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Home Opinion Barbaric Nigerian customs, tradition and culture and breach of basic human rights
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Barbaric Nigerian customs, tradition and culture and breach of basic human rights
Oba Funso Adeolu
By Hon. Alderman Erelu Lola Ayonrinde (Conservative UK)
In memory of Late HRH Alayeluwa Kabiyesi Oba Sunday Funsho Adeolu Sataloye II ALAYE ODE REMO (OGUN STATE NIGERIA (1931-2008)
The memories that hang heaviest are the easiest to recall. They equally have the ability to change lives. Even when you try to shake them out, you cannot for they have through excruciating pain left permanent wrinkles in the fabric of the soul.
Through the pain, you learn a lot about yourself - things you thought you never knew. You might even find yourself with experiences you will rather not go through. That was exactly what happened to me five years ago when a brief illness led to the death of a very much loved one - my Kabiyesi, the then Alaye Ode-Remo in Ogun State, Nigeria,- HRH Oba Sunday Funsho Adeolu - Sataloye II (affectionately known as Chief Eleyinmi) on 21st August 2008 at Kings College Hospital In London.
Prior to his coronation in 1990, he was born into a Christian Methodist Family. He grew up in a vicarage with a father who was a clergyman. From childhood, he and his younger brother were aware that they were potential heirs to the throne of their ancestors. He was a student of Ahmadu Bello University and The London School of Journalism. A Sports Commentator with the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation and a widely celebrated television actor; his role in a TV series known as The Millers brought him into spotlight.
He took part in many film productions including, Things Fall Apart and Son Of Africa, and was popularly known as Chief Eleyinmi in a TV series called "The Village Headmaster" written by the late Ambassador Olusegun Olushola.
He was indeed a Statesman who deserved a State funeral worthy of a King.
Unfortunately, his funeral rites remain a secret, a Taboo subject.
No one dare speaks about how he was laid to rest, if one can say he has been laid to rest
This practice is not uncommon in significant parts of Yoruba Land of Nigeria.
Whilst many potential victims bury their heads in the sand and console themselves with ''what happens after my death is no concern of mine''
Onlookers questions the relevance of Traditional Institutions in Nigeria and other developing nations. They believe that fanatics would argue that the role of the Traditional Ruler is to uphold the Customs and Traditions but we are now at a different time where some of those previously obsolete beliefs no longer stand the test of time.
Likewise, that some of those traditions were rooted in fears and coercion designed to maintain control which gave rise to absolute power, and that the influence wielded by the early traditional rulers was in part attributed to slave trade, human sacrifice and various human degradations by the so called rulers.
Here is an American viewpoint: Nigerian type of Aristocratic system was shunned by the early pilgrims who escaped from Europe to the new found land called America for freedom. Yes, no system is perfect but the dream of the pilgrims created a free world where they have thronged over the years to seek for better life hence America is still the greatest country on earth. It is against this background that most people of the world continue to pray for America to remain and sustain freedom and quality of life.
Nigeria cannot maintain the kind of multi-tier government it operates from the Local Government to Council of Traditional Rulers to State and Federal Government and still do what is right. Our resources go into administrative costs and what is left is either stolen and stashed away or used to put a band aid on the system. The Traditional Institution is corrupt and evil, it has lost whatever relevance it once had. Time has uncovered that it is nothing but a glorified Occultism and pathway to witchhunt and crime. It has lost its religious, legislative, judiciary and executive roles it played because we now live in a different time. Some of the culture it pretends to uphold is not only obsolete but useless in today's digital era.
Unfortunately, the level of cultural ignorance is very high amongst Nigerians worldwide. Many readily accept every practice deemed cultural or traditional when they lack accurate and adequate information.
Many who claim they are of Royal Ancestry think that automatically gives them enough knowledge about the Institution based on a lot of secrecy. This has now culminated to abuse by the privileged few.
The Royal and Traditional Institution in Nigeria needs to learn many lessons from their counterparts in the UK where the Royal Family is a quality institution with readily available information to all the members and the people of Britain and beyond and there is a sense of ownership of the institution.
The practice of Customary Rituals in Yorubaland is very shady and requires investigation of the Truth. It is about time Yorubas stop accepting fake customs and traditions.
This is a sufficient reason why it should be the concern of all law abiding Nigerian Citizens to represent the potential victims of customary rituals most especially the Monarchs in areas where customary rituals, idolatry are of concern, with a particular focus on currently serving Yoruba Kings who following their death are at risk of becoming victims of barbaric, secretive, valueless, obnoxious, fake and unfounded customary rituals.
The Awujale of Ijebuland, Kabiyesi Oba Sikiru Adetona a practicing Moslem.
HRM Kabiyesi Oba Dr. Adedapo Tejuoso, The Osile of Okeona Egba, a devout Christian and Evangelist.
Since the mysterious disappearance of the body of my late Kabiyesi, at least these two likewise:
Elerunwon of Erunwon - HRH Kabiyesi Oba Awofeso - former Primate of Cherubim & Seraphim Church and a Revivalist.
HRH Oba Oladele Olashore - The Owaloko of Iloko Ijesha - a devout Anglican and former Finance Minister of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
My late Kabiyesi was a distinguished Elder Statesman who like many monarchs, responded to the call of Almighty God and his ancestors through Ifa (eefah) / the Oracle of Orunmila - a spiritual ancient Yoruba method used to confirm heirs to the thrones in Yoruba Land. He wholeheartedly served his communities, state, nation, and country, yet when he joined his ancestors/died, instead of a befitting burial, the whereabouts of his remains is still unknown. What we know is that the body was brutalised, treated like that of a criminal, dragged around on the streets of the town, his head left hanging for many weeks until the neck was rotten to allow the neck to come off naturally without the use of a sharp knife. Once the head came off, the body was cut into pieces, his heart removed to be eaten by his successor. His head is still in captivity somewhere in Ode Remo, Ogun State. He has no grave.
We are told the Kings of of Remo-land (Ogun State, Nigeria) are not entitled to an identifiable final place of rest, so do not have graves - a tradition which is not in accordance with the practice in ILE IFE or in OYO, the historical origin and source of all Yorubas including those from Remo-land.
The perpetrators of the fake, barbaric, and uncivilised inhumane act against the remains of dead Kings of Yorubaland are a group of individuals who are Slaves known as Afobajes / Kingmakers, Abobakus (destined to die with the King) Olokunesin known as Odis (slaves) of Ode Remo / Ijebu-land.
In the case of my late King, the ritual was without the involvement of the Chief Priest / Oluwo of the town who was then a very frail 90-year old, living in fear because he expressed a wish for Christian funeral rites. This was refused by the Traditional Council (Osugbo) of the town. All the attempts of the frail 90-year old to involve the State Government in the negotiation of his burial arrangements prior to his death was almost futile. In Nigeria today, regardless of the fact that in 1852, slave trade / human sacrifice were abolished, it is disgraceful that human sacrifice and uncivilised acts have become everyday occurrence.
To perpetrate the inhuman ungodly act experienced by my late King (Kabiyesi) required a mandatory imposition of a curfew from 12midnight to 6am. It is unclear who provided the legal authority to impose the curfew.
However, following the death of the immediate predecessor of current Alake of Egbaland, late HRH Oba Oyebade Lipede, who had an expressed wish for a Christian burial, his loyal and dutiful wife - Olori Bimpe placed his body in the boot of a car fled to Lagos, in order to facilitate a Christian burial rite for her late husband. Unfortunately she failed, the body was removed from her and handed to the ritualists of Egba-land.
The curfew which took place for consequential customary rituals was later declared illegal in Ogun State via a court settlement in a suit between:
All Concerned Christians Of Egba-land as Plaintiffs, and The Governor Of Ogun State, Attorney General & Commissioner for Justice Ogun State, a Mr. Donaldson Abiodun Ajayi, and Abeokuta South Local Government, Ogun State as Defendants.
A copy of the enrolment of judgment by Chief Judge C.O. Jacobs is available for reference in my archive.
The existence of such a court judgment could have served as a catalyst to prevent the curfew imposed when the body of my late Kabiyesi HRH Oba Sunday Funsho Adeolu was brought back to Nigeria from London in September 2008.
Nigeria is a country with a legal constitution. Section 38 (1) of the Nigerian Constitution confers on every citizen the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; while Section 17 (2b) declares that the sanctity of the human person shall be recognised and human dignity shall be maintained and enhanced.
A Constitution is the instruction book for how things work. It is a plan which provides the rules for the government. A Constitution dictates the law.
The constitution is in the interest of the public and for the purpose of its citizens. In a lawful country, we have a group of terrorists, gangsters, perpetrating ungodly acts under the cover of customs and traditions. Similar occurrences exist in Edo, Cross River, and Bayelsa, where it took one year of wrangling to lay to rest HRH King Hon. Justice St. Sgbae - Okpo XX of Okpoama, Bayelsa State.
Many Royal Majesties are neither given befitting funeral rites nor allowed to be laid to rest according to their religious belief - a breach of the constitution as it stands.
The current 1999 constitution does not offer all Nigerian Monarchs any security or basic human rights, the dividend of a democratic nation. The role of the monarchy remains in the dark. At the moment, the Traditional Institution is technically illegal. Nigeria is yet to offer the monarchs the constitutional backing of a Federal system of government. Perhaps the country does not have the capacity to do so, if that is the case we must go back to The Westminster Parliamentary system of government. It is a disgrace to have Our Royal fathers to be subordinates of Local Government Chairmen or expect by the State protocols to be on their feet when a Governor of the State makes a grand entry to all State functions.
In the meantime and in the interest of natural justice, there is a pressing need to prevent a recurrence of the burial rites that my late Kabiyesi went through.
This sensitive and controversial issue requires a law to give all Monarchs the right to opt out of customary rituals during installation and funeral rites, as well as curtail the powers of the ritualists - Afobajes, Odis, slaves, and Abobakus, who once upon a time would have been buried whole with my late Kabiyesi.
Nowadays, there is a Chief's Law which provides for the appointment and approval of Obas. Consequently Obas are fully part of a democratic system of governance, which does not approve of Choice By "Ifa" (Eeefah).
There is no shred of evidence in line with the YORUBA - "IFA" religious doctrine which recommends the way in which Oba Funso Adeolu's remains were treated.
The traditional mode of African / Nigerian administration was through a paramount chief - HRH (OBA). Pre-colonial days in Nigeria witnessed an autocratic / semi-Afrocentric system of governance, consequently an Oba (King) had absolute powers. Nowadays, Obas are on the payroll of Local Governments - he who pays the piper dictates the tune.
There are many Monarchs who want and should have the right to be installed and buried according to their religious beliefs. This is a basic human right which the government of Nigeria should enforce. We a need a legislation to eradicate this fake uncivilised cultural practice - perhaps, "TRADITIONAL RULERS (Installation & Burial Rites Law)." This law shall give the Traditional rulers the right to opt out of any Installation rite or process which does not conform to his religion or belief and give instructions as to the disposal of body in accordance with religion or belief.
For further information, please send an e-mail to: yorubacustomaryrituals@yahoo.com; or telephone +447405365994 or +447985194089.
Hon. Alderman Erelu Ayonrinde (Conservative UK)
Erelu Tunwase of Ode-Remo (Ogun State Nigeria)
Lola Ayonrinde Oba Funsho Adeolu Alaye Ode-Remo Oba Oladele Olashore Oba Awofeso nigerian magazine Europe Nigerian Newspaper UK Nigerian Newspaper Europe Nigerian Newspaper Canada Nigerian Newspaper London Nigerian Newspaper nigerian magazine USA nigerian magazine nigerian magazine UK Nigerian Newspaper in London nigerian magazine Diaspora nigerian magazine London Nigerians in UK Nigerian Newspaper USA Nigerian Newspaper Diaspora Nigeria Nigerian Magazine Canada African Newspaper USA African Newspaper London African Newspaper UK African magazine UK African African Newspaper Europe African magazine African magazine Diaspora African magazine Europe African Magazine Canada African Newspaper Canada African magazine USA African magazine London African Newspaper African Newspaper in London African Newspaper Diaspora


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What's New is a weekly radio program featuring a full hour of new music, curated and hosted by KXT's Gini Mascorro. Tune in every Monday from 7-8pm to hear the latest and greatest from across the globe and right here in North Texas.
What's New With Gini Mascorro Posts
What's New with Gini Mascorro — September 17, 2018
Gini has new tracks by British singer-songwriters Jade Bird and Blood Orange, and one from the late Charles Bradley's new album, Black Velvet.
This week's New Music Monday show features R&B artist Steven A. Clark, Austinites The Bright Light Social Hour and more.
What's New with Gini Mascorro — September 3, 2018
Hear the lead single from Ian Sweet's new album 'Crush Crusher,' plus Gini's new music picks from Wilderado and Oh Pep!
What's New with Gini Mascorro — August 27, 2018
New tracks this week from Tash Sultana, Matt Maeson, KellyMarie, Kevin Gordon and more! Listen to 'What's New' with Gini Mascorro every Monday at 7pm on KXT.
Merri Cyr/Courtesy of the author.
A Conversation with Jeff Buckley's Former Manager, Dave Lory
KXT's Gini Mascorro spoke with Dave Lory, Jeff Buckley's former manager and author of the new book 'Jeff Buckley: From Hallelujah To The Last Goodbye.'


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As North Shropshire shows, Conservatives are experiencing the electoral impact of betraying their voters
The North Shropshire by-election reveals a lot about the impact of empty government promises and the failure to deliver on Brexit.
byMike Buckley
in Brexit, News, Politics
Tory house of cards, cartoon by Stan
The North Shropshire by-election was a rare political earthquake. Veteran polling expert John Curtice described it as 8.5 on the Richter scale. The 34 percent swing, the seventh biggest in history, turned a 22,949 Conservative majority turned into a 5,925 majority for the Liberal Democrats.
That it was their second by-election win in the last 12 months only added to the sense of occasion and the sense of crisis for Boris Johnson's Conservatives.
The North Shropshire by-election and Brexit
Understandably the result has been largely put down to midterm blues, the seemingly never-ending stories of lockdown rule breaking in Number 10, disillusion with Johnson and anger over the MPs' corruption scandal that precipitated the election in the first place.
Brexit has been absent from most assessments of the result. If it has featured at all, it has been to note with incredulity that Johnson could lose a heavily leave-voting seat so soon after getting Brexit done.
"In a constituency that voted to leave, Brexit is a much less potent issue than it was two years ago", wrote Katy Balls, The Spectator's deputy political editor. What this ignores is that Brexit has consequences, not all of which have fallen on remain-voting areas or sectors.
It is true that rural areas and farming communities voted by some margin to leave. A Farmers Weekly poll at the time found that 58 percent planned to vote leave and 31 percent to remain, with 11 percent undecided. A later study found their voting choice was influenced by farmers' perceptions of EU legislation and their ability to control agricultural policy and others factors that impact on the farm performance.
But what Brexit-excluding assessments of the by-election ignore is that farmers' – and by extension rural communities' – hopes for the post Brexit world have not been realised.
Brexit has failed to deliver
By February this year – a mere two months after the end of the transition period – one commentator wrote that Radio 4's Farming Today had become "the angriest programme on air".
"Enraged farmers and despairing fishers fume as their food rots in lorries and warehouses, unable to export to Europe or even Northern Ireland because of Brexit", he went on. The impact of leaving the customs union – a question not put to the public in 2016 but decided by following governments – was already being felt.
To make matters worse, the government is cutting standards on food and agricultural imports, while requiring UK farmers to maintain existing high standards. The extra costs this will load onto UK farmers as opposed to foreign farms would price UK goods out of the market. The recently signed Australia trade deal is the first sign of this coming into being.
These reduced food standards will compromise the quality of UK food, a change consistently rejected by a large majority of the public in polling. Last year Johnson referred to such fears as "mumbo jumbo".
The National Farmers Union (NFU) has described the impact of trade deals with New Zealand and Australia as "one-sided" and "damaging".
High anxiety spreads in the Brexit camp
byAnthony Robinson
Australia trade deal
The Australia deal removes some trade protections for sensitive agricultural sectors with immediate effect. "Despite assurances that these sectors would be afforded some level of protection, we will see full liberalisation of dairy after just six years, sugar after eight years and beef and lamb after 15 years", said NFU president Minette Batters.
Concerns have also been raised about the standards of Australian food production. Vicki Hird, head of sustainable farming at agri-food group Sustain, said the deal betrayed consumers, farmers and the environment, pointing to the use in Australian farming of feedlots, battery cages and sow stalls.
"The [Australian] government permits the use of hormones and antibiotics to speed up growth as well as the removal of skin from live sheep, and they licence almost double the number of highly hazardous pesticides as the UK", she added.
The result will be low-cost, low-quality imports that imperil the nations' health and the ability of the UK farming industry to survive.
No one is suggesting that the North Shropshire result was all about Brexit. After the result, the Liberal Democrats argued that voters have "moved on" from Brexit, perhaps keen to burnish their credentials in other leave-voting areas.
Yet in the same breath they admitted that changes to the subsidy payments of farmers – a measure entirely the result of Brexit – was a factor in the result.
Electoral cost of Brexit betrayal
The Financial Times went further, arguing that the government's decision to "to shaft its own farmers" in pursuit of trade deals with New Zealand and Australia, two of the world's most efficient agricultural exporters, was "a pretty bold move for a Tory secretary of state, especially one representing a heavily rural constituency".
That there was an electoral cost to this decision in a rural constituency – leave voting or not – is hardly a surprise.
The problem the Conservatives have is that these attacks on livelihoods and – in rural areas – history and tradition will not be quickly forgotten. There are an estimated 104,000 farmers working in the UK. That is a lot of votes to lose in seats the Conservatives now know they can no longer take for granted.
They are added to the two million small company directors the government chose to freeze out of furlough support, who campaigners say are unlikely to vote Conservative again in significant numbers. Workers in the creative industries, also left high and dry for much of the pandemic, and other sectors harmed by Brexit may make the same choice.
Put together, all of this will have an impact at the next election, just as it did in North Shropshire. The swings may not be as large or as eye-catching, but they will be there. The outcome of the next election may depend on them.
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Mike Buckley
Mike Buckley is a journalist and campaigner. He is director of @CampaignCentUK and host of the Labour for a European future podcast. He is a former aid worker, community organiser and adviser to the Labour Party.


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text:
SportsHigh SchoolBaseball
Mike Draskin wins Blue Chip Silver Slugger Award
Mike Draskin of Half Hollow Hills West poses for a portrait during Newsday's Top 100 baseball players photo shoot at company headquarters in Melville on Thursday, March 21, 2019. Photo Credit: James Escher
By Owen O'Brien owen.o'brien@newsday.com Updated June 17, 2019 8:47 PM
Mike Draskin isn't just a student of the game. He's a teacher of it.
When some kids may be playing video games, the Half Hollow Hills West senior third baseman is researching, making comparisons and fine-tuning his own swing to become as technically sound as possible.
The results followed, as Draskin went from being an unknown after he missed his freshman year due to injury to one of the most feared hitters on Long Island. Throughout his success, Draskin never stopped watching film and talking baseball. And on Monday at Villa Lombardi's in Holbrook, Draskin won the Blue Chip Prospect's Silver Slugger Award, given out to Suffolk's top hitter.
"The impressive part about Mike is he's a student of the swing and he is constantly -- and I mean, constantly -- researching and adjusting for the perfect swing," coach Tom Migliozzi said. "And not only does he work on his own swing, but he improves hitters on our team. I've actually picked up a couple of hitting strategies from Mike.'"
Draskin hit .471 with three home runs, nine doubles, three triples and a .750 slugging percentage this spring. He also hit safely in 20 of 22 games.
Draskin missed his freshman season with an injury and after having a strong junior varsity season, he jumped on Migliozzi's radar. Draskin followed with a strong junior year before his award-winning senior year.
"It's almost like when you taste the perfect steak and then you can't go back to ground beef," Migliozzi said. "So he tasted what it's like to have a good hitting season and I think he liked it so much that he just wanted to prove he can get better and better."
And he wanted to share the recipe with his teammates, passing along suggestions throughout the year.
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"He made kids on our team better hitters," Migliozzi said. "He just stands by the cage and works with other kids to make adjustments."
Draskin will go on to play at New York Tech, where Migliozzi said he will "Rip it apart, he's going to make an impact as soon as he gets there." And after that, maybe even coaching in an official role.
"If he gets time in his life, somehow there's going to be hitting involved in it," Migliozzi said. "No doubt about it."
By Owen O'Brien owen.o'brien@newsday.com
LI's Flatley earns lacrosse Lifetime Achievement Award
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Nassau football seedings for 2019 season
Suffolk football seedings for 2019 season
Baseball helps Hauppauge's Abruscato succeed
Top high school stories
LI Class of 2020 college commitments
All-Long Island football history
More high schools
How a transplant bonded two families together for life
Mount Sinai's Wei receives Newsday Marcus A. Henry Award
Newsday's All-Long Island boys lacrosse team
Meet Newsday's All-Long Island baseball team
Grand Slam Challenge: Nassau vs. Suffolk


text:
package me.coley.recaf.cfr;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Collection;

import org.benf.cfr.reader.api.ClassFileSource;
import org.benf.cfr.reader.bytecode.analysis.parse.utils.Pair;

public class CFRSourceImpl implements ClassFileSource {
	/**
	 * Lookup assistor for inner classes and other references.
	 */
	private final CFRResourceLookup resources;

	public CFRSourceImpl(CFRResourceLookup resources) {
		this.resources = resources;
	}

	@Override
	public void informAnalysisRelativePathDetail(String s, String s1) {}

	@Override
	public Collection<String> addJar(String s) {
		throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Return paths of all classfiles in jar.");
	}

	@Override
	public String getPossiblyRenamedPath(String s) {
		return s;
	}

	@Override
	public Pair<byte[], String> getClassFileContent(String pathOrName) throws IOException {
		pathOrName = pathOrName.substring(0, pathOrName.length() - ".class".length());
		return Pair.make(resources.get(pathOrName), pathOrName);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


One of four designs from the Bright Woods collection of open edition prints.
They are available either mounted, backed and bagged ready for framing or mounted and framed in either a black or white simple box section frame or the alternative white frame (see mounting and framing). The frame measures 23 x 23mm for the Standard prints and 30 x 30mm for the Large prints.


we were in kent earlier this week and bought a kilo of cherries from a stall in the small village where we were staying – apparently they'd been picked the day before, from trees a few miles down the road. the fruit was delicious – sweet with plenty of flavour. in previous years i would have eaten them all, just as nature intended, but having discovered preserved cherries in syrup last summer, i knew what i wanted to make with these first cherries of the season. this is a wonderful thing to have in your fridge when the weather is hot – i loved serving it to friends last summer and look forward to doing the same this year.
the fruit are now sitting in the fridge, chilling and becoming ready to eat; the stones are submerged under vodka, slowing turning into homemade kirsch. i can't wait to enjoy both.


text:
Start-up and shutdown issues in sulphur processing
Knowing the limitations of the sulphur unit and what may occur during start-ups and shutdowns helps to prevent damage.
MATHEW D BAILEY, G SIMON A WEILAND and NATHAN A HATCHER
Optimized Gas Treating Inc
Part 1: The SRU at turndown. The transient nature of start-ups and shutdowns arguably causes the most damage to an SRU through thermal cycling of the process equipment. Start-ups and shutdowns can be more devastating to equipment than years of steady, normal operation, and these are the very conditions often overlooked or given little thought. Thermal cycling affects the reliability of the waste heat boiler (WHB), most notably by degrading the tube sheet system, which includes the refractory, ferrules, the tube sheet itself, the fragile tube-to-tube sheet joints, and the tubes.From an initial set of parameters such as feed flow rates, composition, temperatures, and pressure, a sulphur recovery unit (SRU) is designed to meet a specific set of targets. During design, attention is given to different operating scenarios such as varying feed quality, feed rate (turndown), equipment fouling, and catalyst aging to help ensure the design is robust. Amine treating units and sulphur plants usually work well when equipment is operated at design conditions; however, equipment and instrumentation behave differently under turndown conditions, and not always in desirable ways.
It is normal for an SRU to operate below design flow rates and for operating conditions to change after construction and commissioning, and every so often during operation of the unit. Ensuring adequate performance under off-design conditions is crucial to successful operation. Through proper design, operating practices, and maintenance procedures, the reaction furnace and WHB system can have a life expectancy in excess of 20 years. However, with an inadequate design, poor operating practices, frequent cycling, or poor maintenance, it can be as short as two or three years.1 Being able to model accurately the effect of variations in feed quality, feed rate, exchanger fouling, and catalyst ageing can provide invaluable understanding of the effects of these parameters, and reveal operating conditions that will expose various SRU components to premature failure.
Case studies: turndown and operating an SRU during shutdown and start-up
A series of case studies was performed to analyse the effects of turndown on a Claus SRU. The unit studied is a typical two-stage SRU in a refinery processing both sour water acid gas (SWAG) and amine acid gas (AAG) at a combined total acid gas (CAG) design flow rate of 125 long tons per day (lt/d)(see Figure 1 and Table 1). The heat exchange units, such as the WHB and condensers, were simulated in rating mode to assess accurately the effects of operating at off-design rates. All cases were simulated using SulphurPro, a kinetic rate and heat transfer rate based sulphur recovery simulator, with the AAG to SWAG ratio fixed at 5.6 to 1.
Two cases are considered: Case A is a unit simulation in two turndown scenarios: one is at 75lt/d (60% of design) of CAG, the other at 40 lt/d (30% of design). The performance of the unit, and specifically the exchangers, is assessed at each turndown step.
Case B assesses the unit at a point during the start-up/shutdown procedure halfway between 30% turned down and hot standby (natural gas only). To achieve this condition, half the CAG at 30% load is replaced with natural gas. In other words, the overall hydraulic load is kept at 30% of design but the feed is 50:50 natural gas and CAG with CAG now at 15% of the design rate.
Table 2 shows that as the unit is turned down from 100% (base case) to 60%, and then to 30% of design rates (Case A), the most noticeable changes are in the WHB operating conditions. At 30% turndown, the peak heat flux is reduced to nearly half of the base case. The cause is the severely reduced mass flux through the unit. Reduced heat flux and WHB tube wall temperatures are beneficial in reducing corrosion. However, if the rate of change from design to turndown is fast, mechanical stress from the rapid temperature changes can create differential thermal expansion and thermal shock. Without simulation, these potential hazards can be neither identified nor engineered around.
The overall Claus sulphur conversion, sulphur recovery, and CS2 in the tail gas do not seem to be highly affected by turndown. Although not directly calculated in the version of SulphurPro used in this study, pressure drop decreases rapidly with turndown.
Hydrogen in the Claus tail gas drops quite markedly from the base case design as turndown progresses. This can have a significant effect on the performance and reliability of a reduction-quench-amine type tail gas treating unit (TGTU) downstream. Per unit volume of feed gas, the reducing gas demand increases with turndown, so either more external hydrogen or more natural gas must be combusted sub-stoichiometrically in the TGTU reducing gas generator (RGG). Insufficient hydrogen increases the risk of SO2 breakthrough during turndown operations. Additionally, if the TGTU hydrogenation catalyst is not fully active, COS and CO conversion will tend to fall off first.2
Increased turndown results in considerably higher COS in the Claus tail gas. Even though rates are reduced so that more residence time is available in the hydrogenation reactor catalyst, if the TGTU catalyst is sick or there is flow maldistribution, then unconverted COS will slip through the TGTU amine system to the incinerator. If there is not a TGTU downstream of the Claus unit, stack emissions increase in direct proportion to the unconverted sulphur. Regardless of the presence of a downstream TGTU, incineration systems that are legally permitted on the basis of SO2 concentration in the stack will see an increase in SO2 at turndown; this should be considered at the design stage.
In addition to these points, there are two further complications with turndown operations. The first is the formation of sulphur fog in the sulphur condensers. The second concerns heat loss. In the case of sulphur fog, conversion to elemental sulphur is not directly affected; rather, the recovery of sulphur in the condensers suffers. At low mass velocities (< 1 lb/s.ft2), fine droplets of elemental sulphur mist evade capture by conventional mist elimination equipment, leading to reduced sulphur recover efficiency.3,4 The risk of reaching the sulphur dew point in a downstream sulphur converter also increases, and this is compounded by increased heat loss. Besides concern for reaching the sulphur dew point in the catalyst beds, heat loss reduces the temperature in the reaction furnace and is also exacerbated at turndown. Blais et al. provided a methodology to estimate heat losses in the reaction furnace.5
Gas Processing and Treatment
Sulphur Removal and Recovery


The wonderful people at Hot Key Books have announced the 2013 Young Writers Prize.
This is a competition near and dear to my heart, as my first YA novel The Rig was selected as a winner of the 2012 competition. Hot Key Books is an amazing publisher – any budding writers out there between 18 – 25 should seriously consider entering!


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Securing pallets vertically. Used with sanstrap stretchband.
The clever addition for securing goods on pallets.
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Your partner for secure storage. Our Support Team is happy to assist you.
All you need to know about our products – in one click.
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text:
Spain | La Liga
Lucas Silva sets sights on 'dream' Real Madrid move
The 21-year-old, who has also been linked with Chelsea and Manchester United, admits he would relish the chance to join the European champions next year
Cruzeiro midfielder Lucas Silva admits it would be "a dream" to sign for Real Madrid and claims there has already been contact from the European champions.
The 21-year-old has emerged as one of the standout talents in Brazil after helping Cruzeiro to back-to-back Brasileirao titles in the past two years.
Having also been linked with Premier League giants Manchester United and Chelsea, the Brazil youth international claims he would relish the chance to join Carlo Ancelotti's outfit but would prefer to play in the next Copa Libertadores before moving abroad.
"I don't know if they are going to suggest presenting me in the middle or at the end of the season, if I will stay for the Libertadores or not – I still do not know how it will happen," he told SporTV. "But it would be interesting for me to stay for the Libertadores and then introduce myself in pre-season with the rest.
"It is going to be a dream."
Lucas Silva has made 68 appearances for Cruzeiro and was part of the Brazil Under-20 side which won the Toulon tournament in 2014.
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Next articleGhana to be more attacking under Avram Grant
LaLiga confirm Celta-Real Madrid postponement
Barcelona drawn against Atletico in Cup semi-final
Sergio Busquets out for two weeks
Cristiano Ronaldo: My dream of being the best has been achieved
Real Madrid set new spanish record of unbeaten run
Prandelli resigns as Valencia coach
Judge dismisses Neymar appeal
Oblak out with dislocated shoulder
Cristiano Ronaldo publishes his tax documents


Opposite Zack La Cavera had a match-high 17 kills as the No. 9 Anteaters swept past the No. 3 Waves, 27-25, 25-23, 25-19, in a Mountain Pacific Sports Federation match Friday night at Bren Events Center.
Jeremy Dejno added 13 kills for UC Irvine (9-7, 6-6 in conference). Roberto Frazzoni had 41 assists and eight digs, which matched the total by Michael Brinkley. Scott Kevorken had eight kills and Collin Mehring six on six attempts for UCI, which out-hit Pepperdine, .402 to .312.
Pepperdine is now 6-3 in conference.
UC Irvine travels to Long Beach State for a 7 p.m. match Wednesday.