The Amazon Web Services (AWS) Global Start-Up Challenge is back.
Source : AWS This contest, launched in 2007, is a way for promising start-ups to get noticed and compete for an opportunity to win some great rewards for your start-up. This year's challenge offers prizes such as $100K in combined cash and credits for multiple winners, VC introductions, PR support, and more.
Cedexis, le gagnant du Trophée "La Meilleure Startup du Cloud"
La prochaine présentation Cloud Start Up: "Quand les Startups s'attaquent à l'infrastructure"


text:
Three Days Grace Rock the Queen City
Lucy Pogosian
A week night show didn't stop Three Days Grace fans around North Carolina from coming out to The Fillmore in Charlotte and rocking out. This was the first show in NC since the release of their new record, Human, and fans were eager to get their front row spots and hear the new songs live, getting to the venue as early as 2 pm. Doors opened at 7 pm and fans quickly made their way to the front rails, the merchandise tables, and the bars.
A short hour later, the lights dimmed and Pop Evil took the stage. Pop Evil were the only openers on the bill so they had the solo job of getting the crowd warm for the headliners. They played a wide variety of songs from their collection, including their current single, "Footsteps", "100 in a 55", "Torn to Pieces", and "Deal with the Devil". Fans could be heard singing back lyrics above the music throughout the set. The band played for about an hour, closing their set with their single, "Trenches".
The stage was cleared to make room for the headliners and about 25 minutes after the end of Pop Evil's set, Three Days Grace's intro filled the room. "Killing in the Name" by Rage Against the Machine has become the signature intro for the band over the past couple years and fans eat it up every time. What perfect way to rile a crowd up than to play some Rage? Before the song was over, it was cut off to a recorded monologue and one by one, the members of Three Days Grace made their way out and opened their set with a punch, performing "I Am Machine". Frontman Matt Walst didn't spend more than a few seconds in one spot, running around the entirety of the stage and standing on the edge directly over fans, testing the energy of the crowd. The audience reciprocated that same energy back to the stage, throwing rock horns up and singing back the lyrics. The energy and excitement of the fans only grew as the night continued, with Three Days Grace playing a good 18-song set, spanning their entire 5 album catalog. Guitarist Barry Stock and bassist Brad Walst could be seen throwing out guitar picks to excited fans in front of them between playing songs including, "Just Like You", "Chalk Outline", "Pain", "Break", and "Human Race". The band changed up their recorded version of "Home" and stuck a cover of Tool's "Sober" in the middle of the performance. Marking the middle of the set, drummer Neil Sanderson and pianist Dani Rosenoer took center stage for a duet, eventually leading to a solo from Sanderson.
The band kicked right back into things after the solo, with "Painkiller", their newest single, "Fallen Angel", "The Good Life", "I Hate Everything About You", "Never Too Late", and "Animal I Have Become". As the band made their way off stage, the audience started cheering "THREE DAYS GRACE!", encouraging them to come back out for an encore. A couple minutes later, Three Days Grace made their way back to the stage and changed up their single-filled set with the raw track, "The Real You". Closing out the set was crowd favorite, "Riot", leaving the audience amped up and feeling like it was a night well spent.
Three Days Grace's live show continues to get better and better. Overhearing some conversations from audience members after the show, there was not one bad thing said. Definitely be sure to make your way out to a show on this tour if you can! It will be more than worth your time!
Check out photos from the show HERE!
human world tour
matt walst
brad walst
barry stock
neil sanderson
dani rosenoer
Dirty Honey's Rolling 7's Tour Rolls Through Dallas
Photo Recap: Cory Wells, The Spill Canvas, The Juliana Theory
Photo Recap: Simple Plan + State Champs in Worcester, MA
Epicenter 2020
Photo Recap: twenty one pilots, MisterWives in Uncasville, CT
The Victorious Sky Tour Hits Texas
Recap: Knotfest Roadshow in Mansfield, MA
Festival Preview: Louder Than Life
Breaking Benjamin Blow Raleigh Away
Mosh Pit Report, Nicole McKay
Outside the Pit

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Binding to a property in ControlTemplate does not work I have a mobile app with Xamarin.Forms and FreshMvvm. Every page uses a control template defined in App.xaml:
          <ControlTemplate x:Key="MainPageTemplate">
            <Grid BindingContext="{Binding Source={RelativeSource TemplatedParent}}">
                <Grid.RowDefinitions>
                    <RowDefinition Height="*" />
                    <RowDefinition Height="Auto" />
                    <RowDefinition Height="Auto" />
                    <RowDefinition Height="9*" />
                </Grid.RowDefinitions>
                <Image Source="{local:ImageResource MyApp.Images.My_logo.jpg}" Margin="0, 0, 0, 5" Grid.Row="0" />
                <Label Text="{Binding ScreenName}" FontSize="Subtitle" TextColor="Black" FontAttributes="Bold" HorizontalOptions="Center" Grid.Row="1" />
                <Label Text="{Binding ErrorMessage}" TextColor="Red" Grid.Row="2" />
                <ContentPresenter Margin="10, 0, 10, 10" Grid.Row="3" />
            </Grid>
        </ControlTemplate>

The ScreenName property is defined in the PageModel like this:
        protected string _screenName;

        public string ScreenName => _screenName;

For some reason, the ScreenName is not showing up on the page that uses the control template. It does if I replace the Binding with a hard-coded text:
<Label Text="Something" ...

A: When setting your BindingContext to your {RelativeSource TemplatedParent}, your binding context is the page.
To access your ViewModel, you must change your xaml to access your property through the "BindingContext" of your page.
<Label Text="{Binding BindingContext.ScreenName}" FontSize="Subtitle" TextColor="Black" FontAttributes="Bold" HorizontalOptions="Center" Grid.Row="1" />

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Houston: Nuestra Historia, Letter from the Editor
By Houston History Magazine on December 2, 2011 in Letter from the Editor, Race & Ethnicity
By Natalie Garza
Two years ago I began conducting interviews for the University of Houston's Oral History of Houston project under the Center for Public History. Ernesto Valdés, the director of the project at the time, asked me to interview people in Magnolia Park, a historic neighborhood on the verge of celebrating its centennial anniversary and populated in large part by Mexican Americans. I am not a native Houstonian, and my only knowledge of Mexican American history in the city came from Arnoldo De León's book, Ethnicity in the Sunbelt. These interviews served as my introduction to the Mexican American experience in Houston and contributed immeasurably to my personal and educational growth.
Houston is not traditionally associated with a great history of Mexican and Mexican American political activism or deep cultural traditions. However, this history offers a fascinating and inspiring demonstration of the longtime presence of Mexican Americans in Houston; well established cultural traditions that include music, festivals, art, and food; struggles against injustice; differences in approaches between grassroots and well-connected political sectors; and community leadership. The efforts of Mexican Americans continue, and the culture is constantly evolving with the influx of new migrants from throughout Mexico and now various countries in Latin America. It became evident to me while conducting interviews of people in the Mexican American community that the omission of Houston in Mexican American history and the omission of Mexican Americans in Houston history is a disservice to our knowledge base and to the realities of our society.
Many of the interviews I conducted gravitated towards issues of politics in some form or another, and I heard some stories repeated from person to person without prompting them. For example, the Joe Campos Torres case came up repeatedly in interviews. People almost without exception also made note of Ben Reyes with a combined sense of what could have been and a respect for what was accomplished. The major "firsts" achieved by Mexican Americans in Houston politics stood out as another commonality of these recollections: the first Mexican American elected in a citywide campaign (Leonel Castillo, Controller), the first Mexican American Justice of the Peace (Judge Armando Rodriguez), and the first Mexican American police officer (Raul C. Martinez).
The story behind Raul Martinez's entrance into the police academy begins with the exclusion of Mexican Americans from law enforcement based on claims that they did not meet the height requirements. So when community leaders identified a couple of tall Mexicans interested in joining the academy, they pressured city officials to allow them to apply. Raul C. Martinez was one of these young men and stood over six feet tall. This story forms part of the collective memory of Mexican Americans in Houston. It is a story of discrimination and exclusion, but also a source of pride in breaking barriers through cooperative work and deliberateness poured into achieving each of these firsts. The city recently witnessed another first, the election of the first Mexican American Sherriff in Harris County, Adrian Garcia in 2008.
Doing interviews is an incredibly personal and rewarding experience. Through the process, people invite you into their lives and share intimate stories that strung together define their lives and their roles in society. As a result of the connections made during interviews, people often invited me to events so that I could truly understand the community they described. This is how I came to sit in on a sing-a-long of Mexican classics led by Judge Armando Rodriguez for Mexican and Mexican American seniors at a community center. I also had the privilege of attending an opening brunch for Fiestas Patrias, which I discovered included a who's who of Mexican American community leaders and consequently an event where politicians introduced themselves to gain support of Mexican Americans. One summer I received an invitation to Christmas in July at Ripley House that included my first glimpse of Pancho Claus. I went on tours of Ripley House and the Denver Harbor Clinic, gaining an appreciation for the various services offered to the community. As a result of the oral history interviews, I learned about Macario Ramirez's altars created for Dia de los Muertos in his store on 19th Street. It is also how I found myself attending two days of bingo with the abuelitos group at Our Lady of Guadalupe and a follow-up invitation to have Carmen Ramirez's nopalitos at the church breakfast the following Sunday. Together these events along with the personal narratives collected in the interviews create the story of my Mexican American experience in Houston.
During that first summer of doing interviews, Ernesto and I often sat to debrief, which for him involved reminiscing and contextualizing the story. Ernie, as he was known by his friends, was a long-time activist who both witnessed and participated in much of the history I collected. For me, these conversations provided an opportunity to reflect with appreciation on the accomplishments of Houston's Mexican American community past and present and to discuss the complexities of culture, identity, and political maneuvering. Ernesto died in 2010. For him, this issue was a long time coming—as it is for the community reflected in its pages.
University of Houston Integration Records: A Difficult Path to Desegregation
Community Engagement from Blackboards to Technology
Latino cARTographies: Mapping the Past, Present, and Future of Houston's Latino Visual Art
La Colonia Mexicana: Mexican Americans in Houston
Volume 9, Number 1


text:
Desert Strike: Take control of a big chopper in this Gulf War game
Somewhere in the depths of the Middle East, a madman by the name of General Kilbaba has taken over a rich Rab Emirate and is planning to end the world by killing us all with a nasty cocktail of nuclear and chemical weapons. The US President has decided to send in you and your trusty Apache helicopter to sort out the situation and hopefully avert Armageddon. An excellent intro sequence takes you into the game, with some nicely drawn animations, and a good rave-type soundtrack. Quite what this has got to do with battles in the desert I don't know, but it's rather good anyway.
The game is broken up into several missions, which are then split into several tasks, such as destroying an airfield. Completing one mission gives you the password to start the next one. There's no way that you'll be able to complete the mission on the stocks of fuel and weapons that you start out with, but fortunately, the enemy have been considerate enough to leave some lying around. You control your helicopter with the joystick and keyboard. As you'd expect, the joystick tilts the helicopter, moving you forwards or backwards, which takes a bit of time to get used to. The fire-button fires your chosen weapon, and the space-bar switches between the three available.
Desert Strike runs in a 3D, isometric sort of viewpoint, which takes a bit of getting used to. Unfortunately, this means that objects sometimes disappear behind others, but this is only a small inconvenience. Steering the helicopter is something of an acquired habit, because it takes a bit of time to get used to the angle of view. The mix of low-level strategy and shoot 'em up action is a curious but successful combination. It might seem a chore to have to continually replenish the Apache's supplies in the heat of battle, but the game would be much duller if the strategy elements had been left out. In fact, the finished game has a special 'fire- and-forget' cheat which will give you unlimited ammo so you can play it as an out-and-out shoot 'em up. All things considered, Desert Strike couldn't be a better game. The mix is just right, the action fast and frantic and the missions suitably varied to keep you coming back again and again.
news source: AF/AP/CU/AC / image source: GenerationAmiga / watch on Youtube / download Desert Strike Amiga, MS-DOS
A-10 Tank Killer: an amusing blast from the 90s Hunter: The first open world game ever created Seek and Destroy: An excellent and original shoot em up from the 90s Wing Commander: An atmospheric shoot-em-up flight sim MiG-29 Fulcrum: Command the world's most deadly fighter Worms: Strategy game is still fresh and fun after two decades Megacopter Blades of the Goddess: Desert Strike of the modern age Bridge Strike final edition: 42 levels in 4 different worlds Cannon Fodder 2: war has never been so much fun Blake Stone: Planet Strike released on Commodore Amiga SWIV, contains some of the most frantic action ever seen Review: Command & Conquer: Tiberian Dawn Jungle Strike, War is hell. But this game is heaven… 7 Great shoot 'em up games for the Amiga 500 netPanzer: AmigaOne RTS Multiplayer game with tanks
New enhanced release of AmiQuake for Amiga 68k
DIY: Make a cheap and easy to build SD-Card adapter


2014-07-17 Assigned to WELCH ALLYN, INC. reassignment WELCH ALLYN, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GOLDFAIN, ERVIN, LIA, RAYMOND A.
An ophthalmoscope includes an illumination assembly having a light source disposed along an illumination axis and an imaging assembly configured for delivering an image to an imaging device. Each of the imaging and illumination assemblies are disposed in an instrument housing, the ophthalmoscope being configured for attachment to an electronic imaging device and in which the imaging assembly produces a field of view of about 40 degrees to permit more comprehensive eye examinations to be reliably conducted. In at least one version, a portable electronic device, such as a smart device, can be coupled to the instrument or configured to wirelessly receive images therefrom.
This application claims priority pursuant to relevant portions of 35 U.S.C. § 119 to provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 61/890,618, filed Oct. 14, 2013, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
The application is generally related to the field of diagnostic medicine. More specifically, the application is directed to a hand-held or bench top ophthalmic device having an optical assembly that provides an enhanced field of view of the eye of a patient and enables enhanced diagnostic eye examinations, such as diabetic retinopathy, to be reliably performed. Real time images that are captured by the ophthalmic device can be directed to a portable electronic device, such as a smartphone, which can be integrated with the instrument to receive images or be remotely connected therewith.
Ophthalmoscopes are commonly known medical diagnostic instruments used to perform routine examinations of the eye of a patient during a primary physician's visit. Due to their relatively low cost, these instruments are commonly found in the physician's office, hospitals and urgent care medical facilities. A typical ophthalmoscope is defined by an instrument head that is attached to the upper end of a handle portion, enabling the instrument to be relatively compact and capable of being held for use in a single hand of the caregiver. The handle portion retains a source of power (e.g., a plurality of rechargeable batteries) for energizing a contained light source, such as an incandescent lamp or at least one LED, in order to provide sufficient light to the intended target (i.e., the eye), through a distal end of the instrument head. An optical or imaging system contained within the instrument head images the illuminated retina of the eye and directs that image to either an eyepiece or an electronic imaging element, which is disposed at the proximal end of the instrument head.
Fundus cameras, such as described by EP 1 138 255 A1, are a much more sophisticated diagnostic apparatus, as compared to ophthalmoscopes, that are also used for measuring and determining various conditions involving the eye. These latter devices are quite prohibitive in cost, as compared to typical ophthalmoscopes, and can often easily exceed $25,000. The optical systems incorporated in fundus cameras are considerably more intricate and complex than those used in ophthalmoscopes and are also much larger, typically requiring a patient to utilize a chin rest or similar configuration for purposes of stability when conducting an examination. Advantageously, these instruments are configured to provide a field of view of at least 30 to 40 degrees relative to a target of interest (i.e., the eye), which adds significant functionality and capability as compared to direct ophthalmoscopes, the latter usually having a more restricted field of view of only about 5 degrees. Having a larger field of view is essential for enabling more comprehensive diagnoses, such as diabetic retinopathy, to be reliably conducted. Diabetic retinopathy often has no early warning signs, but first stages can be detected by fundus photography in which microaneurysms (microscopic blood-filled bulges in the artery walls), as well as retinal ischemia (blocked or narrowing retinal blood vessels) indicative of the lack of blood flow can be readily and proactively detected.
Given the present state of healthcare reform, a general need exists to provide an eye viewing device, such as an ophthalmoscope, that can reliably provide a larger field of view in order to permit more comprehensive eye examinations to be conducted, but in lieu of a fundus camera.
To that end, there have been numerous attempts to design diagnostic instruments that enable a caregiver to view more of the fundus of the eye. The majority of these attempts has been realized, but by means of scanning the area of interest and not directly viewing the desired area all at once and/or requiring medication to also dilate the pupil of the eye. Pupil dilation creates a level of inconvenience and discomfort for the patient.
More recently, Applicants have developed a digital ophthalmoscope with a contained imaging system that is capable of producing about a 25 degree field of view, using panoramic imaging of the retina. In one version, a smartphone is mechanically supported to the rear of an instrument housing with the imager of the smartphone being positioned in alignment with the contained optical assembly of the instrument or in which the optical assembly is augmented to divert an image to the portable electronic device in order to directly receive captured images.
Still further, it would be advantageous to provide an ophthalmic instrument that provides greater versatility in regard to operation when used in conjunction with a portable electronic device, such as a smartphone or a tablet PC.
Therefore and according to a first aspect, there is provided an ophthalmic instrument comprising an imaging assembly having a defined imaging axis and an illumination assembly comprising a source of illumination and having a defined illumination axis, each of the illumination and optical assemblies being disposed within an instrument housing. The instrument including a imaging device wherein the source of illumination creates a focused illumination spot through the pupil that is off axis relative to the optical axis of the instrument and in which the imaging assembly is configured to enable a field of view of at least 40 degrees of the retina of a subject that is directed to the imaging device.
According to at least one version, the imaging system comprises an objective lens and a projection lens, each being disposed along the optical axis and in which the objective lens is sized in order to enable about a 40 degree field of view of the intended target.
According to one version, an imaging device is attachable to the instrument. In at least one embodiment a portable electronic device, such as a smartphone, having a contained electronic imaging element is directly aligned with the imaging assembly along the imaging axis of the instrument when the portable electronic device is attached thereto. According to another embodiment, an electronic imager is disposed within the ophthalmic instrument wherein the images received by the imager can be wirelessly transmitted to a portable electronic device, such as a smartphone or tablet PC, the latter being further configured to control the operation of the ophthalmic instrument. Through this latter form of connection, there is no requirement having to specifically align the imaging element of the portable electronic device with the imaging assembly of the instrument.
providing an illumination assembly having a source of illumination disposed along an illumination axis of the instrument and at least one optical element for causing illumination to be directed through the pupil of a patient's eye and off axis relative to the imaging axis of the instrument and in which a field of view of at least 40 degrees is produced by the imaging assembly and in which an imaging device is configured to receive images from the imaging assembly.
The objective lens is sized to enable the increased field of view wherein the off-axis alignment of the illumination assembly provides sufficient light as a point source to the target while reducing glare-related effects.
According to at least one version a portable electronic device, such as a smartphone, a tablet PC or other device having a contained electronic imager, can be disposed such that the contained imager is aligned along the imaging axis to receive a resulting image. Additional optical elements can be added to adapt to the imaging device, such as to increase magnification and resolution. In another version, an electronic imager can be disposed along the imaging axis to receive an image that can be transmitted wirelessly to a portable electronic device, such as smartphone or a tablet PC, which is either attached to the instrument or located in close proximity thereto.
One advantage provided is that of increased capability in which an ophthalmoscope, configured in the manner described herein, produces a significantly wider field of view to enable similar capabilities of prohibitively more expensive fundus cameras, such as diabetic retinopathy.
Another advantage realized is that enhanced examinations can take place in a doctor's office, enabling proactive diagnoses to be made and in which a field of view of at least 40 degrees can be achieved without medication to dilate the pupil of the eye.
Yet another advantage is that the herein described instrument can be connected and controlled by a portable electronic device that is either directly or indirectly attached to the instrument.
Still another advantage is that the resulting data can be streamed to a "Cloud" service, external peripheral devices, or remote clinical sites using custom software applications.
Yet another advantage is the ability to easily configure the solution to work as a portable instrument, or parked in a chin-rest stand (operated by a practitioner) or a binocular stand (operated by the patient).
These and other features and advantages will be readily apparent from the following Detailed Description, which should be read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram of an ophthalmic instrument made in accordance with yet another exemplary embodiment.
This description relates to certain exemplary embodiments of an ophthalmic instrument (i.e., an ophthalmoscope) that is configured to present a suitable (40) degree field of view of a target of interest (i.e., the eye), thereby enabling enhanced examinations to be conducted by a clinician, ophthalmologist, primary physician or other caregiver and as used in conjunction with at least one portable electronic device. It will be apparent that other versions can be created that include the inventive concepts described herein. In addition and throughout the course of this description, various terms are used in order to provide a suitable frame of reference with regard to the accompanying drawings. These terms, such as "distal", "proximal", "upper", "lower", "above", "below", "top", "bottom", "forward" and "backward" however, are not intended to specifically limit or otherwise narrow the scope of the invention, unless where expressly so indicated.
Referring to FIG. 1, a schematic system layout of an ophthalmoscope 100 in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment is depicted. The ophthalmoscope 100 (also synonymously referred to throughout as the "instrument") is preferably designed with a housing (not shown in this view) having an interior that is appropriately sized to retain a plurality of components, including an illumination assembly 120 and an imaging assembly 140. According to this embodiment, the illumination assembly 120 includes at least one light source, such as a white or multicolor LED 124, which is fixedly disposed to a circuit board (not shown). According to this embodiment, the LED 124 emits a white light along a defined illumination axis 127. In another version, the LED 124 can emit an amber light, having a wavelength of about 590 nm. The emitted light is caused to impinge upon a reflective surface of a mirror 128 which is angled to direct reflected light toward a distal end of the instrument 100. According to this embodiment, the mirror 128 is angled such that the angle between the viewing axis 158 of the instrument 100 and the illumination axis 127 is approximately 4 degrees. Optionally, a linear polarizer (not shown) can be disposed along the illumination axis 127 between the mirror 128 and the LED 124 in order to reduce the effects of glare.
An aperture stop 132 is disposed distally forward of the mirror 128 along the defined illumination axis 127 and through which light reflected from the mirror 128 is directed toward a target (i.e., the eye, shown herein schematically as 160) of interest, and as discussed herein. According to this embodiment, the aperture stop 132 has a spacing of approximately 1 mm in order to control the amount of reflected light passing therethrough.
According to this exemplary embodiment, the illumination assembly 120 further includes an objective lens 144 that is centered and aligned along an optical or imaging axis 158, FIG. 2, of the instrument 100. The objective lens 144 is made from an optically clear acrylic according to this version, although other suitable optically materials can be alternatively used, the objective lens 144 being defined by opposing distal and proximal surfaces 145 and 147, respectively. As discussed herein, light 153 passing through the aperture stop 132 is directed for entry through the proximal surface 147 of the objective lens 144 wherein the light is focused and passes through the pupil 162 of the eye (the latter being shown schematically as 160) at an angle relative to the imaging axis 158, FIG. 2, of the instrument 100. A resulting illumination spot, shown schematically as 138, is formed on the cornea 163 and is laterally offset from the imaging axis 158. This light is then further directed and reflected as an image of the back (fundus 164) of the eye 160.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the imaging assembly 140 of the instrument 100 described herein is defined by the objective lens 144, as well as a projection lens 150, each being disposed along the optical or imaging axis 158 that is coextensive through respective distal and proximal ends of the instrument 100. The objective lens 144 is disposed at an intermediate position along the imaging axis 158 and at a sufficient working distance (WD) from the front of the eye 160. More specifically, the objective lens 144 according to this exemplary embodiment is defined by an outer diameter of approximately 26 mm and a thickness of approximately 12 mm, the distal surface 145 of the objective lens 144 is disposed at a WD of 25 mm from the pupil 162 of the eye 160, and the distance between the proximal surface 147 of the objective lens 144 and a distal surface 152 of the projection lens 150 is about 58-59 mm. The distal surface 145 of the objective lens 144 includes a radius of curvature of 18 mm with a conic constant (K) of −2.3 and the proximal surface 147 has a radius of curvature of −18 mm and a conic constant (K) of −2.3.
Still referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the projection lens 150 according to this specific embodiment is a section of BK7 crown glass having an outer diameter of approximately 3 mm and an axial length extending along the imaging axis 158 of approximately 4.9 mm. The distal surface 152 of the projection lens 150 is plano and an opposing proximal surface 156 of the projection lens 150 is defined by a radius of curvature of approximately −25.84 mm.
A portable electronic imaging device 180 (shown schematically in FIG. 2), such as smartphone, is disposed at the proximal end of the instrument 100 and proximal to the projection lens 150. The projection lens 150 is disposed forward (distal) of the portable electronic imaging device 180 and aligned therewith along the imaging axis 158.
In terms of operation and according to this exemplary embodiment, illumination light rays, as shown in dashed lines 153, in the form of white light is emitted from the LED 124, reflected from the mirror 128 and directed through the aligned aperture stop 132 toward the distal end of the instrument 100. As noted, the directed light rays 153 passing through the objective lens 144 are focused by this lens 144 and pass through the pupil 162, the latter having a spacing of approximately 2 mm, as an illumination spot 138 that is disposed slightly off axis relative to the imaging axis 158 of the instrument 100. More specifically and according to this embodiment, the formed illumination spot 138 is approximately 1 mm from the imaging axis 158 wherein the illumination spot 138 is focused onto the cornea 163 of a patient's eye 160. Sufficient illumination is provided by the LED 124 to enable reflection of the light from the fundus (retina) of the eye 160.
A set of solid lines 154 depict imaging light rays wherein the reflected light includes an image of the fundus 164 of the eye 150, which is transmitted by outwardly projecting rays from the pupil 162 of the eye 160 as a cone of light through the objective lens 144 along the imaging axis 158 of the instrument 100. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, and based on the design of the illumination and imaging assemblies, this cone of light encompasses a 40 degree field of view that is narrowed and passes through the projection lens 150 for transmission to the attached portable electronic imaging device 180, such as a smartphone having a cover glass 184 and an integrated electronic imaging element 186. Each of the LED 124, mirror 128 and aperture stop 132 are disposed out of the imaging path of the herein described instrument 100. More specifically and according to this embodiment, the center of the aligned aperture stop 132 is about 4 mm from the imaging axis 158 of the herein described instrument 100.
As shown in the enhanced view at the proximal end of the imaging assembly 140 according to FIG. 2, the imaging light rays 154 passing through the projection lens 150 are narrowed and caused to pass through the cover glass 184 and are further directed to the retained electronic imaging element 186 of the portable electronic device 180. According to this version, a two lens imaging system is sufficient to create a 40 degree field of view in a compact ophthalmic device. Additionally, at least one linear polarizer (not shown) can be provided along the imaging axis 158 between the projection lens 150 and the imaging device 180 for controlling glare, such as from any of the contained optical elements and eye structures.
While the prior two-lens imaging assembly is highly effective in creating a 40 degree field of view, improvements in resolution and/or magnification can be made. To that end and referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, another exemplary imaging assembly 210 for an ophthalmoscope 200 is herein described. The illumination assembly and the housing of this instrument 200 are each not shown for the sake of clarity. For purposes of this embodiment, however, the illumination assembly can be similar to the version described according to FIGS. 1 and 2 and the instrument housing can be typified, such as depicted in FIGS. 8 and 9 and discussed infra. According to this specific embodiment, the imaging assembly 210 is defined by an objective lens 244 having respective distal and proximal surfaces 245, 247 and a projection lens 250, each commonly disposed and aligned along an imaging axis 258 and in relation to an eye 160, shown schematically only in FIG. 3, of a patient. According to this embodiment, the specific design of each of the foregoing optical elements is identical to the two lens imaging assembly 140, previously discussed with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 in which reflected light from the eye 160, FIG. 3, is produced as a cone of light that is directed to the objective lens 244, the latter being appropriately sized and positioned to create a suitable (i.e., 40 degrees) field of view, the light being narrowed and further directed to the projection lens 250, in a manner previously described. In addition and according to this exemplary embodiment, a plurality of additional optical elements are provided, each of these elements being disposed in proximal relation to the projection lens 250 along the defined imaging axis 258. These additional optical elements may be assembled integrally as part of the instrument 200 itself or alternatively can be added as a separate module in order to facilitate modification of an existing eye viewing device.
An enlarged view of the added proximal portion of the exemplary imaging assembly 210 is shown in FIG. 4. More specifically, this assembly 210 comprises the projection lens 250 having a plano distal surface 252 and a curved proximal surface 256, as previously described with regard to the imaging assembly of FIGS. 1 and 2. An aperture stop 280 is disposed between the projection lens 250 and a achromatic doublet 284, such as an Edmund Scientific Model No. 45-089 in which the reflected light rays 254 are further directed along the imaging axis 258 to a pair of imaging lenses 260, including a first lens 264 and a second lens 268. According to this specific embodiment, the imaging lenses 260 are a pair of plano-convex lenses, such as Edmund Scientific Model No. 45-226. The imaging lenses 260 are disposed with a distal plano surface 265 of the first lens 264 facing the achromatic doublet 284 and a distal convex surface 267 of the second lens 268 facing a proximal convex surface 266 of the first lens 264. Each of the first and second lenses 264, 268 are separated by an air gap 269 in which the imaging lenses 260 combine to focus the resulting image to a focal plane 288 and onto an electronic imaging element (not shown) of an attached portable electronic device, shown schematically herein as 292.
Yet another alternative version of an ophthalmoscope 300 is depicted in FIGS. 5(a), 5(b) and 6. Each of the herein described components can be disposed within a portable housing that enables use with a single hand, such as the housing shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. For purposes of this discussion, however, the instrument housing is not shown in order to better describe the salient features/components of the various illumination and imaging assemblies.
As in the preceding exemplary embodiments that have been described, this ophthalmoscope 300 includes an illumination assembly 308 and an imaging assembly 310, each being disposed within the instrument housing (not shown). The illumination assembly 308 comprises a white or multi-color LED 312 that is configured to be mounted, for example, to a printed circuit board 313. As previously noted, the LED 312 can preferably emit an amber light capable of emitting a light having a wavelength of approximately 590 nm. An aperture stop 316 is disposed a predetermined distance in front of the LED 312 and aligned along a defined illumination axis 315, as shown in FIGS. 5(b) and 6. The aperture stop 316, according to this exemplary embodiment, is disposed 3.5 mm in front of the LED 312 and defined by a spacing of approximately 2.8 mm. A set of condensing lenses 319 is further aligned with the LED 312 along the illumination axis 315 and disposed in front (forward) of the aperture stop 316. According to this specific embodiment, the set of condensing lenses 319 comprise a first lens 320 and an axially adjacent lens 324 that are aligned along the illumination axis 315 between the aperture stop 316 and a beamsplitter 330, the latter optical element also being disposed along a defined optical or imaging axis 321 of the herein described instrument 300. According to this specific embodiment and with reference to FIG. 6, the first lens 320 is defined by a plano proximal or back surface 322 facing the LED 312 and a opposing distal surface 323, the latter having a radius of curvature of approximately 14.5 mm. The second adjacent lens 324 has a proximal surface 325 facing the first lens 320 that has a radius of curvature of approximately 19.4 mm and a opposing distal surface 327 facing the beamsplitter 330 having a radius of curvature of approximately 22.5 mm. The lenses 320 and 324 are separated by an air gap 326, which according to this specific embodiment is approximately 1.4 mm. The beamsplitter 330 includes an angled surface 332 disposed in relation to the illumination axis 315 and configured to reflect light emitted from the LED 312 in order to direct the emitted light toward the distal end of the instrument 300. According to this embodiment, the center of the angled surface 332 is spaced approximately 18 mm from the distal surface 327 of the second lens 324.
Though not shown, light that is reflected from the angled surface 332 of the beamsplitter 330 is directed through a set of objective lenses 340 that combine to focus the light through the pupil of a patient's eye (not shown) and at an angle relative to the imaging axis 321 of the instrument 300. As in the preceding, the light reflected from the angled surface 332 is first directed through an aperture stop 350. The light passing through the objective lens 340 is narrowed and focused as an illumination spot on the cornea of the eye that is slightly offset laterally relative to the imaging axis 321 of the instrument 300. The remaining illumination directed through the beamsplitter 330 impinges upon a light sink or trap 356 in order to prevent back reflection or glare produced by the light source 312, condensing lenses 319 or beamsplitter 330. The light sink 356 is formed from a light absorbing material such as strongly absorbing glass, black paint or other suitable material.
Referring to FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b), the imaging assembly 310 of this exemplary instrument 300 comprises a series of optical elements that are aligned and configured along the defined imaging axis 321 to guide a resulting reflected image from the back of the eye (not shown) to an attached imaging device (e.g., a smartphone 380 having a liquid crystal display 384, and actuable buttons 386, 388). These optical elements include the set of objective lenses 340 as well as a set of imaging lenses 360, the latter optical elements being disposed proximally in relation to the beamsplitter 330. According to this specific embodiment, the set of objective lenses 340 is defined by a first lens 343 and a second lens 345, each of these lenses 343, 345 being separated by an air gap 349. More specifically and according to this embodiment, the first lens 343 is defined by an outer diameter of 34 mm and an axial length of approximately 8 mm and the second lens 345 is defined by an outer diameter of 36.5 mm and an axial length of approximately 9.5 mm. The first lens 343 includes a distal surface 344 having a radius of curvature of approximately 340 mm and a proximal surface 346 having a radius of curvature of approximately 36.8 mm. The second adjacent lens 345 of the set 340 is defined by a distal surface 347 having a radius of curvature of approximately 59.6 mm and a proximal surface 348 having a radius of curvature of approximately 253 mm. The air gap 349 separating the first and second lenses 343, 345 is approximately 3.9 mm. According to this exemplary embodiment, the working distance (WD) between the front of the eye (not shown) of the patient and the distal surface 344 of the first lens 343 is approximately 38 mm.
The aperture stop 350 is disposed between the objective lens 350 and the beamsplitter 330. According to this embodiment, the aperture stop 350 has an opening of approximately 27.8 mm to prevent the passage of stray light.
The imaging lenses 360 according to this specific embodiment are also defined by a pair of spaced lenses 362, 366, each of the lenses being aligned along the defined imaging axis 321 and in proximal relation to the beamsplitter 330. The first imaging lens 362 according to this embodiment is defined by a distal surface 363 having a radius of curvature of approximately 26.9 mm and a proximal surface 365 having a radius of curvature of approximately 19.1 mm. The second lens 366 is defined by a distal surface 367 having a radius of curvature of approximately 27.4 mm and a proximal surface 369 having a radius of curvature of approximately 55.2 mm. The outer diameter of the second lens 366 is approximately 20.8 mm wherein the first lens 362 has an axial length of approximately 4.5 mm and the second lens 366 has an axial length of approximately 7.0 mm in which an air gap 370 provided between the first and second lens 362, 366 provides a separation of approximately 2.4 mm.
The herein described imaging assembly 310 can be axially aligned with the contained camera 381 (shown schematically in FIG. 5(b) of the smartphone 380 and supported within the instrument 300 by suitable means, such as, for example, a support member (not shown) having a peripheral grooved area that is sized to receive the side surfaces of the smartphone 380. According to this embodiment, the overall distance between the proximal (rear) wall of the imaging device 380 and the distal most optical element of the set of objective lenses 340 is approximately 152 mm. The distance between the cover glass (not shown) of the imaging device 380 and the proximal surface 369 of the second imaging lens 366 is approximately 30 mm.
As in the preceding, the herein described illumination and imaging assemblies are configured in order to create at least a 40 degree field of view that can be suitably imaged and enable enhanced examinations, such as diabetic retinopathy, to be performed by a caregiver and viewed for example on the display 384 of the attached smartphone 380.
Yet another alternative exemplary embodiment is herein described schematically with reference to FIG. 7. According to this version, an ophthalmoscope 400 includes a housing (not shown for clarity but typified by those depicted, for example, in FIGS. 8 and 9) that retains an illumination assembly (also not shown in this view), as well as an imaging assembly 440.
As in the preceding embodiment, the illumination assembly of this instrument 400 can include an LED that emits white, amber or other colored light, an aperture stop and a set of condensing optics, each being aligned along a defined illumination axis. According to this exemplary embodiment, a beamsplitter 432 is axially aligned with each of the foregoing elements, the beamsplitter 432 having an angled surface 436 that is configured to direct light to the pupil 162 of a patient's eye 160 as an illumination spot (not shown). A light sink or trap 438 aligned with the beamsplitter 432 is configured to receive excess illumination that is transmitted through the beamsplitter 432. The light sink 438 is formed from a light absorbing material such as strongly absorbing glass, black paint or other suitable material and is configured to reduce the incidence of glare or back reflection in the instrument 400 from the light source 424 or beamsplitter 432.
The imaging assembly 440 according to this exemplary embodiment includes an objective lens doublet 442 that is disposed proximally (i.e., behind) the beamsplitter 432 and aligned along the defined imaging axis 453. The objective lens 442 is sized and configured to create a suitable field of view (40 degrees).
According to this embodiment, the imaging assembly 440 further includes a set of relay lenses 452 as well as a set of imaging lenses 460, respectively, each of the latter being linearly disposed along the imaging axis 453 proximal to the objective lens 440 and distally arranged in relation to an electronic imaging device 480, such as a CCD or a CMOS that can be attached to the proximal end of the instrument 400. The electronic imaging device 480 can be provided as part of a separate device, or can be integral to the instrument 400 itself, being preferably disposed in a proximal end of the instrument head (not shown) and aligned with the relay lens 452, imaging lens 460 and other optical components of the imaging assembly 440 along the defined imaging axis 453.
According to this embodiment, the beam splitter 432 is disposed distally forward of the objective lens 442 and along the imaging axis 453 of the instrument 400. The beam splitter 432 is aligned with the light source 424 and is angled approximately 40 degrees relative to the imaging axis 453, as depicted by arrows 458.
In use and referring to FIG. 7, the light source (not shown) emits light that passes through the condensing lenses (not shown) and impinges onto the angled surface 436 of the beam splitter 432 along a defined illumination axis. A portion of the emitted illumination is reflected from the angled surface 436 of the beam splitter 432 and toward the eye 160 of the patient, the latter being shown in schematic form, wherein an illumination spot (not shown) is caused to be directed through the pupil at an angle relative to the imaging axis 453 and focused upon front of the eye 160. The portion of the emitted illumination passes through the beam splitter 432 and impinges upon the light sink 438, which traps any residual illumination and prevents glare or back reflection within the herein described instrument 400.
As opposed to the previously described instrument and according to this version, a reflected image of the retina 164 is sequentially directed through the pupil 162 along the imaging axis 453 of the instrument 400, through the beamsplitter 432 and subsequently through the objective lens 442. This latter optical element 442 is appropriately sized to create a field of view of 40 degrees wherein the transmitted image is transmitted through a first retinal focal plane 449 and subsequently through the relay lens 452 and a second conjugate retinal focal plane 454 in which the relayed image is transmitted through the imaging lens 460 to the proximal end of the instrument 400 and according to this exemplary embodiment to an electronic imaging element 480, such as either directly made integral to the instrument 400 or as part of a smartphone or other portable imaging device.
Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, an exemplary instrument 500 is depicted having an instrument body 502 and an instrument head 504. The instrument head 502 and body 504 are defined by an interior that is appropriately sized to retain the illumination and imaging assemblies discussed herein, as well as an electronic imaging device, such as a smartphone 520 that can be releasably attached within a receptacle 516 provided at the proximal end 512 of the instrument body 502. When attached, the retained camera of the attached imaging device 520 is aligned with the imaging axis of the instrument 500, the latter axis extending through the major dimension of the instrument head 504 extending between a distal end 508 and proximal end 512. According to this embodiment and when attached, the rear of the device 520 is completely accessible, including the display 524 and the control button 528. In addition and according to this embodiment, a lateral portion of the receptacle 516 is removed to permit access to other control features of the attached device 520 wherein captured images of the eye can be displayed.
Yet another exemplary embodiment of an ophthalmic instrument 600 is provided with reference to FIG. 10. The ophthalmic instrument 600 is defined by an instrument housing 604, a front end 608 being shown in phantom and an opposing rear or proximal end 612, the instrument housing 604 being further defined by an interior 615 that is appropriately sized for retaining a plurality of components. According to this version, an optical imaging assembly 619 comprises an objective lens 620 that is positioned adjacent the front end 608 of the instrument housing 604 and a projection lens 626 positioned proximally therefrom along the imaging axis 640 of the instrument 600. The two lenses 620 and 626 are sized and configured to create a suitable field of view (40 degrees) of a target, which according to this embodiment is an eye 630, shown schematically and including a pupil 634 and a retina 636 in the manner previously described.
According to this embodiment, the imaging assembly 619 further includes a set of relay lenses 628 as well as a set of imaging lens 638, respectively, each of the latter components being linearly disposed along the defined imaging axis 640 and in proximal relation to the projection lens 626 and distally in relation to an electronic imaging device 660, such as a CCD or a CMOS that can be attached to the proximal end 612 of the instrument housing 604. For purposes of this embodiment, the electronic imaging device 660 can be provided as part of a separate device, or can be integral to the instrument 600 itself, the imaging device 660 being aligned with the relay lens 628 and imaging lens 638 along the defined imaging axis 640.
A window 644 manufactured from an optically transmissive material or a beamsplitter is further aligned along the imaging axis 640 of the instrument 600 between the objective lens 620 and the projection lens 626 with the window 644 being acutely angled in relation to an illumination array 650 that is disposed along an illumination axis 654 of the instrument 600. A plurality of LEDs, herein labeled as S1, S2 and S3 are defined in the illumination array 650, although the specific number of LEDs utilized can be easily varied. The LEDs according to this embodiment are disposed in a side by side fixedly mounted relation on a circuit board 655 or similar substrate, each LED being configured to emit an amber light having a wavelength of approximately 590 nm. An aperture mask 659 having a series of appropriate sized holes 661 is disposed onto the illumination array 650, the holes 661 being aligned with the corresponding LEDs S1, S2, S3 of the array 650, specifically guiding light to a projection lens 664, which is distally disposed along the defined illumination axis 654. As shown, light from the illumination array 650 is directed through the holes 661 in the aperture mask 659 and through the projection lens 664, the emitted light being reflected by the window 644 towards the objective lens 620. According to this embodiment, an infrared LED 670 is disposed adjacent the distal side 622 of the objective lens 620 in relation to an outer diametral portion thereof. An infrared photodiode 676 is also provided in relation to an outer diametral portion of the objective lens 620, the photodiode 676 being disposed on an opposite side of the imaging axis 640 relative to the infrared LED 670. Each of the infrared LED 670 and the photodiode 676 are inwardly angled toward the front panel of the instrument housing 604 at its distal end 608. According to this embodiment and as schematically shown, the photodiode 676 is electrically connected to a microcontroller 680, the latter being connected to the LED array 650 and the portable electronic device 660.
In operation, the infrared LED 670 and the photodiode 676 are positioned such that light from the infrared LED 670 can be directed to the eye 630 and more specifically the pupil 634 of the patient, with light being reflected from the pupil 634 to the photodiode 676 only if the instrument 600 is set at a predetermined working distance (Z), which according to this embodiment is approximately 25 mm. The infrared LED 670 and the photodiode 676 herein provide an LED fixation path prior to initiating light from the illumination array 650. According to this exemplary embodiment and if the instrument 600 is set at the correct working distance to the eye 630 (to the pupil 634 of the eye), a signal from the photodiode 676 indicative of the receipt of reflected light from the eye 630 is provided to the microcontroller 680 and the illumination array 650 is enabled for use. If the photodiode 676 fails to receive an adequate amount of reflected light indicative that the instrument 600 is either in excess or inside of the proper working distance, the LEDs S1, S2, S3 of the illumination array 650 are caused to blink or to produce another effect that can be visually perceived by the user of the instrument 600. Alternatively, the illumination array can be rendered inoperative until the proper working distance has first been established.
Once the proper working distance (Z) has been established, the illumination array 650 produces an amber or other appropriately colored light that is transmitted to the eye 630, as reflected by the window 644 and transmitted through the objective lens 620. Reflected light from the retina 636 at the back of the eye 630 is transmitted through the objective lens 620, having provided a 40 degree field of view in which the light is transmitted through a retinal image plane through the window 644, the projection lens 626 and the remainder of the imaging assembly 619 to the portable electronic device 660 in the manner previously discussed.
According to yet another exemplary embodiment and with reference to FIG. 11, there is shown another version of an ophthalmic instrument 700. As in the prior version, the instrument 700 is defined by an instrument housing 704, shown in phantom and only in part, the housing 704 having a front or distal end 708 and a rear or proximal end 712 and in which the housing 704 is further defined by an appropriately sized interior 715. An imaging assembly 719 arranged in fixed relation within the interior 715 of the instrument housing 704 comprises an objective lens 720 that is disposed adjacent the distal end 708 of the instrument housing 704 and a projection lens 726 proximally disposed along an imaging axis 740. Each of the foregoing optical components are similar in terms of design and function to those described in prior embodiments. The imaging assembly 719 further includes a set of relay lenses 728 as well as a set of imaging lenses 738, each of the foregoing being aligned along a defined optical or imaging axis 740, respectively. These latter optical elements according to this exemplary embodiment are defined similarly to those described in FIGS. 7 and 10 in terms of their overall function and design and are similarly aligned in proximal relation to the projection lens 726 and distally aligned along the imaging axis 740 relative to the imager of a first portable electronic device or "smart device" 760, which can for example be an iphone or similar device. In this specific embodiment, a separate second electronic imaging device 788 is aligned off axis relative to the imaging axis 740 wherein a beamsplitter 744 is disposed to direct an image obtained through a condensing lens 764 and direct same to the imaging device 788. This separate electronic imaging device 788 enables a user, such as physician or clinician, to obtain an advance or preview mode of the intended target (e.g., eye 730) prior to actual operation. As in the prior described embodiment, the operation of the ophthalmic instrument 700 according to this exemplary embodiment is also predicated upon establishing a suitable working distance (Z) as measured between the instrument 700 and the eye 730 of the patient. An infrared LED 770 is disposed in relation to an infrared photodiode 776, wherein the LED 770 and photodiode 776 are disposed on opposing sides of the imaging axis 740 of the herein described instrument 700 at an outer diametral portion of the objective lens 720 with the output of the photodiode 776 being linked to a microcontroller 780.
According to this version, the wireless imager 788 can be a Sony QX10 or Sony QX100 camera or other wirelessly connected imaging device that is linked with the display of the smart device 760. The reception of a signal from the photodiode 776 is linked to the microcontroller 780, whose output can be shown on the display of the smart device 760, indicating an "out of range" or "in range" signal to the user. Given the application of the preview mode described herein, this specific instrument 700 is preferably a bench top apparatus as opposed to being used for hand-held operation.
It should be noted that each of the foregoing instrument or instrument system designs can commonly include a portable electronic device (e.g., a tablet PC, smartphone) that is integrated directly as part the imaging assembly of the herein described instrument or otherwise as an attached device, as shown for example in FIGS. 8 and 9 in which alignment is required between the respective optical systems/assemblies of both the portable electronic device and the instrument based upon some form of mechanically interconnection that specifically achieves the desired alignment. Referring to FIG. 12, there is schematically depicted an ophthalmic diagnostic instrument made in accordance with yet another exemplary embodiment.
The ophthalmic instrument 800 according to this exemplary embodiment is defined by a housing 804 having an interior that is appropriately sized for retaining a plurality of components, including an imaging assembly 819 that enables a 40 degree (or greater) field of view of the eye (not shown) of a patient, as previously discussed, the imaging assembly 819 including an objective lens 820 disposed at a distal end 808 of the instrument housing 804 and a projection lens 830, each aligned along a common imaging axis 840. A mobile electronic camera 860, such as a Sony QX10 or a Sony QX100 mobile camera, is further configured and aligned with the imaging assembly 819 along the defined imaging axis 840. The mobile electronic camera 860 is defined by an enclosure 864 having an interior 868 that is sized to retain an electronic imager 869 as well as a mechanism that enables dynamic optical focusing, the imager 869 being aligned to receive the images from the imaging assembly 819 and then wireless transmit the captured images to a portable electronic device 870, such as a smartphone or tablet PC, which is remotely located using a convenient communication protocol, such as Bluetooth. The enclosure 869 is further configured for releasable attachment to the front or distal side of the portable electronic device but since the images are wirelessly transmitted there is no requirement for optical alignment when the device is attached to the portable electronic device 870.
In this latter embodiment, the operation of the ophthalmic instrument 800, including the electronic mobile camera 860, can be controlled using software that is resident in the portable electronic device 870 such as through the user interface of the portable electronic device 870. Advantageously and according to this exemplary embodiment, the electronic imager contained within the portable electronic device 870 does not have to be aligned with the instrument 800, thereby providing additional versatility in which the portable electronic device 870 can be located remotely from the patient.
It will be readily apparent to those of sufficient skill that other modifications and variations are possible based on the inventive ambits described herein, as well as the appended claims.
a light detecting element, each of the second light source and the light detecting element being disposed distally of the objective lens and angled inwardly toward the imaging axis such that light emitted from the second light source and reflected from the eye of a subject can only be detected by the light detecting element when the ophthalmoscope is at a predetermined working distance and in which each of the electronic imaging device, the first light source and the light detecting element are coupled to the microcontroller wherein the array of LEDs and the separate electronic imaging device are not enabled by the microcontroller until the light detecting element produces a signal indicative that the predetermined working distance has been set and wherein the imaging assembly is configured to produce a 40 degree field of view of the eye of a patient.
2. The ophthalmoscope according to claim 1, wherein the light detecting element is a photodiode.
3. The ophthalmoscope according to claim 1, wherein the imaging assembly further includes a projection lens disposed proximally relative to the objective lens and the beamsplitter.
4. The ophthalmoscope according to claim 3 wherein the imaging assembly further includes a pair of relay lenses and a pair of imaging lenses proximally relative to the projection lens.
5. The ophthalmoscope according to claim 1, wherein the illumination assembly further includes an aperture mask relative to the array of LEDs along the illumination axis and in which the aperture mask includes a plurality of holes configured for alignment with each of the LEDs.
6. The ophthalmoscope according to claim 5, wherein the illumination assembly further includes a condenser lens disposed between the aperture mask and the beamsplitter.
a second electronic imaging device disposed along an axis aligned with the beamsplitter, each of the first and second electronic imaging devices and the light detecting element being coupled to the microcontroller, the second electronic imaging device being configured to provide an advance viewing mode on a display of the first electronic imaging device wherein the microcontroller prevents the advance viewing mode until the ophthalmoscope has been set to the predetermined working distance and wherein the imaging assembly is configured to produce a 40 degree field of view of the eye of a patient.
8. The ophthalmoscope according to claim 7, wherein the second electronic imaging device is wirelessly connected to the microcontroller and the first electronic imaging device.
9. The ophthalmoscope according to claim 7, wherein the imaging assembly further includes relay lenses and imaging lenses disposed proximally from the projection lens along the imaging axis.
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This immature Galapagos Hawk was photographed with the handheld 70-200mm f/4L IS lens (at 75mm) and the EOS-1D MIII. ISO 400. Evaulative metering +2 stops: 1/640 sec. at f/7.1.
After a successful but long and arudous walk on the 3 mile trail at Urbina Bay we planned to call the pangas once we got back to the beach. We were, however, delayed when we were met there by about a dozen Galapagos Hawks. Our brilliant guide, Juan Salcedo, theorized that a turtle nest had hatched the day before and that the birds had returned in hopes of another feast. The birds were ridiculousy tame; at times, they landed on our lenses. With clear skies, bright sun, and the wind against the sun we worked hard to create some pleasing backlit images.
This image is copyright and courtesy of Keith Kennedy a participant on this year's Photo Cruise and a multiple IPT veteran.
Thanks Keith! I believe that this image was created at virtually the same instant as the opening image above. Do note my Sun Protection Hood. See the BAA store for more info on this great product. And as always, you can click on each image to see a larger version.
This yawning backlit youngster was photographed with the Canon 800mm f.5.6L IS lens, the 1.4X II TC, and the EOS-1D MIII. ISO 400. Evaluative metering +2/3 stop: 1/200 sec. at f/9.
Image created with the handheld Canon 70-200mm f/4L IS lens at 127 mm with the EOS-1Dn MII.
Careful readers might be asking why I was using the old 1Dn II. Well, I was carrying Doug Holstein's 500 rig over some big lava rocks and our guide Juan wound up far ahead carrying my 800 with the MIII on it. Suddenly, one of the young hawks was hovering right above me so I grabbed Doug's camera and the short zoom lens from my Xrtrahand vest and went to work.
All in all it was a truly amazing experience. I only wish that we had been there for a turtle hatching. Maybe next year….
More panga stuff coming soon.
Fantastic shots. What a great place this must be.
I wish the Common Buzzards on my area where as tame as that fellow.
Actually, there were about 11 juveniles and one adult. Everyone got face portraits of the young birds, the adult was a bit more shy. We did run into an adult male on Hood Island that was quite tame. After I walked away he dove into a bush and came up with a hatchling Marine Iguana!
Most of the birds on the Galapagos are ridiculoulsy tame.


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Expanding north-south rift in European Union
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2019 Entertainer Bios
YOUNG DUBLINERS -- AllMusic.com states, "Their live shows (have) a jam-like appeal, similar to the vibes of Phish and the Dave Matthews Band."
The YOUNG DUBLINERS is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California in 1988. Their style of music has come to be called Celtic Rock for the fusion of Irish traditional instruments and music with modern rock. They have released nine albums, starting with Rocky Road in 1993 and most recently 9 in 2013. They have toured the United States and Europe since 1994, supporting Jethro Tull, John Hiatt, Chris Isaak, Jonny Lang, Great Big Sea and Collective Soul. AllMusic.com states, "Their live shows (have) a jam-like appeal, similar to the vibes of Phish and the Dave Matthews Band." [1] Members include lead vocalist and guitarist Keith Roberts, bassist Brendan Holmes, violinist Chas Waltz, guitarist Bob Boulding and drummer David Ingraham. Their repertoire consists mostly of original rock compositions and Irish folk songs with a rock twist. Their influences include Thin Lizzy, The Pogues, The Waterboys and U2.
EILEEN IVERS -- "the Jimi Hendrix of the violin" -- THE NEW YORK TIMES
Grammy awarded, Emmy nominated, London Symphony Orchestra, Boston Pops, guest starred with over 50 orchestras, original Musical Star of Riverdance, Nine Time All-Ireland Fiddle Champion, Sting, Hall and Oates, The Chieftains, 'Fiddlers 3' with Nadja Salerno-Sonnenberg and Regina Carter, Patti Smith, Al Di Meola, Steve Gadd, founding member of Cherish the Ladies, movie soundtracks including "Gangs of New York", performed for Presidents and Royalty worldwide…this is a short list of accomplishments, headliners, tours, and affiliations. Fiddler Eileen Ivers has established herself as the pre-eminent exponent of the Irish fiddle in the world today.
It is a rare and select grade of spectacular artists whose work is so boldly imaginative and clearly virtuosic that it alters the medium. It has been said that the task of respectfully exploring the traditions and progression of the Celtic fiddle is quite literally on Eileen Ivers' shoulders. The Washington Post states, "She suggests the future of the Celtic fiddle."
She's been called a "sensation" by Billboard magazine and "the Jimi Hendrix of the violin," by The New York Times. "She electrifies the crowd with a dazzling show of virtuoso playing" says The Irish Times.
Ivers' recording credits include over 80 contemporary and traditional albums and numerous movie scores. Eileen is hailed as one of the great innovators and pioneers in the Celtic and World music genres.
The daughter of Irish immigrants, Eileen Ivers grew up in the culturally diverse neighborhood of the Bronx, New York. Rooted in Irish traditional music since the age of eight, Eileen proceeded to win nine All-Ireland fiddle championships, a tenth on tenor banjo and over 30 championship medals, making her one of the most awarded persons ever to compete in these prestigious competitions.
Being an Irish-American, the intrigue of learning more about the multicultural sounds of her childhood took hold. After graduating magna cum laude in Mathematics from Iona College and while continuing her post-graduate work in Mathematics, Eileen fully immersed herself in the different genres of music which she experienced growing up in New York. With "unIVERSal roots", her energetic, joyous, passionate band, Eileen continues to connect music, cultures, stories, and emotions that tie us together. In 2019, Iona College conferred upon Eileen Ivers the degree of Doctor of Arts, honoris causa for her "lifelong commitment to innovation, excellence and deep dedication to bringing people together through music."
Eileen and her ensemble headline prestigious performing arts centers, guest star with numerous symphonies, perform at major festivals worldwide, and have appeared on national and international television. The L.A. Times proclaims, "Ivers' presentation was music with the kind of life and spirit that come together when talented artists from different backgrounds find the linkages that connect all forms of music...no wonder the audience loved every minute."
Seamus Kennedy is an Irish singer, songwriter, musician, comedian, all-around entertainer, and author. He has a huge repertoire that includes traditional Irish music, classic Country & Western, American standards, Scottish ballads, and kids' shows: entertainment for "the wee ones." Originally from Belfast, Northern Ireland, has been entertaining audiences all over the United States for almost four decades. An accomplished guitarist with a ready wit and a vast store of songs, he travels the country performing for thousands of people each year. Kennedy's ability to combine a total command of the music with humor makes him unique in the industry. His strong interactive entertainment skills and his participation with his audiences have helped him create an exceptionally loyal fan base everywhere he goes. He's incredibly talented and fun!
THE DROWSY LADS -- "THE BEST IRISH AMERICAN BAND IN 2018" -- JACK BAKER - IRISH AMERICAN NEWS
The Drowsy Lads thundered onto the Irish music scene in the US over 15 years ago and have become fan favorites at every turn. Sticking to traditional roots the Lads bring a fire and excitement that is quickly winning over audiences. 2018 brought the release of their 4th album, Everyone In, and the distinction of "Best Irish American Band of 2018". With an undeniable genuineness that flows from their live performances, the future continues to look bright for these Lads.
Ohio brothers John and Daniel McKewen, father and son Phil and Josh Franck, and lifelong friend Bryan Brookes bring to the stage a concoction of "we dare you to hold still" Irish dance tunes as well as a full emotional gamut of songs and good humor. Their authentic approach and deep enjoyment of people is a refreshing surprise to both casual music-lovers and those steeped in hardcore Trad.
Besides packing out theaters, concert halls, clubs and pubs, the Lads are lighting up Irish festivals including Milwaukee, Dublin, Dayton, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, and Louisville. They were also featured at Lakeside Ohio's Chautauqua series for four years, the beautiful Murphy theater for three, and were guest artists with the Otterbein University Orchestra. Each Lad is a multi-instrumentalist, and the combined lineup includes fiddle, button accordion, tenor banjo, flute, whistle, guitar, bouzouki, Uilleann pipes, 5-string banjo, concertina, and bodhran.
The Lads are fond of creating their own spirited arrangements and offering occasional original compositions, even mixing in some bits of Bluegrass or Classical. But these never get in the way of their obsession with the pure old Irish tunes, songs, wit, and friendship that has defined Irish music for centuries.
BOHOLA -- Chicago Tribune: "bohola plays 300-year-old jigs and reels as if they were trying to tear the house down"
Irish music's accordion virtuoso Jimmy Keane and the remarkable bouzar player and vocalist Pat Broaders, comprise bohola, Irish music's newest "supergroup" as penned by The Irish Herald. bohola play a driving, muscular, and yet very emotive style of Irish music with deep roots in the 'pure drop' tradition, infused with the raw and gritty urbanized musical vernacular of the Irish and Irish-American experience. bohola's debut album is championed by the Irish Voice as "one of the most impressive debut recordings ever by an Irish traditional music group." The Courier News added, "Though most of the tunes bohola plays are well over 150 years old, the music comes across more vibrant than the moribund sounds of much of today's alternative rock. Their sound comes from the Irish version of jam sessions, but bohola puts the noodling of many current jam bands (Dave Matthews, among others) to shame."
The Irish Echo captured the essence of bohola when it reviewed their self-titled release. "The sum here is greater than the parts, and egos are subordinate to both execution and effect. bohola have crafted an album of intricate, nearly invisible latticework, relying not on gimmickry but on imagination and vision. What a welcome concept: muse-imbuing music." Born in London of Irish-speaking parents, Jimmy Keane's accomplishments are far reaching. The son of a sean nos (old style) singer, he is All Ireland accordion champion for five consecutive years. He is a composer and arranger of Irish music and has produced and recorded numerous albums. Many regard Keane as the premier exponent of Irish music on the piano accordion. Noted University of Limerick Professor, composer, and musician Mícheál Ó Súilleabháin praised Keane as the "savior of the piano accordion." Emusic described him as "one of the true giants of Irish traditional music of the past fifty years."
Keane has performed and recorded with some of the best musicians in Irish music over the years including Liz Carroll, Michael Flatley, Mick Moloney, Eileen Ivers, and Seamus Egan. However, it was not until he started playing with Pat Broaders that the style of Irish music that Keane plays "really started to jell and this big huge raw and powerful sound came out of nowhere," reflected Keane. "We were like a glove - instinctively darting in and out of the music as if we were "as-one" playing the same big instrument." Pat Broaders arrived in Chicago from Ireland in the 1990's. "Pat is a real veteran of the Irish music scene both here and abroad, playing, recording, and performing with many artists and bands over the years," said Keane. "Pat has this acute sense of music and rhythm that enables him to "lock in" his bouzar (bass bouzouki & guitar hybrid) playing to whatever I might do musically and rhythmically. The synergy that results spurs on bohola and draws in the audience. And his singing is brilliant - if I could sing, I'd love to sing like Pat."
bohola's key to their sound is the interplay between the musicians and the approach they take to their music. "It is the music that counts," states Keane. "We really listen to and respond to each other when we play - bending, twisting, and caressing the music as it flows along." Keane considers bohola fortunate to be able to perform and carry forward the traditional Irish music art form while placing their special touch to the music. "We are here to serve this great music and bring out what we feel is the best nature in the tunes and songs we play." The Chicago Tribune wrote, "bohola plays 300-year-old jigs and reels as if they were trying to tear the house down. Keane's rippling accordion playing rapid, swirling melodies, while Pat Broaders accents the rhythm with his staccato bouzouki strumming. Broaders also takes the spotlight to sing plaintive ballads."
"We try to always play from the heart," said Keane, "and bring to the audience the core and the spirit of what the music we play and sing is about." In concert, bohola perform music selections that weave in and out between tunes and songs that can continue for twenty minutes or so, ever evolving and flowing. They play tunes that range from hundred-year-old harp pieces, reels, jigs, slides, polkas and barndances to newly composed pieces in the traditional idiom. And the songs run the gamut from the ancient melodies of Ireland, to songs brought to North America by immigrants, to newly composed songs from here and abroad. All played with a freshness and subtlety of approach that is unique in Irish music today.
Born in the rustbelt Irish American neighborhood of South Buffalo, NY in 2010, Crikwater have become the premier Irish American Traditional Folk Band in Western New York. The pub-scene veterans offer up a mix of fiery fiddle tunes, rowdy pub sing-a-longs, elegant ballads & original songs, and have appeared numerous times at both the Buffalo Irish Festival & South Buffalo Irish Feis & Expo. Their long awaited 2017 self-titled follow up to their debut album (2012's "Don't Stop 'til the Ship Goes Down") is the first to spotlight the smoking hot fiddle playing of Charlie Coughlin, and was recorded live in studio at Advanced Audio Productions in Orchard Park, NY. The CD/Album cover features original artwork from friend and local talent, Michael Schroeder.
Boasting four multi-instrumentalists and an energetic live show, Crikwater stays true to folk conventions while adding to the venerable Irish and American folk music traditions with arrangements that include multi-part vocal harmonies and intricate musicianship. Their music conjures scenes of gritty smokey Irish pubs, whiskey, pints of stout, and good craic. Over the past six years, Crikwater has played to audiences of all sizes throughout the Buffalo region and has made it their mission to have fun and to preserve the ages-old folk tradition that they so thoroughly enjoy...so that people remember where this music comes from in the hope to make audiences young and old love the tunes as they do.
Bridgid's Cross is family band lead by Jill and Kevin Foley from Hood River, Oregon (originally from Buffalo, NY). The band began with the idea of playing some simple fiddle tunes at the corner of a local Farmer's market. People seemed to like the upbeat percussive tunes and the market asked them to come back the next week. Now, three years later, they can be found playing a variety of venues throughout Oregon and Washington. Bridgid's Cross is not a group of professional musicians, they are a family that likes to have fun together and that doesn't take themselves too seriously. They fact that their music allows them to meet new people and engage their community keeps them playing and practicing. They have recorded two CDs, both of which incorporate Americana and rock elements into the traditional Celtic genre. Bridgid's Cross is about family and fun. The band is named after St. Bridgid, the patroness of Ireland and lover of the poor. A significant portion of band proceeds and tips are donated to Compassion International, a mission that serves children in the developing world.
Born in the days before "alternative" was a marketing term, McCarthyizm soon became known for blending 60's garage and '80's underground rock with strong melodies and intelligent lyrics. Add some raucous rhythm and a tasty measure of Celtic flavoring and you've got a cocktail with a punch that delivers one helluva good time, every time. Over the years, McCarthyizm has released several critically acclaimed records, shared the stage with the likes of Spirit of the West, Black 47 and Great Big Sea and was inducted into the Buffalo Music Hall of Fame in 2009.
Emerald Isle began performing in 2000. The band members (Mark, Chirs & Rich) have over 40 years of experience in Irish/Celtic music as well as country, bluegrass, gospel, folk, rock, etc. The blend of 3 male vocals and the mix of 12 instruments (4 stringed banjo, 5 stringed banjo, mandolin, octave mandolin, fiddle, bodhran, accordion, harmonica, whistle, stomp board, spoons, guitar and bass) coupled with humor and sea shanties invigorate an audience.
With a rare blending of voice, cello, guitars, and percussion, KINDRED draw their music from the Irish poets, pubs, and county fairs; from the Scottish Highlands, Atlantic Canada, and the Appalachian crannies of the American southeast.
"Rosewood Bridge, with lead singer Brian Quigley on guitar and Jim Dunnigan on bass, plays your favorite Irish and Americana songs, a little country, a little rock, and a few originals too. Brian Quigley has been performing in the Western New York area for over fifteen years previously with Irish band The Dustmen. Buffalo Music Hall of Fame inductee Jim Dunnigan will be remembered by many long time Buffalo music listeners for being the bass player in one of Buffalo's most successful 1960's rock bands, The Tweeds. Jim, after meeting Brian in an Irish pub, eventually joined him in Rosewood Bridge to add bass lines, harmonies, and the occasional kazoo. These days you can find Brian and Jim bringing the fun of Rosewood Bridge to pubs and parties all over Western NY. Rosewood Bridge is folk, acoustic, and a little bit more. You'll likely know most of the lyrics, but if you don't you will by the time the song is over!"
Tom Callahan
Tom's unique voice is rich, powerful, and expressive and his music is captivating. Tom's audiences are often inclined to join in on a rousing chorus of a pub favorite, or touched by the powerful emotion from within his songs.
Although he specializes in Irish ballads, rebel tunes, and pub songs, each performance has a few surprises--some rock-and-roll, American roots music or just about anything unexpected.
As a performer, Tom has shared the bill with touring artists such as Brendan Nolan, Bill Craig, Beth Patterson, Kevin Sullivan, Guinness, Frank Emerson, Harry O'Donoghue, and others. He is a regular performer at Buffalo's premiere Irish music venue, The Shannon Pub, and also appears regularly in Rochester, Batavia, and other towns in Western New York. Recently, Tom has performed at the Dayton Celtic Festival and the Amherst Scottish Festival. He also appears at the Fort Erie Celtic Festival, The Olcott Celtic Festival, and the Rochester Irish Festival.
Tom is also an accomplished songwriter. Among his own published work on his first solo CD, Tom wrote and composed The Streets of New Orleans The Eleventh Hour, So Much Rock, Words Are Cheap, Dig Paddy Dig, From Love I Walked Away, Along The Cliffs of Moher, and Let The Music Take Us Home.
Blarney Bunch
For almost fifty years the Blarney Bunch has been entertaining audiences around Western New York and beyond at pubs and parties,fairs and festivals, and anywhere good Irish music is heard. The Blarney Bunch has made it their mission to provide a great musical experience for all. Come raise a glass with us!
Reardon & Garvey Band
The Reardon and Garvey Band performs traditional and contemporary Irish Music, American Folk tunes, and some new contemporary songs. With the combination of 3 and 4 part harmonies, and instrumentation, the band keep keeps audiences highly entertained.
Ben Garvey on 6 string guitar and vocals, Erik Wollschlager on bass and backup vocals, Michael Reardon on tenor guitar, vocals and percussion, with Tim Hughes on accordion, and vocals.


Known for poetic figurative paintings, C.M. Cooper graduated from Pasadena's Art Center College of Design with a degree in fashion illustration. She followed a career as a fashion layout artist, as well as freelancing as an editorial illustrator. Continued studies at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris and with mentor Joseph Mendez helped in her re-establishment as a fine artist. She refers to herself as a "Contemporary Traditionalist", painting traditional subject matter in an alla prima style. C.M. Cooper is a member of the American Artists Professional League, the American Society of Portrait Artists and Oil Painters of America, where she received the Award of Excellence in 2005. Museum exhibitions include the Pasadena Museum of History, Pasadena Museum of California Art and the Springfield Museum of Art, Illinois.