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Power On Self Test (zkráceně POST) je diagnostický program, který kontroluje hardware v zařízení a zároveň i jejich činnost. Spouští se automaticky po startu přístroje (počítač, router nebo i tiskárna). Termín POST se však stal populárním až v souvislosti se šířením osobního počítače.

Jeho průběh začíná obvykle inicializací a konfigurací procesoru a následným spuštěním série testů ke zjištění, zda počítačový hardware pracuje správně. Případné chyby zjištěné v průběhu testu jsou uloženy nebo oznámeny prostřednictvím vizuálních (blikání LED nebo zobrazením textu na displeji) nebo zvukových prostředků (série pípnutí – tzv. beep kód). Po dokončení je řízení předáno bootovací sekvenci volající ovládací software, nebo zavaděč operačního systému.

POST se vyvinul z přímočarého jednoduchého procesu na poměrně složitý a spletitý. Je to dáno obrovským množstvím hardware a dalších standardů, který musí podporovat. Průměrný uživatel má tak povědomí o průběhu POSTu na osobních počítačích buď pouze prostřednictvím jednoduchých zpráv zobrazených v textovém režimu ihned po startu počítače, nebo je skryt za grafickým logem výrobce základní desky (je tu však možnost v Setupu BIOSu přepnout do textového režimu).

Hlášení chyb

Původní IBM BIOS hlásil chyby zjištěné během provádění POST tak, že odeslal číslo na výstupní pevnou adresu I/O portu 80. V pozdějších letech používali prodejci BIOSu posloupnosti pípání z připojeného reproduktoru známé jako beep kódy. Někteří výrobci vyvinuli vlastní varianty nebo vylepšení, jakým je např. D MSI-Bracket.

Prostřednictvím logického analyzátoru nebo specializované POST karty (na obrázku) zobrazující hodnoty na výstupní port 80 na malém displeji, může servisní technik určit původ problému. Tato činnost však není jednoduchá, neboť dnes existuje nepřeberné množství základních desek a jejich BIOSů a tedy i hodnoty těchto kódu signalizujících odlišný problém. K jeho určení je tak zapotřebí vlastnit servisní manuál. POST karty jsou k dostání i v prodejnách, jejich cena se však pohybuje v rozmezí 500 - 1500 Kč (v roce 2010) podle výbavy.

POST na platformě PC
U osobního počítače je dnes POST nejčastěji řízen BIOSem. Skutečné testy a jejich posloupnost jsou závislé na spoustě faktorů, zejména informacemi uloženými v paměti BIOSu. Obvykle jsou však prováděny v následujícím pořadí.

Po stisku tlačítka napájení
Stisknutím tlačítka napájení odešle PSU (Power Supply Unit – centrální jednotka napájení) signál základní desce skládající se z jedniček. Ta mu ho zase odešle zpět a po jeho obdržení PSU, začne okamžitě procházet elektrický proud celým systémem. Čítač/časovač (konkrétně se většinou jedná o obvod Intel 8284) začne posílat procesoru resetovací příkaz (tím je zajištěno resetování nebo i vypnutí počítače v případě přetížení, kolísavého napětí nebo přehřátí zdroje). Po skončení všech interních testů, kdy je proud dodáván všemi součástmi a je stabilizováno vstupní napětí (tj. zjištěny standardní hodnoty napětí v toleranci ±20%), začne odesílat zdroj přes port P8 pin 1 čítači na základní desce +5V signál nazývaný POWER GOOD (někde POWER_OK či POK) s přípustnou tolerancí od +2,4V do +6,0V (patrně logika TTL). Doba mezi vlastním zapnutím počítače a prvním odesláním POWER_GOOD je většinou v rozmezí od 0,1 do 0,5 sekundy.

Základní testy
Na začátku rutiny BIOS zkontroluje sám sebe pomocí kontrolního součtu. Následně se spustí kontrola dat uložených na CMOS paměti (později EEPROM, u nejnovějších FLASH), přičemž na ní proběhne zároveň test zápisu/čtení. Jedná se o malou oblast paměti (64-256 bajtů), napájenou z malé baterky umístěné na základní desce. Obsahuje základní konfiguraci počítače nastavené pomocí Setupu BIOSu, jako např. informace o paměťových médiích, pořadí bootování, datum a čas a jiné. Nahrazuje konfigurační přepínače u starších modelů PC. Jelikož je spolu s obvodem reálných hodin zálohovaná z baterie (nebo u novějších základních desek vysokokapacitním elektrolytickým kondenzátorem), není závislá na napájení počítače. Je dostupná pomocí svého řadiče jako dvojice portů s adresami 70h (zde se zapisuje adresa) a 71h (odtud se čtou nebo zapisují data). Pokud se tedy provádí zápis nebo čtení musí se nejprve poslat adresa paměťové buňky na port 70h a pak se zapíšou nebo čtou data na portu 71h. Kontrola probíhá pomocí kontrolního součtu a to tak, že se jednoduše sečtou všechny požadované hodnoty bajtů na adresách, uloží se jejich nejspodnější dva bajty a ověří se součtem již uloženým a to z adresy 2Eh a 2Fh. Do procesu se zahrnují adresy 10h až 2Dh (prvních 16 bajtů slouží pro hodiny). Bližší informace o rozmístění dat v této paměti naleznete v článku BIOS.

První fáze POST testu
Nyní proběhne kontrola technických prostředků počítače, informace o jejich konfiguraci jsou zjišťovány z propojek na základní desce počítače nebo z paměti CMOS. Nastavení jsou postupně konfrontována se skutečností. Tomuto procesoru se obecně říká POST. Výsledky testů se zapisují na porty 060H a na I/O port 080H (zde se ohlásí akusticky). Hodnoty jsou v rozmezí od 00h (stejné chyby při spuštění prvního BIOS příkazu k CPU) do FFh (POST dokončen, tento kód se odešle na 80h).

Základní inicializace
Nastane vnitřní příprava procesoru a inicializace základních zařízení. Prvních 16 záznamů v tabulce vektorů přerušení se naplní ukazateli na přerušovací rutiny služeb (ISRs) se sídlem v BIOS ROM. Proběhne test přechodu do chráněného režimu a zpět. Maskovatelná přerušení jsou od teď zapnuta, aby bylo možné zachytávat a zpracovat přerušení dalších zařízení, neboť se budou zpracovávat BIOSy jiných zařízení.

Provede se tedy test systémového řadiče, řadiče paměti a řadiče I/O obvodů, obvodu přímého přístupu do paměti (DMA), časovači systému a programovatelného periferního rozhraní a nakonec ověření prvních 64 kB paměti (tu pak BIOS používá jako pracovní oblast). Případné chyby jsou interpretovány pomocí zvukových signálů ze speakru počítače, známé jako beep kódy. Pořadí kontrol zařízení se může mezi výrobci lišit. Všechny vstupně/výstupní sběrnice a řadiče musí být funkční. Dále proběhne vyhledání a přečtení konfiguračních informací uložených v CMOS. Nejdůležitější informací v CMOS, je z hlediska bootovacího procesu pořadí zařízení, která budou zkoušena pro zavedení operačního systému (FDD, CD-ROM, HDD, apod.). Nepovinně (záleží opět na konfiguraci) uloží (do oblasti RAM) BIOS některé rutiny, takže jsou pak rychlejší. Tato operace se nazývá jako shadow RAM. OS/2 a Windows však tyto rutiny nevyužívají, takže v těchto případech není důvod stínování zapínat. Použité místo v RAM je však někdy využíváno zařízeními IDE, což může způsobit problémy.

Vyhledávání rozšiřujících modulů
Přestože jsou základní technické prostředky počítače již inicializovány, nemusí být všechna zařízení připravena k použití operačním systémem. Obsluhu těchto zařízení provádí malé podprogramy - tzv. rozšiřovacích moduly BIOSu. V podstatě se jedná o jakýsi miniaturní firmware. V rezervované paměti počítače je vyhrazen adresový prostor C0000h až DFFFFh, kde mohou být rozšiřovací moduly BIOS umístěny. Protože počítač o připojených zařízení nic netuší, začne prohledávat tento rozsah paměti. Toto prohledávání probíhá tak, že je na začátku každého bloku paměti o velikosti 2 kB očekáván identifikační kód rozšiřovacího modulu, jehož přibližná kostra je popsána v tabulce:

První dva bajty musí nutně být 55h a AAh, neboť se podle nich poznává přítomnost ROM. Další bajt je délka ROM v 512B blocích, například ROM s délkou 16kB bude mít zde číslo 32 (20h). Za tímto bajtem musí následovat spustitelný kód, který inicializuje příslušné vnějšího zařízení a případně upraví potřebné přerušovací vektory v tabulce vektorů přerušení. Nakonec je vráceno řízení POSTu na systémové desce prostřednictvím instrukce RETF (nesmí být použita jiná), který pokračuje v prohledávání zbylého prostoru.

Celý obsah ROM (vč. hlavičky) je zajištěn kontrolním součtem, který je dán součtem všech bajtů obsažených v ROM modulo 256 (100h). Takto spočtený kontrolní součet musí mít nulovou hodnotu. Rozsah bajtů, který bude do součtu zahrnut, je dán právě bajtem udávajícím délku modulu. Bajty, které nejsou využívány do nejbližší adresy dělitelné 2024, jsou nastaveny na nulu, aby neovlivňovaly výsledný výpočet.

Vlastní prohledávání oblasti rozšiřujících modulů lze rozdělit do dvou fází:

1. Nejprve se prohledává adresový prostor video ROM - C000:0000h až C780:0000h, kde mohou být uloženy rutiny grafických karet a to jak zapojených do slotů, tak i integrovaných (= inicializace videokarty). Pokud nějakou rutinu najde, je testována, jak už byl zmíněno, pomocí kontrolního součtu. Pokud kontrola proběhne v pořádku, je rutina vykonána, video ROM se inicializuje a zobrazí se kurzor nebo u novějších zařízení informace o kartě, případně grafická obrazovka výrobce zařízení (To je důvod, proč na moderních PC obvykle vidět něco na obrazovce o grafické kartě, než se zobrazí zprávy ze samotného systému BIOS). Chyby kontrolního testu jsou generovány zprávou

C000 ROM Error

kde C000 označuje špatný adresový segment. Nenajde-li se žádná taková rutina, použije se základní video ROM driver a v případě úspěchu se zobrazí kurzor. Nyní se inicializuje video adaptér, testuje video karta a videopaměť a zobrazí se konfigurační informace nebo chyby nebo jen kurzor.

2. ROM BIOS dále skenuje adresy C800:0000h až DF80:0000h po 2 kB blocích a hledá jiná zařízení ROM ostatních adaptérů. Proces testování probíhá stejným způsobem s tím, že chyba je generována ve tvaru

XXXX ROM Error

kde XXX označuje segment chybového modulu. Tyto rutiny mohou měnit zároveň stávající ROM BIOS rutiny či vytvářet nové. Obyčejně se na adrese C8000h nachází např. IDE/ATA řadič. Následující tabulka ukazuje přehled obsahu paměti na AT/XT počítačích:

Ukončovací rutiny
Poté BIOS zjistí původce resetu otestováním kódu. Ten je uložen na adrese FHh v CMOS a může nabývat následujících hodnot:

Poté zkontroluje hodnotu na adrese 0000:0472h, na základě které určí, jak bude probíhat druhá fáze POSTu. Byl-li RESET vyvolán pomocí kombinace kláves CTRL+ALT+DELETE, je hodnota této adresy 1234h (ve formátu little endian, kde nejméně významný bajt přichází jako první, bude v paměti jako 3412h) a provede se tedy tzv. teplý start, jinak je hodnota náhodná a provede se tzv. studený start. Při studeném startu provede ROM BIOS úplnou verzi POST, jinak vynechá test paměti a některé další inicializační rutiny.

Od této chvíle se informace zobrazují na obrazovce. Chybové zprávy se interpretují dvojím způsobem. Buď se zobrazí na obrazovce, nebo v případě kritických chyb, kdy takto učinit nelze, pípáním speakeru. Nebyl vytvořen žádný standard zvukových signálů a tak každá firma má ve svém zařízení určité odchylky. Chybové zprávy generované pomocí zvukového zařízení jsou většinou fatální a neumožňují pokračovat dále v procesu (např. chyba v procesoru). Úspěšné provedení je signalizováno jedním krátkým pípnutím. Chyby, které se během POST testu vyskytnout, mohou být klasifikovány jako kritické nebo nepodstatné. Nepodstatné chyby většinou zobrazí chybovou zprávu a povolí systému pokračovat v bootovacím procesu. Kritické chyby naopak ukončí bootovací proces počítače a jsou nejčastěji signalizovány pípáním beep kódů a následným studeným restartem. Seznam těchto kódu je k dispozici v článku beep kódy.

Druhá fáze POST testu

Zobrazení údajů
Nyní se identifikuje BIOS a zobrazí se spouštěcí obrazovka s následujícími údaji:

 Výrobce a číslo verze.
 Datum uvedení BIOSu. Toto se může hodit při diagnostikování problémů, neboť některé výrobní kousky určitých dat mají známé vady.
 Informace o stisku klávesy pro vstup do Setupu BIOSu (obvykle klávesa Del, F2, F10 případně i jiné kombinace kláves, např.: Ctrl+Alt+S, Ctrl+Alt+Esc, Ctrl+Alt+Ins).
 Znak BIOS společnosti, nebo v některých případech výrobce PC nebo základní desky.
 Logo Energy Star. Zobrazí se v případě, že BIOS tuto normu podporuje. V dnešní době již takřka vždy.
 Sériové číslo BIOSu umístěné obvykle ve spodní části obrazovky. BIOSy jsou totiž vysoce přizpůsobeny na konkrétní desku, toto pořadové číslo lze tedy použít v mnoha případech k určení konkrétní desky a verze systému BIOSu. Způsob podání informací má každý výrobce svůj:
 AWARD – všechny znaky krom čtyř posledních udávají kód použitého čipsetu, předposlední dva znaky udávají výrobce základní desky a poslední dva výrobce BIOSu. Kódy je třeba rozluštit, aby z nich něco použitelného vzešlo a to např. z http://www.wimsbios.com/numbers.shtml.
 AMI - Základní deska výrobce je zakódována v posledním čtyřčíslí třetí skupiny čísel, počítáno zleva doprava. Kódy je třeba rozluštit např. z http://www.wimsbios.com/aminumbers.jsp.

Poté se zkontroluje, zda zařízení uvedená v paměti existují a fungují správně, a blíže je identifikuje. Případné chyby se odesílají na port 80h. Některá další PC jiných výrobců posílají tyto kódy do jiných portů. Compaq posílá na port 84h, IBM PS/2 model 25 a 30 posílá na port 90h, model 20-286 pošle na port 190h. Některé stroje s EISA Award BIOS posílají na port 300h a systém s architekturou MCA na port 680h. Některé staré AT&T, Olivetti, NCR a dalších AT Klony mohou posílat na port tiskárny na 3BCh, 278h a 378h . Přehled IBM chybových kódů uvádí následující tabulka:

Kontrola důležitých zařízení
Test tedy začne procesorem. Po něm proběhne kontrola konvenční a případně i rozšířené paměti RAM. V případě, že uložená informace uvádí větší hodnotu paměti než jaká je skutečně instalována, zastaví se inicializace počítače a uživatel musí zajistit správné nastavení jumperů na základní desce nebo údajů v paměti CMOS. Byly-li nalezeny během kontroly RAM chybné buňky, je třeba zajistit výměnu příslušných paměťových čipů. Tento test proběhne pouze za předpokladu, že byl počítač zapnut (tj. proveden studený start). Průběh se zobrazuje na obrazovce, stejně jako případné chyby.

Nastaví se zařízení jako sériové a paralelní porty a přiřadí se jim přerušovací vektory. Průběh identifikace zařízení je zobrazen na obrazovce. Proběhne inicializace řídicího obvodu klávesnice, zjišťování zařízení disků apod. Informace o standardních připojených zařízeních je uložena v oblasti proměnných modulu BIOS na adrese 410h. Tato akce bývá na starších deskách před vlastní inicializací PnP, u novějších je tomu naopak.

Vyhledání a konfigurace Plug & Play zařízení
Pokud BIOS podporuje standard Plug and play (PnP), zdetekuje a nakonfiguruje zařízení PnP a pro každý z nich zobrazí na obrazovce informace. BIOS nejdříve zařazuje z tabulky ESCD (ukládá informace o zařízeních Plug and Play) statická zařízení, tj. s pevnými adresami, IRQ a DMA, pak teprve začne vyhledávat dynamická zařízení. Jejich parametry dočasně uloží opět do ESCD. BIOS nemusí být zdařilý v konfiguraci PnP, může požádat o pomoc uživatele dotazy, jinak zařízení nenakonfiguruje. Detekce obvykle probíhá v následujících krocích:

 Vytvoří se zdrojové tabulky IRQ, DMA kanálů a I/O adres, s výjimkou těch, které jsou vyhrazeny pro systémová zařízení.
 Hledá se a identifikuje non-PnP a PnP zařízení na sběrnicích ISA a PCI.
 Načte se poslední známá konfigurace systému z ESCD.
 Porovná se stávající konfigurace s poslední známou. Pokud je beze změn, pokračuje se přímo k bootování. Je-li nová, začne systém rekonfigurovat. Ze zdrojové tabulky se vyloučí všechny zdroje, které nejsou využívány PnP zařízeními.
 Zkontroluje se nastavení BIOSu, zda byly nějaké další systémové prostředky vyhrazeny pro použití non-PnP zařízeními a odstraní se některé z těchto zdrojů z tabulky.
 Přiřadí se zdroje PnP karet zbývajících zdrojů do zdrojové tabulky.

Zobrazení souhrnných údajů
BIOS zobrazí souhrnné informace o konfiguraci svého systému, které mohou být užitečné při diagnostikování problémů v nastaveních provedených v Setupu. Aby bylo možné vůbec stihnout jejich přečtení, může se stisknout klávesa Pause/Break, která pozastaví provádění programu. Druh zobrazených informací se liší verze od verze, obvykle však nalezneme následující:

 Typ procesoru (CPU): Obvykle se jedná o obecnou rodinu procesorů, jako je "Pentium", "Pentium Pro" aj. Novější BIOSy rozpoznají přímo procesory Intel-kompatibilní.
 Koprocesor: Toto mělo význam v době, kdy byly koprocesory připojovány dodatečně k procesoru. Jedná se o zařízení, které rozšiřovalo instrukční možnosti procesoru a to zejména v oblasti počítání čísel s plovoucí desetinnou čárkou (tzv. FPU – Float Point Unit). Od dob Pentií je FPU běžnou součástí procesoru. Proto se většinou zobrazí hláška "Integrated", v opačném případě "Installed".
 Hodinová rychlost procesoru v MHz.
 Velikost základní (konvenční) paměti, bude téměř vždy 640 kB (pokud není méně).
 Velikost rozšířené (extended) paměti, ochuzená o konvenční paměť a horní oblast paměti (UMA), jež je vyhrazena pro ROM BIOS a ostatní hardware.
 Velikost vyrovnávací (cache) paměti.
 Typ paměti a konfigurace. Většina novějších systémů bude zobrazovat, kolik bylo v bankách nalezeno pamětí a které výrobní technologie bylo u nich použito, případně i kapacita.
 Typ displeje (běžně VGA/EGA atp.). Vzhledem k tomu, že takto značeny jsou dnes již všechny grafické adaptéry, vyvstává otázka, proč se tato informace ještě zobrazuje.
 Velikost a kapacitu první zjištěné disketové mechaniky (obvykle A:).
 Velikost a kapacitu druhé zjištěné disketové mechaniky (obvykle B:).
 Záznam pro každý ze čtyř zařízení na IDE systému: primární master a slave a sekundární master a slave. Starší systémy podporovaly připojení pouze dvou zařízení a zobrazovaly je jako "Drive C" a "Drive D", což je zavádějící, neboť jedno zařízení mohlo obsahovat více jednotek. Záznam se skládá z kapacity zařízení, přístupový mód (PIO módy, zdali je pomocí LBA či ne, atp.) a výrobce mechaniky nebo jeho označení. Novější BIOSy dokážou přímo rozeznat i CD-ROM mechaniku.
 V/V adresy sériových nebo COM portů. Obyčejně jsou dvě (3F8h a 2F8h), může jich být však i více.
 V/V adresy paralelních nebo LPT portů. Tyto adresy jsou variabilní, obyčejně však 378h, 278h nebo i 3BCh.

Nyní se načte a zobrazí popisy Plug and Play zařízení a jejich přerušení. Aktualizuje se ESCD oblast do nového systému. Většina BIOSů vytiskne zprávu "Updating ESCD ... Successful." Tím POST končí a řízení je předáno BIOSu pro zavedení operačního systému. Více viz v článku o bootování.

POST na platformě Macintosh
Firma Apple není příliš sdílná, co se týče technických principů, takže přesné kroky nejsou známy. Rutina POST však není uložena na čipu BIOSu, ale na čipu zvaném BootROM. BIOS vzhledem ke své zastaralé koncepci není u macintoshů používán, namísto něj bylo nasazeno OpenFirmware resp. UEFI. Po zapnutí počítače se tato BootROM aktivuje a spustí se rutina POST, která provádí určitě alespoň inicializaci základního hardwaru (procesor, čipset, sběrnice ...) a kontroluje velikost dostupné RAM a ověří ji . Chybové stavy jsou signalizovány pomocí vlastních beep kódů, které se v průběhu vývoje Maců několikrát měnily (Old World Mac používaly zvuky, New World Mac pípání). Po úspěšném ukončení POSTu, tento zavolá na:
 strojích s architekturou PowerPC - OpenFirmware, který zinicializuje zbytek zařízení a zavolá operační systém.
 strojích s architekturou Intel - EFI, který má podobný úkol jako OpenFirmware.
Více viz v článku o bootování. V případě studeného startu je POST vynechán.

POST na platformě Amiga
Historická linie počítačů Amiga (od A1000 do 4000) předložila zajímavou POST sekvenci, které vyzve uživatele se sekvencí blikání obrazovky různých barev, indikující úspěšnost různých hardwarové POST testy. Systém Amiga provádí následující testy po zapnutí:

 Krok 1 - Stabilizace napájení vnitřního obvodů hardware.
 Krok 2 - Je-li nalezena diagnostická karta, provede se skok do kódu její ROM.
 Krok 3 - Vypnou se a vymažou všechna přerušení a DMA.
 Krok 4 - Zapne se obrazovka.
 Krok 5 - Obecná kontrola konfigurace hardwaru. Pokud obrazovka svítí světle šedou barvou a pokračuje v testech, hardware je v pořádku. Dojde-li k chybě, systém se zastaví.
 Krok 6 - Provede se kontrolní test ROM. Vyjde-li chybně, obrazovka zčervená a systém se zastaví.

Sekvence pro všechny hlavní modely Amiga
Téměř všechny současné modely Amiga mají stejnou barvu sekvence po zapnutí: Černá obrazovka, tmavě šedá, světle šedá barva obrazovky v rychlém sledu.

Barevné schéma na obrazovce
 red = vadná ROM
 žlutá = CPU Exception Před Čistící kodexu Loaded
 zelená = vadný čip RAM
 black = chybí CPU
 bílá = úspěšně provedený rozšířený test
 šedá = úspěšně provedený test CPU
 bílá = Chyba CPU

Sekvence pro A4000
A4000 představuje jen světle šedou obrazovku během startu (objeví se 2-3 sekundy) signalizující úspěšné provedení testů počátečních pro zjištění hardwarové konfigurace, testu systémového software a inicializací v závěrečném testu.

Barvy neúspěšných testů
 červená = Chyba ROM - Reset nebo vyměnit.
 zelená = Chyba CHIP RAM - reset AGNUS a re-test
 modrá = Chyba určitých čipů
 žlutá = 68000 zjištěna chyba softwaru

Amiga klávesnice LED signalizující chybu
Klávesnice historických modelů Amigy nejsou byly založeny na mezinárodní normě ANSI / ISO 8859-1. Klávesnice byla sama inteligentní přístroj s vlastním procesorem a 4 KB pamětí RAM pro vedení zásobníku stisknutých kláves. Pokud je nalezena chyba, bliká hlavní LED:

 jedno bliknutí = selhání kontroly ROM
 dvě bliknutí = selhání testu RAM
 tři bliknutí = chyba watchdogu
 čtyři bliknutí = neimplementováno, chyba v klávesnici

Tok POST procedur pro PC se vyvinul z velmi jednoduchého přímočarého procesu, který je složitý a spletitý. Během POST BIOS musí integrovat nepřeberné množství standardů. Průměrný uživatel má však o POST povědomí pouze prostřednicctvím jednoduchých viditelných informací na obrazovce.

Odkazy

Související články
 Bootování
 BIOS
 Beep kód

Reference

platforma PC

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 https://web.archive.org/web/20101130132435/http://tomax7.com/aplus/APlusCD/The%20PC%20Boot%20Process.doc
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 https://web.archive.org/web/20090807102235/http://miro.pair.com/tweakbios/awardbios.php
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090726050550/http://miro.pair.com/tweakbios/amibios.php
 http://www.valachnet.cz/happy/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=2
 http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci212975,00.html
 http://forum.zive.cz/viewtopic.php?f=920&t=922943
 http://artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~toman/linux/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120107035812/http://ironbark.bendigo.latrobe.edu.au/subjects/CT/2008/L15/lecture.html
 http://maben.homeip.net:8217/static/S100/IBM/BIOS/the%20BIOS%20companion2.pdf
 http://www.scribd.com/doc/6898217/Dil4BIOS
 http://www.codeguru.com/forum/showthread.php?t=465396
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 http://www.medo.cz/zdenek.jr/assembler/__pc_hw.html
 http://www.scribd.com/doc/6898217/Dil4BIOS
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Macintosh
 http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Articles/BootProcess.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/20002130-BAJJBJEG
 https://web.archive.org/web/20101025085458/http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~woz/bootrom.pdf
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070309142504/http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gerbal/BootX.pdf
 https://archive.is/20130102060147/http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-5032948.html
 http://books.google.cz/books?id=K8vUkpOXhN4C&printsec=frontcover
 http://support.apple.com/kb/TA46376?viewlocale=en_US

Počítače
Bootování


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text:
Session SE7 - Development of steel structures for seismic urban regions
Chairs Hanbin Ge, Hsieh-Lung Hsu
CYCLIC PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE–FILLED LOW-YIELD STEEL PLATE COMPOSITE WALLS SUBJECTED TO IN-PLANE SHEAR AND AXIAL LOADS
In order to investigate seismic performance of composite walls subjected to in-plane shear and axial loads, four specimens were constructed and tested. All specimens have the same aspect ratio of 1.0 with size of 1200x1200 and different concrete thickness of 10 cm or 15 cm. Low-yield steel can extend the ductility of steel faceplate and reduce the amount of shear studs used inside the walls, which rarely observed from literature. In addition, it is important for high-rise building to clarify the axial load effect on the seismic behavior of walls before its application. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to investigate effect of thickness of the composite walls, low-yield steel and axial load ratio on the seismic performance of composite walls.
Yung-Chin chang, Heui-Yung chang
axial load, composite shear wall, Concrete infill, cyclic behavior, in-plane shear load, shear studs, steel faceplate
PERFORMANCE OF FRAMED STRUCTURES WITH STEEL RIM DAMPERS
A new type of passive damper, namely rim damper, was proposed to improve the performance of framed structures. Rim damper was made by two pieces of pipes and located in the middle of a brace which was connected to the semi-rigid frame, forming a braced frame. Rim damper has good ductility to dissipate the energy when an external load is applied to the structure. This damper exhibited yielding at an early stage of frame deformation. A series of cyclic loading tests on the rim damper and braced frames with the proposed dampers were conducted in this study. Two loading protocols were used in the frame tests to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in seismic design. Test results showed that the strength, stiffness and energy dissipation of the framed structures were effectively improved. It is also validated from the tests that braced frame exhibited significant performance in deformation capacity when the rim damper was applied.
Hsieh-Lung Hsu, Yi-Yu Lin
energy dissipation, rim damper, seismic performance
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF NATURALLY BUCKLING BRACES
A metallic damper, named naturally buckling braces (NBB), was previously developed. The NBB is formed by a combination of two steel channels with different yield strengths and an intended eccentricity design to form a novel mechanism providing early yielding effect, large post-yielding stiffness and adequate ductility capacity (Hsiao et al. 2015, Inamasu et al. 2017). However, the influences of many dimensional details of NBBs, such as brace length, batten width and spacing, asymmetric channel segments, on their cyclic performance are still unclear or experimental verified due to very limited experimental database. The existing test specimens of NBBs were very similar in length and all with symmetric channel segments, and therefore the effects of slenderness ratio and asymmetric channel segments on the hysteretic behavior of NBB are currently unclear. This study conducts an experimental investigation of NBB components according to the several aspects mentioned above. Five NBB specimens were tested and subjected to uniaxial cyclic loadings. All specimens adopted asymmetric channel segments and cover a wide range of slenderness ratios. The effect of the approach to form the channel segments of NBBs, i.e. cold-formed and build-up sections, in fabrication was experimental investigated. The influence of various batten width ratios was also examined. A discrete modelling approach of NBBs using OpenSees framework (McKenna and Fenves 2004) are proposed and validated by the experimental results in this study. A set of previously developed equations to estimate the strengths and stiffness of NBBs were extended and improved based on a brief parametric study using the proposed numerical modelling approach and considering a variety of slenderness ratios, intended eccentricities and cross-sectional areas of channel segments.
Po-Chien Hsiao, Yu-Ting Cheng
Buckling braces, cyclic behavior, Experiments, Slenderness ratio
CYCLIC BEHAVIOR OF SQUARE HSS STEEL BRACES WITH WIDE-FLANGE SPLICED MID-SEGMENT
One of the typical failure modes of Concentrically Braced Frame (CBF) is due to the concentration of large plastic deformation. Such failure modes in steel braces are usually associated with low-cycle fatigue and lack of ductility capacity leading to the rupture of braces and the development of soft-story mechanism. To improve such behavior in CBF, this study used wide-flange spliced mid-segment to replace part of square HSS braces. The compact and ductile wide-flange section of the mid-segment has better resistance to the accumulation of large plastic deformation caused by both tension and compression under cyclic loading. Therefore, we can increase the energy dissipating regions on the HSS braces and delay the rupture due to low-cycle fatigue.In this study, eight specimens with different length and section in the mid-segment were designed for static cyclic loading tests. There are two series of specimens, namely, Series 89 and Series 10. Series 89 represents the reinforcement of braces that were designed under 1989 specifications (AISC Allowable Stress Design and Plastic Design, 1989) but did not satisfy the requirements in 2010 AISC Seismic Provisions. Series 10 represents the reinforcement of braces that were designed under 2010 specifications. According to the experimental results, critical parameters are investigated including the hysteretic behavior, strength, energy dissipation, ductility, post-buckling strength, effects of mid-segment length, etc.Test results showed that the specimens with longer mid-segment generally have better ductility, but the ability of energy dissipation, although increased by large amount with mid-segment, is less sensitive to the length of the mid-segment. One can increase the ductility of Series-89 specimens from 3.67 to 5.49, and the total cumulative energy to 723% of the conventional HSS braces. For Series-10 specimens, although the ductility was not significantly improved, the total cumulative energy was increased to 356% of the conventional HSS braces. This study also proposed shape factor to modify the estimation of buckling strength for non-uniform compression member and improve the adequacy of the design criteria. Such modification successfully ensures the preferable failure modes for the specimens.
Chui-Hsin Chen, Chih-Chun Ou, Xi-Yan Chen
Concentrically Braced Frame, ductility, shape factor, square HSS braces, static cyclic loading tests, total cumulative energy, wide-flange spliced mid-segment
Plastic ductility performance of grid-purlin system connected to wide flange beam
A grid-purlin system is a type of thin-shell structures, which is typically applied to roofs of gymnasiums. The grid-purlin system is constructed by rectangular-hollow-section (RHS) grids connected to the top flange of wide flange beams by welding. The grid-purlin may play a role of lateral bracing for long-span wide flange beams in gymnasiums. Ultimate strength, ductility performance or other structural performance of the grid-purlin system are in question. This paper presents two full scale specimens of the grid-purlin system connected to wide flange beams as shown in Figure 1. Structural tests of these two specimens under cyclic bending were conducted in the Architecture and Building Research Institute (ABRI) in Taipei. Wide flange beams of 700 mm deep, 240 mm wide and 13 m long are used in the experimental specimens. The diagonal grids in the grid-purlin of the specimens were 1.3m on-center and 6.5m wide. Two different depths of the sections were selected for the purlins. The loading protocol was repeatedly and gradually increased to five times the yielding deformation. Tests demonstrated that both specimens successfully achieved the full plastic bending moment of the beam, and the grid-purlin played a role of lateral bracing. The structural performance of the grid-purlin is discussed based on the FEM model simulations, which agrees rather with the experiment responses. These FEM models were used for investigation of ductility capacity of the grid-purlin system.
Ryota Matsui, Koichi Koizumi, Pao-Chun Lin, Masanobu Iwanaga, An-Chien Wu, Keh-Chyuan Tsai, Toru Takeuchi
ductility performance, grid-purlin, lateral bracing, steel roof, wide flange beam
EVALUATION OF SEISMIC PERFORMANCE FOR EXISTING STEEL MOMENT CONNECTIONS AND THE UPGRADING
This paper summarizes the results of seismic evaluation and upgrading of existing steel moment connections with bolted-web-and-welded-flange details. Two full-scale connection tests were carried out first. One verified the post-earthquake design practice in Taiwan. The other examined a retrofit scheme of adding another shear tab and high-strength bolts. Under the 2016 AISC seismic provisions, both the connections were tested and sustained a drift of 4% before ductile fracture occurred in the base metal surrounding beam flange groove welds. Finite element analysis was then conducted to analyze the test results and to study design parameters. It was found that a shear tab can play a role affecting the seismic performance of steel moment connections. It was recommended to design the shear tab with greater shear and moment capacity than the beam web. That helps improve the connection ductility
Heui-Yung Chang

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Make connections, gather resources & offer mutual support.
Support groups can help you cope better and feel less isolated as you make connections with others facing similar challenges. It can be helpful just getting to talk with others who are in the same boat, and share experiences and advice. You don't have to go through it alone.
Lyngblomsten's support groups are open to the community. New members are always welcome.
We offer two types of caregiver support groups—one for caregivers who are caregiving for an adult with any healthcare issue or disease, and one specific to memory loss caregivers. Learn more.
Come for information, resources and support for dealing with vision loss. Learn more.
This group is open to caregivers and people living with Parkinson's or other movement disorders. Learn more.
This group is for persons living with Lewy Body Dementia and their caregivers. Learn more.


This thesis reports on a study conducted to investigate the nature of the relationship between increased access and use of telephony, small business performance and regional development in a developing country context. This study presents detailed evidence drawn from a sample of 198 small businesses in Nigeria. The research conceptualises and empirically tests a research model which incorporates three theories in order to connect and explain how the use of telephony by small businesses enhances business performance and contributes to regional development. This is based on the existing literature of small business development; telecommunications (increased access and use of telephony) by small business; and regional development. The research data was gathered through a questionnaire of owner-managers of small businesses. This data was supplemented by the use of photographs. The data generated was analysed using Logistic Regression techniques with the aid of SPSS V.17 statistical package. In addition, the study used Visual Data Analysis and Interviews to corroborate the outcomes of the statistical analyses. The regression results suggest that there is a statistically significant and positive relationship between the 'impact of using telephony in business processes' and enhanced business performance. In particular, it was identified that 'the extent of the influence of using telephony in the acquisition of new customers'; 'the extent of the influence of using telephony to reduce the time it takes to make important business decisions'; and 'the extent of the influence of using telephony in acquiring better market prices' are critical determinants that explains enhanced competitive advantage of small businesses. In addition, 'the extent of the influence of using telephony in the acquisition of new customers', and 'the extent of the influence of using telephony to reduce the time it takes to make important business decisions' are critical determinants that explains enhanced profitability of small businesses. This evidence is corroborated by the analysis of the visual data and textual description of the owner-managers interviewed who noted that the influence of using telephony have enhanced their business performance. Furthermore, the regression results suggest there is a statistically significant and positive relationship between the 'growth outcomes of increased access and use of telephony by small businesses' and regional development of the business location. In particular, 'the extent of influence of use of telephony by small businesses to create new jobs', 'the extent of influence of use of telephony by small businesses on improved business performance', and 'the extent of influence of use of telephony by small businesses on significant business growth' are critical determinants that explains regional development of the small business location. Finally, given the important role small businesses play in developing countries, such as Nigeria, this study help provides a clearer explanation on the nature of the relationship between increased access and use of telephony, small business performance and regional development that could be used to improve the growth of entrepreneurial activities of small businesses which are precursors of economic growth as well as improve infrastructural services such as telecommunications that are essential for regional development.


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The 90's Block Party 2018 Tour with Special Guests GUY, Monica, Ginuwine, 112, & Next | Kicks Off Feb. 14th
"THE 90'S BLOCK PARTY TOUR"
ANNOUNCES NASHVILLE, TN TOUR STOP
with special guests GUY feat. TEDDY RILEY, 112, GENUINE AND NEXT
FRIDAY, MARCH 2nd DOORS OPEN AT 6:30PM
NASHVILLE MUNICIPAL AUDITORIUM
TICKET MASTERS
HOUSTON – The "90's Block Party" has announced a new North American tour stop in New York City, NY, produced by G-Squared Events. The 90's Block Party Tour will span across 40 cities between February and April 2018.
JaSupreme January 10, 2018 Concert Series, Concert/Festivals News, Concerts, Tour Informations, Video Permalink
Steely Dan & The Doobie Brothers Announce Co-Headline North American Summer Tour | Kicks Off May 10th, 2018
Steely Dan & The Doobie Brothers Announce Co-Headline North American Summer Tour
Citi Presale Begins January 10; General On Sale Starts January 12 at LiveNation.com
LOS ANGELES, Jan. 8, 2018 /PRNewswire/ — Steely Dan and The Doobie Brothers announced today their co-headline North American 2018 summer tour kicking off May 10 in Charlotte, NC and wrapping July 14 in Bethel, NY. Promoted by Live Nation, the legendary bands will travel to 30+ cities across the U.S. and Canada including Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Nashville, and Toronto.
JaSupreme January 8, 2018 Concert Series, Concert/Festivals News, Concerts, Tour Informations Permalink
R&B Group AFTER 7 Announces U.S. Tour | 2016/2017
After 7 is wrapping up their 2016 Tour into 2017, including a holiday affair
The After 7 2016/2017 Tour is now winding down including a special holiday event. With a wealth of top 25 smooth R&B hits from the nineties and songs from their latest CD, Timeless, which cracked the Billboard 200 featuring their latest hits "I Want You" and "Let Me Know," there are only three more opportunities left to witness Kevin Edmonds, Keith Mitchell and Melvin & & Jason Edmonds at their soulful best.
JaSupreme December 2, 2016 Concert Series, Concert/Festivals News, Concerts, Tour Informations Permalink
R&B Group AFTER 7 Announces U.S. Tour 2016
R&B Group After 7 Announces Tour Dates for 2016
Well known R&B Trio After 7 continues to beat the pavement with great music as they are set to travel across the U.S. with concert dates in promotion of their new single "I Want You." The single is now making traction on Billboard's Adult R&B Songs chart (currently at #10 – week ending Feb. 13th, 2016). The group consisting of Kevin Edmonds, Keith Mitchell and Melvin's son Jason Edmonds, is now in the studio putting the finishing touches on their forthcoming new album – set to break retail soon.
JaSupreme November 8, 2015 Concert/Festivals News, Concerts, Tour Informations Permalink
The Festival of Praise Tour | Kicks Off Sept. 30th, 2015
The Biggest Gospel Tour of the Year is Coming to a City Near You
The Festival of Praise Tour 2015
featuring Fred Hammond, Donnie McClurkin, Kim Burrell, Israel Houghton, Hezekiah Walker with Isaac Carree, Jessica Reedy and Zacardi Cortez
The 50-City Tour Kicks-Off on September 30 in Houston, Texas
(Dallas, TX – June 4, 2015) –The biggest Gospel tour of the year is coming to a city near you. Festival of Praise, a 50-city concert tour features some of the best names in Gospel music…
JaSupreme June 4, 2015 Community, Concert Series, Concert/Festivals News, Concerts, Gospel, Tour Informations Permalink
KEM Joins The Forever Charlie Tour (2nd Leg) | Kicks off May 28th, 2015
KEM JOINS CHARLIE WILSON AND JOE THOMAS FOR SECOND LEG OF
THE FOREVER CHARLIE TOUR
Billboard's #1 Hot Tour of Winter 2015 Kicks Off Second Run on May 28th in Dallas
Three-time GRAMMY®-nominated artist KEM, whose latest single, "Nobody," was the #1 UAC song in the country for nine consecutive weeks and has been in the Top 10 for 36 weeks total, heads back out on the road with the legendary Charlie Wilson and Joe Thomas for the Forever Charlie Tour on May 28th.
JaSupreme April 27, 2015 Concert Series, Concert/Festivals News, Concerts, Tour Informations Permalink
Katherine Jackson Presents: The 5th Annual Michael Jackson "King of Pop" Tribute Festival of the Arts | Aug. 28th – 30th, 2014
GARY, Ind., July 21, 2014 /PRNewswire/ — The Michael Jackson 5th, Annual "King of Pop" Tribute Festival of the Arts committee is inviting music and art lovers from all over the world to join this year's celebration at the birth home of Michael Jackson in Gary, Indiana.
JaSupreme July 22, 2014 Concert/Festivals News, Concerts, Festivals, Uncategorized Permalink


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AAAS Recognizes North Carolina State University Professor for Nanotechnology Work
by Advanced Science News | Nov 30, 2012
Dr. Yuntian T. Zhu, Distinguished Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at North Carolina State University, has been named a Fellow of the AAAS.
Dr. Yuntian T. Zhu, Distinguished Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at North Carolina State University, has been named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
Zhu was recognized by AAAS for "pioneering and innovative work on nanotechnology development and fundamental science of nanomaterials." AAAS elects Fellows from among its membership to recognize scientifically or socially distinguished efforts to advance science or its applications. Zhu will be among 702 new AAAS Fellows honored in February at the 2013 AAAS Annual Meeting in Boston, Mass.
Zhu and his research group have made significant advances in the fields of nanostructured materials and carbon nanotubes with applications in everything from airplanes to bicycles. These advances include the recent development of strategies to simultaneously increase the strength and ductility — or stretchability — of nanostructured metals and alloys, a significant breakthrough because previous attempts to improve ductility have sacrificed the strength. The group has also synthesized four-centimeter-long carbon nanotubes and fabricated super strong and stiff carbon nanotube fibers and composites.
Zhu's work has earned him two Nano 50 Awards and the rank of Fellow in the ASM International and the American Physical Society. He received his Ph.D. in materials science and engineering from the University of Texas at Austin in 1994 and joined the NC State faculty in 2007.
AAAS is the world's largest general scientific society and the publisher of Science and other journals. The organization was founded in 1848 and includes 261 affiliated societies and academies of science serving 10 million people. AAAS has been naming Fellows since 1874.
Source: NCSU
Improving lubricant strength using graphene
Building Complex Nanostructures Using Electrospinning
Carbon fiber composites need no ovens or autoclaves


Amangani meaning "peaceful home". A breathtaking boutique mountain resort surrounded by snow peaks and spectacular National Parks; experience nature at its most serene.
Amangani is a year-round destination acting as a premier ski resort from December through March, surrounded by picturesque mountain ranges. Voted as No. 1 Ski Hotel in North America by readers of Conde Nast Traveler, Amangani's unique location offers panoramic views of the snow-capped peaks around Grand Teton National Park.
During the warmer months Amangani is the ideal base for exploring the magnificent natural surroundings, including Yellowstone National Parks and the wilderness areas of Grand Teton.
You can choose from a multitude of activities to suit your tastes including hiking, horseback riding, fly-fishing, river trips and hot air ballooning.


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>> Raiders
Raiders report: Trent Sieg's consecutive games streak in jeopardy
Trent Sieg, a key special teamer, was placed on the Reserve/COVID-19 list on Monday, putting a streak of 58 consecutive games played in jeopardy.
By	Adam Hill	/ Las Vegas Review-Journal
A view of the back of the Raiders helmet worn by Las Vegas Raiders long snapper Trent Sieg (47) during the 1st quarter of an NFL football game against the Kansas City Chiefs on Sunday, Oct. 11, 2020, at Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City. (Heidi Fang/Las Vegas Review-Journal) @Heidi Fang
Raiders report
All practices at Intermountain Healthcare Performance Center, unless noted:
■ Tuesday — Off
■ Wednesday — Practice, 11 a.m.
■ Thursday — Practice, 11 a.m.
■ Friday — Practice, 11 a.m.
■ Saturday — Off
■ Sunday — vs. Washington Football Team, Allegiant Stadium, 1:05 p.m.
One of Rich Bisaccia's main talking points since he became interim head coach has bee reminding his team not to get too up after wins or too down after losses.
He often calls game results "impostors" because the wins cover up the mistakes and the losses mask the good work that was done.
Bisaccia said he reminded his team of just those things in a Monday meeting after his team snapped a three-game skid with a win over the Cowboys.
"The losses, we didn't get so down that we couldn't keep preparing and couldn't have really good, crisp, physical practices," he said. "And now that we've won, we just have to be careful. … When you win, sometimes the tendency is to maybe skim over the things that you didn't do well and kind of move on to what's next. So I think we have to do a good job as coaches to look at the things we really didn't do well although we won the game, just like we would if we lost it."
The Raiders placed long-snapper Trent Sieg on the Reserve/COVID-19 list Monday.
Sieg, a Colorado State alum, has played in 58 consecutive games for the Raiders. That streak is very much in jeopardy, though he could clear protocols in time for Sunday's home game against Washington. He would need two negative tests 24 hours apart.
Safety Jordan Brown was removed from the list and sent back to the practice squad.
Cowboys' defensive tackle Trysten Hill has been suspended two games for punching Raiders' offensive lineman John Simpson after the Raiders' win on Thanksgiving.
According to NFL VP of Football Operations Jon Runyan, the discipline was handed down under Rule 12, Section 2, Article 14c, which prohibits striking, swinging at, or clubbing the head, neck or face of an opponent with the arm, elbow or hand.
"After the Las Vegas Raiders-Dallas Cowboys game on November 25, you engaged in conduct that this office considers unnecessary roughness and displays a lack of sportsmanship," Runyan wrote in a letter to Hill. "Specifically, as both teams were shaking hands, you waited more than 50 seconds for your opponent at the 50-yard line. When you located him, you then walked toward him in the opposite direction of your locker room. You both engaged in a verbal chest-to-chest confrontation which you escalated by throwing an open hand punch to his facemask, forcible enough to cause your opponent's helmet to come off."
Hill will miss the next two games, beginning with Thursday's prime-time matchup against the Saints, which will cost him more than $100,000 in game checks.
He does have the right to appeal the ruling.
No update on Morrow
While Bisaccia offered positive injury news on several players, that was not the case for linebacker Nicolas Morrow, who has been out since suffering an ankle injury during the preseason.
"I think right now Nick is a little further out than just week-to-week," he said. "I don't think he'll be back, certainly not this week. He's maybe two weeks-to-two weeks, but not this particular week."
Adam Hill Review-Journal
Posted on: Football, NFL, Raiders, Raiders/NFL, Sports
Like and follow Vegas Nation
By Vincent Bonsignore / RJ
The Raiders are keeping a tight lid on the search for general manager Mike Mayock's replacement and on what they plan to do about settling on a permanent head coach.
Graney: Next GM and head coach of Raiders should share power
Raiders owner Mark Davis should embrace a more standard approach when reconstructing his management pecking order.
Who will be the next Raiders GM? Here are 11 possibilities
January 17, 2022 - 6:09 pm January 18, 2022 - 10:00 am
According to multiple reports, the Raiders already have asked for permission to speak to Dave Ziegler, Patriots director of player personnel, and Ed Dodds, the Colts assistant GM.
Raiders owner Mark Davis, who fired general manager Mike Mayock on Monday, seems intent on starting over on the management side of the ledger.
Mike Mayock, the handpicked choice of then-head coach Jon Gruden in 2019 to oversee the personnel side of the Raiders' organization, was fired Monday.
Rich Bisaccia's future with Raiders on hold — for now
Even after the firing of general manager Mike Mayock, interim head coach Rich Bisaccia, who is interested, remains in the running. But Mayock's departure makes that unlikely.
49ers' upset of Cowboys helps sportsbooks salvage winning weekend
By Todd Dewey / RJ
The Cowboys led the NFL with a 13-4 ATS record in the regular season, but they failed to deliver in the playoffs, losing 23-17 to the 49ers on Sunday as 3½-point home favorites.
Raiders report: One-and-done for playoff officiating crew
Referee Jerome Boger's crew isn't expected to receive a high enough grade for it performance to warrant another assignement from the NFL this postseason.
Raiders report: No Hollywood ending for Derek Carr
Raiders quarterback Derek Carr dreamed of an opportunity like he had Saturday night at Paul Brown Stadium, but never envisioned it going the way it did in the loss to the Bengals.
Carr is adamant players want Bisaccia as coach
Did interim coach Rich Bisaccia do enough to convince Raiders owner Mark Davis that he should get the job? Or will Davis look to hire someone from outside the organization?


Rev. Dr. Mehrdad Fatehi, the Founder and Executive Director of Pars, is a BMB who served as a pastor and Bible teacher in Iran till the late 80s. He has a BSc in Electronics, a BA in Theology, a post-graduate Diploma in Linguistics & Bible Translation, an MA in Hermeneutics, and a PhD in New Testament from London School of Theology, where he is currently a Research Fellow.
Mehrdad initiated the NMV Farsi Bible translation through a joint project by Elam Ministries and Wycliffe, and served for 19 years as its Coordinator, Exegetical Advisor, and Chief Editor till its completion in 2014. He also served for 10 years as the Academic Dean of Elam College till its closure in 2008 and taught theology to Iranian church leaders throughout the Diaspora. He was the Senior Pastor at the Iranian Christian Fellowship, London, from 2013-2016. He is the author of 3 books and over 35 published articles. He has also translated 7 theological textbooks.
Mehrdad Fatehi, The Spirit's Relation to the Risen Lord in Paul: An Examination of Its Christological Implications, Tübingen: Mohr Siebek, 2000.
Mehrdad Fatehi, The Trinity: A Look at the God of the Christians, London: Elam Publications, 2010.
Mehrdad Fatehi, Deep Truth: A Study of the Great Foundations of the Christian Faith, London: Elam Publications, 2012.
Is Church A Democracy? (A study of leadership structures in the church).
Spiritual Gifts: Yesterday and Today (1, 2, 3).
The God of the Christians: A Brief Look at the Doctrine of the Trinity (1, 2).
Jesus and the Kingdom of God (1, 2).
The Christian's Freedom and Responsibility (A study of the Place of the Law in Salvation History and the Christian Life).
If Christ did not rise from the dead! (A study of the meaning and importance of Jesus' resurrection for the Christian life).
You Will Be My Witnesses (A study of the meaning of Pentecost in context).
Why did God Become Man (A study of the theology of Incarnation).
Another Advocate (A study of paracletos in the Gospel of John).
Why All Are Not Healed? (A balanced view of the church's healing ministry).
The God of the Immeasurably More!


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Q: Find the mistakes in the following codes I need to find the mistakes in the following code and I'm not sure I found all of them.
1)
char *str;
str=(int*)malloc(10);

I'm not sure if its allowed to allocate Integer and convert it to char but the first mistake I see is that the memory was not freed.
same with :
2)
 char *str;
 str=(char*)malloc(10);
 free();

The memory was not freed right - should be ( free(str);).
and if it's in the same code with the previous one then we allocated another memory and didn't free the previous one.
Am I right ? I'm not sure if you can allocate integer and convert to char tho.
Thank you in advance.

A: First of all, you don't type-cast the result of malloc at all.
Second, type-casting a char pointer to int pointer is just plain undefined behavior in C. You have a char sized region of memory from which you will be reading an int; the result is plain undefined.
Lastly, you need to pass your pointer inside free as argument to release the allocated memory associated with it. See free's reference. free is not a keyword in C and needs to be imported from stdlib.h. free is not intelligent enough like a garbage collector (you can't just call it without an argument and have all un-used resources freed, which the syntax won't allow anyway) which will automatically find weak references (like in Java) and garbage collect it. There is no automatic garbage collection in C.

A: I can find five potential problems with the code in your first example:

*

*The functions malloc (and free) are declared in stdlib.h so you need to #include <stdlib.h>.

*To keep track of the length of an allocated buffer it's a good idea to introduce a length variable together with the character pointer str. I always use the suffix Len, so then the name is strLen.

*Casting the result of malloc is not needed or recommended in C.

*The result of malloc can be NULL so we need to check if that's the case. A good approach is to use a memory allocation macro so we can do the check in one place.

*When we are done with str we need to free it with free(str);
Here is the code with all suggested changes:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#define NEW_ARRAY(pointer, length) \
    (pointer) = malloc((length) * sizeof (pointer)[0]); \
    if ((pointer) == NULL) { \
        fprintf(stderr, "Memory allocation failed: %s\n", strerror(errno)); \
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
    }

int main(void)
{
    const char strLen = 10;
    char *str;

    NEW_ARRAY(str, strLen);
    /*...*/
    free(str);
    return 0;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif., May 6, 1995 -- FirmWorks, a leading developer of Open Firmware products, today announced that its Power Firmware(tm) software is now available to developers of systems based on IBM's PowerPC(tm) microprocessors that will run the popular Mac(tm) OS operating system. The availability of Power Firmware will help developers bring Mac OS-compatible an PowerPC Platform systems to market quickly and cost effectively.
FirmWorks's announcement is being made today in conjunction with IBM's announcement that it has signed an agreement with Apple Computer, Inc. to license current and future releases of the Mac OS.
"We're pleased to be part of this important industry development with IBM and Apple," said Michael Summers, President and CEO of FirmWorks. "As the leading provider of Open Firmware for PowerPC, we're looking forward to increased opportunities in the emerging Mac OS market."
"Power Firmware is a key enabler of Mac OS portability," said John C. Gleason, Vice President and General Manager, Worldwide Marketing and Sales, IBM Microelectronics. "Our relationship with FirmWorks ensures that system designers can develop PowerPC systems easily and cost-effectively."
Open Firmware is a portable boot firmware system that enables computer systems to fully support the booting of multiple operating systems and processor-independent, plug-and play add-in cards. Boot firmware is the ROM-based software that controls a computer from the time it is turned on until the primary operating system takes control of the machine. Its main function is to initialize the hardware and then to load and execute ("boot") the primary operating system.
Using Power Firmware, system designers can build computers that will run multiple operating systems such as Mac OS, Windows NT®, AIX® and others. In addition, Power Firmware is designed in a compact, modular format that provides a rich set of tools and a powerful user interface that enables rapid porting of the firmware to new hardware. This ensures rapid time-to-market and lower development costs.
The Power Firmware microkernel is small, fast and efficient, enabling designers to leverage its power, interactive debugging capability and automatic system configuration. The field-proven code can be easily ported to various system architectures and supports multiple operating systems.
Founded in 1994, FirmWorks pioneered the development of Open Firmware and adds PowerPC and Mac OS to its long list of currently-supported microprocessors and operating systems. Its mission is to promote the Open Firmware standard by supplying Open Firmware services and products such as Power Firmware for the PowerPC market. Information about FirmWorks products is available on the World Wide Web at http://www.firmworks.com.


I HAVE USED THE INPUT CALENDAR TO BIND IT TO TEXT BOX,AND I AM USING LOCAL VARIABLE TO BIND IT TO TEXT BOX BUT APART FROM NUMBERS IT ALSO TAKES TEXT CHARACTERS .
Go to your input's extended properties and enter "disabled" into the property name. There's no need to inform a value.
Place an icon next to the input and give it a name ("CalendarButton" for example). You can use the "calendar" icon from the RichWidgets eSpace.
Enter the id of your button into the "ButtonWidgetId" property of your Input_Calendar. Using our previous example, you'd have "CalendarButton.Id".
but the problem with this control is when it disable the text box it does not seem to filter the records??


text:
Eradicating Deep-Rooted Racism from Fashion Industry
by World Model Hunt / Thursday, 29 October 2020 / Published in Blog
Fashion Industry: The Emperor of The Current Era
Eradicating Deep-Rooted Racism from Fashion Industry By the literal meaning, the fashion industry is a multimillion-dollar global venture. It is specially dedicated to designing, advertising and selling clothes. Some observers differentiate between the fashion industry which refers to "haute couture." And the simple clothing industry makes casual wear or "mass fashion." But the horizons between them had indistinct by the fashion scenario of the 1970s.
Fashion is the styles of outfits and accessories at any given time adorned by different groups of people. Nowadays, fashion is not just related to clothing. It is now the essence of your personality, style, and beliefs. So, they hold all the charisma and power, and designers are well acquainted with them.
Fashion can change from one second to the next. But what never changes is the hold it has over society, and the role it plays in the modern world. In the 21st century, stylish fashion trends rule over the world more than they ever did. They dominate not only the way people deck up but also their makeup, accessories, and their overall attitudes.
Fashion is valiant and audacious. And this reflects the charm of a generation that is not timid to express their opinions or wear what they want.
Racism: A Social Evil
According to the dictionary, "Racism is the systemic oppression of a racial group to the social, economic, and political advantage of another."
Racism and racial discrimination is a global problem, so a universal definition is necessary. There is a slight difference between them. Racism is the stigma and doctrine of cultural superiority. Whereas racial discrimination is its articulation and the behavior. Hence, racial discrimination is the occurrence of racism.
Racial discrimination means boycott, restriction, or choice based on color, race, lineage, national or ethnic origin, or any other field of public life. This wide definition covers all acts of racially motivated distinction of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural aspects. Further, it includes conscious and subconscious prejudices against minorities as derogatory attitudes.
Racism in Fashion Industry
Fast-fashion and racism are so finely knitted. This evil system must tear down for progressive change to happen. The whole luxury fashion makes the chain of commands. Telling people what they should appear like externally often demands telling them what's unsuitable.
The fashion industry has a scheme where people first need to feel bad to splurge on feeling better. For decades, the industry had nearly no dark complexion, wrinkles, fat bodies, etc. We simply shrug off things if they are against self-created beauty standards.
The fashion industry is generally a platform to celebrate all things modish and glamorous. But at its heartbeats, a grotesque blend of systemic racism and exploitation exists. This has kept the mainstream fashion industry primarily white for too long.
The identity of the fashion industry basically shows western dominance, which leads to refrainment and racial discrimination.
Though the fashion industry serves various target groups, it does stereotype western-centric body images. And regenerates dominant power relations.
Our tendency to label black models suitable for certain niches such as urban or exotic has left them marginalized and less paid as compared to their white counterparts. Nevertheless, there is a common practice of whitewashing in the fashion world. It is the act of lighting or digitally modifying the skin color of women in such a way as to make the dark complexion look whiter. The ugly message of this disgusting act is: their complexion or skin shade is not glowing enough. Simply because it is not white.
For an industry that counts so heavily on people of color for all its achievements. It is disappointing to see an absence of BIPOC representation in marketing and operations. This lack of diversity is clearly evident in fashion. We observe it in racist ads, movies, daily soaps, on the ramps, etc. And more prominently, we find it in the boardrooms.
Many famous brands continue to release inconsiderate ads and launch mindless products because of this lack of diversity in leadership. That is why the industry depreciates models of color on the runway. And that is why garment workers working in the C-suite of luxury fashion houses continue to mistreating and exploitation.
Cause of Racism in the Fashion Industry
In order to eradicate its roots, exposing and impartially addressing the main causes of racism in the fashion industry is extremely crucial. There are several important steps that must take place to change peoples' beliefs and attitudes in the truest sense.
To describe that equality, we must terminate the double standards that now exist. For instance, it is somehow okay to promote "Black Lives Matter" but "All Lives Matter" is completely unacceptable, even racist. Why is that?
If we really seek color blindness and racial equality, how can we explain such discrepancies?
It is a scanty nod to the diversity that doesn't encompass the principles of true equality. The numbers of POC models on runways at luxury fashion weeks. Though white people are a global minority, we still massively over-represent them in the fashion world. It places greater value on Eurocentric aesthetic notions.
Much of the diversity that has been granted so far, is not the result of true belief in equality. But as the direct outcome of public pressure. It is why we are seeing more black models. If you are not making enough noise for your fundamental rights, then you will continue to be shut out.
Addressing Racism in Fashion Industry
Fashion racism isn't just what we see in magazines, runways, window displays, and social media. It is also in the trade policies and agreements that are not easily apparent. Fashion racism developed & extends from the trade liberalization policies in the 1980s and 1990s.
Some universal fashion brands summoned for their discriminatory work environments and told to confront their racist attitude. Transgender model Munroe Bergdorf jumped on L'Oreal's 'BlackoutTuesday' posts to impeach the beauty brand of hypocrisy. She said that while protesting against racism in strong language she got fire. American actor Tommy Dorfman found recently in a campaign lately for Salvatore Ferragamo, called out the Italian splendid brand called a "homophobic and racist work environment."
Fashion isn't just a way of how we demonstrate ourselves to society. It is the way how our society places significance on our appearance through the outlook of others. Fashion can be assertive, stimulating, comical, and even shocking. Those at the top positions need to be responsible and address racism in the fashion industry at large. It starts with speaking up. And it ends with legitimate action.
Some of these actions include this diversifying leadership in the fashion industry; fighting for menial workers' rights. Moreover, committing to transparency and sustainability and investing in minority communities.
Lastly, black talent needs hiring, promoting, and celebrating black at the forefront. In order to attain real and long-lasting change. The fashion industry must learn from its past mistakes, admit past misjudgment. And unite together to move ahead as a unified way towards a bright future. A future that requires all-inclusivity, justice, and equality for all.
Tagged under: Addressing Racism in Fashion Industry, Eradicating Deep-Rooted Racism from Fashion Industry, Racism in Fashion Industry
About World Model Hunt
The dress to flaunt your Assets
Bodies performance — What is it?
The Reality behind "plus-size"


I walk out the door. It's Monday. It's April. It's Central New York. It's complicated. The wild fields lie flat, the color of wet straw, felled first by frost then snow now sleet and rain and wind. The ground is still stiff with permafrost, daily softening. Nearest the brook lies some hopeful green. Mud season again when the earth speaks in secrets. I find a jawbone, a saucer, a small skull, the bottom of a clay vase. A lawnmower once hidden by waist high burdocks. I don't hope to recover whats been truly lost, those things that live on in my heart. I don't hope. It's enough to collect the bones between snow banks and rocks, between winter and spring.
A snippet from last year. Rings true today as I watch a mythically beautiful hail storm. I drink my coffee in my snug home and watch the sheer curtains of tiny ice beads gale between me and the cottoned hills.


I head back to work on Monday and I'm excited for the year ahead. What I'm not excited about is the daily struggle of trying to find something to wear.
For months I've been trying to stretch a handful of separates (both me made and RTW) and it's been really frustrating. I have enough to be appropriately clothed. I don't have enough to only wear things I feel good in or to change my mind if I don't feel like wearing a particular item. It's a total first world problem but it's not a great way to start the day. Clearly my sewing time has been devoted to casual sewing for too long.
So my focus for January is sewing more work wear. I pulled these patterns and I've already made a start, I've cut three silk camis, a white linen Inari tee and a pair of Ginger jeans in black drill (these are a total wardrobe workhorse for me). I need to muslin the McCall's dress and hope to make a start on it soon. The best part is that all the fabric and patterns are already in my stash!
I'm not locking myself into these patterns but I am focusing on pieces for work. Also, if you have any work wear blogs or Instagram accounts that you love please share - I'd love some more inspiration!
Do you struggle with what to wear to work? Do you make your work clothes? If you do, what are some of your favourite patterns?
I sew a lot of Burda mag patterns but their sizing just works so well for me. I have a TNT skirt pattern (B5760) and 2 TNT pants patterns (V9032 and S2700 and soon to be Burda 6432!) . I love wearing jackets/blazers so I sew a lot of shells/sleeveless tops.
I AM realizing I want more color in my winter wardrobe than I usually have.
I actually sew work clothes almost exclusively. I like to sew in mini capsules, so 2 skirts and 3 shirts and a jacket or some mix. I just find this allows you a little mix and match- so you are not wearing the same 2 pieces together. You have a little flexibility.
That and ponte knit dresses are wonderful, they can be very work appropriate but they are stinking comfortable!
I have work in three places, two have a uniform shirt. I hate them! I'd much rather choose my own clothing.
I make my own trousers and tops for the third workplace. This year I am making more. I have to focus on lighter clothing as all my work sites are warm and I move a lot in my job. A jacket would be nice too. I tend to focus on plain navy or black trousers that will work with any colour top. Then tops in colours and prints that suit me.
I make a lot of my work clothing. I work in a corporate environment that is not super dressy. I actually wore M7542 today. It is a great work top. I also have a lot of Sewaholic Renfrew's and Grainline Studio Larks that I wear in Winter. I mostly wear skirt, not pants, and M7631 is my go to. I also have a lot of Colette Laurel's in both knit and woven. They are a real workhorse for me. I have the Grainline Morris Jacket and Sew to Grow Bespoke blazer, but have not made either as yet. However they are both on my to do list this year. Good luck with your sewing. I look forward to seeing your makes.


Hello and welcome back to Second Chance to Live my friend. I am happy to have you around my table. Thank you. In today's article I would like to share some news with you. A little over a year ago I created a second website. I named the website, Create a Spark of Hope. Due financial reason I closed the website Create a Spark of Hope on July 1, 2016. No worries though. Create a Spark of Hope had moved.
Create a Spark of Hope has moved to Second Chance of Live. Articles from Create a Spark of Hope can now be found in newly created category on Second Chance to Live.
As you read articles from Create a Spark of Hope or from It's Never too Late to Create Hope and questions come to mind, please send those questions to me. All questions are good questions and welcomed. I look forward to hearing from you.
You have my permission to share my articles and or video presentations with anyone you believe could benefit, however please attribute me as being the author of the article (s) video presentation (s), and provide a link back to the article (s) on Second Chance to Live. In the event that you have questions, please send those questions to me. All questions are good questions. Thank you. I look forward to hearing from you. Copyright 2015.


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St Patricks Parish, Pakenham
Catholic Church, Pakenham
Parish Code of Conduct
OBLIGATIONS OF STAFF AND VOLUNTEERS
Children's Rosary Group
Exercise Group
Josephite Associates
PADDY'S KITCHEN
Paddy's Policies and Procedures
Servant Community
St Patricks Sewing Group
Touring Statue of Our Lady – Family Roster
New Parishioners Registration Form
LATEST UPDATE FROM FR BERNARD
Siji Bulletin, Highlights, St Patricks Parish 13/12/2019
I wanted to let parishioners know there will be some changes coming to our parish in the new year. With the continuing challenges I have with my health, and the need of the parish for a full time priest keep the parish on mission, it seemed best to me that I make way for someone else. So, last week I offered Bishop Pat O'Regan a letter of resignation as PP of St Pat's, Pakenham. I was very sad to do so. The Bishop sent a very kind letter accepting my resignation.
The process now is that Bishop Pat has written to the priests of our Diocese advising the parish of St Pat's is 'vacant' as of January 15th, 2020. He has asked for applications for the position of PP, and that those be received soon. The hope is that an appointment can be made and announced soon, even before Christmas. This move, and any others that arise in other parishes because of it, will likely take place about January 17th.
I am very grateful for all the prayers, kindness and good wishes sent my way over these months and ask, if it's not too much to do so, that you keep the prayers going a bit longer!! I miss parish life very much. I hope to be involved in some small way in the parishes here in Sth Gippsland as things allow. My prayers are for the health and happiness of all in the St Patrick's family; and for courage and confidence for those who are finding life a bit of a battle as Christmas approaches.
Wishing everyone all the blessings for a happy, holy and safe Christmas season. BB.
← 3rd SUNDAY OF ADVENT 15th DEC 2019
Paddys Kitchen →
Message from Fr. Janeesh Jose 04/05/2020
Mass of the Lord's Supper 06/04/2020
St Patrick's Parish Facebook Page
142 Princes Highway Pakenham VIC 3810 Australia ...Get directions
Copyright © 2021 St. Patricks Parish, Pakenham.


The last thing Verity Birdwood wants is a beauty makeover. But when the scrappy TV researcher goes on assignment to a luxurious spa, that's just what she gets. A glimpse of the glamorous retreat's lurid intrigues gives Birdie the creeps - even before she discovers a shocking connection with a serial killer. When Margot Bell, the spa's icily stylish owner, is grotesquely stabbed to death, and a raging storm traps the occupants of the mansion with a corpse and an unknown murderer, Birdie's sleuthing instincts spring into action. Searching for a motive, she swiftly excavates a trail of torment, treachery, and blackmail. The spa's skillful hairstylist and silent partner, the harassed housekeeper, the hysterical male secretary, and the hunk of a masseur who was the dead woman's lover - all had reason to resent Margot. Then there are the pampered guests, from fat Josie to gaunt Helen, neurotic Belinda to ambitious Edwina - each presenting a possible motive. As a flood ravages the countryside, Birdie asks herself if Margot's murder was a "copycat killing," or if a demented and practiced slayer is about to strike again. Then a second savage stabbing tells Birdie she must discover the killer's identity before he or she can claim yet another victim.


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Ondo basketball federation extols Akeredolu's backing of Sunshine Angels
By Alex Monye
Sunshine Angels made the state proud at the weekend after finishing third in their group. The team scaled through despite the difficulties that resulted from travelling to Abuja for the first phase of the ongoing Zenith Bank National Women Basketball League.
• As team qualifies for second phase of national league
The Ondo State Basketball Federation has commended Governor Oluwarotimi Akeredolu for the support of Sunshine Angels Women Basketball team since assuming office.
The girls completed group-B game on Sunday with 42-27 points victory over Coal City Babes of Enugu, thereby progressing to the second phase of the national league scheduled to hold between April 29th and May 9th in Kaduna.
Captain of the team, Rejoice Levi, who eulogised Governor Akeredolu government for his effort to the team, also made an appeal to his deputy, Agboola Ajayi, to ensure prompt release of funds to enable them prepare well for the second phase of the league.
"We want to say a big thank you to our governor and his deputy. We want to say that the Sunshine Angels will continue to make the state proud, by raising the standard of our game in Kaduna during the second phase of the league," she said.
Meanwhile, the state Basketball Association Chairman, Segun Ikuesan, has stated that all hands are on deck to make Ondo State a force to reckon with in the game.
He said that the transformation of sport remains the core value of all the sports associations in the state, adding that the association is appealing to the government to provide sporting facilities to boost sports development in the grassroots level across the state.
Oluwarotimi AkeredoluSunshine Angels Women Basketball team


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Railroad Passenger Depot , Live Oak, Fl.
George Lansing Taylor Jr., University of North Florida
Railroad Passenger Depot , Union Depot
The Union Depot and Atlantic Coast Line Freight Station (also known as the Railroad Passenger Depot and Freight Station) is a historic site in Live Oak, Florida, United States. The station was built at one of two junctions of an Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and Seaboard Air Line Railroad lines. The two railroads merged in 1967 to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad. On April 24, 1986, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
The Suwannee County Historical Museum is located in the depot. Exhibits include a telephone display, a 16th-century Timucaun Indian Village recreation and local history artifacts. The station is one block south of the Old Live Oak City Hall.
Taylor, George Lansing, Jr.; Lance Taylor; Photographers -- Florida --Jacksonville; Photograph collections -- Florida -- Jacksonville; Railroad Passenger Depot; Union Depot and Atlantic Coast Line Freight Station; Seaboard Coast Line Railroad; Suwannee County Historical Museum; Suwannee County (Fl.); Railroad depot --- Florida --- Live Oak --- Suwannee County.


Samuel Johnson painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds in 1772.
Samuel Johnson was born in Lichfield, Staffordshire, on the 18th of September 1709. He went to Oxford University for a short while, but his time there was cut short when his money ran out. It was then that his career as a writer began.
Johnson moved to London in 1737 and worked as a journalist before he was commissioned to write his greatest work, Dictionary of the English Language. This took him 8 years to complete and was a great success. Johnson's financial troubles ended when he was granted a pension by King George III in appreciation of the dictionary. Johnson died on the 13th of December 1784 when he was 75 years old.
Samuel Johnson made major contributions in the fields of poetry, essay writing, morality, literary criticism and lexicography. Test your knowledge of this influential character by playing our quiz.
What was the title of Johnson's 1770 political pamphlet attacking the English radical, John Wilkes?
In which English cathedral city was Johnson born in 1709?
What was the title of Johnson's last major work, published in 1781 - Lives of the Most Eminent...?
Who played Johnson on in the Blackadder the Third episode, Ink and Incapability?
In what year did Johnson publish his Dictionary of the English Language?
What was the first name of Johnson's biographer, Boswell?
What was the title of the periodical published by Johnson from 1750 until 1752?
What pen name did Johnson use in a series of essays he wrote for the Universal Chronicle between 1758 and 1760?
What was Johnson's father's profession?
In 1775 Johnson published his account of a journey he and Boswell had made two years earlier to where?


What means to keep mind awake in the scope of WILD techniques?
Sometimes people try to enter a WILD with a common relaxation technique trying to keep the mind awake.
But here is some misunderstanding about the term "awake mind". What is meant? Here I'll try to review several aspects of this issue step by step. I would like to know your opinion on what we actually have to do while entering WILD.
So here we can conclude that one of the main goals of any LD technique is to make accessible as much memory as possible to understand who you actually are as well as possible.
Think about it while entering your WILD. Do you feel you're becoming kind of another person while entering the dream? Do you wonder what you were thinking about in the dream or your thoughts style was the same as in IRL?
When falling a non-LD you start to imagine something. Images come to you without your intention and will. The dream needs no control, it goes by itself. Do you trying to imagine what you want or just consciously taking part in this show letting it go as it goes?
Mind tension is my special term for a feeling how hard your brain is working to analyze something, find a solution of problem, perceive the happening around you or just being concentrated. Sometimes you feel tired after a prolonged mind work. This is mind tension. You close your eyes and feel a pleasant relaxation in your mind after a hard day. This is a mind tension release.
Do you feel this tension while entering WILD and trying to stay lucid? Should we feel it? Is it necessary to keep lucid? Can you easily enter a WILD when you heavily need a sleep.
So what means keep mind awake: remembering, imagining or concentrating?


Councillor Noel Delaney, Mayor of West Lancashire, wishes everyone in West Lancashire a happy and peaceful festive season.
Councillor Delaney said: "The Mayoress Ann Stubbert and I are honoured that the people of West Lancashire have invited us to their wonderful events and celebrations. We are proud to serve West Lancashire and greatly appreciate the warm and friendly welcome we always receive from the people we visit.
"Ann and I have been privileged to see the very best of the West Lancashire community in our year so far, and we have felt humbled by the work that is done by so many of you on behalf of others.