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Home Inspiration Now Trending Females in Focus
Females in Focus – a photography exhibition in tribute to six extraordinary women
At an exclusive launch event in New York City, we unveiled our new Females in Focus photography exhibition as well as the launch of our online store (exclusive to the US), where guests were able to try on pieces from the Forevermark Tribute™ Collection and purchase them from Forevermark.com for the first time.
The Forevermark Tribute™ Collection pays tribute to the unique qualities and characteristics of the woman who wears it. Through our Females in Focus photography series, featuring portraits captured by the exceptionally talented Sophie Elgort, we were honoured to celebrate six real women from different backgrounds and industries, who are all pioneers in their field, and are dedicated to the advancement of women – an empowerment we greatly value and live by.
Here, in celebration of the notable, influential and talented women whose portraits were captured as part of the exhibition, Rosario Dawson, Sophie Elgort, Cristina Ehrlich, Janet Mock, Violetta Komyshan and Dr. Niamey Wilson explain the female inspiration in their lives, their passion for working with women and the importance of supporting other women and future generations.
Actor Rosario Dawson has starred in a range of films from Seven Pounds to the Sin City franchise. Alongside this Dawson is also an activist, and in 2004 co-founded Voto Latino, an organisation that helps empower Latino millennials to vote and influence change in government.
For Dawson, she believes we should celebrate the women that have helped make us the people we are today, and that we too should follow this, recognising that we have the opportunity to share our life and contribute to others. We are only here for a short time and we should contribute as much of ourselves to the human story as we can. Having benefited from others, we should pay our knowledge and talents forward, elevating one another. "I feel closer to my mother, grandmother and beyond now, acknowledging the choices, sacrifices and triumphs of their lives that allow me the privileges and successes of mine. They paved the way with humility, fortitude, compassion, unconditional love and gratitude and I hope to carry on that tradition and pass it on to my daughter and beyond."
Connecting the dots between us all so that we may better honour and elevate each other is paramount to me.
Sophie Elgort
Based in New York City, photographer and director Sophie Elgorts work has featured in editorials such as Vogue Thailand, Elle, Rolling Stones and Glamour. We were honoured to work with Sophie Elgort to capture the portraits featured in the Females in Focus photography series.
Having had a creative upbringing, with her father too being a fashion photographer, Elgort was lucky enough to have been exposed to photography and creativity her whole life. Because of this and wanting to make a difference for future female generations, alongside her photography Elgort co-founded Through Our Lens. "Most people don't have these opportunities and access, which is why I co-founded Through Our Lens, a non-profit that provides life-changing access and significant mentorship to teen girls through photography with the goal of more inclusion in the fashion industry."
This is reflective in what Forever means to Elgort as she believes that Forever is what we can do to make the world a better place now and for the next generations, something that Through Our Lens achieves. Sometimes the smallest acts of kindness or standing up for what you believe is right can make the biggest differences.
Forever is about what I can do to make the world a better place now and for future generations.
New York City born and bred fashion stylist Cristina Ehrlich has always been innately drawn to visual expression. Originally a dancer, Ehrlich began her career as a fashion stylist at 27 and has since gone on to work with world renowned photographers and some of Hollywood's finest actresses. We were honoured to have her as the stylist for the Females in Focus shoot.
Having always had a passion for working with women, when styling them, Ehrlich "looks at each woman as she is – her own unique identity". She sees each job as a collaboration on understanding what they know, helping to teach them more and then creating something together, and it is this, the final outcome that Ehrlich finds the most fulfilling part about her career. "There is a moment – whether I've gotten a client ready for a premiere, or a shoot – where you can see them feel so beautiful in her own skin. When the beauty comes from inside, it makes me feel like I've done my job. The giveback to me is immense to empower women to feel as confident and beautiful as they can be."
I look at each woman as she is – her own unique identity.
Writer, author, director, producer and campaigner for trans rights, Janet Mock hopes that her voice will be used to inspire other women. "I hope to offer girls, not used to seeing themselves, a mirror and reflection, to let them know that they are worthy, that they are deserving of being seen and heard, and most importantly to let them know that they are not alone."
As well as inspiring women, she hopes that her stories will also contribute and give back to communities, making people feel affirmed, empowered and loved. This is something that is important to Mock, as after all, Forever to her means leaving a legacy that is both useful and purposeful, so that those after have a smoother journey than the one she walked.
The most fulfilling part of my work is telling stories that make people feel affirmed, empowered and loved.
Violetta Komyshan
Native New York resident and ballerina Violetta Komyshan has always wanted to dance from as far back as she can remember and she has luckily had the opportunity to study at some of the most prestigious schools and work for some of the best dance companies. She believes that it is her qualities that have helped shape the person she is and allowed her to have the career that she has had. From her loyalty in what she does in her career with people knowing that they can always depend on her, to her strength, both mentally and physically. These are qualities that have made her the person she is today. "To me, ballet is the ultimate expression of strength and beauty in perfect balance. Training as a ballerina over the years has pushed me to find real strength within myself, both physically and mentally, and there is true beauty in being strong."
For Komyshan, the woman in her life that helped inspire this strength was her mother. As she was a single mother, raising Komyshan and her sister alone, her strength and independence is something that inspired Komyshan and were qualities that she wanted to instill in herself.
Training as a ballerina over the years has pushed me to find real strength within myself, both physically and mentally, and there is true beauty in being strong.
Dr. Niamey Wilson
Healthcare Breast Cancer Program, specialising in all aspects of breast health and the surgical management of complex breast diseases. Wilson's decision to become a breast surgeon is because she has always felt passionate about taking care of women, with breast health in particular being of paramount importance to her. For Wilson delivering the news that the surgery was successful is what she finds most rewarding. Seeing each patient's relief makes her want to continue fighting the disease. A feeling that she carries into all aspects of her life "in that we can all change each other's lives, and that human connection beyond our perceived differences is the most powerful force in the world."
Influenced by her job and as a working mum, Forever for Wilson "is right now; it's this precise moment and it is profoundly important to me that I'm present in those moments. When I'm with friends, family or patients, each moment is a forever moment, and I appreciate each one as though it is one that will be with me forever."
We can all change each other's lives, and that human connection beyond our perceived differences is the most powerful force in the world.
Niamey Wilson
Making a change for Forever
With their passion for the empowerment of women, Cristina Ehrlich, Janet Mock, Dr. Niamey Wilson, Rosario Dawson, Sophie Elgort and Violetta Komyshan are just some of the extraordinary women that the Forevermark Tribute™ Collection represents, and with our ongoing work with For Women. Forever, it is extremely important to us to continue to celebrate the incredible work, achievements and ways that women are using their voices around the world to make a difference now, for future generations and Forever.
Photographer: Sophie Elgort
Stylist: Cristina Ehrlich
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Forevermark natural diamonds shine at NYFW19 with Bibhu Mohapatra
Now Trending — Oct 2019
We were proud to return to New York Fashion Week with our latest jewellery designs, in collaboration with the talented Bibhu Mohapatra.
Iconic Diamond Jewellery Designs from the Red Carpet
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Relive Forevermark's most iconic jewellery designs on the red carpet, from Nicole Kidman's 1,400 carats sautoir to Olivia Munn's statement spiral diamond cuff.
Forevermark diamonds return to the runway at Bibhu Mohapatra's FW19 Show
Celebrating our on-going partnership with leading New York-based fashion designer
Forevermark X Bibhu Mohapatra
Since their New York Fashion Week debut in 2016, Forevermark diamonds have returned time and again to the runway to accessorise the vibrant collections of leading New York-based fashion designer, Bibhu Mohapatra.
Forevermark unveils the Females in Focus exhibition in New York City
Now Trending — Dec 2018
At an intimate cocktail event in New York City's Meatpacking district, we unveiled our Females in Focus portrait series...
Forevermark diamonds shine bright at Bibhu's New York Fashion Week show
Now Trending — May 2018
Forevermark is proud to, once again, return to the runway during New York Fashion Week collaborating with Narayan Jewellers and Bibhu Mohapatra
Sabyasachi Mukherjee and the Zanyah™ Collection
Forevermark has proudly collaborated with master couturier, Sabyasachi Mukherjee to create the Zanyah™ Collection.
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Western blot: Technique, theory, and trouble shooting
Tahrin Mahmood, Ping-Chang Yang
September 2012, 4(9):429-434
DOI:10.4103/1947-2714.100998 PMID:23050259
Western blotting is an important technique used in cell and molecular biology. By using a western blot, researchers are able to identify specific proteins from a complex mixture of proteins extracted from cells. The technique uses three elements to accomplish this task: (1) separation by size, (2) transfer to a solid support, and (3) marking target protein using a proper primary and secondary antibody to visualize. This paper will attempt to explain the technique and theory behind western blot, and offer some ways to troubleshoot.
[ABSTRACT] [FULL TEXT] [PDF] [Mobile Full text] [EPub] [CITATIONS] [PubMed]
456 164,303 56,647
Stress, burnout and coping strategies in preclinical medical students
Jawad Fares, Hayat Al Tabosh, Zein Saadeddin, Christopher El Mouhayyar, Hussam Aridi
February 2016, 8(2):75-81
It is acknowledged that physicians do not seek the same expert aid for themselves as they would offer their patients. In their preclinical years, medical students appear to espouse comparable behavior. To many, medicine is described as a never-ending path that places the student under heavy stress and burnout from the beginning, leaving him/her vulnerable and with insufficient coping methods. Hence, the objective of this study is to 1) explore the prevalence of stress and burnout among preclinical medical students, and 2) propose solutions to decrease stress and burnout and improve medical education in the preclinical years. A detailed scholarly research strategy using Google Scholar, Scopus, Embase, MEDLINE and PubMed was implemented to highlight key themes that are relevant to preclinical medical students' stress and burnout. Stress varied among different samples of medical students and ranged between 20.9% and 90%. Conversely, burnout ranged between 27% and 75%. Methods that help in reducing the incidence of stress and burnout by promoting strategies that focus on personal engagement, extracurricular activities, positive reinterpretation and expression of emotion, student-led mentorship programs, evaluation systems, career counseling and life coaching should be adopted.
140 19,734 3,418
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role of paraoxonase 1: Implication in arteriosclerosis diseases
Dmitry Litvinov, Halleh Mahini, Mahdi Garelnabi
November 2012, 4(11):523-532
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a hydrolytic enzyme with wide range of substrates, and capability to protect against lipid oxidation. Despite of the large number of compounds that can be hydrolyzed by paraoxonase, the biologically relevant substrates are still not clearly determined. There is a massive in vitro and in vivo data to demonstrate the beneficial effects of PON1 in several atherosclerosis-related processes. The enzyme is primarily expressed in liver; however, it is also localized in other tissues. PON1 attracted significant interest as a protein that is responsible for the most of antioxidant properties of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Several bioactive molecules such as dietary polyphenols, aspirin and its hydrolysis product salicylate, are known to stimulate PON1 transcription activation in mouse liver and HepG2 cell line. Studies on the activity, function, and genetic makeup have revealed a protective role of PON1. Some striking data were obtained in PON1 gene knockout and PON1 transgenic mouse models and in human studies. The goal of this review is to assess the current understanding of PON1 expression, enzymatic and antioxidant activity, and its atheroprotective effects. Results from in vivo and in vitro basic studies; and from human studies on the association of PON1 with coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic stroke will be discussed.
Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of urinary pathogens in female outpatients
Iram Shaifali, Uma Gupta, Syed Esam Mahmood, Jawed Ahmed
April 2012, 4(4):163-169
DOI:10.4103/1947-2714.94940 PMID:22536558
Background: Urinary tract Infection (UTI) is among the most common infections described in outpatient setting and hospital patients. In almost all cases empirical antimicrobial treatment initiates before the laboratory results of urine culture are available; thus antibiotic resistance may increase in uropathogens due to frequent use of antibiotics. Aims: The study was designed to find the prevalence of UTI in females with urinary tract symptoms, to determine the causative organism (s) of UTI, and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of microbial agents isolated from urine culture (antibiogram). Materials and Methods: The prospective, observational study involved 139 females, aged 15 years and above clinically suspected for UTI attending outpatient Departments of Vivekananda Polyclinic and Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow. A structured questionnaire was used to interview the study subjects. A chi-square test and Fisher Exact test were used to analyze data. Results: The overall prevalence of UTI was found to be 45.32% (63/139). Escherichia coli (33.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.9%) were the most common organisms isolated. The most effective antibiotic for both was Nitrofurantoin. Conclusions: Regular monitoring is required to establish reliable information about susceptibility pattern of urinary pathogens for optimal empirical therapy of patients with UTI.
Hypercalcemia of malignancy: An update on pathogenesis and management
Aibek E Mirrakhimov
Hypercalcemia of malignancy is a common finding typically found in patients with advanced stage cancers. We aimed to provide an updated review on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management of malignancy-related hypercalcemia. We searched PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science for original articles, case reports, and case series articles focused on hypercalcemia of malignancy published from 1950 to December 2014. Hypercalcemia of malignancy usually presents with markedly elevated calcium levels and therefore, usually severely symptomatic. Several major mechanisms are responsible for the development of hypercalcemia of malignancy including parathyroid hormone-related peptide-mediated humoral hypercalcemia, osteolytic metastases-related hypercalcemia, 1,25 Vitamin D-mediated hypercalcemia, and parathyroid hormone-mediated hypercalcemia in patients with parathyroid carcinoma and extra parathyroid cancers. Diagnosis should include the history and physical examination as well as measurement of the above mediators of hypercalcemia. Management includes hydration, calcitonin, bisphosphonates, denosumab, and in certain patients, prednisone and cinacalcet. Patients with advanced underlying kidney disease and refractory severe hypercalcemia should be considered for hemodialysis. Hematology or oncology and palliative care specialists should be involved early to guide the options of cancer targeted therapies and help the patients and their closed ones with the discussion of comfort-oriented care.
Winter cardiovascular diseases phenomenon
Auda Fares
This paper review seasonal patterns across twelve cardiovascular diseases: Deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, aortic dissection and rupture, stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, hypertension, heart failure, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, venricular arrythmia and atrial fibrillation, and discuss a possible cause of the occurrence of these diseases. There is a clear seasonal trend of cardiovascular diseases, with the highest incidence occurring during the colder winter months, which have been described in many countries. This phenomenon likely contributes to the numbers of deaths occurring in winter. The implications of this finding are important for testing the relative importance of the proposed mechanisms. Understanding the influence of season and other factors is essential when seeking to implement effective public health measures.
Hyaluronic acid: A boon in periodontal therapy
Parveen Dahiya, Reet Kamal
May 2013, 5(5):309-315
Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring linear polysaccharide of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue, synovial fluid, and other tissues. Its use in the treatment of the inflammatory process is established in medical areas such as orthopedics, dermatology, and ophthalmology. The Pubmed/Medline database was searched for keywords "Hyaluronic acid and periodontal disease" and "Hyaluronic acid and gingivitis" which resulted in 89 and 22 articles respectively. Only highly relevant articles from electronic and manual search in English literature were selected for the present review article. In the field of dentistry, hyaluronic acid has shown anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effects in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Due to its tissue healing properties, it could be used as an adjunct to mechanical therapy in the treatment of periodontitis. Further studies are required to determine the clinical efficacy of hyaluronic acid in healing of periodontal lesion. The aim of the present review, article is to discuss the role of hyaluronic acid in periodontal therapy.
Scientific evidence-based effects of hydrotherapy on various systems of the body
A Mooventhan, L Nivethitha
The use of water for various treatments (hydrotherapy) is probably as old as mankind. Hydrotherapy is one of the basic methods of treatment widely used in the system of natural medicine, which is also called as water therapy, aquatic therapy, pool therapy, and balneotherapy. Use of water in various forms and in various temperatures can produce different effects on different system of the body. Many studies/reviews reported the effects of hydrotherapy only on very few systems and there is lack of studies/reviews in reporting the evidence-based effects of hydrotherapy on various systems. We performed PubMed and PubMed central search to review relevant articles in English literature based on "effects of hydrotherapy/balneotherapy" on various systems of the body. Based on the available literature this review suggests that the hydrotherapy has a scientific evidence-based effect on various systems of the body.
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Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: Time for consensus
Sonu Sahni, Sameer Verma, Jinette Grullon, Anthony Esquire, Purvesh Patel, Arunabh Talwar
August 2013, 5(8):460-464
Pneumomediastinum (PM) is defined as the presence of free air in the mediastinal cavity. It is often regarded as a revealing sign of a more serious medical condition. PM is broken down into two categories, one, with an instigating event, referred to as secondary PM. The other is when free air is discovered in the mediastinal cavity without a clear etiology, referred to as spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM). Often misdiagnosed due to the vague nature of presenting symptoms, SPM must be part of the differential diagnosis of a chest pain patient to expedite discovery and if necessary, management. A MedLine/PubMED search was performed identifying all relevant articles with "SPM" in the title. Six case series were reviewed to determine what clinical scenario constitutes a possible case of SPM. Results showed that almost all patients with SPM exhibited some chest pain, but Hamman's crunch was present in only one-fifth of patients. Patients with certain pre-existing pulmonary diseases showed a greater propensity for the presence of free air in the mediastinal cavity. SPM must be diagnosed and managed promptly due to rare, but serious complications and any chest pain with an unknown etiology should contain SPM in the differential diagnosis.
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Body mass index relates to blood pressure among adults
Suman Dua, Monika Bhuker, Pankhuri Sharma, Meenal Dhall, Satwanti Kapoor
Background: The blood pressure and anthropometric measurements are important for evaluating the health of children, adolescents as well as adults. Aim: The aim is to study the blood pressure and body dimensions and to find out the prevalence of overweight/obesity and hypertension among adults. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted of all the people belonging to the Punjabi community, residing in Roshanara area and Jaina building in Delhi, for the past 20 years and aged 18-50 years. The men were engaged in transport business and women were mainly housewives. Results: Mean values of all the measurements, that is, height, weight, upper arm circumference, pulse rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were higher among males as compared with females, except skinfold thicknesses. Body mass index (BMI) and fat percentage was found to be higher among females as compared with males. There was a significant positive correlation between BMI, fat percentage, and blood pressure both SBP as well as DBP. Odds ratio showed that overweight/obese subjects were more likely to have hypertension than those with normal BMI. Conclusion: Prevalence of prehypertension among overweight/obese suggested an early clinical detection of prehypertension and intervention including life style modification, particularly weight management.
Evaluation of TNF-α and IL-6 levels in obese and non-obese diabetics: Pre- and postinsulin effects
Rajeev Goyal, Abul Faiz Faizy, Sheelu S Siddiqui, Monil Singhai
Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) mellitus is a serious implication of obesity. The effect of insulin therapy on levels of inflammatory markers among obese and non-obese diabetics has been inadequately studied. Aim: The study aimed to analyze the preinsulin and postinsulin levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-6 in nonobese and obese T2DM patients. Materials and Methods: We assessed TNF-α and IL-6 levels in healthy controls (n=10) and diabetic patients (obese and nonobese; n=20 each) and analyzed the postinsulin effect on TNF-α and IL-6 levels after 24 and 48 weeks. TNF-α and IL-6 levels were also correlated with fasting plasma glucose of obese and nonobese diabetic patients after insulin therapy. Results: There is augmentation of TNF-α and IL-6 levels in diabetic patients and augmentation is more in obese than in nonobese diabetics. The obese group showed a significant decrease (P value<0.05) after 24 weeks of insulin therapy and an extremely significant decrease ( P<0.001) in TNF-α and IL-6 levels after 48 weeks of therapy. The nonobese group showed an extremely significant decrease ( P<0.001) in TNF-α and IL-6levels after 24 and 48 weeks both. Conclusion: There is augmented inflammation in diabetes and it is more in obese diabetics. Insulin therapy tends to counter this inflammation, but the response is delayed in obese diabetics.
Effectiveness of D-dimer as a screening test for venous thromboembolism: An update
Swaroopa Pulivarthi, Murali Krishna Gurram
October 2014, 6(10):491-499
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. We searched the PubMed database and reviewed the articles published until June 2011. Articles related to the D-dimer and VTE were considered to write this paper. Many factors play a key role in changing the sensitivity and specificity of D-dimer testing, including the extent of thrombosis and fibrinolytic activity, duration of symptoms, anticoagulant therapy, comorbidity due to surgical or medical illnesses, inflammatory diseases, cancer, elderly age, pregnancy and the postpartum period, and previous VTE. Many previous studies have shown that the D-dimer test is highly sensitive (>95%) in acute deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, usually with a cut-off value of 500 μg FEU/l, which reasonably rules out acute VTE, particularly in patients with low clinical probability (LCP) or intermediate clinical probability. Patients with high D-dimer levels upon presentation may prompt a more intense diagnostic approach, irrespective of pretest probability. Studies performed after a negative D-dimer for 3 months proved the high negative predictive value (NPV) of D-dimer testing together with LCP in patients with suspected VTE. Among oncology patients, D-dimer testing has the highest sensitivity and NPV in excluding VTE. The new cutoff values of D-dimer testing were analyzed in a recent prospective study of pregnant women; they are 286 ng DDU/ml, 457 ng DDU/ml, and 644 ng DDU/ml for the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively.
Collagen IV in normal skin and in pathological processes
Ana Maria Abreu-Velez, Michael S Howard
January 2012, 4(1):1-8
Context: Type IV collagen is a type of collagen found primarily in the skin within the basement membrane zone. The type IV collagen C4 domain at the C-terminus is not removed in post-translational processing, and the fibers are thus link head-to-head, rather than in a parallel fashion. Also, type IV collagen lacks a glycine in every third amino-acid residue necessary for the tight collagen helix. Thus, the overall collagen-IV conformation is structurally more pliable and kinked, relative to other collagen subtypes. These structural features allow collagen IV to form sheets, which is the primary structural form found in the cutaneous basal lamina. There are six human genes associated with collagen IV, specifically COL4A1, COL4A2, COL4A3, COL4A4, COL4A5 and COL4A6. The aim of this review is to highlight the significance of this protein in normal skin, and in selected diseases. Results: The alpha 3 protein constituent of type IV collagen is thought to be the antigen implicated in Goodpasture's syndrome, wherein the immune system attacks the basement membranes of the renal glomeruli and pulmonary alveoli. In addition, mutations to the genes coding for type IV collagen lead to the Alport syndrome. Furthermore, autoantibodies directed against denatured human type IV collagen have been described in rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and SLE. Structural studies of collagen IV have been utilized to differentiate between subepidermal blistering diseases, including bullous pemphigoid, acquired epidermolysis bullosa, anti-epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid, and bullous lupus erythematosus. Collagen IV is also of importance in wound healing and in embryogenesis. Conclusions: Pathological studies have demonstrated that minor structural differences in collagen IV can lead to distinct, clinically different diseases.
Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Polyps
Åke Andrén-Sandberg
Gallbladder cancer is a rather uncommon disease, when it gives symptoms it has usually reached an incurable stage. Therefore, every attempt must be made to find the asymptomatic stages and look for premalignant gallbladder polyps. Even if gallbladder cancer is a rare disease, gallbladder polyps are common, only a few polyps develop to cancer. This makes gallbladder polyps another problem: which are the polyps that must be surgically removed, which shall be followed-up, or for how long? The author used the keyword "gallbladder polyps" in PubMed and reviewed the scientific literatures published from January 2000 to December 2011. The present review article has summarized almost all respects of gallbladder polyp, including the risk factors, clinical diagnosis and management, and comments made from the author, in which clinical treatments are recommended. It is author's purpose that the 11-year-knowledge about gallbladder polyps summarized from all worlds' literatures is enough to know how clinicians will handle the next patient with gallbladder polyp.
The effects of β - glucan on fish immunity
Vaclav Vetvicka, Luca Vannucci, Petr Sima
Administration of glucans through immersion, dietary inclusion or injection has been found to enhance many types of immune responses, resistance to bacterial and viral infections and to environmental stress in many fish species. Although the efficacy of the glucan varies with types and administration, glucan used as an immunomodulatory and mostly immunostimulatory additive has been found satisfactory in eliciting immunity in commercial aquaculture. Development of more efficient administration methods will facilitate the routine and prophylactic use of glucans as natural immunostimulants of fish. Using a PubMed search, this review has an extensive literature on glucan in fish immunity.
Statin intolerance because of myalgia, myositis, myopathy, or myonecrosis can in most cases be safely resolved by vitamin d supplementation
Maksim Khayznikov, Kallish Hemachrandra, Ramesh Pandit, Ashwin Kumar, Ping Wang, Charles J Glueck
March 2015, 7(3):86-93
Background: Low serum vitamin D can cause myalgia, myositis, myopathy, and myonecrosis. Statin-induced myalgia is a major and common cause of statin intolerance. Low serum vitamin D and statins, additively or synergistically, cause myalgia, myositis, myopathy, and/or myonecrosis. Statin-induced myalgia in vitamin D deficient patients can often be resolved by vitamin D supplementation, normalizing serum vitamin D levels. Aims: In 74 men and 72 women (age 59 ± 14 years) intolerant to ≥2 statins because of myalgia, myositis, myopathy, or myonecrosis and found to have low (<32 ng/mL) serum vitamin D, we prospectively assessed whether vitamin D supplementation (vitamin D2: 50,000-100,000 units/week) to normalize serum vitamin D would allow successful rechallenge therapy with statins. Materials and Methods: Follow-up evaluation on vitamin D supplementation was done on 134 patients at 6 months (median 5.3), 103 patients at 12 months (median 12.2), and 82 patients at 24 months (median 24). Results: Median entry serum vitamin D (22 ng/mL, 23 ng/mL, and 23 ng/mL) rose at 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months follow-up to 53 ng/mL, 53 ng/mL, and 55 ng/mL, respectively, (P < .0001 for all) on vitamin D therapy (50,000-100,000 units/week). On vitamin D supplementation, serum vitamin D normalized at 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months follow-up in 90%, 86%, and 91% of the patients, respectively. On rechallenge with statins while on vitamin D supplementation, median low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) fell from the study entry (167 mg/dL, 164 mg/dL, and 158 mg/dL) to 90 mg/dL, 91 mg/dL, and 84 mg/dL, respectively, (P < .0001 for all). On follow-up at median 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months on statins and vitamin D, 88%, 91%, and 95% of the previously statin-intolerant patients, respectively, were free of myalgia, myositis, myopathy, and/or myonecrosis. Conclusions: Statin intolerance because of myalgia, myositis, myopathy, or myonecrosis associated with low serum vitamin D can be safely resolved by vitamin D supplementation (50,000-100,000 units /week) in most cases (88-95%).
Errors in potassium measurement: A laboratory perspective for the clinician
Jaya R Asirvatham, Viju Moses, Loring Bjornson
Errors in potassium measurement can cause pseudohyperkalemia, where serum potassium is falsely elevated. Usually, these are recognized either by the laboratory or the clinician. However, the same factors that cause pseudohyperkalemia can mask hypokalemia by pushing measured values into the reference interval. These cases require a high-index of suspicion by the clinician as they cannot be easily identified in the laboratory. This article discusses the causes and mechanisms of spuriously elevated potassium, and current recommendations to minimize those factors. "Reverse" pseudohyperkalemia and the role of correction factors are also discussed. Relevant articles were identified by a literature search performed on PubMed using the terms "pseudohyperkalemia," "reverse pseudohyperkalemia," "factitious hyperkalemia," "spurious hyperkalemia," and "masked hypokalemia."
Manjulata Kumawat, Tarun Kumar Sharma, Ishwar Singh, Neelima Singh, Veena Singh Ghalaut, Satish Kumar Vardey, Vijay Shankar
March 2013, 5(3):213-219
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of pancreas
Norman Oneil Machado, Hani al Qadhi, Khalifa al Wahibi
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas are neoplasms that are characterized by ductal dilation, intraductal papillary growth, and thick mucus secretion. This relatively recently defined pathology is evolving in terms of its etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and treatment guidelines. A PubMed database search was performed. All the relevant abstracts in English language were reviewed and the articles in which cases of IPMN could be identified were further scrutinized. Information of IPMN was derived, and duplication of information in several articles and those with areas of persisting uncertainties were excluded. The recent consensus guidelines were examined. The reported incidence of malignancy varies from 57% to 92% in the main duct-IPMN (MD-IPMN) and from 6% to 46% in the branch duct-IPMN (BD-IPMN). The features of high-risk malignant lesions that raise concern include obstructive jaundice in a patient with a cystic lesion in the pancreatic head, the findings on radiological imaging of a mass lesion of >30 mm, enhanced solid component, and the main pancreatic duct (MPD) of size ≥10 mm; while duct size 5-9 mm and cyst size <3 mm are considered as "worrisome features." Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) are primary investigations in diagnosing and following up on these patients. The role of pancreatoscopy and the analysis of aspirated cystic fluid for cytology and DNA analysis is still to be established. In general, resection is recommended for most MD-IPMN, mixed variant, and symptomatic BD-IPMN. The 5-year survival of patients after surgical resection for noninvasive IPMN is reported to be at 77-100%, while for those with invasive carcinoma, it is significantly lower at 27-60%. The follow-up of these patients could vary from 6 months to 1 year and would depend on the risk stratification for invasive malignancy and the pathology of the resected specimen. The understanding of IPMN has evolved over the years. The recent guidelines have played a role in this regard.
Western blot: Technique, theory and trouble shooting
Zhi-Qiang Liu, Tahrin Mahmood, Ping-Chang Yang
[FULL TEXT] [PDF] [Mobile Full text] [EPub] [CITATIONS] [PubMed]
Incidence, Patterns, and Factors Predicting Mortality of Abdominal Injuries in Trauma Patients
Mohammad A Gad, Aly Saber, Shereif Farrag, Mohamed E Shams, Goda M Ellabban
Background: Abdominal trauma is a major public health problem for all nations and all socioeconomic strata. Aim: This study was designed to determine the incidence and patterns of abdominal injuries in trauma patients. Materials and Methods: We classified and identified the incidence and subtype of abdominal injuries and associated trauma, and identified variables related to morbidity and mortality. Results: Abdominal trauma was present in 248 of 300 cases; 172 patients with blunt abdominal trauma and 76 with penetrating. The most frequent type of abdominal trauma was blunt trauma; its most common cause was motor vehicle accident. Among patients with penetrating abdominal trauma, the most common cause was stabbing. Most abdominal trauma patients presented with other injuries, especially patients with blunt abdominal trauma. Mortality was higher among penetrating abdominal trauma patients. Conclusions: Type of abdominal trauma, associated injuries, and Revised Trauma Score are independent risk factors for mortality in abdominal trauma patients.
Association between periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease
Keshava Abbayya, Nagraj Y Puthanakar, Sanjay Naduwinmani, YS Chidambar
June 2015, 7(6):241-246
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease which significantly increases with age. Its onset can be either early or late. AD is characterized by the salient inflammatory features, microglial activation, and increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines which contribute to the inflammatory status of the central nervous system (CNS). Whereas, periodontitis is a common oral infection associated with the gram negative anaerobic bacteria. Periodontitis can be marked as a "low-grade systemic disease" by release of proinflammatory cytokines into systemic circulation and elevation of C-reactive protein (CRP). Inflammation is known to play a pivotal role in both the disease process serving as a connecting link between periodontitis and AD. The present review throws a light on possible enigmatic link between AD and periodontitis. This review is designed by collecting data from PubMed database using key words like "Alzheimer's disease", "inflammation", "periodontitis", and "proinflammatory cytokines".
META-ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
The usage of social networking sites by medical students for educational purposes: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Salman Y Guraya
July 2016, 8(7):268-278
Background: Online social networking sites (SNSs) (e.g., Facebook, MySpace, Flickr, Twitter and YouTube) have emerged as rapidly growing mechanisms to exchange personal and professional information among university students. This research aims to determine the medical students' extent of usage of SNSs for educational purposes. Materials and Methods: Educational Resources Information Centre (ERIC), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), the Cochrane library, and Excerpta Medica Data Base (EMBASE) were searched to retrieve articles from 2004 to 2014, applying predefined search terms and inclusion criteria. The extracted 10 articles were outlined in a narrative synthesis of Quality, Utility, Extent, Strength, Target and Setting of the evidence (QUESTS). Results: Majority (75%) of the respondents admitted using SNSs, whereas 20% used these sites for sharing academic and educational information. No single study explored the impact of the SNSs on the academic performance. Conclusion: Understanding and knowledge of the significant use of SNSs by the medical students demand inclusion of such domains in medical curricula. This will train tomorrow's doctors in fostering their skills of digital technology for educational purposes.
Correlation of shock index and modified shock index with the outcome of adult trauma patients: A prospective study of 9860 patients
Ajai Singh, Sabir Ali, Avinash Agarwal, Rajeshwar Nath Srivastava
Background: Triage at emergency department is performed to identify those patients who are relatively more serious and require immediate attention and treatment. Despite current methods of triage, trauma continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Aims: This study was to evaluate the predictive value of shock index (SI) and modified shock index (MSI) for hospital mortality among adult trauma patients. Materials and Methods: In this prospective longitudinal study, all adult patients who sustained trauma enrolled as per as inclusion/exclusion criteria. After the collection of data, SI and MSI were calculated accordingly. All parameters were again recorded hourly and calculations were done at six-hour intervals. Further, to achieve a value that can be analyzed, we determined threshold value for vital signs, which set the threshold values as heart rate at 120 beats per minute, systolic blood pressure at less than 90, and SI at cut-off 0.5-0.9 and MSI at less than 0.7 to more than 1.3. Results: We analyzed 9860 adult trauma patients. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that heart rate more than 120 beats per minute, systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) less than 60 mmHg correlate with hospital stay and mortality rate. MSI <0.7 and >1.3 had higher odds of mortality as compared to other predictors. Conclusions: MSI is an important marker for predicting the mortality rate and is significantly better than heart rate, systolic blood pressure, DBP and SI alone. Therefore, modified SI should be used in the triage of serious patients, including trauma patients in the emergency room.
The emerging role of outdoor and indoor air pollution in cardiovascular disease
Jacinta C Uzoigwe, Thavaleak Prum, Eric Bresnahan, Mahdi Garelnabi
Outdoor and indoor air pollution poses a significant cardiovascular risk, and has been associated with atherosclerosis, the main underlying pathology in many cardiovascular diseases. Although, it is well known that exposure to air pollution causes pulmonary disease, recent studies have shown that cardiovascular health consequences of air pollution generally equal or exceed those due to pulmonary diseases. The objective of this article is to evaluate the current evidence on the emerging role of environmental air pollutions in cardiovascular disease, with specific focus on the types of air pollutants and mechanisms of air pollution-induced cardiotoxicity. Published literature on pollution was systematically reviewed and cited in this article. It is hoped that this review will provide a better understanding of the harmful cardiovascular effects induced by air pollution exposure. This will help to bring a better understanding on the possible preventive health measures and will also serve regulatory agencies and researchers. In addition, elucidating the biological mechanisms underlying the link between air pollution and cardiovascular disease is an essential target in developing novel pharmacological strategies aimed at decreasing adverse effects of air pollution on cardiovascular system.
* Source: CrossRef

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Description Copy negative of photograph of two men standing with hog hung by its hind legs. The man on the left appears to be preparing to scrape the hog. One of the men may be a Fuller, as that was the name on the original housing.


text:
Organization Profile:
Washington DC: 202-547-1141
San Francisco: 415-977-5500
Tennessee Community Groups Call for Plan to End Federal Coal Leasing Program
Residents rally outside DOI public hearing demanding to protect our public lands
KNOXVILLE - On Thursday, mothers, children, doctors, community leaders, and public health advocates rallied at the Tennessee Historical Society in downtown Knoxville to call on the U.S. Department of Interior (DOI) to reform its federal coal leasing program, which is broken, outdated, and does not consider the threat of climate change in American communities.
A rally and press conference took place during a noon break from DOI's public listening session, one of six around the country, for its upcoming Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS), a formal plan announced by President Obama and Secretary Jewell to consider reforming the federal coal leasing program.
"We need to use this review as an opportunity to make smart choices about the future of U.S. energy policy," said Bonnie Swinford, an organizer with the Tennessee Chapter of the Sierra Club. "We've seen firsthand in Tennessee the damage that burning coal can do. We know that a flood of subsidized federal coal has harmed so many communities like ours, stunted clean energy growth, and hurt our environment.
"It's time for a planned transition that will keep federal coal in the ground."
In January, President Obama and Secretary Jewell announced a formal plan to consider reforming the federal coal leasing program, including an immediate stop to approving new and modified coal leasing, with some exceptions. These six public hearings serve as a key first step in hearing from Americans what the administration should consider in its analysis of the coal leasing program through the PEIS.
This is the first time the U.S. will examine the collective climate impacts from all coal mined from public lands. For decades, coal companies have ripped 400 million tons of coal from our public lands every year, burning it in power plants, slowing clean energy development, worsening climate disruption, and polluting our communities.
"Surface coal mining has a devastating impact on water quality in Tennessee," said Tennessee Clean Water Network Executive Director Renee Hoyos. "The federal government is correct in reviewing the state of coal mining in the USA as the free market is telling the nation that coal is no longer king. Tennessee communities have learned that the foreign-owned coal mining companies come into their counties and create only a few jobs, poison the water and air and then leave it to future generations to clean up the mess they leave behind."
Forty percent of all coal burned in the United States comes from our public lands. Dirty air and water caused by coal pollution can trigger asthma attacks, respiratory illnesses and cancer, even leading to irreversible lung damage or premature death.
"I'm working for a place where young people like my friends and myself can make a beautiful future, despite the obstacles that currently make it hard to stay, said Eric Dixon, a member of Kentuckians for the Commonwealth. "I'm working for an Appalachia where friends who have been forced to leave the mountains can come back and work making our homes more energy efficient, work reclaiming the mountains scarred from mining, work installing solar panels or wind turbines on reclaimed strip mines and mountaintop removal sites."
The Sierra Club is the oldest and largest grassroots environmental organization in the United States. It was founded on May 28, 1892 in San Francisco, California by the well-known conservationist and preservationist John Muir, who became its first president. The Sierra Club has hundreds of thousands of members in chapters located throughout the US, and is affiliated with Sierra Club Canada.
Sierra Club (Press Center)
Sierra Club (Action Center)
Climate, U.S.
Tennessee, Coal, Fossil Fuels, Pollution, Environment, Mountaintop Removal


There is no other way better than storytelling to grab the attention and stimulate the minds of children. Why children love stories? How to choose a story apt for a particular age group? What are the benefits of storytelling? Yes, stories and storytelling involve many things and here we are bringing important elements involved in a good story and the art of storytelling.
Storytelling is an art and it is an activity of learning. It helps learning about different culture, values, traditions, life of unfamiliar people, creatures and places. You can use stories for different purposes. Using stories for relaxation doesn't require much preparation. Because your aim is just to change the monotonous and droning atmosphere of the classroom and students. But when you use stories for learning purpose you must be more cautious.
First of all remember, storytelling is a three-way relationship between the story teller, the story and children.
Simple stories are always good for classrooms rather than stories with complicated plot. When you select stories for kids below 10 years, choose a simple story with good moral values in it where king helps beggar, hard work leads to success, life of poor people, what is true wealth, greed isn't good, wisdom and folly etc. When you present a story before kids, remember to use simple and common words that help learn English words and pronunciation. Avoid complicated nouns and reduce use of adjectives.
When you narrate a story, the usage of facial expressions, voice modulation and tempo are very important. Use your whole body, eyes, hands, and legs so as to bring feeling and action. Shouldn't deviate from the topic and do not say unnecessary comments and questions breaking the mood of the listeners. Use your space dynamically and regulate your pace as per the situation of the story. Remember you can also communicate with a timely silence and pause which can bring dramatic effect to the story.
There are thousands of short stories for kids available online. Read it and narrate it beautifully before your kids. Stories help your kids to acquire a host of skills such as Listening Skills, Word Recognition Skills, Word Pronunciation and Usage etc. Storytelling is also a good way to Inculcate Good Reading Habits in Children.


text:
Q: Virtualmin & git integration I've installed virtualmin on my VPS to manage my websites. It's working perfect and as expected nearly a year now. Recently I wanted to add some features to one of my sites, and I need git integration.
I've correctly installed git & gitweb on my server, and I can create repositories and watch them under
http://sub.domain.com/git/gitweb.cgi
Here is the current relevant directory tree:
/home/user/domains/sub.domain.com/public_html/git/
drwxr-sr-x user   user .
drwxr-x--- user   user ..
-rw-r--r-- user   user git-favicon.png
-rw-r--r-- user   user git-logo.png
-rwxr-xr-x user   user gitweb.cgi
-rw-r--r-- user   user gitweb.css
drwxrwx--- apache user reponame.git

/home/user/domains/sub.domain.com/public_html/git/reponame.git/
drwxrwx--- apache user .
drwxr-sr-x user   user ..
drwxrwx--- apache user branches
-rwxrwx--- apache user config
-rwxrwx--- user   user description
-rwxrwx--- apache user HEAD
drwxrwx--- apache user hooks
drwxrwx--- apache user info
drwxrwx--- apache user objects
drwxrwx--- apache user refs

But I have some questions:

*

*When I'm visiting http://sub.domain.com/git/gitweb.cgi, the owner is listed as 'Apache'. why? how can I change that?

*Usually, to create a new git repository, I'll do something like:
$ mkdir proj
$ cd proj
$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/user/proj/.git/
// here I'm creating the files or copy them from somewhere else
$ git add *.php
$ git add README
$ git commit -m 'initial version'

But after creating the repository in virtualmin, I can find a new dir named 'reponame.git' but not the '.git' dir.
When I'm trying to run any git command (e.g. git status) I'm receiving "fatal: This operation must be run in a work tree".
How can I work with that repository?

*Currently I need to explicitly grant access for users to be able to view the repositories via gitweb. How can I make certain repositories public?

A: Did you install Virtualmin using the install.sh auto-install script we provide at Virtualmin.com? Or did you install Virtualmin manually?
The behavior you describe means your scripts are not being executed using suexec, but rather as the Apache user. If you used the install script, suexec should be configured, by default for all script types. If you installed manually, you'll need to set that up yourself, as well as recompile Apache (or, install the apache2-suexec-custom package, and configure it for /home, if you're using Debian/Ubuntu) to set the suexec docroot to /home.
We have some documentation about manual installs on our website, but a manual install still requires pretty significant knowledge and a big time investment. We recommend using the install script on a freshly installed Grade A supported OS, as documented on our Download page.
I don't know anything about gitweb, so I'll leave those questions unanswered.

A: Regarding the ownership issue: On some setups, the PHP configuration installed by a package manager (e.g. apt) overrides Virtualmin's fcgid config. The solution in this case is to edit /etc/apache2/mods-available/php5.conf, comment out the line SetHandler application/x-httpd-php, and then run apache2ctl graceful.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Why is a new "[filename]Notes.bib" file being created? After fiddling with my tex installation for other reasons, now my bibliography is not working.
The file "bibnotesMWE.tex", has the following code:
\documentclass[12pt,showpacs,onecolumn,pra,superscriptaddress]{revtex4-1}

\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsthm,mathrsfs, dsfont}

\begin{document}

%
\bibliographystyle{apsrev4-1}

\bibliography{bibnotesMWE}

\end{document}

with bibnotesMWE.bib as:
@article{test,
    author = {Testy McTestface},
    title = {Test}
}

In Texmaker, when I clean and then run PDFLatex, then run BibTex, I get
The top-level auxiliary file: bibnotesMWE.aux I couldn't open database file bibnotesMWENotes.bib ---line 2 of file bibnotesMWE.aux...

It turns out some part of the compilation has produced an empty file called "bibnotesMWENotes.bib" (that is, it just appends "Notes" to the filename and adds a .bib extension), and bibnotesMWE.aux tries to open this and fails (line 2 is \bibdata{bibnotesMWENotes,bibnotesMWE}).
How do I make it stop creating this file and trying to access it, and use the bibliography file that I specify?
The problem might go deeper as well: If I manually set the line in "bibnotesMWE.aux" to \bibdata{bibnotesMWE}, it gives the same error, but with references to bibnotesMWE.tex. I tried adding the full filepath and it complained about whitespace; maybe there is a way to avoid the whitespace, but I have never needed to use full filepaths for bibliographies before.

A: The file <main .tex filename>Notes.bib is created in order to support revtex4-1's footinbib option that sends \footnotes to the bibliography. The REVTeX 4.1 Author's Guide has the following to say about footnotes (§ VII, p. 13)

LaTeX's standard \footnote command is available in REVTeX 4.1.
The footnote text can either appear at the bottom of a page or as part of the bibliography.
This choice can be controlled by two class options: footinbib and nofootinbib.
REVTeX 4.1 defaults to the former.
Specific journal options may select a different value than the default.
Please note that even if BibTeX is not being used for the references, you may have to run BibTeX if you are using footnotes without the nofootinbib option.
The log file will contain errors about missing references such as Note1 in this case and a file ending in Notes.bib will have been produced during the processing of the TeX file.

The following MWE
\documentclass[12pt,showpacs,onecolumn,pra,superscriptaddress]{revtex4-1}

\begin{filecontents}{\jobname.bib}
@misc{test,
  author = {Testy McTestface},
  title  = {Test},
  year   = {2020},
}
\end{filecontents}

\begin{document}
Lorem \footnote{ipsum} dolor \footnote{sit}.
Dolor \cite{test}

\bibliographystyle{apsrev4-1}
\bibliography{\jobname}
\end{document}

generates a ...Notes.bib containing
@FOOTNOTE{Note1,key="Note1",note="ipsum"}
@FOOTNOTE{Note2,key="Note2",note="sit"}

I was, howver, not able to reproduce the error you describe. In my tests bibnotesMWENotes.bib was always written even if it is empty. Note that the file can only be guaranteed to exists if the LaTeX run ended without errors.
If you also get an error about BibTeX not being able to find bibnotesMWE.bib when you manually remove the reference to bibnotesMWENotes in the .aux file, this looks like a completely different problem. Issues like this are very often caused by features called "'build' folder" or similar by editors or overly eager temporary file clean-ups or working directory mismatches.
Try running
pdflatex bibnotesMWE
bibtex bibnotesMWE
pdflatex bibnotesMWE
pdflatex bibnotesMWE

from the command line bypassing your editor and its possibly more complicated compilation setup.


text:
interview-terberger-nagel
Evaluation: Independent, but not detached
An article by: Friederike Bauer
Projects benefit from internal feedback
Evaluating the projects
Risk and failure are part and parcel of development cooperation
KfW Development Bank employees on their evaluation projects
It's not always flattering when development projects are rated, but it's always valuable – because evaluating helps to avoid mistakes in the future. In a lively discussion, the head of the Evaluation Unit, Professor Dr Eva Terberger, and member of the KfW Executive Board Professor Dr Joachim Nagel analyse the benefits of evaluations, their significance for Financial Cooperation (FC) and the world of tomorrow.
About Mr Nagel
Prof. Dr Joachim Nagel is Member of KfW Group's Executive Board, responsible for KfW's international business.
How important are evaluations for FC, and what in particular do you appreciate about them?
Prof. Dr Joachim Nagel: Evaluations are at the core of what we do at the development bank because, with regard to FC interventions or FC projects, it is ultimately all about what effects they have. We use the evaluations to check whether what we imagined at the beginning of a project was actually achieved. In so doing we measure ourselves against our own claims and goals – and of course, against those of the Federal Government who commissions our work. At the same time, we document for the public how we work and how we use the funds entrusted to us. In this respect, the evaluations are very important.
Evaluations always sound good for reasons of transparency, objectivity and integrity. Are you not just paying lip service?
Prof. Dr Eva Terberger: No. Our evaluation results are taken seriously. They are reflected upon and used for ongoing work at the development bank. Sometimes the operational departments even ask if we could take a look at a project, and we're particularly proud of that. From the outside though we receive far fewer reactions to or inquiries about our reports. I regret that.
Critics consider evaluations of this kind to be tokenism. What would you say to them?
Nagel: Such criticism annoys me because it shows their ignorance. The evaluation reports are not courtesy reports. They have substance and can sometimes be painful to read. By no means do the results always turn out as desired; but evaluations are about the willingness to be self-critical and continue developing. We are ready to do that.
Terberger: Evaluations are a very effective learning tool. We give feedback to the bank, and time and time again we see evaluation impact: the designs of follow-up projects have been adapted and made more incisive.
About Mrs Terberger
Prof. Dr Eva Terberger heads the FC Evaluation Unit at KfW Development Bank.
Can you give some examples?
Terberger: In my early years here, the evaluations of sewage treatment plants often bemoaned the lack of concepts for the disposal of sewage sludge, because sewage sludge stored under unprofessional conditions can be a risk. Today, the planning of every sewage treatment plant is accompanied by a concept for sewage sludge disposal. Evaluation results have also helped to tailor "green finance" projects: small, standardised energy-efficiency measures require different promotional schemes than larger investments in renewable energies. And I could go on.
Mr Nagel, you have now been a member of the KfW Executive Board for around one and a half years. What have you learnt yourself from the evaluations?
Nagel: First and foremost I have learnt that development cooperation is a process and that you need a lot of patience. This is demonstrated quite clearly by the reports. Projects often run well initially, but then occasionally drift in the wrong direction: this can be due to the local partners, but circumstances can change as well. Achieving the intended effects is always a new challenge.
Terberger: Especially since KfW often works in fragile contexts. There you have to take higher risks and you achieve your objectives less often, but it is still extremely important to remain committed.
In a troubled region of the world, the evaluation attaches importance to making results visible quickly, for example in supporting Syrian refugees in Jordan.
Nagel: I would go even further: failure is part of our work, especially in fragile states. That obviously doesn't mean burning through taxpayers' money, but not every measure ends successfully. Yet if we draw the right conclusions from a poor evaluation, we have learnt something for the future. We know that almost one in every four people lives in a fragile environment today, and that this proportion will increase in the coming years. In terms of what awaits us, evaluations play a very important role. Findings that we make today about our work, our strengths and our weaknesses can make our projects of tomorrow more stable and effective, especially in a turbulent world.
Under such circumstances, how important is it to show results quickly?
Nagel: It's extremely important. Speed is a key factor in stabilizing the situation. People have to see and feel that they are supported and that their living conditions are improving. We have to be even faster in such contexts and avoid the delays that we see again and again, even with projects in troubled regions. Such delays are sometimes caused by external factors, other times we are responsible, it's our own processes. We're working on this.
Terberger: I can only agree. This is why results quickly being visible is an important evaluation indicator for assessing the effectiveness of interventions in fragile contexts.
KfW Development Bank staff on their evaluation projects
Dr. Anja Hanisch - Water shortages severely limit the development of the Palestinian territories. There is a fundamental conflict between Israel and the Palestinian territories over the distribution of the scarce water resources in the region. The project in Tulkarem integrated the conflict potential in a sensitive manner as it focused on rehabilitating existing well components, and did not explicitly target a higher yield. Result of local analyses: the water supply has improved, but the reasons for the distribution conflict cannot be solved in this way.
Dr. Martin Lux - I took part in a mission in Brazil to evaluate several projects protecting biodiversity and nature in the tropical rainforest. We were able to get first-hand experience of how crucial it is for the project's success that the local population are involved and support the protection of nature. If this is successful, the rate of deforestation in protected areas can be significantly reduced. To ensure the support of the local population it is important to respect their existing rights. Additionally, the population must not lose out; instead, livelihoods should improve together with forest protection.
Stefan Kliesch - In the conflict-ridden Eastern territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, FC financed social and economic infrastructure. We carried out a "remote evaluation" based on an existing econometric impact assessment since large parts of the project area were not accessible for security reasons. The evaluation showed me how difficult it is to implement projects to bring about stability, reduce conflicts in a fragile context and also to verify the impact. At the time of the evaluation I was an FC trainee. Now, in my day-to-day operational work, I greatly benefit from this learning experience.
Lamia Boufaied - The ex post evaluation I conducted as a local expert in 2017 offered me a great opportunity to learn about new FC contexts. During the evaluation of FC-financed small hydropower plants we encountered a professional and performance-focused executing agency that was also perceived very well in the partner country. Unfortunately, however, we also identified some negative environmental impacts because there were no fish ladders and the residual water discharge at some locations was too low. The evaluation helped me make some important further development on my way to assuming more responsibility in FC projects as a project manager today.
Dr Ralf Orlik - This was one of the last projects financed using budget funds in fast-developing China: deep into the far west of the country, livestock farming and water supply were promoted in particularly poor districts in Qinghai. I was amazed at the contribution the project was able to make, even though the importance of wage work is increasing as a result of migration to the cities. Credible anecdotal evidence was given and indications revealed how the project has improved the situation of family members who stayed at home, particularly since seasonal fluctuations in income or loss of wages due to illness can now be compensated for.
Maja Bott - The promotion of Ethiopian municipalities came at a politically difficult time.The visits to five of the eleven project cities showed that it is not very promising to support local governments in their autonomy endeavours if the central government's commitment to increased local autonomy is lacking. This was not the only sobering experience. The developed infrastructure is used a lot and the cities are cleaner than before, but the operation of wastewater treatment plants and landfills revealed environmental and health risks, some of them severe. In this respect, the will to reform was unfortunately lacking as well.
Dr. Anja Hanisch
Water shortages severely limit the development of the Palestinian territories. There is a fundamental conflict between Israel and the Palestinian territories over the distribution of the scarce water resources in the region. The project in Tulkarem integrated the conflict potential in a sensitive manner as it focused on rehabilitating existing well components, and did not explicitly target a higher yield. Result of local analyses: the water supply has improved, but the reasons for the distribution conflict cannot be solved in this way.
Prof. Dr Nagel at a refugee camp in Jordan. Commitment in a fragile context, a key pillar of the work at KfW Development Bank.
The world is unsettled and it is becoming more complex and diverse. Nevertheless, the FC Evaluation Unit continues to work with simple yardsticks such as ratings and a general success rate. Does this help you, Mr Nagel?
Nagel: A kind of rating scale, a label, always helps. The first thing I look at is how a project is rated. You read more intensively if a project has received a very good or a very bad rating.
Terberger: A distinction must be made between the classifications of individual projects, which are based on differentiated data and observations. And then you have the success rate, which we estimate using statistical standards based on the evaluated random sample of projects. I don't like to focus on the success rate because it is easily misunderstood. As I said, risk and sometimes failure are part and parcel of development cooperation (DC). Nevertheless, a success rate of 77 per cent is often interpreted as meaning that we "made a mess" of 23 per cent of all projects, as a headline in the press once read. Anyone who writes something like this overlooks the risks that FC has to take in order to remain innovative and successful.
Nagel: Development cooperation can be compared to venture capital, except our success rates are better.
Read more under the illustration.
On behalf of the Federal Government
KfW has been supporting the German Federal Government in implementing its development-policy goals since 1960 within the scope of Financial Cooperation (FC). We combine financing know-how with development-policy expertise. On behalf of the German Federal Government, and primarily the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), we promote and support programmes and projects that mainly involve public-sector players in developing and emerging economies.
More information on KfW's evaluation work
The evaluations usually take place quite a long time after the end of a project. Might it not be necessary to start earlier, possibly with interim evaluations, to increase the effectiveness of projects?
Nagel: I'm a big fan of this because you can make adjustments and adapt projects in time. It is not possible on a large scale with the existing capacities, but we should try to do this more often than before.
Terberger: However, we must be careful that the evaluations do not monitor construction progress or even become "high-level enforcers" of controls. We need the confidence of our colleagues so we can work. We need to be independent, but not detached. An evaluation unit of know-it-alls is incompatible with our approach of learning together.
Read more under the interactive graphic.
Overview of FC projects evaluated in 2017/2018
Number of FC projects evaluated in 2017/2018, sectoral distribution
Number of FC projects evaluated in 2017/2018, regional distribution
How do you guarantee the independence of the evaluation unit if you are also part of the organisation?
Terberger: Independent evaluation for us means never having had responsibility for the project being evaluated. As a special feature of FC we have put a peer evaluation system in place: someone who has operative responsibility for the electricity sector in Asia for example evaluates an energy project in Africa. We call this internal delegation to the evaluation unit. This means we have independent experts with a great deal of knowledge about FC, and the great thing is that the evaluation experience flows back into their operative work. They are essentially able to refocus on impacts as the core objective of FC.
Nagel: For me, the evaluations being independent is a great asset. I would never consider interfering. The evaluations and the results are sacrosanct for me. I take note of them, but I would never insist on changing a rating, turning a four into a three.
Terberger: I've never experienced this in all these years, not once.
This article is taken from the 15th Evaluation Report, published in June 2019. The report documents the work of Financial Cooperation for the years 2017-2018.
See the issue
How could the evaluation work be made more attractive?
Terberger: I would want the evaluations and their "lessons learnt" to be even more visible to the outside world. We could do better here.
Nagel: Absolutely. The issues are global, they are important, they affect us all. We should reconsider our formats and forms of communication. Perhaps we should become more visual, make even greater use of digitalisation potential – for the evaluations themselves, but also for their publication.
Ms Terberger, you will be retiring in the summer of 2019. What else would you like to hand on to your successor?
Terberger: A plea to maintain and further develop evaluations as a learning tool, and the hope that the new head of evaluation will experience the task as enriching as I do.
Published on KfW Stories: Thursday, 6 June 2019
societyevaluation reporteconomyinfrastructureenvironmentnature conservationeducation
Go to Evaluation Report
Promoting peace in Casamance
Peace has been under threat for decades in Casamance, a region in southern Senegal. Financial Cooperation (FC) pioneered the reconstruction of the social and economic infrastructure – a project that was well received by the local population.
A (vocational) training journey of a special kind
Establishing the German concept of vocational training in Laos – German Financial Cooperation (FC) has supported this project for several years. Evaluation expert Lena Hauck travelled through the country to get an idea of how successful the measures were.
Environmental protection losing out to economic interests
To protect Bolivia's unique flora and fauna, an FC project supported nature reserves with the aim of combining conservation with the goal of alleviating poverty for the local population. However, economic interests and declining political support for environmental protection are jeopardising the impact.


text:
Q: Git-Flow Maven Plugin: hotfix branch I'm trying to create a hotfix version from within a Jenkinsfile using the Git-Flow Maven Plugin.
After some initial success, I see now some strange behaviour.
I have the following support branch for stabilization: support/release-3.x
First I run the following Maven command:
mvn -e -B -Dmaven.test.failure.ignore=true -DperformRelease=true gitflow:hotfix-start -DfromBranch=support/release-3.x -DhotfixVersion=3.4.0

This results in the following output:
[INFO] --- gitflow-maven-plugin:1.14.0:hotfix-start (default-cli) @ my-project ---
[INFO] Checking for uncommitted changes.
[INFO] Checking out 'support/release-3.x' branch.
[INFO] Fetching remote branch 'origin support/release-3.x'.
[INFO] Comparing local branch 'support/release-3.x' with remote 'origin/support/release-3.x'.
[INFO] Creating a new branch 'hotfix/support/release-3.x/3.4.0' from 'support/release-3.x' and checking it out.
[INFO] Updating version(s) to '3.4.0'.
[INFO] Committing changes.
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] --------------------

As you can see, the plugin creates for some reason the branch hotfix/support/release-3.x/3.4.0 instead of hotfix/3.4.0.
Afterwards the following command gets executed:
 mvn -e -B -Dmaven.test.failure.ignore=true -DperformRelease=true gitflow:hotfix-finish -DhotfixVersion=3.4.0 -DpostHotfixGoals=deploy -e -B -Dmaven.test.failure.ignore=true -DperformRelease=true -Dverbose=true

And this results in:
[INFO]
[INFO] --- gitflow-maven-plugin:1.14.0:hotfix-finish (default-cli) @ my-project ---
[INFO] Checking for uncommitted changes.
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD FAILURE
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time:  1.721 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2021-01-03T14:06:38+01:00
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ERROR] Failed to execute goal com.amashchenko.maven.plugin:gitflow-maven-plugin:1.14.0:hotfix-finish (default-cli) on project my-project: hotfix-finish: Hotfix branch with name 'hotfix/3.4.0' doesn't exist. Cannot finish hotfix. -> [Help 1]
org.apache.maven.lifecycle.LifecycleExecutionException: Failed to execute goal com.amashchenko.maven.plugin:gitflow-maven-plugin:1.14.0:hotfix-finish (default-cli) on project my-project: hotfix-finish
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute (MojoExecutor.java:215)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute (MojoExecutor.java:156)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute (MojoExecutor.java:148)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.LifecycleModuleBuilder.buildProject (LifecycleModuleBuilder.java:117)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.LifecycleModuleBuilder.buildProject (LifecycleModuleBuilder.java:81)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.builder.singlethreaded.SingleThreadedBuilder.build (SingleThreadedBuilder.java:56)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.LifecycleStarter.execute (LifecycleStarter.java:128)
    at org.apache.maven.DefaultMaven.doExecute (DefaultMaven.java:305)
    at org.apache.maven.DefaultMaven.doExecute (DefaultMaven.java:192)
    at org.apache.maven.DefaultMaven.execute (DefaultMaven.java:105)
    at org.apache.maven.cli.MavenCli.execute (MavenCli.java:957)
    at org.apache.maven.cli.MavenCli.doMain (MavenCli.java:289)
    at org.apache.maven.cli.MavenCli.main (MavenCli.java:193)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0 (Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke (NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke (DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke (Method.java:498)
    at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.launcher.Launcher.launchEnhanced (Launcher.java:282)
    at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.launcher.Launcher.launch (Launcher.java:225)
    at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.launcher.Launcher.mainWithExitCode (Launcher.java:406)
    at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.launcher.Launcher.main (Launcher.java:347)
Caused by: org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoFailureException: hotfix-finish
    at com.amashchenko.maven.plugin.gitflow.GitFlowHotfixFinishMojo.execute (GitFlowHotfixFinishMojo.java:356)
    at org.apache.maven.plugin.DefaultBuildPluginManager.executeMojo (DefaultBuildPluginManager.java:137)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute (MojoExecutor.java:210)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute (MojoExecutor.java:156)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute (MojoExecutor.java:148)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.LifecycleModuleBuilder.buildProject (LifecycleModuleBuilder.java:117)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.LifecycleModuleBuilder.buildProject (LifecycleModuleBuilder.java:81)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.builder.singlethreaded.SingleThreadedBuilder.build (SingleThreadedBuilder.java:56)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.LifecycleStarter.execute (LifecycleStarter.java:128)
    at org.apache.maven.DefaultMaven.doExecute (DefaultMaven.java:305)
    at org.apache.maven.DefaultMaven.doExecute (DefaultMaven.java:192)
    at org.apache.maven.DefaultMaven.execute (DefaultMaven.java:105)
    at org.apache.maven.cli.MavenCli.execute (MavenCli.java:957)
    at org.apache.maven.cli.MavenCli.doMain (MavenCli.java:289)
    at org.apache.maven.cli.MavenCli.main (MavenCli.java:193)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0 (Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke (NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke (DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke (Method.java:498)
    at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.launcher.Launcher.launchEnhanced (Launcher.java:282)
    at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.launcher.Launcher.launch (Launcher.java:225)
    at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.launcher.Launcher.mainWithExitCode (Launcher.java:406)
    at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.launcher.Launcher.main (Launcher.java:347)
Caused by: org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoFailureException: Hotfix branch with name 'hotfix/3.4.0' doesn't exist. Cannot finish hotfix.
    at com.amashchenko.maven.plugin.gitflow.GitFlowHotfixFinishMojo.execute (GitFlowHotfixFinishMojo.java:137)
    at org.apache.maven.plugin.DefaultBuildPluginManager.executeMojo (DefaultBuildPluginManager.java:137)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute (MojoExecutor.java:210)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute (MojoExecutor.java:156)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.MojoExecutor.execute (MojoExecutor.java:148)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.LifecycleModuleBuilder.buildProject (LifecycleModuleBuilder.java:117)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.LifecycleModuleBuilder.buildProject (LifecycleModuleBuilder.java:81)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.builder.singlethreaded.SingleThreadedBuilder.build (SingleThreadedBuilder.java:56)
    at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.LifecycleStarter.execute (LifecycleStarter.java:128)
    at org.apache.maven.DefaultMaven.doExecute (DefaultMaven.java:305)
    at org.apache.maven.DefaultMaven.doExecute (DefaultMaven.java:192)
    at org.apache.maven.DefaultMaven.execute (DefaultMaven.java:105)
    at org.apache.maven.cli.MavenCli.execute (MavenCli.java:957)
    at org.apache.maven.cli.MavenCli.doMain (MavenCli.java:289)
    at org.apache.maven.cli.MavenCli.main (MavenCli.java:193)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0 (Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke (NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke (DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke (Method.java:498)
    at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.launcher.Launcher.launchEnhanced (Launcher.java:282)
    at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.launcher.Launcher.launch (Launcher.java:225)
    at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.launcher.Launcher.mainWithExitCode (Launcher.java:406)
    at org.codehaus.plexus.classworlds.launcher.Launcher.main (Launcher.java:347)

So in particular: Hotfix branch with name 'hotfix/3.4.0' doesn't exist. Cannot finish hotfix.
I also checked the Maven Site documentation but couldn't find a parameter which could help.
What am I missing? How can this be solved?
Update 1
Same behaviour with gitflow-maven-plugin v1.15.0
Update 2
I tried now to manually rename the branch between hotfix-start and hotfix-finish.
Now I get the following error:
[INFO] --- gitflow-maven-plugin:1.15.0:hotfix-finish (default-cli) @ my-project ---
[INFO] Checking for uncommitted changes.
[INFO] Fetching remote branch 'origin hotfix/3.4.0'.
[WARNING] There were some problems fetching remote branch 'origin hotfix/3.4.0'. You can turn off remote branch fetching by setting the 'fetchRemote' parameter to false.
[INFO] Fetching remote branch 'origin develop'.
[WARNING] There were some problems fetching remote branch 'origin develop'. You can turn off remote branch fetching by setting the 'fetchRemote' parameter to false.
[INFO] Local branch 'master' doesn't exist. Trying to fetch and check it out from 'origin'.
[INFO] Fetching remote branch 'origin master'.
[INFO] Creating a new branch 'master' from 'origin/master' and checking it out.
[INFO] Fetching remote branch 'origin master'.
[INFO] Comparing local branch 'master' with remote 'origin/master'.
[INFO] Checking out 'hotfix/3.4.0' branch.
[INFO] Cleaning and testing the project.
[INFO] Checking out 'master' branch.
[INFO] Merging (--no-ff) 'hotfix/3.4.0' branch.
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD FAILURE
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

So hotfix-finish wants to merge develop and master instead of support/release-3.x
I guess I could set fetchRemote to false and skipMergeDevBranch and skipMergeProdBranch to true, but how can I merge back to the support branch?

A: Solution as provider by aleksandr-m at https://github.com/aleksandr-m/gitflow-maven-plugin/issues/273:
In hotfix-finish use:
-DhotfixVersion=support/release-3.x/3.4.0


text:
Martin Satriano's Agent: "Many Clubs Interested But He's Only Thinking About Inter"
Martin Satriano could remain at Inter next season, with the Uruguayan striker's agent Nick Maytum claiming that he would like to stay as an attacking option in Simone Inzaghi's squad.
Speaking to Italian news outlet Calciomercato.com, the agent stated that the 20-year-old is the subject of interest from a number of clubs, but clarified that the player is only thinking about the Nerazzurri and not any other clubs' interest.
Satriano enjoyed a strong season with the Primavera side last season, and his goal and performance in a recent friendly against Swiss team Lugano has garnered him even more attention.
The young striker has reportedly been the subject of interest from clubs in Italy as well as throughout Europe since the window opened, but his pre-season form has increased the admiration.
However, as the player's agent's words demonstrate, his only priority right now is preparing for next season with the Nerazzurri first team, and he would like to find a role for himself in Inzaghi's team next season:
"Satriano is very happy. He played a great match on Saturday against Lugano. He is very focused, the hard work has paid off and now he just wants to work day by day to be ready for the next match. He will try to improve every day in training, keeping both feet on the ground and working as hard as possible."
Maytum continues: "There are many clubs interested in him. Not only because of Saturday's game, but also for how he played with the Primavera, winning the award for best striker. Now, however, he is focused only on Inter, and training every day. When something potentially concrete arrives we will evaluate the situation, but until then he is only concentrating on his physical form and working to be ready physically and technically."
The agent specifies two clubs reportedly interested in Satriano, namely Serie A team Cagliari and Spanish side Rayo Vallecano, but makes clear that a possible move to either remains some ways away"
"Cagliari and Rayo Vallecano are two great teams, but there is nothing concrete from either at the moment. I think that in August we will know more about his future, because with the Euros and Copa America the market has slowed down a bit."
Maytum's words make clear that there is a possibility that Satriano could depart in the summer, but also that it could be some time before his future is clarified, and that he could stay with the Nerazzurri for next season.
By Toni Weeler


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Return to "Fernco Pow-R Wrap"
Fast and easy, water-activated fibreglass wrap - like a Seal of Steel!
Pow-R Wrap is a strong, permanent and economical repair, which works on virtually every kind of pipe and hose. It's an easy alternative to traditional methods such as cementing, soldering, welding, sleeving and replacement. Works on wet, dry, clean, dirty or corroded pipes. Even works under water...salt or fresh.
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Q. Can the Pow-R Wrap be used on any pipes?
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Sustainability is finally getting the attention it deserves, whether it is for urban development, health, education or tourism. With more and more people getting hooked to traveling almost frequently, it is important to make them aware about sustainable travel and how easy it is to practice.
Since my blog is all about sustainable travel and if you have noticed I leave sustainable travel tips at the end of each post I thought I need to really put down the list of things that will not harm the environment or leave a nasty carbon footprint. Try to check if you travel sustainably. Don't worry if you don't, there are tips to improve.
The first thing when one travels is the mode. Depending upon the destination and distance you decide to use train, bus or flight. In case of flight it's always good to use e-Tickets instead of Paper print outs. Try to book a non-stop flight whenever possible.
Did you know the flight's takeoffs and landings create most of an airplane's carbon emissions? Railways are however the best ways to travel comfortably within a country. They are safe, affordable and give you a good chance to have fun on the run. You can also catch up on that much needed sleep. This is by far the best way of sustainable travel.
The second step of travel is to look for comfortable and affordable stay. Do some research and check up places that are certified eco-lodges or ecotels. The option of home stay or couch surfing is also a wonderful way to know the foreign land in a local way staying with a local family. The interactions you will have with the family eating a local food will carve a beautiful memory of your stay in foreign locale. This helps a local family to earn some money and you save some!
Now that the tickets and accommodation are booked, its time to pack for the vacation. Give a break to yourself from lugging around the heavy bags. Did you know the heavier the luggage, the more fuel needed in the flight? I know it may become difficult to do so while visiting a cold country and posing in same clothes for photographs but one can always be creative to mix and match clothes to make it look different. Also why not try local shampoo and soap rather than carrying it all the way?
It is always good to be informed about the ingredients of your favorite products. Avoid packing and using shampoo, toothpaste and face packs with microbeads. Try using biodegradable organic products and ensure you leave the place clean for future visitors.
In developing counties, the water available at water ports is generally filtered and fit for drinking. In developed countries, tap water is the best choice. Refilling water is now considered cool and saves a lot of money and is environmentally safe.
Don't collect stones, shells or sand. It may be a souvenir for you but when you gift it/share its photo with others you are indirectly implying them to collect when they go. Yes, believe it or not it does leave a little impact. Time to respect the nature!
Let's face it, it saves a ton of money and you can get from one place to another in quarter of the cost if you ride a vehicle or hire a cab. Plus you can catch up some sleep, listen to music or read up a blog while commuting.
Volunteering is the best way to enjoy like a local and earn some money. Not to forget the amazing experience you'll have for the lifetime for helping a community get water tap or roof for their house or biodiversity restoration or teaching kids in remote areas with no school. I personally volunteered for picking waste on a hiking trail on a mountain in India. Read more about it here.
Shopping local products supports local economies which also means encouraging traditional artists and craftsman to continue their creativity. That's a souvenir you must take back home!
In the world when we are so obsessed with checking into every place we visit and snapchatting our journey and sharing what we ate on instagram, we are putting away our loved ones with whom we are traveling. If you're traveling alone and need pictures for the blog/social media put them away till you are back home. Save energy by switching off the devices.
As an Indian, we have this crazy love for plastic – sometimes people shamelessly ask for 2!. We literally wrap everything possible in bags! While traveling refuse to take polybags for shops. Put your shopping stuff in your backpack or eco-friendly bag!
Hotels use huge amounts of electricity to make their property look beautiful. Let's be responsible travelers and turn off the air conditioning, lights and fans on the way out of our room.
This includes monkeys, cows, birds in urban areas (yeah, we have them all in developing countries) yes, in the city. Feeding animals makes them habituated to the food (example: pigeon menace across the world) and they do not put efforts to find food for themselves which nature has designed them to do. Leaving food in zoo, national park or any sanctuary is a strict no-no!
Yes, we understand you want a selfie with the tiger. But don't you take selfie in your new dress, new place, with new car, etc? Leave the damn animal alone when you're in his territory. Respect him enough to only click from distance and not a selfie.
When the PMS has to strike it will strike. It doesn't matter weather you're chasing waterfalls in Iceland or climbing the Himalayas or camping in Rishikesh. Menstrual cups are emerging as the most eco-friendly solution as against disposing tampons or sanitary pads which may take years for decomposition.
Thank god some responsible companies are now producing eco-friendly toiletries. Wooden toothbrush, comb and spoons are the new in thing!
17) Use water instead of tissue paper!