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Private Detective in Ealing
Ealing is actually an important district that is suburban of London, The united kingdomt therefore the management heart of this London Borough of Ealing. It's found 7.9 kilometers (12.7 kilometres) to the west of Charing Crossand around 12 kilometers (19.3 kilometres) through the populous city of London. It really is one of the leading centres that are metropolitan for the London strategy. It absolutely was usually a rural community during the state of Middlesexand established an parish that is ancient. Enhancement in marketing and sales communications with London, culminating making use of the beginning regarding the railroad facility in 1838, moved the regional economic climate to advertise landscaping present and ultimately to development that is suburban. Included in the development of London from inside the century that is 20th Ealing substantially extended and increasing in inhabitants, getting a municipal boroughin 1901 and has now established element of better Londonsince 1965. They today types a substantial industrial and merchandising center with a night time economy that is developed. Ealing gets the personality of both residential district and developments that are inner-city. Ealing's town centre can often be colloquial with Ealing Broadway. The majority of Ealing, such as the district that is commercial southern area Ealing, Ealing popular, Montpelier, Pitshangerand nearly all of Hanger Hillfall according to the W5 postcode. Segments for the north-west of the town centre such as for example Argyle Road and western Ealingfall under W13 rather. A little sectionnorth-east of the town centre, near Hanger Hill, comes according to the area that is NW10postcode. The people of Ealing (maybe not Hanwelland that is including northfields, comprising the Ealing Broadway, Ealing popular, Cleveland, Walpole and Hanger Hill wards, ended up being 71,492 during the 2011 census. The spot of Hanwell try firmly connected with Ealing nonetheless, it really is a district that is separate a unique postcode. Northfieldson one other give, despite discussing postcodes with Ealing is typically regarded as being a area that is separate unique correct. The Saxonname for Ealing is taped c.700 as 'Gillingas', indicating 'place of those involving Gilla', through the name that is personal plus the Old Englishsuffix '-ingas', which means 'people of'. The name has changed, and has been known as 'Illing', 1130 'Gilling', 1243 and 'Ylling', 1254, until 'Ealing' became the standard spelling in the 19th century over the centuries. Archaeological facts demonstrates that elements of Ealing being filled for more than 7,000 many years metal Agepots being uncovered into the location on Horsenden Hill. Funds are tape-recorded right here inside the century that is 12th a great woodland that carpeted place to your to the west of London. The surviving that is earliest English census is for Ealing in 1599. This number got a tally of most 85 families in Ealing town offering the true labels on the residents, along with her centuries, interactions and vocations. They survives in manuscript kind from the state Archives(piece elizabeth 163/24/35), and is printed and transcribed by K J Allison when it comes down to Ealing ancient Society in 1961. Agreements had been spread in the parish. Most of them comprise along understanding today also known as St. Mary's street, near the church at the heart from the parish. There had been additionally homes at minimal Ealing, Ealing Dean, Haven Green, Drayton Green and Castlebar Hill. The Church of St. Mary's, the parish church, extends back to your very early century that is 12th. The parish of Ealing was actually split into manors, like those of Gunnersburyand Pitshanger. These are farmed the plants becoming typically grain, but in addition barleyand rye. There have been additionally creatures such as for instance cattle, sheep and birds. Great Ealing Schoolwas established in 1698 because of the Church of St Mary's. This afterwards turned into the "finest exclusive class in The united kingdomt" along with numerous well-known students during the nineteenth 100 years such William S. Gilbertand Cardinal Newman. Whilst the certain neighborhood turned built-up, they decreased and shut in 1908. The very first recognized maps of Ealing are built in the century that is 18th. The transport of heavy goods tended be restricted to those times when the non-metalled roads were passable due to dry weather with the exception of driving animals into London on foot. Nonetheless, making use of passage through of the cost RoadAct, this highway ended up being gravelled and therefore the old Oxford Roadbecame an ever more active and thoroughfare that is important from eastern to west through the hub in the parish.
This roadway was actually later on become referred to as Uxbridge street. The well-to-do of London started initially to read Ealing as a accepted place to flee through the fumes and smells. In 1800 the designer John Soanebought Payton Put and rebranded they Pitzhanger Manor, to not ever living but simply for someplace pleasant and green, where he could amuse h was buddies and visitors. Right after (1801) the Duke of Kentbought a homely house at Castlebar. Shortly, more rich Londoners adopted however with the aim of using up a residence that is permanent was actually easily near to London. The sole british minister that is prime getting assassinated, Spencer Perceval, produced h are homes at Elm Household. The main occupation was farming up until that point, Ealing was mostly made up of open countryside and fields where, as in previous centuries. As London expanded in dimensions, more as well as supplies moved in and more goods that are finished down. A few miles per day, frequent overnight stops were needed since dray horses can only haul loads. A large number of innswere situated along the Uxbridge Road, where horses could be changed and travellers refresh themselves, prompting its favour by highwaymen to satisfy this demand. Ends in Ealing incorporated The Feathers, The Bell, The Green people additionally the Old caps. At some point of all time there had been two bars known as Old Hat(s) both sides of 1 on the toll that is many from the Uxbridge highway in West Ealing. Following elimination of the tollgate the more Westernmost pub was actually rebranded The Halfway House. As London created, the certain region turned mostly market gardenswhich called for a larger percentage of professionals since it ended up being more labour-intensive. During the 1850s, with better trips (the Great west Railwayand two limbs of this great Union channel), communities started to develop into cities and joined into unbroken areas that are residential. Only at that right times Ealing started to end up being known as "Queen for the Suburbs". Mount Castle Tower, an Elizabethanstructure which endured towards the top of Hanger Hill, was applied as a tea-stop inside the century that is 19th. It had been demolished to produce way for Fox's tank in 1881. This tank, with a capacity of 3 million imperial gallons (14,000 m3), ended up being north that is erected of Crest street, Hanger Hill, in 1888 and a neighbouring tank for 50 million imperial gallons (230,000 m3) was actually built c. 1889. This way to obtain great water assisted in order to make Ealing more appealing than ever before. Mount Castle Tower has also been acknowledged Hanger Hill Tower, and thus it actually was a viewing that is vital for any Anglo-French review (1784-1790), which connected the regal Greenwich Observatorywith the Par try Observatoryvia a chain of trigonometricreadings. This review had been directed in The united kingdomt by standard William Roy. Hanger Hill Tower was actually their observation that is northernmost point and from this sightings are designed to areas for example St Ann's Hill in Chertsey, Banstead, Upper Norwood, as well as the Greenwich Observatory by itself. The most crucial adjustment to Ealing took place the century that is 19th. This building in the Great Western Railwayin the 1830s, section of which passed away through the middle of Ealing, resulted in the beginning of a railway section in the Broadway in 1879, initially known as Haven Green. Next few decades, most of Ealing was actually reconstructed, mostly semi-detached houses created for the middle-class that is rising. Fuel mains are set and an electricity station that is generating constructed. Greater transport links, like pony vehicles because well as trains, allowed men and women to more conveniently go to operate in London. This all, whilst residing in the thing that was however regarded as the country. Although a lot of the country side had been quickly vanishing in those times of quick growth, components of they happened to be preserved as people parks, for example Lammas Park and Ealing typical. Pitzhanger Manorand the considerable 28 acres (110,000 m2) reasons upon which they appears, got marketed for the council in 1901 by Sir Spencer Walpole, which in fact had already been ordered by h was father the Rt. Hon. Spencer Horatio Walpoleand therefore turned Walpole Park. It absolutely was while in the Victorianperiod that Ealing turned into an urban area. This implied that great, well-metalled streets needed to be constructed, and institutes and general public houses erected.
The newly created Board of Health for Ealingcommissioned London's first modern drainage and sewage systems here to protect public health. In the same way notably, ingesting fountainsproviding nutritious and secure water are erected by general public approved. Ealing Broadway became a shopping centre that is major. The guy in charge of the majority of all of this ended up being Charles Jones, Borough Surveyor from 1863-1913. He guided the growing regarding the pony chestnuttrees on Ealing Commonand developed the Town hallway, both the present one in addition to elderly design and that's today a bank (regarding the shopping center). He actually oversaw the acquisition with the Walpole home reasons and its own sales into a leisure backyard for all the public that is general see and promenade about on Sundays. It actually was in 1901 that Ealing metropolitan Districtwas included as a borough that is municipal Walpole Park got established therefore the very first electric trams went across the Uxbridge street. As an element of their license to work, the tram that is electric had been necessary to integrate the newest in latest street lights into its expense catenary provide, over the Ealing portion of the Uxbridge street. A municipally-built station that is generating Clayponds opportunity provided capacity to more street lights that went northwards, right up and along Mount Park highway and also the close avenue. It actually was within this neighborhood centered around Mount Park roadway that Nikolaus Pevsnerremarks as â€epitomising Ealing's profile as 'king with the Suburbs'..†in a really time that is short Ealing got being a contemporary and trendy nation area, without any the grime, soot and smells of industrialised London, yet best moments far from they by contemporary transfer. Which very first created the expression king of this Suburbs isn't recognized, however the name sticks with the day that is present. The Mount Park roadway location nonetheless holds most of the character that is original and nonetheless controlled by huge group households. When it comes to part that is most, it offers resisted the sales into dormitory bed-sitters, an impact that has over used numerous associated with the additional London suburbs. Making use of the amalgamation of this encompassing municipal boroughs in 1965, Ealing city hallway turned the centre that is administrative the newest London Borough of Ealing. These days, in addition, it consists of their practices at Perceval Household simply close to they. Closest locations: the biggest group that is ethnic the 2011 census when it comes down to Ealing Broadway ward had been White British, at 45%. The next premier got different light, at 21%. Ealing is most beneficial noted for their movie studios, that are the earliest on earth and tend to be recognized particularly for the Ealing comedies, including kinds minds and Coronets, Passport to Pimlico, The Ladykillersand The Lavender Hill Mob. The studios had been taken over by the BBCin 1955, with one effect becoming that Ealing locations starred in tvs programs like Doctor Who(particularly within an iconic 1970 series by which shop that is deadly menaced local customers) to Monty Python's traveling Circus. Of late, these studios has once again already been utilized for producing flicks, like Notting Hilland the necessity of are Earnest. Lately, St Trinian's, a remake regarding the film that is classic is made by Ealing Studios some stores in Ealing is visible within this movies. Rather amazingly, Ealing today does not have any movies homes by which showing these flicks the Ealing Empirecinema has become shut since 2008. Although remodelling has started regarding the brand new Broadway street movies in belated 2012 with systems for a 20 monitor Cineplexand a movie art gallery. Job is due becoming total in 2018. Neighborhood team PitshangerPictures demonstrates movies that are classic St BarnabasMillennium hallway on Pitshanger Lane. Ealing has actually a theatre on Mattock Lane, The Questors theater. Ealing was supported by Ealing Broadway stationon the Great west Main Lineand the London Undergroundin London fare area 3. Additionally, it is supported by four additional tubing station at North Ealing, southern area Ealing, Hanger Laneand Ealing typical. The Piccadilly lineoperates at North Ealing, Ealing typical, Southern Ealing and Northfields the Central Ealing that is lineat Broadway Hanger Lane and also the region lineat Ealing Broadway and Ealing popular. The channels at Ealing Broadway and western Ealingare offered by nationwide Railoperators 1st Great Westernand Heathrow Connect. At the beginning of the century that is 21st for London(TFL) wanted to reintroduce a power tram-line over the Uxbridge highway (the western London Tramscheme), but this is left behind in August 2007 when confronted with intense neighborhood resistance and a switch in priorities and financing to Crossrail. All in all, 18 vehicles (like evening vehicles) provide Ealing Broadway. Considered Ealing's best work that is architectural St Peter's Church, Ealing can be found on Mount Park highway north of Ealing Broadway. The parish that is ancient Ealing try St Mary's, in St Mary's street. Located near Charlbury Grove, Ealing Abbeywas based by a grouped community of Roman Catholic Benedictine monksin 1897. Twinned together with the conventof St. Augustine's Priory, the massive abbey try a good example of a normal, employed monastery. You can find over fifteen places of worship when you look at the area of Ealing, like our very own woman mom associated with Church, a PolishRoman Catholic church into the shopping center, near Ealing Broadway. There are 2 well-established synagogues, the United that is ealing synagogue), which recognized the 90th wedding in November 2009, additionally the Ealing LiberalSynagogue, which had been started in 1943. In encompassing suburbs, there are two main mosques in Acton, one out of West Ealing, as well as 2 in Southall. Southall comes with a Sikh that is large and society and it is well-known for are a center point of London's varied community. Mick Jaggerand Keith Richardsof The Rolling Stonesfamously basic satisfied Brian Jonesin 1962 during the Ealing Jazz pub, face-to-face Ealing Broadway place. Some other music artists whom done from the pub integrate pole Stewartand Manfred Mann. The Jazz pub is a nightclubcalled The Red area. The Just who additionally came across their own drummer Keith moonlight in the railroad club in Greenford. Brand spanking new Heaviescore customers (drummer Jan Kincaid, guitar player Simon Bartholomew and bassist Andrew Levy) all hail from Ealing, where they developed the combined cluster in 1985. An 2013 article in the Huffington Postclaimed that Ealing could claim to be the home of rock music because of the catalyst effect of the Ealing Club on British musicians august. Two people in the punk group Zatopeksgrew up in Ealing, together with team generally helps make nostalgic or references that are ironic the borough with its words. Mitch Mitchellof The Jimi Hendrix Experiencewas produced here in 1947. Ealing is actually where you can find Ealing Trailfinders Rugby Club& London Broncos Rugby Leagueclub. Because of the football that is nearby, Brentford soccer Cluband Queens Park Rangers, Ealing has actually formerly maybe not have unique soccer professionals, despite the dimensions. But, in belated 2008 a group from the title of 'Ealing community basketball Club' were subscribed because of the sports Associationand will consequently start playing matches that are competitive the 2008/2009 baseball period. Gaelic Gameshave a role that is prominent the Irish area in Ealing with profitable bars such St. Joseph's GAA and Tir Chonaill GAA in neighbouring Perivale and Greenford. Despite without having unique soccer group, numerous youngsters soccer groups these Old Actonians FC, Pitshanger FC (www.pitchero.com/clubs/pitshangerfc) And Hanwell Town FC play in local leagues and are popular among the young young children of the borough. These types of teams vie inside the Harrow group or perhaps the Hayes and section Youth League, although some teams compete in other leagues based further away from Ealing itself sunday. Ealing additionally boasts an effective regional club that is running Ealing, Southall & Middlesex AC, launched in 1920. The pub measured dual Olympic winner Kelly Holmesamong their customers and she's got club that is several to their label. Ealing is actually the home of a rather cricket that is successful, Ealing Cricket nightclub, whoever house surface will be the Ealing Cricket pub Groundand which was the key pub in London for many ages. ESC D3 Triathlon nightclub can be situated in Ealing. D3 Triathletes compete in triathlonsboth locally and worldwide across all ranges and types Olympic that is including Distance Ironman. Though an club that was independent is sustained by the Ealing diving pub mainly based at Gurnell relaxation middle. Ealing could be the number a number of festivals that are annual. The festival that is first feel frequently staged got the Jazz event and that is presented in Walpole Park. An beer that is annual next began and organized because of the venture the real deal Aleand initially used from inside the Ealing area hallway. Because of its recognition, they have outgrown the area offered by the Town hallway over time, as a result it as well next utilized in the park, where they currently have space to provide over 200 ales that are real. Each cask comes with individual cooling coats to steadfastly keep up the beer at precisely the temperature that is right. This show was work by eager volunteers. The prosperity of these happenings inspired the council that is local permit a wider array of celebrations. Ealing happens to be expressed of the protector as "the country's spot for Polish-speaking." Westside 89.6FM is actually a community that is local since the place from studios located in neighbouring Hanwell, there's also Blast Radiothe college student facility for University of Western Londonbased at Ealing Studiosthey shown over the location on (RSL) in might. Addititionally there is an electronic newspaper that is local the location.


By Alistair Reign, July 26, 2015. Alistair Reign News Blog.
A Congolese refugee child displaced by fighting between the Congo army and rebel group Allied Democratic Forces. (Photo: Reuters/ James Akena).
Thank you for the lovely, encouraging comments. It truly is an inspiration to know people seek answers to questions that many are afraid to ask, or do not know whom to ask when it comes to the refugee situation in the middle east, Africa, and other war-torn countries. I have dedicated this blog, and my time, to offer a platform that is non-biased, because when politics and religion are causing children, women, and men to suffer, does it really matter who is right or wrong?
Mind you, I am quite opinionated when news involves North American politics and human rights.
This blog is about humanity. It is about sharing knowledge in order to bring awareness to a tragic situation occurring on the other side of the world; the suffering of over 10 million refugees is a global concern.
I do hope that my readers will feel inspired to open their hearts and minds; not dwell on the religious factions, the country politics, and turn a blind eye. I believe, strongly, that those of us fortunate to have been born, or living in privileged society accept responsibility, step up and take action. I am a Canadian, whom married an American, and raised my children in the United States, as well having traveled extensively for both work and pleasure, together have given me the ability to accept cultures, beliefs, and lifestyle unfamiliar to my own.
With my blog, and utilizing other social media platforms, my goal is to bring to light the tragedy that is destroying the lives of our future, because every child is our future, no matter where they were born or raised. Reaching out to the children is paramount to minimizing the constant struggle between violent factions, I believe, it will be the children that make the needed changes, if they are given the same opportunities we have, to educate and understand that there is more to life than mere survival. If any of my words, or the articles I share can inspire even one person to aid the refugees in any way, then I have succeeded in helping bring awareness to refugees.
Please remember, the children did not choose to become orphaned refugees, nor have the women, and even men who are fleeing their homes, with their family, in an attempt to stay alive. I always say to myself, imagine if I was a refugee, fleeing with my children, trying to feed and shelter them, how blessed and grateful I would be, if even one person reached out to me. If we join together, we can make a difference, and history has shown us, that is the only way to end the suffering of millions; children, women, young men all carry a future, and potential that deserves acknowledgment, respect and nurturing.


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US Hwy 12 to north on 5th street to west on Summit Cove to property on right.
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I am interested in 1128 Summit Cove, Dassel, MN 55325.


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Q: Server with 3 Disk, what's the best HD Configuration? I Have an HP Server with a quad core Opteron and 3 Disk 250Gb S-ATA Disk, i'm thinking about what's the best configuration of the disk for performance and reliability.
There is mainly 2 scenario :
-RAID 5 with these 3 HD (on the the array 100GB Partition for OS, Other Space for Data Partition)
-RAID 1 + 1 Disk for OS (one single Disk OS Installation, RAID 1 Array for a Data Partition)
What's the best configuration ?
In the Server Run MySQL and Small Document File server, the OS to be installed is Windows Server 2008 ...

A: Best option is to buy a 4th disk and R10 them.

A: RAID5 can be a little dangerous if you do not have a hot spare. If one drive fails, you'll need to replace it quickly, so that you don't risk a double-drive failure. Also during the failure, a RAID5 array will be noticeably slower.
I like to do RAID1 + 1 hot spare, which usually does well for mid and low-range servers (web servers, app servers, small MySQL database servers).

A: If your hardware RAID controller supports something like what IBM call RAID1E (Linux can do something similar with its software RAID10 driver in 3-device mode, Windows to me knowledge can not, support on hardware RAID solutions will vary) then that may be the most efficient solution.
Such an arrangement tends to read like RAID0 (must as RAID5 does) but has write performance metrics more like those of RAID1 (unlike RAID5, which can be much much slower for some I/O patterns), gives you the same redundancy of RAID5 (any one device can be in a failed state at any time and the array will recover once the bad device is replaced) and the same usable storage size (twice the size of the smallest drive).
If you are particularly worried about redundancy and potential downtime, then a three-drive RAID1 may be better. This costs space (only getting one drive's worth) but improves resiliency as any two drives can be in a failed state and the array still be fully operational. A good RAID controller will give you a read speed bonus for many load patterns too. If both are supported then I would recommend a three drive RAID1 in place of a two-drive array with a hot-spare because you do not have to wait for the array to rebuild onto the spare when one of the main drives dies and you don't have the risk of the spare failing to spin up when called into action due to not having been used in the X months/years since it was installed. Most if the time single-failed-drive protection is sufficient as double failures are much more rare (except in extreme cases, like a controller failure or power surge that gets as far as the drives, that might well take all the drives out at the same time anyway) and that sort of occurrence is what you network-local online backups are for.

A: RAID 5 will give you more space, but it will be slower; you'll also need to buy a new disk ASAP, should one of you disks fail, both for safety and because RAID 5 will become dramatically slower if one disk fails.
RAID 1 with a hot spare will be faster and more secure, but you'll end up using only 1/3 of your available disk space, which can seem quite a waste.
I'd not, anyway, go for any configuration without RAID; that's just asking for troubles.
If you can afford buying another disk (which you should, anyway, if you plan to use RAID 5), then a single raid 10 array or two RAID 1 ones would be your best option.

A: I would consider no raid with some sort of online data protection (such as Carbonite).  This will maximize disk (750MB, say 600MB for data).  Perhaps you split the drives into 3 250MB volumes and put data on two of them and the OS on the third.
Stefan's suggestion (RAID1 2 disks,l have a hot spare) is the safest, but only nets 250MB total disk.  If you can make do with that little space, I would also recommend it.
Your second idea (1 drive unprotected for OS, RAID1 2 drives) nets 500MB, but only 250MB for data. I don't have a huge problem with leaving the OS unprotected as long as you backup your configurations to the protected drive, but I don't see it buying you much over 2 x RAID5 plus a hot spare.
Your first idea (RAID5 3 disks) is a compromise. You get more data space (400MB), but most experts advise against installing the OS on a RAID5 volume.  If you do this, I strongly suggest purchasing a spare and having it handy so that you can swap quickly.
Finally, what I would really do if possible is get 2 small, fast drives, mirror them for the OS, then RAID5 the 3 500MB drives for the data, something like this answer to a similar question.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The Inhibitory Effect of Different Solvents Extracts from Walnut Shell (Juglans regia L....
Jiong Yang, Chaoyin Chen, Shenglan Zhao, Feng Ge, Diqiu Liu
JFNR» Archive» Volume 2» Issue 10»Research Article
The Inhibitory Effect of Different Solvents Extracts from Walnut Shell (Juglans regia L.) on Pancreatic Lipase and Adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes
Jiong Yang1, Chaoyin Chen1, , Shenglan Zhao2, , Feng Ge1, Diqiu Liu1
1Faculty of life science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
2Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People's Republic of China
In this article, the effect of the solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, chloroform, N-butanol and ethyl acetate) on the extraction yields (EY), total flavonoids content (TFC), total phenols content (TPC) form walnut shell and the inhibitory effect of extracts on pancreatic lipase were analysed. The kinetics of enzyme inhibition and was investigated. The inhibitory effect of extracts on adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was also investigated. The highest EY, TFC and TPC were achieved with N-butanol (4.54%), Ethyl acetate (80.40 mg QEs/g extract) and ethyl acetate (200.40 mg GAE/g extract). The order of inhibitory activity was methanol extract (ME) > ethyl acetate extract (EAE) > ethanol extract (EE) > water extract (WE) > N-butanol extract (NBE) > chloroform extract (CE), the inhibition ratios were 82.51%, 73.13%, 70.49%, 69.42%, 65.57% and 60.66%, respectively under the concentration of 500 μg/mL. The IC50 values of WE, ME, EE, CE, NBE and EAE were 371.35, 308.91, 407.57, 196.50, 247.79 and 254.27 μg/mL respectively. The inhibitory types of walnut shell extracts were noncompetitive. All the extracts were non-toxic to 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The ME, EE, CE, NBE and EAE have inhibitory effect on triglyceride accumulation of 3T3-L1 cells.
Keywords: walnut shell, solvents extraction, pancreatic lipase, obesity
Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 2014 2 (10), pp 664-670.
DOI: 10.12691/jfnr-2-10-2
Received September 02, 2014; Revised September 16, 2014; Accepted September 19, 2014
Yang, Jiong, et al. "The Inhibitory Effect of Different Solvents Extracts from Walnut Shell (Juglans regia L.) on Pancreatic Lipase and Adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes." Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 2.10 (2014): 664-670.
Yang, J. , Chen, C. , Zhao, S. , Ge, F. , & Liu, D. (2014). The Inhibitory Effect of Different Solvents Extracts from Walnut Shell (Juglans regia L.) on Pancreatic Lipase and Adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 2(10), 664-670.
Yang, Jiong, Chaoyin Chen, Shenglan Zhao, Feng Ge, and Diqiu Liu. "The Inhibitory Effect of Different Solvents Extracts from Walnut Shell (Juglans regia L.) on Pancreatic Lipase and Adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes." Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 2, no. 10 (2014): 664-670.
Prevalence of obesity is becoming one of the greatest threats to global health owing to the people's lifestyle of decreased physical activity and intake of high energy food. Obesity not only affects human appearance, but also causes many diseases, such as hepatic adipose infiltration [1], arteriosclerosis [2], hypertension, coronary heart disease, type II diabetes and other chronic diseases [3]. Due to the increasing obesity rates, the World Health Organization has prompted to promote strategies to prevent and control its progress [4]. Moderate weight loss by lifestyle changes improves obesity which is the main cornerstone of the therapy for obesity. Unfortunately, this clinical approach is not-long term lasting and weight regain is often seen, so the drugs are necessary to prevent weight regain [5].
Dietary triglycerides are hydrolyzed by lipase to monoglycerides, fatty acids and other small molecules, which are absorbed and resynthesized triglycerides leading to obesity ultimately [3]. The inhibition of fat digestion is an approach for reducing lipid absorption which can reduce the chance of obesity. Pancreatic lipase (PL) which can catalyze the hydrolysis of dietary triglycerides is the key enzyme for lipid absorption. So it is an effective way to prevent obesity by inhibition the activity of lipase in the digestive organs. Orlistat is the hydrogenated derivative of lipstatin, an inhibitor of PL isolated from the Streptomyces toxytricini and the only authorized anti-obesity drug in Europe. The drug has effective for the treatment of obesity, but side effects, such as fecal incontinence, have also arisen [4]. Therefore, researches need to find natural anti-obesity compound to avoid the side effects. Now, a lot of extracts from hundreds of species of plants [6] and marine algae [7] as well as the metabolites from microorganisms [8] are being screened for their lipase inhibitory activity. In the research of effective antiobesity agents, several categories of natural compounds such as polyphenols, saponins, triterpenes, flavonoids, some certain proteins and basic polysaccharides show potent inhibitory activity against PL [4].
3T3-L1 mouse preadipocytes are known to differentiate into mature adipocyte cells in vitro and intracellular accumulation of lipid droplets has been observed in cell differentiation. Some natural products and plant extracts were found to inhibit the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells [9, 10].
Walnut shells are an abundant agricultural residue generated in the walnut harvest which can be valued as a source of natural compounds. They are good media to separate crude oil from water [11]. The shell also can be used as a carbonaceous sorbent to control metal from aqueous solution [12]. Walnut shell has many natural compounds such as phenols and flavonoids [13] which have potential inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase.
The aim of this work was to analyse the effect of the solvent on the inhibitory effect on PL of walnut shell extracts. Solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, chloroform, N-butanol and ethyl acetate) with different polarity were used. The extracts were studied, regarding their extraction yield, total flavonoids content, phenols content and PL inhibitory activity. The influence of pH and reaction time on inhibitory effect and kinetics of inhibition against PL were investigated. The inhibitory effect of extracts on adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was also investigated.
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), aluminum nitrate [Al(NO3)3], sodium nitrite (NaNO2), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), olive oil and Folin-Ciocalteau's phenol reagent were provided from Tianjin Fengchuan Chemical Reagent Science And Technology Co., Ltd. (Tianjin China). Quercetin, orlistat, gallic acid (GAE), DMSO, insulin, 3-isobutylmethoxylxanthine (IBMX), dexamethasone and porcine pancreatic lipase (PL) were purchased from Sigma (China). Penicillin-streptomycin and DMEM were obtained from Gibco (China). Ethyl acetate, methanol, 95% ethanol, chloroform and N-butanol were obtained from Chongqing Chuandong Chemical group Co., Ltd. (Chongqing China).
2.2. Preparation of Raw Material
The sampling of raw material was following the method described by Fernández-Agulló [14] with some modifications. Walnut shells were gathered from Zhaotong city in Yunnan province of China. Prior to the use, the walnut shells were cleaned of dirt and impurities, and then ground into powders using a grinder. The powders were passed through a 60-mesh screen. To preserve chemical properties, the particles were stored in plastic bags at , and then freeze dried for further use.
2.3. Extracts Preparation
The extracts were following the method described by Fernández-Agulló [14] with some modification. For the water extractions, of powdered sample with a ratio 1:30 (w/v) were extracted with boiling water for 45 min and filtrated through Whatman no.4 paper. In the extractions with methanol, ethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and N-butanol, of simple were extracted with 1500 mL of tested solvent for 45 min at 40°C and filtered through Whatman no.4 paper. The filtrates were evaporated under vacuum in a rotary evaporator then the concentrates were frozen, lyophilized and redissolved in water at concentrations of 1 mg/mL for further use. All the extractions were done in triplicate.
2.4. Total Flavonoids Content
The TFC in the obtained extracts was determined by colorimetric assay [15] with a little modification. Briefly, 1 mL sample ethanol solution was mixed with 0.3 mL NaNO2 aqueous solution (5%, w/w). The mixture stood for 6 min, followed by the addition of 0.3 mL Al(NO3)3 aqueous solution (10%, w/w). After deposing for 6 min, 4 mL NaOH aqueous solution (4%, w/w) was added and the volume was adjusted to 10 mL with distilled water. After incubation for 30 min at room temperature, the absorbance was determined at 508 nm. The results were based on the calibration curve with quercetin. The quercetin was dissolved in ethanol solution, and the concentrations of quercetin for the standard curve were 0-500 μg/mL. The TFC was calculated as a quercetin equivalent and expressed as mg quercetin equivalents (QEs) mg/g of extract. The determinations were performed in triplicate.
2.5. Total Phenols Content
The TPC was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau assay accordingly to Ghasemzadeh [16] with some modifications. Briefly, 1 mL of extract was mixed with 1 mL of Folin-Ciocalteau's reagent. After 5 min, 2 mL of Na2CO3 solution was added to the mixture and adjusted to 10 mL with distilled water. After being kept in the dark for 60 min, the absorbance at 750 nm was measured. The total phenols content was calculated using GAE calibration curve of GAE standard solutions (0-500μg/mL) and expressed as μg GAE equivalents (GAE) μg/g of extract. The determinations were performed in triplicate.
2.6. Determination of Pancreatic Lipase Activity
The PL activity was measured by the classical olive oil emulsion method [17] described by Zhang with some modification. The substrate (5 mL) and PBS (4mL, pH 7.5) was mixed and preheated in water bath at 37°C for 10 min. Then 1 ml of enzyme solution dissolving by PBS was added to the mixture to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction for 15 min and the reaction was terminated by adding 15 mL 95% ethanol. Blank samples were prepared in parallel before the addition of the enzyme. The amount of fatty acid produced was quantified by the volume of the consumption of NaOH (0.1 mol/L). One lipase unit was defined as the amount of enzyme needed to release 1 μmol fatty acid per minute under the experimental conditions. PL activity was computed from the following equation:
where A is the volume of experimental group consumed NaOH (mL), B is the volume of blank group consumed NaOH (mL). M is the molar concentration of NaOH solution (mol/L), T is the reaction time (min) and W is the mass of PL (g).
2.7. The Influence of Extracts Concentration on Inhibitory Effect
1 mL of each extract (100-500 μg/mL) was added to the mixture to investigate the PL inhibition as the method to determination of pancreatic lipase activity. The inhibitory effect of extracts on PL was obtained from:
where A1 is the PL activity and A2 is the PL activity after adding extracts.
The concentration which inhibits 50% enzymatic activity (IC50) was concluded from the graph of inhibition rate against the samples concentration.
2.8. Kinetics of Enzyme Inhibition
In order to clarify the kinetics of inhibition against PL, a series of substrate concentrations (0.0067, 0.0133, 0.0200, 0.0266, 0.0333 mg/mL) were tested in the assay system and each analysis was performed with or without the extracts. The inhibitory types were determined by Lineweaver-Burk plots, the inhibition constant (Ki) was calculated from the following equation:
where Km,app and Km are the Km with or without the extracts, the M represents the concentration of the extracts [18].
2.9. 3T3-L1 Cell Culture and Adipocytes Differentiation
The 3T3-L1 Cell culture and adipocytes differentiation was used the method described by Vaidya [19] with some modifications. 3T3-L1 mouse pre-adipocytes were cultured (37°C, 5% CO2) in DMEM containing with 10% FBS until reaching confluence. Then cells were stimulated with differentiation medium supplemented with DMEM with FBS (10%), insulin (10 μg/mL), dexamethasone (), IBMX (). After 48 h, the cells maintained in DMEM containing FBS (10%) and insulin (10 μg/mL) for another two days. Finally, the cells cultured with DMEM with 10% FBS for an additional four days. All media contained 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 100 IU/mL penicillin. The cultures were treated with extracts for general experiments throughout the culture period.
2.10. Cell Viability and Triglyceride Assays
3T3-L1 cells viability was determined by the MTT assay [20] with some modifications. Cells incubated in 96 well microtiter plates (1×104 cells/well) for 24 h. Then cells stimulated with 300 μg/mL of each extract for 24 h and MTT solution (5 mg/mL) was added to well. After 2 h of incubation at 37°C, the MTT reagent was removed. The formazan product was dissolved by the addition of 200 μL of DMSO. The absorbance was detected at 595 nm by use of a microplate reader, and cell viability was expressed as a percentage over control. Triglycerides were quantified using the Infinity Triglyceride kit (Thermo Scientific) [21]. Triglyceride was expressed as relative contents using a percentage over control.
2.11. Statistical Analysis
All the experiments were carried out in triplicate. The results are expressed as mean values and standard error of the mean. The existence of significant differences among the results fore extraction yield, total flavonoids content total phenols content and PL inhibitory properties of the extracts was analyzed. The difference was considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test were used. All statistical tests were used SPSS 19.0 software.
Extraction with solvents is frequently used for the isolation of bioactivity compounds. Organic solvents are commonly used for the extraction of polyphenols and flavonoids [22, 23, 24] from plant material. Both the extraction yield and biological activity of the extracts have a strong relationship with the solvent employed, mainly due to the different polarity of the compounds obtained [25]. For this reason, different solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, chloroform, N-butanol and ethyl acetate) were assayed for their extraction of walnut shell in this work. The extraction yield, total flavonoids content, total phenols content and PL inhibitory properties of the extracts obtained was compared.
3.1. The Extraction Yield, Total Flavonoids Content and Total Phenols Content
Table 1 shows the results obtained for the extraction yield, total flavonoids content and total phenols content. The EY, TFC and TPC of various solvents used for the extraction of walnut shell showed significantly different (p<0.05).
Table 1. Extraction yield (in percentage) and total flavonoids content (TFC mg QEs/g extract) and total phenols content (TPC mg GAE/g extract) of walnut shell from Zhaotong city in Yunnan province of China
The EY depended on many factors such as temperature [26], solid-liquid ratio [27] and the polarity of the solvent. Normally, the high temperature and solid-liquid ratio got high extraction yield. So in this work, a higher temperature and solid-liquid ratio were adopted. The values of the EY varied from 0.42% for the Chloroform extract to 4.54% for the N-butanol extract. The EY decreasing in the following order: N-butanol > methanol > water > ethanol > ethyl acetate > chloroform. The results were similar with Sahreen's, the ME had a higher extraction yield [28].
The NaNO2-Al(NO3)3 method and Folin-Ciocalteau assay used for determination of the total flavonoids and phenols content has been employed for many years. The total flavonoids content and total phenols content in walnut shell different solvents extracts were significantly different (p<0.05). The EAE showed the highest amount of these compounds, with 80.40 mg REs/g extract and 200.40 mg GAE/g extract. The total flavonoids content was higher than those results obtained by Akbari [13] but lower than the results got by Li [15] and Chaleshtori [29]. The total phenols content was higher than the results obtain by Ghasemzadeh [16]. The WE and CE showed the lowest content of flavonoids (4.73 mg REs/g) and phenols (10.76 mg GAE/g extract). The difference among TFC and TPC was mainly due to the polarity of the solvent and the solubility of extract in solvent.
3.2. Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activity
A lot of reports have been published about the inhibitory effect of extracts against the pancreatic lipase. Liu and his co-workers [30] reported that the IC50 value of Nelumbo nucifera leaf flavonoids on PL was 380 μg/mL. Gondoin [31] proved that white and green tea polyphenols had strong inhibitory effect on PL. Moreover very little research has been reported about the PL inhibition activity of walnut shell extracts. Walnut shells are waste generated in walnut (Juglans regia L.) harvest which contains natural compounds (flavonoids, phenols) with inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase. So the inhibition activity of walnut shell on pancreatic lipase was investigated.
The inhibitory effect of the extracts against pancreatic lipase was determined using different concentrations (100-500 μg/mL) of extracts. As shown in Figure 1, the extracts had moderate inhibition of PL in a dose-dependent manner. The order of inhibitory sequences was ME > EAE > EE > WE > NBE > CE, the inhibition ratios were 82.51%, 73.13%, 70.49%, 69.42%, 65.57% and 60.66%, respectively under the concentration of 500 μg/mL. When the concentration of orlistat > 400 μg/mL, the inhibition rate reaches 100%. Nevertheless, the extracts still showed a strong inhibitory activity of pancreatic lipase compared with quercetin, isoquercitrin and rutin [3], especially ME. To some extent, The IC50 values showed the inhibitory effect of inhibitors on enzyme active under a particular substrate concentration. The smaller of IC50 value indicated the stronger inhibition. The IC50 values of WE, ME, EE, CE, NBE and EAE were 371.35, 308.91, 407.57, 196.50, 247.79 and 254.27 μg/mL respectively. The IC50 values were smaller than the results obtained by Marrelli [32] and You [33]. The walnut shell extracts can be as a potential medicine to treatment of obesity.
Figure 1. Effect of orlistat, water extract (WE), methanol extract (ME), ethanol extract (EE), chloroform extract (CE), N-butanol extract (NBE) and ethyl acetate extract (EAE) on pancreatic lipase activity
Many reports have been published about the inhibitory activity of plant material against the pancreatic lipase. However, most of previous researches just investigated the inhibitive activity of the tested samples against the pancreatic lipase within the range of concentrations instead of the inhibitive mechanism [34, 35, 36, 37]. As shown in the Lineweaver-Burk plots for PL (Figure 2), equations of Y = 0.0008X + 0.0382 (R2 = 0.9999), Y = 0.0014 X + 0.0668 (R2 = 0.9973), Y = 0.002 X + 0.0969 (R2 = 0.9980), Y = 0.0016X + 0.0754 (R2 = 0.9942), Y = 0.0012X + 0.0582 (R2 = 0.9931), Y = 0.0013 X + 0.0645 (R2 = 0.9970), Y = 0.0018X + 0.086 (R2 = 0.9963) represent the enzymatic reaction curves for the control, WE, ME, EE, CE, NBE and EAE. The 7 inhibition lines of PL intersect on the x-axis indicated that the mechanism of pancreatic lipase inhibition by WE, ME, EE, CE, NBE and EAE was noncompetitive type. This was similar to the result obtain by Li [3] but diametrically opposed to Martins [18]. The data showed that the extracts and substrate could bind to pancreatic lipase simultaneously. When both the substrate and the extracts were bound, the enzyme-substrate-inhibitor complex cannot form product, which leaded to a lower activity for enzyme [3].
Figure 2. Lineweaver-Burk plots of control, water extract (WE), methanol extract (ME), ethanol extract (EE), chloroform extract (CE), N-butanol extract (NBE) and ethyl acetate extract (EAE) for the pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity
Table 2. IC50, Ki and 1/Ki values of interaction between pancreatic lipase and different solvents extracts of walnut shell from Zhaotong city in Yunnan province of China
The larger of 1/Ki value indicated the stronger inhibition effect on the enzyme activity. It can be seen in Table 2, the sequence of affinity (1/Ki) between pancreatic lipase and the 3 extracts obeying the order: CE > NBE > EAE > ME > WE > EE.
3.4. Cell Viability and Triglyceride Assays
To detect the effect of each extract on the viability of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, MTT was performed after 24 h resulted in on effect on the 3T3-L1 cells viability (Figure 3) which was similar to Lii's results [20]. The result proved that the extracts were non-toxic to 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The NBE showed the strongest inhibitory effect on triglyceride accumulation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes (Figure 4). The ME, EE, CE, NBE and EAE had significantly different (P<0.05) compared with control. Those data indicated ME, EE, CE, NBE and EAE with strong inhibitory effect on triglyceride accumulation of 3T3-L1 cells. The inhibitory effect of NBE was stronger than 75 μM diallyl trisulfide [20].
Figure 3. Effect of water extract (WE), methanol extract (ME), ethanol extract (EE), chloroform extract (CE), N-butanol extract (NBE) and ethyl acetate extract (EAE) on cell viability of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes cells
Figure 4. Effect of water extract (WE), methanol extract (ME), ethanol extract (EE), chloroform extract (CE), N-butanol extract (NBE) and ethyl acetate extract (EAE) on relative triglycerides contents. * indicated significantly different (P<0.05) compared with control
The inhibitory effect of different solvents (water, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and N-butanol) extracts from walnut shell on pancreatic lipase and adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were demonstrated. The highest EY, TFC and TPC were achieved with N-butanol (4.54%), Ethyl acetate (80.40 mg QEs/g extract) and ethyl acetate (200.40 mg GAE/g extract). The order of inhibitory was ME > EAE > EE > WE > NBE > CE, the inhibition ratios were 82.51%, 73.13%, 70.49%, 69.42%, 65.57% and 60.66%, respectively under the concentration of 500 μg/mL. The IC50 values of WE, ME, EE, CE, NBE and EAE were 371.35, 308.91, 407.57, 196.50, 247.79 and 254.27 μg/mL respectively. The inhibitory types of walnut shell extracts were noncompetitive. All the extracts were non-toxic to 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The ME, EE, CE, NBE and EAE have inhibitory effect on triglyceride accumulation of 3T3-L1 cells. Nevertheless, there is no a clear correlations about the flavonoids and phenols content of extracts and inhibitory effect. This is mainly due to the extracts may be complex mixtures with other active ingredients.
We gratefully acknowledged financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21466037), Supporting Plan Issue of the Ministry of Science and Technology (2011BAD46B00) and the science and technology major program of Yunnan education bureau (ZD2014009).
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Future Generations Commissioner for Wales asks for explanation into road freeze exemptions
7/7/21 Sophie Howe
The Future Generations Commissioner for Wales, Sophie Howe, has asked Welsh Government to explain how decisions are being made on Wales' road-building freeze exemptions.
In June, Welsh Government announced it was halting all future road-building projects while it conducted a review. Wales has a target of reaching net zero emissions by 2050, and transport accounts for 17% of emissions.
The news was backed by the Commissioner, climate change activist Greta Thunberg, who showed her support on Twitter, and organisations such as Wildlife Trusts Wales and Friends of the Earth Cymru.
Ms Howe has written to deputy minister for Climate Change, Lee Waters, to seek the government's reasoning for making exceptions for projects, after Welsh Government said it would press ahead with plans for the Llandeilo bypass.
She wants to know how exemption decisions fit with the government's wider efforts around transport and tackling the climate and nature crises, and how WelTAG (the Welsh Transport Appraisal Guidance for thinking about proposed changes to the transport system and addressing congestion) is being applied in the interests of both current and future generations.
The Commissioner has previously advised the Government that the WeTAG process is often not being applied correctly and called on the Government to refuse funding for new road schemes which cannot demonstrate the process has been followed correctly.
Although the Commissioner cannot intervene in specific projects, her team have advised on some WelTAG schemes and she has considered concerns about the application of WelTAG on a number of projects as a test to find out whether there is a systemic problem with the application of the guidance. The projects considered included the M4 Junction 34 link to the A48, a new road in Bridgend as part of the plan for a new housing development, Llanbedr bypass, A40 Penblewin to Redstone Cross Scheme, and A438 Llandeilo and Ffairfach schemes. The Commissioner has highlighted to Government problems with the application of the guidance in each of these cases.
The Commissioner said: "Our parliament just declared a nature emergency and we have a new climate risk assessment that has found the gap between risks and action is getting bigger – the whole world has a responsibility to step up in the fight against climate change, and all politicians must play their part.
"I welcomed the road freeze as the right call – and a huge step in the right direction for the healthier, prosperous, resilient and more equal Wales, showing the difference having a Well-being of Future Generations Act makes.
"Many of our current systems, including the way we plan and resource transport, are failing current and future generations, perpetuating our reliance on private cars which will not reduce our emissions and will not help us to create healthy and active communities. All our politicians need to be focused on asking challenging questions and taking difficult decisions to put that right."
The full letter, sent July 6, 2021 reads:
"I welcomed Welsh Government's decision to freeze on all new road projects and review them as part of the efforts to reduce carbon emissions – shifting investment from increasing road capacity to maintaining existing routes and prioritising public transport and active travel is exactly the type of bold decision that our current and future generations need. This is in line with many of the recommendations I made to Welsh Government in my Future Generations Report 2020 and builds on the vision set out in Llwybr Newydd, which my team was involved in.
Despite this freeze on all new road projects, there are schemes, which seem to be continuing as normal and are set to advance to the next stage in the WelTAG process. I would like to better understand Welsh Government's reasoning for making such exceptions for some road projects and how these decisions fit with the government's wider efforts around transport and tackling the climate and nature crises and I would like to see how the decisions are taken in accordance with the sustainable development principle considering the needs of both current and future generations.
You will be aware that, although I cannot intervene in specific cases, I do take an approach of considering matters raised with me when they appear to be a part of a systemic problem. In this regard, I have had concerns for a significant period of time about WelTAG – initially, my concerns were that the guidance was not aligned with the Well-being of Future Generations Act (hence, my office worked with Welsh Government to revise it), and later that the revised WelTAG was not being applied correctly. I wrote to former Economy Minister Ken Skates on 25 November 2020, identifying concerns with WelTAG application in example projects brought to my attention through public correspondence including the proposed M4 Junction 34 link to the A48, a new road in Bridgend as part of the plan for a new housing development, Llanbedr bypass, A40 Penblewin to Redstone Cross Scheme, and A438 Llandeilo & Ffairfach schemes.
The integrity of the application of WelTAG is critical and I am very clear that the government should not fund schemes which cannot clearly demonstrate the process has been followed correctly. The specific issues regarding the extent to which projects are in line with decarbonisation targets is also a significant issue which now needs to be reassessed.
I look forward to your response.
Sophie Howe, Future Generations Commissioner for Wales.
Sophie Howe


text:
Q: How to read the second column in a large file I have a huge file with millions of columns, splited by space, but it only has a limited number of rows:
examples.txt:
1 2 3 4 5 ........
3 1 2 3 5 .........
l 6 3 2 2 ........

Now, I just want to read in the second column:
2
1
6

How do I do that in java with high performance.
Thanks
Update: the file is usually 1.4G containing hundreds of rows.

A: If your file is not statically structured, your only option is the naive one: read through the file byte sequence by byte sequence looking for newlines and grab the second column after each one.  Use FileReader.
If your file were statically structured, you could calculate where in the file the second column would be for a given line and seek() to it directly.

A: Here is a little state machine that uses a FileInputStream as its input and handles its own buffering.  There is no locale conversion.
On my 7-year old 1.4 GHz laptop with 1/2 Gb of memory it takes 48 seconds to go through 1.28 billion bytes of data. Buffers bigger than 4Kb seem to run slower.
On a new 1-year old MacBook with 4Gb it runs in 14 seconds. After the file is in cache it runs in 2.7 seconds. Again there is no difference with buffers bigger than 4Kb. This is the same 1.2 billion byte data file.
I expect memory-mapped IO would do better, but this is probably more portable.
It will fetch any column you tell it to.
import java.io.*;
import java.util.Random;

public class Test {

public static class ColumnReader {

    private final InputStream is;
    private final int colIndex;
    private final byte [] buf;
    private int nBytes = 0;
    private int colVal = -1;
    private int bufPos = 0;

    public ColumnReader(InputStream is, int colIndex, int bufSize) {
        this.is = is;
        this.colIndex = colIndex;
        this.buf = new byte [bufSize];
    }

    /**
     * States for a tiny DFA to recognize columns.
     */
    private static final int START = 0;
    private static final int IN_ANY_COL = 1;
    private static final int IN_THE_COL = 2;
    private static final int WASTE_REST = 3;

    /**
     * Return value of colIndex'th column or -1 if none is found.
     *
     * @return value of column or -1 if none found.
     */
    public int getNext() {
        colVal = -1;
        bufPos = parseLine(bufPos);
        return colVal;
    }

    /**
     * If getNext() returns -1, this can be used to check if
     * we're at the end of file.
     *
     * Otherwise the column did not exist.
     *
     * @return end of file indication
     */
    public boolean atEoF() {
        return nBytes == -1;
    }

    /**
     * Parse a line.
     * The buffer is automatically refilled if p reaches the end.
     * This uses a standard DFA pattern.
     *
     * @param p position of line start in buffer
     * @return position of next unread character in buffer
     */
    private int parseLine(int p) {
        colVal = -1;
        int iCol = -1;
        int state = START;
        for (;;) {
            if (p == nBytes) {
                try {
                    nBytes = is.read(buf);
                } catch (IOException ex) {
                    nBytes = -1;
                }
                if (nBytes == -1) {
                    return -1;
                }
                p = 0;
            }
            byte ch = buf[p++];
            if (ch == '\n') {
                return p;
            }
            switch (state) {
                case START:
                    if ('0' <= ch && ch <= '9') {
                        if (++iCol == colIndex) {
                            state = IN_THE_COL;
                            colVal = ch - '0';
                        }
                        else {
                            state = IN_ANY_COL;
                        }
                    }
                    break;

                case IN_THE_COL:
                    if ('0' <= ch && ch <= '9') {
                        colVal = 10 * colVal + (ch - '0');
                    }
                    else {
                        state = WASTE_REST;
                    }
                    break;

                case IN_ANY_COL:
                    if (ch < '0' || ch > '9') {
                        state = START;
                    }
                    break;

                case WASTE_REST:
                    break;
            }
        }
    }
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    final String fn = "data.txt";
    if (args.length > 0 && args[0].equals("--create-data")) {
        PrintWriter pw;
        try {
            pw = new PrintWriter(fn);
        } catch (FileNotFoundException ex) {
            System.err.println(ex.getMessage());
            return;
        }
        Random gen = new Random();
        for (int row = 0; row < 100; row++) {
            int rowLen = 4 * 1024 * 1024 + gen.nextInt(10000);
            for (int col = 0; col < rowLen; col++) {
                pw.print(gen.nextInt(32));
                pw.print((col < rowLen - 1) ? ' ' : '\n');
            }
        }
        pw.close();
    }

    FileInputStream fis;
    try {
        fis = new FileInputStream(fn);
    } catch (FileNotFoundException ex) {
        System.err.println(ex.getMessage());
        return;
    }
    ColumnReader cr = new ColumnReader(fis, 1, 4 * 1024);
    int val;
    long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
    while ((val = cr.getNext()) != -1) {
        System.out.print('.');
    }
    long stop = System.currentTimeMillis();
    System.out.println("\nelapsed = " + (stop - start) / 1000.0);
}
}

A: I have to concur with @gene, try with a BufferedReader and getLine first, it's simple and easy to code. Just be careful not to alias the backing array between the result of getLine and any substring operation you use. String.substring() is a particularly common culprit, and I have had multi-MB byte-arrays locked in memory because a 3-char substring was referencing it.
Assuming ASCII, my preference when doing this is to drop down to the byte level. Use mmap to view the file as a ByteBuffer and then do a linear scan for 0x20 and 0x0A (assuming unix-style line separators). Then convert the relevant bytes to a String. If you are using an 8-bit charset it is extremely difficult to be faster than this.
If you are using Unicode the problem is sufficiently more complicated that I strongly urge you to use BufferedReader unless that performance really is unacceptable. If getLine() doesn't work, then consider just looping on a call to read().
Regardless you should always specify the Charset when initialising a String from an external bytestream. This documents your charset assumption explicitly. So I recommend a minor modification to gene's suggestion, so one of:
int i = Integer.parseInt(new String(buffer, start, length, "US-ASCII"));

int i = Integer.parseInt(new String(buffer, start, length, "ISO-8859-1"));

int i = Integer.parseInt(new String(buffer, start, length, "UTF-8"));

as appropriate.


*1981. Lives and works in Paris, France.
Quentin Brière Bordier is a member of the Paris based experimental film lab Etna. He works mainly with analog film and develops a cinema that breaks with the rules of traditional documentary filmmaking by exploring different forms of reality through formal and narrative experimentations.
A day in the Parisian amusement park Foire du trône. Machineries, bodies, mouvements. An ambulatory quest of images where the mechanical movement of the amusement park, to which the visitors are exposed to, reveals a metaphor of life and death.


text:
Student FSPUB > Anunţuri studenţi FSPUB >
BA in International Relations and European Studies
International Relations and European Studies
[30/09/2016 - BA in International Relations & European Studies] Welcome reception and orientation session
posted 26 Sept 2016, 12:44 by FSP UB [ updated 26 Sept 2016, 12:52 ]
Friday, on the 30th of September, at 10:30, all 1st year students of the BA program in International Relations and European Studies are invited to a small welcome reception and orientation session, which will take place in our headquarters from 8, Spiru Haret st., Room P.P. Negulescu (groundfloor).
On this occasion you will meet your program coordinator with whom you can discuss the first academic and administrative steps within the program.
You will also receive your institutional mail accounts, which will help you have access to all the faculty's resources, and you will be provided information about the national and international opportunities of internship, mobility for studying and volunteering.
Complimentary tea and chocolate will be available to all participants.
Event coordination: Conf.univ.dr. Luciana Alexandra GHICA
[28-29/09/2016 - Guest lectures & debates] The Ethics of Digital Diplomacy / Digital Diplomacy and Best Practices (Corneliu BJOLA, University of Oxford)
The Centre for International Cooperation and Development Studies (IDC)
of the Faculty of Political Science at the University of Bucharest
invites the interested public
to the guest lectures and debates
Corneliu BJOLA
DIGITAL DIPLOMACY AND BEST PRACTICES
28 September 2016, 10:00-12:30
Room P.P. Negulescu
(8, Spiru Haret st, groundfloor)
THE ETHICS OF DIGITAL DIPLOMACY
Public events (within the limit of available seats), moderated, in English, approx. 2h. Please register here.
The interactive lectures are dedicated to students and scholars of international relations but also to diplomacy practitioners from embassies, cultural institutes and other (inter)governmental organizations which use or need to use digital instruments and social networks to reach their audience.
The talks will be followed by a masterclass on digital diplomacy for students of the University of Bucharest.
Corneliu Bjola is Associate Professor in Diplomatic Studies at the University of Oxford. He received his PhD in Political Science from the University of Toronto in 2007 and was a research fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (2000), Visiting Fellow at the Australian Defense Force Academy (2012) and China Foreign Affairs University (2016). Bjola's research interests lie at the intersection of diplomatic studies, negotiation theory, international ethics, and crisis management. His current research focuses on the structural and normative conditions by which digital technologies inform, regulate, and constrain foreign policy. He has authored or edited five books, including the recent co-edited volumes on Secret Diplomacy: Concepts, Contexts and Cases (Routledge, 2015 with S Murray) and Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice (Routledge, 2015 with M. Holmes). His work has been published in the European Journal of International Relations, Global Affairs, International Negotiation, Review of International Studies, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, Global Policy, Journal of Global Ethics and The Hague Journal of Diplomacy. Bjola is Co-Editor of the book series on "New Diplomatic Studies" with Routledge and Editor-in-Chief of the new journal "Diplomacy and Foreign Policy" with Brill.
Events supported by a mobility project of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNCS - UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1 MCT-2016-0026.
Event coord.: Conf.univ.dr. Luciana Alexandra GHICA
[31/05/2016 - Guest lecture & debate] The Impact of the US Presidential Elections on US Foreign Policy (with Christopher LAYNE & Gabriela MARIN THORNTON, Texas A&M University)
posted 23 May 2016, 00:45 by FSP UB [ updated 24 May 2016, 00:13 ]
to the guest lecture and debate
THE IMPACT OF THE US PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS ON US FOREIGN POLICY
Christopher LAYNE & Gabriela MARIN THORNTON
The Bush School of Government & Public Service
Public event (within the limit of available seats), moderated, in English, approx. 2h. Complimentary tea available for all participants.
Christopher LAYNE is University Distinguished Professor, Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security, and professor of international affairs at the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University. His fields of interest are international relations theory, great power politics, US foreign policy, and grand strategy.
Gabriela MARIN THORNTON is Associate Professor of International Affairs at the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University. She received her PhD (International Studies, 2006) from the University of Miami. She teaches classes on International Politics in Theory and Practice, the European Union, NATO and European Security, and Democratization Processes.
The event is organized within the Professionals in International Relations and European Studies (ProRISE) programme of the Centre for International Cooperation and Development Studies (IDC). The event is also part of the annual Festival of Political Arts and Sciences - Polimateca, organized by the Faculty of Political Science at the University of Bucharest (FSPUB) to celebrate and promote political science as a discipline central for open societies.
Event coordinator: Dr. Claudiu TUFIȘ
[30/05/2016 - Guest lecture & debate] International Conflicts Today: From Local to Global Social Impact (with Diego CHECA HIDALGO, University of Granada)
Monday,
Room Amfitreatrul Th.ROSSETTI
(3, Negru Voda st, 1st dfloor)
to the guest lecture and debate on
INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS TODAY:
FROM LOCAL TO SOCIAL IMPACT
Diego CHECA HIDALGO
University of Granada
Public event (within the limit of available seats), moderated, in English, approx. 2h.
The event is organized within the Professionals in International Relations and European Studies (ProRISE) programme of the Centre for International Cooperation and Development Studies (IDC), with the support of the Erasmus+ programme of the European Commission. The event is also part of the annual Festival of Political Arts and Sciences - Polimateca, organized by the Faculty of Political Science at the University of Bucharest (FSPUB) to celebrate and promote political science as a discipline central for open societies.
Event coordinator: Luciana Alexandra GHICA
[26/05/2016 - Guest lecture & debate] Quality of Governance Indicators (with Luis DE SOUSA, University of Aveiro)
QUALITY OF GOVERNANCE
Luis DE SOUSA
University of Aveiro
Luís DE SOUSA (Ph.D., European University Institute) is Professor at Aveiro University, Portugal, and founding member of the Centre for International Cooperation and Development Studies (IDC). He is coordinator of ANCORAGE-NET, a research network on anticorruption agencies (www.ancorage-net.org) and Chairman of Transparência e Integridade, Associação Cívica (TIAC) - Transparency International's contact point for Portugal. He is also Local Research Correspondent on Corruption for the European Commission and acts as a consultant to various international governmental and non-governmental organizations on corruption control and political financing issues. Among others he was a former Edmond J. Safra Network Fellow at Harvard University and an international scholar within the Academic Fellowship Program of the Open Society Institute. He was also co-editor of EPS: European Political Science, an ECPR journal published by Palgrave Macmillan. His current research interests focus on corruption and corruption control studies, the politics of ethics reforms, regional integration (institutions and policies), cross-border relations, international organizations and comparative politics in general.
[24/05/2016 - Guest lecture & debate] Public Policy Analysis (with Luis DE SOUSA, University of Aveiro)
PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS
[24/05/2016 - Guest lecture & debate] Models and Methods in Political Science (with Ron KING, San Diego State University)
Room P.P.Negulescu
MODELS AND METHODS
IN POLITICAL SCIENCE
Ron KING
Professor of Political Science
Event coordinators: Lect.univ.dr. Dr.Claudiu TUFIȘ & Lect.univ.Dr.Oana Valentina SUCIU
[08/12/2015 - Guest lecture & debate] Outlook of Tapei-Beijing-Washington relations (Kwei-Bo HUANG, National Cheng Chi University)
posted 30 Nov 2015, 12:57 by FSP UB [ updated 24 May 2016, 00:00 ]
of the Faculty of Political Science University of Bucharest (FSPUB)
OUTLOOK OF
TAIPEI-BEIJING-WASHINGTON
Kwei-Bo HUANG
Department of Diplomacy,
National Cheng Chi University Taipei
Complimentary tea available for all participants.
Kwei-Bo HUANG is founding Director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at the College of International Affairs - National Cheng Chi University, and Secretary-General of the Association of Foreign Relations (AFR), ROC Taiwan. After having received his PhD in Government and Politics at the University of Maryland, he held various academic positions at home and abroad, including a Fulbright Visiting scholarship at the Johns Hopkins University and Visiting Fellowship at the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, Brookings Institution, Washington. He also served as Vice President of the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (2009-2011) and as Chairman of the Research and Planning Committee at the ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2009-2011). His research interests include international conflict management, US foreign policy and decision towards the Asia Pacific region, international political and military relations of Southeast Asia, and public diplomacy.
[21/05/2015 - Guest lecture & debate] America's Challenges: Rising China, Resurging Russia (with Christopher LAYNE & Gabriela MARIN THORNTON, Texas A&M University)
of the Faculty of Political Science at the University of Bucharest (FSPUB)
AMERICA'S CHALLENGES
RISING CHINA, RESURGING RUSSIA
[05/05/2015 - Guest lecture & debate] New Trends in Party Financing Regulation & Supervision (Luis DE SOUSA, University of Aveiro)
posted 4 May 2015, 21:54 by FSP UB [ updated 23 May 2016, 23:59 ]
Room Amfiteatru
(8, Spiru Haret st, basement)
NEW TRENDS IN PARTY FINANCING
REGULATION & SUPERVISION
University Aveiro
Public event (within the limit of available seats), moderated, in English, approx. 3h (with 2 short breaks). Complimentary tea available for all participants.
Luís DE SOUSA (Ph.D., European University Institute) is Professor at Aveiro University, Portugal, and founding member of the Centre for International Cooperation and Development Studies (IDC). He is also co-editor of EPS: European Political Science, an ECPR journal published by Palgrave Macmillan. He is coordinator of ANCORAGE-NET, a research network on anticorruption agencies (www.ancorage-net.org) and Chairman of Transparência e Integridade, Associação Cívica (TIAC) - Transparency International's contact point for Portugal. He is also Local Research Correspondent on Corruption for the European Commission and acts as a consultant to various international governmental and non-governmental organizations on corruption control and political financing issues. Among others he was a former Edmond J. Safra Network Fellow at Harvard University and an international scholar within the Academic Fellowship Program of the Open Society Institute. His current research interests focus on corruption and corruption control studies, the politics of ethics reforms, regional integration (institutions and policies), cross-border relations, international organizations and comparative politics in general.


text:
Spotboye
Shivin Narang To Play A Visually Impaired Man In Star Plus' Next?- EXCLUSIVE
Star Plus' is all set to bring rlemake of another popular regional show titled Aapki Nazro Ne Samjha. The show tells the story of a guy who loses his eye sight in an accident. But that doesn't stop him from being self-dependent and leading a normal life.
Now, Actor Shivin Narang who has played some very popular characters on television, has been approached to play the lead character in the show. ALSO READ: Shivin Narang On The Difference Between A Star And An Actor- EXCLUSIVE
A source close to the show informs, 'The show is being produced by Full House Media and will soon go on floor. Makers are in the process of locking the actors. Shivin has been approached to play the role of a blind man in the show. However things have not been finalised yet." ALSO READ: Beyhadh 2 Actor Shivin Narang: 'I Don't Want People To Know Me As Just A Good Looking Guy'- EXCLUSIVE
We messaged Shivin Narang to know more about it but he chose not to reply.
The show is a remake of popular Bengali TV serial Sanjher Baati which airs on Star Jalsha. The famous GEC is already treating the audience with successful remakes of regional shows like Saath Nibhana Saathiya 2, Ghum Hai Kisike Pyaar Mein, Imlie including their highest TRP rated show Anupamaa.
Coming back to Shivin, the actor was last seen in Beyhadh 2 opposite Jennifer Winget in fiction space. Also, we saw him attempting some daredevil stunts in reality show, Khatron Ke Khiladi 10.
Image Source: Instagram/shivin7
Check out more news on SpotboyE
'American United' showcased through fashion at Biden's inauguration day
Why is Everyone Talking about the Malayalam film The Great Indian Kitchen?
Arre·2-min read
The Great Indian Kitchen delves into how patriarchy, tradition, and religion often intersect and strip away the agency of women after they get married. It's yet another example of how regional cinema has succeeded in accurately portraying gender dynamics in our homes.
What does the Biden-Harris administration hold for India? With 1,000 guests estimated to attend the inauguration ceremony, this marks the smallest crowd in recent history due to Covid-19. The majority of guests will be members of Congress & an exclusive section. Lady Gaga sings the national anthem. Kamala Harris will be sworn-in first. Joe Biden will then be sworn in by US Chief Justice John Roberts. Biden will deliver his inaugural address as the US President. Watch the debate on the new administration's impact on India with Tamanna Inamdar, Richard M. Rossow, Wadhwani, Chair in U.S. India Policy Studies, CSIS, Meera Shankar, Former Ambassador to the USA, Ambassador Leela K Ponappa, Former Career Diplomat & Former Deputy NSA, Indrani Bagchi, Diplomatic Editor, The Times of India, Michael Kugelman, Deputy Director, The Asia Program, Jayant Dasgupta, Former Ambassador & Former Permanent Representative of India to WTO and Manjeet Kripalani, Executive Director, Gateway House.
Joe Biden takes the helm as US president, says democracy has prevailed; Kamala Harris sworn in as VP


This award is to honor the overall achievement of the visual effects within a live action commercial. Any commercial that is originated for Broadcast or specifically for advertising over the Internet may be considered, including paid commercials, PSAs and promos. Maximum length of commercials that will be considered is 120 seconds.
Infomercials, corporate IDs or marks and company logos are not eligible in this or any category.


"Goron artisans used flame-resistant rocks to craft these fireproof boots for curious Hylians visiting Goron City."
The Flamebreaker Boots are a piece of leg armor found in Breath of the Wild. They have a base defense of 3 and makes Link immune to burning air, such as whilst climbing Death Mountain. They can be purchased from the Ripped and Shredded armor shop in Goron City for 700 Rupees.
The Flamebreaker Set (also including Flamebreaker Armor and Flamebreaker Helm) enables immunity to burning damage when all equipped pieces have been enhanced at least twice.
This page was last modified on January 4, 2018, at 02:16.


The experts of Ayurveda have long understood the importance of emotional health. This science of natural health offers a variety of strategies and specific recommendations to keep emotions in balance throughout a lifetime.
From an Ayurvedic perspective, emotional ill-health is caused by lack of coordination between an individual's senses, emotions and thoughts.
The Ayurvedic texts also describe the heart as "Hrdaya." This Sanskrit word consists of three parts — each with its own meaning: Hr means to receive, Da to give, and Ya to move. The essential qualities of the heart are contained within this Sanskrit name – receiving, giving and moving. It is further described as Mahata – great, and Artha – serving all purposes, meaning in Ayurveda that it is an organ with a variety of important functions. The texts of Charaka go on to describe the heart as, "indispensable for all mental and physical activities," because the entire sense perception, in total, depends on the heart. It is further described as Pranayatana — the seat of consciousness and the mind. So important is the heart in Ayurveda that it is considered like the main support beam in a house; without that support, the house collapses.


This season Simon unveils a versatile assemblage that stems from the urban jungle to the charming English riviera. The collection encompasses overcoats, suits and jackets, shirts and ties, shoes and socks. Accessories include watches, cufflinks, wallets, bags and jewellery.
Costal-chic includes soft chinos in lime and sky blue worn with an array of eccentric prints from corals to shrimps, plus the quintessentially British summer staple- deck chairs.


text:
Supreme Court Limits Availability of Class Arbitration
On April 24, 2019, the United States Supreme Court issued a death-knell to attempts to force employers into class arbitration by use of ambiguous language that does not explicitly authorize arbitration of employee claims on a class-wide basis. In Lamps Plus Inc. v. Varela (2019) –– S.Ct. ––––, the Court held that consent to arbitrate a legal claim as a class proceeding may not be inferred from ambiguous language in an arbitration agreement, and that a contract interpretation rule requiring that agreements be construed "against the drafter" cannot substitute for the requisite "affirmative contractual basis" for concluding that the parties agreed to class arbitration.
The case arose out of a suit filed by Lamps Plus employee Frank Varela, who sued on behalf of other employees of the company whose private information had allegedly been compromised by the release of their tax information to a computer hacker. In response, Lamps Plus sought to compel arbitration of Varela's claims for negligence, breach of contract, and invasion of privacy on an individual basis pursuant to the arbitration agreements it entered into with its employees. That agreement contained a clause stating that arbitration "shall be in lieu of any and all lawsuits or other civil legal proceedings relating to the employee's employment," which the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals construed as authorizing class arbitration because it is a "lawsuit or other civil legal proceeding." However, the agreement also contained language stating that the employee waived "any right I may have to file a lawsuit or other civil action or proceeding relating to my employment," which supported a determination that the agreement was a "bilateral" one, requiring arbitration between only Lamps Plus and its individual employees.
The Ninth Circuit found the agreement to be ambiguous in terms of whether it provided for class arbitration, because it was "capable of two reasonable constructions." As such, it decided to construe the agreement against Lamps Plus and ordered class arbitration, because Lamps Plus was the drafter of the agreement and any ambiguities had to be construed against it pursuant the doctrine of contra proferentem. The court noted that this doctrine applies "with particular force in cases of contracts of adhesion" in which the weaker party has virtually no bargaining power, which was evident in the employer-employee relationship in that case.
Relying on several of its decisions in recent years disapproving of class arbitration, including AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion (2011) 563 U.S. 333 and Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis (2018) 584 U.S. ––––, the Court first stated that the shift from individual to class arbitration is a "fundamental" one that cannot be presumed or lightly inferred. The Court went on to explain that this is so because class arbitration is "not only markedly different from the traditional individualized arbitration contemplated by the Federal Arbitration Act ["FAA"], but also undermines the most important benefits of arbitration such as its speed, simplicity and inexpensiveness." The Court also noted that class arbitration raises serious due process concerns by purporting to adjudicate the rights of absent class members who did not agree to arbitrate their claims as part of the plaintiff class, with only limited judicial review. Relying on its 2010 decision in the Stolt-Nielsen v. Animalfeeds (2010) 559 U.S. 662, the Court reiterated that
consent to participate in class arbitration may not be inferred absent an affirmative "contractual basis for concluding that the party agreed to arbitrate on a class basis... Silence is not enough; the FAA requires more." (Emphasis added).
Because the Lamps Plus agreement was both silent and ambiguous on the issue of class arbitration, the Court held that the Ninth Circuit's order requiring class arbitration of Varela's claims could not stand. The Court noted that unlike contract interpretation rules that are intended to help uncover the intent of the parties, the contra proferentem doctrine "is by definition triggered only after a court determines that it cannot discern the intent of the parties." Instead, it represents a public policy that is divorced from any actual determination of the parties' intent. The Court accordingly held that the doctrine cannot "cannot provide the necessary contractual basis for concluding that the parties agreed to submit to class arbitration."
The decision was rendered by the five most conservative Justices on the Court, who have generally favored a broadened interpretation of arbitration in the past. In the Dissenting opinions issued by the four more liberal Justices, comments were made to the effect that mandatory individual arbitration "thwarts effective access to justice for those encountering diverse violations of their legal rights," and that the decisions like the one issued by the majority "have facilitated companies' efforts to deny employees and consumers the important right to sue in court" on a collective basis. Justice Ginsburg emphasized how treacherously the Court has strayed from the principle that "arbitration is a matter of consent, not coercion," and stated that the Majority's decision underscores the irony of invoking the principle that arbitration must be consensual:
To justify imposing individual arbitration on employees who surely would not proceed to proceed solo, [in a case in which Varela] sought redress for negligence by his employer for a data breach affecting 1,300 employees.
Similarly, Justice Kagan lamented the fact that all states construe ambiguities in contracts against their drafters, and that the "anti-drafter canon" promotes clarity in contracting by resolving ambiguities against the "parties who held the pen." None of the dissenters, however, acknowledged the fact that unilaterally-imposed arbitration agreements have been legal for many years, in a wide variety of circumstances even outside the employment setting, and are routinely used by doctors, car dealerships, and realtors; and that the law generally requires one who signs an agreement in this country to abide by it, irrespective of any later-made claims that they did not understand it.
The Lamps Plus decision is therefore an important one to the development of the law of class arbitration, by confirming that agreements requiring such a procedure are only enforceable when the contracting parties have "affirmatively" agreed to it.
Atkinson Andelson Loya Ruud & Romo - Ronald W. Novotny
Are you Properly Classifying your Caddie? Avoid Pitfalls in Caddie Misclassification *
New California Law Protects Workers from Indoor Heat Exposure *
Ninth Circuit rejects FAAAA preemption challenge to law governing independent contractors *
Governor Newsom Signs Assembly Bill 48 That Places a $15,000,000,000 State School Facilities Bond on the March 3, 2020 Ballot for Approval *
What You Need to Know About the AB 5 "Business-to-Business" Exemption *
Best practice to prevent workplace harassment
Lamps Plus Decision Sheds Light on Class Arbitration Agreements *
Lamps Plus, Inc. v. Varela: The Supreme Court Clarifies that Clear Consent is Necessary for Class Arbitration *
U.S.: Supreme Court reverses the Ninth Circuit and holds that ambiguity in a contract on the issue of whether the parties agreed to allow class arbitration is not a sufficient basis for ordering class arbitration. *
Edwin Yee
Senior Vice-President and Regional Counsel
Sony BMG Music Entertainment (Asia) Inc
"I am a regular reader of Lexology – the content of which is extremely useful to me."