text:
Veranstalter ist eine natürliche oder juristische Person, die eine Veranstaltung durchführt, die organisatorische Verantwortung übernimmt, das unternehmerische Risiko und die Haftung trägt.

Rechtsgeschichte
Das Reichsgericht befasste sich im Dezember 1911 im Rahmen eines Urteils über die Urheberrechte an Werken der Tonkunst mit dem Begriff des Veranstalters. Veranstalter sei derjenige, der eine Veranstaltung angeordnet habe und durch dessen Tätigkeit sie "ins Werk gesetzt" sei (durchgeführt wird). Im Anschluss hieran ging der BGH im Juni 1956 zunächst davon aus, dass der Veranstalter derjenige sei, der in organisatorischer und finanzieller Hinsicht für das betreffende Ereignis verantwortlich sei, dem also die Vorbereitung und Durchführung obliege und der das unternehmerische Risiko trage. Im "Bubi-Scholz"-Urteil sieht der BGH die Tätigkeit des Veranstalters einer Box-Veranstaltung insbesondere "in der für deren Zustandekommen und Abwicklung erforderlichen organisatorischen Arbeit, im Abschluss von Verträgen …, in der Miete geeigneter Räume, in der Werbung für die einzelnen Veranstaltungen und in der die vorhandenen wirtschaftlichen Möglichkeiten erschöpfenden Auswertung der einzelnen Veranstaltung…". Dazu gehören auch Ticket- und Programmhefte-Verkauf, Bestellung von Sicherheitspersonal und Feuerwehr. Allgemein wird bei Sportdarbietungen der Veranstalter als Ausrichter bezeichnet. Beim Fußball wird der gastgebende Verein als Veranstalter gesehen, weil er über das wirtschaftliche Risiko hinaus auch die wesentlichen organisatorischen Voraussetzungen für den Spielablauf schaffe. Das bestätigte der BGH im Dezember 1997; auch wenn bei Europapokalspielen DFB und UEFA die Rahmenbedingungen schaffen würden, seien die austragenden Heimvereine die Veranstalter.

Veranstalter in Gesetzen
Verschiedene Gesetze verwenden den Begriff des Veranstalters, bieten jedoch keine Legaldefinition an. Nach § 2 Abs. 1 Versammlungsgesetz ist Veranstalter, wer zu einer Veranstaltung "öffentlich einlädt". In  BGB wird der Begriff des Reiseveranstalters nicht eindeutig definiert, doch erfüllt ein Unternehmen dann die Kriterien eines Reiseveranstalters, wenn es eine Gesamtheit von Reiseleistungen erbringt und nach den sonstigen Umständen der Anschein entsteht, dass die vertraglich vorgesehenen Reiseleistungen in eigener Verantwortung erbracht werden. Der Reiseveranstalter ist aus dem Reisevertrag nach  Abs. 1 BGB verpflichtet, die Reise so zu erbringen, dass sie die zugesicherten Eigenschaften hat. Rundfunkveranstalter ist, wer ein Rundfunkprogramm unter eigener inhaltlicher Verantwortung anbietet (§ 2 Abs. 2 Nr. 14 RStV). Veranstalter von öffentlichen Wiedergaben musikalischer Werke müssen gemäß § 13b Abs. 1 UrhWG vor einer Veranstaltung die Einwilligung der GEMA einholen. Veranstalter im Sinne dieser Vorschrift sind nicht allein die Organisatoren von Live-Aufführungen im Sinne des  Urheberrechtsgesetz, sondern darüber hinaus auch Gastwirte, Kino- und Diskothekenbetreiber und Rundfunkanstalten. Nach dieser Bestimmung steht dem Veranstalter von Konzerten und anderen künstlerischen Darbietungen in Deutschland (neben dem Künstler) das Recht zur Aufnahme, Vervielfältigung und Verbreitung der Darbietungen zu.

Pflichten eines Veranstalters
Der Veranstalter einer Veranstaltung hat verschiedene Pflichten zu erfüllen. Dazu gehören:
 die Einhaltung von Gesetzen, Bestimmungen und Auflagen
 Schaffung höchstmöglicher Sicherheit für Akteure und Besucher
 die Bestimmung eines Veranstaltungsleiters
 die Zusammenarbeit mit den Behörden
 das Verfassen der notwendigen Konzepte
 die Verkehrssicherungspflicht
 die Einrichtung einer Brandsicherheitswache
 die Einrichtung eines Sanitätswachdienstes (bei einer Veranstaltung ab 5.000 Besuchern)
 Einweisung und Schulung des Personals

Phasen der Veranstaltung
Der Veranstalter ist in alle Phasen der Veranstaltung eingebunden. Als Beteiligte kommen der Veranstalter, die bei der Veranstaltung auftretenden Teilnehmer, der Betreiber des Veranstaltungsortes und die Besucher in Frage.

Durchführung einer Veranstaltung
Zur Durchführung einer Veranstaltung gehören die Planung, Vorbereitung, Vertragsabschlüsse mit den Teilnehmern und Betreibern, Abschluss von Versicherungen (Veranstalter-Haftpflichtversicherung, Veranstaltungs-Unfallversicherung, Ausfallversicherung, Wetterversicherung), Werbung, Catering, Ticketverkauf, Sponsoren.

Organisation
Zur Organisationsverantwortung des Veranstalters gehören die Terminkoordination zwischen Veranstaltungsort, Teilnehmern, Sicherheitspersonal und Besuchern. Er entscheidet auch über Zugangswege, Parkplätze sowie Beginn und Ende der Veranstaltung. Ausfall und Absage der Veranstaltung bei witterungsbedingten Gefahren, wegen Absage der Teilnehmer oder wegen drohenden Sicherheitsrisiken liegen ebenfalls im Verantwortungsbereich des Veranstalters.

Unternehmerisches Risiko
Der Veranstalter hat an der Veranstaltung ein eigenes wirtschaftliches Interesse. Er versucht, die Kosten der Veranstaltung niedriger zu halten als die daraus erwarteten Einnahmen (Tickets, Merchandising, Fernseheinnahmen). Erwirtschaftet er jedoch einen Verlust, muss er diesen aus seinem Privatvermögen oder (bei Unternehmen als Veranstalter) aus dem Gesellschaftsvermögen tragen.

Haftung
Hierbei ist zwischen Innen- und Außenveranstaltung zu unterscheiden. Während bei der Außenveranstaltung der Veranstalter allein haftet, haften bei Innenveranstaltungen (in geschlossenen Räumen) Veranstalter und Betreiber gemeinsam. Der Betreiber kann seine Haftung jedoch vertraglich auf den Veranstalter abwälzen. Eine konkrete Haftung des Veranstalters ergibt sich aus den Verträgen, die er mit den Teilnehmern, Betreibern des Veranstaltungsortes, sonstigen Beteiligten (behördliche Genehmigungen) und Besuchern abschließt. Allgemein gilt, dass der Veranstalter hierbei für alle Schäden haftet, die durch ihn, seine Beauftragten, Erfüllungsgehilfen, Gäste oder sonstige Dritte im Zusammenhang mit der Veranstaltung schuldhaft verursacht werden.

Veranstalter von Sportereignissen, Festumzügen oder privaten Feiern haften gemäß  BGB nicht für schädigende Handlungen ihrer Teilnehmer und Besucher, da die Teilnehmer und Besucher weder weisungsgebunden noch sozial abhängig vom Veranstalter sind. Eröffnen die Veranstalter mit ihrer Veranstaltung jedoch eine Gefahrenquelle, so übernehmen sie – wie alle Überwachungsgaranten – Verkehrssicherungspflichten nach  Abs. 1 BGB. Diese Gefährdungshaftung ist insbesondere bei Fußballspielen zu bejahen. Die Haftung für leichte Fahrlässigkeit kann der Veranstalter ausschließen, das sind aber dann Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen, die der gerichtlichen AGB-Kontrolle unterliegen.

Der Veranstalter ist Anlaufstelle auch für Haftungsfragen, die er nicht verschuldet hat. So werden Zuschauer ihre gezahlten Eintrittspreise vom Veranstalter zurückverlangen, wenn die versprochenen Teilnehmer nicht auftreten. Er muss dann versuchen, von diesen die Gage zurückzuverlangen.

Organisationen
Die Konzert- und Tourneeveranstalter werden in Deutschland durch den Bundesverband der Veranstaltungswirtschaft (bdv) e.V. vertreten.

Weblinks

 BDV

Einzelnachweise

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Personenbezeichnung (Recht)


text:
KILLING PATIENTS REDUCES READMISSION
Federal policy to reduce re-hospitalizations is linked to increased mortality rates
Analysis of heart failure data finds a decline in readmissions, but a rise in deaths
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - LOS ANGELES HEALTH SCIENCES
Federal policymakers five years ago introduced the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program to spur hospitals to reduce Medicare readmission rates by penalizing them if they didn't. A new analysis led by researchers at UCLA and Harvard University, however, finds that the program may be so focused on keeping some patients out of the hospital that related death rates are increasing.
In a study of 115,245 fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries at 416 hospitals, implementation of the reduction program was indeed linked to a decrease in readmissions at 30 days after discharge and at one year after discharge among people hospitalized for heart failure. But it was also linked to an increase in mortality rates among these groups of patients. The study was published Nov. 12 in JAMA Cardiology.
"Through this program, Medicare financially penalizes approximately two-thirds of U.S. hospitals based on their 30-day readmission rates," said senior author Dr. Gregg Fonarow, the Eliot Corday Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and co-chief of cardiology. "This data suggests it also incentivized strategies that unintentionally harmed patients with heart failure."
The analysis of clinically collected data confirms what an analysis of billing data had previously suggested -- that the major federal policy, implemented under the Affordable Care Act, is associated with an increase in deaths of patients with heart failure.
Using data from the American Heart Association's Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure program, a voluntary quality improvement initiative at hospitals across the country, as well as Medicare data, researchers compared heart failure patients' readmission rates, mortality rates and characteristics, along with hospital characteristics, from January 2006 through December 2014.
The findings point to a reversal in a decades-long trend of a declining death rate among patients with heart failure, one that the researchers concluded was linked to the implementation of the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program.
The declining readmission rates change the fact that patient deaths -- the ultimate outcome -- have increased. As Fonarow pointed out: "If a patient dies, then that patient cannot be readmitted."
The researchers don't dispute that the goals of the program -- reducing the number of re-hospitalizations and decreasing the costs to the health care system -- are positive. But they say the policy of reducing readmissions is focused too narrowly on not readmitting patients to hospitals.
"To avoid the penalties, hospitals now have incentives to keep patients out of hospitals longer, possibly even if previously some of these patients would have been readmitted earlier for clinical reasons," said first author Dr. Ankur Gupta, cardiovascular research fellow at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School. "Therefore, this policy of reducing readmissions is aimed at reducing utilization for hospitals rather than having a direct focus on improving quality of patient care and outcomes."
The researchers are now studying which types of hospitals and patients are most affected by the trend. Regardless, they wrote, the data support a reconsideration of the policy's use for patients with heart failure.
"The policy should focus on incentivizing improving quality and patient-centered outcomes of those with heart failure and not on a misguided utilization metric of re-hospitalizations," Fonarow said.
Other researchers involved with the study are affiliated with the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Stanford University and Northwestern University.
Doctors, generally
Hospitals, generally

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Attacks/Breaches
Pakistan Hit By Targeted Attack Out Of India
Information-stealing malware campaign spreads via phishing email attachments posing as Indian military secrets
Another reminder that cyberespionage isn't all about China targeting the U.S.: Researchers have discovered a family of information-stealing malware targeting Pakistan that appears to originate out of India.
Unlike other known cyberespionage campaigns, this one appears oddly rudimentary in that it uses publicly available tools and basic obfuscation methods, and doesn't encrypt its command-and-control communications, according to researchers at Eset, which posted its analysis of the malware and attack late yesterday.
"String obfuscation using simple rotation (a shift cipher), no cryptography used in network communication, persistence achieved through the startup menu and use of existing, publicly-available tools to gather information on infected systems shows that the attackers did not go to great lengths to cover their tracks. On the other hand, maybe they see no need to implement stealthier techniques because the simple ways still work," wrote Jean-Ian Boutin, a malware researcher with Eset.
The malware campaign is at least two years old and is spread via phishing emails with rigged Word and PDF files, according to Eset. It steals sensitive information via keyloggers, screenshots, and uploading stolen documents, unencrypted. "The decision not to use encryption is puzzling considering that adding basic encryption would be easy and provide additional stealth to the operation," Boutin says.
The attack uses a code-signing certificate issued in 2011 to a New Delhi, India-based Technical and Commercial Consulting Pvt. Ltd., and is designed to ensure the malware binaries could spread within the victim organization. The certificate had been revoked in late March 2012, but was still in use. Eset contacted VeriSign, which revoked the cert. Eset found more than 70 binary files signed with the malicious certificate.
Among the attachments was one that appears to be about Indian military secrets. "We do not have precise information as to which individuals or organizations were really specifically targeted by these files, but based on our investigations, it is our assumption that people and institutions in Pakistan were targeted," Boutin says.
Nearly 80 percent of the infections are in Pakistan, according to Eset. One version of the attack exploits a known and patched Microsoft Office flaw, CVE-2012-0158. The malware executes once the victim opens a malicious Word attachment; the other method used in the attack uses PE files that appear to be Word or PDF attachments.
The attackers used NirSoft's WebPassView and Mail PassView tools for recovering passwords in email clients and browser stores; the tools were signed by the malicious cert.
Eset's full analysis of the targeted attack campaign is in a blog post here.
Have a comment on this story? Please click "Add Your Comment" below. If you'd like to contact Dark Reading's editors directly, send us a message.
Resilience & Reinvention: Enterprise IT in 2022 Virtual Event 12/9
The Future-State Identity Foundation for an Interoperable & Multi-Cloud ICAM Architecture


text:
Rugby transfer rumours and news: Sale Sharks to sign lock; Wasps chasing former Exeter Chiefs star
All the latest rugby rumours and transfer news from around the Gallagher Premiership ahead of the 2020/21 season
JP du Preez of Toyota Cheetahs against Connacht
The 2020/21 kicks off this weekend but directors of rugby around the Gallagher Premiership are still putting the final touches on their squads ahead of the new campaign and planning ahead as well.
Bristol Bears are looking to improve on their third place finish in 2019/20 but teams all around them are also looking to strengthen.
Here are the latest rugby transfer rumours and confirmed moves from around the Gallagher Premiership....
Concussion hit former Bristol Rugby star suffering from the effects of dementia at just 40
Fixtures confirmed for the 2020/21 Heineken Champions Cup
Sale Sharks to add another South African
Sale Sharks are looking to add two players to their squad with South African star Lood de Jager and Manu Tuilagi injured.
Speaking yesterday, Sale director of rugby Steve Diamond said: "Simon (Orange), Ged (Mason) and I have spoken and we are actively looking at bringing a couple of players in at the minute, a lock to cover Lood and another potential back row forward. So we are always looking.
"One's an international and the lock isn't an international. The lock is nearly 7ft tall and I need somebody big for the lineout. Once we can get the visa situation sorted out I'll announce. I won' be pulling rabbits out of a hat, probably next Tuesday we can announce that.
"Why would your guess be they are South Africans? You're right on one and you're wrong on the other. We'll get the visas done and we'll move forward,"
Rugby transfer specialist Neil Fissler reported on Twitter that the lock Sale are set to add is the Cheetahs' JP Du Preez.
Zach Mercer of Bath Rugby (Image: Getty Images)
England international wanted in France
French Top 14 side Montpellier have confirmed their interest in signing Bath Rugby number eight Zach Mercer.
England backrower Zach Mercer is out of contract next summer and was one of a number of Blue, Black and Whites stars reported to have been unhappy with the paycuts imposed on the squad this summer due to the huge loss of revenue every Gallagher Premiership side has because of the Covid-19 pandemic which has seen games played without fans behind closed doors to prevent the spread of the virus.
Back in July it was reported it took Mercer's team-mates turning up at his house at 10pm on the eve of the deadline to sign a new reduced salary contract to persuade him to put pen to paper on a new deal.
New Montpellier director of rugby Philippe Saint-Andre is understood to be a big fan of Mercer and has told The Daily Mail: "We are watching many players and Zach is one of them."
Get the full story.
Santiago Cordero of Exeter Chiefs makes a break (Image: Getty Images)
Wasps linked with former Chiefs star
Exeter Chiefs former fan favourite Santiago Cordero has been linked with a move back to the Gallagher Premiership with last season's beaten finalist Wasps
The winger/full back left Chiefs last year to make a switch to French Top 14 side Bordeaux Bègles with Exeter director of rugby Rob Baxter pointing to salary cap restrictions as a reason why they could not retain the 26-year-old's services.
Cordero scored 10 tries in 33 appearances for the Sandy Park outfit and was nominated for the RPA Player of the Year award in 2019.
However this weekend The Rugby Paper reported Cordero, whose deal in France runs out at the end of the 2020/21 season, is attracting the interest of Wasps head coach Lee Blackett. It follows rumours that surfaced last month via online sources.
Marcus Smith of Harlequins takes on Jonathan Joseph of Bath Rugby
Harlequins star on Bath's radar
Bath Rugby are reported to interested in signing Harlequins' star fly-half Marcus Smith.
The saga of the Blue, Black and Whites' search for a new number 10 has been on-going for months, if not years, and shows no sign of ending any time soon with Stuart Hooper's squad heading into the new 2020/21 Gallagher Premiership season with just one out and out fly-half in their senior squad.
Former Welsh international Rhys Priestland had an exceptional season for Bath in 2019/20 as he won the Premiership golden boot and the Blue, Black and White finished the season strongly to earn a place in the play-offs for the first time in five years.
However with former England fly-half Freddie Burns not being offered a new contract before his deal at his home town club ran out in June, Hooper's squad is worryingly thin on the ground in the pivotal position.
The Daily Mail report Smith, who is considered one of the most exciting young talents in the country, agreed a cut-price contract with Harlequins in the summer in response to club finances being stretched by the Covid-19 pandemic, but most players have exit clauses in their terms.
Hooper said: "Marcus Smith is an outstanding player but he is under contract with another club so, while we are often linked with quality players, I am keen to make it clear that our focus remains on our squad heading into the 20-21 season."
According to Midi Olympique, Smith is also attracting the interest of French Top 14 club Lyon who have reportedly have made him their top target to replace Jonathan Wisniewski when his contract expires at the end of the current season.
Get the full story
Wasps head coach Lee Blackett (Image: Getty Images)
New deals for Wasps' successful coaching team
Wasps have announced head coach Lee Blackett and his four Senior Coaches have signed contract extensions at the club after leading them to the Gallagher Premiership final in 2019/20
Blackett is joined by defence coach Ian Costello, forwards coach Richard Blaze, assistant attack coach Martin Gleeson and transition, skills and breakdown coach Matt Everard in putting pen to paper on new deals at Wasps.
Blackett was promoted to Wasps interim head Coach in february 2020 and was given the role full-time in April. The 37-year-old has an impressive 12 wins from his 15 games in charge so far and led the Club to the 2019/20 Premiership Final.
The former Leeds Carnegie player joined Wasps as backs coach ahead of the 2015/16 season from Championship club Rotherham Titans where he had been the youngest head coach in English rugby's top two flights for the previous two seasons.
Will Britton bleeds for Bath United against Gloucester United (Image: Ian Johnson/Taking Pictures (Sport) Ltd)
Former Bath lock joins Championship side
Former Bath Rugby lock Will Britton has signed for Championship side Doncaster Knights having been spent time on loan at the club last season.
Britton, 24, was one of 16 players released by Bath in June, along with the likes of Freddie Burns - who has joined Tokyo-based Toyota Shokki Shuttles, former club captain Matt Garvey - who has joined Gloucester Rugby and Tom Homer who has linked up with London Irish.
Bath academy product Britton has signed a one-year deal at Castle Park.
Doncaster head coach Steve Boden said: "Will is somebody I've worked with before at Carnegie [where he was duel registered in 2018/19), he's had a taste of a Premiership environment at Bath and wants to develop again to get back to that environment.
"He's abrasive with his carries and tackles, he has a high work rate and will be a great fit for the team."
Dave Dennis of Exeter Chiefs goes into contact with John Hawkins of Bristol Bears (Image: Getty Images)
Australian lock departs Exeter for the MLR
Australian international lock Dave Dennis says has called time on his four-year stay with the Exeter Chiefs to take up a new challenge in Major League Rugby.
The 34-year-old forward confirmed he will be heading to America to join up with LA-based franchise LA Giltinis on a two-year deal.
It brings to an end a fantastic spell in Devon for the imposing forward, who has helped the Chiefs to secure two Premiership titles, an Anglo-Welsh Cup, plus the European Champions Cup.
Sinoti Sinoti is tackled by Jack Wilson (Image: Ian MacNicol/Getty Images)
Dangerous back departs at Falcons
Samoan star Sinoti Sinoti has left Newcastle Falcons with immediate effect for personal reasons.
Sinoti made 110 appearances since joining Falcons midway through the 2013-14 campaign, scoring 23 tries for the club, including the Premiership's Try of the Season against Exeter Chiefs in 2017-18.
Newcastle director of rugby Dean Richards said: "It's not hard to understand why Sinoti is so popular with our supporters, because he plays the game with a smile on his face and is always looking to be a positive attacking force.
"He has been part of some big moments for us during his seven years here including our fourth-placed Premiership finish in 2018, two huge games at St James' Park, Heineken Champions Cup wins over Toulon and Montpellier, being shortlisted twice for Premiership Players' Player of the Season and being selected in the Premiership Team of the Season.
"It is obviously a shame to see a player of his ability move on for personal reasons so close to the start of the Gallagher Premiership season, but we thank him for everything he has done during his time here and wish him and his family all the best for whatever lies ahead."
Wasps Rugby v Bristol Bears press conference live: Pat Lam discusses Gallagher Premiership opener
Tigers sign versatile frontrower
Leicester Tigers have signed South African front-rower Luan de Bruin for the 2020/21 season.
The 27-year-old will join Tigers from the Cheetahs in Bloemfontein, where de Bruin has made more than 50 appearances since his senior debut during the 2014 Super Rugby season.
Born in Pretoria, de Bruin played youth rugby for the Blue Bulls and represented South Africa at Under-18 level.
Ahead of the 2012 domestic season, he moved to the Free State and appeared for the provincial Under-19 side and in 2013 represented UFS Shimlas in the Varsity Cup. He was also a member of South Africa's Under-20s squad at the Junior World Championship.
Capable of playing at loosehead or tighthead, de Bruin was a member of the Green Squad in the recent internal fixture for the World Champion Springboks.
Bristol Bears news straight to your phone!
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Bristol Bears writer John Evely will send you links to the breaking stories, direct to your mobile, via the easy-to-use app.
Among the things you can expect are transfer news, interviews, match reports, injury updates, team news and live blogs. You could even use it to ask him a question.
If you would like to sign up, save the number 07715 770289 to your phone (you must do this to receive our messages), then send BRISTOL BEARS in a message to that number via WhatsApp. We recommend saving the contact to your mobile as 'Bristol Bears News'.
To unsubscribe at any time, just send STOP BRISTOL BEARS via WhatsApp to the same number and you will be removed from the service. Your number will not be used for any purpose other than to update you on all things Bristol Bears.
Gloucester sign experienced lock
The Cherry and Whites have secured the signature of Australian lock Ollie Atkins.
Atkins will join Gloucester following a spell with Rouen in the second division of French rugby and most recently the Western Force in Australia.
The towering 32-year-old will bring a considerable amount of experience to the squad, not least from his time with Gallagher Premiership counterparts Exeter Chiefs where he spent four seasons between 2015 and 2019, picking up a league title along the way.


text:
Big decisions on agenda at NZEI conference
Saturday, 29 September 2018, 6:45 pm
Press Release: NZEI
Two major announcements are planned at the NZEI Te Riu Roa conference on Monday October 1.
The 135th Annual Conference of the NZEI Te Riu Roa will take place from Sept 30 until October 3 in Rotorua.
This year it focuses on three large campaigns - Kua tae te wā - It's Time, Mana Taurite - Pay Equity, and the 30 Year Vision for Education. See the programme here.
There will be two major announcements on Monday October 1: one at 10.10am on shaping the future of early childhood education and one at 3pm on the same day on the primary teachers' and principals' campaign. This includes an update on next steps after an emphatic rejection by teachers and principals of the Ministry's latest offers in the current collective agreement negotiations.
Also, the unions' leaders panel at 9am on October 1, will welcome the impact of collectivism by exploring, and learning, from the experiences of other unions.
The union leaders include: Sam Huggard secretary of the NZCTU, Sandra Greypresident of the Tertiary Education Union, Muriel Tunoho president of E Tū and speaker from the United States Dale Lee, president of the West Virginia Education Association which is part of the National Education Association. Mr Lee's involvement in the victorious nine-day work stoppage in early 2018 sparked the Red for Ed movement across the United States to advocate for public education employees and quality public education. His work ensures public education funding remains a priority for elected leaders at both the West Virginia state and local level and has resulted in salary increases across the sector.
NZEI Te Riu Roa
New Zealand Educational Institute
NZEI Te Riu Roa members work in every community in New Zealand, leading and advocating for quality public education.
We are the 50,000 principals, teachers and support staff who work in primary, area and secondary schools as well as early childhood centres, special education and school advisory services. We come together as NZEI Te Riu Roa - New Zealand's largest education union, a Treaty based organisation and a powerful advocate for quality public education.
We have the most important job in New Zealand - educating for the future.
Contact NZEI Te Riu Roa
Website - www.nzei.org.nz
Email - nzei@nzei.org.nz
Media Contact - media@nzei.org.nz
Phone - 04 382 2703
Support - Stand Up For Kids
Support - Best Start


The Great Gretzky said it best when he uttered: "You miss 100% of the shots you don't take." When Jeep introduced the current KL generation Cherokee as a replacement for the mediocre Liberty, they decided to push the boundaries of design.
While the 2014-18 Cherokee proved to be popular, few will ever describe the Jeep as handsome, unless it was a Trailhawk – which might explain why most I see are trimmed as such. Criticism must have taken its toll as the 2019 Jeep Cherokee looks far more conventional.
The offending front fascia is now gone, leaving no good reason to decry the 2019 Cherokee's overall design. The classic 7-slot grille is ever-present and accounted for but it's the headlights that, moving forward, incorporate blinkers, signals along with the actual headlamps. The new look is more upscale, and a welcomed sight. The rear taillights are upgraded as well but they required no such attention.
These physical revisions have instantly elevated the Jeep Cherokee's appeal which was, admittedly, quite strong to begin with. Oddly, my tested Limited with technology, trailer and luxury groups retailed for over $47k but did not look premium. A $41,000 Volkswagen Tiguan R-Line certainly sits as a premium vehicle, by comparison. Days later, I'm still trying to decide if I like the Cherokee's understated nature… Admittedly, I am leaning towards yes.
FCA's developed an impressive ability to design and build segment-leading interiors. Although the Cherokee's dashboard and overall cabin layout dates back to 2014, it still looks very contemporary. My tested mid-trim $38,990 Limited gains the Uconnect 4 multimedia center with its large 8.4-inch touchscreen which is always a pleasure to use.
The equipment level is strong with the Limited. The power heated and cooled Nappa leather front seats are cozy while the tall rear bench is ideal for two occupants. The boot provides up to 700 litres of volume but the number is misleading. There's little useable depth or width, unlike the VW Golf Sportwagen for example.
The greatest highlight for the 2019 model year is the addition of Jeep's turbocharged 2.0-litre 4-cylinder engine. With 270-horsepower and a whopping 295 lb.-ft. of torque on tap, the Cherokee enters the compact performance SUV leagues. With the included 9-speed automatic transmission's gearing, to sharp a throttle jab could send you up the vehicle ahead you's rear end.
I kid you not. I quickly attempted to locate the Cherokee Turbo's 0-60 mph time unsuccessfully. If you ask me, in the right conditions, it can't be much more than 6 seconds. You'll have guessed that I "exploited" the turbo-4 somewhat and it wasn't all fun and games. The 948TE 9-speed automatic transmission is notorious for being a slow, unwilling participant in all forms of forward thrusts. In my time with the Cherokee, it occasionally lazed about even under light throttle pressure but it is vastly improved over my previous experiences.
The 2.0T is however not an inexpensive option. The cheapest way to own it is through the North trim as a FWD Jeep for $38,080. Going 4×4 adds $1,500. As far as I'm concerned, it transforms the Cherokee into an altogether different beast but I will add that powertrain reliability would remain a concern.
As far as the driving experience beyond the turbo 2.0's power, the Cherokee's chassis setup with fully independent suspension is a good on-road companion. Despite the Jeep's more rugged nature, the Cherokee is a fine handling small utility vehicle that never backs down when faced with a trail.
The standard Active Drive I AWD system is more than perfect for the daily grind. Let's not forget that even in its most basic trim, the Cherokee still sports some serious ground clearance and approach and departure angles. If more capabilities are required, there are numerous way to spec your Cherokee for all kinds of off-roading activities.
As enamored as I am with the updated 2019 Jeep Cherokee, its retail pricing is a complete turn off. The most basic FWD Sport on steel wheels starts at $31,990, before rebates and incentives. An equivalent 2019 FWD Honda CR-V is $4,500 less, a 2018 Toyota RAV4, $4,200 and so on. There's no reason to justify the jump. None.
The gap does not narrow as equipment piles on, as is the case with my Limited. The only exception applies to Cherokees with off-roading kit, which have no equivalents among the competition. And unless this is the version you're interested in, I see no reason to get a Cherokee in spite of the fact that I really like it.
FCA's already loaded the 2019 Jeep Cherokee with rebates so the price gap is not as great. I would however, suggest more negotiations for an even better price.


text:
The War on Opioids: Digital Dystopia Edition
OpinionOpinion Advocates for ideas and draws conclusions based on the author's interpretation of facts and data.
(AP Photo/Patrick Sison)
By Jeffrey A. Singer and Patrick Eddington | Orange County Register
PUBLISHED: June 17, 2020 at 11:39 a.m. | UPDATED: June 17, 2020 at 11:39 a.m.
Undeterred by the harm created by its futile war on opioids, government may next turn to a new technology that uses artificial intelligence to monitor patients while they sleep, to make sure they use their pain killers the way the government wants. This would form a good basis for a dystopian science fiction novel — except it's true.
Even while illicitly made fentanyl products sold on the black market comprise more than three quarters of opioid-related overdose deaths, state Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) keep doctors, pharmacists and patients under constant surveillance.
Law enforcement raids doctors' offices if they deviate from government-mandated caps on the opioids they prescribe. Pain patients are abandoned by terrorized doctors, and in desperation turn to street drugs and sometimes suicide. Now a vendor offers to take surveillance to the next level.
If you've not heard of "OPOS-Fullpower," it's not surprising.
The announcement of "The first 24/7 opioid compliance solution" was on Jan. 2, and attracted little notice. The two companies involved — Calaifornia-based Fullpower Technologies and OPOS — are trying to combine the power of the former's "hybrid Edge/Cloud AI, algorithms, big data, predictive analytics" with the latter's opioid patient monitoring expertise to create a round-the-clock digital opioid patient tracking system.
If all of this sounds somewhat terrifying, that's because it is.
The companies are proposing that Americans undergoing chronic opioid therapy for pain management 1) download their app onto their smartphones, 2) allow the companies to "track vitals, function and behavior" via "contactless biosensors" and 3) store and share that data with the treating medical provider." In other words, the companies want to incentivize participating doctors to convince their patients to give up their health data so the doctors and Fullpower-OPOS can profit. This is the Facebook user digital information-for-profit model applied to the health care sector. And there's one other third party that stands to benefit: local, state, and federal law enforcement.
It's worth remembering that the first electronic mass surveillance program started during the "War on Drugs" was the DEA's telephone metadata program.
Now, two companies are creating a system that would synthesize and store the most intimate medical and physiological data on millions of Americans suffering from chronic pain in a form that would be readily available to police under HIPAA's extremely broad law enforcement access legal carve out. And with respect to other patient privacy protections — specifically data security — the Fullpower OPOS proposal is a non-starter.
The companies claim that "Fullpower and OPOS meet and exceed security protections required by HIPAA and HITECH. The companies are committed to continuously assessing data security controls through risk assessment and maintain a risk management program to address any vulnerabilities that are identified." This is product marketing boilerplate, not a credible guide to the specific technologies employed to protect sensitive information.
For example, Fullpower-OPOS make no mention of the employment of encryption for their smartphone app — a requirement to avoid compromising a person's private health information. Nor have the companies disclosed the kind of encryption, cyber intrusion or "insider threat" countermeasures and practices that their IT backbone and cloud systems will employ.
Finally, how secure from hacking or interception are the "contactless biosensors" and related IT system? Fullpower-OPOS offer no answers.
The reality is that the Fullpower-OPOS system is based on a flawed premise, the most important of which is how we got to where we are in this current chapter of the "War on Drugs."
In the late 1990s, as prescribers and patients overcame fears of opioids, prescription volume increased, making them a popular item for diversion into the black market for non-medical users. Government interventions have forced prescription rates to drop precipitously since 2010. The black market responded with heroin and then fentanyl. Diverted prescription opioids by themselves are less than 10 percent of opioid-related overdose deaths.
Adam Schiff, the guy who voted for the Iraq war and the Patriot Act, for Senate? Nah.
The war on opioids began through the propagation of powerful anecdotes that suggested doctors created non-medical drug users by hooking them on pain killers. But government's own data show no correlation between the volume of opioid prescriptions and non-medical use or addiction. The Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse reported in the New England Journal of Medicine that addiction "only occurs in a small percentage of persons who are exposed to opioids — even among those with pre-existing vulnerabilities."
The fact is, overdoses from non-medical drug use have been rising steadily since at least the late 1970s, with different drugs at the forefront. In the '70s and '80s it was heroin and cocaine. In the '90s and '00s, painkillers.
Now, 15 years after Congress thought it solved the "meth crisis," deaths from it and other stimulants are at record highs. We are now making the same mistake with opioids. Approaches like the one from Fullpower-OPOS would worsen the situation. Providers and patients should just say no to this one.
Jeffrey A. Singer, MD practices general surgery in Phoenix and is a senior fellow in the Cato Institute's Department of Health Policy. Patrick Eddington is research fellow specializing in civil liberties and national security at the Cato Institute.
Jeffrey A. Singer
Patrick Eddington


text:
Q: CKEditor inline editing: how to enable and disable it clicking on a button I have CKEditor in my page, and I want to use it in InlineEditing mode on some DIVs on which I dinamically set contenteditable='true' attribute.
For each editable DIV, I have a button than toggle on it contenteditable to 'true' and 'false', in order to enable or disable editing
Following official documentation, first of all I set this:
CKEDITOR.disableAutoInline = true;

Then, I set editability of each DIV:
$('.toggle-edit').click(function(e){
  var editedDiv = '#' + $(this).data('editTarget');

  if( $(editedDiv).attr('contenteditable') == 'true' )
  {
    $(editedDiv).attr('contenteditable','false');
    $(this).text('Start Editing');
  }
  else
  {
    $(editedDiv).attr('contenteditable','true');
    $(editedDiv).ckeditor();
    $(this).text('Finish Editing');
  }
});

This runs, but when I set contenteditable='false' clicking again on button, DIV is not editable anymore, but clicking on it, will continue to launch CKEditor (I think in a Read-Only Mode).
How to avoid this in the simpler way? So, toggle not only editability but also CKEditor activation?

UPDATE:
I tried to adapt solution taken by this past answer, writing following code:
$('.toggle-edit').click(function(e){
  var id_editedDiv = $(this).data('editTarget');
  var editedDiv = '#' + id_editedDiv;

  if( $(editedDiv).attr('contenteditable') == 'true' )
  {
    $(editedDiv).attr('contenteditable','false');
    CKEDITOR.instances.id_editedDiv.destroy();
    $(this).text('Start Editing');
  }
  else
  {
    $(editedDiv).attr('contenteditable','true');
    CKEDITOR.inline( id_editedDiv );
    $(this).text('Finish Editing');
  }
});

But, again, nothing happens. CKeditor is created clicking .toggle-edit button, but then it is not destroyed when contenteditable is again set to false (and it opens in read-only mode).

A: I was just working on a similar problem and here's what worked for me (applying my fix to your code):
var editor;

CKEDITOR.on('instanceReady', function(ev) {
    editor = ev.editor;
    // you can also add more config for this instance of CKE here
    // e.g. editor.setReadOnly(false);
});

$('.toggle-edit').click(function(e){
    var id_editedDiv = $(this).data('editTarget');
    var editedDiv = '#' + id_editedDiv;

    if($(editedDiv).attr('contenteditable') === 'true'){
        $(editedDiv).attr('contenteditable','false');
        editor.destroy();
        $(this).text('Start Editing');
    }
    else {
        $(editedDiv).attr('contenteditable','true');
        CKEDITOR.inline(id_editedDiv);
        $(this).text('Finish Editing');
    }
});

If you have several active instances of CKE you should adjust that obviously, but you should get the idea!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Years in Japanese and Eras
This post is being written in 2017, a year. Think of it, it's a pretty big number, isn't it? Over 2000. If you were to give 12 months 12 different names, that's easy, 7 weekdays, 7 different names, also easy, 4 seasons, 4 names, very easy. But 2017 different names is kind of ridiculous, isn't it? Sure the Japanese have a very simple, normal way to call their years?
Well... yeah. They do. Kind of.
Unlike seasons and weekdays, and just like Japanese months, years in Japanese rely Japanese numbers and a counter to work. It's all very simple, without major surprises:
ichinen 一年 (1年)
Yeah one.
ninen 二年 (2年)
Year two.
san'nen 三年 (3年)
Year three.
And it goes on and on until ni sen jyuu nana nen 二千十七年, or 2017年 as it's more often written.
With this I'd like to </post>. You can check out the Japanese number in the links above, all you need is to throw a nen 年 suffix and you'd be done, but sadly the Japanese language strikes again. There has to be a gotcha.
In this case, the gotcha is tied with Japanese culture, specifically the part of the Japanese culture that made calendars out of "eras," such as the Shouwa era, which work in a complete different way to our friend 2017 over there.
(The rest of the article explains how it works, if you only want to know their equivalents, check this convertion table for nengou 年号)
Years and Calendars
Before we talk about Japanese eras I'd like to make a point about the number 2017. It's current year of what's called the Gregorian calendar, the most widely used calendar in the world. Of this world, and as of currently.
Now, this calendar is pretty cool and all but it has to have begun somewhere. So, in the past, before it became widely used, it was not widely used at all, which meant people had to use something else instead of the Gregorian calendar and most of the world would have used something else instead of "2017" to say the current year.
If you have ever read a piece of fiction that deals with some very foreign or alien societies and culture you may have noticed they don't use the Gregorian calendar at all because that calendar never reached them. Example, in Youjo Senki 幼女戦記 there is an "unified year" instead of just year. In some space-y sci-fi works you may notice some "galactic year" or "universal year" or "imperial year" or whatever.
Why is this important? Because that's what happens in Japanese. They have imperial years, so it's like saying "year X of the Y empire of Japan" or "year X of the Y emperor." It sounds like something you'd see in fiction, but it actually happens.
I'm not sure if it's because Japan is an island or because they are slow to drop customs, I don't know, I don't study history, but the deal is that, even though most of the world have already stopped using their non-Gregorian calendars, Japan has yet to stop using theirs.
They still use the Japanese years. They did not drop their calendar.
But they did not refrain from using the Gregorian calendar either. It'd be stupid not to jump on the Gregorian bandwagon with globalization and international commerce at stake.
So what they did, believe it or not, was to start using both calendars. Yep. That's right. Both of them. Why not?
Because it's confusing as fuck, that's why not.
One of the doubts many Japanese students and office workers have now, because of this, is whether they should write a date in a document with Gregorian years or the Japanese years, because it's all mixed up.
Fortunately, Japan realizes this is kind of retarded, so they will probably stop using Japanese years and eras altogether in the next decades, or maybe next century, but as of now, they use both.
And, yes, it is a pain in the ass to learn the Japanese eras. Some Japanese people don't actually know the Japanese years but they can write Gregorian years. Because Gregorian years are linear and simple while Japanese years are just plain fuckery.
You'll see what I mean.
The Japanese Eras
Lately, the Japanese eras are named after the emperor of Japan. Yes, Japan still has emperors. England has a queen, so shut up. The emperor starts reigning, his era starts, he stops reigning, his era ends, some new emperor starts reigning, new era starts. That's how it goes.
So far, this happened four times. So the following are the recent "eras" in Japan, or nengou 年号:
heisei 平成
shouwa 昭和
taishou 大正
Before meiji there was the "Edo period", edo jidai 江戸時代, which had some more arbitrary starts and ends for eras that made them practically impossible to follow.
keiou 慶応
genji 元治
bunkyuu 文久
man'en 万延
Oh boy, those eras sure are short! Look at it, it took 4 whole eras to go through mere 8 years. But it's alright, there shouldn't be many more years left, right?
edo 江戸
(Gintama 銀魂 happens sometime in this era)
Yeah, no, fuck that.
So up to meiji, learning the Japanese eras is like trying to remember the start and end of the mandates of your last 4 presidents, except they are arbitrary mandates, until they die, and not just 4 or 8 years per mandate.
But before the meiji era it's like it changes every time a season 3 of some anime is released. It's totally random and unpredictable. Some events marked the change of eras, alright, but I'm just trying to write a date here, I don't want to try to remember when was an attack somewhere in the XIX century that made the emperor change the era because some castle was burnt with fire. Nobody remembers that.
It's true. Most people will know when the heisei era started, because it's current era. And a lot of people will remember when the shouwa 昭和 era started, because a lot of people were born in that era. But before that, it gets a lot less relevant and a lot less memorable. Which is why all Edo period eras can be just referred to as the "Edo period" which begins in 1600.
Using Eras in Japanese-Style Dates
Now that we got through all this, let's see the way those eras are actually used to show the current year in Japanese.
heisei ni jyuu kyuu nen 平成29年
Year 29 of the Heisei era.
Did that make sense to you? No? Well, the Heisei era starts in 1989. So 1989 is year 1. 1990 is year 2. 1990 + 27 = 2017, reapplying that, year 2 + 27 = 29. Thus, 2017 is year 29 of Heisei.
Does that feel like a major pain in the ass to you? Yeah. It is.
So the year 1989 is heisei ichi nen 平成1年, or heisei gan'nen 平成元年, "the first of year of the Heisei era." Before that, 1988 would be shouwa roku jyuu san nen 昭和63年, "the 63th year of the Shouwa era." And so on.
If that doesn't already sound like it's tremendously mendoukusai to remember for you yet, worry not, because it gets worse!
Shouwa Ichi Nen 昭和1年 - The Worse
There is actually no shouwa ichi nen 昭和1年, "the first year of Shouwa era," only shouwa ni nen 昭和2年, "the second year of the Shouwa era." (1927)
Now you might be asking yourself one of these two questions: first, how is this even possible? You can't have a second year of something without having a first year of something. By all means it makes no sense. And second... why?
Well that's because these eras end when the emperor's reign ends (aka he dies). And the emperor of the taishou 大正 era happened to depart from the world of the living on Christmas day, which left for the shouwa gan'nen 昭和元年, "start year of the Shouwa era" mere 7 days of the year to... well, be current era.
So instead of 1926 being called the first year of the Shouwa era, what exists is only the 15th year of the Taishou era, and Shouwa only really starts in its second year.
Yeah, who knew such an arbitrary year-marking system that may start and end an era randomly any day of the year could have this kind of drawback. What a surprise. You're welcome.
Gregorian Calendar vs. Japanese Calendar
One last thing is, remember that I said the Japanese use both calendars? Well, they have names for them, obviously.
In case you ever need to know, the "Gregorian calendar" is called seireki 西暦. It's written with the kanji for west, because it's considered western. (see cardinal directions). The word for the Japanese calendar is wareki 和暦.
So 2017年 is considered seireki 西暦 and 平成29年 is considered wareki 和暦,


text:
GOP Sen. Defends McConnell's Alliance With WH On Impeachment: 'The Senate Is Not Really A Jury'
Sen. John Kennedy (R-LA) during a meeting with St. Petersburg Governor Georgy Poltavchenko on July 2, 2018. (Photo by Alexander DemianchukTASS via Getty Images)
On Sunday, Sen. John Kennedy (R-LA) backed Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY)'s blatant coordination with White House lawyers on the impending impeachment trial of President Donald Trump.
"It's not a criminal trial. The Senate is not really a jury," Kennedy told CNN's "State of the Union" host Jake Tapper. "It's both jury and judge."
The Republican senator said that McConnell, who bragged about being "on the same side" as the White House even before the trial begins, is "entitled to his opinion and his approach."
Kennedy also argued that "not all crimes are impeachable offenses."
"There are no rules here," he said of the Senate impeachment trial process. "For example, what's an impeachable offense? I think the precedent that shows that not all impeachable offenses are crimes, but it also shows that not all crimes are impeachable offenses."
McConnell's alliance with the White House on impeachment has drawn criticism from Democrats, who accuse the GOP leader of violating the Senate's constitutional oath to carry out impeachment trials with "impartial justice."
One Republican, Sen. Lisa Murkowski (R-AL), said she was "disturbed" by McConnell's anti-impeachment strategy last week.
Sen. Richard Blumenthal (D-CT) told reporters that besides Murkowski, ten other GOP senators privately had "very severe misgivings" about McConnell's actions.
Watch Kennedy below:
Sen. John Kennedy defends McConnell coordinating with WH on impeachment trial: "The Senate is not really a jury. It's both jury and judge." pic.twitter.com/OQnBhkEdjl
GOP Sen. John Kennedy says that "not all crimes are impeachable offenses." pic.twitter.com/Em7d3P59kF
John KennedyMitch McConnellSenate impeachment trialtv clip


text:
← General Daya Ratnayake in the Course of the Eelam Wars … and Amidst the Political Kusu-Kusu in 2015
A Critical Review of Devolution Issues in Sri Lanka and India →
Against Closed Doors. For Inter-Religious Dialogue in Lanka
Amarakeerthi Liyanage, a review article from year 2014, surveying World Literature: A Reader ed, by Prof. Cesar Domingues et al (Routledge, 2013)
Pic from wikiislam.net
When I heard about the Boston explosions I had many hopes. First, I hoped that my teacher, who is at Harvard, was safe. Second, I hoped no one was killed. Third, I hoped there was no any Muslim connection to the explosion. Finally, I hoped Boston, one of my favourite American cities, liberal, left-wing, cosmopolitan and intellectually bent, was not disrupted by any fundamentalist attacks, internal or external.
I found out soon enough that my teacher was safe. Sadly, some people died, including an eight-year old boy- someone from my son's generation. America has its own fundamentalists. When it goes to war, America (Washington) itself is fundamentalist. International terrorism is a real problem and all fundamentalists are party to that terrorism. America's not-so-democratic acts in the past also keep following like the cart behind the oxen as it has in a Dhammapada verse. In Sri Lanka too we have to be mindful of our collective Karma.
My third hope was much more Sri Lankan than personal. In Sri Lanka, Bodu Bala Sena ('the army of Buddhist power') – the newest and crudest version of Sinhala nationalism- is up against Sri Lankan Muslims, claiming that they are invading the social, cultural, economic spheres, pushing aside the Sinhala majority. I do not know the factual position. But the rhetoric seems to suggest something much more dangerous than the facts (even if they are correct) ever could. Some of the BBS (or of the populace attracted to the organization) accusations are really absurd: some Muslim-owned clothing store (a chain of shops in fact) is selling an incredible female underwear that makes Sinhala women barren. The argument is that this shop chain is part of a Muslim conspiracy to reduce the Sinhala population in the country.
One of my friends from Scotland wanted to buy that particular underwear so that he can control the population growth in his country. But, according to the BBS, that underwear only upsets the workings of the relevant organs of Sinhala-Buddhist women! So, he did not buy it. Apart from these absurd claims, there is a real lack of understanding between the two communities for which the civil society of both communities is responsible. It is the lack of understanding that gives rise to these absurd urban myths, which are more political than factual. America too had them: McCarthyism was a result of that and McCarthyism is not totally gone.
I do not know what kinds of myths Muslim fundamentalists in Sri Lanka are propagating against Sinhala people. There must be some equally funny ones. Fundamentalisms are fun if no one believes them; but many do. Sinhala people certainly do: look at Facebook.
Anyway, I hoped that there was nothing Muslim about the Boston bombing because the Sinhala racist BBS who would have benefited by it. (The BBS leaders were to visit the US when the explosion occurred. There is an argument that the US is happy for the BBS because they are against Muslims: I hope the argument is wrong.) They would have claimed that their fight against Sri Lankan Muslims was right and based on facts. Yes. Islamic fundamentalism is much more global than Sinhala fundamentalism and we all have to be aware of that fact while being cognizant that US imperialism actually helps Islamic fundamentalism. Islamic civilization, however, is not all about fundamentalisms or parochialisms. It has a great history of mutual understanding and sharing. Amartaya Sen's Argumentative Indian (2005) describes some aspects of it. According to Sen, there were some Muslim kings and queens who encouraged democratic debate and participated in them. They saw themselves as Indians not as Arabs.
Scholarly work
There are a significant number of scholarly works highlighting Islamic contributions to human civilization. The Ornament of the World, by Professor Maria Rosa Menocal shows how Christian, Jewish and Muslim communities contributed to the creation of European culture in medieval Spain. Living in Spain when writing this essay, I can see even today hues and flavours of Islam and Arabic culture in an ancient city like Santiago de Compostela, even though the beautiful city is markedly Catholic.
Many Indian scholarly works on Urdu and Hindi literature show how Islamic culture contributed to the making of modern literary cultures in South Asia. The new literary genres brought to South Asia by Islamic scholars and writers made our literary culture even richer. Ghazal would be a famous example. Professor Shamur Rahman Faruqui's excellent book Early Urdu Literary Culture and History is one of those books I studied with one of the great teachers of mine: Professor Muhammad Umar Memon. When reading Faruqui's book I always wondered why Sri Lankan Muslim scholars could not engage in such studies. I am still to see a systematic study of Sri Lankan Muslim literature. There may be things in Tamil, I am sure. But our Muslim scholars must present such studies in a way that deepens our inter-ethnic understanding. One aim of their scholarship must be to develop a dialogue with the Sinhala community. To say that is not a pro-majority argument but a cosmopolitan one.
Only my friend, a brilliant poet and scholar, Professor M. A. Nuhman, has made such an attempt worth noting. His recent interview with the Sinhala daily Janarala was a window to the heart of a moderate and liberal Muslim intellectual. We need more like him. (There are some books by Nilar N. Casim, but they are more journalistic than scholarly).
Creating new knowledge
Three days after the Boston bombs, Professor Cesar Dominquez, a rising star in the field of Comparative Literature in Europe, showed me his copy of a brand new book that Routledge has published this year: World Literature: A Reader. It is edited by Theo D'haen, Mada Rosendhal Thomson and Dominguez himself. This collection of essays is sure to enrich our knowledge of the globally-rooted human activity called 'literary writing.' But the first essay of the book immediately captured my attention. I borrowed the book right away because there was something in it I want to share with Sri Lankan readers as soon as possible in this age of Bodu Bala Sena.
The essay is an excerpt from a book written by a Spanish Jesuit scholar named Juan Andres and published between 1782 and 1799. Its translator, Cesar Dominguez and the editors, widen our knowledge on the concept of world literature by presenting it as the first chapter of the book. The origin of the concept of "world literature" in the West is often attributed to Goethe. This piece shows that the concept has somewhat older antecedents in Europe. Juan Andres has undertaken to write a multi-volume literary history in Italian under the title of On the Origin, Progress and the Present State of All Literature covering Persian, Indian, Chinese and Arabic literatures, in addition literature in European languages. During the author's lifetime alone, the book has gone into many editions.
The book is significant in more than one way. One of the features I like to highlight in this short essay is Juan Andres' unfailing acknowledgement of the contribution of non-European people to the making of world literature. He points out that modern European literature is indebted to Arabic literature, for the latter has enriched the former by "re-establishing the belles lettres" or artistic writing.
"The Arabs", continues Andres, "with their translations and studies, partly increased Greek science and, via Spain, introduced the natural sciences into Europe. They also, by cultivating all the branches of the belles lettres, gave rise to both a new kind of poetry in our regions and improved our culture and our vernacular languages. Literature was, therefore, reborn in Europe."
Observe the Jesuit-priest author's generous words in appreciating Arabic (Islamic) contribution to modern world literature. He also praises Indian and Chinese literature in words that were difficult to find in those early days of "Orientalism".
Understanding ourselves anew
We in Sri Lanka must understand anew our shared humanity and culture rather than falling into the traps of cultural purisms. In this, the Buddhist fundamentalism of Bodu Bala Sena is not going to help us, and, in fact, they are there to destroy our collective memory of commonality. The ideological fathers of this group are still to say a word about their uncultured progeny. Having heard savagely racist speeches the leaders of BBS made in Kandy it is a euphemism to call them 'uncultured.' The response to this group from moderate Muslims is far from appealing and convincing. I did not see any Muslim intellectuals saying anything, in Sinhala or English, asking both Sinhala and Muslim communities to understand their shared history and culture that go back many centuries.
If the Muslim community in Sri Lanka also argues for returning to an Arabic pure-land of their identity, they are forgetting and throwing away some important Sri Lankan lessons we can learn about our differences and similarities. There is so much to learn from Arabic cultures and histories. But we must ask collectively: What does it mean to be a Sri Lankan Muslim? I think it is a rewarding question, too important to throw away for all communities in Sri Lanka. Sinhala community has to realize that our Sinhalaness is a product of many cultural sharings and borrowings. If we were to give away supposedly Muslim elements in our food, so-called Sinhala cuisine will be devoid of some its great flavours and some subtle taste buds in our 'Sinhala' tongues will be dried up like fish without water.
People like Samuel Huntington have set up a trap for us in South Asia. Huntington was an ideologue of the American right and of American imperialism and his Clash of Civilizations is a programmatic text for American imperialism. The way he describes the world in it is too simple, flat and one-dimensional. Just remember the way he casts the world under monolithic identities. For example, India for him, for example, is Hindu. He ignores the fact that so-called Hindu India is a fine mixture of many cultures, differences and languages. For Huntington, Sri Lanka is just Buddhist: no wonder some Buddhist nationalists are big fans of this American rightwing ideologue.
Groups like BBS are too dangerous to ignore but too parochial to take seriously. While watching what they are doing, it is better for us all communities to understand our shared history, shared everyday life. The week Bodu Bala Sena came to Kandy I started my lectures on Comparative Literature at Peradeniya, and my first reading assignment was three stories by Sri Lankan Muslim writers from the collection Asalawesi Api, edited by Professors Carmen Wickramagamage and M. A. Nuhman. In those stories, the feelings of attachment to certain villages, soil, farmland and so on in those Muslim villagers were very similar to ours. Those students who read them rejoiced in the discovery of commonness found in them.
Yet again, I heard there were so many university students at the BBS rally, cheering the racist speeches. It is very easy to instigate communal feelings and it does not take a whole lot of learning to do so. To understand how communities collectively create cultures and civilizations, one needs some effort and learning.
We can either take up that challenge or sadly observe a country that has a great cosmopolitan history and culture disintegrate into fragments from which we will never find our cultural or human wholeness and wholesomeness.
When I end this essay, I wish I could sit with the Jesuit priest Juan Andres to have a cup of tea (or coffee if he prefers,) who wanted to write a literary history in which he was to pay tribute to every human community that contributed to making of notion of literature: one of the greatest human creations. I will never have that sense of belonging to the likes of the BBS leaders, in spite of my Buddhist upbringing, even if tea or coffee is replaced with a bottle of arrack! Arrack is one of those Sri Lankan cultural products, Cumaratunga Munidasa, a great defender of arrack industry in the country, would have agreed, which is too good to share with racists!
http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=77949
The writer is a senior lecturer at department of Sinhala, University of Peradeniya, and visiting scholar at university of Santiago, Spain
AND LAW & SOCIETY TRUST: "Where have all the Neighbours Gone? A Fact Finding Mission to Aluthgama …." http://www.lawandsocietytrust.org/images/PDF/Resources/aluthgama%20report%20final.pdf
http://thuppahis.com/2013/04/19/lone-cell-assaults-from-boston-to-westmead-in-sydney-to-the-unabomber-inspirations-and-enabling-conditions-in-comparative-perspective/
April 19, 2013 · 1:59 pm | Edit
Lone Cell Assaults: From Boston to Westmead-in-Sydney to the Unabomber. Inspirations and Enabling Conditions in Comparative Perspective
Michael Roberts, courtesy of Colombo Telegraph where the title is slightly different: http://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/lone-wolf-assaults-from-boston-to-westmead-home-invasion-to-the-unabomber/
*** ****
https://thuppahis.com/2014/06/22/the-aluthgama-violence-us-embassy-bbs-and-gotabhaya-in-perspective/
The Aluthgama Violence, US Embassy, BBS and Gotabhaya in Perspective
A. Chandraprema, in The Island, 21 June 2014
https://thuppahis.com/2014/06/22/editorials-of-english-media-newspapers-criticise-the-bbs-vehemently/
Editorials of English-media newspapers criticise the BBS vehemently
https://thuppahis.com/2014/04/27/restrain-bbs-vigilantism-and-establish-rule-of-law/
Restrain BBS Vigilantism and establish Rule of Law
The Nation 26 April 2014
https://thuppahis.com/2013/05/07/the-bbs-that-my-mother-likes-is-an-emblem-for-the-sri-lankan-equivalent-of-middle-america/
The BBS That My Mother Likes = An Emblem for the Sri Lankan Equivalent of Middle America
Darshanie Ratnawalli courtesy of the Nation and the Colombo Telegraph
Filed under accountability, cultural transmission, democratic measures, historical interpretation, Indian religions, Islamic fundamentalism, life stories, Muslims in Lanka, politIcal discourse, reconciliation, religiosity, security, self-reflexivity, sri lankan society, tolerance, trauma, vengeance, world events & processes, zealotry


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1Bob Corker
1Christopher "Chris" S. Murphy
David Satter
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Boukary Dramé, né le 22 juillet 1985 à Villepinte, est un footballeur international sénégalais. Il évolue en tant que défenseur gauche.

Biographie
Né à Villepinte, Boukary Dramé commence à jouer au football au CSL Aulnay-sous-Bois avant d'intégrer le centre de pré-formation du PSG à Verneuil.

Il fait son entrée en équipe première en 2005 et dispute son premier match en Ligue 1 le 11 septembre 2005 face au RC Strasbourg. Dramé est titularisé pour la première fois en Ligue 1 le 13 mai 2006 au Stade Saint-Symphorien contre le FC Metz (défaite 1-0).

En juillet 2007, après avoir refusé la prolongation de son contrat avec le Paris Saint-Germain, il s'engage en faveur du FC Sochaux pour 4 ans. Son transfert est estimé à 1,2 million d'euros. Fin août 2008, il est prêté avec option d'achat au club espagnol de la Real Sociedad; mais il souhaite rapidement partir par manque de temps de jeu et de respect des supporters. À son retour dans le Doubs, lors de la saison 2009-2010, il gagne une place de titulaire à partir de la  de championnat. Il marque son premier but en Ligue 1 lors de la saison 2010/2011 () durant le match Lorient-Sochaux (1-1).

Le 26 août 2011, libre de tout contrat, il signe au Chievo Vérone. En janvier 2014, arrivant en fin de contrat six mois plus tard avec le Chievo et libre de s'engager où il le veut, Boukary Dramé intéresse notamment le Torino, qui lui formule une proposition de contrat, ainsi que Stoke City et Hoffenheim.

Boukary Dramé évolue à l'Atalanta Bergame de 2014 à 2018.

En janvier 2018, n'ayant fait aucune apparition depuis le début de saison 2017-2018 et en fin de contrat en juin suivant avec l'Atlanta Bergame, il s'engage jusqu'à pour six mois avec le promu et premier non relégable de Serie A, la SPAL. Le latéral franco-sénégalais de 32 ans dispose d'une option pour une saison de plus.

Le 1er octobre 2019, à nouveau libre de tout contrat après une année sans jouer, il s'engage jusqu'à la fin de la saison avec le club de Lega Pro (D3), le Paganese Calcio 1926.

En équipe nationale
Il fait ses débuts internationaux avec le Sénégal le 8 octobre 2005 face au Mali en match qualificatif pour la Coupe du monde 2006.

Il figure dans l'effectif sénégalais participant à la Coupe d'Afrique des nations 2006, néanmoins il ne dispute qu'un seul match, celui pour la troisième place.

Carrière

Palmarès
 Vainqueur de la Coupe de France 2006 avec le Paris Saint-Germain.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international sénégalais
Footballeur français
Joueur du Paris Saint-Germain
Joueur du FC Sochaux-Montbéliard
Joueur de la Real Sociedad
Joueur du Chievo Vérone
Joueur de l'Atalanta Bergame
Joueur de la SPAL
Naissance à Villepinte (Seine-Saint-Denis)
Naissance en juillet 1985
Personnalité liée à Aulnay-sous-Bois

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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C# (C Sharp) is an object-oriented programming language from Microsoft and ECMA that is based on C++ with elements from Visual Basic and Java. Like Java, C# provides automatic garbage collection, whereas traditional C and C++ do not. C# was created by Microsoft and also standardized by the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA). Microsoft designed C# as its flagship programming language for the . NET environment.
Over View of C# Programming Language
C# is intended to be a simple, modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language.
Because software robustness, durability, and programmer productivity are important, the language should include strong type checking, array bounds checking, and detection of attempts to use uninitialized variables, Source code portability, and automatic garbage collection.
The language is intended for use in developing software components that can take advantage of distributed environments.
Programmer portability is very important, especially for those programmers already familiar with C and C++.
Support for internationalization is very important.
C# is intended to be suitable for writing applications for both hosted and embedded systems, ranging from the very large that use sophisticated operating systems, down to the very small having dedicated functions.
Although C# applications are intended to be economical with regards to memory and processing power requirements, the language was not intended to compete directly on performance and size with C or assembly language.
Architectural History C#
C#'s principal designer and lead architect at Microsoft is Anders Hejlsberg. His previous experience in programming language and framework design ([[Visual J++]], Borland Delphi, Turbo Pascal) can be readily seen in the syntax of the C# language, as well as throughout the Common Language Runtime (CLR) core. In interviews and technical papers he has stated flaws in most major programming languages, [[C++]], Java, Delphi, Smalltalk, drove the fundamentals of the CLR, which, in turn, drove the design of the C# programming language itself. Some argue that C# shares roots in other languages, as purported by the programming language history chart.
By design, C# is the programming language that most directly reflects the underlying Common Language Infrastructure ( CLI ). Most of C#'s intrinsic types correspond to value-types implemented by the CLI framework. However, the C# language specification does not state the code generation requirements of the compiler: that is, it does not state that a C# compiler must target a Common Language Runtime (CLR), or generate Common Intermediate Language (CIL), or generate any other specific format. Theoretically, a C# compiler could generate machine code like traditional compilers of C++ or FORTRAN; in practice, all existing C# implementations target CLI.
Differences Between C# and C, C++ Languages
There are no global variables or functions. All methods and members must be declared within classes.
Local variables cannot shadow variables of the enclosing block, unlike C and C++. Variable shadowing is often considered confusing by C++ texts.
C# supports a strict boolean type, bool. Statements that take conditions, such as while and if, require an expression of a boolean type. While C99 and C++ also have a boolean type, it can be freely converted to and from integers, and expressions such as if(a) require only that a is convertible to bool, allowing a to be an int or a pointer. C# disallows this 'integer meaning true or false' approach on the grounds that forcing programmers to use expressions that return exactly bool prevents certain types of programming mistakes.
In C#, pointers can only be used within blocks specifically marked as unsafe, and programs with unsafe code need appropriate permissions to run. Most object access is done through safe references, which cannot be made invalid. An unsafe pointer can point to an instance of a value-type, array, string, or a block of memory allocated on a stack. Code that is not marked as unsafe can still store and manipulate pointers through the System.IntPtr type, but cannot dereference them.
Managed memory cannot be explicitly freed, but is automatically garbage collected. Garbage collection addresses memory leaks. C# also provides direct support for deterministic finalization with the using statement.
Multiple inheritances are not supported, although a class can implement any number of interfaces. This was a design decision by the language's lead architect to avoid complication, avoid "dependency hell," and simplify architectural requirements throughout CLI.
C# is more typesafe than C++. The only implicit conversions by default are safe conversions, such as the widening of integers and conversion from a derived type to a base type. This is enforced at compile-time, during JIT, and, in some cases, at runtime. There are no implicit conversions between booleans and integers and between enumeration members and integers (except 0, which can be implicitly converted to an enumerated type), and any user-defined conversion must be explicitly marked as explicit or implicit, unlike C++ copy constructors (which are implicit by default) and conversion operators (which are always implicit).
Enumeration members are placed in their own namespace.
Accessors called properties can be used to modify an object with syntax that resembles C++ member field access. In C++, declaring a member public enables both reading and writing to that member, and accessor methods must be used if more fine-grained control is needed. In C#, properties allow control over member access and data validation.
Full type reflection and discovery is available.
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What Is Rosin & How to Use It?
More and more THC and delta 8 THC users are turning to concentrates.
One of the more interesting trends to pop up lately is cannabinoid-rich rosins. They're some of the most aromatic cannabis extracts available — leveraging the powerful benefits of cannabis-derived terpenes.
Learn what rosin is, how it's made, how to use it, and why rosin is the future of cannabis.
What Is Rosin?
Rosin is a waxy, pasty extract containing high concentrations of different compounds in marijuana or hemp plants. It's made without solvents and can contain THC, delta 8 THC, CBD, terpenes, and more.
There are basically two ways to extract these compounds from marijuana and hemp plants: heat under pressure and solvents. Solvents include alcohol, oil, vegetable glycerin, and other compounds that naturally pull THC, delta 8 THC, or CBD out of the plant material.
There are many ways to complete the extraction using solvents, but rosin is specifically made without any solvent. Instead, the plant material is placed under very high pressure and heated — which is the same process used to create diamonds and minerals.
Rosin is the liquified resinous mixture that's forced out of the marijuana or hemp flower while under extreme pressure.
What Is Rosin Made Of?
Rosin is made from pure marijuana or hemp flower. The fresher, the better.
Depending on the temperature and pressure used, the rosin can contain concentrations of THC up to 80%.
Terpenes will also naturally be included in rosin, as will trace amounts of other minor cannabinoids. These compounds are normally lost in the extraction process from high heat or the use of caustic solvents.
How Do You Make Rosin?
Most individuals who make their own rosin use a device aptly referred to as a "rosin press," which is a hydraulic or mechanical press with heated pressing plates.
Generally, rosin comes from pressed marijuana or hemp flower, but it can come from kief or hash as well.
Before pressing the marijuana or hemp flower, it needs to be enveloped in 35-pound parchment paper to prevent impurities and plant matter in the finished product.
The heated pressing plates then compact the parchment-wrapped flower at a consistent heat and pressure. The rosin is eventually forced out of the flower and scraped off the parchment paper.
Can You Make Rosin Yourself?
You can make your own rosin, but you'll need cured marijuana or hemp flower, rosin parchment paper, and a rosin press. Presses can be quite costly, so most people just buy their rosin instead.
Some individuals make a makeshift rosin press out of a hair straightener and a woodworking clamp. The process is similar to using a dedicated rosin press: you use the hair straightener plates as a heat source and clamp them together to create high pressure.
As you might expect, the results are much less consistent, and the yield is much lower than if you use a rosin press.
How Much THC Is In Rosin?
Most commercial rosin is between 75% and 85% THC. For comparison, marijuana flower from dispensaries is usually between 15% and 25%, depending on the strain. As such, rosin is about four times as potent as marijuana flower.
Homemade rosin varies wildly in purity, especially if you use a homemade press to make it. You can reasonably expect around 40% to 60% purity for homemade rosin.
The amount of THC in rosin by weight depends on the plant used to make it. For example, medical strains that reach THC levels around 30% will naturally produce a rosin higher in THC content. Strains around the 15% THC level produce less potent rosin.
How Do You Use Rosin?
Rosin needs to be heated to convert the THCa to THC, which produces the psychoactive effects. The most common way to consume rosin is to smoke it or vape it, but some people make edibles with it instead.
Most people use a dabbing rig to enjoy their rosin. The bowl is heated to the desired temperature, and then the user inhales through the mouthpiece while placing a small amount of the rosin wax into the bowl. A bowl cover — usually called a carb cap — is typically used to direct airflow around the bowl to ensure all rosin is heated and consumed.
Some users simply add a small dab of rosin with the flower or in a bong, pipe, bowl. Others roll small amounts of rosin into joints or blunt before smoking. The rosin heats up with the flower right before it's inhaled.
How Do You Store Rosin?
It's best to store rosin in a small, air-tight glass container. Standard rosin containers can hold up to about a gram at a time, maximizing freshness and minimizing the amount of air that gets into the container. Exposure to the air gradually degrades the rosin, making it less potent and stripping it of its valuable terpenes.
Most regular users store their rosin at room temperature without any significant degradation, but those who use rosin less frequently will find that it's best kept in the fridge and thawed to room temperature for use.
You can freeze it for long-term storage, but you'll likely notice some degradation over time. It's important never to open a frozen rosin container until it thaws, as condensation can form inside and cause the rosin to rot prematurely.
Three Different Types of Rosin
There are a few different types of rosin, depending on the plant material from which its extracted. Rosin will almost always contain multiple cannabinoids and terpenes, but three primary types are named for the main constituent.
1. CBD Rosin
CBD rosin has high concentrations of cannabidiol (CBD) and is made by pressing high-CBD, low-THC strains of hemp flower, which legally contains less than 0.3% THC by weight.
CBD rosin can reach potencies of up to 85%. Additional minor cannabinoids and a wide variety of terpenes will usually be present in the final product.
Most CBD rosin users consume it for pain relief, to aid in relaxation, or to help them sleep.
2. Delta 9 THC Rosin
Delta 9 THC — commonly referred to as just "THC" — is the principal psychoactive constituent in marijuana. As you can imagine, delta 9 THC rosin is usually made with a potent high in mind. This rosin has the same benefits as THC but with more powerful effects because of the extra terpenes and minor cannabinoids present in the final product.
Manufacturers make delta 9 THC rosin by pressing marijuana flower or kief collected from marijuana plants.
The potency of this rosin typically falls between an impressive 75% and 85%, making this one of the purest ways to consume full-spectrum THC.
Delta 8 THC rosin is different from delta 9 THC and CBD rosin, solely because delta 8 THC appears naturally in hemp and marijuana plants in very minimal concentrations. Instead of pressing pure plant matter, most manufacturers spray hemp flower with a delta 8 distillate before pressing the rosin.
Therefore, delta 8 THC rosin is less potent than delta 9 rosin, often between 60% and 75%.
These products offer all the benefits of delta 8, plus the addition of CBD, terpenes, and a long list of nearly 100 minor cannabinoids rarely included in delta 8 THC products.
The experience from a high-grade delta 8 THC rosin is nothing like standard delta 8 products. It feels clearer, more mellow, and is less likely to make you feel groggy the following day.
Rosin vs. Live Resin: What's the Difference?
Many THC and CBD users confuse rosin and live resin because of the similar name and the appearance of the product.
There are a few key differences between the two; the most important is the production method.
1. How It's Made: Rosin vs. Live Resin
Manufacturers make rosin by introducing marijuana or hemp flower or kief to high pressure and heat. It's considered a more natural product than most others since its production doesn't require solvents or chemicals.
Live resin is made by cryogenically freezing plant matter after harvesting. Then butane or propane is used to extract the desired compounds — delta 9 THC, delta 8 THC, or CBD. Although the process removes the hydrocarbon solvent before sale or consumption, live resin is considered less natural than rosin.
Individuals without advanced equipment can make rosin with household items or by purchasing a reasonably inexpensive rosin press. Live resin is almost impossible to make at home without thousands of dollars of high-tech equipment.
2. Taste: Rosin vs. Live Resin
Taste is another crucial difference between rosin and live resin. Rosin naturally contains terpenes, which contribute to the flavor when smoking. Most users report that rosin tastes better than smoking flowers.
Unfortunately, the heat needed to make rosin can damage some of the terpenes. There's still much more than a standard cannabinoid extract, but live resin still takes the win in terms of total terpene content in the final product.
3. Cost: Rosin vs. Live Resin
Finally, rosin and live resin differ in cost.
Rosin production only processes a small amount of flower at once, whereas the live resin process is generally cheaper and makes larger batches at once.
You can expect to pay about 10% extra for rosin products with the same equivalent in cannabis flower as you would with live resin.
Live resin isn't exactly cheap either. These products cost an average of 20% more than standard cannabinoid distillates.
Is Rosin Legal?
The legality of rosin varies from state to state with the marijuana and hemp laws, and it also depends on the type of rosin.
Is CBD Rosin Legal?
CBD rosin is federally legal, provided that it's from hemp plants. The 2018 Farm Bill legalized hemp production, manufacturing, and the sale of any products containing constituents of legal hemp plants.
However, CBD laws vary from state to state. CBD rosin is legal in any area where CBD is legal. Some states have banned CBD altogether, while others have restrictions on its sale and production. The legality surrounding CBD rosin is subject to that of CBD in your state.
Is Delta 9 THC Rosin Legal?
Similarly, delta 9 THC rosin is legal in any area where delta 9 THC isn't prohibited. Marijuana is still illegal federally, so products containing delta 9 THC, including rosin, are illegal as well.
However, all states have their own laws surrounding THC. If your state permits recreational marijuana, then you'll have no issues buying, possessing, and using delta 9 THC rosin. If THC is only legal for medical patients in your state, then you'll need a medical marijuana card to buy and use delta 9 THC rosin.
Delta 8 THC extracted from hemp plants is technically legal on a federal level. However, your state's local laws can vary, so you should check to see how delta 8 THC is governed in your area before buying, carrying, or using delta 8 THC rosin.
Key Takeaways: What Is Rosin?
Rosin is a solventless extract taken from either marijuana or hemp plants. It contains high concentrations of delta 9 THC, delta 8 THC, CBD, or some combination of these three major cannabinoids. It also typically contains various natural terpenes that enhance the flavor and minor cannabinoids that contribute to the effect profile.
Rosin is made by introducing marijuana or hemp flower or kief to high pressure and heat. The resulting extract can be stored at room temperature or in the fridge to preserve the purity or in the freezer for longer-term storage.
Most rosin users smoke the product using a dabbing rig, but many use it with other smoking apparatuses, like a bong, pipe, bowl, joint, or blunt. You can also add rosin to your vape as long as it's set up for concentrates.
Rosin is considered one of the purest extracts possible. It's regarded as a premium product and often fetches a relatively high price. Its legality varies from state to state, depending on local laws and the cannabinoids contained within it.


poor guy, and just drinks it all down. At that, the poor man starts crying.
just can't stand to see a man crying."
"No, it's not that," replies the little guy. "It's just that today is the worst day of my life!"
some forms, but said they could do nothing."
A little boy runs into the kitchen, crying.
His mother asks, "Johnny, why are you crying?"
of that. You should *laugh*!"
Just to see what would happen, on the twins' birthday their father loaded the pessimist's room with every imaginable toy and game; the optimist's room he loaded with horse manure.
"Because my friends will be jealous, I'll have to read all these instructions before I can do anything with this stuff, I'll constantly need batteries, and my toys will eventually get broken," answered the pessimist twin.
A family had twin boys, but the only resemblance they shared was their looks. If one felt it was too hot, the other insisted it was too cold. If one said the TV was too loud, the other argued that the volume needed to be turned up. They were opposite in every way, one the eternal optimist, the other a doom and gloom pessimist.
Curious to see what would happen, on their birthday their father loaded the pessimist's room with every game and toy imaginable. The optimist's room he loaded with horse manure.
That evening the father passed by his pessimist son's room and found him surrounded by his new gifts, crying bitterly.
"Why are you crying?" asked the father.
"Because my friends are going to be jealous, I'm going to have to read all these instructions before I can do anything with all this stuff, I'm going to constantly need batteries and eventually, all my toys will get broken," moaned the pessimist twin.
....He hit a hare [and the man was a nature lover]annyway he lies down and starts crying .A bit later a blond drives by checks the guy crying so she stops and says whats wrong so the man replies its the hare its dead its dead.So the blond goes back to her car and pulls out a can and sprays the hare . suddenly the hare jumps up waves jumps waves and continues doing this then the man says what did you do? and what is that stuff? so the blond reads hair spray....restores hair adds permanent wave.
1 Joke: What's the difference between a viola and an onion? No one cries when you cut up a viola.
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We try to keep a stock of new and reclaimed Wall Coping Stones in the Yard, but this does of course depend on availability. Generally, we hold runs of a set number of stones from a single wall, perhaps 100-200ft long and consisting of several coping stones. We are happy to split these into shorter lengths if required. Coping stones are idea for creating new alls with a reclaimed appearance, or for replacing broken sections in existing walls.
We have a run of 108ft of reconstituted red wall copings. The wall copping came from an old wall in ..
A set of 10 wall copings in 3ft lengths, made from reconstituted stone. They are solid and have an a..
We have a nice batch of wall copings, in a salt glazed brown colour. These coping are very rare and ..
We carry good stocks of Staffordshire Blue wall copings. The wall copings are to cover a 9 inch wall..