How do I use the Collaborations tool in Canvas?
Note: These instructions are for students and faculty.
Canvas leverages technologies like Google Docs and EtherPad allow multiple users to work together on the same document at the same time. Collaborative documents are saved in real-time, meaning a change made by any of its users will be immediately visible to everyone.
Collaborations that leverage Google Docs require that all participating learners have created and linked their Google account to their Profile. Collaborations in EtherPad (hosted at titanpad.com) do not require students to set up any account.
An example of when Collaborations would be used is if your instructor asked students to collaborate on a group paper and submit it in Canvas.
Click here to learn how to use the Collaborations tool in your group.
In your course in Canvas, click on Collaborations in the Course Navigation.
Click on the Start a New Collaboration button.
Click on the Collaborate Using drop down menu and select Google Docs  for your new collaboration.
Note: Each collaborator will need a Google account and will need to authorize Canvas to access his or her Google account to use Google Docs to collaborate.
To create a collaboration document using Google Docs, you will first need to name the document , create a description , and select who you will be collaborate with . Click on the Start Collaborating button  to create the document.
The newly created document will appear in a new window.
When a Google Doc is created through Collaborations, it is automatically shared with all collaborators. You will know you have been added as a collaborator when you see the Collaboration Invitation appear in your Recent Activity Stream on your User Dashboard or the Course Homepage.
Click on the invitation  to open the collaboration effort.
Click on the Pencil icon to edit the collaboration .
Note: Only instructors and the creator of the document can edit who is allowed to collaborate.
You can add individuals to the collaboration by clicking on the People button  and then clicking the individual's name in the left column . The individual's name will move to the right column  to show that you have added it to the collaboration.
To remove the individual from the collaboration, click the individual's name in the right column, and it will move to the left column to show that is has been removed. To remove all collaborators, click Remove All.
You can add or remove groups from the collaboration by clicking on the Groups button  and then clicking the group's name in the left column . The group name will move to the right column  once you have added it to the collaboration.
To remove the group from the collaboration, click the group's name in the right column, and it will move to the left column to show that is has been removed. To remove all groups, click Remove All.
Click the Update Collaboration button.
Click on the Trash icon  to delete the Google Doc Collaboration.
Delete the Google Doc Collaboration by selecting the Just Delete from Canvas button . You can also delete the collaboration from both Canvas and Google Docs by selecting the Also Delete From Google Docs button .
Click on the Collaborate Using drop-down menu and select EtherPad  for your new collaboration.
Type the document name in the document name text box . You can type a description of the EtherPad collaboration in the description text box .
You can select individuals to collaborate with by clicking the People button . You can select groups to collaborate with by clicking the Groups button . The individual or group name will appear in the right column after it has been selected. Note: EtherPad allows you to add up to 50 users per collaboration; however, only 15 users can view and edit a document at the same time.
Click the Start Collaborating button to create the EtherPad document. The document will open in your browser in a new tab.
You can begin editing your EtherPad collaboration.
When an EtherPad is created through Collaborations, it is automatically shared with all collaborators. You will know you have been added as a collaborator when you see the Collaboration Invitation appear in your Recent Activity Stream on your User Dashboard or the Course Homepage.
Click on the invitation to open the collaboration effort.
Click on the Trash icon  to delete the EtherPad Collaboration.
Click OK to delete the EtherPad Collaboration.


You can ask just about anyone, and they'll tell you that they know rap. This is because this type of music has already entered the mainstream. On the contrary, you'll get a starkly different reaction if your question homes in on folk music genres like choi, lamtad, lae, and eesaew despite their Thai origins. We will explore these categories of fun Thai folk music and see how they can very well hold their own against rap.
These are the two words that best define traditional Thai folk music.
The simplicity is evident in various elements of Thai folk music. For instance, the lyrics, while showing witty and careful diction, are straightforward and unembellished, featuring mostly native Thai words to keep the essence of Thai-ness. Also, these songs are usually performed casually in local settings and with very little to no musical accompaniment. Therefore, it can be said that this music genre is simple in both how it is composed and performed.
The fun of traditional folk music derives from the use of double entendres, which are one of a few things that can provoke laughter without fail. In addition, the content of these songs usually revolves around happy affairs and very rarely touches upon worldly woes.
Folk music refers to local music performed in casual contexts over a long period of time and transmitted orally with no clear origin or written records.
"Aycha aycha cha chachacha noi mae1" This refrain is so distinct that no one will mistake it for anything else. Choi dates back hundreds of years and is one of the most prevalent forms of folk music. As the first choi maestro was Ta Pay (Uncle Pay), these folk songs are also known as pay songs. To get started, you only need a leading male and female singer and some rhythmic clapping.
Eesaew is Suphanburi's spin on choi, with faster rhythm and adapted lyrics. Previously performed as part of courtship, it is only performed in a limited circle of professional singers nowadays.
It's impossible to know lamtad without knowing Wangtae (Wangdee Nima, National Artist in Performing Arts (Folk Songs) in 1988). Performed to the rummana drum as the main accompaniment, it was originated by Thai Malays in the south, who brought it to Bangkok with them. While they are similar to choi and eesaew in contents, lamtad songs always start with the chorus.
Another category of renowned folk music is lae, which is characterized by improvisation and was typically associated with processions of merriment that accompanied an ordainment of a monk. The name of this sub-genre is derived from the phrase "nan lae" (it is as such), a common ending in mahachat sermons. What sets lae apart is that its content usually revolves around current situations and is often thought up on the spot, making each song unique.
Traditional folk music is often dubbed "Thai-style rap" because it shares many common characteristics with the genre.
The most striking similarity is improvisation, an advanced art form that requires quick wit, linguistic prowess, creativity, and a rich lexicon of pithy and powerful words to deliver a message artfully. The charm of improvisation lies in the surprise factor that comes from unexpected turns of phrase or the ability to come up with word choices that are beyond expectations.
Another similarity involves singing techniques. Both rap and folk songs rely primarily on end rhyme, which is when the last syllables of two adjacent lines share the same vowel sound, mostly commonly the "eye" or "ee" vowel sounds. This technique is utilized by both folk music artists and rappers.
While indisputably a defining feature of today's rap music, double entredres and innuendos are also used in folk songs for humorous effects. As a result, this music genre is sometimes perceived as inappropriate, just as rap is often depicted as crass for its use of profanities to convey certain truths or reflect social conditions in a straightforward way.
Many Thai folk songs have been adapted to keep up with the changing times and reach the younger audience.
With the pervasive influence of Western culture and music, especially rap, which is now an established genre in the mainstream, many might begin to forget the charm of traditional Thai folk music, making it difficult to find younger people to carry on the legacy. Therefore, keeping it alive will take more than simply preserving it in the purest, unchanged form; it will require adaptations to keep it fresh and current. This will remind people what a gem our "Thai-style rap" is.
1There are three varieties of the aycha refrain. The example above is the variety found in Bangkok and Ratchaburi.


Researchers at the Brigham Young University (BYU), Utah have invented a way to buffer out the sound of the airplane toilet flush. Waking up on a plane to a loud, slurping sound of the toilet is a common experience.
Airplane toilets are vacuum toilets. When you flush in an airplane toilet, the vacuum swirls all the contents from the toilet bowl and deposits it in a septic tank, and the blue liquid sanitizes the toilet bowl for the next user.
The research team at BYU have added an additional piping between the commode and the flush valve. This change in the placing of the pipe seems to have made the biggest impact. It has reduced the sound to 16 decibels, making the run to the toilet on the plane a much private and quieter affair.
Airplane toilets are more environmental-friendly as compared to the normal toilets. For one, they use very little water. Vacuum toilets flush with half a gallon or less of water (2 liters). They also use smaller diameters of sewer pipes.


Kondor CEO Rob Haycock has left the consumer electronics accessory distributor after more than 12 years in charge.
He has been replaced by Beatrice Lafon, who took over the running of the business at the start of last month. She has over 30 years of experience and was most recently CEO of Claire's Accessories for more than two years, based in Chicago.
Haycock joined in 2004 having amassed nearly 17 years of experience in the financial sector with KPMG, becoming a director of its Corporate Finance division in September 1991.
In a letter to staff and customers, Haycock said: "Beatrice has the experience and pedigree to be able to add a huge amount of value to the business in the next stage of its development.
Haycock's departure comes three years after he led a MBO of the company from chairman Malcolm Bartlett. He partnered with Miami-based private equity firm H.I.G. Europe to fund the purchase.


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text:
Solving the family mystery
Look for La Jolla resident Inga's lighthearted looks at life in La Jolla Light. Reach her at inga47@san.rr.com
By Inga
April 10, 2013 10:04 AM PT
I've written before about my wonderfully ethnic family — French Catholics, DAR Protestants, Russian Jewish refugees, plus a smattering of Northern European famine flee-ers, all yearning to breathe free.
Actually, to be accurate, the French contingent were more yearning to breathe rich. Already a well-regarded textile expert in France, my great-grandfather was recruited to come to the U.S. Northeast in 1901 to manage a woolen mill which he ultimately ended up owning; numerous expansions later, the mill became the largest tax payer in the state.
Great-gramps was also an avid photographer, not exactly a common or easy hobby in an era when Photomats were in short supply. It was strictly a do-it-yourself operation. Unlike the firing-squad poses popular in the day, his photos are particularly delightful candids of the family (and dogs) in their daily activities – romping around the lawn, digging out of the Snowstorm of Aught One, celebrating birthdays, and proudly posing with their new Chalmers Motor Car. You really get a sense from these pictures that you know these people – a wonderful gift for their descendants.
Besides his wife and young son, great-gramps had also brought over his much younger (and frankly better looking) brother, Eugene, who up until 1906 had been in a preponderance of the photos but mysteriously disappears that year never to be seen again. My father never knew why, only that there had been a huge falling out between the two brothers, so much so that the descendants of great-gramps and Eugene never interacted again.
In fact, a half century later, Dad happened to find himself at a Philadelphia hotel with a fellow business traveler who had the family's highly unusual name. Knocking on this man's door, he was met with a face eerily similar to his own – and a huge deep freeze.
Eugene, I noted in the photos, obviously enjoyed a congenial relationship with great-grandma; the two are usually laughing, even touching. Photos of great-grandpa and great-grandma not so much. Studying the pictures more closely a few years ago, I had a eureka moment, sure I had solved this 100-year-old family feud: Eugene was getting it on with great-grandma, and great-grandpa found out. (I should have been a romance writer.)
Fortuitously, in 2009, I came into ownership of dozens more of my great-grandfather's photos that had languished in an elderly relative's basement for more than half a century. While a few were of the long-ago family, most were stunning photos great-gramps had taken documenting the mill and the mill workers themselves. I thought I had died and gone to heaven.
Deciding that these truly historical pictures deserved a wider audience, I was able to find an appropriate historical website which was thrilled to post them, and even contacted the local paper in the town where the mill had been located to see if current residents there might still be able to identify anyone – managers or mill workers – in the photos more than 100 years later.
The paper wrote a story, posted sample photos and a link to the website, and included my e-mail address.
I ended up hearing from plenty of people, none of whom, alas, could identify any ancestors in the photos, but chief among my new correspondents were descendants of the long-vanished Eugene. And oui, they knew about the long-ago feud, and just to be clear, they hadn't forgotten.
Several sources informed me that in that era, the mill owners and managers were all French but all (and I mean all) the mill workers were French Canadians. And the two classes absolutely never mixed, socially or by marriage. But Eugene, following his heart, scandalized everyone by marrying a French Canadian mill worker, prompting great-gramps to permanently disown him. It would have been, as one correspondent presciently pointed out in 2009 (pre-Downton Abbey) "like having your daughter marry the chauffeur – completely unacceptable." When Eugene's wife died of childbirth complications after their second child, he allegedly asked great-gramps for "help" (financial? babysitting? unclear) and got a resounding no.
So to really stick it to his brother and local society, Eugene then married the dead wife's sister (also a miller worker) and had three more children. It did not improve relations.
So I think the mystery is solved, at long last, at least from our end. (Sounds like other side never thought it was a mystery at all.)
My romantic's heart would prefer to be associated with Eugene's saga instead of great-grandpa's but things were what they were in the early 1900s.
But could we, like, get over it?
(For the record, I'm STILL suspicious about Eugene and great-gram.)
—You can reach columnist Inga at inga47@san.rr.com
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Still Looking for Health Insurance?
It's open enrollment time for Obamacare plans. But what does this mean – and how can you sign up?
The Affordable Care Act (otherwise known as Obamacare) has been in the news a lot recently, and with good reason: premiums for many plans are going up, and some big-name insurers have pulled out. Luckily, the markets in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut are more robust than most. Still, with open enrollment beginning Nov. 1, now is a good time to review a few key points about your insurance coverage.
The term "open enrollment" simply refers to the period once a year* when you can sign up for an Obamacare plan or switch your current plan. (*There are exceptions, such as if you lose your current coverage. See below for more on that.) Open enrollment runs from Nov. 1 to Jan. 31. During this time, everyone should review their coverage options.
Every year, health insurance plans make changes to their provider networks, co-pays, co-insurance and drug coverage. For example, the insurance company Oscar plans to significantly reduce the size of its network in 2017. So check to make sure that any providers (including hospitals) that you use are still in your network, and that the drugs you need are still covered. If you receive a letter from your ACA "marketplace" or "exchange" (in New York, it's called the New York State of Health), open it. and read it carefully.
The Obamacare plans are designed to allow your premiums to fluctuate with your income. If you think your income will go up or down significantly in 2017, and you have coverage through one of the ACA plans, it's a good idea to re-estimate your income to see if you are either paying too much (or possibly not enough) for your insurance coverage. You may be eligible for lower-cost coverage.
Many people mistakenly think they are not eligible for free health insurance. In New York, New Jersey and Connecticut, if your income is below $16,394 (single), you are eligible for free, comprehensive insurance through Medicaid. If your income is above the Medicaid limit but below $23,540 (single), you are eligible for the Essential Plan (NY only), which offers comprehensive coverage with no deductibles for $20 per month. If you don't qualify for those programs you may still be eligible to receive subsidies to help lower the cost of your insurance if your income is below $47,080 (single). Confused? We can help you! See the end of this article for details.
The penalty for not having insurance coverage in 2017 is $695 per person or 2.5 percent of your household income, whichever is greater. This will be assessed on your tax return. The same penalty applied in 2016.
The Actors Fund is a resource for all entertainment professionals, including members of Local 802. And the good news is that the Actors Fund has health insurance navigators who can help you review your health insurance options and help enroll you in coverage. To schedule a free appointment, call (917) 281-5975.
Besides the one-on-one appointments, the Actors Fund is also offering free 90-minute health insurance workshops each Tuesday at 6 p.m. and each Thursday at 12:30 p.m. from Nov. 1 to Jan. 31. Workshops take place at the Actors Fund, on the 10th floor of 729 Seventh Ave (between 48th and 49th). There's no need to register, but space is limited. Call (917) 281-5975 for more info. Or start at www.ActorsFund.org and follow the links to Artists Health Insurance Resource Center.
If you can't make it to one of the workshops, check out our online tutorials on the ACA (Obamacare), Medicaid, Medicare, "How to Read an Explanation of Benefits," and more. Again, start at www.ActorsFund.org and follow the links to Artists Health Insurance Resource Center.
The Actors Fund and Mt. Sinai will be opening a new health center for the performing arts and entertainment community in New York City in early 2017 at the Actors Fund main offices at 729 Seventh Ave. The Samuel J. Friedman Health Center for the Performing Arts will provide a medical home for the creative community. It will offer primary and specialty care with extended hours that are sensitive to industry work schedules. It will accept all entertainment union insurance plans, commercial insurance, New York State of Health marketplace plans and Medicare. It will also offer a discounted fee for uninsured and underinsured patients. The Actors Fund Al Hirschfeld Free Health Clinic (at 57th Street at 10th Ave.) will continue to operate in its current location until the opening of the new health center. Stay tuned for more information in an upcoming issue of Allegro!
Renata Marinaro is the national director of health services for the Actors Fund. Reach her at rmarinaro@actorsfund.org.


An analysis of Transparent Combustion Chamber (TCC3) engine Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) result was carried out to investigate Cycle-to-Cycle Variation (CCV) correlation between in-cylinder swirl ratio and flow in the valve seat region of the intake port to address a challenging question on "What causes CCV of in-cylinder flow". Polar Velocity (PV) profile, mean velocities normal to a ring-shaped cutting surface in the valve seat region, is calculated to depict intake port flow. A Net Polar Velocity (NPV) can be defined by performing the vector sum of the polar velocity around the intake valve. A standard deviation of PV is also calculated from azimuthal distribution of PV magnitudes relative to its mean value. The analysis of 18 LES cycles of TCC3 engine with a two-valve, pancake-shaped combustion chamber shows that similar CCV of in-cylinder swirl ratio patterns are observed at different crank angles from Intake Valve Opening (IVO) to Exhaust Valve Opening (EVO). Further analysis shows clear correlations of CCV between in-cylinder swirl ratio and NPV magnitude and the standard deviation of PV at selected crank angles from IVO to EVO. The correlations get significantly better with the ring-shaped cutting surface moves from up-stream to downstream of the valve-seat region. This study reveals that the CCV of in-cylinder swirl ratio is built up gradually from upstream to downstream in the intake port and valve-seat region. Further evaluation of the analysis method is planned for a four-valve engine as an evaluation metric for better engine intake port design and combustion chamber optimization.
New automotive engine technologies promise to achieve improved fuel economy with reduced emissions. However, these technologies are more sensitive to stochastic processes and can suffer from increased cyclic variability. Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) is an important computational tool for understanding the critical processes that impact cyclic variability, and eventually can be used to mitigate their occurrence.
The computational tool of LES has been increasingly researched and developed for the last two decades  for better in-cylinder flow predictions. LES captures Cycle-to-Cycle Variations (CCV) as opposed to cycle-averaged mean computations of RANS, and is therefore more accurate. A recent effort of GM's R&D and other organizations has been to understand and describe the nature of stochastic flows in internal combustion engines through concerted Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements and LES [2–9].
There are various intrinsic flow features inside an IC engine cylinder like swirl, tumble, intake jet, compression flow from piston, etc. which can be sources of the CCV of in-cylinder flows. Present paper develops an analysis procedure to evaluate the effects of intake port flow on CCV of the swirl ratio, based on LES results of motored Transparent Combustion Chamber (TCC3) engine. The overall goal is to develop physics-based computational tools for a more effective design of internal combustion engines of the future.
Is there any correlation of CCV between in-cylinder swirl ratios at different crank angles during the four-stroke cycle?
Is there any correlation of CCV between in-cylinder swirl ratio and intake port flow?
An optical engine test setup was developed for the specific purpose of supporting the development and validation of a range of LES approaches [2,3]. The test setup features a single cylinder optical engine connected to intake and exhaust plenums via intake and exhaust runners, respectively. Figure 1 shows the engine features: a two-valve head and simple intake and exhaust port geometries with a pancake-shape combustion chamber coupled with a full quartz liner for maximum optical access. The engine has a bore of 92 mm, a stroke of 86 mm and intake and exhaust valve diameter of 30 mm. The geometric compression ratio is 10.0. Previous work  gives details of the other parameters like intake and exhaust valve lift profiles, engine specifications and intake and exhaust geometries.
Schematics of Transparent Combustion Chamber (TCC3) engine.
A commercial CFD code CONVERGE v2.1  is used for this LES study of engine in-cylinder flows. CONVERGE uses a modified cut-cell Cartesian method that eliminates the need for the computational grid to be morphed with the geometry of interest while still properly representing the geometry . At runtime, CONVERGE uses the supplied triangulated surface to cut the cells into a smaller irregular cells (i.e. cut-cell) that are intersected by the surface. Any cell can be cut by an arbitrary number of surface triangles, thus allowing the grid to represent the boundary accurately. All computed values are collocated at the center of the computational cell. To prevent checker boarding, the Rhie and Chow  algorithm is employed. All of the conservation equations are solved using the finite volume method. In finite volume mode, spatial derivatives are calculated by blending 2nd order scheme. CONVERGE utilizes an implicit time integration scheme, and during the exhaust stroke the maximum CFL number was doubled (from 1 to 2) to reduce computation time. The transport equations are solved using the Pressure Implicit with Splitting of Operators (PISO) method of Issa . The one-equation eddy viscosity dynamic structure turbulence model  is used for the LES with the Werner and Wengle wall model  to handle the flow and thermal boundary layers. CONVERGE can be run in parallel on shared memory machines. The parallelization is done using Message Passing Interface (MPI) so that both shared and distributed machines can be used for parallel runs.The wave dynamics of complete engine experimental setup is simulated with GT-Power, a detailed 1-D flow model. The 1-D model is validated with experimental measurements and used to provide the initial and boundary conditions for LES . Figure 2 shows the CFD model of TCC3 optical Engine.The meshing arrangement is shown in Figure 3 and mesh sizes in different region are listed in the table.The mesh sizes are 2 mm and 1 mm in the regions covered by two embedded spheres with radius of 150 mm and 110 mm, respectively .
The LES calculations were performed for motored engine condition at engine speed of 1300 RPM and intake plenum pressure 40 kPa. The LES results were validated by the PIV measurements in the previous studies [2, 3, 8, 9]. The flow fields over Z = −30 mm plane (the origin located on center of the flat cylinder head) are compared between PIV measurements and LES ensemble-averaged results at four crank angles: 420, 460, 540 and 660 Crank Angle Degrees (CAD) in Figure 4. The two circles indicate the outlines of the cylinder bore and the PIV optical access window, respectively. The LES simulations give quantitative predictions of flow field at the plane of Z = −30 mm. In this study, the LES results of first 22 cycles are selected and first 4 cycles are discarded to eliminate the initial condition effect.
CFD model of TCC3 engine.
Comparison of velocity field over Z = −30 mm plane between PIV data and LES results.
A schematic ring-shaped cutting surface, shown in Figure 5, is discretized into 360 sections with 1° increment in the circumferential direction and 0.5 mm spacing (20 cells for valve lift of 10 mm) in the longitudinal direction. The flow velocities predicted by LES are mapped onto the meshes on the ring-shaped cutting surface and the normal velocity component (normal to the cutting surface) is calculated at each mesh point. Intake port Polar Velocity (PV) is then calculated by averaging the normal velocity component over all sections. The resulting PV profile as a function of circumferential angle α around the valve axis is shown in Figure 6 (thick solid red line). The thick solid black line represents the intake valve diameter and serves as the starting points of the polar velocity scale (0 m/s). The thin dot-dashed black line is the polar velocity scale for 100 m/s. The thick dashed black lines indicate the intake port orientation and the thin solid black line shows the position of the liner.
Schematic ring-shaped cutting surface in the valve seat region.
Intake port Polar Velocity (PV) profile and Net Polar Velocity (NPV) for LES cycle #17 at 460 CAD.
Figure 7A shows the in-cylinder swirl ratios of 18 consecutive LES cycles and the valve lift profiles in function of crank angle. Analysis of 18 consecutive LES cycles indicated two distinct CCV patterns of in-cylinder swirl ratios (SR CCV patterns). Different SR CCV patterns are evident as illustrated in Figure 7B and C at four selected crank angles during both the exhaust (210, 240, 270 and 300 CAD), intake and compression (390, 460, 540 and 660 CAD) strokes, respectively. In particular, the intake SR CCV patterns at different crank angles behave qualitatively similar with differences only in their magnitudes. The same cannot be said for the exhaust SR CCV patterns. The intake SR CCV at 460 CAD (SR CCV (460)) is chosen as a baseline to evaluate its correlations with the intake SR CCV at different crank angles, SR CCV (CAD).
This is because of significant back flow from the exhaust port into the cylinder when the exhaust valve opens. Figure 8 shows the instantaneous Mass Flow Rates (MFR) of intake and exhaust ports for 18 LES cycles as a function of crank angle, positive for entering the cylinder and negative for leaving the cylinder. The peak exhaust MFR of 60 g/s is about 3 times higher than the peak intake MFR of 20 g/s. The MFR curves of the 18 LES cycles are almost identical, with a standard deviations of 0.237 and 0.047 at 180 and 450 CAD, respectively. The effect of cyclic variability of MFR on in-cylinder SR CCV patterns can be ignored.
The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMCC) is a measure of the linear correlation between pairs of continuous variables giving a value between +1 and −1, where 1 is perfectly positive linear relationship, 0 is no relationship, and −1 is perfectly negative linear relationship. The correlation coefficient PPMCC (CAD) between SR CCV(460) and SR CCV(CAD) of 18 cycles is computed as: (4) where and are the average values of the SR CCV(460)and SR CCV (CAD) of 18 cycles.
PPMCC (CAD) is shown as a function of crank angle in Figure 9. During most of the time span between Intake Valve Opening (IVO) and Exhaust Valve Opening (EVO) at about 360 CAD, the PPMCC exhibits values around or higher than 0.87. This indicates that the intake port flow CCV dominates the in-cylinder flow CCV during this time. After EVO the PPMCC value drops down to 0.4 near 180 CAD, and eventually rises up to about 0.8 during the latter part of the exhaust stroke. By comparing the mass flow rates of intake and exhaust ports in Figure 8, the drastic reduction of PPMCC is caused by a back flow from the exhaust port into the cylinder, and the recovery is due to flow reversal from the cylinder to the exhaust port.
In summary, it is observed that the intake flow dominates the intake SR SCCV patterns from IVO to EVO. It is also observed that the exhaust SR CCV patterns has limited impact on the intake SR CCV patterns as shown in Figure 7.
In-cylinder swirl ratios of 18 LES cycles. a) In-cylinder swirl ratios of 18 consecutive LES cycles and value lift profiles in function of crank angle. b) SR CCV patterns at 4 selected crank angles during exhaust stroke. c) SR CCV patterns at 4 selected crank angles during intake and compression strokes.
Mass flow rates of intake and exhaust ports for 18 LES cycles as a function of crank angle, positive for entering cylinder and negative for leaving cylinder.
PPMCC (CAD) between SR CCV (CAD) and SR CCV (CAD) in function of crank angle.
In order to investigate the effect of intake port flow in the valve-seat region on the intake SR CCV, six ring-shaped cutting surfaces (Stem1, Stem2, Valve3, Valve4, Valve5 and Valve6) are created at 460 CAD as shown in Figure 10 for the intake port polar velocity analysis (Fig. 11).
Figure 11 shows the intake port PV profiles at 460 CAD for the six ring-shaped cutting surfaces in the valve-seat region of cycle #17 as a function of valve circumferential angle. The NPV for each ring-shaped cutting location is also plotted as red arrows. The PV magnitude decreases gradually from upstream to downstream of the valve seat region due to increase in the flow area. The NPV magnitudes are quite small at locations Stem1 and Stem2 due to near uniform PV profile at those cutting planes. The NPV magnitudes are larger at locations Valve3 to Valve6 because of flow inhomogeneity caused by the offset intake valve position (Fig. 2).
Ring-shaped cutting surfaces in valve-seat region at 460 CAD.
PV and NPV at the six ring-shaped cutting surfaces of cycle #17 at 460 CAD.
Figure 12 shows the CCV pattern of NPV magnitude at the six ring-shaped cutting surfaces at 460 CAD as a function of cycle number. It can be seen that the CCV patterns of NPV are very similar for all surfaces, with differences only in the magnitude, except for the Stem1 position.
Figure 13 shows the CCV pattern of PV standard deviation at the six ring-shaped cutting surfaces at 460 CAD as a function of cycle number. It is observed that the CCV patterns of PV standard deviation are similar for all six cutting surfaces with difference only in their magnitudes. Comparing Figures 12 and 13 it is also observed that the CCV patterns of PV standard deviation and NPV magnitude are similar.
CCV of NPV magnitude at the six ring-shaped cutting surfaces at 460 CAD.
Cycle to cycle variation of PV standard deviation at the six ring-shaped cutting surfaces at 460 CAD.
Figure 14 shows comparison of CCV patterns between the in-cylinder swirl ratio and NPV magnitude at Valve5 position at 460 CAD as a function of cycle number. The results show that the CCV pattern of NPV magnitude correlates well with that of the CCV pattern of in-cylinder swirl ratio.
The PPMCC between NPV magnitude at the six ring-shaped cutting surfaces and the in-cylinder swirl ratio at 460 CAD is shown in Figure 15. From the surfaces Stem1 to Valve6 the PPMCC increases from −0.4 to 0.8. The high PPMCC of 0.8 indicates that the CCV of in-cylinder SR is strongly correlated with the CCV of NPV magnitude in the valve seat region.
Figure 16 shows the PPMCC between NPV angle at the six ring-shaped cutting surfaces and the in-cylinder swirl ratio at 460 CAD. The PPMCC values vary from −0.3 to 0.2 at all surfaces which indicates that CCV of NPV angle has no correlation with CCV of in-cylinder swirl ratio for TCC3 engine.
Figure 17 shows the PPMCC between PV standard deviation at the six ring-shaped cutting surfaces and the in-cylinder swirl ratio at 460 CAD. The CCV of PV standard deviation shows similar behavior than the CCV of NPV magnitude presented in Figure 15. It further indicated that correlation of CCV patterns between the port flow in the valve seat region and the in-cylinder swirl ratio is built up gradually from section Stem1 to Valve6, i.e. from upstream to downstream in the valve-seat region for the intake port examined. In other words, CCV of flow in the valve seat region for the TCC3 engine dominates the CCV of in-cylinder swirl ratio.
Comparison of CCV pattern between in-cylinder swirl ratio and NPV magnitude at Valve5 position at 460 CAD.
PPMCC between NPV magnitude at the six ring-shaped cutting surfaces and in-cylinder swirl ratio at 460 CAD.
PPMCC between NPV angle at the six ring-shaped cutting surfaces and in-cylinder swirl ratio at 460 CAD.
PPMCC between PV standard deviation at the six ring-shaped cutting surfaces and in-cylinder swirl ratio at 460 CAD.
CCV of in-cylinder swirl ratio at all crank angle positions from IVO to EVO also exhibits strong correlation with the net polar velocity magnitude and polar velocity standard deviation. The correlation improves when the ring-shaped cutting surface is moved from upstream to downstream in the valve seat region.
This study reveals that there is strong correlation between CCV of flow in the valve seat region and the CCV of in-cylinder swirl ratio.
The authors are thankful to Prof Volker Sick of the University of Michigan and Dr. Christian Angelberger of IFPEN for their technical discussions and contributions.


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text:
package apple.healthkit;

import apple.NSObject;
import apple.foundation.NSArray;
import apple.foundation.NSCoder;
import apple.foundation.NSDate;
import apple.foundation.NSDictionary;
import apple.foundation.NSMethodSignature;
import apple.foundation.NSSet;
import org.moe.natj.c.ann.FunctionPtr;
import org.moe.natj.general.NatJ;
import org.moe.natj.general.Pointer;
import org.moe.natj.general.ann.Generated;
import org.moe.natj.general.ann.Library;
import org.moe.natj.general.ann.Mapped;
import org.moe.natj.general.ann.NInt;
import org.moe.natj.general.ann.NUInt;
import org.moe.natj.general.ann.Owned;
import org.moe.natj.general.ann.Runtime;
import org.moe.natj.general.ptr.VoidPtr;
import org.moe.natj.objc.Class;
import org.moe.natj.objc.ObjCRuntime;
import org.moe.natj.objc.SEL;
import org.moe.natj.objc.ann.ObjCClassBinding;
import org.moe.natj.objc.ann.ProtocolClassMethod;
import org.moe.natj.objc.ann.Selector;
import org.moe.natj.objc.map.ObjCObjectMapper;

/**
 * HKQuantitySample
 *

 * An abstract HKSample subclass representing a quantity measurement.
 */
@Generated
@Library("HealthKit")
@Runtime(ObjCRuntime.class)
@ObjCClassBinding
public class HKQuantitySample extends HKSample {
    static {
        NatJ.register();
    }

    @Generated
    protected HKQuantitySample(Pointer peer) {
        super(peer);
    }

    @Generated
    @Selector("accessInstanceVariablesDirectly")
    public static native boolean accessInstanceVariablesDirectly();

    @Generated
    @Owned
    @Selector("alloc")
    public static native HKQuantitySample alloc();

    @Owned
    @Generated
    @Selector("allocWithZone:")
    public static native HKQuantitySample allocWithZone(VoidPtr zone);

    @Generated
    @Selector("automaticallyNotifiesObserversForKey:")
    public static native boolean automaticallyNotifiesObserversForKey(String key);

    @Generated
    @Selector("cancelPreviousPerformRequestsWithTarget:")
    public static native void cancelPreviousPerformRequestsWithTarget(@Mapped(ObjCObjectMapper.class) Object aTarget);

    @Generated
    @Selector("cancelPreviousPerformRequestsWithTarget:selector:object:")
    public static native void cancelPreviousPerformRequestsWithTargetSelectorObject(
            @Mapped(ObjCObjectMapper.class) Object aTarget, SEL aSelector,
            @Mapped(ObjCObjectMapper.class) Object anArgument);

    @Generated
    @Selector("classFallbacksForKeyedArchiver")
    public static native NSArray<String> classFallbacksForKeyedArchiver();

    @Generated
    @Selector("classForKeyedUnarchiver")
    public static native Class classForKeyedUnarchiver();

    @Generated
    @Selector("debugDescription")
    public static native String debugDescription_static();

    @Generated
    @Selector("description")
    public static native String description_static();

    @Generated
    @Selector("hash")
    @NUInt
    public static native long hash_static();

    @Generated
    @Selector("instanceMethodForSelector:")
    @FunctionPtr(name = "call_instanceMethodForSelector_ret")
    public static native NSObject.Function_instanceMethodForSelector_ret instanceMethodForSelector(SEL aSelector);

    @Generated
    @Selector("instanceMethodSignatureForSelector:")
    public static native NSMethodSignature instanceMethodSignatureForSelector(SEL aSelector);

    @Generated
    @Selector("instancesRespondToSelector:")
    public static native boolean instancesRespondToSelector(SEL aSelector);

    @Generated
    @Selector("isSubclassOfClass:")
    public static native boolean isSubclassOfClass(Class aClass);

    @Generated
    @Selector("keyPathsForValuesAffectingValueForKey:")
    public static native NSSet<String> keyPathsForValuesAffectingValueForKey(String key);

    @Generated
    @Owned
    @Selector("new")
    public static native HKQuantitySample new_objc();

    /**
     * quantitySampleWithType:quantity:startDate:endDate:
     *

     * Creates a new HKQuantitySample with the given type, quantity, start date, and end date.
     *

     * The quantity must have a unit that is compatible with the given quantity type.
     * See -[HKQuantityType isCompatibleWithUnit:].
     */
    @Generated
    @Selector("quantitySampleWithType:quantity:startDate:endDate:")
    public static native HKQuantitySample quantitySampleWithTypeQuantityStartDateEndDate(HKQuantityType quantityType,
            HKQuantity quantity, NSDate startDate, NSDate endDate);

    /**
     * quantitySampleWithType:quantity:startDate:endDate:device:metadata:
     *

     * Creates a new HKQuantitySample with the given type, quantity, start date, end date, and metadata.
     *

     * The quantity must have a unit that is compatible with the given quantity type.
     * See -[HKQuantityType isCompatibleWithUnit:].
     *
     * @param quantityType The type of the sample.
     * @param startDate    The start date of the sample.
     * @param endDate      The end date of the sample.
     * @param device       The HKDevice that generated the sample (optional).
     * @param metadata     Metadata for the sample (optional).
     */
    @Generated
    @Selector("quantitySampleWithType:quantity:startDate:endDate:device:metadata:")
    public static native HKQuantitySample quantitySampleWithTypeQuantityStartDateEndDateDeviceMetadata(
            HKQuantityType quantityType, HKQuantity quantity, NSDate startDate, NSDate endDate, HKDevice device,
            NSDictionary<String, ?> metadata);

    /**
     * quantitySampleWithType:quantity:startDate:endDate:metadata:
     *

     * Creates a new HKQuantitySample with the given type, quantity, start date, end date, and metadata.
     *

     * The quantity must have a unit that is compatible with the given quantity type.
     * See -[HKQuantityType isCompatibleWithUnit:].
     */
    @Generated
    @Selector("quantitySampleWithType:quantity:startDate:endDate:metadata:")
    public static native HKQuantitySample quantitySampleWithTypeQuantityStartDateEndDateMetadata(
            HKQuantityType quantityType, HKQuantity quantity, NSDate startDate, NSDate endDate,
            NSDictionary<String, ?> metadata);

    @Generated
    @Selector("resolveClassMethod:")
    public static native boolean resolveClassMethod(SEL sel);

    @Generated
    @Selector("resolveInstanceMethod:")
    public static native boolean resolveInstanceMethod(SEL sel);

    @Generated
    @Selector("setVersion:")
    public static native void setVersion_static(@NInt long aVersion);

    @Generated
    @Selector("superclass")
    public static native Class superclass_static();

    @Generated
    @Selector("supportsSecureCoding")
    public static native boolean supportsSecureCoding();

    @Generated
    @Selector("version")
    @NInt
    public static native long version_static();

    @Generated
    @Selector("init")
    public native HKQuantitySample init();

    @Generated
    @Selector("initWithCoder:")
    public native HKQuantitySample initWithCoder(NSCoder coder);

    @Generated
    @Selector("quantity")
    public native HKQuantity quantity();

    @Generated
    @Selector("quantityType")
    public native HKQuantityType quantityType();

    @Generated
    @ProtocolClassMethod("supportsSecureCoding")
    public boolean _supportsSecureCoding() {
        return supportsSecureCoding();
    }

    /**
     * [@property] count
     *

     * The number of individual values making up the receiver's quantity.
     *

     * Requests for the individual series quantities can be made using HKQuantitySeriesSampleQuery.
     */
    @Generated
    @Selector("count")
    @NInt
    public native long count();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It is hardly believable that one would ever be willing to escape from Istanbul. But the queen of all cities of the world is not a jealous lady, and she enables her lovers to take a short time off. One of the best places to spend this time is the Princes' Islands, once a solitary place for monks, and now a vivid summer attraction.
The cruise to Büyük Ada, the largest and most famous amongst the Princes' Islands, has short stop over in all the inhabited ones; so the travelers have a chance to see the unique composition of each island.
Upon arrival at the Island, you will enjoy a tour around the island on a phaeton, a comfortable carriage pulled by two horses, which is the only transportation vehicle on the islands; motor vehicles are not permitted except for public service, in order to preserve the quiet.
After the phaeton ride, lunch is served at a first class fish restaurant, with an awesome head-on view of Istanbul's shores (opportunity to watch yacht races on summer weekends).
You will have some free time for leisure and shopping as well.
• Cancellation can be done a night before for Princes' Island tour in Istanbul otherwise full tour rate will be charged.


6   * Copyright (c) 2010, Incutio Ltd.
7   * All rights reserved.
13   *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
16   *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
19   *    without specific prior written permission.
31   * USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
107          // We have an array - is it an array or a struct?
302                  // "If no type is indicated, the type is string."
408          // Is the result an error?
447          // Are we dealing with a function or a method?
458              // It's a function - does it exist?
734          // Is the message a fault?


text:
package com.enflick.android.TextNow.uiautomator.pages;

import com.android.uiautomator.core.UiDevice;
import com.android.uiautomator.core.UiObject;
import com.android.uiautomator.core.UiObjectNotFoundException;
import com.android.uiautomator.core.UiScrollable;
import com.android.uiautomator.core.UiSelector;
import com.enflick.android.TextNow.uiautomator.Constants;

/**
 * A page object representing interactions in the conversation view
 */
public class ConversationViewPageObject extends PageObjectBase {
	private UiObject newChatButton = new UiObject(new UiSelector().resourceId("com.enflick.android.TextNow:id/menu_new_chat"));

	/**
	 * Constructor
	 *
	 * @param device
	 */
	public ConversationViewPageObject(UiDevice device) {
		super(device);
	}

	/**
	 * Open a new conversation by clicking on the new chat button in the conversation view
	 *
	 * @throws UiObjectNotFoundException
	 */
	public void openNewChat() throws UiObjectNotFoundException {
		newChatButton.clickAndWaitForNewWindow(Constants.TIMEOUT_IN_MS);
	}

	/**
	 * Open an existing conversation by clicking on the entry in the conversation list
	 *
	 * @param displayName The display name of the entry to click
	 * @throws UiObjectNotFoundException
	 */
	public void openExistingChat(String displayName) throws UiObjectNotFoundException {
		UiScrollable conversationsList = new UiScrollable(new UiSelector().className("android.widget.ListView"));
		UiObject about = conversationsList.getChildByText(new UiSelector().className("android.widget.TextView"), displayName);
		about.clickAndWaitForNewWindow(Constants.TIMEOUT_IN_MS);
	}
}


text:
Dot Com for Dictators
Shanthi Kalathil
Sign up to receive emails from Carnegie!
Printed originally in Foreign Policy Magazine
Tales of cyberdissidents fighting government censors feed the conventional wisdom about the Internet's role as a powerful tool against tyranny. But if democracy advocates want to spur meaningful change, they must also recognize the Net's ability to change authoritarian regimes from within. As nations such as China embrace the Web to streamline government and boost economic growth, they also create opportunities for greater transparency, accountability, and freedom.
Call it Authoritarianism 2.0: Forced to choose between jumping on the information superhighway or languishing on the unwired byways of technology, many authoritarian regimes are choosing to go along for the Internet ride. In addition to helping autocratic rulers compete in the global economy, the Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICTs) can streamline authoritarian states and help them govern more effectively—attractive options for many leaders. In some of these countries, reform-minded officials are even using the Internet to increase transparency, reduce corruption, and make government more responsive to citizens.
But hardheaded autocrats aren't suddenly soliciting e-mail advice from dissenters. Controlling information has always been a cornerstone of authoritarian rule, and leaders are naturally suspicious of the Web. Public Internet access could expose large swaths of a population to forbidden information and images or galvanize grass-roots opposition, as has already happened in many countries where Internet users are growing in number and challenging oppressive governments. As a result, authoritarian regimes are deploying sophisticated censorship schemes to stay one step ahead of online dissidents.
Such instances of technological one-upmanship have created the appearance of an Internet arms race pitting would-be revolutionaries and democracy-hungry publics against states determined to block, censor, and monitor citizens. Indeed, anecdotes about empowered cyberdissidents, amplified by faith in the democratic nature of the technology, have helped spread the notion that the Internet ineluctably thwarts authoritarian regimes. Little surprise, then, that human rights advocates and press freedom organizations publicly condemn crackdowns on the Internet as violating technology's democratizing manifest destiny.
But technological censorship and its evasion, while relevant to any discussion of political freedom, represent only one part of a larger developmental puzzle. Even if the Internet does not necessarily contribute to the downfall of authoritarianism, the Web does help transform authoritarianism's modern expression. Although other programs censor and spread propaganda, e-government initiatives that reshape bureaucracy, dispense education and health information, and increase direct communication between officials and the public actually improve the quality of life for citizens and boost transparency. Understanding these distinct effects of technology is crucial for those interested in using the Internet effectively to increase political liberalization and improve governance in closed societies. Efforts by outside governments and activists to champion hackers and cyberheroes in authoritarian states may win headlines, but the more mundane task of supporting e-government programs is just as likely—if not more so—to foster lasting reform.
DIALING UP FOR DOLLARS
Historically, authoritarian states in developing countries provided economic benefits and stability in return for the right to rule. Authoritarian and semiauthoritarian regimes such as China, Malaysia, and Singapore have already thrown government weight behind domestic information technology industries that stimulate the local economy. Malaysia has long promoted its Multimedia Super Corridor as a haven for technology companies—complete with tax perks and hands-off censorship policies for investors. Vietnam, while struggling with economic reforms, nonetheless aims to develop a local "knowledge economy" based on a tech-savvy population of programmers. Even authoritarian regimes such as Myanmar (Burma) that are relatively wary of all forms of ICT often emphasize wiring those key industries that generate hard currency, such as tourism.
On the other hand, some authoritarian countries have significantly less incentive to promote Internet access within their borders. Isolated by an embargo and fearful of widespread Internet use, Cuba has chosen to restrict entrepreneurship and greater competition in its tiny Internet industry. Economic use of the Internet in Cuba has followed the country's general pattern of separating its external and domestic sectors, and thus the majority of Internet use occurs in the tourist and export-oriented industries. Also shunned by many foreign investors and governments for its shoddy human rights record, Myanmar has been slow to open to information technology development. A 1996 decree makes possession of even an unregistered telephone (much less a computer) illegal and punishable by imprisonment—a regulation the government has made good on over the years.
Yet, if cash-strapped authoritarian states wish to tap the global economy, they will face growing pressure to permit private investment and market-led development within Internet sectors. Prodded by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Myanmar is starting to liberalize its draconian ICT laws and invite technological investment from friendly neighbors. Institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund now encourage deregulating the telecommunications sector and opening it to investment, while entities like the World Trade Organization (WTO) require certain reforms in return for membership. China, for example, had to agree to foreign telecommunications investment to join the WTO. Such reforms can, in turn, reduce state influence in key economic sectors and promote local growth in domestic Internet industries.
Authoritarian states also use ICTs like the Internet to promote larger development goals. The state-supported All China Women's Federation (ACWF), for instance, helps rural women get accurate, up-to-date health information online through local organizations that have Internet access. Via its Web site, the ACWF also offers women anonymous counseling on issues such as rape and spousal abuse. In Cuba, where mass Web access remains restricted, authorities have been pursuing online health initiatives. The Ministry of Public Health's Infomed, one of Cuba's oldest networks, connects medical centers nationwide and uses e-mail lists to disseminate health alerts. Egypt, a semiauthoritarian country that has not attempted to censor the Internet, is developing technology-access community centers to promote rural education.
STREAMLINING THE STATE
In countries that embrace ICT development, authoritarianism is no longer solely the domain of creaky bureaucracies and aging dictators. By implementing e-government policies—such as wiring key industries and federal departments—states can guide Internet development to serve their own goals. As a result, authoritarian states are shedding years of inefficiency and waste, paring down unwieldy bureaucracies, and consolidating central authority through more efficient communication with remote provinces. Such advancements are seemingly antithetical to democratization, but expanding government Internet programs can also make regimes more transparent and allow citizens to directly express their concerns about government performance.
The semiauthoritarian country of Singapore, in particular, has led the world in revamping its bureaucracy and changing the way government interacts with citizens. Singapore's ICT sector is one of the world's most dynamic, and the city-state boasts sky-high Internet penetration rates, with an estimated 2.1 million citizens online out of a total population of 4.5 million. Singapore's crown Internet jewel is its eCitizen program, which smoothly integrates services from several government departments and packages them in a user-friendly way. Just about any action requiring interaction with the government can be performed online, and the list is constantly expanding. Under the eCitizen site's "Get Married" subheading, for instance, visitors can file notice for either a civil or Muslim marriage, scan a roster of justices of the peace, find out about pre- and post-marriage counseling programs, and even obtain a list of hospitals providing genetic counseling. By using the Internet to enhance government responsiveness and quality of life, Singapore's ruling party has turned the Internet into an asset that increases citizens' satisfaction with their government.
Singapore, of course, is something of a special case—it has a tiny population of just 4.5 million and is hardly a full-blown authoritarian state. Opposition parties, for example, participate in regular elections that are held at constitutionally mandated intervals. But they face other obstacles. As the U.S. State Department's 2001 human rights report delicately puts it, "Government leaders historically have utilized court proceedings, in particular defamation suits, against political opponents and critics . . . . Both this practice and consistent awards in favor of government plaintiffs have raised questions about the relationship between the Government and the judiciary and led to a perception that the judiciary reflects the views of the executive in politically sensitive cases." Moreover, as the report goes on to note, "The Constitution provides for freedom of speech and expression but permits official restrictions on these rights, and in practice the Government significantly restricts freedom of speech and of the press." Web sites, for instance, that the government considers political must be registered with the authorities. The established media, which is connected to the government and espouses uncritical views, has a strong Internet presence. Since most civil society groups tend to have some connection to the ruling People's Action Party (PAP), they too use the Internet in government-approved ways. When a handful of independent groups used the Internet to provide a platform for criticism of the PAP, the party responded with new regulations. Many of these independent sites quickly shuttered operations rather than risk the continual regulatory ire of the PAP. The government's grip on power is generally aided by use of ICTs, which help modernize government operations and open communication channels between the government and the public. Civil society organizations' use of the Internet, on the other hand, has not yet proved a potent challenge to the PAP's mixture of official regulations and unspoken inducements to damp politically threatening speech.
Small and capable states such as Singapore can generally reap the benefits of e-government technology more quickly than large states with unwieldy bureaucracies. Nonetheless, across the board, many authoritarian regimes moved early and forcefully on e-government plans. In Egypt, the most politically significant Internet use takes place not among opposition groups but within the government itself. During the last two decades, Egypt computerized regional governments and then connected them through a national network. The country now has a central government Web site, and about 500 other government entities are online. In April 2001, Egypt announced an e-government initiative to provide civil services and promote intragovernmental collaboration using a technological infrastructure provided by Microsoft.
China, which uses the term "informatization" to describe the incorporation of ICTs into all spheres of life—political, economic, and social—is developing a particularly ambitious e-government plan. In addition to implementing a comprehensive project called Government Online to make services and information available to the public, individual Chinese ministries are partnering with private companies to eliminate corruption. By using online procurement auctions, ministries can eliminate layers of middlemen, along with traditional opportunities for graft. In major cities, municipal Web sites not only provide helpful local information but also solicit feedback on projects, such as large-scale construction work. These initiatives have yet to reach poverty-stricken interior provinces, but even government officials there are beginning to think creatively about Internet kiosks and basic Internet training.
E-government provides the citizens of authoritarian regimes with important benefits. True, such programs can also help strengthen authoritarian states, particularly if they augment central authority. Some governments may also be interested only in the facade of improved governance. Yet cynical power calculations are not the sole reason officials in these countries pursue e-government initiatives. Internal reformers may attempt to use such measures as a basis for political liberalization, if not outright democratization. In China, for instance, midlevel officials have expressed the desire to use the Internet to increase government transparency and bolster accountability.
LESS CONTROL IS MORE
For all their power in creating the architecture for national Internet development, many authoritarian regimes have realized that adapting to the information age means relinquishing a measure of control. Savvy leaders understand they simply cannot dominate every facet of the Internet and rarely erect foolproof fire walls. Indeed, countries such as Malaysia and China allow a freer information environment online than they do in traditional print and broadcast media. Many employ measures of "soft control" to shape the boundaries of Internet use.
Regimes often promote self-censorship—a task easily accomplished in an authoritarian atmosphere—rather than official censorship, access restrictions, and other forms of overt control. Such governments also encourage private Internet companies to filter content or police users. Moreover, years of ideological conditioning and the threat of punitive action keep citizens from crossing the boundaries of politically acceptable Internet use, making it easy for authorities to sustain an environment where comprehensive censorship is unnecessary.
Authoritarian countries seeking to encourage domestic Internet industries can also present a wide array of politically unthreatening, domestically generated content that satisfies the demands of most Internet users, whose basic online needs often mirror those of residents in advanced industrialized democracies. Want to e-mail a friend, get news on a favorite sports team, or check local weather? It's easy to do in China without ever having to use proxy servers to access government-blocked Web pages. China's own private and state-owned Internet companies have generated a staggering body of information—all in Mandarin Chinese, using the People's Republic's own simplified characters—that falls largely within the boundaries of the country's harsh content restrictions. Whether via rules stipulating that all online news must flow from official sources or by making examples of those who transgress regulations, China's government has created a domestic Internet for domestic consumption.
The concept that subtler forms of ideological influence might prove effective has extended to many propaganda departments as well. In authoritarian countries where the government has taken an active interest in the Internet, the official newspaper is generally one of the first government organs to establish an online presence, which may be substantially more engaging and inviting than stodgy print counterparts. In Vietnam, the Communist Party's official Nhan Dan newspaper was among the first government bodies to go online in 1999. China's People's Daily Web edition provides not only the official take on news but a snazzy English site with links to, among other things, Chinese government white papers. The Chinese-language version features a popular chat room, called the Strong Country Forum, where users can and do debate issues related to national security, international relations, and China's global role. Unsurprisingly, such discussions feature a distinctively nationalistic tinge. These forums can provide the government with a subtler means of ideological control than the blunt instrument of official rhetoric.
REWIRING REGIMES
These rarefied forms of ideological control did not evolve overnight. Many governments have shaped Internet policy by imitating each other's policies and techniques. In China, where both domestic and foreign observers are examining the Internet's impact, officials have long sought to emulate Singapore's success in neutralizing the Web as a medium for political opposition. Authoritarian countries in the Middle East, such as the United Arab Emirates, also look to Singapore's successful e-government and e-commerce programs. For its part, China is formally advising Cuba on ICT policies and has sent Chinese Information Industry Minister Wu Jichuan to Cuba to explore joint projects. Even in Myanmar, where Internet access is tightly controlled, the government is borrowing technology strategies (or at least tech-friendly lingo) from authoritarian neighbors in ASEAN.
The Internet may be empowering autocrats, but it is also forcing them to reassess, adapt, and, in some cases, make critical changes. True, e-government programs can streamline the state, extend the central government's reach, and increase citizen support, but they also represent a hidden opportunity for political liberalization. It is a mistake to discount them simply because they come from within authoritarian governments themselves. Yet many Western policymakers and activists tend to regard autocratic moves toward e-government as mere window dressing, focusing instead on using technology to strengthen popular opposition movements. The latter approach deals with means—such as anticensorship techniques—instead of the presumably desirable ends of increased openness.
Heightened political reform and more responsive governance require not only combating censorship but also promoting Internet use that tangibly benefits citizens of authoritarian regimes while increasing government transparency. Approaches currently under consideration by the U.S. Congress, such as unblocking Web sites or offering anonymizing software to citizens in authoritarian nations, will commit large sums of money to fixing only one small piece of the greater liberalization puzzle. Rather than treating the Internet as an innately liberating tool that, if unleashed in closed societies, will release a tide of opposition sentiment, policymakers should identify and support specific actions and Internet policies that are likely to promote openness in authoritarian countries. This approach should not preclude the opportunity to combat censorship. However, since countless nongovernmental organizations, private companies, and individuals are already working toward that goal, government-funded Western support should also help reformers within authoritarian regimes use technology to make government accountable and transparent—reformers who may not attract the media attention that dissidents and human rights campaigners command.
Aid organizations are beginning to get the message: The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), for example, has committed more than $39 million over five years to promote e-government, e-commerce, and ICT diffusion in Egypt. At present, however, there is little coordination or information sharing between various agencies and groups in the United States, much less internationally. Apart from USAID, other arms of the U.S. government are pursuing their own Internet-based initiatives, while recent anticensorship measures proposed in Congress by Republican Rep. Christopher Cox of California, among others, take no notice of these activities. If an Office of Global Internet Freedom (as suggested in proposed U.S. legislation) is to be established, it should have as its mandate not merely unjamming Web sites but also coordinating various government efforts to better achieve democratic reform.
Once strong-arm regimes open the door to technology, they may find it difficult to return to a culture of bureaucratic secrecy, unscrupulous abuse of power, and unaccountability. Using technology to illuminate murky government processes and craft better public services may not automatically lead to more politically liberal atmospheres, but these moves are helping to spur more government oversight—or at least create the expectation of it. Authoritarian governments may not enter the information age with reform in mind, but it can be a welcome result.
Shanthi Kalathil is an associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. She is coauthor, with Taylor C. Boas, of Open Networks, Closed Regimes: The Impact of the Internet on Authoritarian Rule (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003).
Ukraine's Silver Tank?
Grading Biden's Foreign Policy
Humanity at Eight Billion
The World Unpacked is a monthly foreign policy podcast that breaks down the hottest global issues of today with experts, journalists, and policymakers who can explain what is happening, why it matters, and where we go from here.


Conduct your own experiments in mixology with these curious cocktail recipes, specially formulated for Skeptic Spirits by Valcohol.
Set aside one basil leaf for garnish. Place all remaining ingredients other than prosecco into a shaker and muddle thoroughly. Add ice and shake until chilled, then double strain into a flute. Top with prosecco to taste and garnish with the remaining basil leaf.
Shake vodka and cherry juice with ice, then strain into a rocks glass over ice. Top with soda and garnish with an Amarena cherry.
To make syrup, add 1 cup water, 1 tbsp grated fresh ginger, 1 tbsp turmeric powder and ¼ cup cane sugar to a small saucepan, bring to a boil and simmer for 5 min. Strain, allow to cool and store excess in the fridge for up to 3 weeks.
To make cocktail, add all ingredients to a shaker with ice. Shake until chilled, then strain into a rocks glass over ice. Garnish with the orange twist.
To make syrup, add ½ cup wildflower honey and ½ cup water to a small saucepan and warm on low heat, stirring until honey is dissolved. Allow syrup to cool and stir excess in the fridge for up to 3 weeks.
To make cocktail, add all ingredients to a shaker with ice and shake until chilled. Strain into a coupe glass and garnish with the grapefruit twist.
To infuse gin, add 1 cup gin, 1 tbsp dried hibiscus flowers or a packet of hibiscus tea to a glass jar. Allow to infuse for 6-12 hours, then strain and store in a dark place.
To make cocktail, pour infused gin into highball glass over ice and stir to chill. Top with tonic water and garnish with the dehydrated lime wheel.
Stir all ingredients with ice to chill and strain into a small Collins glass over ice. Serve with a straw.


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Saudi Air Force trainee opens fire at Naval Air Station in Florida killing 3 people
in World — by Abdus Sattar Ghazali —	December 7, 2019
A Saudi national opened fire on a classroom at the Naval Air Station Pensacola (Florida), killing three people before he was shot to death by sheriff's deputies in the second fatal shooting at a U.S. military installation this week.
U.S. and Saudi government officials identified the gunman as Ahmed Mohammed al-Shamrani, who had been receiving aviation training at the base, the Washington Post said adding: Investigators are also working to determine what, if anything, Shamrani's fellow students knew about his intentions.
Pentagon officials were quoted by the Washington Post as saying that Shamrani's training with the U.S. military began in August 2016, and was scheduled to finish in August 2020.
Eight other people were injured in the shootout, including two Escambia County Sheriff's deputies who exchanged gunfire with the shooter. The shooting took place over two floors in a classroom, the sheriff said.
Representative Matt Gaetz, a Republican whose congressional district includes Pensacola, said that he was convinced, based on what he had been told at the scene, that the shooting was a terrorist act, although he declined to say what led him to that belief.
"We can safely call this an act of terrorism, not an act of workplace violence," he told WEAR, a local television station. And Senator Rick Scott of Florida, also a Republican, said the attack should be considered terrorism, regardless of the gunman's motivation.
The Pensacola naval base has long hosted international students from United States allies for flight training, including high-ranking Saudi officials. A "couple hundred" foreign students are enrolled in the program, according to Captain Timothy Kinsella Jr., the base commander.
Shamrani's Twitter postings
The Washington Post reported that Late Friday, several independent organizations published postings from a Twitter account said to belong to Shamrani. The postings, under the handle @M7MD_SHAMRANI, included a photo image of a letter in English apparently written a few hours before the shooting rampage.
Twitter suspended the account Friday afternoon.
Excerpts of the Twitter postings were published by SITE Intelligence Group and the Middle East Media Research Institute, two U.S. organizations that track extremist groups' online propaganda.
In the letter, the writer blasts the United States for "funding crimes against Muslims" and supporting Israel. "You will not be safe until we live it as reality in [Palestine], and American troops get out of our land," he writes.
The letter does not contain an explicit pledge of support for any group, but the contents echo views expressed by al-Qaida as well as extremist clerics in the Persian Gulf, analysts said. The account profile lists the U.S. Chief of Naval Operations as among the accounts followed.
The posting, if authenticated, "suggests terrorist motive" and "echos Bin Laden," SITE Director Rita Katz said in a Twitter posting.
President Trump spoke with the Saudi king about the shooting.
King Salman Ben Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia called President Donald Trump to offer his condolences and share that Saudis are infuriated by the shooting, President Trump said.
"The King said that the Saudi people are greatly angered by the barbaric actions of the shooter," President Trump wrote on Twitter, adding that King Salman also said the gunman does not represent the feelings of Saudis.
In a statement, the Saudi embassy in Washington said King Salman had directed the kingdom's security services to cooperate with their American counterparts "to uncover information that will help determine the cause of this horrific attack."
Governor Ron DeSantis of Florida, a Republican, traveled to Pensacola on Friday afternoon. He suggested the government of Saudi Arabia might need to compensate the families of the shooting victims.
"The government of Saudi Arabia needs to make things better for these victims, and I think they're going to owe a debt here, given that this is one of their individuals," he said.
The shooting was the second this week at a Navy base.
The first, at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam in Oahu on Wednesday, came as that installation was preparing for the 78th anniversary on Dec. 7 of the Japanese attack that marked the United States' entry into World War II.
A United States sailor opened fire at a dry dock at the base, the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard, fatally shooting two shipyard workers and injuring another before killing himself, the authorities said.
The shooter was identified as Gabriel Antonio Romero of Texas. The motive for the shooting is not yet known.
Romero was assigned to the U.S.S. Columbia, a submarine docked at the shipyard for maintenance, Rear Adm. Robert B. Chadwick II, commander for the Navy in Hawaii, said.
Abdus Sattar Ghazali is the Chief Editor of the Journal of America (www.journalofamerica.net) email: asghazali2011 (@) gmail.com
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text:
L.A. County's Vermont Corridor Project Breaks Ground Next Week
20-story office tower to provide new headquarters for the Department of Mental Health.
August 03, 2018, 10:00AMSteven Sharp Comments
On August 9, Trammell Crow Company is scheduled to break ground on a high-rise office building in Koreatown - the first phase of the Vermont Corridor project.
The new 20-story, 295-foot-tall building - set to rise at 510-532 S. Vermont Avenue - will serve as the new headquarters of the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health. Plans call for a total of 468,000 square feet of offices on 13 floors above seven-story podium featuring 1,900 parking spaces and 10,000 square feet of ground-floor retail space.
Renderings of the Gensler-designed building portray a boxy high-rise structure with a glass facade.
The L.A. Business Journal reports that the project is now moving forward after closing on a $302.3-million construction loan.
The Vermont Corridor project is a public-private venture between TCC and Los Angeles County, which also incorporates two other properties located north of the Wilshire/Vermont subway station. After the new DMH headquarters is completed, the next phase of the project calls for TCC to convert the existing DMH headquarters at 6th Street and Vermont Avenue into apartments. The 12-story building will offer 172 apartments and 4,700 square feet of ground-floor retail space, while a new parking structure expected to rise next-door could be capped with a separate five-story building containing 74 apartments. On the opposite side of Vermont, Western Community Housing, Inc. and Meta Housing Corp. are redeveloping another County-owned property with a 72-unit senior affordable housing complex.
Completion of the full project is expected to occur in 2023.
The Vermont Corridor development will rise just north of an L.A. City-owned parking lot which will one day house the Korean American National Museum - a mixed-use structure that will also contain apartments. Just south of that property, a current Denny's restaurant is also slated for redevelopment, with plans calling for a 36-story apartment and hotel tower.
Vermont Corridor Archive (Urbanize LA)
Vermont Corridor
Steinberg Hart
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What Is a Medical Internist?
Medical & Dental Jobs
By Aurelio Locsin
Cardiologists Vs. Cardiac Surgeons
Internal Medicine Job Description
The Difference Between a Physician & a Surgeon
The Average Physician Salaries by Specialty
Salaries of Doctors That Work for the State University Systems
Medical internists, also known as internal medicine doctors, general internists or simply, internists, diagnose and treat conditions of the internal organs, such as the spleen, abdomen or lungs, without resorting to invasive surgery. Because they primarily treat adults, they can also function as general practitioners for adults.
With new patients, medical internists take medical histories and ask questions about health. They analyze previous medications and order diagnostic tests to determine any problems. They explain their findings to patients, answer questions, and prescribe medications, therapies or courses of treatment. If complex issues lead to specific organs, such as the heart, they can refer patients to other specialists, such as cardiologists. Those in private practice typically have the services of clerical staff, to handle patient billing, and medical staff, such as nurses, to do preliminary medical tasks.
As with all physicians, internists begin their training with a bachelor's degree, which takes four years, and may continue with a master's degree, which takes an additional two years. Although specific majors are not necessary, students must have coursework in biology, chemistry, physics, math and English. Applicants must then receive acceptable scores on the Medical College Admission Test, before proceeding with medical school, which takes four more years. They receive the education necessary for all physicians, including classes in anatomy, biochemistry, pharmacology, medical ethics and medical laws. Upon graduation, they enter residencies, which normally take place in hospitals. For internists, this period typically lasts three years.
As of May 2011, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, internists made a mean $189,210 per year, or $90.97 per hour. The top earners received over $187,199 yearly, or $90 per hour, while the lowest 10 percent made under $67,780 per year, or $32.59 per hour. Compare this to the mean wages of all health-care practitioners, who averaged $72,730 per year, or $34.97 per hour, or of all workers in all professions, which had a mean $45,230 yearly, or $21.74 hourly. In fact, internists had the sixth highest salaries in the nation of any profession. Only other medical practitioners earned more: Orthodontists, oral surgeons, obstetricians and gynecologists, surgeons, and anesthesiologists, who averaged an annual $234,950, or $112.96 per hour.
America's aging baby boomer population helps add to strong job prospects for internists, with a projected 24 percent increase in an employment for all physicians, including internists, between 2010 and 2020, according to the BLS. ONET OnLine predicts that employment of internists will grow at 20 to 28 percent, which is faster than the 14 percent expected for all jobs in all professions. Prospects will be better for those willing to practice in low-income or rural areas, because these areas have difficulty attracting and keeping medical staff.
ONET OnLine: Summary Report for General Internists
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: How to Become a Physician or Surgeon
University of Florida: Internal Medicine Residency
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2011, Internists, General
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: May 2011 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, United States
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Job Outlook for Physicians and Surgeons
Aurelio Locsin has been writing professionally since 1982. He published his first book in 1996 and is a frequent contributor to many online publications, specializing in consumer, business and technical topics. Locsin holds a Bachelor of Arts in scientific and technical communications from the University of Washington.
Cardiologist Requirements
Cardiologist Vs. Radiologist
How Much Does a Cardiologist Earn?
What Are the Pros of Being a Pediatrician?
Duties of a Recovery Nurse
How Much Does an ER Pediatrician Make?
What Is a Board-Certified Internal Medicine Doctor?
How to Become a Perinatologist
Medical Spa RN Salary
1 Cardiologist Requirements
2 Cardiologist Vs. Radiologist
3 How Much Does a Cardiologist Earn?
4 What Are the Pros of Being a Pediatrician?


text:
Rams win Rozelle Award for public relations performance
NFL Headlines
Snow rejoins Rhule as Panthers new DC
Browns interview Vikes' Paton for GM job
Dolphins announce OC Gailey's hiring
Chiefs open as slim Super Bowl favorite
Mostert's 220, 4 TDs help 49ers win NFC
Chiefs break 50-year Super Bowl drought
Rodgers, Packers come up short once more
Reid back in Super Bowl after long wait
49ers' turnaround leads to Super Bowl
Titans look to take next step in 2020
The Los Angeles Rams public relations staff has been selected as the 2019 Pete Rozelle Award winner by the Professional Football Writers of America.
They also won the award in 1997 while in St. Louis.
The Rozelle Award is given to the NFL club public relations staff that consistently strives for excellence in its dealings and relationships with the media. The award is named for the NFL commissioner from 1960-89, who started his distinguished career in sports PR roles as a student at both Compton (California) Junior College and the University of San Francisco. He also broke into the NFL as the PR director of the Rams from 1952-55.
During the 2019 season, the Rams' PR staff consisted of Artis Twyman (senior director of communications), Julia Faron (manager, communications), Tiffany White (lead communications specialist), Travis Langer (coordinator, communications), Joanna Hunter (senior director of corporate communications), and Chase Isaacs (communications specialist). The Rams were also assisted by interns Morgan Evans, Chris Licata and Ryan Perez.
The other 2019 nominees for the Rozelle Award were the Ravens, Bills, Patriots, Broncos, and Texans.
More AP NFL: https://apnews.com/tag/NFL and https://twitter.com/AP-NFL
Updated June 7, 2019


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