text:
Is there an explanation to the "exponential" growth of power levels in Z fighters?
I haven't watched Dragon Ball in detail, but I think something like this has never been explained and it doesn't make sense to me at all.
It took all Dragon Balls for Goku to go from power level of 10 to a maximum of 950 in his fight against Raditz. However, in much less time than what took Dragon Ball to happen, he managed to get to 8000 in base form to fight Vegeta in relatively little time, and then to 300000 in base form in even less time to fight against Freezer, and so on...
It's obvious that if you get better training methods, you can improve faster. However, I think something like that doesn't make sense in this case even for an anime. I'd like to know if there's an in-universe explanation for this exponential growth in power level.
Nope. – Madara's Ghost May 14 '15 at 14:56
The reason for their exponential growth is because new enemies keep appearing exponentially more powerful than the last. Logically, the Z fighters should've died fighting Vegeta which would've meant the end of the story. Obviously, the author didn't want that so he made the Z fighters grow exponentially. The author is always God of his own work. So no, there is no reason other than "the author just ran out of ideas". – Nolonar May 14 '15 at 15:30
Can anyone explain their close vote on this question? I think it is a reasonable question, from the point of view of someone who doesn't watch Dragon Ball. – nhahtdh May 14 '15 at 19:06
@user54325: I have edited the question a bit to make it a bit clearer. Please edit it yourself if I accidentally change the meaning of the question. Thanks. – nhahtdh May 14 '15 at 19:28
@Nolonar One reason I respect Toriyama as an author is that he's always totally up front about that in interviews; he fully admits that all the transformations and fusions and power ups were just plot devices to explain how the heroes triumphed against seemingly impossible odds. – Torisuda May 14 '15 at 23:12
One possible answer is that Saiyans get way more powerful than before if they agonize (and survive). It's called Zenkai. This ability is found in pure Saiyan, half-blood and even Cell.
One example is when Gohan fights Cell, kicks him around, but refuses to kill him. This allows Cell to recover and get way stronger than before, making it very difficult to Gohan to kill him, even with help of other warriors, Vegeta and even dead Goku. In retrospect, Gohan could have single-handedly kill Cell, but he didn't do so at the beginning of their fight.
Not by coincidence, this "ability" make every fight involving Saiyan longer and with plot-twists.
Source: Zenkai - Dragon Ball Wiki
Bruno LampsBruno Lamps
Welcome to the Manga & Anime SE. Could you summarize what you think is most relevant from your source to backup your answer? This way people understand what you mean, without having to read through the wiki page themselves. – Peter Raeves May 14 '15 at 18:10
Saiyans become more powerful from battle, especially if they're injured. They also become more powerful every time they are presented with a challenge that is above them. So when Goku was killed by Picollo (when fighting Raditz) he became more powerful, even though he had died. Saiyans also become more powerful through anger and the training from King Kai also helped. As for the rest of the Z fighters, they always became more powerful from some sort of training (Kame's lookout, King Kai) or power given to them by a character that has the ability to unlock their potential (like the elder guru did for Gohan and Krillin on Namek).
Marc FreemanMarc Freeman
What card game are the gang playing in the hotel in "Rivals and Arrivals"?
What does the Namekian password for the Dragon Balls translate to?
Who's the girl on the cover of chapter 67?
The Super Saiyan Legend
Where are the more powerful characters during the Tournament of Power?
Did Dragonball (1/Z/S) ever show the Z fighters getting ready for the day?


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Image: Vladimir_Timofeev, Getty Images/iStockphoto
Extra-large solid state drives raise questions about real-world use
by Evan Koblentz in Hardware
on April 8, 2018, 9:55 PM PDT
Nimbus Data says its 100 terabyte drive is right around the corner. We've heard similar claims from much bigger companies. Eventually they'll come true, but what happens then?
Nimbus Data said recently that it will soon ship a colossal 100 TB solid-state drive (SSD), raising questions about what special concerns arise for this new level of digital containment.
The current largest SSDs shipping to enterprise customers store about 10-16 terabytes. Bigger drives have been claimed, but none are shipping–Samsung announced a 30 TB drive in February 2018; Seagate proposed a 60 TB drive in 2016; and Toshiba almost three years ago said it's developing a 128 TB drive.
SEE: IT hardware procurement policy (Tech Pro Research)
Nimbus CEO Thomas Isakovich promised that his 100 TB whopper will ship to distributors within the next month. "We think the industry is absolutely ready for drives to get bigger," he said, noting that drive companies' business decisions–not the laws of physics–are the limiting factor.
"I think there's this arbitrary reaction by some that this is a number that's too big. I think that's just a short-term phenomenon," Isakovich said. "This is not an engineering exercise. This is a product that is sampling to customers now."
SEE: Flash storage: A cheat sheet (TechRepublic)
Isakovich said that engineers at Nimbus, in Irvine, CA, faced three challenges in designing their beast, dubbed the ExaDrive DC100, as compared to normal SSDs: using separate management chips for each of the drive's four flash controllers, rather than a single master chip; reducing heat by only turning on the memory chips that are needed at a given time, rather than all at once; and building in software that lets the drive continue running if some of the memory chips fail, rather than a serial configuration where a single failure would interrupt the whole system. These methods combine to make the drive reliable rather than having it run at full speed.
Digital forensics and application rewrites are additional special concerns for solid-state drives. Installing such drives in a storage array presents its own unique issues, although Isakovich said his drive will soon gain built-in array controller software.
Then there's the cost. The DC100 will cost "closer to the lower number" of the present 35-90 cents-per-gigabyte price range for existing solid-state enterprise drives, Isakovich said. But even at the lowest part of that range, 35 cents per gigabyte is $358.40 per terabyte, and who wants to pay $35,840 for a single drive?
Nimbus distributors will likely target hyper-scale customers such as the Amazons, Facebooks, and Googles of the world, along with other data giants such as government agencies and defense clients. They'll even sell it to the public for anyone who wants bragging rights. Yet sales staffers will face a tough situation when potential customers inquire about restoring a full DC100 from backups–Nimbus engineers found that it takes about 36 hours to write all that data, Isakovich acknowledged.
SEE: Got a lot of SSDs and hard drives to erase? You need the StarTech four-bay drive eraser (ZDNet)
Nimbus is buying its NAND chips from SK Hynix and another company Isakovich wouldn't identify. That may be Boise, ID-based Micron, and officials there weren't saying either. However, Micron SSD expert Jason Echols did share his opinions about concerns with SSDs of such vast scale.
More must-read storage coverage
Get lifetime 1TB of cloud storage for just $140
An overview of hierarchical storage management
Ravi Pendekanti: How Western Digital's HDD innovation is lowering total cost of ownership
Home usage of company-owned equipment policy
"I think it's an innovative drive. It's fun. It challenges the market to think about these questions you're asking," said Echols, senior technical marketing manager. The mean time between failure of enterprise SSDs is now longer than that of conventional hard drives for most kinds of applications, he noted. Speaking metaphorically, "One thing you have to think about is the blast radius… if that thing goes up in smoke, what's the damage it's going to cause around it? If it just quits working, what's the impact to the broader system?"
"I think what'll happen is we'll see a couple of transitions occur that will allow more people to be comfortable with a big SSD," such as the fourth generation of PCI Express interfaces, 5G mobility, and data created by smart cars, Echols added. "I'd say in the next 5 years you can start to look at that kind of drive being pretty interesting."
Evan Koblentz
Published: April 8, 2018, 9:55 PM PDT Modified: April 5, 2018, 11:52 PM PDT See more Hardware
How to check SSD health in Linux (TechRepublic)
Digital forensics: The smart person's guide (TechRepublic)
Gallery: 10 free backup applications to help you prevent disaster (TechRepublic)
Data backup policy (Tech Pro Research)
Share: Extra-large solid state drives raise questions about real-world use
By Evan Koblentz
Evan became a technology reporter during the dot-com boom of the late 1990s. He published a book, "Abacus to smartphone: The evolution of mobile and portable computers" in 2015 and is executive director of Vintage Computer Federation, a 501(c)3 non-profit organization. His vices include running and Springsteen.
Contact Evan Koblentz
See all of Evan's content

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Guests are responsible for their own travel and hotel accommodations. Hotel discount can be made at The Inn at Longwood Medical, Boston, MA.
Hotel recommendation for the 2018 Harvard/Glenn Symposium on Aging discount will be made by individual attendees directly with Hotel's reservations at 1 (800) 468-2378 or (617) 731-4700. Ask for group code GLEN2018 or use the link.


text:
Rockies Beat Up Shaky Haren, Shellack Nats
By Andrew Flax
The good feeling from that three-game winning streak dissolved pretty quickly.
The downward spiral that is Dan Haren's season continued today, as he allowed six runs in just 3.1 innings and the Nationals (37-37) sputtered on both sides of the ball, getting hammered by a final of 7-1.
Jun 22, 2013; Washington, DC, USA; Washington Nationals pitcher Dan Haren (15) warms up prior to the game against the Colorado Rockies at Nationals Park. Mandatory Credit: Evan Habeeb-USA TODAY Sports
It started off ugly and went downhill from there for Haren. The game's second batter, DJ LeMahieu, hit a solo home run and extended Haren's MLB lead in homers allowed with 19. A double and a single scored another run, and another double drove home the inning's third run with two outs. However, after that double, Haren quickly settled down. He got an out to end the inning, and pitched perfect innings in the second and third. But, just as he had lulled us into a false sense of security, the wheels came off again in the fourth. Two more runs crossed the plate with only one out, with more runners still on, and Davey Johnson had seen enough.
Haren was replaced by Ross Ohlendorf, making his first appearance since his start in Colorado. Ohlendorf let up a hit that scored one of his inherited runners but locked the inning down afterwards. Haren's final line was gruesome: 3.1 IP, 7 H, 6 ER, 0 BB, 5 K. He is now last in baseball among starters in ERA and last in the NL in OPS against. To add insult to injury, Haren was heavily booed throughout the game, especially so when he was pulled. In his postgame press conference, Davey said he was "concerned" about Haren, and plans to talk to him during his next throwing session. He gave no indication about how the Nats might handle his role going forward, and indicated that they might skip his next start at least. His future will be much more clear once Davey sees that bullpen session.
Jun 22, 2013; Washington, DC, USA; Washington Nationals pitcher Ross Ohlendorf (43) winds up to pitch during the game against the Colorado Rockies at Nationals Park. Mandatory Credit: Evan Habeeb-USA TODAY Sports
Ohlendorf acquitted himself quite well in his first long relief outing. He bailed out the bullpen, pitching 4.2 innings and allowing just one run, a Nolan Arenado solo homer in the eighth, on five hits. He could be making a case to stay on board even when Ryan Mattheus returns from the DL, or perhaps take Haren's rotation spot temporarily if he is shut down for a while or put on the DL.
Meanwhile, Jhoulys Chacin cruised. He mowed down the Nats, allowing no runs and five hits in seven innings. The lineup was a bit weakened after Jayson Werth was scratched with flu-like symptoms, but could get absolutely nothing going. Perhaps they were dampened by the sudden massive deficit, but for whatever reason they had no sustained offense, getting exactly one baserunner in six of Chacín's seven innings. Only a solo shot by Ryan Zimmerman in the bottom of the ninth off Jose Lopez saved the Nats the indignity of a shutout. The Nats have scored a total of three runs in their past two games,
Fortunately, the saying "Momentum is only as good as the next day's starting pitcher" swings both ways, and Ross Detwiler is pretty good. The Nats will try for a series win, and with Haren's rotation spot in potential jeopardy (more on that later), perhaps the good feeling that was lost today can be recaptured. Regaining it will take more than just pitching, and the onus is on the offense to take it to Jorge De La Rosa, a tough lefty but one that the Nats tagged for three runs and a loss in 5.1 innings in Colorado last week.
Next Game: Sunday at Nationals Park, 1:35 PM. Detwiler (2-5, 3.34) v. De La Rosa (7-4, 3.21)


text:
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Today, 785 million people – 1 in 9 – lack access to safe water
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Every 2 minutes a child dies from a water-related disease.
$260 billion is lost globally each year due to lack of basic water and sanitation. Access to safe water and sanitation at home turns time spent into time saved, giving families more time to pursue education and work opportunities that will help them break the cycle of poverty.
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text:
SABC appoints Madoda Mxakwe as new CEO, Yolande van Biljon as CFO.
The SABC has appointed Madoda Mxakwe as new CEO – the beleaguered South African public broadcaster's first permanent new CEO in over two and a half years.
Madoda Mxakwe that lacks broadcasting management experience, worked for Nestlé in Switzerland as well as in East and Southern Africa as country head, and takes over the gargantuan task of trying to rightsize the crisis-hit public broadcaster plagued by mismanagement and corruption, ballooning debt and the dented credibility of its news service after censorship orders that were nullified by the country's broadcasting regulator in March 2017.
The SABC, waiting on yet another possible government bailout, limped along with acting CEOs the past two years since Frans Matlala left in November 2015, with several other top executive positions that have also been left vacant.
Chris Maroleng was appointed as COO from February 2018, Phathiswa Magopeni was appointed as the new head of news and current affairs from March, and the SABC announced that the chartered accountant Yolande van Biljon has been appointed as its permanent chief financial officer (CFO) effective immediately.
Madoda Mxakwe will take over the reigns as SABC CEO from 1 July.
He has a masters degree in global political economy from Sussex University in the UK and executive leadership development certificates from the London Business School and a PGD in business administration from the Gordon Institute of Business School (GIBS).
Bongumusa Mahkathini, SABC board chairperson, says Madoda Mxakwe and Yolande van Biljon's appointments "affirm our commitment to attract and retain the best skills to take the SABC to greater heights, particularly to address the evolving broadcasting environment enabled by technology and the changing media consumer patterns".
He said the SABC board believes the two appointments "will strengthen the organization's position as a credible and reliable public service content provider. As part of the continuous efforts to bring stabiliy, the SABC is in the process of finalising other group executive appointments in order to achieve sound governance in allthe SABC's business units".
The SABC has had 11 CEOs since 2009, including those who were appointed in an acting capacity, with acting CEO James Aguma who was followed by Nomsa Philiso, before the appointment of Madoda Mxakwe.
Labels: CEO, CFO, Madoda Mxakwe, SABC, Yolande van Biljon


text:
Q: I need to refresh my view in codeigniter When I click on PatymentRecieved left_menu link than we go to PatymentRecieved view and select shopId from shop dropDown ,basis of shopId we get customer name in another dropDown if we select any customer name from this customer dropdown than result generated in table though ajax response,The problem is that IFF we come to shopID dropdown than we select ="select" also in customer name dropdown select ="Select" than we need to refresh my view (table data ajax response)
public function selectCustById(){

        //check iff in shop dropDown shopId="Select"
       if($this->input->post('shopId')=="Select"){echo "<option>Select</option>";}

        $shop_id=$this->input->post('shopId');
        $data['custName']=$this->transaction_model->getCustNameByshopId();

        $i=0;

        foreach ($data['custName'] as $custName) {
            if($i==0){
                echo "<option>Select</option>";
                }
            echo "<option value='$custName->id'>$custName->name</option>";

             }
        $i++;
}

A: Just put the javascript code below after you select "select" in dropdown
window.location.reload();

A:    window.location.reload(true);

above mentioned javascript will be used after checking value selected in both dropdown is "select".

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The culture of Louisville as affected by and reflected in motion pictures.
Carpenter, Eleanor Blake, "The culture of Louisville as affected by and reflected in motion pictures." (1941). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1696.


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The Most Radical Song in History
A tremendous source of frustration in my life concerns the following sequence of events.
I'll be playing an early recording of a Cole Porter song from the late 1920s or early 1930s, or perhaps a daring song from a soundtrack from an outrageous Busby Berkeley movie.
I'll be absolutely thrilled at the sheer radicalism of the text and the beat, the edginess of the topic which covers issues considered "adult only" today, and I love to imagine the world being born in that period and how utterly new and startling it must have been. Such a window into a time not unlike our own!
Technology was reaching the world in a new way and composers and singers were reveling in the new opportunities. It was only two generations earlier when pop music was a Souza march or a filiopietisic love song played on a piano at home. Back then, the only serious innovations in popular music (ragtime) were found in places you weren't supposed to be.
But in the 1920s-30s, there was this explosion of artistic energy, all tied up with protesting the regimentation of the world with socialism, fascism, and prohibitionism. Music was a sphere of freedom. It was bound up with dance and free association of persons, with a love of life despite the growth of despotism all around. It reflected urbanism, the desire of the new generation to escape the world their parents inhabited, to explore new forms of art and life, to embrace and live prosperously, and, above all, to decline to comply with the growing restrictiveness of regime politics.
I hear all of this in this music. It thrills and delights me.
But when I play it for others, the reaction is usually rather disappointing: "that sounds old."
Well, it sort of does sound old. But old is not old-fashioned. Not if you listen carefully. There is liberation in this music and style. It cries with with a love for freedom despite what was happening to the world with the rise of every form of tyranny. Indeed, music was a great American contribution to the world.
Our dance music and jazz annoyed dictators all over the world (the Nazi's ridiculous "war on jazz" was about as successful as the U.S. war on drugs.)
What song from this period is the best to illustrate what was going on and why it matters? My vote is the Benny Goodman performance of "Sing, Sing, Sing," from 1937, featuring Gene Krupa on drums. The song itself was written a year earlier and first recorded by Louis Prima. Goodman went to Hollywood for his recording and the results are nothing short of classic.
It also represented a big push forward in technology. It was pressed on a 78-rpm record, one that you had to turn over to hear the entire song. The usual big-band chart of the time was 3 minutes long, a limitation of what could be distributed. But Goodman went all out with a version that lasted 8 minutes and 43 seconds. Nothing like this had been done until that point.
The song features every conceivable musical effect, many just outrageous. The trumpets use what's called flutter tonguing to achieve a growling and animal-like sound. Descending passages in one side-melody employ a two-against-three motif that seems designed to capture the feeling of inebriation. The solos are long and dream like, and clearly improvised. There are moments that seem absolutely primal, with brass that nearly scream with excitement and abandon. Every new section seems to yell "you can't control me" with ever more intensity.
Then there's the speed of the song itself. It is very quick, so much so that dancing to it requires some real expertise. You have to stay cool but doing much in the way of turns and flips calls upon real physical energy and stamina. But the song is so upbeat and happy, the adrenaline that emerges makes it possible.
Underneath it is the driving, primitive drum beat provided by the great Gene Krupa. The drum in this song becomes an extended solo instrument, on par with any other. It seems to be waking something up within us, something calling on the broadest range of human experience.
More than any other feature of this song, the persistent, daring, pushy, and innovative drum work suggests a busting out of the confines in which the politics of the time were trying to place us. As freedom in the external world was declining, this music and this song in particular seem to be recreating the joy and liberty of life in musical form.
Consider the amazing distance, the vast gulf, that separates this song in 1937 from the music of 50 years earlier. There was nothing else like this in existence only a couple of generations earlier. It called on new talents, new sensibilities, a new way of dancing, a sense of daring defiance against the status quo.
Public life was becoming ever more restricted, censorious, regimented, and even tyrannical. But musical life was going in the exact opposite direction, as if to underscore that freedom, progress, and love of life cannot be crushed no matter what governments say.
"Sing, Sing, Sing" embodies this spirit more than any song of the period. It goes way beyond the comparatively stodgy "Pennsylvania 6500" and "Chattanooga Choochoo" of Glen Miller and other bands at the time. Even now it strikes the ear as radical, revolutionary, and insanely fun. This is why it has been featured in dozens of films, shows, games, and commercials over the last decades.
It's a masterpiece, and maybe the most radical song ever performed.
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Adam Knott says:
Without question the best version of Sing, Sing, Sing is "The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall" version:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPNbCbZb32Y
The song as performed that evening in 1938 was by far the most inspired. The main reason was the piano playing of Jess Stacy; he played one of the greatest jazz solos of all time that night. Here is how that piano solo was described by Jazz historian Whitney Balliett in his book American Musicians: 56 Portraits in Jazz:
"But in spite of himself, Stacy did take a famous solo. It came about accidentally, during Goodman's bellwether 1938 Carnegie Hall concert. The band was nearing the closing ensemble of its elephantine showpiece, "Sing, Sing, Sing," when, after a Goodman-Gene Krupa duet, there as a treading-water-pause, and Stacy, suddenly given the nod by Goodman, took off. The solo lasted over two minutes, which was remarkable at a time when most solos were measured in seconds. One wonders how many people understood what they were hearing that night, for no one had ever played a piano like it. From the opening measures, it had an exalted, almost ecstatic quality, as it if were playing Stacy. It didn't, with its Debussy glints and ghosts, seem of its time and place. It was also revolutionary in that it was more of a cadenza than a series of improvised choruses. There were no divisions or seams, and it had a spiraling structure, an organic structure, in which each phrase evolved from its predecessor. Seesawing middle-register chords gave way to double-time runs, which gave way to dreaming rests, which gave way to singsong chords, which gave way to oblique runs. A climax would be reached only to recede before a still stronger one. Piling grace upon grace, the solo moved gradually but inexorably up the keyboard, at last ending in a superbly restrained cluster of upper-register single notes. There was an instant of stunned silence before Krupa came thundering back, and those who realized that they had just heard something magnificent believed that what they had heard was already in that Valhalla where all great unrecorded jazz solos go."
Besides the Stacy piano solo near the end of the recording, I recommend paying careful attention to the way Stacy "backs" Goodman's preceding clarinet solo. In Balliett's book Stacy speculated that the reason Goodman allowed him to perform such an unusually long solo was because of the way he had backed Goodman in Goodman's own solo. If you listen closely, you can hear Stacy's beautiful playing in the background during Goodman's sole.
This 1938 Carnegie Hall recording of Sing, Sing, Sing, is one of the greatest Jazz recordings of all time.
Ethan Glover says:
Jeffrey, where's your dance video? I appreciate the song suggestion, I like it, but that would be the cherry on top. 😉
http://youtu.be/MrJkzdnPKrM
Malcolm Heights says:
" It was bound up with dance and free association of persons, with a love of life despite the growth of despotism all around. It reflected urbanism, the desire of the new generation to escape the world their parents inhabited, to explore new forms of art and life, to embrace and live prosperously, and, above all, to decline to comply with the growing restrictiveness of regime politics."
Goodman is also responsible for a significant step in racial integration in America. In the early 1930s, black and white jazz musicians could not play together in most clubs or concerts. In the Southern states, racial segregation was enforced by the Jim Crow laws. Benny Goodman broke with tradition by hiring Teddy Wilson to play with him and drummer Gene Krupa in the Benny Goodman Trio. In 1936, he added Lionel Hampton on vibes to form the Benny Goodman Quartet; in 1939 he added pioneering jazz guitarist Charlie Christian to his band and small ensembles, who played with him until his death from tuberculosis less than three years later. This integration in music happened ten years before Jackie Robinson became the first black American to enter Major League Baseball. "[Goodman's] popularity was such that he could remain financially viable without touring the South, where he would have been subject to arrest for violating Jim Crow laws."[46] According to Jazz by Ken Burns, when someone asked him why he "played with that nigger" (referring to Teddy Wilson), Goodman replied, "I'll knock you out if you use that word around me again".
Cameron M. Belt says:
Darn you, Jeffrey. Now I'm going to go on a jazz kick for Lord knows how long…
Lincoln Gardner says:
Thanks for the link Adam. Love that piano solo!
Lucy Steigerwald says:
You know, you don't usually write odes to popular culture I actually love, but there you go at last. Love Benny Goodman, love Gene Krupa (and a lady, let me say * wolf whistle* he was fine). And that song is just perfection.
My Grandpa loved jazz more than anything in the world. I often wish that not only could I time travel, but I could go back to a time when all the kids were listening to this hot, new, different, scary swing music. I wish I could forget for a minute all the music that came after and know what it was like to think this was the most daring, newest music around and that nothing that came after could ever be quite like this.
Rollo McFloogle says:
How about some Gil Scott-Heron? Talk about edgy.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnJFhuOWgXg
Dave Burns says:
This is actually a remake, isn't it? Scott-Heron's first album had a version of is song with some amazing conga drums and no bizarre flute. I don't understand why this version has become more widely known, the original makes this sound lame.


text:
PANZELLA v. SPOSATO, 863 F.3d 210 (2d Cir. 2017)
LexRoll.com > LexRoll (2nd Cir.) > Second Circuit Court of Appeals Opinions > PANZELLA v. SPOSATO, 863 F.3d 210 (2d Cir. 2017)
863 F.3d 210 (2017)
Christine PANZELLA, Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant
Michael J. SPOSATO, Individually and in his Official Capacity, Unknown Sheriffs #2 Through 4, Nassau County, Nassau County Sheriff's Department, Robert Mastropieri, Individually and in his Official Capacity, Unknown Sheriff, #1 With Shield #116, Defendants-Appellants-Cross-Appellees[*].
Docket Nos. 15-2825-cv (Lead), 15-2891-cv (XAP) August Term, 2016.United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
Argued: June 12, 2017.Decided: July 17, 2017.Amended: July 18, 2017.ROBERT JAMES LA REDDOLA, La Reddola, Lester & Associates, LLP, Garden City, New York, for Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant.
ROBERT F. VAN DER WAAG, Deputy County Attorney, for Carnell T. Foskey, Nassau County Attorney, Mineola, New York, for Defendants-Appellants-Cross-Appellees
Before: Calabresi, Pooler, Circuit Judges, Vilardo,[**]?District Judge.
212*212?GUIDO CALABRESI, Circuit Judge:
This case arose after the County of Nassau, the Nassau County Sheriff's Department, and various officers (collectively, the "Defendants") refused to return Plaintiff Christine Panzella's longarms[1]?that had been seized in connection with a New York Family Court temporary order of protection issued against Panzella, even though the order was no longer in effect. Now before us are an appeal and a cross-appeal from the August 26, 2015 order of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Azrack,?J.). The order granted Panzella an injunction that entitles her to a hearing to determine whether the County must return her longarms; it also gave the individual Defendants qualified immunity as to several claims, rejected various other claims by Panzella, and reserved ruling on two of Panzella's state-law claims until after the County affords her the hearing required by the district court's injunction.
For the reasons set forth below, the order of the district court is AFFIRMED to the extent that it grants Panzella an injunction. The appeal is DISMISSED in all other respects.
Because this case involves the interplay between New York Family Court orders of protection and various state and federal laws, we first set forth an overview of the relevant legal framework.
A. Article 8 of the New York Family Court Act
Under Article 8 of the New York Family Court Act, an individual may file a petition in the Family Court to obtain an order of protection against a family member. N.Y. Fam. Ct. Act ?? 812, 821-22. The Family Court may then, upon a showing of "good cause[,] … issue a temporary order of protection" prohibiting the respondent from engaging in various types of conduct.?Id.?? 828.
213*213?The Family Court has on file a general "temporary order of protection" form, which lists conditions the court may impose upon a respondent. The form, reflecting ? 842-a of the New York Family Court Act, provides a box the court can check to order the respondent to "[s]urrender any and all [firearms] owned or possessed" by the respondent, and to prohibit the respondent from "obtain[ing] any further … firearms." App. at 591. The bottom of the form notifies the respondent that "[i]t is a federal crime to … buy, possess or transfer a [firearm] while this Order remains in effect" (hereafter referred to as the "federal warning language").?Id.?at 592. The federal warning language cites,?inter alia,?18 U.S.C. ? 922(g)(8), which states that it is unlawful for any person to possess firearms if that person:
is subject to a court order that ?
(A) was issued after a hearing of which such person received actual notice, and at which such person had an opportunity to participate;
(B) restrains such person from harassing, stalking, or threatening an intimate partner of such person or child of such intimate partner or person, or engaging in other conduct that would place an intimate partner in reasonable fear of bodily injury to the partner or child; and
(C) (i) includes a finding that such person represents a credible threat to the physical safety of such intimate partner or child; or (ii) by its terms explicitly prohibits the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against such intimate partner or child that would reasonably be expected to cause bodily injury.
18 U.S.C. ? 922(g)(8).
If the Family Court issues the order?ex parte,?the Court must hold a hearing regarding the surrender within fourteen days of the date the order was issued. N.Y. Fam. Ct. Act ? 842-a(7).
"Although Section 842-a authorizes the Family Court to order the confiscation of… firearms, this provision does not authorize it to order their subsequent return."[2]Dudek v. Nassau Cty. Sheriff's Dep't,?991 F.Supp.2d 402, 406 (E.D.N.Y. 2013);?accord?Engel v. Engel,?24 A.D.3d 548, 549, 807 N.Y.S.2d 383 (2005);?Blauman v. Blauman,?2 A.D.3d 727, 727-28, 769 N.Y.S.2d 584 (2003);?Aloi v. Nassau Cty. Sheriff's Dep't,?9 Misc.3d 1050, 800 N.Y.S.2d 873, 874 (2005) ("Aloi II"). New York courts have described this as "a legislative glitch."?Aloi II,?800 N.Y.S.2d at 873(internal quotation marks omitted). One way to request the return of seized firearms "is to make an application to the officer that currently has custody of the weapons."?Blauman,?2 A.D.3d at 728, 769 N.Y.S.2d 584. However, because "it can reasonably be anticipated that the officer that has custody of the firearms will refuse to return the firearms without a court order," a respondent's next step would typically be to start an Article 78 proceeding in the New York Supreme Court seeking an order directing the custodian of the firearms to return them.?Aloi II,?800 N.Y.S.2d at 874.
The burden of deciding whether to return the firearms is thus principally put on the Supreme Court, "which does not have… comparable knowledge or background on cases litigated in the Family Court."?Id.?The determination, moreover, is left "to a judge who is not familiar with the history of the family, the parties, and any alleged violence that may have transpired resulting in the issuance of the order of protection?214*214?and seizure of said firearms."?Id.?at 875. All this, quite apart from the cumbersome nature of Article 78 proceedings.?See?Razzano,?765 F.Supp.2d at 188-89?(discussing the time and expense of Article 78 proceedings).
B. Factual Background
On June 22, 2012, Panzella's ex-husband filed a petition under Article 8 in the New York Family Court. That same day, a Court Attorney Referee in the Family Court issued a temporary order of protection against Panzella ("the Temporary Order"), to remain in effect until December 21, 2012. The Temporary Order was issued?ex parte,?and required that Panzella:
Refrain from assault, stalking, harassment, aggravated harassment, menacing, reckless endangerment, strangulation, criminal obstruction of breathing or circulation, disorderly conduct, criminal mischief, sexual abuse, sexual misconduct, forcible touching, intimidation, threats or any criminal offense against [Panzella's ex-husband].
App. at 50. There is no dispute that a hearing was not held in connection with the issuance of the Temporary Order.
The Temporary Order contained the federal warning language, informing Panzella that, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. ? 922(g)(8) and other federal laws, "[i]t is a federal crime to … buy, possess or transfer a [firearm] while this Order remains in effect." App. at 51. We note, however, that because the Temporary Order was issued?ex parte,?? 922(g) would not apply to Panzella because ? 922(g) makes criminal the possession of a firearm only when an order of protection has been "issued?after a hearing?of which such person received actual notice, and at which such person had an opportunity to participate." 18 U.S.C. ? 922(g)(8)(A) (emphasis added). The Family Court also did not include language requiring Panzella to surrender her firearms pursuant to ? 842-a, or any other law.
On June 27, 2012, four Deputy Sheriffs from the Nassau County Sheriff's Department, under the supervision of Sheriff Michael Sposato and Deputy Sheriff Robert Mastropieri, served the Temporary Order on Panzella, and, upon learning that she had firearms and longarms in her home, confiscated them.
On November 27, 2012, after a hearing at which Panzella appeared, the Family Court extended the Temporary Order to January 22, 2013. Subsequently, on March 6, 2013, her ex-husband withdrew his petition. The Court, then, dismissed the entire protection proceeding.
On several occasions thereafter, Panzella requested the return of her longarms. Defendants have thus far denied her requests, and have informed her that because her longarms were seized in connection with a lawful order under Article 8 of the New York State Family Court Act, the County's "Retention Policy," App. at 947, prevents it from returning the longarms "until the Sheriff's Department is presented with an order directing the return of [the longarms] from a court of competent jurisdiction."?Id.?at 687.[3]
215*215?The County has explained that it "appl[ies] the ? 842-a Retention Policy where, as here, (a) the Family Court Order includes [the federal warning language], but does not explicitly order the respondent to surrender the longarms,?and?(b) the Family Court Order has expired or has been dismissed or vacated."?Id.at 949. Thus, the County has made clear that its policy is to retain any longarms confiscated in connection with such an order of protection until the County receives a court order directing their return ??even if?(1) the initial order did not explicitly require the confiscation pursuant to ? 842-a,?and?(2) the order has expired or has been dismissed.
C. Procedural History
On October 11, 2013, Panzella filed a "Class Action Complaint"[4]?against Defendants, alleging: (1) violation of her Fourteenth Amendment due process rights; (2) violation of her Second Amendment right to bear arms; and (3) a?Monellclaim against the County, Sheriff Sposato, and Deputy Sheriff Mastropieri. She also brought state law claims for replevin and conversion and sought punitive damages and legal fees. Along with her request for damages, Panzella asked the court,?inter alia,?to "[i]ssue temporary, preliminary and permanent injunctions" directing Defendants to conduct post-deprivation hearings pursuant to?Razzano v. County of Nassau,?765 F.Supp.2d 176 (E.D.N.Y. 2011),?for all longarms "owned by [Panzella] and Class Members that are currently in the possession of Defendant." App. at 37-38.
On November 27, 2013, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss Panzella's suit pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, for failure to state a claim. On December 6, 2013, the district court informed the parties that it intended to convert the Defendants' motion to dismiss into a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment. On September 10, 2014, the district court directed Panzella to file a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment, which she did, on January 19, 2015. The district court issued a memorandum and order on Panzella's and the Defendants' motions for summary judgment on August 26, 2015.
The court first dismissed, with prejudice, Panzella's claims against the Nassau County Sheriff's Department, holding that "[a]s an administrative arm of Nassau County, the … Department is not a suable entity."?Panzella v. Cty. of Nassau,?No. 13-CV-5640 (JMA)(SIL), 2015 WL 5607750, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 26, 2015).[5]
The court then granted Panzella's motion for summary judgment as to her Fourteenth Amendment due process claim against the County. The court relied on?Razzano,?recognizing that although that case "addressed factually distinct circumstances,"[6]?it was nevertheless persuasive?216*216?when applied to the facts of this case.?Id.?at *7.
The district court concluded that, after the Temporary Order expired, Panzella should have been afforded a hearing under the following conditions, as set forth in?Razzano:
First, the post-deprivation hearing must be held before a neutral decision-maker.
Second …, the right to a prompt post-deprivation hearing only applies to seized longarms that are not (1) the fruit of a crime, (2) an instrument of crime, (3) evidence of a crime, (4) contraband, or (5) barred by court order from being possessed by the person from whom they were confiscated.
Third, at the hearing, Nassau County shall have the burden of showing that it is likely to succeed in court on a cause of action … to maintain possession of the seized longarms.
Fourth, if the person deprived of longarms prevails at the hearing, the longarms must be returned, barring an order to the contrary from a court to whom that finding is appealed. If, by contrast, Nassau County prevails at the hearing, Nassau County must timely commence a proceeding by which it seeks to maintain possession of the longarms in question.
Id.;?accord?Razzano,?765 F.Supp.2d at 191.
Because no such hearing had been held, the district court granted Panzella's motion for summary judgment and ordered the County to hold a due process hearing, consistent with?Razzano,?within thirty days of the court's decision.?Panzella,?2015 WL 5607750, at *7.
The district court then granted the individual Defendants qualified immunity, granted the Defendants' motion for summary judgment as to Panzella's Second Amendment claim, denied Panzella's request for punitive damages, and denied both parties' motions for summary judgment on Panzella's state law claims as "premature until the due process hearing ordered by the Court has been held."?Id.at *12.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Appellate Jurisdiction
Defendants argue that we have jurisdiction over this appeal because the district court's order "rejected the defense of immunity for the defendants as to the one claim not dismissed." Appellants-Cross-Appellees' Opening Br. at 1. By using the phrase "the one claim not dismissed," the Defendants appear to refer to Panzella's due process claim on which the district court granted relief. But the district court granted injunctive relief as to this claim, and "[q]ualified immunity shields … defendants only from claims for monetary damages and does not bar actions for declaratory or injunctive relief."?Adler v. Pataki,?185 F.3d 35, 48 (2d Cir. 1999). Because the district court did not deny qualified immunity as to Panzella's damage claims, Defendants' asserted ground for appellate jurisdiction is not present.[7]
Panzella argues that we have jurisdiction to review the district court's order under 28 U.S.C. ? 1291 because it was a final order. "A decision is ordinarily considered final and appealable under ? 1291 only if it ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but?217*217?execute the judgment."?Range v. 480-486 Broadway, LLC,?810 F.3d 108, 112 (2d Cir. 2015) (per curiam)?(brackets omitted). In this case, the district court denied both parties' motions for summary judgment on Panzella's state law claims for conversion and replevin, and stated that it would not rule on those claims until the County complied with the injunction to provide Panzella a due process hearing. Because the litigation has not terminated on the merits below, the district court's order was not final, and thus is not appealable under ? 1291.
We do, however, have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. ? 1292 to review the district court's grant of injunctive relief. And there may be an argument that because the injunctive order is appealable under ? 1292, we also "have discretion under the doctrine of pendent appellate jurisdiction to review the district court's related order" concerning the other claims in this case.?Consol. Rail Corp. v. Town of Hyde Park,47 F.3d 473, 482 (2d Cir. 1995). But the doctrine of pendent appellate jurisdiction is applied narrowly ??see Atlantica Holdings, Inc. v. Sovereign Wealth Fund Samruk-Kazyna JSC,?813 F.3d 98, 117 (2d Cir. 2016)?? and only (a) to "matters inextricably bound up with" the issue over which we have jurisdiction,?Lamar Advert. of Penn, LLC v. Town of Orchard Park,?356 F.3d 365, 371 (2d Cir. 2004)(internal quotation marks omitted), or (b) where "review of [another] decision [is] necessary to ensure meaningful review of the" matter over which the court has jurisdiction,?Swint v. Chambers Cty. Comm'n,?514 U.S. 35, 51, 115 S.Ct. 1203, 131 L.Ed.2d 60 (1995). None of the other claims in this case meet this standard. We therefore confine our review to the district court's injunctive relief, and dismiss the remainder of this appeal and the individual Defendants' appeal for want of jurisdiction.
B. Injunctive Relief: Due Process Hearing
"We review the district court's ruling on cross-motions for summary judgment?de novo,?in each case construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party."?Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. U.S. Dep't of Agric.,?613 F.3d 76, 83 (2d Cir. 2010);?see also?Clear Channel Outdoor, Inc. v. City of New York,?594 F.3d 94, 103 (2d Cir. 2010)?(noting that the scope of review does not change in the context of cross-motions for summary judgment).
The facts relevant to this appeal are largely undisputed. Both parties agree that Defendants confiscated Panzella's longarms, and that the County, through the Sheriff's Department, has a policy of doing so even when an order of protection issued by the Family Court does not explicitly order the Defendants to confiscate firearms pursuant to ? 842-a. The parties also agree that Defendants have a policy of retaining confiscated firearms, even after an order of protection expires or is dismissed, until the Sheriff's Department is presented with an order from a court of competent jurisdiction directing the return of the longarms. And all agree that the Family Court believes it cannot issue such an order in circumstances like those before us.
Panzella claims that the County's Retention Policy violates her Fourteenth Amendment due process rights because the County refused to hold a hearing regarding the return of her longarms after the order of protection against her was dismissed. The County, however, argues that the district court erred in requiring it to hold such a hearing. The County further argues that state law leaves it powerless to return firearms after they have been seized pursuant to an order from the Family?218*218?Court, unless the owner secures a court order requiring their return. As noted above, however, Panzella's firearms were not seized pursuant to the Temporary Order, because the Family Court did not order their confiscation or surrender. Thus, the "legislative glitch" is irrelevant to this case.[8]
The County also claims that Panzella could bring an Article 78 Petition in the New York Supreme Court to obtain an order directing the return of her longarms. This, according to the County, provides adequate process under ? 1983.
The Fourteenth Amendment commands that "No State shall … deprive any person of … property, without due process of law." U.S. Const. amend. XIV, ? 1;?accord?Nnebe v. Davis,?644 F.3d 147, 158 (2d. Cir. 2011). "In a ? 1983 suit brought to enforce procedural due process rights, a court must determine [A] whether a property interest is implicated, and, if it is, [B] what process is due before the plaintiff may be deprived of that interest."?Nnebe,?644 F.3d at 158. The appropriate process depends on the balancing of three factors: (1) "the private interest that will be affected by the official action;" (2) "the risk of erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used;" and (3) "the Government's interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail."?Mathews v. Eldridge,424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976);?accord?Rivera-Powell v. Bd. of Elections,?470 F.3d 458, 466 (2d Cir. 2006).
As to the first of these "Mathews?factors," there is no dispute that Panzella has a property interest in her longarms and that the County's retention of her longarms affected that interest.
As to the second factor, although Panzella could initiate an Article 78 proceeding in the New York Supreme Court, such a proceeding would be "likely to take a substantial amount of time."?Razzano,?765 F.Supp.2d at 188. Furthermore, Article 78 proceedings place the burden on the person whose property was taken, requiring that person to "give up not only time, but also money to initiate a lawsuit and [usually] retain an attorney."?Id.;?cf.?Alexandre v. Cortes,?140 F.3d 406, 409 n.5 (2d Cir. 1998)?("It seems to me a shocking thing that our police can seize a citizen's property and then when he seeks to get it back challenge him to prove his title to the satisfaction of a jury." (citation omitted)). In light of the burdens an Article 78 proceeding places on the person whose longarms have been taken, we conclude there is a significant risk of erroneous deprivation of that person's interests in her longarms.[9]
219*219?As to the third "Mathews?factor" ? the government's interest in the result and in avoiding undue burdens ? the County contends that the Family Court found that Panzella was sufficiently dangerous that a protection order should be entered against her, making it reasonable for the County to assume that it is not appropriate to return her longarms absent a court order. But the supposed danger involved in allowing Panzella to possess any longarms is not properly a factor that counts against her in this case. For the County does not dispute that Panzella could freely purchase new longarms given the lack of licensing requirement for such weapons in Nassau County, or that she did, in fact, regain her pistol license and then purchased a new pistol.?See?Razzano,?765 F.Supp.2d at 189?("[O]nce a person whose longarms are taken has the opportunity to legally obtain and possess new longarms, the retention of that individual's old longarms does not greatly protect the public from potential harm."). The County cannot, therefore, rely on any safety interest, given that Panzella can buy another longarm, or any other legal firearm for that matter.[10]
Nor has the County provided any evidence that the type of hearing proposed by Panzella ? a prompt post-deprivation hearing consistent with the conditions set forth in?Razzano, id.?at 191, ? would be overly burdensome. Indeed, as the district court noted, and as the County has not disputed, the County's police department routinely holds this kind of hearing, given that it is required to do so by the order in?Razzano,?and given the County's more general role in granting pistol licenses. There is no clear reason why the police department could not readily perform the same service in cases such as the one at bar.[11]
We conclude that Panzella's proposed alternative to an Article 78 proceeding ? a prompt, post-deprivation hearing consistent with the conditions set forth in?Razzano, id.?at 191, ? would prevent the unjustified deprivation of a person's property interest, and would not be unduly burdensome or costly to the government. Such a hearing would provide Panzella with a timely and inexpensive forum to challenge the County's retention of her longarms and would avoid placing on Panzella the burdens that inhere in an Article 78 proceeding.
We therefore hold, consistent with the district court's decision in the instant case, and the decision in?Razzano,?that persons in Panzella's situation are entitled to a prompt post-deprivation hearing under the four conditions set forth by the district court in this case and in?Razzano. See Panzella,?2015 WL 5607750, at *7;?Razzano,?765 F.Supp.2d at 191.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the order of the district court is hereby AFFIRMED to the extent it grants Panzella?220*220?an injunction and directs the County to hold a post-deprivation hearing. The appeal is DISMISSED in all other respects.
[*]?The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption to conform to the listing above.
[**]?Judge Lawrence J. Vilardo of the United States District Court for the Western District of New York, sitting by designation.
[1]?"[R]ifles and shotguns … because of the length of their barrels, are referred to collectively as `longarms.'"?Razzano v. Cty. of Nassau,?765 F.Supp.2d 176, 180 (E.D.N.Y. 2011).
[2]?There is a procedure for the return of seized handguns in Nassau County, but there is no such procedure for the return of seized longarms.?Razzano,?765 F.Supp.2d at 181.
[3]?There is no dispute, however, that unlike Panzella's longarms, her pistol license (which was also confiscated along with her longarms), was returned, and that she has since purchased a new pistol.?See?App. at 197-98 (Panzella's affidavit);?id.?at 384-86 (Panzella's pistol purchase record with receipt, dated September 9, 2014). This is because, unlike for longarms, when a person's firearms are confiscated or surrendered, there is, in Nassau County, a procedure for the return of seized handguns.?Razzano,?765 F.Supp.2d at 181.
[4]?To date, no class has been certified. The district court previously denied, without prejudice, Panzella's motion to certify a class, specifically noting the request could be renewed following the court's decision on the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment, which are the subject of this appeal.?See?Order Denying Motion to Certify Class,?Panzella v. Sposato et al.,?No. 13-cv-05640-JMA-SIL, ECF No. 71;?see also?Special App. at 8 (noting that "[n]o class has been certified yet"). Panzella has not appealed the district court's denial of her motion to certify a class, and, at this time, has not renewed her motion.
[5]?Panzella does not take issue with this conclusion on appeal.
[6]?For example, the seizure and retention of the plaintiff's firearms in?Razzano?were pursuant to a department policy rather than in connection with a court order.?Razzano,?765 F.Supp.2d at 185.
[7]?To the extent that the Defendants instead refer to Panzella's state-law claims, those claims cannot serve as a basis of jurisdiction. This is because the Defendants did not seek immunity from suit on those claims, and hence cannot seek an interlocutory appeal from the denial of immunity.
[8]?The County also argues that its adherence to New York law regarding the treatment of the firearms did not constitute a "policy" as required for a county to be liable under 42 U.S.C. ? 1983 pursuant to?Monell v. Department of Social Services,?436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978).?See Vives v. N.Y.C.,?524 F.3d 346, 353-56, 358 (2d Cir. 2008) (holding that city's enforcement of the entire state penal code would not constitute a "city policy" because the city was required to follow state law). Leaving aside the fact that we are here dealing with an injunction and not liability, this argument has no application here, because there was no state law being applied.
[9]?Our concern about erroneous deprivation is "primarily temporal," as "there is little concern that in the Article 78 proceeding a plaintiff who is legally entitled to the return of confiscated longarms will?ultimately?be denied a proper remedy."?Razzano,?765 F.Supp.2d at 188?(emphasis added). But a lengthy deprivation can be enough to violate the Fourteenth Amendment right to due process.?Cf.?Fusari v. Steinberg,?419 U.S. 379, 389, 95 S.Ct. 533, 42 L.Ed.2d 521 (1975)?("[T]he possible length of wrongful deprivation… is an important factor in assessing the impact of official action on the private interests…. the rapidity of … review is a significant factor in assessing the sufficiency of the entire process.");?Cty. of Nassau v. Canavan,?1 N.Y.3d 134, 770 N.Y.S.2d 277, 802 N.E.2d 616, 623-24 (2003)(recognizing the potential length of the deprivation in evaluating whether a procedure is adequate).
[10]?In any event, the hearing ordered by the district court still gives the County the opportunity to present its safety concerns and have them considered.
[11]?To the extent that the County argues that the Sheriff's Department, which seized Panzella's weapons, lacks the expertise of the police department in holding hearings related to weapon possession, the point is irrelevant. The district court ordered its injunction against the County, not the Sheriff's Department.


If there is one group of people on this Earth that I honestly wish would get a huge slice of karma, it would be this bunch.
cohiba, ouird and Dewie like this.
There has to be more to the story, but my god that was an awesome headbutt.
Daliah and Dewie like this.
Duggan, v-mac, Dewie and 1 other person like this.
Bean and NameLeSS like this.
Stumbled across this on the chive and it struck me as funny. This has to be in Halifax no?
Dewie, NameLeSS, RoryTate and 1 other person like this.


452. EDWARD ASHUR9 ALMY (Joseph B.8, Benjamin7, Andrew6,Job5-4-3-2, William1),b. La Salle, IL, 25 May 1894.
He m. CLARA JANE BATEMAN, b. PA, 26 Feb 1894.
601 i WILLIAM ROBERT10, b. Hammond, IN, 26 Apr 1918; d. Hammond, 7 May 1978; m. Crown Point, IN, 7 Dec 1945, MARY ANN BUNGER, b. Gary, IN, 9 Aug 1923; dau of Fredrick D. and Myrtle Elizabeth (Newton) Bunger. They divorced and m. again, Hammond, 15 Jan 1947.
ii ARLINE, b. 11 Jun 1924.
iii JANICE RAY, b. 2 Nov 1926.


Hosted by the Centre for Heritage and Museum Studies (CHMS), The Australian National University in collaboration with the Institute of Cultural Capital (ICC), Liverpool John Moores University and University of Liverpool in the UK, this research seminar will explore the ethical implications of appropriating museum and heritage work as a form of social justice and 'public good'. As cultural policy narratives in the UK continue to associate and align cultural and creative assets with broader urban public policy agendas, with an increasing emphasis on health, wellbeing and social value, critical questions are raised regarding political impartiality, moral responsibility and associated professional values in cultural institutions. Drawing upon research funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council on professional ethics in such boundary-spanning cultural work (2017-19), the event will invite reflections and spirited debate from Australian cultural leaders with experience of socially engaged museum and heritage work alongside members of Canberra's cultural policy and research community.


Move over MayWeather, Triple G is in town.
Gennady Gennadyevich Golovkin, also known as Triple G, was strolling around in the neighborhood when we happened to run in to him. For those who don't know, he is only the reigning middleweight champion, and has the highest Knock Out ratio in middleweight history.


text:
\section{Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters}
\section{Introduction}

The evolution of physics experiments is often rendered possible by technical progress including increasing sensitivity of the detectors used to achieve higher energy resolutions, an increasing number of detectors for better spatial resolution or higher statistics. This is all based on the assumption that the resulting increase of data rate can be recorded and processed.

The ECHo experiment is an excellent example of this type of experiments. Highly precise, novel cryogenic detectors, so-called magnetic metal calorimeters (MMCs), are used, which on the downside require a much more complex readout than conventional semiconductor detectors. In consequence, the development of a new type of readout electronics is needed, which in this case is based on the principle of a software-defined radio (SDR). This SDR uses a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) scheme, which allows the signals of several hundred detectors to be encoded on a common readout line. Thereby the number of lines between the detector array and readout electronics is heavily reduced, which is particularly advantageous when using cryogenic detectors such as the MMC. ECHo's SDR system consists of  mixing electronics to cover the frequency range between 4 and 8 GHz, a stage for the analog-digital or digital-analog conversion, as well as digital electronics whose task is the separation into the individual channels and the subsequent detection of events.

Since an SDR readout system with the required bandwidth is not commercially available, an in-house development must be carried out within the framework of the ECHo experiment. This novel system is presented in this paper. An in-house development is also promising because the use of electronics is not limited to ECHo, but can also be used for other MMC-based experiments. This is particularly interesting because at the same time MMCs are a key technology for a large number of experiments and various domains including  high resolution X-ray spectroscopy\cite{Simmnacher2003}, nuclear forensics\cite{Okada2014}, radiation metrology\cite{Mitsuda2012} or direct neutrino mass investigation.

The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Section~\ref{sec:fundamentals} will introduce the ECHo experiment, the MMC detector technology and the innovative frequency division multiplexing readout scheme. The following section presents the prinicple concept of using a software-defined radio for the ECHo readout. Section~\ref{sec:mixing_stage} presents the current status of the mixing stage. Section~\ref{sec:converter_mezzanine} introduces the converter mezzanine that is built using various high-speed converters. The following section~\ref{sec:digital_processing_hardware}
, gives an insight in the digital processing hardware as well as the signal processing chain implemented within the FPGA. Section~\ref{sec:conclusion} concludes the paper.

\section{Fundamentals}
\label{sec:fundamentals}

\subsection{The ECHo experiment}
The \textit{Electron Capture in  $^{163}$Ho experiment}(ECHo) is designed to reach sub-eV sensitivity on the electron neutrino mass by means of the analysis of the calorimetrically measured electron capture (EC) spectrum of the nuclide $^{163}$Ho. This radioactive isotope decays to Dysprosium with emission of an Electron-Neutrino:
\begin{figure}[t]

	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{figures/echo-spectrum}
	\caption{Left: $E_{EC}$ spectrum of the $^{163}\mathrm{Ho}$ decay with $10^{14}$ events. Right:  ECHo endpoint energy plot for different Electron-Neutrino energies.\cite{Gastaldo2017}}
	\label{fig:echo-spectrum}
\end{figure}

\begin{eqnarray}
	^{163}\mathrm{Ho} + e^- \rightarrow\  ^{163}\mathrm{Dy}^{*} + \nu_e\\
	^{163}\mathrm{Dy}^{*} \rightarrow\  ^{163}\mathrm{Dy}+E_{EC}
	\label{math:hodecay}
\end{eqnarray}

The maximum energy available for this decay $Q_{EC}$, approx. 2.833\,keV, can be measured using high-precision Pennig-trap mass spectroscopy\cite{Gastaldo2017}. However, the direct measurement of the emitted Neutrino is not feasible. Though the measurable energy $E_{EC}$ emitted during decay reflects the mass difference $Q_{EC}$ without the mass of the Neutrino. The released $E_{EC}$ (see Fig. \ref{fig:echo-spectrum}) forms a continuous energy spectrum with only a few events in the interesting endpoint region.

The energy spectrum of this decay determines the kind of detectors to be used. For ECHo arrays of low temperature metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMCs) are being developed to measure the $^{163}$Ho EC spectrum with an energy resolution below 3\,eV full width half maximum. The detectors have a time resolution below one $\mu$s. Increasing the amount of events in the endpoint region is essential thus measurement requires the acquisition of a high-resolution and high-statistics spectrum with up to $10^{14}$ decays. Due to constraints on the activity per pixel to limit internal background caused by a pile-up of detector events, large detector arrays with up to $10^6$ detectors running in parallel are required to acquire such a high statistics spectrum in finite time for the next stage of the experiment. Further details on the experiment can be found in \cite{Gastaldo2014} and \cite{Gastaldo2017} and are therefore not presented here.

\subsection{Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters}

\begin{figure}[b]
\centering
		\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{figures/principleMMC}
		\caption{Schematic drawing of a metallic magnetic calorimeter \cite{Gastaldo2009}}
		\label{fig:mmc_schema}
\end{figure}

Metallic magnetic calorimeters are typically operated at temperatures well below 100\,mK and make use of a metallic, paramagnetic temperature sensor to transduce the temperature rise of the detector upon the absorption of an energetic particle into a change of magnetic flux (see Fig.~\ref{fig:mmc_schema}). The latter can be precisely measured using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). This outstanding interplay between a high-sensitivity magnetic thermometer and a near quantum-limited amplifier results in a very fast signal rise time reaching values below 100\,ns. Furthermore, they achieve an excellent energy resolution which is competitive to the resolving power of wavelength-dispersive crystal spectrometers, a large energy dynamic range, a high quantum efficiency as well as an almost ideal linear detector response. For this reason, a growing number of groups located all over the world are developing MMC arrays of various sizes which range from a few to several thousand pixels. These arrays are routinely used in a variety of applications and often appear to be a key technology for measurements that require high-resolution and wide-band energy-resolving detectors.
MMCs have already been proven to be eminently suited detectors for various applications such as high resolution X-ray spectroscopy\cite{Simmnacher2003}, nuclear forensics\cite{Okada2014}, radiation metrology\cite{Mitsuda2012} or direct neutrino mass investigation.

\subsection{Microwave SQUID Multiplexing}

\begin{figure}[t]

	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{figures/multiplexing_advantage}
	\caption{Microwave SQUID multiplexing versus dedicated readout lines}
	\label{fig:parallel_vs_fdm}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[b]

	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{figures/microwave_squid_multiplexing}
	\caption{Microwave SQUID multiplexing architecture: An array of transmission-line coupled resonators with individual $f_r$ is used for multiplex. Each resonator is tuned by the inductance change of the rf-SQUIDs due to a magnetic flux from the MMC. There are two sensor pixels per resonator: one tunes to higher frequencies, the other to lower.}
\end{figure}

An efficient readout of large MMC arrays can be achieved through microwave SQUID multiplexing \cite{Mates2008, Kempf2017a, Kempf2017b} that allows to connect a large number of pixels to one single readout line (Fig. ~\ref{fig:parallel_vs_fdm}). The number of wires leading into the cryostat can be reduced by 99.95\,\% .

It requires three different components or techniques for proper operation: (1) The actual cryogenic multiplexer which modulates the detector signals onto different carrier signals and combines them into a single readout line, (2) a room temperature readout electronics for operating the multiplexer as well as (3) a method for linearizing the multiplexer response to maintain the intrinsic linearity of MMCs.

Each channel of a microwave SQUID multiplexer consists of a non-hysteretic, unshunted, current-sensing rf-SQUID \cite{Mates2008}.
The SQUID is inductively coupled to a load inductor terminating a superconducting $\lambda/4$-transmission line resonator having a resonance frequency in the one-digit GHz range.
Due to the mutual interaction between the SQUID and the load inductor, the circuit's resonance frequency gets magnetic flux dependent and is shifted as the magnetic flux introduced to the SQUID loop changes. For simultaneous readout of $N$ detectors, $N$ resonance circuits, each with a unique resonance frequency, are capacitively coupled to a common transmission line. This arrangement allows the measurement of the actual resonance frequencies of all channels by injecting a microwave frequency comb into the common transmission line. All individual comb tones are set with respect to the undisturbed resonance frequency of the different channels. The sensor signals modulate amplitude or phase of each transmitted tone of the frequency comb by using standard homodyne or heterodyne detection techniques.

This approach assumes the rf-SQUID is tuned to the steepest operating point of the flux tuning curve (Fig. \ref{fig:tuning}) to get a large resonance shift on a small flux change. Since the flux offset in this curve is arbitrary for each pixel and large flux signals of events lead to a non-linear working condition an external tuning of the SQUID is required. This additional individual biasing would make the advantage of the frequency multiplex void. However, the signal for tuning can be modulated by linearly ramping the $I_{mod}$  (Fig. \ref{fig:tuning}). The resulting frequency shift will cause a sinusoidal amplitude modulation. Any flux offset due to an event will lead to a phase shift of the modulation (Fig. \ref{fig:fluxramp}). The information about measured events now lies in the phase of the this signal. This phase can be demodulated to reconstruct the sensor events.\cite{Mates2012}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.75\columnwidth]{figures/tuning_capability}
\caption{Left: Resonator coupled to transmission line. Orange arrows marks stimulation signal. Top, right: $S_{21}$ parameter, that is changing according to magnetic flux. Stimulation signal is tuned to the steepest point of the resonance dip. Bottom, right: Theoretical tuning curve frequency over magnetic flux. This curve is periodic over the flux quantum. Highest sensitivity is also reached at steepest point.}
\label{fig:tuning}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[b]

	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{figures/fluxramp}
	\caption{Top: linear flux-ramp applied as $I_\mathrm{mod}(t)$ lead to a flux $\Phi(t)$ . Bottom: Resulting resonance frequency shift. Figure shows a comparison between idle signal and shifted signal due to energy disposition.}
	\label{fig:fluxramp}
\end{figure}

\section{Software-defined Radio Approach}
\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering

	\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{figures/SDR_architecture.pdf}
	\caption{Software Defined Radio (SDR) Principle Approach}
	\label{fig:sdrconcept}
\end{figure}
A straightforward technique to generate a microwave frequency comb as well as to determine the amplitude or phase of each transmitted carrier signal is software-defined radio (SDR). As shown in Figure~\ref{fig:sdrconcept}, the SDR architecture can be separated into three sections: RF, digitization and digital processing.

The digital electronics generate the frequency comb in the baseband with a bandwidth of several 100\,MHz being further processed by two fast digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The RF electronics then up-converts the frequency comb into the frequency band of the SQUID multiplexer using an \textit{I/Q} mixer to match the resonance frequencies of the resonators. After injecting the frequency comb into the cryostat and passing the multiplexer, the modulated frequency comb is mixed by the RF electronics into the baseband again using an \textit{I/Q} down-mixer. Both mixers are driven by the same local oscillator signal. The resulting in-phase and quadrature baseband signals are digitized by two fast analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The subsequent signal processing, i.e. the separation of the frequency-comb into the different carrier signals, the determination of amplitude and phase of each carrier signal as well as the determination of the characteristic parameters of each detector signal, is then performed in real-time by using a field programmable gate array (FPGA).

The digital electronics are based on a heterogeneous Xilinx Zynq Ultrascale+ FPGA \cite{XilinxUSP}, which is a combination of a Kintex Ultrascale+ FPGA fabric with a powerful ARM Cortex-A53 based quad-core processor system along with two ARM Cortex-R5 cores. The processors perform slow control including calibration and data transmission to the storage backend. All significant processing steps are executed in a full custom signal processing chain in hardware within the FPGA part of the system. The frequency-comb generator stores and plays precomputed waveforms and therefore is a simple arbitrary waveform generator. The MMC detectors also require a flux-ramp, which is also generated in the FPGA by a specific hardware module. On receiver site, the samples coming from the ADC are at first processed in a channelizer, which extracts the various channels. Afterwards, the flux-ramp is demodulated for each channel. Then the detector signals are available and the relevant parameters can be obtained in the last stage. After all relevant event parameters were extracted, the data is handed over to the software layers. These pack the data and transmit it to the backend storage system.

The next stage of the ECHo experiment is planned to achieve 100\,kBq. The activity limit per pixel is assumed to be at  10\,Bq per pixel, which results in a number of 10\,k pixels. Due to the use of double pixels per channel 5 k readout channels are required. Furthermore a channel spacing of 10 MHz is planned along with a usable bandwidth between 4 GHz and 8\,GHz per readout system. In other words, each readout system will be able to handle 400 channels. Eventually this means ECHo will require at least 13 readout systems to achieve its goal. In order to have some safety margin, the experiment decided to deploy 15 readout systems, therefore being potentially able to handle 6\,k channels resulting on 120\,kBq of activity.

\section{Wide-band mixing stage}
\label{sec:mixing_stage}

The microwave resonators are located in a band between 4 to 8\,GHz, mostly for two reasons. First the cryogenic setup contains a HEMT amplifier, which has a limited frequency bandwidth, and second the physical length restrictions of the line resonator on the chip sets the usable resonance frequencies to this 4 to 8\,GHz range. Direct sampling is not possible, because high SNR digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters are limited to much lower frequencies $<4$\,GHz. Therefore an up- and down-conversion between electronics in the cryostat and the converters is required. Covering a 4 GHz bandwidth also implies the use of multiple ADCs and DACs because of the limited sampling rate and nyquist criteria. Thus the RF electronics also merge the sources (DAC to RF) and splits the incoming signal into various channels (RF to ADC).

To cover the full spectrum several double sideband mixers are used. Each mixer has 800\,MHz complex bandwidth, mixed to $4.4 + 0.8\cdot n \,\mathrm{GHz}$ and then combined to a common spectrum. On receiver side several double sideband mixers are used for down-mixing of 800 MHz band snippets into complex baseband signals.

Since each up- and down-mixing pair requires a unique carrier frequency, cost efficient phase-locked loop chips with integrated voltage controlled oscillators will be used on the RF board. Such as a low phase noise LMX2594 from Texas Instruments can be chosen, which covers frequencies up to 15\,GHz. Selection and characterization of other components is still an ongoing process and scheduled this year.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{figures/ECHO_SDR_architecture}
\caption{Wide-band Mixing Stage Architecture}
\end{figure}

\section{Modular converter mezzanine}
\label{sec:converter_mezzanine}
\begin{figure}
	\centering

	\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{figures/conversion_board}
	\caption{Modular Converter Architecture}
\end{figure}
The intended bandwidth of 4\,GHz require at least four dual channel DAC and ADC ports. However, considering the aliasing filters with the passband of 400\,MHz, the total amount increases to five pairs.

The mezzanine is an assembly of one clock baseboard, five AD-conversion modules, three DA-conversions modules and one additional slow DA-conversion module. The baseboard is aligned with the VITA57.4 draft and offers a FMC+ connector for connecting the FPGA board. In comparison to the regular FMC connector, the FMC+ offers four additional banks with 16 multi gigabit datapaths and four transceiver clock signals. Only a total of 20 datapaths is required for the converters. It is intended to offer an FMC-only mode to be backwards compatible with last generation FPGA board. However this supports only a subset of one DAC and two ADC daughter boards. The LVDS signals of the FMC connector hold SPI, $\mathrm{I^2C}$, interrupt and status signals. Also the slow DAC receives the data via 18 LVDS lines of the FMC+ connector.

Offering a low jitter clock to maintain the high SNR of the converters is crucial. Therefore a HMC7044 two stage jitter-cleaning PLL clock chip has been chosen. The first stage locks an external 100 MHz VCXO to a reference clock, the second stage locks an internal 3 GHz VCO to the VCXO. In simulation the cascaded setup showed an total of 115\,fs. The maximum $\mathrm{SNR}_\mathrm{jitter}$ at 400 Mhz is 70.7\,dB, therefore higher than the intrinsic SNR of the ADC. It can be calculated by the following formula:

\begin{equation}
\mathrm{SNR}_\mathrm{jitter} = -20\log_{10}(2\pi\cdot f_{in}\cdot T_{jitter})
\label{math:jitter}
\end{equation}

For analog-to-digital conversion an AD9680 two channel 1\,GS/s type was chosen. The converter offers a good SNR of over 65\,dB. Furthermore it offers four on-chip digital down conversions. This enables a preprocessing from two to four sub-bands covering a bandwidth of 780\,MHz. With the applied decimation a parallel sample processing can be avoided. The ADC is connected trough the FMC+ connector with four 10\,Gbit/s high speed links and uses the JESD204b protocol for data transmission. The corresponding DAC is a AD9144 type with four channels and 2.8\,GS/s conversion speed. It will be operated with a data rate of 1\,GS/s. One of the three DAC modules is used in two channel mode only. The connection protocol is an eight/four lane JESD204b operated at 10\,Gbit/s.

The ac-coupling of the high bandwidth converters is designed with a double balun configuration. It enables a total bandwidth of 4.5\,MHz to 3\,GHz. Neither aliasing filters nor reconstruction filters are integrated on the PCB.

To generate the required flux ramp for the sensors a second DAC module provides a low distortion, low noise current. As DAC a two channel 500\,MS/s MAX5898 is used. The design bandwidth of the DC-coupled analog electronics is below 30\,MHz. The coupling is achieved with a double operational amplifier circuit with two ADA4899. The circuit converts from differential to single-ended and offers a signal offset by adding the output of a AD5697R $\mathrm{I^2C}$ DA converter. The module can either generate a voltage or act as a voltage controlled current source.

\section{Digital processing hardware}
\label{sec:digital_processing_hardware}

\begin{figure}[b]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.90\columnwidth]{figures/fpga_firmware}

	\caption{Architecture of the FPGA firmware}
	\label{fig:fpga-firmware}
\end{figure}

The processing and controlling backend will be a new, second generation of the IPE HiFlex board (last gen. \cite{1748-0221-12-03-C03015}) with a Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ 11EG FPGA-SoC. This offers 2928 digital signal processing blocks and a 20 lane high speed interface through FMC+. A second board for processing can be connected via a Samtec FireFly link.

The Firmware concept is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:fpga-firmware}. Both ADC and DAC are connected via Xilinx JESD204b IP-cores to the signal processing cores. The frequency comb is preprocessed on the CPU side using a inverse FFT. The time domain samples are written in a cyclic buffer which is repetitively transferred to the DAC.

After gathering the sub-bands from the ADCs a further processing is required to split the individual resonator channels. Due to the intrinsic rise time of 100\,ns of the sensor, the signal bandwidth is limited to 1.6\,MHz. Within a spacing of at least 8.4\,MHz the stop band should be reached to suppress crosstalk. Furthermore a maximum decimation leads to the most efficient post processing. Factors of $2^n$ with $n = 64 \vee 128$ for decimation with a resulting sample-rate of 3.90625 or 7.8125\,MHz are suitable.

During the channelization process, the signal is mixed with the complex sine of a numerical controlled oscillator. In combination with a low pass filter it demodulates the amplitude of the signal. Afterwards a module for flux-ramp demodulation converts a phase modulated block to one phase sample\cite{Mates2012}. The required sine wave for the demodulation can be shared amongst all channels. Since the flux-ramp is generated by the converter board any calculation is fully synchronized with the modulation. The resulting phase signal contains the pulses due to particle events. Particle's energy can be extracted from pulse height and pulse integral. In this connection a matched filter approach can be used\cite{Fleischmann2005}. After calibrating the sensor by a known energy value, the resulting correlation values can be scaled to the equivalent particle's energy.

All energies of events measured in the ECHo experiment should be stored in a central data center. The native support of the TCP/IP and 1\,GBit/s Ethernet connection of the Zynq FPGA is a major advantage as it reliably transfers the data trough network. Additionally it could provide a mirrored storage attached to SATA.  With 10\,Bq pixel activity, 64 bit per event and 800 pixel per device, a data rate of 62.5\,KB/s per device will be transferred. In case of a raw data logging of highest energy events ($1/10^5$-fraction) additional 2.56\,KB/s are generated, for $f_s=7.8125$\,MHz, 4 Byte sample size and 1\,ms event length. With 15 devices a total data rate of 975.9\,KB/s will be transferred.

\section{Summary}
\label{sec:conclusion}
The ECHo experiment requires the utilization of large MMC detector arrays. The readout of such MMC arrays is a challenging task, which can be tackled using software-defined radios (SDRs) as presented in the previous sections. Though SDR is a well-known approach in communications engineering, a dedicated implementation for frequency division multiplexed readout of MMCs is new and one of the technological key elements of the ECHo project. Each of the SDR systems has to process a relatively high input data rate in the range of 2.4~Tbit/s for 400 detector channels. After all online processing steps, the data rate is massively reduced to less than 8\,Mbit/s to be stored in the backend. This is only feasible by utilizing the massive parallelism offered by modern FPGAs.  ECHo will be the first experiment to use microwave SQUID multiplexed MMC detectors and therefore pioneering the hardware, firmware and software development in this domain. The current status has been presented in this paper. The next step will be the characterization of the final electronics which are currently in development.

\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The Forevermark Tribute Collection celebrates the unique and brilliant women who wear it. This diamond ring may be worn stacked or layered to reflect your individual style and character. Featuring a bezel set Forevermark diamond weighing approximately 0.30ct in 18k white or yellow gold.


text:
var test = require('tape');
var compose = require('../../packages/function-compose');
var compare = require('../../packages/collection-compare');

test('composes two or more functions', function (t) {
  t.plan(3);
  var splitBy2s = compose(String, function (str) {return str.split(2);});
  t.ok(compare(splitBy2s(52423), ['5', '4', '3']));
  var sqRootBiggest = compose(Math.max, Math.sqrt, Math.round);
  t.equal(sqRootBiggest(10, 5), 3);
  t.equal(sqRootBiggest(7, 0, 16), 4);
  t.end();
});

test('when composing only one function, returns that function', function (t) {
  t.plan(2);
  t.equal(compose(Math.sqrt)(19), Math.sqrt(19));
  t.equal(compose(Math.max)(4, 7, 99), Math.max(4, 7, 99));
  t.end();
});

test('when composing zero functions, throws error', function (t) {
  t.plan(1);
  t.throws(compose, Error);
  t.end();
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


As expected, the Jaguars on Wednesday announced they have changed radio and television broadcast partners.
All of the team's games will be heard on 1010XL AM and 92.5 FM. Local TV programming will move to WJTX Channel 4. The Times-Union reported the moves on Tuesday.
Under the radio agreement, Jaguars games will also be simulcast on 99.9 Gator Country. The Jaguars' previous radio affiliation was with WOKV 690 AM. It's the first change in radio coverage of Jaguars games since the team started play in 1995.
"The Jaguars are the most important sports franchise in our city's history, and we are honored to become the flagship station and to be part of the team,'' said 1010XL general manager Steve Griffin.
Under the new television agreement, WJXT, which replaces WTEV TV-47, will air the Jaguars' non-national preseason games, pregame shows, the Gus Bradley Show and other programs that are mutually developed. The team's preseason games will also air in the Orlando market on Channel 4's partner station, WKMG 6.
"Given the size of the Jacksonville market, it is critical that we reach all current and potential Jaguars fans. Our new partners will help us do that in Jacksonville as well as the surrounding region,'' said team president Mark Lamping.
The Jaguars will announce their preseason schedule in April.


All garments can be returned within 7 days of purchase date.
All returns must be complete with all tags/tickets, unworn and in the same original condition as sent. Please enclose your original receipt and delivery note.
You will be responsible for postage costs for any returns unless the goods are deemed to be faulty. We do not refund postage costs.
Upon receipt of returned goods we shall inspect the garment and if the above conditions have been met will refund your original payment method, or if requested issue a credit note or gift voucher.
When returning goods please ensure that the garment is sent via a signed for service such as Royal Mail. We cannot be responsible for goods that fail to reach us or that are damaged. We recommend that you insure any returns for this reason.
We reserve the right to charge a £5.00 repacking fee if the goods are returned excessively creased or odourous.


I am so into baseball as of lately. ( As if my true followers didn't pick up on that…How could you not?) I have never claimed to be competitive or sports-y. (In fact it has always been the opposite.) One time I did give a training on basketball and 3pt. shots in the MTC. It was great, not because of me. It was the perfect way to tie diligence in the gospel and on the mission with parable of sorts. (And this parable was the type that 19 year old boys were bound to pay attention to.) I owe that one up to some amazing inspiration.
Enough about that lesson, I have never been athletic. Yet, last night I sent this text: "Bases loaded, 4pt. lead, 2 outs, Goose up to bat" and I meant it. I was feeling the rush, the nervous energy, the excitement, the feeling that I belonged to something great. I learned what it meant to rally cap. I twisted my hair nervously, I shouted. This was it.
Rally capping didn't help my team last night. But is taught me that we need to be rally capping for each other, showing our support. When you are down and out here's my rally cap to you, random reader: You can do it! I believe you can win, I know the pressure is a little bit heavy right now. Come win or loose I am here. And tying for the fourth-longest winning streak in the record of the NCAA book, along with the 1972 Arizona State and 1988 Fresno State teams with 32 wins, I am here after that 33 game when the glory fades. ( Okay that last one was less applicable to the random reader and more for a certain team.) Seriously, I get it now. Who is this girls staying up late thinking about sports? It 's me. I am not sure how long this will last but I will be rally capping for you reader.


Field level outfield gives fans a more affordable option for sitting on the lowest tier of AT&T Park. These seats will be some of the best areas for catching a foul ball, but also have up to 42 numbered rows of seating making for long walks to and from restrooms and concessions.
There is very little structural protection from the sun in these sections, and the first base side will see the shade before the third base side during afternoon games.
The Giants bullpen is located in front of sections 127-128 on the third base side, while the visitors bullpen is located in front of sections 103-104 on the first base side.
"The Giants Bullpen is on the Field in Front of Sections 126-128"


text:
The siege of Lingen took place during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War by a Dutch and English army led by Maurice of Orange. Frederik van den Bergh defended Lingen for Philip II of Spain which was besieged from 25 October 1597. After a siege of more than two weeks,  Van den Bergh surrendered on 12 November 1597. The siege was part of Maurice's successful 1597 campaign against the Spaniards.

Background
Maurice had already achieved many successes in the year of 1597 which started off with the victory at Turnhout. Afterwards he started a campaign in the summer through the east of the Netherlands and took important fortified strongholds which included Oldenzaal and Groenlo from the Spanish. His campaign was coming to a successful conclusion and only Lingen was still in Spanish hands. By the end of October 1597 Maurice and his army arrived at Lingen and by taking the city the Spanish would have no choice but to abandon the region of Twente as a whole. The town was situated at the extreme boundary of the Low Countries (in present-day Germany), governed by Frederik van den Bergh  which was defended by 500 men under Lieutenant Verdugo .

Maurice's army which included English and Scots under Horace Vere had left the recently captured Oldenzaal and had to cross the Ems river which they achieved without incident. Horace's brother Francis Vere was now governor of Brill and general of Elizabeth I's forces in the Netherlands. The heavy artillery was brought to Lingen by ship through the Wadden Sea and then through the Ems river. This caused several days of delay but once the big guns were in use they would be able to shell the fortifications and city.

Siege and aftermath
As the siege started the garrison made a brisk sortie and burnt a mill but they were driven back by the English and Scots who were at the head of the attack. It took a lot of effort to get the big guns dug in by the canal under fire, so that the city would be besieged proper. They were soon put in use however and the towns fortified walls were pounded. With the situation now desperate Van den Bergh was hoping for news of a relieving army but the only news he was to receive from the Cardinal Archduke Albert was to save the city. Thus with no hope of relief Van den Burgh surrendered Lingen to Maurice on 12 November.

By capturing Lingen, Maurice closed off the campaign of 1597 and was just one of his latest conquests during this successful period, called the Ten Glory Years. The Spanish abandoned Twente as had been expected and military activity ended for the year. Maurice had taken nine strongly fortified cities and five castles, opened the navigation of the Rhine, and strengthened the whole eastern bulwarks of the Republic.

Lingen would be recaptured eight years later by Ambrosio Spinola in his campaign of 1605.

See also
 List of Stadtholders of the Low Countries
 List of Governors of the Spanish Netherlands
 Siege of Bredevoort (1597)
 Siege of Groenlo (1597)

References
Citations

Bibliography

  (1753): Vaderlandsche Historie, Vervattende Geschiedenislessen der Vereenigde Nederlanden, in Zonderheid die van Holland, van de Vroegste Tyden af - Achtste Deel Amsterdam: Isaak Tirion (Dutch)

Sieges involving Spain
Sieges involving England
Sieges involving the Dutch Republic
1597 in Europe
Conflicts in 1597
1597 in the Dutch Republic

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
New Dodge Durango for Sale & Lease in Sandy, Utah
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Images, prices, and options shown, including vehicle color, trim, and other specifications are subject to availability, incentive offerings, current pricing, and credit worthiness.
VEHICLE DISCLAIMER: *Price excludes tax, title, license fee and other governmental fees, and $299.00 dealer documentary service fee. The dealer documentary service fee represents costs and profit to the dealer for items such as inspecting, cleaning, and adjusting vehicles, and preparing documents related to the sale. While every reasonable effort is made to ensure the accuracy of this information, we are not responsible for any errors or omissions contained on these pages. Vehicle subject to prior sale. Please see dealer for details.
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What is the difference between the 2020 Dodge Durango and the 2021 Dodge Durango?
There are a number of differences between the 2021 Dodge Durango and the previous model year. LED lighting now comes standard across the board and there is an available 10.1-inch touchscreen infotainment system that will give you a truly modern automotive experience. Additionally, a new Tow n Go package is made available to the top-trim Dodge Durango R/T to provide you with 8,700 pounds of towing capacity.


text:
Q: Selecting all the tables containing specific columns I have around 300 tables in my database . I want the tablenames containing tha columns sname,dtcreatedat,dtmodifiedat,ixlastmodifiedby and fstatus . Presently I am checking manually each of the table. Which command can be used in mysql to do this?

A: You can find all tables containing that columns with:
select distinct table_name
from information_schema.columns
where column_name in ('sname','dtcreatedat','dtmodifiedat','ixlastmodifiedby','fstatus')
and table_schema = 'your_db_name'