar stock to get in touch with us immediately."
To find out more, feel free to contact us, give us a call on 0115 958 8599 or email [email protected].
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2001), and professional macroeconomists on macroeconomic indicators (Gürkaynak & Wolfers, 2006).
2010). Valid tests between methods must be conducted over long periods of time due to the enormous volatility in the real world. Consider that, at midnight on November 7, 2016, the evening before the U.S. presidential election, Nate Silver's poll of polls predicted a 71% chance of a Clinton victory. A major prediction market—the Iowa Electronic Markets—assigned a 69% chance of a Clinton win, and Predictwise went as high as 85%. In the eyes of the public, neither method seemed to work well, although neither approach was technically "wrong" because a probability, p, of an event implies a nonzero probability, 1 – p, that the event will not occur.
Our research group was divided, along expected disciplinary lines, over which method would yield better forecasts. We decided to run a series of experiments pitting prediction markets against prediction polls. We did agree that, regardless of the experimental condition to which people were randomly assigned, a fair test of the maximum potential of each method would require that all participants get prompt, clear performance feedback essential for learning (Erev & Roth, 1998; Hogarth, 1981). This feedback took the form of earnings in prediction markets and Brier scores in prediction polls.
our group, the programmers, made this possible.
The futures contracts in the prediction markets ranged in value from $0 to $1. If the event occurred, shares became worth $1, otherwise, $0. Participants started the tournament with $100 in hypothetical cash and were given small-cash infusions throughout the tournament to enhance market liquidity when trading fell below a threshold volume (a procedure akin to what the Federal Reserve does to expand money supply to stimulate economic activity during slowdowns).
the event did not occur, the Brier score would be 1.62.
Furthermore, Brier scoring rewards justified decisiveness generously. If a forecaster said the event was 90% likely and it did occur, the Brier score would be a close-to-omniscient .02. The Brier scoring rule is "proper" in the sense that forecasters get the best score if they report their beliefs truthfully (Gneiting & Raftery, 2007)—and do not distort their beliefs to serve nonepistemic functions, like wishful thinking or defensive pessimism. Brier scoring treats under-and overestimation of events in exactly the same way, as equally erroneous.
A key member of our group, Pavel Atanasov, took the lead on two consecutive, 9-month experiments comparing prediction markets to polls, using 3,500 college-educated volunteers (Atanasov et al., 2017).4 The markets were continuous double auctions in which people traded by placing buying prices and selling prices into an order book, which displayed the six highest buying prices and six lowest selling prices. Price history was public information.
4 There were other conditions in the experiments that we do not discuss.
See Atanasov et al. (2017) for details.


text:
WEBINAR | Vaccine Mandates for Children: Child Abuse?
December 15, 2021 TiLT News	Leave a comment
An important conversation on Covid-19 vaccine mandates for children, including uncensored accounts of those who have suffered serious injuries from the jab.
Source: WEBINAR | Vaccine Mandates for Children: Child Abuse?
Any Parent Who Falls For This Communist Tactic of Forced Vaccinations on "3 year old's" Should Be Convicted of Child Abuse Or Complete Stupidity!!
San Jose Sharks introduce vaccine passports for kids aged as low as three
Source: San Jose Sharks introduce vaccine passports for kids aged as low as three
Checkpoint for kids.
By Ken Macon
Everyone aged three and above will need to show a vaccine passport to see the San Jose Sharks playing at home. The NHL team announced the new passport requirements for all games going forward.
On December 6, the Sharks posted an update about passport requirements in its home ground, the SAP Center, on the NHL website.
"In accordance with an updated health and safety directive mandated by the State of California affecting 'mega-events' which includes concerts, sporting events, and other shows," the entry began, "Sharks Sports & Entertainment (SSE) has announced updates to its guest attendance policy for SAP Center at San Jose.
"Effective Thursday, December 9, 2021, all guests ages 3-11 who visit SAP Center at San Jose must be fully vaccinated or show proof of a negative COVID-19 test within 72 hours of the event. … These requirements will remain in place until state and local health and safety guidance is revised."
"The updated mandate, which was recently announced by the State of California, affects events being held at statewide indoor venues with attendance levels of 1,000 guests or more," it said.
The SAP Center's new requirements are in line with the state and city's "mega event" requirements that were updated on November 18.
Related: How vaccine passports are crushing freedom, privacy, and civil liberties
If you're tired of censorship, cancel culture, and the erosion of civil liberties subscribe to Reclaim The Net.
Previous PostSteve Bannon's War Room: PandemicNext PostWorld's Response To Omicron


Professor emeritus of city and regional planning Stuart Stein, who as a planner and local legislator assisted in the creation of the Ithaca Commons and the TCAT bus service, died June 24. He was 84.
A specialist in land use and community planning, Stein joined the Cornell faculty in 1962 and taught until his retirement in 1993. He twice served as chair of the Department of City and Regional Planning.
Professor Emeritus John Reps (M.R.P. '47), who was chair of the department when Stein was hired, credits former Architecture, Art, and Planning dean Burnham Kelly for bringing Stein aboard.
"Our new dean at the time had Stu as a student at MIT and had followed his career as a consultant," says Reps. "I would like to say that hiring Stu was my idea, but it was Burnham who rightly saw that we needed design strength, and Stu had earned degrees in both architecture and planning so he was the ideal fit."
Stein was known for his strong commitment to putting planning decisions in broader context. "Cities are planned and designed to carry out social and economic functions," he said. "That's why I've always been more interested in neighborhoods, towns, villages, and cities as opposed to regions or countries."
While at Cornell, Stein began a deep involvement in the local community. In the late 1960s he was asked by the Ithaca City Planning Board to devise a way to save the city's decaying downtown. He and his colleagues developed a plan for what became the Ithaca Commons in 1974.
After his retirement from Cornell, Stein remained active in numerous elected and appointed positions, including chair of the New York State Board on Historic Preservation and of the Tompkins County Legislature. Longtime county legislator Barbara Mink says Stein was an important colleague.
"Stu was my mentor on the county legislature," Mink says. "He was a spirited but gentle man, a consensus builder, who was not afraid of big ideas or the work it took to make them real. His focus on economic development that included support for the arts in addition to bringing in new businesses and jobs helped make Tompkins County a leader in central New York. I remember our 12 years together on the county board as filled with energy, vision, and humor."
Martha Armstrong (M.R.P. '96), vice president and director of economic development planning for Tompkins County Area Development, says that as chair of the county legislature Stein "oversaw an era of bipartisanship in local government and has several remarkable achievements to his credit, including unification of three local bus systems into the TCAT bus service, creation of the Municipal Electric and Gas Alliance, and chartering the first economic development strategy for the county, among others."
Stein attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he earned a bachelor's degree in architecture in 1952 and a master's in city planning in 1954.
At the start of his career, Stein served as the principal planner for the Rhode Island Development Council from 1954 to 1957. In 1957, he became a partner in Blair and Stein Associates, a planning consulting firm in Providence, Rhode Island; Washington, DC; and Syracuse, where he worked until he came to Cornell.


Close to one-third of Americans (29 percent) will use their grill or smoker this year. Gas is by far the most popular grill type (64 percent).
Fully 10 percent of consumers with outdoor kitchens are adding heaters and fireplaces. This trend is a clear market opportunity for manufacturers of safe and reliable products.
When designing and manufacturing outdoor hearth and patio products, safety and reliability are key. Yet gas grills alone cause an average of 7,900 home fires in the U.S. every year. More than a third of those fires result from product flaws like leaks or breaks.
Customers expect their gas grills, barbecue appliances, fireplaces, patio heaters, and wood stoves to run safely and efficiently. They demand assurance that their buying decisions won't put their home and family at risk.
CSA Group provides that peace of mind by rigorously testing and certifying a wide range of hearth and patio products. Customers associate our mark with quality and reliability and often base their brand selection on seeing it on your products.
4. Rapid, thorough testing and certification: CSA group will thoroughly test the safety, performance, energy efficiency, and emissions of your hearth and patio products and help you get to market efficiently.
We provide standards, testing, and certification for a wide array of hearth and patio products. We work with industry-leading manufacturers and key associations, including the HPBA (Hearth Patio, and Barbecue Association).
Outdoor hearth and patio products present consumers with both relaxation and risk. CSA Group inspects, tests, and certifies these products to help assure their safety – and to reassure consumers that buying a tested and certified hearth and patio product is the right choice.
Get your gas grills and barbecues tested for the reliability that consumers around the world demand. The CSA Star and CSA Blue Flame Marks are North America's most widely recognized and accepted certification marks for gas-fired grills and outdoor cooking appliances.
Make sure your fireplaces and fireplace inserts are tested and certified by the knowledgeable staff of CSA Group so that you can meet the standards for both local and global markets.
The CSA Blue Star and Blue Flame marks for gas-fired appliances and accessories mean that your patio heaters have been tested and certified for safe and reliable operation.
The global market offers exciting opportunities but also serious challenges when harmonizing standards across multiple regions. CSA Group explores the advantages, processes, and markets affected.
CSA Group has extensive experience developing standards for a wide range of hearth and patio products for local markets and worldwide. Many of those standards are harmonized with other standards development organizations to encourage wider adoption. The key standards we test against include CSA, UL, and EPA.


text:
What are Qap's networks and how do they work?
The Qap Network is an interconnecting set of networks, based on what's known about human social interactions, that all share a common characteristic.
According to the network's founding principles, these networks allow humans to communicate and share information about themselves, others, and places, without the need for a third party.
The network's core principles are: The people of Qap can share information through the Qap network, but no one else.
The Qaps own the Qaps information.
People on the QAP network have full control over their information and use it to help and harm each other.
No one else is allowed to interfere with the Qs network.
People can use the Qumams network for their own personal, social, and economic needs, but they are not allowed to profit from it or use it for anything else.
This network is not designed to be used as a means of surveillance or to control anyone.
The networks are designed to allow people to freely and anonymously communicate and explore their world.
There are currently over 3,000 Qap networks in existence, spanning nearly every continent on the planet.
Qumam networks are used by the Qax, Qap, and Qapas to share information, to connect with others, to build communities, and to share the love of their culture.
As Qaxes Qap communities spread across the world, the networks are also increasingly connected and diverse.
Qap Networks are the most dynamic, diverse, and inclusive community of its kind in the world.
It is not uncommon for a Qap to connect to several Qumamas networks at the same time, to travel to the same locations, and for people to gather together for community gatherings.
Qax networks have the most varied cultures and traditions in the history of humanity, and the Qaumas Qap is a diverse and inclusive culture, too.
For example, Qax and Qaxas people are descended from the Qa, and all Qax families have a common language.
The Quas are a people with a common religion and a shared heritage, but Qax people are also descended from Qax.
The other major Qax family is the Qama, which is a nomadic tribe that is not a direct descendent of the Qae, but the Qamas Qax are descended directly from the Pumas Qae.
These Qax have a long history of trade, trade, and exploration, as well as being the only ones to ever have been able to build cities from scratch on their own.
Qaumans Qax network has evolved over the years, as the Qas have been drawn from the communities and cultures of the people they connect with.
In the last 50 years, the Qayas Qumas have developed their own networks of Qax that have grown into an international Qax community.
This Qax is now the most diverse, inclusive, and diverse Qax of all.
Qay-Qay-YaQas networks are more like the QA and QAs in terms of their diversity, but have much more of an identity and community structure.
This is because they are built around the belief that people can build communities from scratch and that there is no obligation to join one of the two.
It can be a very challenging experience to connect, as it requires a commitment to both trust and to community.
The most important aspect of Qay Qay Yay Qap cultures is that they are deeply rooted in the culture of their community, which helps them connect with the larger community and with each other and with the surrounding world.
As a result, they are a more open, inclusive community.
Qaya Qay has the highest rate of intercultural communication among the Qays, and is also home to the most Qax language communities in the Qawas region.
Qaw Qay is home to a strong Qax culture and Qayy Qay culture, as both Qax languages are spoken by a very large population of people.
Qa Qay, Qas Qay and Qas Yay are all Qap languages.
Qas is the most dominant language in the region.
There is no Qap language that is more prevalent in the area than the Qanay.
Qanays Qay network is also the most interdependent, and therefore, the most valuable network of all, and this network of QawQay QaQay networks is the basis of Qa.
As these Qaq networks connect with each one other, they help to keep the Qat, Qa and Qaas people from being separated and from sharing resources.
These networks are the glue that holds these communities together, and these networks are not just the backbone of the region, but are also the backbone for the entire world.
The region is home not only to QayQay, but also to Qaw, Qaya and Yay, as Qa
By : admin Tags: qap network analysis topological network analysis
What the data shows about the Internet's growth and how it could affect the future of broadband coverage


text:
class CreateArchitectures < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.1]
  def change
    create_table :architectures do |t|
      t.references :platform, foreign_key: true
      t.string :name

      t.timestamps
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Recognize first loop run in XSLT I am pretty new to XSLT and might be looking at my problem from the wrong angle - coming from languages such as C++ and Java. I hope someone can help me out.
I want to make a loop call (xsl:for-each) in XSLT and do something specific on the first run through the loop. In other languages I would use a status variable for this, but variables cannot change their value in XSLT as I have learned, so how can I solve this problem? Here is what I want to do. The upper case part in the if clause is of course fake and represents my problem.
<xsl:for-each select="browser/value">
 <xsl:if test="FIRST TIME IN LOOP">
  do something once
 </xsl:if>

 <xsl:value-of select="current()" />
</xsl:for-each>

Thanks alot!
Henrik

A: I think the easiest way is to check the position of the current node. It's also faster than checking the existence of preceding value elements in the tree (and will still work if xsl:sort is added to the loop):
<xsl:for-each select="browser/value">
  <xsl:if test="position()=1">
    do something here
  </xsl:if>
  <xsl:value-of select="blah"/>
</xsl:for-each>

A: Try to avoid thinking of "time". There is no first time, because XSLT execution is not ordered in time. But there is a first item in the input sequence, and you can tell when you are processing the first item in the sequence by testing position()=1.

A: That is now how you do it - you need to stop thinking as a procedure, and start thinking more recursively.
(modified)
  <xsl:for-each select="browser/value">
      <xsl:if test="not(preceding::value[parent::browser])">
                first post!
      </xsl:if>
      <xsl:value-of select="blah"/>
  </xsl:for-each>

ie, if it is the first, there will be nothing before it. However, there may be other ways to do it outside of the loop


We support the development of the digital media industry through sustainable networking and placement activities, both within the industry and across disciplines.
We offer founders and young creatives a comprehensive range of advice and information on funding and financing in NRW.
We create visibility for the digital media location NRW and its companies at trade fairs and markets in Germany and abroad.


text:
Phnom Penh Post - US soldier set to be deported
US soldier set to be deported
Charles Rollet | Publication date 04 November 2014 | 08:33 ICT
Tue, 4 November 2014
Charles Rollet
The American soldier who escaped to Cambodia facing charges of child pornography and child abuse in the United States will be deported back to his home country today, according to Uk Hai Sela, investigations head at the Ministry of Interior's immigration department.
Hai Sela said Michael Edward Harris, who was arrested last Tuesday in Kratie province, will be flying to Incheon, South Korea, on a flight just before midnight.
He will be accompanied by two US Air Marshals and will then transfer to a flight to the US, according to Hai Sela.
"All I know is from this morning from the US Embassy," said Hai Sela, who added that Harris was still being held at the capital's immigration department.
US Embassy spokesman Jay Raman declined to comment.
Harris entered Cambodia on January 17, skipping bail in Orlando, Florida, where he was facing child pornography charges.
Harris started working as a dog trainer in Sihanoukville under the alias "Mike Dobbs", but his identity was uncovered after his ex-wife, Denise Diaz, posted a US media report about him in a Cambodian online forum.
Harris fled his apartment on October 15, successfully evading authorities for almost two weeks.
Contact author: Charles Rollet
Circuitous route for fugitive
US man facing child porn charges arrested
Cops tracking fugitive soldier


First i hanged around with the name "Garuda 1" because i was so blown away with how AC6 looked like.
Somewhere in 2013, i decided to start my own group just so i can stay around in a relatively fair way.
First it was a Modern Naval based group existing out of schoolmates, but then got disbanded and eveyone else took his own seperate way.
I discovered YSFlight on Youtube where i got to see the X-49 being flown in YSFlight, wich i never got to fly in Ace Combat 3.
Wich got me thinking to start S.A.R.F. and since there weren't many AC3 planes around i decided to build them myself.
I needed a new IGN as well, to make it more fitting.. Dision was most interesting to me due to his biography.
Mine came about purely because of my Halo fanboyism a few years back. Now I kinda want to change it to Gryphus 1 or Antares 1. I originally floated about a long time ago as SilverGhost cuz I was a silly kid.
I'm kinda a douche for doing this.
My original user name from the original YSP was S Canyon a referance lost in the annels of newspaper comics,radio and tv by now.
OfficerFlake wrote: Numbers are nooby.
Stingx wrote: I'm kinda a douche for doing this.
Best names come from something that has value to you. Not just something you copied off the net.
yep total agree with flake and i am not picking on any one here.
I didn't know what happened here. But for the record, my original response wasn't written because I was offended or anything. Just some lighthearted self deprecation aimed at myself.
So, sorry if it had caused any unneeded drama here.
I read 'Neurax worm' wrong in the game 'plague inc'. the worm lets you control peoples minds, and is based off the real Toxoplasma gondii parasite, which, while usually found in cats, can be given to humans. so yeah, my name is a mispronounciation of a mind controlling worm in a ame based off a real worm that makes people commit suicide.cool!
my name is derived from my love of dragons and my love of MechWarrior 3.
My name is Patrick. Sometime a few years ago, back in YSP1 days, my name was NeoCon. It was a reference to the fact that I was sometimes called a "neo-conservative" due to my support for certain government policies. After a while, i decided to start using my real first name online. Around the same time, I discovered "leet speak", where the word 1337 stood for "leet", which itself somehow represented the word "elite". I am far from elite, so I decided to join the popular trend of the time of doing things ironically, so I started to call myself "31337", or "ELEET". I should note that doing things ironically is often done by hipsters, which is why I did it as a parody of hipster behavior. Later I started the 31337th Flying Idiots squad for "special" pilots who showed superior stupidity. I soon started using the name Patrick31337 here and other places, like my PSN account. I used it on Need For Speed, with the tag that "I am elite, if by elite I mean really slow.
In summary, I'm an idiot.
As you can see, my favorite aircraft is F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. I always used a nickname in Korean Communities is written in Korean as "Super Hornet". But in English, it is quite long. So I choose "Hornet" instead of "Super Hornet".
I'm from the Indianapolis area. Therefore, my creative mind thought up Indy.
May or may not be my name..... I know, I know. So wildly creative.
My name is Coop because my ancestors were born. Although, this nickname originated from when I played baseball in real life, and many people call me Coop in the real world.
Interesting note: My friends thought Coop was unoriginal, so they attempted to change it to "Blue" (Blue Angels obsession) or "Cuddles", because I had the frequent habit of falling asleep on teamspeak.


NOTE: The information regarding Nepal on this page is re-published from the 1996 World Fact Book and from Galen R. Frysinger. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Nepal Photos information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Nepal Photos should be addressed to their respective copyright holders, noted on each individual Nepal photo page.