text:
Blastocystis spp. infection in cases of diarrhea: A pilot study from a tertiary care teaching hospital in Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, with a brief review of literature
Sweta Jha, Pratima Gupta, Mohit Bhatia
Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
Date of Submission 13-Aug-2020
Date of Decision 31-Oct-2020
Date of Acceptance 23-Dec-2020
Date of Web Publication 20-Oct-2021
Pratima Gupta
Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand
DOI: 10.4103/tp.TP_90_20
Context: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) are among the most common infections throughout the world. Blastocystis spp. is a mysterious parasite which is commonly encountered in tropical countries. Its pathogenic status is unknown and there is a paucity of literature about this organism from the state of Uttarakhand, India.
Aims: The aim was to estimate the prevalence of Blastocystis spp. in diarrheal stools.
Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from January 2018 to July 2019.
Subjects and Methods: Nonrepetitive stool samples of 187 consecutive patients of diarrhea attending the inpatient department and outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital located in Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, were collected after obtaining informed written consent. These samples were subjected to wet mount microscopy and permanent staining.
Statistical Analysis Used: Fisher's exact test and Kappa coefficient were used in this study.
Results: The mean age ± standard deviation of the patients was 36.04 ± 11.31 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.49:1. The prevalence of IPI was 36.09%. Giardia intestinalis was the most common parasite. Blastocystis spp. was observed in 6.42% of the stool samples, majority of which were obtained from cases of chronic diarrhea. Moderate agreement (0.48) was observed between wet mount microscopy and permanent staining in the identification of Blastocystis spp.
Conclusions: This is the first study to assess the burden and role of different epidemiological and clinical profiles of Blastocystis spp. in Uttarakhand. More studies are required to know its pathogenesis and its role as opportunistic pathogen.
Keywords: Blastocystis spp., intestinal parasitic infections, Uttarakhand
Jha S, Gupta P, Bhatia M. Blastocystis spp. infection in cases of diarrhea: A pilot study from a tertiary care teaching hospital in Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, with a brief review of literature. Trop Parasitol 2021;11:113-21
Jha S, Gupta P, Bhatia M. Blastocystis spp. infection in cases of diarrhea: A pilot study from a tertiary care teaching hospital in Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, with a brief review of literature. Trop Parasitol [serial online] 2021 [cited 2022 Jan 16];11:113-21. Available from: https://www.tropicalparasitology.org/text.asp?2021/11/2/113/328703
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) are among the most common infections throughout the world. It is globally endemic and has been described as constituting the greatest single worldwide cause of illness and disease. This is related to lack of sanitation, unsafe water supply, and lack of health education and therefore they occur wherever there is poverty. The poor people of underdeveloped nations experience a cycle where undernutrition and repeated infections lead to excess morbidity that can continue from generation to generation.[1]
About 3.5 billion people are infected with some kind of intestinal parasite in the world according to the World Health Organization.[2] People of all ages are affected by this cycle of prevalent parasitic infections; however, children are the worst affected. Asia alone accounts for 70% of this burden and India being one of the largest contributors to the global burden with a national population prevalence of 21%.[3]
Some intestinal parasites are pathogenic, such as Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica, and some are nonpathogenic forms, living in the gastrointestinal tract as commensals. Blastocystis species (spp.) is a unicellular, anaerobic protozoan parasite and is one of the most common parasites found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans, animals, and birds spreading widely in the tropical climate areas.[4] The organism was first identified more than 100 years ago by Brittain and Swayne and named by Alexeieff in 1911.[5] It has marked morphologic variability, 5–40 μm lacks cell wall but contains mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and smooth and rough endoplasmic reticula and has been found in different morphological forms vacuolar, granular, amoeboid and cystic.
Based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSUrRNA), Blastocystis has been classified into 17 different subtypes (STs). STs 1–9 and 12 are identified in humans with ST3 being most frequently isolated in various epidemiologic surveys.[6]
The infection is transmitted feco-orally and is associated with poor hygiene practices. Clinical characteristics of the disease are nonspecific; the number of parasites found in stool specimens determines the severity of symptoms and signs of infection. Blastocystis spp. may be associated with asymptomatic carrier state or it may present with diarrhea, nausea, anorexia, abdominal cramps, bloating, flatulence, and fatigue. It is found to be associated with inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS), urticaria, chronic kidney disease, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) also.[7],[8]
In India, data on Blastocystis spp. are very less and derived mainly from direct stool microscopy. Various alternative methods of detection are culture and molecular methods.[9],[10] Although these methods are more time-consuming and costly, they are considered to be more sensitive in detecting Blastocystis spp. but are not commonly used in diagnostic laboratory.[11]
Our main objective was to estimate the prevalence of Blastocystis spp. in cases of diarrhea and its epidemiological profile in Uttarakhand as very few studies are available on this.
The cross-sectional study was conducted in the Parasitology Laboratory of Microbiology at Tertiary Care Institute of Rishikesh. It included 187 consecutive patients of diarrhea attending inpatient department and outpatient department, after taking voluntary, informed written consent. The study was done after taking approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee vide letter number AIIMS/IEC/18/112.
Patients of diarrhea
Age – 1 year and above
Both sexes.
Pregnant females
Children <1 year
Patients on any antibiotics/probiotics
Patients who have taken any antiparasitic drug in the previous 2 weeks.
The overall methodology of the study is depicted in [Figure 1].
Figure 1: Overall methodology of the study
Categorical variables were presented as proportions, whereas continuous variables were presented as mean with standard deviation (SD). Comparison of categorical variables was done by Fisher's exact test. Kappa coefficient was calculated for agreement. All statistical tools were two-tailed and a significant level P < 0.05 was used. All statistical tests were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA).
A total of 187 cases of diarrhea from Uttarakhand and neighboring states were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 36.04 ± 11.31 years (±SD); the most common age group was 31–60 years (48.13%) with a male-to-female ratio of 1.49:1. Most of the diarrheal cases were reported in summers (41.18%) and commonly affected those who used untreated drinking water (71.12%). The cases of diarrhea were classified into acute (92.51%), persistent (2.14%), and chronic (5.35%), out of which majority was acute watery type of diarrhea (86.10%). Pain abdomen was other presenting symptom commonly associated with diarrhea (79.14%). Only 5.35% of cases had comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, IBDs, and carcinoma [Table 1]. No pathogenic bacteria causing diarrhea were isolated on culture.
Table 1: Distribution of Blastocystis spp. prevalence according to clinico- demographic and epidemiological factors
Characteristics of infection with Blastocystis spp.
The prevalence of IPI was 36.90%; G. intestinalis was the predominant parasite, followed by Blastocystis spp. [Table 2].
Table 2: Summary of prevalence of intestinal parasites observed in our study
Blastocystis spp. was found in 6.42% of cases of diarrhea. The mean age of patients was 38.08 ± 15.67(±SD)'; the most common age group was 15–30 years with males being more affected (7.14%). Coinfection was observed in 66.67% (58.33% coinfection with Entamoeba spp. and 8.33% with Ascaris lumbricoides).
Majority of cases of Blastocystis spp. infection were reported in the month of August to October (11.76%) and more in persons using untreated drinking water (7.52%).
Blastocystis spp. was mainly found in cases of chronic diarrhea (30%) and with history of pain abdomen. Comorbidity was found in 27.03% and IBD was the most common (58.33%) [Table 1].
Wet mount microscopy helped us identify only 33.33%; 66.67% were additionally identified by permanent staining methods (trichrome and iron hematoxylin stain). The coefficient of agreement (Kappa) between wet mount and permanent staining was calculated and the value was interpreted as moderate agreement (Kappa coefficient = 0.48) as shown in [Table 3]. The findings of wet mount microscopy and permanent staining are depicted in [Figure 2] and [Figure 3], respectively.
Figure 2: Wet mount microscopic findings of Blastocystis spp. (400×)
Figure 3: Trichrome stained preparation showing Blastocystis spp. (1000×)
Table 3: Agreement analysis between Wet mount microscopy & Permanent staining w.r.t. Blastocystis spp.
IPI are one of the most important social health problems commonly encountered in developing countries, especially India. It is an important public health problem worldwide and is predominantly found in tropics, subtropics, and resource-poor settings, mainly due to poor sanitation, nonavailability of clean drinking water, and inadequate personal hygiene.
IPI is an important cause of morbidity worldwide and mainly affects children. It is usually associated with diarrhea and other intestinal manifestations such as nausea, anorexia, flatulence, and abdominal cramps. It affects nutrition and as a result of morbidity and leads to detrimental effects such as poor cognitive performance and physical growth.[12] Cumulative records of IPI since 2010 from various Indian studies show a prevalence ranging from 6.63% to 62%. G. intestinalis was found to be the most common. Incidentally, Blastocystis spp. is usually not considered pathogenic and is thus not routinely reported by medical parasitologists, which may have led to it being underreported [Table 4].
Table 4: Comparative study of prevalence of IPI in India
In our study, all 187 samples were screened by direct wet mount microscopy, trichrome staining, iron hematoxylin staining, and modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining. The prevalence of IPI was 36.90%; G. intestinalis was the predominant parasite, followed by Blastocystis spp (6.42%). The prevalence of Blastocystis spp. in other Indian studies ranges from 3.00 to 37.63.[11],[13],[14] Padukone et al. from Puducherry screened a total of 279 stool samples and reported Blastocystis spp. in 37.63%.[11] In North India, two studies were conducted on different study population; Yadav et al. in 2014 conducted a study on IPI in transplant patients and found a prevalence of 3%.[13] Das et al. did a case–control study for molecular characterization and subtyping of Blastocystis spp. in IBS patients and found a prevalence of 33.3%.[14] In our study, the prevalence was found to be 6.42%. Although PCR is the most sensitive method, it could not be used in our study due to financial constraints. The diagnostic method used was microscopy only and the sensitivity of microscopy is very low as compared to the culture and molecular method and we could obtain only one sample per patient which can also be a reason for the lower positivity rate.[9],[11],[14]
Differences in the study population, geographical location, methods of detection, and expertise can lead to varied results. Indian studies on IPI including Blastocystis spp. have found it to be one among the top 3 IPI [Table 4], similarly, in our study, we found it to be the second most common IPI in cases of diarrhea.
Internationally, the existing information suggests that this infection is more prevalent in developing countries with prevalence ranging from 6.52% to 100%.[8],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20],[21],[22],[23]
The study found Blastocystis infection to be more prevalent in males and 15–30 years with an overall male-to-female ratio of 2:1. This was in concordance with studies done by Zanetti et al.,[18] Sedhighi et al.,[16] Pipatsatitpong et al.,[24] and Osman et al.[22] Infections in children and adolescents have also been reported.[8],[22]
Mode of transmission
Due to lack of proper animal mode, the life cycle of Blastocystis spp. is not yet fully elucidated. Studies have proved that cysts are the transmissible forms of Blastocystis and are transmitted by the fecal–oral route.[25],[26] Ingestion of contaminated drinking water is a potential risk factor for Blastocystis spp. infection. And our study also showed a higher prevalence of Blastocystis spp. infection in cases using untreated drinking water (83.33%). This finding was similar to studies done by Abdulsalam et al. and Osman et al.[8],[22]
Clinical manifestations of the disease are nonspecific and range from mild, moderate to severe acute, and chronic events. Blastocystis is generally considered noninvasive, but studies on mice inoculated with high doses of Blastocystis have shown a loss of weight in mice and onset of diarrhea.[26],[27],[28] Studies have also demonstrated that Blastocystis can invade the epithelium of rat colon and attack lamina propria, submucosa, and muscle layers, in view of the increased levels of hyaluronidase in the urine of rats infected with Blastocystis[29],[30] Blastocystis spp. can be detected in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.[31] Abdominal pain and diarrhea are the most common symptoms. Other symptoms include nausea, anorexia, bloating, and perianal itching. Blastocystosis is associated with IBS and nonspecific colitis along with chronic IBD.[32],[33]
Several studies suggested that the protist could be a potential pathogen in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients.[20] A recent study indicated that Blastocystis was a common member of the intestinal flora in healthy people, and various STs of the protist could also colonize the gastrointestinal tract resulting in the asymptomatic carriage.[34]
In our study, the prevalence was higher in cases of chronic diarrhea (30%). All cases had a history of pain abdomen. Other presenting symptoms were vomiting, bloating, and fever. Most cases of Blastocystis infection were associated with comorbidities (83.33%), of which IBD was most common (58.33%).
Most of the cases of diarrhea were associated with coinfection of Blastocystis spp. with other IPI, e.g., Entamoeba spp. and we had taken single fecal sample testing which does not make it pathogen. We should have tested two or more samples, which was not feasible due to the cross-sectional type of study and lack of follow-up in patients. Hence, there is absence of evidence of Blastocystis spp. as a definite pathogen. In order to understand the pathogenic potential and association with comorbidities and immune status, further research based on molecular assays is needed.
Laboratory diagnosis
This involves the demonstration of different morphological forms such as vacuolar, granular, ameboid, and cystic using the wet mount method. Studies have shown that each of the vegetative forms can freely transform into other vegetative forms as a random, continuous process occurring in vivo. As a result of this transformation process, a plethora of intermediate forms is usually present in fresh fecal samples. Owing to various undefined appearances, the morphology of these intermediate forms cannot be well characterized and is hence often overlooked and not reported.[35]
For diagnosis of Blastocystis infection to be made, several stool samples (at least 3) are required, more than 5 cysts in the visual field without other parasites.[36]
Stained preparations
Giemsa, Gram, Wright, and Iron hematoxylin can be used. The trichrome stain is a routinely employed stain and studies have shown that it is more sensitive for the detection of intestinal protozoa and Blastocystis spp. than the wet mount.[31] It typically appears 6–40 μ in diameter with a large central body surrounded by up to 6 small nuclei. The central body stains are characteristic red, green, or blue.[37]
Different Xenic and Axenic medias are used for culture, serodiagnosis can be done by ELISA & IFA & molecular methods can also be used for diagnosis.[31],[34],[38],[39] Cultures can be done on various media such as Löwenstein–Jensen medium, Jones' or Boeck-Drbohlav condensed medium under anaerobic conditions. Jones' medium is the medium of choice for studies involving cultures.[38] Axenic cultures demonstrate a rich growth in different media. Axenic cultures of Blastocystis isolates are very important for molecular and biochemical research.[39],[40] In vitro culture increases the sensitivity of detection compared to that of direct microscopy.[11],[31],[41]
Blastocystis infection leads to IgG and IgA responses, as detected by IFA and ELISA tests.[42],[43],[44],[45],[46],[47][48],[49],[50],[51],[52],[53],[54],[55] There is limited knowledge of host immune response to Blastocystis spp. & apparent antigenic diversity of parasite. Hence, serology is not included in routine laboratory diagnosis and limited to epidemiological and serological studies.[31]
Molecular methods
Amplification of Blastocystis DNA obtained from fresh stool samples or culture is convenient for the purpose of epidemiological and screening studies. Genotyping should be included in the analysis as well. The development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for sufficiently sensitive and rapid detection of Blastocystis and the ability to differentiate between the genotypes present in the specimen would be equally useful in screening and epidemiological studies.[5]
In our study, 4/12 (33.33%) were identified by direct wet mount microscopy and 8/12 (66.67%) were additionally identified by permanent staining methods (trichrome and iron hematoxylin stain). This was in agreement with studies done by Karaman et al. and Elghareeb et al. who concluded that trichrome stain is better method for detection of Blastocystis than the direct wet mount.[19],[41]
The limitations of the current study were as follows:
Since this was a cross-sectional study, the etiological role of Blastocystis in causing diarrhea could not be clearly established
Single stool examination may be insufficient to detect IP due to intermittent shedding in feces, hence the prevalence of IPI and Blastocystis spp. may be underestimated
Single observer reporting for different microscopic methods might have led to bias
Lower sensitivity of microscopy compounded by lack of technical expertise might have led to underreporting or overreporting of this protozoan
Due to financial constraints, molecular-based assays could not be used and different STs of Blastocysts could not be identified.
To conclude, this is the first study to assess the burden and role of different epidemiological and clinical profiles of Blastocystis spp. in Uttarakhand. Our study showed Blastocystis spp. as the second most common intestinal parasite causing diarrhea. Blastocystis spp. infection was associated with the use of untreated drinking water. Hence, necessary interventions such as improving the quality of drinking water and awareness program on personal and environmental hygiene are required. Although no conclusions can be derived from this study regarding the causal association of diarrhea and Blastocystis spp., it still helps to understand the prevalence of Blastocystis spp. and other IPIs in Uttarakhand and nearby states, where information on the subject is limited.
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[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]
Jha S
Gupta P
Bhatia M
Blastocystis spp.
intestinal parasitic infections

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The truckload of furniture came to one of these doors and he again watched it as the stuff was carried inside.
One truckload of lumber at 60 per cent moisture may easily contain over 7,000 pounds of ice.
They were American war surplus guns, stolen by the truckload after the war and sold to smugglers like Nast.


text:
Just Add Power Celebrates 30 Years With Open House at New Headquarters
Just Add Power, a leader in AV-over-IP distribution, announced that it will host an open house and facility tour at its headquarters in Seminole, Florida, as part of the company's 30th anniversary celebration. The event will take place Dec. 5, and include a reception for industry leadership, integrators, dealers, distributors, and members of the trade media.
"While we've only moved a few miles up the road, the capabilities our new facility provides for us and our partners are a world apart," said Ed Qualls, CEO at Just Add Power. "Not only do we offer a ton of free training space for our guests to take advantage of, but we've made visiting us in sunny Florida an experience to remember. And for our technical support and engineering teams, the extra space will allow them to better support our customers while continuing to redefine the boundaries of AV-over-IP. We can't wait for our colleagues and customers to look inside and help us celebrate 30 years of doing business."
Running from 5:30-7 p.m. EST, the open house event will welcome Just Add Power dealers, distributors, and manufacturers' representatives who will be joined by CEDIA and other industry staff, press, and Chamber of Commerce members. The celebration will kick off with a short presentation from company leadership, followed by small, staff-led group tours through the facility, and a reception in the facility's multipurpose room.
At 30,000 square feet, the HQ is significantly larger than the company's former Largo, Florida, location. The facility features a massive area for Just Add Power's technical support and engineering teams — about the same size as the entire building the company had occupied previously. It also offers three training spaces to suit various class sizes, including a 24-seat classroom, a 15-seat classroom, and a nine-seat classroom. These spaces will play host to recurring regional CEDIA training events throughout 2023 and beyond, and they will also be available to manufacturing partners at no cost. In addition, the facility features a full-size truck dock, warehouse, and fabrication space, as well as a banquet kitchen and the multi-purpose area where guests can enjoy snacks and drinks.
For Just Add Power's partners, a trip to the new Florida facility will be memorable. Easily reachable from Tampa International Airport and with plenty of parking in a 100-car lot, it is just a short drive from Indian Rocks Beach, where visitors can enjoy white sand beaches and the glittering Gulf of Mexico.
More information is available at www.justaddpower.com.
About Just Add Power
Founded in 1992 by three employees of IBM who were happy to shed their dark suits and red ties, Just Add Power is dedicated to doing tech a little bit differently. Instead of being consigned to the dustbin by planned obsolescence, the company's high-quality AV-over-IP distribution solutions increase in value over time. By offering new devices that are compatible with previous systems and providing free firmware updates when innovations break, Just Add Power respects the end users' investment in their systems. This makes it easy for dealers to engage customers for years of system improvement, while the reliability of the video keeps them coming back for more. Just Add Power is committed to making systems easy to install and easy to use, with industry-renowned training sessions and technical support team giving installers all of the skills and information they need. Whether it's an unlimited matrix of sources and screens, a video wall, or an architectural installation, our revolutionary design philosophy makes it simple to create an AV system that rocks. www.justaddpower.com
*Featured Image Courtesy: Just Add Power


Even as they approach the end of their lives, patients with lung disease face obstacles because they must deal with different parts of the health service who don't seem to work together.
In particular, respiratory specialist services and more general services to help people towards the end of life are usually run separately.
We want to see a breathlessness support service that includes respiratory medicine, end of life care, physiotherapy, and occupational therapy for patients with advanced conditions and breathlessness. There should be joint clinics between specialist palliative services and respiratory teams.
New Cross Hospital in Wolverhampton has had a joint palliative and respiratory clinic since June 2015. Referrals are usually made by the chronic respiratory multi-disciplinary team or after discussion with the respiratory consultant or palliative care consultant. The main objectives are to provide coordinated respiratory and palliative care, and to improve patient understanding about diagnosis and outcomes. These are achieved through joint discussion around the patient's main symptoms and improving understanding of disease and future progression and treatment options.
The clinic has made it possible for patients with end stage respiratory disease to have coordinated and integrated access to palliative care and respiratory services. To date 66 patients have attended the clinic, of whom 30 have subsequently died. Only two of those who died passed away in hospital, which was not their stated choice. The others died at home or in a hospice. Significantly fewer patients reported being anxious or worried about illness and treatment after coming to the joint clinic.
No additional funding was required for the joint clinic as both consultants had clinic time within their job plans.
North Manchester Macmillan Palliative Care Support Service is a partnership between the CCG, the hospital trust, Macmillan and a local hospice. Across a wide geographical area with limited palliative and end of life care services, it aims to enable patients to end their life in the place of their choice.
Key to this has been educating GPs and other frontline staff to be able to identify people approaching the end of life and refer them to the specialist service. The partnership provides training opportunities for health care professionals to do this.
There's a 24/7 helpline for patients and carers so that they can access advice and support whenever they need it which offers a huge amount of reassurance A multi-disciplinary team meets daily to consider the needs of the patients being supported by the service and ensure they are being met.
The service has been successful in identifying patients nearing the end of life and providing them with tailored support. There has been a 90% increase in the number of patients on GP palliative care registers and a reduction in unplanned hospital admissions for patients using the service.
Patient-reported experience of whether they have received joined up, appropriate care to be measured in proposed new patient survey, with a baseline established within one year.
An increase in the number of health care professionals who have completed training in end of life care.
Data need: Data to be collected by Health Education England on the number of health care professionals who have accessed and completed training in palliative and end of life care, with a baseline to be established within one year.


There have been many contributions that have helped mold Psychology into what it is today. It is important to consider its' history and much like many other topics, how it has affected what we know today.
Operant conditioning is a method of learning where the behavior exhibited is affected and controlled by possible consequences or praise. In contrast, Classical Conditioning refers to the method of learning in which biologically potent stimuli are paired with a previously learned neutral stimulus.


This series of limericks first appeared in a June 14, 1924 edition of a Nantucket newspaper. It all began when the Princeton Tiger revived the then well-known limerick printed first below and the Chicago Tribune answered with the second limerick. The New York Exchange went one step further with the third rhyme, and the Pawtucket Times took over from there.
About thirty years ago, Yesterday's Island began to encourage readers to continue the saga. Because of reader demands, we again issue the challenge our readers to write their own "chapters." (Only rhymes in the form of limericks will be accepted. Limericks should have five lines that follow the rhythm in the examples below.) Send the limericks to us at P.O. Box 626, Nantucket, MA 02554, or email your limerick.
So her heart then took a new tilt.
And to fall for that awful man's guile.
And the father lets go of regret.
She'd ever again fall off track.
And soon become that man's bride.
As long as one's back on Nantucket.
But as for her plan, Martha's Vineyard.
The envy of ev'ry Cape Codder!
Her tastes were so fancy.
Her folks called her Nancy.
And all that she wanted, they bought her.
To the bucket he carried around.
Had formed a line- patiently waiting.
The family moved to Nantucket….
He needed the bucket for quahogs.
And the chowder left everyone agog.
(Unless you've invaded their bed).
Well, Nan settled down in Assonet.
But that leaves a question now, don't it?
full of cash on Nantucket?
I'd say you can bet your Assonet!
With him were real cruel; you can't duck it.
He sent Nan home, with a plan, to Nantucket.
If it's money you need, I don't lack it.
Pa found Nan dealing in Wheeling.
Pa said, I don't have that bucket, Nantucket.
In search of the infamous bucket.
With the help of her hound.
And as for the bucket Nantucket.
Grabbed the bucket and ran, don't Juneau.
Why all the fuss 'bout this bucket?
When he sells, all that cash he'll just truck it!
Cash flows through my bucket, a sieve.
I'll have nothing but love left to give.
And I fell for that man from Nantucket.
And as for their fortune, Dantucket.
Poor old Nan and the man in Alaska.
In a handwoven Nantucket Basket.
who liked to dump waste in a bucket.
how far off will this go from Nantucket?


text:
Als Serbische Trochäen wird ein zäsur- und reimloser trochäischer Fünfheber bezeichnet, wobei einzelne Trochäen auch durch Spondeen ersetzt werden können. Die Bezeichnung geht auf den katalektischen Zehnsilbler der serbischen Volksdichtung, insbesondere der serbischen Heldenlieder, zurück und wurde durch deren Nachbildung mit trochäischen Fünfhebern durch Johann Gottfried Herder in die deutsche Dichtung eingeführt. In der Folge finden sich Beispiele vor allem in (historischen) Balladen bei Gottfried August Bürger, Johann Wolfgang Goethe (Klaggesang von der edlen Frauen des Asan Aga, Die Braut von Korinth), Friedrich Rückert, August von Platen (Abbasiden), Emanuel Geibel, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Gottfried Keller, Detlev von Liliencron, Agnes Miegel (Herzog Samo), Josef Weinheber (Der Trochäus) und Max Mell (Die Schönwetterhexe).

Als Beispiel aus Platens Versepos Die Abbasiden die ersten Verse:

Tausend Zelten waren aufgeschlagen
Durch's Gefilde vor den Thoren Bagdads,
Um das Fest des neuen Jahrs zu feiern:
Auf dem Throne saß der große Harun
Als Kalif mit allen Würdezeichen,
Rings im Cirkel seine Kronbeamten […]

Literatur
 Alfred Behrmann: Einführung in den neueren deutschen Vers. Von Luther bis zur Gegenwart. Metzler, Stuttgart 1990.
 Otto Knörrich: Lexikon lyrischer Formen (= Kröners Taschenausgabe. Band 479). 2., überarbeitete Auflage. Kröner, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-520-47902-8, S. 204f.
 Otto Paul, Ingeborg Glier: Deutsche Metrik. 9. Auflage. Hueber, München 1974, S. 150.
 Gero von Wilpert: Sachwörterbuch der Literatur. 8. Auflage. Kröner, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-520-84601-3, S. 853.

Einzelnachweise

Vers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A few years ago, one of our modern buildings was not being built in accordance with proper specifications so one of the floors collapsed. That incident filled the newspapers around here for days. How fortunate it was that this happened before the structure was completed.
There are certain codes and specifications that are legislated which must be followed. Plans must be approved. Engineers must check plans and blue prints. During the course of construction, inspectors must check the job. These statutes are established for the protection and the welfare of the community. We don't want less than a certain number of feet between houses or buildings to be too high or eyesores and certainly we don't want them built so that they become a danger to those who occupy them.
St. Paul speaks of methods of building, but not about a physical building constructed by hands. (I Corinthians 5:9-17) He is talking about us, our life and how this "temple of the Holy Spirit, must be built on a firm and godly foundation, withstanding every test of fire, storm and earthquake . . .
"For the foundation nobody can lay any other than the one which has already been laid, that is Jesus Christ" . . . Not Bahai . . . not Krishna . . . Not the exotic eastern religions . . . Not philosophy . . . Not Yoga . . . Only on Jesus Christ can this temple be built! Without Hun your building is set on shifting sand. St. Paul goes on to say, "On this foundation, you can build in gold, silver and jewels, or in wood, grass and straw, but whatever the material the work of each builder is going to be clearly revealed when the day comes. That day will begin with fire". Just as every combustible thing in an earthly Church building can be eaten up by fire so will all in our life's temple which is sinful be consumed by the fire of the Holy Spirit.
What are the gold, the silver and the jewels, the materials St. Paul describes but the use we make of the gifts which God gives to us. If God gives us gold and we build with straw, then we have cheated God. If He gives us jewels and we build with sand then we have defrauded God. God gives us precious talents. If we do not use them to His glory, to witness to His Holy Name, then we have built our spiritual building in violation of His "Code and Specifications".
There are some of us to whom He gives only wood or straw. The wood we cure by prayer and piety. We age it and clean it with loyalty. We shape it as straight as we can and bolt it together with pegs of integrity and we make it as strong a temple as we know how. His gift of straw mix with the mud of humility. We mold the mixture into blocks which we set in God's sunlight to dry. Then we put them into a fire of faith to bake into strong bricks for our building.
The straw is the talent that God has given to us. But the mud and baking of the bricks are the utilization of our own initiative. That initiative is in the exercise of our choice of a life of prayer, holiness and of good works, the visitation of the sick and comforting of the bereaved, the feeding of the poor, the support of the weak and ministering to prisoners.
My beloved, God is gentle and loving, and we are surely saved by grace. "Not of anything that we should do lest any should boast." (Ephesians 2:8-10) And yet Paul makes it clear that there are some requirements for salvation that are dependent upon us. If we do not fulfill them and are still to be saved, it will only be after having gone through some spiritual form of fire, of being purged of that false building that we raised in violation of the "Specs" that God laid down for us.
We are moving toward eternity, rapidly to the time when we will be required to show that we have become what He commands . . . builders of the temple of the Holy Spirit, "because the Temple of God is sacred and You are that temple".


text:
class Module {
    public members: Class[];
}

class Namespace {
    public members: (Class | Property)[];
}

class Class {
    public parent: Namespace;
}

class Property {
    public parent: Module | Class;
}

var t: Class | Property;
t.parent;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Killed this day in 1459 at the Battle of Blore Heath, James Tuchet, Baron Audley who was hacked to death at the hand of Roger Kynaston, who, it has been said, sought out Audley on the battlefield.
The place where Audley met his end is marked by a stone cross.
In the 13th century, the Audley family appear in my maternal family history with another James Audley.
James Audley had as his mistress my ancestor Alice Mohun, by whom he had a son, he also he had five sons and a daughter with his wife before falling from a horse and breaking his neck.
Audley's four son's followed him to the grave in quick succession and by 1299 his estates and that of his maternal great grandmother Ela Longspree, Countess of Salisbury, passed to Nicholas, the ancestor of John Tuchet of Blore Heath fame. Part of the Audley estate passed to his youngest son Hugh Audley, who was born in 1267. The Audley bloodline continued through Hugh's son and heir, also Hugh, through to the Stafford family who would later become the Dukes of Buckingham - Henry Stafford the treacherous leader of the rebellion against Richard III. Also, the Audley bloodline runs through his daughter Alice who married Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville of Raby and this makes Hugh the 4x great grandfather of Richard Neville, famously known as the Kingmaker, the 3x great grandfather of Cecily Neville and the 4th great grandfather of Richard III, Edward IV and George, Duke of Clarence.
What a tangled web we (well the Audley's at least) weave!
In the first image, you can see a painting called Audley's Charge by Robert Sim and in the second what is traditionally thought to be the effigy of Hugh Audley (1267) although it now appears that the clothing worn by Audley and his wife is from a later date.
Micklegate Bar
This is a print of an engraving by John Raffe of Micklegate Bar in York from a painting by English artist William Westall.
Westall is most famous for the work he produced in Australia. In 1800 he was asked by Joseph Banks to serve as a landscape and figure painter aboard HMS Investigator, under Lincolnshire born Matthew Flinders. By 1829 Westall was back in England working for publisher Rudolf Ackermann. Westall's illustrations were used in educational publications and he also produced over a hundred drawing for Great Britain Illustrated from where I believe this print originates.
I will be definitely keeping it and having it framed despite the fact it was the place where Richard Duke of York's head was placed following the Battle of Wakefield.
Davy Jones Locker
The expression to visit Davy Jones's locker means to be drowned at sea.
The character of Davy Jones was portrayed by Bill Nighy in the films Dead Man's Chest and At World's End that formed part of the Pirates of the Caribbean series. Nighy's character is based on the tale of Davy Jones - no one knows who he is exactly. The use of this phrase has been around since the 18th century first appearing in a novel by Daniel Defoe's that was published in 1726 and again in 1751 when Scottish poet Tobias Smollet wrote that
"Davy Jones, according to the mythology of sailors, is the fiend that presides over all the evil spirits of the deep, and is seen in various shapes, perching among the rigging on the eve of hurricanes, shipwrecks, and other disasters, to which a seafaring life is exposed; warning the devoted wretch of death and woe'.
Naturally, Davy Jones's Locker is a subject that has inspired artists. William Lionel Wyllie went to great lengths to add realism to his gorgeous painting, of this the Times wrote in 1890:
'Mr Wyllie has for once left the surface of the sea in his fantastic picture called 'Davy Jones's Locker' a picture which he has boldly and literally gone to the bottom to paint. We believe that we are accurate in saying that the observations for this curious work were taken from a glazed diving-bell and that the seaweed, the stones, the anemonies strewn about "the deeps untrampled floor"
Wyllie's Davy Jones Locker was on show at the Royal Academy in 1890
Marriage of Katherine Willoughby and Charles Brandon
On the 7th September in 1533 Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk married his fourth wife, Katherine Willoughby.
Katherine was said to have been witty and somewhat fiery and certainly an interesting character. As a wife, she followed behind three other women in Brandon's life, Margaret Neville and Margaret's niece Anne Browne who was my ancestor who he had married in secret in 1508 and who he previously abandoned to marry the aforementioned Margaret Neville, a wealthy widow. That marriage was declared null and void, on the grounds of Brandon's pre-contract with Anne.
The third and more well known is, of course, is Henry VIII's sister Mary.
Medieval Tithes
A lovely illustration of labourers tithing grain, livestock and other produce to a priest along with some photographs of my own of the wonderfully preserved tithe barn in the village of Lacock.
In the 13th century Lords were starting to provide their manor with small chapels, or field churches, so those under them could benefit from the services of a priest, in return each member of the village would pay one-tenth of their yearly profits, a tithe, with commodities such as hay, grain, wool or wine, all of which would be held in a tithe barn.
You can read about the subject of tithes in the context of pre conquest Devon on my website at
meanderingthroughtime.weebly.com/meavy-pre-conquest.html


POWR / ZAR combination is one of the most popular virtual currency pair in the cryptocurrency world. Get all information on the Power Ledger to South African Rand Exchange Rate including Charts, News and Realtime Price.
In this page, you will get detailed information about POWR/ZAR currency pair. Such as live quotes / prices and real-time Daily, Weekly, Monthly, 3 months, Yearly and historical POWR to ZAR chart.


text:
Lawmakers back bipartisan border measure to extend Title 42
'Special Report' panel weighs in on the ongoing border crisis as the Biden administration plans to end Title 42 in May.
A senior Department of Homeland Security official is predicting the number of migrant encounters at the southern border will decrease once the Biden administration lifts the Title 42 public health order later this month, despite broader predictions of a massive migrant surge in the months ahead.
Blas Nunez-Neto, acting assistant secretary for border and immigration policy, was quizzed by Sen. Josh Hawley, R-Mo., at a Senate Homeland Security Committee hearing about a halt to Title 42. The order has been used since March 2020 to expel a majority of migrants at the southern border due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
FLORIDA ICE OFFICES SEE MASSIVE LINES, PROCESSING DELAYS AS HUNDREDS OF MIGRANTS WAIT FOR CHECK-INS
"Title 42 has had a really interesting effect on migration, in that, because of the number of repeat border crossers we see, it has actually inflated our numbers at the border," Nunez-Neto said.
He said that data show that Title 42 had prompted an increase in migration, particularly from Mexico, due to the lack of consequences migrants face for attempting to enter the U.S. while the order is in effect.
Sen. Josh Hawley, R-Mo., speaks at the Conservative Political Action Conference Feb. 24, 2022, in Orlando, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux)
"So eliminating it will then, you think, decrease the amount of illegal immigration?" Hawley asked.
Nunez-Neto claimed that as the Biden administration shifts to expedited removal instead of Title 42 there will be a drop in encounters at the border. Expedited removal is a process used to deport recent migrants unless they claim asylum and pass a screening.
"I think, over time, once we start reimposing significant immigration consequences on people at the border through our use of expedited removal, particularly for single adults and particularly for those from Mexico, you are going to see a decrease," Nunez-Neto said. The exchange was first noted by The Washington Post.
Hawley was not convinced.
"That is news, ladies and gentlemen," Hawley marveled. "You still clearly want to rescind Title 42, and you think that rescinding it will decrease illegal immigration at the border."
The statement marks a shift in tone from the administration, which has been stressing how it is planning to deal with a surge in migration. It has said it is planning for up to 18,000 migrant encounters a day once the order halts. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has also said it expects arrivals to potentially triple.
A migrant family sits after being processed May 5, 2022, in Roma, Texas. (Brandon Bell/Getty Images)
However, officials and some immigration experts have said for months that once Title 42 ends there may be a dip in the number of encounters due to a decrease in repeat attempts at entry. Migrants who are expelled due to Title 42 face no punishment for attempting to cross the border, so many will make multiple attempts. As a result, that inflates the number of border encounters each month.
Customs and Border Protection said that of 221,303 migrant encounters in March, only 159,900 were "unique" encounters. Of the 221,303, 28% had at least one prior encounter in the past 12 months, compared to a recidivism rate of 14% between FY 2014-2019.
ICE PREPARING FOR 'HISTORIC BORDER SURGE,' SAYS MIGRANT ARRIVALS COULD TRIPLE
That has led to some speculation that when Title 42 drops the overall number of encounters could drop — even if the number of individual migrants coming to the border increases.
Republicans and some Democrats have been urging the Biden administration to reverse course on ending Title 42, warning that it will not only encourage more migrants to flood to the border but will lead to a significantly higher number being released into the country.
The Biden administration has said Title 42 is a public health order and not an immigration order and has called on Congress to pass immigration reforms instead. Democrats introduced an administration-backed bill last year that included a massive amnesty for millions of illegal immigrants, but it failed due to a lack of any Republican support.
A number of Democrats have signed onto a bill that would stop the Biden administration from ending the order until 60 days after the Centers for Disease Control has ended its public health emergency for COVID-19 and has an adequate plan in place.
Meanwhile, 21 Republican states have sued to block a halt to the order. A hearing on the case is scheduled for next week.
Adam Shaw Fox News


Certified. 2019 Acura TLX 3.5L V6 CARFAX One-Owner. MOONROOF, PASSED INSPECTION, *BACK UP CAMERA*, Fresh Oil Change!, HEATED SEATS, **BLUETOOTH**, BUY WITH CONFIDENCE: 24-Hour Roadside Assistance, Additional 1-year/12,000-mile Non-Powertrain Warr. Odometer is 5051 miles below market average! 20/31 City/Highway MPG Vehicle Location: 56-02 Northern Blvd Woodside, NY 11377 Fast, Simple, and Friendly!


text:
The Division 2 players are having trouble finding signature weapon ammo after the latest patch
By Heather Wald published 7 April 19
Ubisoft is currently looking into the issue
A few days ago the latest Title Update 2 patch landed for The Division 2 which included plenty of bug fixes and some additional content, but since then players have noticed a significant drop in the amount of ammo they're able to find for their signature weapons.
On the Division's subreddit page (via PCGamesN), players have been expressing their frustrations over the lack of ammo they're able to find after hours of play time. Many players have said they've gone through entire strongholds with very few - if any - ammo drops.
SdBoka started the thread just a day ago explaining that they were having difficulty getting their hands on any ammo: "Ever since the patch today, there doesn't seem to be ANY special ammo dropping from anything. Even if you kill with explosive, or headshot or status effect."
Since the thread was posted, hundreds of players have chimed in to say they're experiencing the exact same issue.
"I had 2 rounds drop, but that was it for the entire stronghold. I thought that was rather odd", Reddit user Prank_Owl wrote.
Several players have also said much the same thing on Twitter, with many saying they've been unable to find any specialist ammo at all.
Thanks for letting us know. The team is investigating!April 6, 2019
Ubisoft has replied to numerous Tweets inquiring about the drop rate, and have since said the issue is under investigation.
Be sure to check our Division 2 tips to be the best agent you can be!
Heather Wald
I started out writing for the games section of a student-run website as an undergrad, and continued to write about games in my free time during retail and temp jobs for a number of years. Eventually, I earned an MA in magazine journalism at Cardiff University, and soon after got my first official role in the industry as a content editor for Stuff magazine. After writing about all things tech and games-related, I then did a brief stint as a freelancer before I landed my role as a staff writer here at GamesRadar+. Now I get to write features, previews, and reviews, and when I'm not doing that, you can usually find me lost in any one of the Dragon Age or Mass Effect games, tucking into another delightful indie, or drinking far too much tea for my own good.
Xbox Series X review – One Year On
Rainbow Six Extraction review – "A solid shooter held back by its source material"
The Book of Boba Fett episode 4 review: "Flashback fan service"
Book of Boba Fett episode 3 review: "An unfulfilling entry in the Star Wars series"
Board games for adults - here are the ones you need in you need in 2022
The best graphics cards for gaming 2022
The cheapest Nintendo Switch Lite bundles, prices, and deals in January 2022


text:
SurfControl E-mail Filter
SC Staff March 23, 2004
This product provides a content-filtering SMTP gateway on the Windows 2000/2003 Server operating system. It can share a server with other applications, but a dedicated server is recommended. It is available as a plug-in for Microsoft Exchange 5.5 and 2000, which can then police internal emails. It has open relay protection.
Anti-virus is provided by SurfControl's Anti-Virus Agent engine, powered by McAfee's software. Other third-party anti-virus scanners may be configured to work with the E-mail Filter rules.
Anti-spam facilities use SurfControl's AntiSpam Agent, which scans messages using a database of spam mail content. Automated updating of this database from SurfControl's website may be configured in the Scheduler. There are other content-filtering features, including html stripping to remove potentially dangerous html scripts and an image analyzer to detect pornographic images. Attachments may be removed according to file type and encrypted content can be blocked.
LexiMatch is a lexical analysis component that is highly configurable to search for specific types of message content using Boolean operators and includes the ability to detect selected words in proximity to each other (the proximity distance is user-definable). This can be used to customize the spam filtering or to identify messages containing proprietary data. There is also another tool aimed at "learning" what a company regards as confidential or proprietary. Other "inappropriate" content may be blocked selectively by category. Disclaimers, footers and banners might be enforced on outgoing mail.
Realtime blackhole lists (RBLs) and reverse DNS lookup are supported to block spam. The rules-based filtering system is granular, and supports time and bandwidth restrictions plus your own white/ blacklists. You can create and enforce a policy by editing the rules.
Installation is easy and relatively intuitive with drag and drop. It would benefit from a rules wizard to ensure that new administrators don't miss anything during the process of initial configuration. Traffic monitoring and reporting are good, with secure remote management being supported.
Name: SurfControl E-mail Filter (Mail Security group test) Description: Price: $18 per user based on 500 users
: Highly configurable and customizable with a very granular approach to content policies.
: No rules configuration wizard.
: A good comprehensive email content-filtering solution that is particularly effective at dealing with spam and viruses.
Logjam: Log4j exploit attempts continue in globally distributed scans, attacks
Sponsored by Sophos January 14, 2022
China and Russia, Kinsing miner botnet dominate sources of exploit attempts.
AWS Glue misconfiguration potentially exposes account data to other customers
Orca Security researchers say Amazon Web Services mitigated the misconfiguration issue within a few days after notification.


text:
Q: Duplicate single row to an exiting dataframe I want to make a copy of one specific row (S1,V105) in dataframe and add it below the original one in the same but copied dataframe. Dataframe looks like this:
df1
    Session Subject
    S1      V105
    S2      V105

Result would look like this:
df2 = df1.copy()
    df2
        Session Subject
        S1      V105
        S1      V105
        S2      V105

What would be

A: You can copy the row, add 0.5 to the copy's index, then append the copy to the dataframe, sort and reset the indices, like so:
row_copy = df2.iloc[[row_index]]
row_copy.rename(index={row_index: row_index + 0.5}, inplace=True)
df2 = df2.append(row_copy, ignore_index=False)
df2.sort_index().reset_index(drop=True)

Alternatively, you can split your dataframe in two and use concat to insert the duplicate row:
line = df2.iloc[[row_index]]
df2 = concat([df.iloc[:row_index], line, df.iloc[row_index:]]).reset_index(drop=True)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
from django.db import models

# Local Django
from . import Prescription
from user import constants

class NoPatientPrescription(Prescription):
    """
    Prescription model especialization with no ForeignKey Patient association.
    """
    patient = models.CharField(blank=False, null=False, max_length=constants.NAME_MAX_LENGHT)


Maybe you have noticed but I am a little slow with e-mail these days. That is because I think I have Gestational ADD making it hard for me to concentrate on anything other than not puking.
For the record, I haven't typed the word nausea correct once. Mozilla Firefox on-line spell checker fixes it for me every time. Anther word that it corrected for me? Fettuccine.
So anyway, every once in awhile I do this thing called RAD which is my neighbor Emily's (I love to say that) term for Reader Appreciation Day. How it works, see, is that I respond to everyone's comment to show that I appreciate every single ding dong dang comment that I receive (except rude ones or ones that are pornographic in any nature, or rude and pornographic comments. Perverts.) But it is true, most of the time the comments I get--from you folks--are far more clever than my post. Sometimes so clever that my feelings get hurt. Just a little.
And did I tell you that Chup had to have emergency oral surgery today wherein his tooth was extracted? Chup has one less tooth tonight as well as a very firm prescription for Lortab! He was so brave today that I let him have two Lortabs and bought him Halo 3. Right now he is in front of the TV, with the controller in his hand, eyes all glazed, gauzed mouth, ab-so-lute-ly drooling (foaming?) I will tell you what, it is the cutest thing ever!
Oh yes, RAD. I'd love to respond up until Friday at midnight MST. And before you ask about my banner because you are a little sick of seeing me in my patriot get-up, please know that I am working with an acclaimed designer who has a deadline of October First in this fine Seventh year of Century Two-Thousand (reminding, reminding.) Also note that your disturbance might be because you, mine fine sir, have problems with your patriotism and you should see a shrink. Whatever a shrink is, I don't really know.
Also scroll down for fairy cakes!


Digital Dimmer Memory with 120 - 320 channels.
The DDM evolved from the push button version of IDM (known as IDM/R for rocker switch).
It was the first memory control with a computer behind it - in this case it was the PDP11 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). (The PDP11 was also later used on Lightboard, for the National Theatre in London).
The system was developed for and first installed in the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1971.
Over the years, the three versions of DDM were installed in eighteen major theatres and opera houses including Teatro Alla Scala, Milan; Operhaus, Hannover; Hancher Auditorium, Iowa City and the Festival Theatre, Adelaide.
The twelfth DDM was installed in the Deutsches Theater, Goettingen around early 1978.
The desk initially used 3-position rocker switches which were later replaced by pushbuttons, with internal lamp displays to each channel for setting and modification of recalled memory.
The DDM was replaced by the Galaxy in 1980.
Based on software for a standard mini-computer which allows any degree of sophistication to be programmed in, or indeed re-programmed if future artistic styles demand different facilities from the lighting control. A system such as Rank Strand's DDM although capable of being operated simply is offered on the assumption that lighting will become more and more sophisticated and that the operator will ultimately use every facility to the full. Fade within fade facilities, instant modification of the intensity level of any control channel without the need to match the existing level, and a magnetic tape repertoire store in addition to the instant access ferrite-core store are all standard features of DDM.
Fred Bentham at the Stratford DDM desk.