Scottish and Irish folk quartet Folky MacFolkFace play live at the Mackintosh Club in Helensburgh's Sinclair Street this Friday, March 23.
The group features Dougie Torrance (guitar and vocals), Eabhnat Ni Laigin on fiddle and vocals, Jackie Mullen (mandolin, guitar and vocals) and Nick Watson (accordion and vocals).
Tickets (£10, including a glass of fizz) available from EventBrite or the venue. Doors open at 4pm and the band's set begins at 5pm.


AHS enables significant gains in productivity, utilization of availability, and reduction in costs. Automate new or existing fleet assets of any make or model without locking your operation into a single source for vehicles.
Increase safety by removing operators from harms way. Reduce damage by precision control and improved driving characteristics.
Eliminating the need to stop equipment for breaks and shift changes, which increases the utilization of each vehicle.
Machine control on vehicles squeezes productivity gains from various sources including more efficient spotting, driving behaviors, and real-time information flows.
By controlling multiple vehicles in a single control room, and managing vehicle operations in a consistent manner, mine operations can realize a significant reduction in labor, fuel and maintenance costs.
Autonomous haulage allows for programmable operation of vehicles within OEM operating parameters. By better tracking and controlling vehicle operations within prescribed limits, asset life can be extended, including areas such as tires, brakes, and other components.
Regulations imposed for human operations restrict flexibility in mine design. By removing humans from the mine, operators have increased freedom to alter mine designs in areas such as road widths or wall heights which can greatly reduce overburden removal costs.
The Mobius Haulage A.I. leverages advanced multi-vehicle command and control software to set up and manage a coordinated system of haul trucks and excavators. The Mobius Haulage A.I. keeps all trucks consistently tasked, queues waiting vehicles, and regulates the haul cycle in the most efficient way possible.
As each vehicle completes a task, it receives a new command from the Mobius Haulage A.I., maintaining an efficient, automated haulage system.


Get ready to learn about space and the stars at Rose Center for Earth and Space. With a newly redesigned aesthetic and revamped exhibits, the venue provides an appealing educational experience to children and adults alike. Go through the museum to learn about various stars, explore the science behind astronomy, and inspect numerous photographs. Afterwards, sit down to watch one of their informative shows, which change regularly (check the website to see what's on). Put Rose Center for Earth and Space into our New York City trip builder app to see other points of interest to visit during your vacation in New York City.
one the most amazing experince i had in my life .... i felt like a 5 years old kid !
If you love astronomy and are in NYC, do drop by. The show (Dark Universe) was thrilling. Good for half a day.


Brand-new RPG from GUST Studios!
A clear summer sky spreads over the Hoshinomiya Girls' High School.
The magical sisters Yuzu and Lime bestowed to her a special power to become a 'Reflector'.
BLUE REFLECTION ©2017 KOEI TECMO GAMES CO., LTD. Published by KOEI TECMO AMERICA CORP. Developed by GUST.


text:
Q: Renaming columns recursively in a nested structure in Spark I am trying to replace certain characters in all the columns of my DataFrame which has lot of nested Struct Types.
I tried to process the schema fields recursively and for some reason it is only renaming the fields at the top level even through it is reaching the leaf nodes.
I am trying replace the : char in the column name with _
Here is the scala code I have writte:
class UpdateSchema {

  val logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(classOf[UpdateSchema])

  Logger.getLogger("org").setLevel(Level.OFF)

  Logger.getLogger("akka").setLevel(Level.OFF)

  val sparkSession = SparkLauncher.spark

  import sparkSession.implicits._

  def updateSchema(filePath:String):Boolean ={
    logger.info(".updateSchema() : filePath ={}",filePath);
    logger.info(".updateSchema() : sparkSession ={}",sparkSession);
    if(sparkSession!=null){
      var xmlDF = sparkSession
                  .read
                  .format("com.databricks.spark.xml")
                  .option("rowTag","ns:fltdMessage")
                  .option("inferschema","true")
                  .option("attributePrefix","attr_")
                  .load(filePath)
                  .toDF()

      xmlDF.printSchema()
      val updatedDF = renameDataFrameColumns(xmlDF.toDF())
      updatedDF.printSchema()
    }
    else
      logger.info(".updateSchema(): Spark Session is NULL !!!");
    false;
  }

    def replaceSpecialChars(str:String):String ={
          val newColumn:String =  str.replaceAll(":", "_")
          //logger.info(".replaceSpecialChars() : Old Column Name =["+str+"] New Column Name =["+newColumn+"]")
          return newColumn
      }

      def renameColumn(df:DataFrame,colName:String,prefix:String):DataFrame ={
        val newColuName:String = replaceSpecialChars(colName)
        logger.info(".renameColumn(): prefix=["+prefix+"] colName=["+colName+"] New Column Name=["+newColuName+"]")
        if(prefix.equals("")){
          if(df.col(colName)!=null){
            return df.withColumnRenamed(colName, replaceSpecialChars(colName))
          }
          else{
            logger.error(".logSchema() : Column ["+prefix+"."+colName+"] Not found in DataFrame !! ")
            logger.info("Prefix ="+prefix+" Existing Columns =["+df.columns.mkString("),(")+"]")
            throw new Exception("Unable to find Column ["+prefix+"."+colName+"]")
          }
        }
        else{
          if(df.col(prefix+"."+colName)!=null){
            return df.withColumnRenamed(prefix+"."+colName, prefix+"."+replaceSpecialChars(colName))
          }
          else{
            logger.error(".logSchema() : Column ["+prefix+"."+colName+"] Not found in DataFrame !! ")
            logger.info("Prefix ="+prefix+" Existing Columns =["+df.columns.mkString("),(")+"]")
            throw new Exception("Unable to find Column ["+prefix+"."+colName+"]")
          }
        }
      }

      def getStructType(schema:StructType,fieldName:String):StructType = {
        schema.fields.foreach(field => {
              field.dataType match{
                case st:StructType => {
                  logger.info(".getStructType(): Current Field Name =["+field.name.toString()+"] Checking for =["+fieldName+"]")
                  if(field.name.toString().equals(fieldName)){
                    return field.dataType.asInstanceOf[StructType]
                  }
                  else{
                    getStructType(st,fieldName)
                  }
                }
                case _ =>{
                  logger.info(".getStructType(): Non Struct Type. Ignoring Filed=["+field.name.toString()+"]");
                }
              }
          })
          throw new Exception("Unable to find Struct Type for filed Name["+fieldName+"]")
      }

      def processSchema(df:DataFrame,schema:StructType,prefix:String):DataFrame ={
        var updatedDF:DataFrame =df
        schema.fields.foreach(field =>{
          field.dataType match {
            case st:StructType => {
                logger.info(".processSchema() : Struct Type =["+st+"]");
                logger.info(".processSchema() : Field Data Type =["+field.dataType+"]");
                logger.info(".processSchema() : Renaming the Struct Field =["+field.name.toString()+"] st=["+st.fieldNames.mkString(",")+"]")
                updatedDF = renameColumn(updatedDF,field.name.toString(),prefix)
                logger.info(".processSchema() : Column List after Rename =["+updatedDF.columns.mkString(",")+"]")
               // updatedDF.schema.fields.foldLeft(z)(op)
                val renamedCol:String = replaceSpecialChars(field.name.toString())
                var fieldType:DataType = null;
                //if(prefix.equals(""))
                fieldType = schema.fields.find(f =>{ (f.name.toString().equals(field.name.toString()))}).get.dataType

                if(prefix.trim().equals("")
                    //&& fieldType.isInstanceOf[StructType]
                    ){
                  updatedDF = processSchema(updatedDF,
                      getStructType(updatedDF.schema,renamedCol),
                      replaceSpecialChars(field.name.toString()))
                }
                else{
                  updatedDF = processSchema(updatedDF,
                      getStructType(updatedDF.schema,renamedCol),
                      prefix+"."+replaceSpecialChars(field.name.toString()))
                }
              }
            case _ => {
              updatedDF = renameColumn(updatedDF,field.name.toString(),prefix)
            }
          }
        })
        //updatedDF.printSchema()

        return updatedDF
      }

      def renameDataFrameColumns(df:DataFrame):DataFrame ={
        val schema = df.schema;
        return processSchema(df,schema,"")
      }
}

A: Here's a recursive method that revise a DataFrame schema by renaming via replaceAll any columns whose name consists of a substring to be replaced:
import org.apache.spark.sql.functions._
import org.apache.spark.sql.types._

def renameAllColumns(schema: StructType, from: String, to: String): StructType = {
  def recurRename(schema: StructType, from: String, to:String): Seq[StructField] =
    schema.fields.map{
      case StructField(name, dtype: StructType, nullable, meta) =>
        StructField(name.replaceAll(from, to), StructType(recurRename(dtype, from, to)), nullable, meta)
      case StructField(name, dtype: ArrayType, nullable, meta) => dtype.elementType match {
          case struct: StructType => StructField(name.replaceAll(from, to), ArrayType(StructType(recurRename(struct, from, to)), true), nullable, meta)
          case other => StructField(name.replaceAll(from, to), other, nullable, meta)
        }
      case StructField(name, dtype, nullable, meta) =>
        StructField(name.replaceAll(from, to), dtype, nullable, meta)
    }

  StructType(recurRename(schema, from, to))
}

Testing the method on a sample DataFrame with a nested structure:
case class M(i: Int, `p:q`: String)
case class N(j: Int, m: M)

val df = Seq(
  (1, "a", Array(N(7, M(11, "x")), N(72, M(112, "x2")))),
  (2, "b", Array(N(8, M(21, "y")))),
  (3, "c", Array(N(9, M(31, "z"))))
).toDF("c1", "c2:0", "c3")

df.printSchema
// root
//  |-- c1: integer (nullable = false)
//  |-- c2:0: string (nullable = true)
//  |-- c3: array (nullable = true)
//  |    |-- element: struct (containsNull = true)
//  |    |    |-- j: integer (nullable = false)
//  |    |    |-- m: struct (nullable = true)
//  |    |    |    |-- i: integer (nullable = false)
//  |    |    |    |-- p:q: string (nullable = true)

val newSchema = renameAllColumns(df.schema, ":", "_")

spark.createDataFrame(df.rdd, newSchema).printSchema
// root
//  |-- c1: integer (nullable = false)
//  |-- c2_0: string (nullable = true)
//  |-- c3: array (nullable = true)
//  |    |-- element: struct (containsNull = true)
//  |    |    |-- j: integer (nullable = false)
//  |    |    |-- m: struct (nullable = true)
//  |    |    |    |-- i: integer (nullable = false)
//  |    |    |    |-- p_q: string (nullable = true)

Note that since method replaceAll supports Regex pattern, one can apply the method with more versatile replacement condition.  For example, here's how to trim off column name starting from the ':' character:
val newSchema = renameAllColumns(df.schema, """:.*""", "")

spark.createDataFrame(df.rdd, newSchema).printSchema
// root
//  |-- c1: integer (nullable = false)
//  |-- c2: string (nullable = true)
//  |-- c3: array (nullable = true)
//  |    |-- element: struct (containsNull = true)
//  |    |    |-- j: integer (nullable = false)
//  |    |    |-- m: struct (nullable = true)
//  |    |    |    |-- i: integer (nullable = false)
//  |    |    |    |-- p: string (nullable = true)

A: Unfortunately, you can't easily rename a single nested field using withFieldRenamed liked you are attempting to do.  The only way I know of to rename nested fields is to do a cast on the field provided a type with the same structure and data types but new field names.  This has to be done on the top level field, so you need to do all the fields in one go.  Here is an example:
Create some input data
case class InnerRecord(column1: String, column2: Int)
case class Record(field: InnerRecord)

val df = Seq(
    Record(InnerRecord("a", 1)),
    Record(InnerRecord("b", 2))
).toDF

df.printSchema

Input data looks like this:
root
 |-- field: struct (nullable = true)
 |    |-- column1: string (nullable = true)
 |    |-- column2: integer (nullable = false)

This is an example using withColumnRenamed.  You'll notice in the output it doesn't actually do anything!
val updated = df.withColumnRenamed("field.column1", "field.newname")
updated.printSchema

root
 |-- field: struct (nullable = true)
 |    |-- column1: string (nullable = true)
 |    |-- column2: integer (nullable = false)

Here is how you can do it instead with casting.  The function will recursively recreate the nested field type while updating the name.  In my case I just replaced "column" with "col_".  I also only ran it on one field, but you could easily loop across all your fields in schema.
import org.apache.spark.sql.types._

def rename(dataType: DataType): DataType = dataType match {
    case StructType(fields) =>
        StructType(fields.map {
            case StructField(name, dtype, nullable, meta) =>
                val newName = name.replace("column", "col_")
                StructField(newName, rename(dtype), nullable, meta)
        })

    case _ => dataType
}

val fDataType = df.schema.filter(_.name == "field").head.dataType
val updated = df.withColumn("field", $"field".cast(rename(fDataType)))
updated.printSchema

Which prints:
root
 |-- field: struct (nullable = true)
 |    |-- col_1: string (nullable = true)
 |    |-- col_2: integer (nullable = false)

A: I had some issues with the answer from @Leo C, so I've used a slight variation instead. It also takes in any mapping function f to rename.
def renameAllColumns(schema: StructType, f: String => String): StructType = {
  def recurRename(schema: StructType, f: String => String): Seq[StructField] =
    schema.fields.map{
      case StructField(name, dtype: StructType, nullable, meta) =>
        StructField(f(name), StructType(recurRename(dtype, f)), nullable, meta)
      case StructField(name, dtype: ArrayType, nullable, meta) => dtype.elementType match {
          case struct: StructType => StructField(f(name), ArrayType(StructType(recurRename(struct, f)), true), nullable, meta)
          case other => StructField(f(name), ArrayType(other), nullable, meta)
        }
      case StructField(name, dtype, nullable, meta) =>
        StructField(f(name), dtype, nullable, meta)
    }

  StructType(recurRename(schema, f))
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It is the goal of this writer to x-ray and explore the primacy and possibility of an incorruptible judiciary as a catalyst of equity and progression in a hitherto jaundiced and atrophied society by means of a three-pronged approach of an empirical, biblical and intellectual analysis. The writer copiously uses scientific, medical and legal lexicons in this essay. This essay would be likened to baking a five-step cake with an icing on it: introduction, information, inflammation, inquisition and introspection.
INTRODUCTION: "THE DILEMMA OF BEATING ONE'S MOTHER"
Isn't that a weird statement?
Can you beat your mother or order her to be beaten?
Before you rush to passionately answer in the filially loyal negative, carefully read and enjoy the story below.
Shamuel was a Caucasian Prince who lived in the 12th Century. His people seemed to be involved in constant wars with the Turks. Once he besieged a Turkish city with his army. As usual, his mother accompanied him. One night, he planned a surprise assault, but the enemy was lying in wait. His secret plans had been betrayed.
The battle was lost. Distressed, Shamuel announced that the traitor, when caught, would be punished with 100 lashes of a whip, as the law stipulated. In great secrecy, he launched another attack but the result was the same. They had been betrayed again. But this time, the traitor was caught. It was Shamuel's mother!
What if you were Shamuel? Or the judge sitting over a case of such intricacy? What would you do?
In anguish, he withdrew to his tent for three days and three nights. What should he do? What would be the right thing to do? If he were to spare his mother, all could rightly claim that justice is governed by interests. Were he to punish her however, all would say: "Look at that merciless and cruel man! He doesn't even show pity for his own mother!"
*R.O. ALABI ESQ., Associate, Festus Nweke & Co., Abakaliki, Ebonyi State.
At last he appeared. His men gathered around him curiously. Then he addressed them; "We lost two battles because of treason. We lost many a man as a result of this. I find no excuse for the traitor. The crime was committed, and so punishment must be executed according to the law with 100 lashes. Righteousness and justice must be upheld!
His mother was led into the circle. She was pale and trembling with fear. The executioner lifted his whip, but before the first lash came down on her, Shamuel cried: "Hang on! This is my mother; I am of her flesh and blood. I will take the punishment for her!" He went into the circle, took off his robes and commanded "Executioner, dare not strike more lightly than with the last prisoner. Do your duty!"
This historical account, perhaps more than any in history, illustrates the standard and ideal of an incorruptible judiciary where justice is not only done but seen to be done despite precariously hanging interests, influences and inducements that may demand otherwise. No doubt, Shamuel's army and empire would have been inspired by the uncanny display of his judicial incorruptibility and the socio-economic harvests of that singular act of judicial integrity cannot be wished off.
It is against this background and recent happenings in the Nigerian judiciary as well as a thorough examination of the concept of judicial corruption through the lens of history and the scriptures that this topic would be discussed and recommendations proffered for a way forward.
According to Wiktionary, incorruptible means "not subject to corruption or decay" or incapable of being bribed or morally corrupted; inflexibly just and upright".
To properly put the word in context, a definition of corruption is opposite.
The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary defines corruption as "dishonest or illegal behaviour, especially of people in authority".
The Black's Law Dictionary defines judiciary as (i) the branch of government responsible for interpreting the laws and administering justice (ii) a system of courts and (iii) a body of judges.
This implies that in a broad sense, the judiciary is the arm of government and especially the class of people who see to the administration of justice. In Nigeria, the judiciary is widely touted to be the last hope of the common man.
The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English defines 'Catalyst' as someone or something that causes an important change or event to happen.
What is "just, consistent with principles of justice and right". The Oxford Dictionary defines the word as 'fair and reasonable; treating everyone in an equal way'.
Happening or developing over a period of time or in favour of new ideas, modern methods and change.
'People in general, considered in relation to the laws, organisations etc. that makes it possible for them to live together or a particular large group of people who share laws, organisations, customs etc.
An attempt to x-ray the role of the judiciary in catalysing an equitable and progressive society begins at the theatre of diagnosis. It is first necessary to attempt an overview of what a corrupt judiciary is and the indications of its existence in a nation. Nigeria will be used as our case-study.
Judicial corruption is not only entrenched but brazen in Nigeria. This has led many to opine that the judiciary is now a marketplace where the high and mighty trade justice for money. Election petitions, upon which the very life of democracy and legitimacy of government depend, as well as the growth and welfare of the public, are now manoeuvred behind the curtains of political/judicial connivance.
The electoral and indeed democratic history of this country is inchoate without mentioning the brazen and bizarre manner in which justice has been reduced to a bazaar, in the very hallowed chambers of the judiciary officiated by supposed priests of justice.
The Court of Appeal having once been the alpha and omega of election petitions particularly gubernatorial elections has been dogged with allegations of corruption in the most recent past. While the allegations are legion, the cases of Charles Soludo v. Andy Uba, Wammako v. Maigari and Fayemi v. Oni have all raised the spectre of corrupt inducements in perverting the course of justice.
We all can remember with nostalgia the inglorious events surrounding the unceremonious bundling out of the President of the Court of Appeal, Justice Ayo Isa Salami in an alleged faceoff of corruption counter-allegations bordering on the election petition of Sokoto State governorship. More recently, against the backdrop of emerging judicial scandals in Nigeria, Supreme Court Justice Sylvester Ngwuta was arraigned in court on a 15-count charge bordering on money laundering and illegal possession of passports.
Comparing the nation or a society to a body, the judiciary is akin to the limbs. The health of the limbs determines motion, movement and mobility of the body. It is, therefore, a sad case when the limbs upon which the polity, economy and strategic sectors of a nation depend suffer from the rheumatism of corruption.
The deliberate refusal of the National Judicial Council (NJC) to investigate and sanction judges accused of corruption, abuse of office and other acts of misconduct by members of the public has encouraged judicial corruption... and impunity is endemic in Nigeria's judicial system. In other words, the outright failure of the judiciary to purge the Nigeria judicial system of corrupt practices has eroded public confidence in the judiciary.
Suraju went on to list ten (10) petitions bordering on corruption which the apex judicial regulatory authority (NJC) failed to address at all or rather unsatisfactorily.
1. The petition against Justice B.A. Adejumo, President of the National Industrial Court for granting illegal exparte orders against two State Governments. The petitions were submitted to the NJC by the governments of Edo and Oyo States.
2. The petition written against four judges namely Justice Uwani Abba-Aji of the Court of Appeal, Justice Ibrahim Auta (Chief Judge of the Federal High Court), Justice Hydeladzira Nganjiwa and Mohammed Yunusa of the Federal High Court alleged to have collected bribes from Mr. Ricky Tarfa SAN currently undergoing trial for transfer of sums of money to the judges. The petition was submitted to the NJC by the CSNAC.
3. The petition bordering on why Justice I.A. Umezulike, ex-Chief Judge of Enugu State was retired on the recommendation of the NJC for launching a book where he collected N10 million from a litigant while Justice Ibrahim Auta who collected over N40 million in a similar book launch was not recommended for retirement by the same NJC.
The foregoing is but the known symptoms of a pervasive yet covert system of judicial corruption where the corrupt minority desperate of obtaining illegal ex parte orders, rulings and judgments in political, commercial, environmental and human rights cases to mention but a few exploit the crevices in the system with the connivance of their lawyers, and play on the financial vulnerability of some members of the Bench to purchase cheap justice.
This forces one to agree with the assertion by a member of the Bar that "there are lots of politicians in Nigeria who place judges on the payroll..."
It is unfortunate that the high tension dynamics of political and other parochial interests have been indulged to the extent that the judiciary has become so infiltrated and polluted. That is how best to describe the unending confusion and dilemma between the Presidency, the NJC, the Department of State Security (DSS) on the recent arrest and arraignment of judges with the accompanying media hullabaloo.
A recent report from Global Corruption Barometer states that the Nigerian judiciary is widely viewed as one of the most corrupt institutions in the world. It has become quite normal for judicial officers to request for bribes to move cases along much faster. Some ask for financial compensation or other valuable consideration from parties to various cases to obtain a favourable ruling or to be granted bail.
Corruption is the cancer at the heart of so many of our problems in the world today. It destroys jobs and holds back growth, costing the world economy billions of pounds every year. It traps the poorest in the most desperate poverty as corrupt governments around the world syphon off funds and prevents the hardworking people from getting the revenues and benefits of growth that are rightfully theirs. It steals vital resources from our schools and hospitals... It can even undermine our security.
Surprisingly, judicial corruption is not limited to the bench or its regulatory body but it extends to lawyers, magistrates, lower cadre staff, registrars, bailiffs & sheriffs, clerks and even orderlies to the judges. Therefore, whatever chemotherapy we devise to cure the judiciary of this cancer must be extended to the benign tumours scattered across the landscape of justice.
Corruption contributes to the problem of mass poverty and renders millions of citizens unemployed and uneducated… In Nigeria, corruption has led to decaying infrastructure, inadequate medical services, falling educational standard, mismanagement of foreign loans, reduction of production capacity, distortion of the economy through waste and mismanagement of resources.
The writer is of the view that a reasonable man will undoubtedly agree with the opinions of the above scholars and moves to add that all the above complications arising from the cancer of corruption are as a result of the complicit negligence of the judiciary which stands in a fiduciary physician-relationship to the entire country.
Once a thorough diagnosis of a corruptly sick judiciary has been established as this writer has attempted to do in the pages hereinbefore, one can safely proceed to briefly consider the parameters by which a virile incorruptible judiciary can be measured.
5. Encouragement of quasi-judicial mechanisms for dispute settlement.
Space would fail the writer to point out specific examples but an objective look at the foundations and structures of the world's top-performing economies will reveal an independent and largely incorruptible judiciary. The above indicators can be used as a standard against which judicial performance premised on incorruptibility can be found in Nigeria.
All citizens must have equal access to justice, due process must be followed in any civil and criminal proceedings, the independence and autonomy of the judiciary must be continually upheld even as international best practices are followed in our judiciary whilst the adoption of non/quasi-judicial mechanisms are also employed to decongest our courts and ease the pressures which often breed corruption.
In concluding this essay, the writer shall evaluate some biblical references and juxtapose them with the realities of a nation in dire need of an incorruptible judiciary.
First and foremost, the judiciary is an institution ordained by God as seen clearly in scriptures. In the 13th chapter of the Pauline epistle to the Romans, Paul writes of obedience to civil and judicial authorities because they are God-ordained institutions. Paul connects the peace and progress of the society to those in authority (the judiciary inclusive).
This means that the equitable and progressive society we all desire is not so much what God will do for us as what we proactively bring into reality by our prayers as believers.
Several books in the Bible stand out as a sort of recipe book for an ideal judiciary. The Book of Judges stresses God's interest in ideal justice despite the paucity of godly men. The Book of Proverbs is loaded with gems of counsel and prescriptions for incorruptibility in judicial officers. Some other random scripture verses forbid the giving and taking of gifts (bribes) in the administration of justice.
The above scripture is the very words of God denouncing the condition in Israel at the time. No less does it apply to us today and very gravely warns that travesty of justice is a "mighty" sin.
Proverbs 1:3 "To receive the instruction of wisdom, justice, and judgment and equity." Here, equity is shown to be a product of justice.
The demonization of the legal profession is in the writer's opinion partly responsible for the judicial rut this nation is in. By directly and indirectly peddling the misconception that "no Christian can truly be a lawyer", we sow the seeds of indifference in the young men and women who God intends to be judicial reformers.
Since it is only lawyers that become judges and man the entire judiciary, the implication is that the life of Christ and the spirit of true incorruptible justice would continue to elude our judicial system until Christians take the gauntlet and build a new legal profession and by extension, a judiciary anchored on Christ.
This writer, therefore, recommends that more and more of our young people are encouraged to take up the place of God on earth as administrators of justice. We cannot sit back idly and believe that ungodly men whose foundations are laid on faulty principles of selfishness, cronyism and other sharp practices will correct the anomaly of corruption in the judicial system.
It must be conceded and addressed, the fact that, going forward, there is a severe crisis of confidence in the judicial arm of government. Do the courts meet the expectation of people in the discharge of its primary responsibilities? The answer is obviously in the negative.
This is an addition to the reform of the appointment procedure for judicial officers so that only the best and indeed, honest lawyers are appointed to the Bench.
Without the protection of human and property rights, and a comprehensive framework of laws, no equitable development is possible. A government must ensure that it has an effective system of property, contract, labour, commercial, personal rights law and other elements of a comprehensive legal system that is effectively, impartially and clearly, ad mistered by a well-functioning, impartial and honest (incorruptible) judicial and legal system.
2. New Edition for Advanced Learners 8th ed.
4. A.S. Hornby, "Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary of Current English" 8th ed. (2010) Page 1172 8. Ibid.
6. A. Ademuwagun and K. Agyeman-Togobo, "Top Nigerian Judges On Trial For Corruption" available at www.mondaq.com/Nigeria/x/551424/white+collar+crime+fraud/brief+update+22+Nov+top+Nigeria+judges+on+trial+for+corruption accessed on 28/06/2017 at 1:56pm.
7. O.Suraju, "Cover Up Of Judicial Corruption And Impunity By The NJC" available at www.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/cover-judicial-corruption-impunity-national-judicial-council/ accessed on 28/06/2017 at 2:24pm.
8. T. Abayomi, www.channelstv.com/2016/10/24/lawyers-give-instances-corruption-nigeria-judiciary/ accessed on 26/06/2017 at 2:36pm.
10. H.A. Ajie and O.E. Wokekoro, "The Impact of Corruption on Sustainable Economic Growth and Development in Nigeria" published in International Journal of Economic Research and Investment [IJERI] vol.3, April 2012 at page 98.
12. I Timothy 2:1,2 (King James Version).
13. J.B. Daudu "Corruption and the Nigerian Judiciary: Matters Arising" available at www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/10/18corruption-and-the-nigerin-judiciary-matters-arising/ accessed on 30/06/2017 at 8:50pm.
14. M. Dakolias, "Court Performance Around The World: A Comparative Perspective" World Bank Technical Paper No. 430, Page V.


From Local Conflicts to Global Terrorism: Can Refugees and Regional Security Problems Jeopardise the Renewal of Kenya?
Over the last decade or so the African continent has continued to experience political changes of monumental proportions. Monumental not only because of the drastic restructuring of social and economic and political spaces, but also because of the introduction of new forms of politics and political actors. These changes were driven a great deal by the developments in the global system, in particular, the demise of the Soviet Union as a nation and super power, the triumph of the market, and more importantly, the end of the Cold War. In relation to these changes, the African continent has equally been characterised by a succession of large-scale refugee movements, internal population displacements and mass repatriation movements. In a number of countries – Angola, Burundi, Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Somalia, for example, large proportions of the population have been uprooted, forced to abandon their homes by communal and ethnic conflict, persecution and violence. Most of these refugees have ended up in Kenya with a number of arms or religious fundamental ideologies. The process has witnessed an influx of arms in Kenya, helping fuel intra-ethnic and inter-border conflicts. Kenya has witnessed massive devastating terrorist attacks beginning with the bombings of the US Embassy and now Kenya has become an easy prey and target for terrorist activities. The reasons for this trend have been a concern for academics around the globe. A close look at intra-state conflicts in East Africa reveals a common pattern, for example: rebellion against central authority; inter-communal ethnic or religious conflicts; sporadic short lived conflicts related to resource around livestock; and generalised violence which is banditry-related. This study is a historical investigation of the development of local conflicts, informal militia and security measures during the transition to political pluralism in Kenya between 1992-2002, and tries to establish some links that may have connected or caused the country to be a target of international terrorism.


From the first meetings on InnoTrans 2016 in Berlin it was clear that the representatives of the Swedish private railway operators Inlandsbanan were extremely impressed with diesel-engine train for regional transport Series 7022, which was manufactured by Gredelj for HŽ Passenger transport. Therefore, in February 2017, representatives of the Inlandsbanan visited Gredelj facilities in Zagreb to ensure that technical and design characteristics of the train suit their needs. Since the first impressions were excellent, immediately after the test ride the initiative for cooperation was launched.
On March 24 the regional train went to Sweden to demonstrate its capabilities and to drive special guests, including high government officials and representatives of other private operators. It also gave the opportunity to the inhabitants of towns and cities along the tracks to enter and see vehicles that perhaps in the near future could be driving in their country.
More on this interesting trip, you'll learn in the travelogue after DMV 7022 returns to Croatia. Until then, enjoy the beautiful photographs documented in the far north of Europe.


We provide all facilities of tent house and caterers for any function/party for last 10 years in Gurgaon. We are fame for our services and quality of items.
Lakshya Tent House, Sector -52 Gurgaon takes immense pride in being one amongst the biggest organizers of events in NCR. We deal in all sorts of events, and not just marriages. From organising weddings, to managing corporate events, we have vast experience in meeting all you need.
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Lakshya Tent House in south city offer comprehensive solutions to make sure all your needs are met. Lakshya Tent House in DLF-1 offers a huge collection of services that includes almost everything required for an event. Right from venue recommendation to managing all the resources, we make sure that we leave no stone unturned to satisfy you.
The products that we provide include: Wedding tents, Bedding, Kitchen equipments, Cooling and heating system, as well as Crockery and cutlery. With immense experience in managing innumerable weddings and a number of prestigious corporate events, we have been able to build an exemplary image of being the most trustworthy partner when you want to celebrate an occasion.


Throw on your best retro prom attire and come dance til you die at the Bloody Valentine Ball, a gore filled gala that immerses you in a horror themed high school style dance complete with prom photos, your favorite music, interactive events inspired by classic horror, and bloodthirsty killers out to turn the ball into a bloodbath.
Dont forget to cast your bloody ballot as the evening culminates at midnight with the Horror Homecoming Queen and King, as chosen by you, being showered with prizes and given the full Carrie treatment.
There will be a bloody bar so bring your ID.
The Bloody Valentine Ball will also feature a Horror Auction with macabre memorabilia signed by some of the biggest names in horror history.
Proceeds from the Bloody Valentine Ball will go to the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia which works to find better treatments and help families who cannot afford healthcare.
Buy your ticket now and help support this cause.


ERIC DEVER: PAINTING IN A HOUSE MADE OF AIR, features brilliantly hued, large-scale paintings, which emerged when Dever was planting a garden at his Water Mill, New York, studio. For more than a decade, Eric Dever purposefully redacted color, using a limited palette: white for four years, white and black for two years, followed by white, black and red. "I found myself taking cues from flowers as they blossomed and color entered my paintings." However, instead of exploring just one color at a time, Dever embraced the entire spectrum. Initially he used mostly mixed tints, but with this epiphany of color, he began creating new mixed hues. The exhibition runs from January 10 through February 9, 2019 with an opening reception on Thursday, January 10 from 6 to 8 pm.
The shift in his art occurred when he let go of the square canvas and moved to rectangular formats that loosened up his compositions, as "there was no longer a central area of interest, but multiple areas of concentration." When the works are placed together, a remarkable variety both in hue and composition is revealed. Dever coupled his new palette with his awareness of the yogic notion of the chakras—seven energetic centers in the human body where matter and consciousness meet—in which he finds a parallel to the visible spectrum. He also often exchanges shapes among works, using a monoprint process of painting onto a surface, which he then transfers to canvas. As art critic Jennifer Landes observed, "these repetitions of forms and other planned elements, together with his more gestural painting of the rest of the canvas, creates a charged tension between spontaneity and organization . . . one of the ways de Kooning worked."1 Despite his coastal surroundings, Dever is drawn more to landthan sea, and his expression of processes of organic life can be linked to wide ranging examples from throughout the history of art from Roman wall paintings to illustrations of botanical specimens to arabesques and beyond.
Born in 1962 in Los Angeles, Eric Dever studied at the Otis College of Art and Design on a full scholarship and graduated from California Lutheran University in 1984. Two years later, he began graduate studies at the New York University Steinhardt School, working under Marcia Hafif and Peter Campus, completing his Master of Arts in 1988. In the early 1990s, he worked part-time in I. M. Pei's architectural firm while exhibiting his art nationally and internationally in academic and gallery venues. In 1991, he was featured in a solo exhibition at the Hudson River Museum, New York. A portion of his portfolio was published as editorial illustrations in The New Yorker, New York Magazine, Harvard Business Review, and St. Martin's Press.
In 2007, he was commissioned to create a suite of eight white paintings for The Francis J. Greenburger Collection, curated by Elisabeth Akkerman. In 2010, Dever added black, widening the range and force of the work. His compositions of this time were largely geometric and included grayscales and circles, graded from dark to light. These works were exhibited in the 2011 exhibitions, Grey Matter at the Painting Center in New York, and Doucement at ParisCONCRET.
In August 2012, Dever's large oil on burlap painting Cloud Life was featured on the stage at Guild Hall, East Hampton, New York, accompanying a play of the same name by playwright Joseph Pintauro as part of "The Painting Plays." Pintauro admired the struggle he saw in Dever's art "between reductive color minimalism and the artist's morphing into representation."2 In the same year, Dever began testing prepared red hues, arriving at Napthol Scarlet, a modern replacement for Vermillion. He worked through some of his earlier compositions exploring relative color, following the approach of Josef Albers. In these works, variations on red, black and white, background painting incrementally became foreground, displaying a pulsing metallic quality made visible as similar values of opposite tones were placed alongside each other. Color itself became Dever's material.
In 2012 at the invitation of artist Robert Dash, Dever inaugurated the first painting classes at the Madoo Conservancy, Sagaponack, New York (critiqued by Dash). Dever continues to teach, presenting innovative classes and workshops at the Parrish Art Museum, Water Mill, New York, where he has also given talks on the Parrish's permanent collection and recent exhibitions, including Parrish Perspectives: Art in Context and a collection exhibition of James Brooks.
Recent solo exhibitions include Berry Campbell, New York, 2014; Molloy College, Rockville Centre, New York, 2014; New York University, Kimmel Galleries, New York, 2015-2016; Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California, 2017. Dever's work was included in the permanent collection exhibition, Parrish Perspectives: Art in Context, curated by Alicia G. Longwell at the Parrish Art Museum, Water Mill, New York, 2017. His paintings are currently on view in the U.S. Consulate General in Hong Kong and Macau, Art in Embassies, Department of State exhibition, 2016-2019, and were featured in a lecture by Gail Levin, Distinguished Professor of Art History, Baruch College and the CUNY Graduate Center, American Art and India: Cultural Exchange Among Artists of India and the United States, at the Pollock-Krasner House and Study Center, East Hampton, New York, 2016.
Dever's paintings have been shown in solo and group exhibitions in many venues, including 80 Washington Square East Galleries, New York University, New York; Arkansas Art Center, Little Rock; Arizona State University, Phoenix; Art in General, New York; Elaine Benson Gallery, Bridgehampton, New York; The Buddy Holly Center, Lubbock, Texas; Centre d'Art et Rencontres, Saint-Just deBélengard, France; City National Plaza, Los Angeles, California; Eastern New Mexico University, Portales; Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan; Guild Hall Museum, East Hampton, New York; Heckscher Museum of Art, New York; Hudson River Museum, Hastings on the Hudson, New York; Islip Art Museum, New York; Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Marymount University, San Pedro, California; Ohio State University, Marion; The Painting Center, New York; ParisCONCRET, France; Parrish Art Museum, Water Mill, New York; Sag Harbor Whaling and Historical Museum, Sag Harbor, New York; Spaces, Cleveland, Ohio; and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. Eric Dever's public collections include the Centre d'Art et de Culture, Château d'Escueillens, Saint-Just de Bellengard, France; Division Street Editions and The Reutershan Educational Trust, Sag Harbor, New York; The Francis J. Greenburger Collection, New York; Grey Art Gallery, New York University; Guild Hall Museum, East Hampton, New York; New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, Fish Bridge Park; Parrish Art Museum, Water Mill, New York; and numerous corporate and private collections including the Coca Cola Company, Atlanta, Georgia; Mark Hampton; Sub Zero Freezer Company, Madison, Wisconsin; and Lady Juliet and Somerset de Chair.
1. Jennifer Landes, "Eric Dever: A Year of Discovery," The East Hampton Star. April 6th, 2017.


text:
2018蟷エ縲�蟄ヲ陦楢ォ匁枚
C. L. Chen, H. P. Li, T. Seki, D. L. Yin, G. Sanchez-Santolino, K. Inoue, N. Shibata, and Y. Ikuhara, "Direct Determination of Atomic Structure and Magnetic Coupling of Magnetite Twin Boundaries,"
Acs Nano, 12[3] 2662-68 (2018).
W. Y. Ching, M. Yoshiya, P. Adhikari, P. Rulis, Y. Ikuhara, and I. Tanaka, "First-principles study in an inter-granular glassy film model of silicon nitride,"
Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 101[7] 2673-88 (2018).
B. Feng, N. R. Lugg, A. Kumamoto, N. Shibata, and Y. Ikuhara, "On the quantitativeness of grain boundary chemistry using STEM EDS: A ZrO2 Sigma 9 model grain boundary case study,"
Ultramicroscopy, 193 33-38 (2018).
Y. Furushima, A. Nakamura, E. Tochigi, Y. Ikuhara, K. Toyoura, and K. Matsunaga, "<10 1ツッ0> Dislocation at a {2 1ツッ 1ツッ0} low-angle grain boundary in LiNbO3,"
Journal of Materials Science, 53[1] 333-44 (2018).
P. Gao, R. Ishikawa, B. Feng, A. Kumamoto, N. Shibata, and Y. Ikuhara, "Atomic-scale structure relaxation, chemistry and charge distribution of dislocation cores in SrTiO3,"
Ultramicroscopy, 184 217-24 (2018).
P. Gao, A. Kumamoto, R. Ishikawa, N. Lugg, N. Shibata, and Y. Ikuhara, "Picometer-scale atom position analysis in annular bright-field STEM imaging,"
P. Gao, S. Z. Yang, R. Ishikawa, N. Li, B. Feng, A. Kumamoto, N. Shibata, P. Yu, and Y. Ikuhara, "Atomic-Scale Measurement of Flexoelectric Polarization at SrTiO3 Dislocations,"
Physical Review Letters, 120[26] (2018).
X. D. Hao, C. L. Chen, M. Saito, D. Q. Yin, K. Inoue, S. Takami, T. Adschiri, and Y. Ikuhara, "Direct Imaging for Single Molecular Chain of Surfactant on CeO2 Nanocrystals,"
Small, 14[31] (2018).
X. D. Hao, A. Yoko, C. L. Chen, K. Inoue, M. Saito, G. Seong, S. Takami, T. Adschiri, and Y. Ikuhara, "Atomic-Scale Valence State Distribution inside Ultrafine CeO2 Nanocubes and Its Size Dependence,"
J. Hoemke, E. Tochigi, T. Tohei, H. Yoshida, N. Shibata, Y. Ikuhara, and Y. Sakka, "Inversion domain network stabilization and spinel phase suppression in ZnO,"
X. B. Hu, C. A. J. Fisher, S. Kobayashi, Y. H. Ikuhara, Y. Fujiwara, K. Hoshikawa, H. Moriwake, K. Kohama, H. Iba, and Y. Ikuhara, "Structural changes and their effect on Li-ion conductivity upon quenching of La(1-x)/3LixNbO3 solid electrolytes,"
Acta Materialia, 156 379-88 (2018).
X. B. Hu, H. Y. Niu, X. L. Ma, A. R. Oganov, C. A. J. Fisher, N. C. Sheng, J. D. Liu, T. Jin, X. F. Sun, J. F. Liu, and Y. Ikuhara, "Atomic-scale observation and analysis of chemical ordering in M3B2 and M5B3 borides,"
R. Ishikawa, S. D. Findlay, T. Seki, G. Sanchez-Santolino, Y. Kohno, Y. Ikuhara, and N. Shibata, "Direct electric field imaging of graphene defects,"
Nature Communications, 9 (2018).
K. Kawahara, R. Ishikawa, T. Higashi, T. Kimura, Y. H. Ikuhara, N. Shibata, and Y. Ikuhara, "Unique fitting of electrochemical impedance spectra by random walk Metropolis Hastings algorithm,"
Journal of Power Sources, 403 184-91 (2018).
S Kitaoka, T Matsudaira, T Ogawa, N Shibata, M Takeuchi, Y Ikuhara , 窶扁rain Boundary Engineering of Alumina Ceramics窶�,
Nanoinformatics, 237-257(2018)
S. Kobayashi, Y. Ikuhara, and T. Mizoguchi, "Lattice expansion and local lattice distortion in Nb- and La-doped SrTiO3 single crystals investigated by x-ray diffraction and first-principles calculations,"
Physical Review B, 98[13] (2018).
S. Kobayashi, K. Inoue, T. Kato, Y. Ikuhara, and T. Yamamoto, "Multiphase nanodomains in a strained BaTiO3 film on a GdScO3 substrate,"
Journal of Applied Physics, 123[6] (2018).
S. Kobayashi, A. Kuwabara, C. A. J. Fisher, Y. Ukyo, and Y. Ikuhara, "Microscopic mechanism of biphasic interface relaxation in lithium iron phosphate after delithiation,"
H. Komatsu, T. Minato, T. Matsunaga, K. Shimoda, T. Kawaguchi, K. Fukuda, K. Nakanishi, H. Tanida, S. Kobayashi, T. Hirayama, Y. Ikuhara, H. Arai, Y. Ukyo, Y. Uchimoto, E. Matsubara, and Z. Ogumi, "Site-Selective Analysis of Nickel-Substituted Li-Rich Layered Material: Migration and Role of Transition Metal at Charging and Discharging,"
Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 122[35] 20099-107 (2018).
T. Koyama, A. Kumamoto, K. Matsui, Y. Ikuhara, and H. Yoshida, "Revealing tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation in Y-TZP at an initial stage of low temperature degradation using grazing incident-angle X-ray diffraction measurement,"
Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, 126[9] 728-31 (2018).
M. Q. Li, X. X. Cheng, N. Li, H. J. Liu, Y. L. Huang, K. H. Liu, Y. H. Chu, D. P. Yu, L. Q. Chen, Y. Ikuhara, and P. Gao, "Atomic-scale mechanism of internal structural relaxation screening at polar interfaces,"
T. Matsudaira, S. Kitaoka, N. Shibata, Y. Ikuhara, M. Takeuchi, and T. Ogawa, "Effects of an oxygen potential gradient and water vapor on mass transfer in polycrystalline alumina at high temperatures,"
Acta Materialia, 151 21-30 (2018).
K. Matsui, H. Yoshida, and Y. Ikuhara, "Review: microstructure-development mechanism during sintering in polycrystalline zirconia,"
International Materials Reviews, 63[6] 375-406 (2018).
T. Matsumoto, Y. G. So, Y. Kohno, Y. Ikuhara, and N. Shibata, "Stable Magnetic Skyrmion States at Room Temperature Confined to Corrals of Artificial Surface Pits Fabricated by a Focused Electron Beam,"
Nano Letters, 18[2] 754-62 (2018).
T Mizoguchi, S Kiyohara, Y Ikuhara, N Shibata, 窶廣tomic-Scale Nanostructures by Advanced Electron Microscopy and Informatics窶�,
S. Morishita, R. Ishikawa, Y. Kohno, H. Sawada, N. Shibata, and Y. Ikuhara, "Attainment of 40.5 pm spatial resolution using 300 kV scanning transmission electron microscope equipped with fifth-order aberration corrector,"
Microscopy, 67[1] 46-50 (2018).
A. Nakamura, E. Tochigi, R. Nagahara, Y. Furushima, Y. Oshima, Y. Ikuhara, T. Yokoi, and K. Matsunaga, "Structure of the Basal Edge Dislocation in ZnO,"
Crystals, 8[3] (2018).
M. Nakayama, S. Kajiyama, A. Kumamoto, T. Nishimura, Y. Ikuhara, M. Yamato, and T. Kato, "Stimuli-responsive hydroxyapatite liquid crystal with macroscopically controllable ordering and magneto-optical functions,"
T. Ohsawa, M. Saito, R. Shimizu, K. Iwaya, S. Shiraki, Y. Ikuhara, and T. Hitosugi, "Impact of a surface TiO2 atomic sheet on the electronic transport properties of LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerfaces,"
Applied Physics Letters, 113[14] (2018).
M. Saitoh, X. Gao, T. Ogawa, Y. H. Ikuhara, S. Kobayashi, C. A. J. Fisher, A. Kuwabara, and Y. Ikuhara, "Systematic analysis of electron energy-loss near-edge structures in Li-ion battery materials,"
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 20[38] 25052-61 (2018).
A. V. Sanchela, M. Wei, H. Zensyo, B. Feng, J. Lee, G. Kim, H. Jeen, Y. Ikuhara, and H. Ohta, "Large thickness dependence of the carrier mobility in a transparent oxide semiconductor, La-doped BaSnO3,"
G. Sanchez-Santolino, N. R. Lugg, T. Seki, R. Ishikawa, S. D. Findlay, Y. Kohno, Y. Kanitani, S. Tanaka, S. Tomiya, Y. Ikuhara, and N. Shibata, "Probing the Internal Atomic Charge Density Distributions in Real Space,"
T. Seki, Y. Ikuhara, and N. Shibata, "Theoretical framework of statistical noise in scanning transmission electron microscopy,"
Y. Sugawara, S. Taminato, T. Hirayama, M. Hirayama, R. Kanno, Y. Ukyo, and Y. Ikuhara, "Interfacial Atomic Structures of Single-Phase Li2MnO3 Thin Film with Superior Initial Charge-Discharge Behavior,"
Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 165[2] A55-A60 (2018).
K. Szot, C. Rodenbucher, G. Bihlmayer, W. Speier, R. Ishikawa, N. Shibata, and Y. Ikuhara, "Influence of Dislocations in Transition Metal Oxides on Selected Physical and Chemical Properties,"
J. Tam, B. Feng, Y. Ikuhara, H. Ohta, and U. Erb, "Crystallographic orientation-surface energy-wetting property relationships of rare earth oxides,"
Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6[38] 18384-88 (2018).
E. Tochigi, T. Mizoguchi, E. Okunishi, A. Nakamura, N. Shibata, and Y. Ikuhara, "Dissociation reaction of the 1/3 <(1)over-bar101 > edge dislocation in alpha-Al2O3,"
Journal of Materials Science, 53[11] 8049-58 (2018).
E. Tochigi, A. Nakamura, N. Shibata, and Y. Ikuhara, "Dislocation Structures in Low-Angle Grain Boundaries of alpha-Al2O3,"
Z. Wang, C. L. Chen, S. V. Ketov, K. Akagi, A. A. Tsarkov, Y. Ikuhara, and D. V. Louzguine-Luzgin, "Local chemical ordering within the incubation period as a trigger for nanocrystallization of a highly supercooled Ti-based liquid,"
Materials & Design, 156 504-13 (2018).
Z. Wang, Y. Inoue, T. Hisatomi, R. Ishikawa, Q. Wang, T. Takata, S. S. Chen, N. Shibata, Y. Ikuhara, and K. Domen, "Overall water splitting by Ta3N5 nanorod single crystals grown on the edges of KTaO3 particles,"
Nature Catalysis, 1[10] 756-63 (2018).
H. J. Yu, Y. G. So, Y. Ren, T. H. Wu, G. C. Guo, R. J. Xiao, J. Lu, H. Li, Y. B. Yang, H. S. Zhou, R. Z. Wang, K. Amine, and Y. Ikuhara, "Temperature-Sensitive Structure Evolution of Lithium-Manganese-Rich Layered Oxides for Lithium-Ion Batteries,"
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 140[45] 15279-89 (2018).
Y. Q. Zhang, B. Feng, H. Hayashi, C. P. Chang, Y. M. Sheu, I. Tanaka, Y. Ikuhara, and H. Ohta, "Double thermoelectric power factor of a 2D electron system,"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What's the biggest advantage of staying in a fully inclusive resort like Curtain Bluff?
It's not just financial although, if you vacation at full speed like a typical family does, consuming drinks, meals and activities like it's the last day on Earth, then the cost factor is certainly part of the appeal. Do the math and factor in all those little costs at similar resorts — $28 for a lunch salad, $10 tray charge (whatever that is), $60 for lobster, $50 per hour for a tennis court, $16 for a fruit plate, $40 an hour to rent a kayak. It soon adds up, explaining why critics call Curtain Bluff one of the best values in the Caribbean.
No, the biggest benefit is far more precious than money. It's why we go on vacation in the first place. It's peace of mind.
"Full inclusive"means not having to dread paying the bill at the end of your stay or wonder who and how much to tip at every moment of every day.
It's the reasonCurtain Bluffhas therelaxed, elegant and friendly atmosphere that other resorts can only dream about. By all means, invite the couple you met on the dive boat to join you for dinner. Walk the grounds with Ezra, the gardener. Join your fellow guests for cocktails at the owner's house on the prow of the bluff.
"Fully inclusive" means that, for one short period of your life, you can do whatever you want,when you want it, without even considering the cost. Spend two hours Hobie-catting across the bay or, if there is too much/too little wind, bring it back after 15 minutes. Take a yoga class to see if you can still do the Downward Dog. Divide your afternoon with the oh-so-civilized tradition of tea and cakes, have another glass of Champagne with your cheese course.Indulgeyourself.
It means that your little kids can come and goas they like at the Ceebee Kids Club on the beach. If shell jewelry isn't their thing, no problem.Let them drift back to the Club when it's time to fish off the dock. And the teenagers can sail, SUP, windsurf, water-ski, play basketball, tennis, squash or Bocce all day if they want, ending the day so tired they will be begging for bed.
In the end "fully inclusive"is the reason that Curtain Bluff has one of the highest repeat-guest rates in the Caribbean. It just works.


Back in August 2014 I had reached a big milestone after a lot of hard work. I was so proud of myself and swore I would never go back. At that time I reached my goal weight of under 180lbs after months of hard work and dedication. Things went up and down from there but for a long time I stayed in pretty decent shape. In March 2016 I ran my longest distance ever, 20km. Since then though I've been on a pretty steady decline health wise and really broke the promise to myself. I'm getting pretty close to having put back on all the weight I worked so hard to lose in 2014.
For the past bit I've been in a pretty big funk, not myself, unhappy. This is a big part of that, though there are other factors of course. Most of them are beyond my control, but my health is solely mine to control. How could I be so stupid and lazy?
Today I went on the incredibly demoralizing task of organizing my closet. Over the past few months I've been slowly buying new clothes that fit because I've gotten too fat for the ones I had. My closet was getting overrun with clothes because I still had all the clothes that I should fit in but they were making their way to the back of the closet. So today I moved everything out that I no longer fit in and put them into storage under the bed. Time for things to change, again.
Instead of just keeping up with a pretty healthy eating plan and exercise I reverted back to my old ways and now need to go through all the hard work again. Of course as I get older that will likely be even harder than it was almost four years ago.
Last time I blogged and shared on social media constantly about my progress, how far I ran today etc. I won't put people through that again, especially because it isn't nearly as meaningful the second time around, but I'll work hard anyway. I've ordered myself a new Fitbit to help me track progress and keep my honest. Last time that sort of tracking was really motivational, I just won't publicize it so much.
So I'm getting started, again, and hopefully I'll finally be smart enough to get off this weight roller coaster I've been on permanently.
The topic of freedom has been on my mind for a while now. During my later teenage years I had more freedom than I knew what to do with. Now there are days when it sometimes feels like my time really isn't my own.
Honestly I have nothing to complain about in my life, I'm a very lucky guy but some days can get hectic and it makes me wish for a little down time while I'm still awake. As it is I get up early in the morning to try and fit in a run then start work at a good time so that I'm free in the later afternoon / evening to be there to run errands or run kids to where they need to be.
No one kid is in a lot of things, but multiply that by four and it doesn't take long before the schedule is getting full. For the most part it's great. I get to watch my oldest ride horses, something that she excels in and loves doing. My son playing soccer with so much energy and enthusiasm. My middle two, daughters who love performing. Whether it's drama, dancing, or combining the two.Watching them do these things gives me great happiness and I'm thankful that I'm able to be there and am able to provide these things for them.
Dance class can be rather nice break sometimes though. As you're not able to watch them practice if you can get the errands ran quickly it leaves some time you can go grab a coffee and read a book before it's time to pick them back up again.
Yesterday I had to go to the library to return a book and then check it right back out again because I had renewed it twice online and couldn't do it again. It's a really good book, but I just can't seem to find the time to read it while my mind is awake.
On occasion where I try to sneak off to get a few pages in the guilt I feel is real. My wife is a super human I'm convinced and that doesn't help. She never seems to need a break and is always going strong. As there are always things around the house that can be done she is always finding them and doing them. So if I'm off reading while she's making supper, or vacuuming, that just doesn't seem fair does it. If I could convince her to take some time for herself it might be better, but that's a hard sell.
With the kids getting older it seems to be getting worse. They stay up later which takes away from the quiet time we used to get when they went to bed earlier. There are some nights now that the oldest and I go to bed at the same time.
As I mentioned before as a teenager there was a time where I answered to no one. I had pretty much as close to zero responsibility as there was. That wasn't a good thing either. As it was it took my life down a harder path than I needed to go. There has to be a happy medium though. It's important to get a bit of time by yourself to recharge.
Maybe I'm feeling this way because for the past few days I haven't been getting our running, so that bit of time that I used to clear my head isn't there. When I was running more often last year that was one of my favourite parts. Having a cold has made it tough so I've been trying to rest so I'll get better quicker. Tomorrow might be the day that I give it a try again. The last week when I was running a lot seemed to go much smoother and have me in a better mental state.
How does everyone else find the balance of work, family, and personal time? Do you feel you get enough personal time?


A female patient being transported in an ambulance by members of the Marion County Rescue Squad in West Virginia (WV) lost her life after the emergency vehicle collided with a Jeep on the afternoon of September 22, 2014. The accident occurred on Route 250 near the town of Barrackville. The four EMTs in the ambulance also suffered serious injuries and needed to be taken to hospitals following the wreck.
According to WDTV, the driver of the Jeep failed to hear the ambulance's siren or move out of the emergency vehicle's path. The crash happened when the Jeep slowed to turn off the highway, causing the ambulance to run into the rear of the Jeep. The ambulance then crashed through a guardrail, ran down an embankment and rolled onto its roof. A medical examiner has been asked to determine whether the patient died from accident-related injuries or her existing medical condition.
Beyond that, police must figure out whether the actions of the Jeep driver or ambulance operator contributed more to causing the wreck. While state law requires drivers to yield right of way to fire trucks, police cruisers and rescue vehicles, emergency responders also have legal duties to keep their vehicles under control and avoid collisions. Sorting out the exact chain of events will be necessary in order for the people involved, as well the family members of the deceased woman, to resolve insurance and compensation issues.
Now may be too soon to make such arrangements, but speaking with an experienced West Virginia personal injury lawyer who has also represented families in wrongful death cases could help the victims of this tragic accident protect their rights.


Organic gardening is gardening technique in which we are growing fruits and vegetables in our home and manage them by a special care. Care means we have to do some of tasks daily like watering the plants, heating the plants, prevents from any type of dust that can spoils the plants or prevents the growth of plants etc. Watering is most simple and daily task for the growth of every plant. For watering the plants we can use number of techniques like using the showering and by using latest equipments for watering the plants and if we doesn't want to use such kind of equipments then we can do it manually by using any daily usage device like mug or can also be use pipe.
Watering is very simple task and is used much needed task for the growth of a plant and for the plants to get wet for some time. The second most important task used is heating means giving the necessary light for the proper growth. Sunlight is the cheapest and best source for the growth of plants. Sunlight is the natural source of light. But we are talking about organic gardening then sunlight cannot possible everywhere and anytime. So if we want that light everywhere and anytime in home. There are number of artificial lights sources available in market and you can find the Best LED Grow Lights Reviews for 2017 searching online. LED grow light and LED bulbs are the most commonly used sources and LED grow lights have number of benefits like easy to use, portable, uses less power of electricity and also produce or emits very little amount of heat. These three things are the most important and necessary things after sowing the seeds that are used for the proper growth of plants.
Container selection is another main step for organic gardening and for proper growth. It depends on the space available in home and type of plant that we are sowing. There are number of herb growing kits available in market. There are commonly used kits like plastic pot which include compost and number of packets of seeds and we can perform simple function on it like watering, heating etc. but if you can spend more money for indoor gardening to be more easily then you can buy the product of company gives you high quality of seeds and real soils, organic based liquid nutrients, fully adjustable LED light halo, and automated watering system and other advanced features that improves the quality of food.


Every year I put together a calendar of my favorite images from the previous year. Each month here on the blog, I'll take the photo from that month's calendar page and tell the story behind it.
This is another image from our trip to France, but this one was made with my Canon SLR.
During our stay in Saint-Malo, we took a day to explore the coast of Brittany. We headed out of town, bound for Sables-D'Or-Les-Pins in a steady drizzle. Once there, we headed up along the coast, eventually visiting Fort La Latte. To our surprise, the drizzle gave way to mixed clouds and then sunshine. There were lots of little beaches along the way, and we stopped at a few to let Nate cavort in the waves.
This photo is an HDR image of one of these beaches. Although unnatural, I like the way the sand seems to glow and the rocks and sky have an extravagant texture.
For those reading the story of Le Grand Voyage, this photo was taken on Day 30.
Technical Data: Canon 7D; Canon EF-S 17-85 f/4-5.6 IS USM at 17mm; f/8 at 1/400, 1/1600, 1/100; ISO 200; Photomatix.


text:
Soke:
Historical Incarnations of a Title and its Entitlements
by William M. Bodiford
Who or what is a soke? If Internet websites can be believed, in the English-speaking world the Japanese word soke has become a title for individuals who claim to be "great grandmasters" or "founders" of martial arts.1 Surprisingly, however, the term is not explained in recent English-language dictionaries of martial arts directed toward general readers, nor in the more authoritative books about Japanese martial culture.2 Apparently this very obscurity provides commercial advantage when it is invoked in a competitive marketplace crowded with instructors who promote themselves not just as high-ranking black belts, but as masters or even grandmasters. This English-language usage stands in stark contrast to the connotations of the word soke in Japan where, if it is used at all, it strongly implies loyalty to existing schools, deference to ancestral authority, and conservative adherence to traditional forms. Despite what many seem to believe in the West, as a Japanese word soke has never meant "founder," nor does it mean "grandmaster."
Confusion over the word soke, however, is not confined to people who lack Japanese-language skills; it exists in Japan as well. These misunderstandings arise because in premodern and modern Japan the term represents different (yet related) meanings and connotations depending on the diverse contexts in which it appears. We can distinguish several different patterns of usage associated with the term soke throughout Japanese history.3 For this reason, when describing soke in English (or, rather, when arguing about its meaning) it is useful first to chronicle the many ways that this word has been used in the historical record. Then one can better evaluate the ways that this term has been conceptualized by modern writers and applied (or misapplied) in contemporary situations.
Soke originated as a Chinese word (Mandarin zongjia) with strong familial and religious connotations. Etymologically it is written with glyphs indicating a family that performs ancestor rites. In Chinese texts it designates either the members of a household belonging to the same clan or the main lineage within an extended clan, the head of which was responsible for maintaining the ancestral temple on behalf of the entire clan organization. In Japanese texts as well, soke always implied a familial relationship replete with filial duties. Japanese use of this word was not limited to consanguineous contexts, though, since many kinds of social relationships were organized around pseudo-familial models. Religious societies, commercial enterprises, and teaching organizations all employed familial vocabulary and observed rites of familial etiquette. In these contexts, the term soke often implied exclusivity and commercial privilege, with less emphasis on formal religious duties.
For most of early Japanese history the privileges of power, wealth, and civilization were controlled exclusively by the court, the aristocrats, and the Buddhist clergy, all three of which reinforced one another in mutual dependence. As Buddhist clerics developed their combined exoteric-esoteric (ken-mitsu) form of tantra, they gave rise to a shared "culture of secret transmission" (Stone, 97-152). In other words, Buddhist pedagogical systems in which tantric rituals were taught via oral initiations (kuden) available only to members of exclusive master-disciple lineages became the normative teaching method across elite society (Nishiyama 1982b, 146-147). Within this culture, the arts of civilization prized most by wealthy nobles became the exclusive property of certain families. For example, the Nijo and Reizei branches of the aristocratic Fujiwara family each taught and maintained control over mutually exclusive systems of initiation into the mysteries of Japanese poetics (waka). Lower down on the economic ladder, designated merchant families exercised exclusive commercial control over the production and distribution of certain types of manufactured goods used by aristocrats, such as extravagant ceramics (for example, raku ware; Nishiyama 1982b, 51). Those families maintained their hereditary monopolies through the protection and patronage of local nobles or of the court.
These families operated much like corporate entities in which many affiliated kinship groups functioned in unison. Among the members of the united kinship groups only the individual successor--usually the oldest son--of the current family head received full initiation into the secrets of the family craft. Even if proper male progeny did not exist, economic necessity demanded that the main family line always continue since hereditary authority rested with that family alone. Whenever required, therefore, another male from one of the affiliated groups would be brought in and designated as heir to succeed the head of the family. The heir, whether related by blood or adopted, was responsible for maintaining the unity of the corporate families, maintaining their commercial monopoly, and maintaining their good relations with their patrons. Most of all he was responsible for preserving the secret texts, special tools, and knowledge of the oral initiations that constituted his family's exclusive lore. The legitimate possessors of that exclusive lore, both the main family itself as a multi-generational entity, and the individual current head of the family were called the soke. Use of this term was extremely limited, however, until after the establishment of the Tokugawa peace in 1603 provided the conditions for the development of new, more elaborate systems of familial privilege throughout the land.
During the Tokugawa period (1603-1868) of Japanese history, especially during the eighteenth century, many new types of artistic and cultural activities came under the domination of families that exercised proprietary authority over the performance of those arts and endeavors by others. These new familial lineages, which essentially operated as commercial guilds, referred to themselves as soke. The leading expert on this subject is a Japanese scholar named Nishiyama Matsunosuke. Early in his career, Nishiyama wrote two seminal studies of soke families and the ways they exercised their authority during this period of Japanese history: Iemoto monogatari (Iemoto Stories, 1956; reprinted as Nishiyama 1982a) and Iemoto no kenkyu (Researches in the Iemoto System, 1960; reprinted as Nishiyama 1982b).4 Although Nishiyama settled on the term iemoto, in the Tokugawa-period texts he studied the words iemoto and soke were used interchangeably, without any distinction in meaning (Nishiyama 1982b, 15). Both words were used to refer to the main lineage that asserted proprietary authority over a commercial guild or to refer to the person who had attained full initiation as the current legitimate head of that lineage.
Nishiyama cites several factors that contributed to the development of familial lineages (i.e., soke) as commercial guilds. The Tokugawa regime placed governmental authority in the hands of an upper echelon of warrior families who maintained their positions of power through assertions of hereditary privilege and attempts to enforce rigid codes of social distinctions. These new warrior elites readily accepted similar assertions of familial authority over the codification and teaching of artistic endeavors (Nishiyama 1982b, 91-92). Moreover, the warrior rulers patronized many new performative arts and forms of amusement that had developed independently from and, thus, outside the control of the old aristocratic families. It was the teachers of these new amusements--arts such as tea ceremony (chanoyu), flower arranging (ikebana), chess (shogi), Noh theater, verse (haikai), special forms of music and dance, and so forth--that most quickly asserted familial control over their teaching and over their performance by others (Nishiyama 1982b, 135-140). Finally, the long period of peace produced many unemployed former warriors (ronin) who could seek employment as junior instructors in these guilds; at the same time, the end of incessant warfare promoted the economic prosperity that enabled townsmen and rural landowners to amass surplus wealth that they could spend as pupils of these arts.
The existence of a network of junior instructors (i.e., natori) who taught in the name of the soke is a crucial feature that distinguished Tokugawa-period soke families from their earlier counterparts (Nishiyama 1982b, 106). During the Tokugawa period, instruction in the special skills associated with a particular artistic endeavor was marketed through networks of branch instructors who paid royalties and license fees to the soke and who were organized into a pyramid-like hierarchical structure with the soke on top. The soke asserted absolute authority over the branch instructors and indirect authority over their students by controlling what, how, and when subjects could be taught and by restricting access to the most advanced lore, to which the soke alone was privy. Nishiyama labeled the social structures associated with this type of exclusive familial control and networks of branch instructors the iemoto system (iemoto seido). He saw it as a unique feature of Japanese feudalism that exerted a strong influence over the development of many traditional Japanese arts even until modern times (Nishiyama 1982b, 20-21).
These Tokugawa-period artistic lineages can be likened to commercial guilds because they earned money from every single person who participated in their particular school's craft or art throughout the entire country. Nishiyama (1982b, 16) neatly summarizes the commercial rights (kenri) of these familial guilds as follows:
1. Rights regarding the techniques (waza) of the art, such as the right to keep it secret, the right to control how and when it is performed, and rights over the repertoire of its curriculum and its choreography (kata).
2. Rights over instructors (kyoju), over initiation rituals and documents (soden), and over the awarding of diplomas and licenses (menkyo).
3. The right to punish (chobatsu) and to expel (hamon) students.
4. The right to control uses of costumes, of stage names or artistic pseudonyms, and so forth.
5. The right to control facilities and special equipment or tools used in the art.
6. Exclusive rights to the monetary income and social status resulting from the preceding five items.
For almost every art or amusement patronized by the ruling elite, there existed only a limited number of these familial guilds, each one of which enforced the above rights over anyone who practiced that art throughout the entire kingdom.5 No one could legally perform a play, a song, a musical piece, or practice any other art in public without either joining the soke's school or paying fees for temporary permission (ichinichi soden). Enforcement of these exclusive rights enabled soke families to control huge populations of students across all strata of society. Nishiyama argues that from the middle of the eighteenth century these guilds provided a government-regulated medium for the distribution of cultural knowledge within which people assigned to different social classes (samurai of various ranks, townsmen, merchants, priests, wealthy farmers, rural warriors, etc.) could interact with one another on a near-equal footing (Nishiyama 1982b, 531; 1997, 204-208).
Nishiyama's research demonstrates that the near-monopoly control over the teaching of peaceful arts exercised by Tokugawa-period soke effectively prevented the proliferation of rival schools. In short, where soke existed, there were no new schools. The very creation of new schools repudiated any notion of soke authority (Nishiyama 1982b, 135-137). Seen in this light, it is obvious that the word soke in premodern Japanese documents could never be translated into English as "founder." The notion of "founder" is even less appropriate in modern Japan.
After 1868, when Japan became organized as a modern state, the government formally recognized the legal rights of soke (a.k.a. iemoto) families to control the copyright of all musical scores, theatrical plays, textbooks, and artistic works produced by members of their guilds (Nishiyama 1982b, 16). In this way, the terms soke and iemoto acquired legal definitions as designations for the modern representatives of the limited number of families who could provide historical documentation that they had controlled these kinds of commercial guilds during the Tokugawa period. To maintain their copyrights, the leaders of these families had to register with the government as legal entities. At the same time that they acquired copyrights, they lost their previous ability to restrict the teaching or performance of their arts by people from outside their guild. They became just one school or performance group among many. While they can restrict unauthorized use of their own name and their own historical resources, they have no legal power to inhibit competition. Today, as long as there is no copyright infringement, anyone can write new instructional guides to tea ceremony or any other traditional art. Anyone is free to devise new methods for practicing them.
Use of the term soke (or iemoto) in martial contexts is even more complex. Before 1868, soke families that were organized into the kinds of commercial guilds described above never controlled instruction in martial arts. This is the reason so many different lineages (ryuha) of martial arts existed in premodern Japan. The contrast between teaching organizations devoted to peaceful arts (such as tea ceremony, flower arranging, and so forth) and those concerned with martial arts could not be more stark. Instruction in any of the peaceful arts was available only from a small number of familial lineages, each one of which organized itself into a commercial guild with a network of affiliated branch instructors available throughout the land. On the other hand, there existed hundreds of different martial art lineages, the vast majority of which were confined to a single location.6 While many martial lineages were consanguineous (i.e., handed down from father to son), many others were not.
Nishiyama (1982b, 273-278) identifies several reasons why martial art lineages never developed into iemoto (a.k.a. soke) systems. Prior to the establishment of the Tokugawa peace, rapid acquisition of military prowess constituted the sine qua non of any system of martial instruction. An instructor who withheld instruction in the most advanced techniques as a family secret, as was the norm among soke who taught peaceful arts, could not have attracted students. For this reason, during the sixteenth century, military students usually attained full initiation rather quickly, after which they were free to teach all that they had learned to their own students. If anyone issued diplomas, they did so on their own authority, without having to pay license fees to any larger organization. After the Tokugawa regime imposed peace on the land, both older and new schools of martial instruction became more structured, more secretive, and developed more complex and time-consuming curriculums. Students who received diplomas no longer necessarily acquired independent rights to issue diplomas themselves.7 The ruling authorities also actively prevented any warrior groups or martial schools from developing organizational bonds across domain boundaries.8 Moreover, the rulers of each individual domain preferred to patronize only their own local martial systems, which could be kept under their own local control. Finally, in an age of peace it became practically impossible for any one martial lineage or group of lineages to demonstrate decisively their superiority over their rivals. Innovative teachers could (and did) devise new methods of martial training and establish new schools without having to risk lives to demonstrate their combat effectiveness.
Osano Jun (187-192) argues that the first martial art in Japan to adopt a true soke system was the Kodokan School of judo. Osano could be right. The Kodokan set the standards not just for members within one training hall in one location, but for all participants in judo throughout the nation. The Kodokan defined the art; it controlled licensing and instruction; and it established branch schools with instructors who maintained permanent affiliation with the headquarters. If the Kodokan does not recognize something as being "judo," then it is not judo. Therefore, there is no such thing as a new style of judo. All of these elements constitute essential characteristics of traditional soke organizations in Tokugawa-period Japan. In actual practice, however, no one ever refers to the Kodokan, or its current head, as the soke of judo.9 The term seems out of place with judo's emphasis on modernity. Having analyzing the term soke in this way, Osano also criticizes the present-day use of the soke label by some Japanese teachers who represent traditional martial art lineages (i.e., koryu). Osano asserts that such usage not only is incorrect but also reveals an ignorance of traditional Japanese culture.
Osano's strict historical understanding is probably too strict. He overlooks the legal and social changes in the status of soke that occurred after 1868. After Japan began to modernize, social critics denounced soke organizations as a disagreeable legacy of a feudal system based on hereditary privilege, which stifled innovation and restricted knowledge for the financial benefit of undeserving family heads who no longer possessed the skills of their ancestors (Nishiyama 1982c, 263-273). Soke organizations saw their networks of branch instructors wither as interest in traditional arts declined and former students broke away to found rival schools.10 Soon many traditional soke disappeared, especially in arts based on direct competition among participants such as Japanese chess (shogi) and in less well-known forms of dance and song. As more and more of these intangible cultural legacies disappeared, modern Japanese gradually developed a new appreciation for the soke families who had managed to preserve their own family traditions and teach them to new generations. Without the determination and persistence of the heirs of these families, direct knowledge of many traditional Japanese arts would have been lost.
Today one could argue that the historical differences between the heirs of Tokugawa-period family lineages which operated as commercial guilds (with the natori system) and the heirs of localized teaching lineages such as those associated with martial traditions are less significant than their modern similarities. In both cases the current successors remain the only legitimate sources for traditional forms of instruction in the arts of that lineage. In both cases the current successors have assumed responsibility for preserving the historical texts, special tools, unique skills, and specific lore that have been handed down within their own particular lineage. In both cases the current successors distinguish their traditional teachings from newly founded rivals by pointing out how their teachings remain faithful to the goals and forms taught by previous generations. Based on these similarities, many modern writers use the terms iemoto or soke as designations for the legitimate heir to any established main lineage. Used in reference to present-day representatives of traditional martial art lineages, therefore, the soke label properly denotes their roles as successors to and preservers of a particular historical and cultural legacy. It should not be interpreted as implying identification with a commercial network (as criticized by Osano) nor as being equivalent to "grandmaster" or "founder" (as mistakenly assumed by casual observers), and might best be translated simply as "head" or "headmaster."
Consider, for example, the case of Kashima-Shinryu (see Friday, Legacies of the Sword). In his books and articles, Seki Humitake, the current head of and nineteenth-generation successor to the Kashima- Shinryu lineage, uses the label soke as a designation for the Kunii family. He uses this term as a way of honoring the role the Kunii family played in preserving Kashima-Shinryu traditions. Down to the time of Seki's teacher, Kunii Zen'ya (1894-1966), Kashima-Shinryu forms of martial lore had been passed down consanguineously within the Kunii family from father to son from one generation to the next. Seki's modern use of the label soke simply acknowledges that legacy.11 In the writings of Kunii Zen'ya and in the traditional scrolls preserved within the Kunii family, however, the word soke cannot be found. Kunii Zen'ya never referred to himself or to his family as the soke of Kashima-Shinryu. He simply signed his name. In writing out copies of his family's old scrolls (these copies would be handed out as diplomas), though, he usually would add the words "Kunii-ke soden" before the title of each scroll. For example, if he copied an old scroll titled "Kenjutsu mokuroku" he would give it the title "Kunii-ke soden kenjutsu mokuroku." In this example, the original title simply means "fencing curriculum" while the longer version means "the fencing curriculum transmitted within the Kunii family." Used to represent this sense of "transmitted within a family," the term soke seems perfectly reasonable. It merely implies that the lore associated with this curriculum was taught exclusively within the Kunii familial lineage.
In concluding, it is difficult to condone the use of obscure Japanese terminology to describe American social practices for which perfectly acceptable English words already exist. One must struggle to imagine how any non-Japanese could call himself a "soke" in English except as a joke. At the same time it is also difficult to regard this term with any special reverence or to become overly troubled by its misuse among self-proclaimed "grandmasters" and "founders." During the Tokugawa period the word soke designated a commercial system of hereditary privilege that took advantage of the ignorance of ordinary people for financial gain. Perhaps teachers of commercial martial art schools in America who adopt the title soke for themselves are more historically accurate in their usage than they themselves realize.
Copyright ©2002 William M. Bodiford. All rights reserved.
This article first appeared in Keiko Shokon, 2002. For more information, check out Keiko Shokon.
URL: https://koryu.com /library/wbodiford1.html


text:
module Codewars.Kata.PascalsTriangle where

pascalsTriangle :: Int -> [Int]
pascalsTriangle n = concat . take n . iterate f $ [1]
    where f xs = zipWith (+) (0:xs) (xs ++ [0])

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


01-25-2005 Donielle Got A Picture!!!
11-11-1999 We updated the Products/More section to include Avidyne, Archangel, and EchoFlight.
09-21-1999 Updated UPS Aviation Technology's web address and info about their name change of IIMorrow.
01-29-1999 Depot Avionics, Inc web site starts. Many links are not finished yet, and forms are inop, however we are here now!!


Paystack helps businesses in Africa get paid by anyone, from anywhere in the world. Over 30,000 businesses of all sizes use our modern payments platform to collect and disburse payments, including MTN, Taxify, Smile Communications, GIGM, AXA Mansard Insurance, and many others.
Within a little over 3 years, our close-knit team has introduced a steady cadence of innovations, such as automated recurring payments, automated chargebacks, and much more. We process over 25% of all online payments in Nigeria, and our investors include Visa, Stripe, and Tencent.
We're looking for developer-entrepreneurs and technical business owners to join the Growth team at Paystack as Technical Product Specialists.
Every day, hundreds of developers log into Paystack. Whether they're building a mobile app, finishing a new WordPress plugin, or looking to add digital payments to a massive enterprise solution, they all share a common goal — using Paystack's API to solve business problems.
Developers are one of the most important groups in Paystack's community of partners, and as the Technical Product Specialist, you'll own our developer relations and give Paystack developers the superpowers they need to build amazing products.
We're looking for a new teammate who loves both code and commerce. You enjoy listening closely to business owners to understand their needs, and then working with software engineers to meet ambitious goals with Paystack's powerful product suite.
As a Technical Product Specialist, no two days are the same. One moment you'll be providing technical support to a tiny startup, the next moment, you'll be advising some of Africa's largest businesses about how to harness the power of the Paystack product suite to accelerate their revenue, and the moment after that, you might be in a brainstorm session with one of Paystack's four product teams as they plan for the next sprint.
You'll work with every team at Paystack, and serve as an important link between departments to ensure that all parts of the company are working in sync to provide the best possible experience for merchants and their customers. You'll have visibility into what's happening across the entire company, so you'll need to be a sharp, articulate problem-solver capable of the significant responsibilities entrusted to you.
Pair with Product Specialists to act as the the relationship management team for Paystack's most critical partner relationships, including Key Merchants. You'll serve as a technical consultative strategist, helping key accounts understand how to use Paystack's powerful product suite to meet their business goals.
Kindly submit your application before Sunday, February 10th at 11:59 PM.
3. After you submit this application form, you'll receive an email with a link to an online aptitude test.


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More Information on the BMW R1200GS
The BMW R1200GS and R1200GS Adventure are motorcycles manufactured in Berlin, Germany by BMW Motorrad, part of the BMW group. It is one of the BMW GS family of dual sport motorcycles. Both motorcycles have an 1,170 cc (71 cu in), two-cylinder boxer engine with 4-valves per cylinder. The Adventure has a larger capacity fuel tank and longer travel suspension. As of 2012, BMW's R1200GS bikes are their top-selling models.
At its launch in 2004, the R1200GS was 30 kg (66 lb) lighter than the R1150GS it replaced, and produced 100 bhp (75 kW), an increase of 19%. BMW continued to produce the R1150GS Adventure, releasing a final run-out special edition model, before launching the R1200GS Adventure at the end of 2005, for the 2006 model year.
Upgrades for model year 2008 included increased power to 105 bhp (78 kW), a new Integral ABS II anti-lock braking system was released without servo assistance and new options were added including electronic suspension adjustment (ESA) and the Automatic Stability Control (ASC) traction control system.
In 2010 model year, both models had a revised cylinder head with double overhead camshaft, an increased redline limit to 8,500 rpm, and an exhaust flap to give the exhaust a different tone. Power is increased to 110 hp (82 kW) @ 7,750 rpm.
At the 2012 Intermot, BMW announced that the 2013 model would have water cooling, deliver an additional 15 horsepower (11 kW), and weigh approximately 20 pounds (9.1 kg) more than the outgoing model.
As of 2007, the R1200GS was BMW's best-selling motorcycle, exceeding 100,000 units. In 2006, the R1200GS was the best-selling motorcycle in the United Kingdom, with combined sales of 2,227 units. The next-best-selling bike, the Honda Fireblade, sold 2,067 units.
Nearly one third of the 100,000 units sold by BMW Motorrad worldwide in 2006 were R1200GS. In 2008, the R1200GS was again BMW's best-selling motorcycle, with 22,845 standard models and 12,460 Adventure models delivered.
In 2012, Cycle World called the R1200GS "the most successful motorcycle in the last two-and-a-half decades" and credited it for creating the adventure touring category.
In 2007, the Adventure model of the bike was used by Ewan McGregor and Charley Boorman for a trip from John o' Groats in Scotland to Cape Agulhas in South Africa. The trip was documented in a book and television series Long Way Down.
The R1200GS appeared in several episodes the BBC Two television programme The Hairy Bikers' Cookbook, ridden by chefs Dave Myers and Si King.
Noted motorcycle journalist Kevin Ash died from injuries sustained in a crash while test riding the R1200GS at its 2013 press launch.
Drummer Neil Peart from the rock band Rush traveled North America on a 1994 BMW R1100GS after his wife and daughter died, subsequently authoring a book about his trip.
The R1200GS has been affected by a number of safety issues since launch. The United Kingdom Vehicle and Operator Services Agency (VOSA) has issued nine separate vehicle recalls covering the front brakes, anti-lock braking system, throttle cable, fuel pump, clutch, final drive assembly, brake pipes, and gearbox. Similar recalls have been issued in other countries.
Early reports described the bike as having a front end "head shake", and deliveries of the motorcycle were delayed while BMW revised the front end design.
BMW Motorrad official model information
BMW motorcycles at DMOZ
http://andrewolson.com/Neil_Peart/motorcycle_hall_of_fame/motostars.htm
http://blog.motorcycle.com/2013/03/04/manufacturers/bmw/2013-bmw-r1200gs-deliveries-delayed-to-fix-suspension-issue/?utm_campaign=twitter&utm_medium=twitter&utm_source=twitter
http://canadamotoguide.com/2013/03/05/possible-delays-for-delivery-of-2013-bmw-r1200gs/
http://web.archive.org/web/20070928003428/http://www.amadirectlink.com/news/2006/BMW_ASC.asp
http://web.archive.org/web/20081220084514/http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/mcn/2007/May/may-1-to-may-6/may0407longwaydown/?&R=EPI-90987
http://web.archive.org/web/20090125021917/http://www.motorcycle.com/news/bmw-positive-about-sales-figures-87856.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20090210074943/http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/archive/86493/87362/87444/87450/?&R=EPI-87450
http://web.archive.org/web/20090210132517/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2726676/Lightweight-boxer-packs-a-heavy-punch.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20090210132523/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorbikes/2745494/Egos-go-for-off-road-cred.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20090211134747/http://www.biker247.com/News/4106.asp
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