ABSTRACT - Research on sales promotions has been hindered by the absence of a theoretical approach to categorizing promotions. In this paper, the case is made for categorizing promotions by whether they are framed as gains or as reduced losses. A "cost/benefit" approach suggests that non-monetary promotions are most likely to be framed as gains whereas discounts and rebates will be framed as reduced losses. A perceptual map of promotions, derived from the similarity judgments of two groups of consumers, is consistent with this categorization. Attribute judgments show some heuristics subjects use to evaluate Promotions.
William D. Diamond and Robert R. Johnson (1990) ,"The Framing of Sales Promotions: an Approach to Classification", in NA - Advances in Consumer Research Volume 17, eds. Marvin E. Goldberg, Gerald Gorn, and Richard W. Pollay, Provo, UT : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 494-500.
Research on sales promotions has been hindered by the absence of a theoretical approach to categorizing promotions. In this paper, the case is made for categorizing promotions by whether they are framed as gains or as reduced losses. A "cost/benefit" approach suggests that non-monetary promotions are most likely to be framed as gains whereas discounts and rebates will be framed as reduced losses. A perceptual map of promotions, derived from the similarity judgments of two groups of consumers, is consistent with this categorization. Attribute judgments show some heuristics subjects use to evaluate Promotions.
Promotions take many forms including coupons, rebates, reduced shelf price, and premiums. Behavioral theories tend to differentiate promotions on the basis of their magnitudes alone. A few of these theories have implications which could distinguish forms of promotion, but these implications have not been explored.
One reason for this is the absence of constructs providing rationales for differentiating promotions. As a result, behavioral researchers have tended to either confine empirical work in this area to one type of promotion at a time or select promotions atheoretically. The tendency toward very narrow categorization of promotions has been reflected in recent articles which deal with only a single type of promotion, such as couponing (e.g. Henderson 1985; Irons, Little, and Klein 1983; Narasimhan 1984; Neslin and Shoemaker 1983; Schindler and Rothaus 1985).
We argue here that a taxonomy based upon theory and consumer perceptual data will be useful in the application and extension of the behavioral theories of sales promotions. There is a close link between theory and practicality in this area.
The first section of this paper outlines a theoretical approach to the categorization of sales promotions. This approach is derived from prospect theory (Kahneman and Tversky 1979, 1984). Specifically, sales promotions can be categorized by whether they will be framed as gains or as reduced losses. This section concludes by discussing how behavioral theories apply differently to promotions framed in different ways.
The second part of the paper sets forth a perceptual map of promotions based upon the judgments of two consumer groups. This provides a taxonomy which is very similar to the theoretical categorization. By labelling the stimulus space with attribute judgments, we explore the heuristics that people use in evaluating types of Promotions.
Recent research (Kahneman and Tversky 1984; Puto 1987; Thaler 1985) shows that when alternatives are presented as gains, subjects choose and judge them differently than when equivalent alternatives are presented as reduced losses. Thaler (1985) argued powerfully that promotions may be framed as gains or losses. The promotion framed as a gain will have benefits which are segregated from the original purchase price-whereas the promotion framed as a loss will be seen as merely reducing the initial purchase price. Thaler presented automobile rebates as a case where a promotion could be perceived as a separate gain rather than a mere reduction of the purchase price. In Thaler's language, a separate "mental account" may be established for the rebate. According to Thaler, an equivalent saving resulting from a sale offer should be seen as a reduced loss rather than a gain. Thaler used the shape of the prospect theory value function to deduce that a promotion framed as a segregated gain should be perceived as more valuable than one framed as a reduced loss. Although several other researchers (Klein and Oglethorpe 1987; Monroe and Chapman 1987; Puto 1987) have studied the effects of framing on consumer information processing, these researchers have not considered the implications of differences in the framing of sales promotions.
There are several ways of hypothesizing whether a particular promotion will be framed as a segregated gain or as a reduced loss. One of Thaler's assumptions was that the physical or temporal separation of a rebate check from the price quotation leads to the framing of the rebate as a gain. He did not test this hypothesis.
Thaler and Johnson (1986) hypothesized that situations would be framed in accordance with a hedonic mechanism. Gains would be either segregated from or integrated with losses depending on which form would produce the most happiness for the subject. The general principle of hedonic framing led Thaler and Johnson to postulate several rules of framing. Because sales promotions are small gains presented in the context of a larger loss (the purchase price), the same rule should apply to all of them. This rule, known as the "silver lining effect" is to segregate small gains from larger losses. Accordingly, most promotions should be seen as gains rather than as reduced losses. This principle does not distinguish among types of sales promotions.
A third approach to predicting framing utilizes a "cost/benefit principle" (Beach and Mitchell 1978; Payne 1982). Beach and Mitchell posit that decision makers are motivated to choose the strategy which requires the least investment to achieve a satisfactory solution. From this perspective, the relatively unimportant problem of whether to take advantage of a sales promotion may not be allocated very much attention. The "cost/benefit" approach to predicting framing sterns from the amount of effort necessary to integrate gains with losses in different situations.
Tasks are more complex when different pieces of information about an alternative are in different units which may not be commensurable (Abelson and Levi 1985). Klein and Oglethorpe (1987) suggest that it should be more difficult to integrate multiple attributes of purchases if these attributes are in different metrics.
Adapting this to the domain of sales promotions, one might hypothesize that when promotions are in the same units as pricing information, they will be more easily integrated with the price. The promotion will then be framed as a reduced loss. Conversely, when promotions are in units other than money, they will be more difficult to integrate with the price. The consumer may not expend the effort required to integrate these noncommensurable promotions into the price paid, and such promotions should be more often considered as separate gains.
This reasoning presents theoretical grounds for the dichotomy between reduced-cost and value-added promotions recently discussed by Sawyer and Dickson (1984). Price-off promotions, including rebates, are expressed in the same units as price and are most likely to be framed as reduced losses. Value-added promotions, including either bonus amounts of the same product or other products as premiums, are in units other than price. These promotions are most likely to be framed as gains. Thus, the two classes of promotions should have fundamentally different properties if the consumer does not have the time, inclination, or ability to "recode" the nonmonetary benefits of a premium or purchase as a saving on the original product.
It is likely that other factors will influence the framing of sales promotions. For instance, continuity programs like frequent nier programs may be framed as gains because the promotion sets up very obviously separate "mental accounts" for the purchase price and for the promotional benefits. Similarly, promotions where money is contributed to a charity or worthy organization may be seen as gains because of the large segregation of the promotional benefit from the purchaser and the purchase price. The context of the promotion-whether other brands are being promoted--may well affect whether a particular offer is seen as a gain or a reduced loss. Finally, the various aspects of the presentation of a promotion may affect whether it is perceived as a gain or a reduced loss.
Once sales promotions are categorized in terms of how they are framed, it is possible to extend previous theories of sales promotions. Wt will examine the implications of this classification for two behavioral approaches to promotion: prize perception theories and noncognitive theories of induced behavior.
Price perception theories include theories c reference price and theories of the acceptability of promotions of different sizes. Reference prices, generally, are the amounts consumers expect to p; or will pay for a product or brand. The foundation for most theories of reference price is adaptation-level theory (Helson 1964; Klein and Oglethorpe 1987). The theory posits that consumers integrate all the pricing information they have seen to form adaptation-levels or reference prices. Consumers evaluate a specific price by comparing it with a reference price.
Monetary promotions, which are in the same units as price, are most likely to be framed as reduced losses. These promotions are likely to be integrated with reference price, leading to a downward modification of reference price. Inferences of reduced quality, which may result from a lower reference price (Monroe and Chapman 1987), should more likely result from promotions in monetary units than from promotions in nonmonetary unit!
Diamond and Campbell (1988) tested the effect of different promotional forms on reference price in a laboratory simulation. Subjects were exposed to 20 weeks of the pricing and promotion information on a fictitious brand. Discounts, but not nonmonetary promotions, lowered the reference price of the product.
Campbell and Diamond (1989) hypothesized that because nonmonetary promotions are less likely to be compared with the original price of the product, large nonmonetary promotions should be more likely to be within the consumer's "latitude acceptance" than large monetary promotions. Da from two experiments confirmed this hypothesis.
Sawyer and Dickson (1984) call a second s of behavioral theories of promotion "noncognitive theories of induced behavior." The best known o these is behavioral shaping or operant condition Rothschild and Gaidis (1981) and Peter and Nord (1982) conceived of promotions as rewards or reinforcements, but did not differentiate among promotions. Promotions perceived as separate g (rather than reduced losses) may be most readily perceived as rewards for a purchase. If this is so, nonmonetary promotions would be the most effective reinforcement, and would be the most effective at increasing purchase rates through operant conditioning.
As the preceding discussion shows, a classification of sales promotions based on framing can have significant implications for hypotheses regarding the effects of promotions on consumer! We now consider whether such a classification is consistent with the manner in which consumers actually differentiate promotions.
The plan of the study was to develop stimulus and subject weight spaces using a weighted multidimensional scaling of similarity judgments of sales promotions. The universe of sales promotions was developed by adding categories found in area supermarkets to those found in previous taxonomies. No references to specific products or prices were made in the sentence-long descriptions of the promotions. This approach has advantages and disadvantages. Specifics are very important determinants of whether a particular promotion is an effective incentive. However, our purpose was to explore the heuristics which people use to classify and evaluate general types of promotions. If the perceptual map were developed from a set of specific promotions, the dimensions of the promotions might be heavily dependent on the specifics of the stimulus set. The effects of specific promotional and contextual attributes on the evaluation of promotions must be examined in subsequent research.
To reduce the number of judgments subjects had to make, and to keep the stimulus space simple, we eliminated sweepstakes and contests from the preliminary list of stimuli. Sweepstakes and contests are complex phenomena which can not be described with a simple stimulus. The final list consisted of 16 "generic" sales promotions. Abbreviated descriptions of these promotions (which were not presented to subjects) are listed at the bottom of Figure 1.
Twenty students and twenty non-student women judged the similarities of all pairs of the promotions. Such a small sample size has precedents in the literature. Green and Rao (1971) used 30 matrices to evaluate scaling programs. Jones and Young (1972) used the similarity judgments of 31 subjects to describe the longitudinal development of a social environment. Green and Carmone (1969) used the similarity and preference judgments of four different groups, each ranging from 15 to 20 in size, to scale business school images. These methodological studies generated interesting stimulus configurations with small sample sizes.
The students were juniors and seniors at a northeastern state university. The sample of nonstudent women was a diverse convenience sample. They ranged in age from 21 to 65 with a median age group of 35-39 years. The subjects were paid $8.
A personal computer presented all pairs of stimuli in random order to each subject and recorded similarity judgments. Subjects rated the paired promotions from 1 (very similar) to 7 (very different). The similarities data were analyzed using the ALSCAL procedure in SPSSX. A weighted multidimensional scaling (INDSCAL) model provided stimulus and subject weight spaces.
A second group of twenty undergraduates rated the promotions on 12 attributes. The 16 promotions were presented in random order on a personal computer. The experimenters also classified the promotions according to two criteria suggested by the theory developed earlier in this paper. Promotions were distinguished by whether the benefits were monetary or nonmonetary and by whether they used another product as a premium. The criteria for classification are presented in Table 1.
At 2, 3, and 4 dimensions, the S-Stress describing the fit of the solution was .351, .282, and .244, respectively. The fit improved far more from 2 to 3 dimensions than from 3 to 4 dimensions. The three dimensional solution is the most interpretable of these solutions, and is very consistent with the classification based on framing. Therefore, the three dimensional solution is presented in Figure 1.
To label the stimulus configuration, we regressed the mean attribute ratings upon the dimensions of the stimulus space (Kruskal and Wish 1978). These regression results are presented in Table 1. Two types of information must be used to interpret this table. First, the multiple correlation between an attribute ratings of the various promotions and the coordinates of the stimulus space (perceptual map) must be high. For instance, the multiple correlation between the attribute "other product as premium" and the coordinates of the stimulus space is .99 . This means that the position on the perceptual map virtually perfectly reflects whether a promotion does or does not use another product as a premium. The second important piece of information is the regression weight of an attribute expressed as a direction cosine. The closer this number is to 1.0 or -1.0, the closer one of the three dimensions of the stimulus space reflects the ratings of the promotions on a particular attribute. The direction cosine of "Other Product as Premium" is nearly 1.0 for the first dimension. Therefore the first dimension almost perfectly reflects whether the promotion uses another product as a premium or not.
The first dimension of the stimulus space correlates most highly with the objective rating of whether or not the promotion utilizes another product (a premium) as an incentive. The second dimension is most correlated with the attribute distinguishing monetary promotions (including discounts and rebates) from all other offers (including extra amounts of product and other product as premiums). The multiple correlations between each of the objective attribute ratings and the positions of the promotions in the stimulus space were greater than .95 .
The attributes leading to the easiest interpretation of the third dimension were the ratings of the time and effort required to utilize the promotional offer. This dimension distinguishes promotional incentives which are immediate and low-effort from delayed and high-effort incentives such as rebates and mail-in offers.
The attribute ratings cast light on the subjects' stereotypes toward promotions. Most prominently, the subjects were not fond of rebates or other mail-in offers. Dimension 3 was negatively correlated with liking of promotion, feelings of savings and value, feeling that the promotion is a reward, and ratings that the promotion is for young people .
The attribute ratings also provide evidence about how promotions are framed. Subjects rated promotions on a 7-point scale from "makes me feel that I am losing less than usual" to "makes me feel that I am gaining something extra." Promotions framed as gains should be rated on the high end of the scale. The regression coefficient relating dimension 3 (high time and effort) and framing showed indicated that promotions perceived as requiring much time and effort were rated as reduced losses (t(12)=3.6, p<.01). The regression coefficient relating dimension 2 (monetary/ nonmonetary) and the perception as a gain was also significant (t( 12)=2.7, pc.OS). Nonmonetary promotions (including extra amounts of products and premiums) tended to be perceived more as gains than monetary promotions.
To aid in interpretation, the points in the stimulus space were clustered using the centroid method. The dimensions were weighted by the average squared subject weights. The coefficient representing the distance within clusters has the values .52, .23, .16 and .13 for one, two, three and four clusters. The three-cluster solution appears to be helpful in interpreting the stimulus space.
In this paper, we have developed a theoretical classification of sales promotions. This classification is not fundamentally different than some classifications which have been used by managers . However, the theoretical foundation of the present distinction may lead to elaboration and extension of behavioral theories of sales promotions.
The classification is based on the hypothesis that since nonmonetary promotions are more difficult to integrate with the cost of the product, they are more likely to be framed as separate gains. Nonmonetary promotions include extra amounts of the promoted product and premiums using another product. The logic of this hypothesis derives from Thaler's (1985) work on mental accounting.
Consumer similarity judgments produced a perceptual map which strongly resembles the theoretical classification. Subjects did discriminate between monetary and nonmonetary promotions. Unexpectedly, promotions which offered extra amounts of the promoted product were seen as different than promotions offering premiums. Moreover, subjects discriminated and evaluated promotions on the basis of whether they required much effort and time.
Ratings of the promotions support the basis for the classification based on framing. Subjects tended to rate nonmonetary promotions as gains and monetary promotions as reduced losses. Our research thus supports Thaler's approach. However, it differs in the classification of rebates. Thaler hypothesized that rebates would be framed as segregated gains if they were physically or temporally segregated from the purchase price quotation. Our research found that subjects considered monetary rebates to be reduced losses. This may be due to consumers' increasing familiarity with such offers or the increasing practice of expressing prices as "after rebate." The framing of rebates as gains might re-emerge in future research, when the specifics and context of the promotions are described in more detail.
Other attribute ratings suggest some of the subjects' stereotypes toward promotions. For instance, nonmonetary promotions and immediate incentives were rated as more appropriate for young people. These were also rated as feeling the most like a reward, and may be the most appropriate for behavioral shaping (Rothschild and Gaidis 1981). It may be rewarding to investigate these and other connotations of sales promotions.
Future research in this area should address two limitations of the present work. First, these promotions were "generic." Consumer reactions to promotions may depend on the specifics of the products being promoted, and the magnitude and type of the incentives. Secondly, the samples used here were not large, nor were they necessarily representative of specific populations. The generalizations from these groups must be considered exploratory.
Despite these limitations, we believe that the correspondence between a classification of promotions based on framing and the empirical results reported here is sufficient to encourage the study of the different behavioral properties of promotions the consumer frames as gains and those the consumer frames as decreased costs.
Abelson, Robert P. and Ariel Levi (1985), "Decision Making and Decision Theory," in Handbook of Social Psychology, Gardner Lindzey and Eliot Aronson, eds. New York: Random House, 231-310.
Campbell, Leland and William D. Diamond (1989), "Effects of Framing on the Perception of Sales Promotions. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Advertising, San Diego.
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Thaler, Richard and Eric J. Johnson (1986), "Hedonic Framing and the Break-Even Effect," unpublished working paper.


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Molly Quinn at the Doctor Strange Premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood 10/20/2016
Molly Quinn is an actress who began playing Alexis Castle on the ABC comedy-drama series Castle in 2009. She also dubbed Princess Bloom for Winx Club from 2011 to 2014.
Molly Quinn Age
26 years (October 8, 1993)
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'Steve KEENE: 57 Miles or 455 Furlongs' one of artist's most ambitious projects to date
Courtney Sander making most of FSW theater experience
Comedic ingénue Holly Hagan makes costume design debut
Most Southwest Florida theater goers know Holly Hagan as a comedic ingénue who has delighted audiences at The Lab, Theatre Conspiracy and other area venues. But for the FSW Theatre Program's production of She Kills Monsters, Holly worked behind the scenes creating the costumes for the show. The results were remarkable.
Most of the action in She Kills Monsters takes place in New Landia, a fictitious Dungeons and Dragons module where a dowdy straight-laced twenty-something school teacher goes on a quest to retrieve the lost soul of her younger sister, Tilly, who died tragically in a real-life auto wreck that also claimed the lives of her parents. Besides Tilly (Kiana Pinder), the teach (Gabrielle Landsen) is aided by a Demonic Queen named Lilith (Courtney Sander), a spear-wielding Elf (Faith Deterding), a reluctant orc (Kenny Larmar) and a wry dungeon master (Jorge Luis Cabal).
Sander's costume unquestionably represented Hagan's greatest challenge. But Hagan was up to the task. She leathered up the wholesome FSW freshman, turning her into a sultry Dominatrix complete with fishnet stockings, knee-high black boots and black mid-forearm spiked gloves. It's quite the transformation as the accompanying photos illustrate.
Like Lilith's, each costume uniquely encapsulates the personality of the character for whom it was created, such as Faith Deterding's elven get-up and Jorge Luis Cabal's Obi Wan-inspired hoodie, the perfect shroud for an accomplished dungeon master like Chuck.
Costume design is a new venture for Hagan, who is one of the area's hardest working actors.
Earlier this season, she killed it as a clueless 21-year-old in Wendy McLeod's Women in Jeopardy at Theatre Conspiracy. But each of her previous roles has been just as memorable. In this regard, her other acting credits include The Lab's summer stock blockbuster, Whatever Happened to Baby Jane: A Parody of the Horror, a very-pregnant 17-year-old in Zalman Velvel's 55 and Over, the app-crazed enchantress in Deborah Zoe Laufer's Sirens, the beautiful young heiress Olivia in The Lab's 2015-2016 season ending production of William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, the bartender at the North Pole in The Eight: Reindeer Monologues, Angela in Stage Kiss, Thomasina Coverly in Arcadia, Soupy Sue in Urinetown and Kate Keller in The Miracle Worker. Holly was also a member of the team of actors who performed Ben Lamoureux's one-act play, Bird Flew, which was both the judges' and people's choice in Lab Theater's 24-Hour Playwriting Project on December 6, 2015.
April 6, 2018.
Fine acting enables FSW's 'She Kills Monsters' transcend Dungeons and Dragons theme
Women are the heroes in 'She Kills Monsters' at FSW
Chance Cintron sounds off on Miles, acting and his time at FSW


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Girls' education through a human rights lens: What can be done differently, what can be made better
This policy document discusses the global situation of girls in schools and highlights the importance of a human rights approach to education.
Human Rights: Promoting Gender Equality in and through Education
The Dakar Framework for Action represents the most important international political commitment towards promoting Education for All. The Framework contains two gender-based goals. In Article 7 (ii) the participants commit themselves to eliminating "gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005". The second commitment is to achieve gender equality in education (Article 7 (v)). These are described as "gender parity" and "gender equality" respectively. This article focuses on gender equality and examines gender parity by way of comparison, on the premise that it is a necessary but insufficient precondition for the realisation of equality. It also discusses a human rights framework for education to promote gender equality in and through education.
ACCESS DENIED! – Girls' Equal Right to Education in a global context, with a focus on Pakistan
The report provides a thorough analysis of why girls have limited access to education. Despite a firm legal framework, the implementation of the right to education remains problematic, especially for girls. Three main causes are indicated, including gender inequality in cultural practices, poverty and safety risks for girls. The report aims to give a better understanding of the challenges girls face in their struggle to get access to education. The situation in Pakistan serves as an example showing the complex problems surrounding the implementation of the right to education for girls. With 5.1 million children, the country has the second highest number of boys and girls who are not able to access education after Nigeria. In rural areas, widespread gender inequality remains, and the hurdles described above all apply. Furthermore, the conflict between the Pakistani Government and the Taliban often brings girls, teachers and school buildings in the direct line of fire.
The report concludes by highlighting what still needs to be done to improve the situation of access to education for girls globally and in Pakistan. By meeting these challenges worldwide, a true change can be achieved, enabling all girls to take school for granted because no-one is excluded.
A Girl's Right to Say No to Marriage - Working to end child marriage and keep girls in schools
In this report, Plan is calling for urgent, concerted and integrated action at local, national and international levels to enable millions of girls to avoid child marriage, stay in school and benefit from a quality education. Plan draws attention to the barriers stopping many girls from realising their right to quality education, which, in turn, increases their risk of marrying too young. Financial barriers and harmful gender norms can drive parents to prioritise sons' education over that of daughters' – often on the assumption that girls will marry soon anyway. Many parents also fear for their daughters' safety in school. The onset of puberty makes girls more vulnerable to sexual violence, harassment and abuse by teachers, staff and other pupils. Poor teaching and unsupportive environments make girls less likely to pass critical examinations needed to access higher levels of education. Plan's Because I am a Girl campaign aims to ensure that girls receive a quality primary education and can transition to, and successfully complete, secondary school. It seeks to enable girls to have more choices in life, to allow them to play an active role in their community.
Education Key to Addressing HIV : Safe Schools Every Girl's Right
Education is a vital element in efforts to stop the spread of HIV and AIDS. Sexual assault against girls in and around schools carries the danger of HIV infection. The threat of violence reduces the ability of girls to protect themselves from infection. In this information sheet in Amnesty International calls on governments and schools to take steps such as the prohibition of all forms of violence against girls; provision of appropriate treatment and HIV/AIDS information; and implementation of policies to include girls living with HIV, for example, in schools.
No to Discrimination, Harassment and Violence : Safe Schools every Girl's Right
Certain girls face an increased risk of violence at school because of who they are. Lesbian girls, for example, experience both sexism and homophobia combined. Girls with disabilities face both sexism and disability discrimination. In this information sheet Amnesty International calls on governments and schools to train school staff in early intervention strategies and to develop and implement a code of conduct for all students that explicitly prohibits sexual violence and sexual harassment in the educational context
Why Can't I Afford to Go to School? Safe Schools Every Girl's Right
Education is held up as the key strategy to empower girls and break the cycles of poverty, to propel social and economic development in poor countries, and to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS. Many girls from poor families have little or no access to even a primary education, because the costs are beyond their families' means. In this information sheet Amnesty International calls o governments to eliminate direct and indirect fees for primary schools and take steps to make secondary schools accessible to all.
Stolen Childhood, Lost Learning: Safe Schools every Girl's Right
All over the world girls face violence as they pursue their education. Some suffer long-term harm to their mental and physical health. Their human rights are violated. In this information sheet Amnesty International calls on government officials and bodies, including schools, in collaboration with all relevant parties to take six steps to stop school-related violence. These include making schools safe for girls, protection of girls from abuse and the removal of barriers to girls' access to school.
Safe Schools, Every Girl's Right
Stop Violence Against Girls in School: A cross-country analysis of change in Ghana, Kenya and Mozambique
This report is the culmination of five years' implementation of ActionAid's multi-country project aimed at empowering girls and enabling them to enjoy their rights to education and participation in a violence-free environment. The uniqueness of this project resides in the connection between research, community intervention and advocacy reinforced by a strong partnership approach.
On ActionAid website are also available the executive summary (French and English) and the success stories (English and Portuguese).


Gold pearl ring, beautiful classic cuff and stunning earrings!
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Call it a gift, call it talent, call it whatever you want, but the art that goes into Just Liz jewelry is truly unique and second to none. With quality, precision and an incredible amount of patience, Liz McCormack hand-crafts her jewelry with a fine balance of hammering, twisting and crafting wire, stones and other elements into beautiful masterpieces. Every item is a one-of-a-kind. Every item is custom-made and every item is an instant heirloom.


Fishbourne Primary School - Fun in the snow!
We have had a wonderful morning playing in the snow… snowballs, snowmen (and dogs), tobogganing, snow angels… and so much more!
The morning was topped off with hot chocolate and biscuits in every classroom thanks to the super-human efforts of a team of staff who mixed, poured, washed up and just kept going until every single child in school had been served! Fabulous!
We are now happily damp and defrosting and will shortly be settling down to some learning in the classrooms! Thanks to all our families for sending the children in to school prepared and ready for enjoying the snow.
Mr Stemp has done a heroic job of keeping the paths clear through all the icy mornings and now snow- a huge thank you to him!


There are various automotive components available and one of them includes car accessories. There is a list of car auto parts such as bumper, door locks, power door locks, windshield, fog light, battery etc, which are some of the manufactured components of automobiles.
The Automotive Components Industry in India is one of the rapid growing industries. Nowadays, the consumers are giving a lot of importance to the car accessories. Even though, the customers prefer small cars, they want the latest interiors and parts to be the latest one. Due to this growing trend, there is a boot to the automotive components industry in India.
Auto component industry itself a much diversified sector it covers major components such as engine, body parts, brakes, gears, airbags, fuel tanks, suspension system, steering systems and seat belts manufacturers. Asian countries are becoming the new favourable destination for global manufacturers such as China, India, Japan and other as import tariffs for critical components imported from the Asean block. Growth opportunity in the industry has attracted a many companies, including major foreign companies, to operate in Asian auto component market.
As per the data provided by Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India i.e. ACMA, the auto component industry had grown a compound annual growth rate i.e. CAGR of 14.6 per cent during 2007-11 and is expected to be a US$ 113 billion by 2020.
As per the reports given by Frost and Sullivan, the component revenues from India will reach US$ 212 million by 2020, which would account for 11 per cent of the global component market.
Some of the major automotive components industry players Aichi Steel Corporation (Japan), Aisin Group (China), Alcoa, Inc. (USA), Central Corporation (Korea), in India Polaris Industries, Piolax India, Bosch Automotive and Panasonic Carbon India Co Ltd. are having good market shares.


text:
Idaho State University Requirements for Admission
What are Idaho State University's admission requirements? While there are a lot of pieces that go into a college application, you should focus on only a few critical things:
In this guide we'll cover what you need to get into Idaho State University and build a strong application.
School location: Pocatello, ID
Admissions Rate: 99.9%
The acceptance rate at Idaho State University is 99.9%. For every 100 applicants, 100 are admitted.
This means the school is a nearly open admissions school. They accept nearly all students, so for the most part, you just need to submit an application to get in. But if you don't meet all their application requirements, you'll be one of the very few people who gets rejected.
Idaho State University GPA Requirements
The average GPA at Idaho State University is 3.25.
(Most schools use a weighted GPA out of 4.0, though some report an unweighted GPA.
With a GPA of 3.25, Idaho State University accepts below-average students. It's OK to be a B-average student, with some A's mixed in. It'd be best to avoid C's and D's, since application readers might doubt whether you can handle the stress of college academics.
You must take either the SAT or ACT to submit an application to Idaho State University. More importantly, you need to do well to have a strong application.
Idaho State University SAT Requirements
Average SAT: 510
The average SAT score composite at Idaho State University is a 510 on the 1600 SAT scale.
This score makes Idaho State University Not Too Competitive for SAT test scores.
Idaho State University SAT Score Analysis (New 1600 SAT)
The 25th percentile SAT score is 450, and the 75th percentile SAT score is 570. In other words, a 450 on the SAT places you below average, while a 570 will move you up to above average.
Composite 510 450 570
Idaho State University ACT Requirements
Just like for the SAT, Idaho State University likely doesn't have a hard ACT cutoff, but if you score too low, your application will get tossed in the trash.
The average ACT score at Idaho State University is 22. This score makes Idaho State University Moderately Competitive for ACT scores.
We weren't able to find the school's exact ACT policy, which most likely means that it does not Superscore. Regardless, you can choose your single best ACT score to send in to Idaho State University, so you should prep until you reach our recommended target ACT score of 18.
Idaho State University considers the SAT Essay/ACT Writing section optional and may not include it as part of their admissions consideration. You don't need to worry too much about Writing for this school, but other schools you're applying to may require it.
We did not find information that Idaho State University requires SAT subject tests, and so most likely it does not. At least 6 months before applying, you should still doublecheck just to make sure, so you have enough time to take the test.
This school offers nearly open admissions, which means they give almost every student an offer of admission. To be safe, you should aim for a 450 SAT or a 18 ACT or higher. If you can achieve this, you're pretty much guaranteed a spot in the incoming class.
What are your chances of admission at Idaho State University?
Every school requires an application with the bare essentials - high school transcript and GPA, application form, and other core information. Many schools, as explained above, also require SAT and ACT scores, as well as letters of recommendation, application essays, and interviews. We'll cover the exact requirements of Idaho State University here.
Essay or Personal Statement
Yes Rolling Rolling
Pocatello, ID 83209
If you're interested in Idaho State University, you'll probably be interested in these schools as well. We've divided them into 3 categories depending on how hard they are to get into, relative to Idaho State University.
If you're competitive for Idaho State University, these schools will offer you a similar chance of admission.
Fort Valley State University Fort Valley, GA 570 11
If you're currently competitive for Idaho State University, you should have no problem getting into these schools. If Idaho State University is currently out of your reach, you might already be competitive for these schools.
Arkansas Tech University Russellville, AR 560 22
Mount Mercy University Cedar Rapids, IA 550 22
University of West Georgia Carrollton, GA 470 20
Grambling State University Grambling, LA 450 18


If you're 22 years of age or older and have earned more than £192 (before tax) in one week, then you'll be automatically included in the scheme and will need to opt-out if you don't want to make contributions.
After you've been enrolled, you'll pay a contribution any time you earn more than £113 (we'll contribute too). You can opt-out (and opt back in) whenever you like.


Enjoy Busselton's premier modern Australian restaurant specialising in local seafood and produce.
Sit back and relax by the fire place or on the sun drenched decking with its scenic views by day and magnificent sunsets by night over the Port Geographe Marina. The Deck Marina Bar & Restaurant is the perfect location for your special celebration, casual lunch, romantic dinner or to meet up with family and friends.
Beachlands guests are invited to sit back and relax with a 10% discount flyer. Ask at reception for more information and a flyer to use at the restaurant.
For groups of 8 - 13 people a free shuttle bus is available to take you there and back to Beachlands.
The Deck will be open on Christmas Day and New Years Eve - bookings essential. Call them direct on 9751 2960 to book.


Campbell's single-channel piece is a voyeuristic view into a personal history playing out with multiplying endings….
While in Ho Chi Minh City, Fletcher re-photographed The War Remnants Museum including its wall tags and supporting documents for what the Vietnamese call The American War….
Jackson presents a proposal for the beginning of a post-apocalyptic earth in which the wrongs of our past can be rectified….
Watch the two new TBA:06 commercials! Special thanks to Comcast….
A four-part single channel video work depicting "the burn," a massive section of Oregon forest destroyed by natural fires in 2003….
For this beautifully simple performance/installation, Stan's Cafe will bring 300 million grains of rice to Portland, a grain for every person in the United States….
As part of an ongoing collaboration, Desktop is a diorama of a virtual environment that pulls freely from the vocabularies of computer technology, new media, and contemporary art practice….
The film installations of British East-Indian artist Sutapa Biswas are metaphorical journeys that re-imagine culture and family through diverse time periods and works of art….


text:
URC Daily Devotion Tuesday 22nd June 2021
June 22, 2021 colind
Tuesday 22nd June
Revelation 20: 7 – 10
When the thousand years are ended, Satan will be released from his prison and will come out to deceive the nations at the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, in order to gather them for battle; they are as numerous as the sands of the sea. They marched up over the breadth of the earth and surrounded the camp of the saints and the beloved city. And fire came down from heaven and consumed them. And the devil who had deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire and sulphur, where the beast and the false prophet were, and they will be tormented day and night for ever and ever.
John's vision has some strikingly powerful images.
The words apocalypse and revelation make us think of end times and destruction, but the original meaning is simply about revealing.
To anyone who has ever been to anywhere volcanic, the lake of fire and sulphur conjures up images of the world being torn apart. Perhaps it transports us to Dante's Inferno, the world of Tolkein or maybe Game of Thrones.
It shows us chaos and battles where good appears to lose to evil. Wars where justice is trampled into the dust, where hope diminishes and truth perishes.
In a world that has been ravaged by a disease caused by a virus that we can't see, it has been possible to glimpse an apocalyptic vision.
The words of this last book in the Bible are difficult to understand. The images they conjure up are troubling. But they were written in troubled times for a people being persecuted, and alongside the devastation they describe there is hope.
We are more geared nowadays to thinking in terms of positive and inclusive language in our churches, we often fight shy of words like evil, the Devil, Satan. But there are plenty of aspects of our world where we need to call out and act where we see things that harm us. Injustice, greed and selfishness can & should be challenged.
Although this passage speaks of destruction, waiting there is a God of love. We're called upon to act in ways that show that love.
Standing by while people are trafficked into modern slavery, vast swathes of forests burnt, and children are given guns to fight in wars aren't just distant things that don't concern us. They are the fire and brimstone of a world burning beneath our feet.
We have the gospel imperative to spread the Good News to help to put out those fires.
God of power
Empower us to share your love and your healing power
Help us to call out and fight anything that harms your world and diminishes your people
Give us courage to stand up to evil
And the strength to protect, to listen to and to encourage those who suffer
URC Daily Devotion Monday 21st June 2021
URC Daily Devotion Wednesday 23rd June 2021


text:
Andrew Schoultz
Andrew Schoultz | the artist
The artist Andrew Schoultz
Born 1975, Milwaukee, USA.
Lives and works in San Francisco, USA, .
Style and technique of the artist: Drawing, Installation art, Mural Art – Muralism, Painting,
Andrew Schoultzartworks on eBay
Andrew Schoultz interview
With his work covering walls on streets and alleyways around San Francisco, Andrew Schoultz has been painting murals for the past several years like it was going out of style. He painted so many in fact, that I was surprised to learn that some of my favorites were painted by him years ago. Andrew has also created art and painted murals all across the country and at times outside of the US…
Sourcing inspiration from 15th Century German map making and Indian miniature paintings, Andrew Schoultz's frenetic imagery depicts an ephemeral history bound to repeat itself. In his mixed-media works, notions of war, spirituality and sociopolitical imperialism are reoccurring themes, which shrewdly parallel an equally repetitive contemporary pursuit of accumulation and power. Intricate line work, painting, metal leaf and collage twist and undulate under Schoultz's meticulous hand, ranging from intimately sized wall works to staggering murals and installations. While his illustrated world seems one of chaos and frenzy, Schoultz also implies a sense of alluring fantasy and whimsy – a crossroads vaguely familiar to the modern world…
"Artists in Dialogue: Andrew Schoultz and Paul Klee", on view at the museum from August 13th through January 8th 2012. Curated by John Zarobell, this exhibition creates a visual dialogue across a century, drawings by contemporary Bay Area artist Andrew Schoultz respond to the inventive works of Swiss-born Modernist Paul Klee, which are featured on an ongoing basis in SFMOMA's Djerassi Gallery. Schoultz worked with Zarobell to choose 19 pieces from the MOMA's 200-something large Klee collection, then produced ten of his own drawings in response…


Our sister company Schulz Speyer Bibliotekstechnik were pleased with the exhibition, where they showed their latest ideas on how to create unique, individual solutions and zones for your library.
Especially the possibilities shown by the new concept Coccon Lounge created great interest. Many bypassers felt a desire for trying out the comfortable seats and feel the cave-like atmosphere.


Cannes, France was subjected to flash flooding earlier this week, but the inclement weather was not enough to prevent Mipcom from occurring Oct. 5 – 8 at the Palais des Festivals.
A record 13,700 delegates and 4,800 buyers attended the annual Gallic conference centered around the television and entertainment industry, where current trends and technologies were a focal point.
Among the insights? Dramatic TV is highly-sought after.
"The demand for premium drama was reflected by the packed World Premiere TV Screenings and the major series that were brought to Mipcom," Laurine Garaude, Reed Midem's TV Division Director, told Variety.
The new "X-Files" was revealed at the event, and the audience went wild.
"Today the market can absorb the volume of drama being produced because there is a such a wide range of platforms – streaming services, pay TV channels, OTT and DTT channels — that have big acquisition needs and have created a lucrative niche market for local series, said Pascal Breton, the boss of Paris-based Federation Entertainment.
Additionally, some believe that the screen no longer matters. The only thing that counts is strong content.
Adam Crozier, CEO of ITV, had similar thoughts.
"As long as TV companies invest heavily in great, new original content, they will be successful. The way people consume that may change over time, but that desire for great content will never go away," said Crozier.
For video of the various discussions and panels at Mipcom 2015, see below. If you're interested in our coverage of 2014's event, click here.


In the process of converting my '75 Duster from a column shift to a floor shift using a B&M Megashifter, I installed a Column Shift Delete Kit (MP14054) and a new turn signal switch (MD2094) from Classic Industries. My old switch was shot; so it only made sense to replace it while taking care of the floor shift conversion. After I installed the new switch, it would not correctly cancel after completing a turn. I tried adjusting the switch itself and moving/rotating the ring on the steering wheel. After several unsuccessful attempts, I guessed that the ring on the steering wheel was just missing the cancelling cam on the switch...so I cut off a section of a plastic tip from a tube silicone sealant and slipped it over the ring on the wheel.... no more cruising down the road like a jackass with a turn signal on for 5 miles!
Anyone ever install a grant wheel and have to reuse the original canceling ring?
Go on summit site lookup Grant Steering Wheels, and/or install kits. They are year specific. I know #4310 is for early As up to 66. You also need to know what Grant Wheel you have.
I don't think you can mix stock parts with Grant wheels. Mine wouldn't on my 66 B-Cuda.
Kits are about $25- $30. They do not include a horn button.
I bought the install kit from Summit. Did not come with the canceling ring. Instructions stated I had to take the original ring off the original wheel.....I don't have the original wheel...that's my problem.
Didn't read your thread good.
Put an add in the parts wanted for a ring, or a crap/$hit wheel, with a ring.


text:
module ArgMinimist

export parse_args, parse_args!, parse_named_args, parse_named_args!

intRegex = r"^\d+$"
floatRegex = r"^\d*\.\d+$"
argNameRegex = r"^(\-*)(\w+)$"

function get_arg_value(arg::String)
  if ismatch(intRegex, arg)
    return parseint(arg)
  elseif ismatch(floatRegex, arg)
    return parsefloat(arg)
  else
    return arg
  end
end

function parse_args()
  parse_args(ARGS)
end

function parse_args!(keyword::Dict{Symbol,Any})
  parse_args!(ARGS, keyword)
end
function get_arg_name(arg::String)
  symbol(match(argNameRegex, arg).captures[2])
end

function parse_args{T<:String}(args::Vector{T})
  keyword = Dict{Symbol,Any}()
  parse_args!(args, keyword)
end

function parse_args!{T<:String}(args::Vector{T}, keyword::Dict{Symbol,Any})

  no_prefix = "--no"
  yes_prefix = "--with"

  positional = Any[]

  pos = 1

  while pos <= length(args)

    argp = args[pos]

    if beginswith(argp, "-")

      if beginswith(argp, "--")

        if contains(argp, "=")
          # This is a compound keyword argument
          argname, argval = split(argp,"=")
          keyword[ get_arg_name(argname) ] = get_arg_value(argval)
        else

          if beginswith(argp, no_prefix)
            keyword[ get_arg_name(replace(argp, no_prefix, "")) ] = false
          elseif beginswith(argp, yes_prefix) || pos == length(args) || beginswith(args[pos+1],"-")
            # This is a true flag if any of these are true:
            #   has the correct prefix
            #   is the last argument
            #   is followed by a keyword argument
            keyword[ get_arg_name(replace(argp, yes_prefix,"")) ] = true
          else
            # Ok, this is the name value and the next argument
            # is the actual argument value
            keyword[ get_arg_name(argp) ] = get_arg_value(args[pos+1])
            pos += 1
          end
        end

      else

        # Process as options to set
        for k in replace(argp,"-","")
          keyword[ symbol(k) ] = true
        end

      end
    else
      push!(positional, get_arg_value(argp))
    end

    pos += 1
  end

  return positional, keyword
end

function parse_named_args{T<:String}(names::Vector{T})
  parse_named_args(names, ARGS, Dict{Symbol,Any}())
end

function parse_named_args{T<:String}(names::Vector{T}, args::Vector{T})
  keyword = Dict{Symbol,Any}()
  parse_named_args!(names,args,keyword)
end

function parse_named_args!{T<:String}(names::Vector{T}, args::Vector{T}, keyword::Dict{Symbol,Any})

  positional, keyword = parse_args!(args, keyword)
  symbols = map(symbol, names)
  match_symbols = filter((s)-> !haskey(keyword, s), symbols)

  if length(match_symbols) > length(positional)

    println("\n\tExpecting arguments: ",join(names, " "))
    exit(-1)

  else

    for (s,v) in zip(match_symbols, positional)
      keyword[s] = v
    end

    if length(match_symbols) < length(positional)
      positional = positional[length(match_symbols)+1:end]
    else
      # Empty because all were matched
      positional = Any[]
    end
  end

  return positional, keyword
end

end # module

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


…if the bug is the result of someone's wrong assumption, discuss the problem with the whole team: if one person misunderstands, then it's possible many people do.
Don't be a slave to history. Don't let existing code dictate future code. All code can be replaced if it is no longer appropriate. Even within one program, don't let what you've already done constrain what you do next—be ready to refactor. This decision may impact the project schedule. The assumption is that the impact will be less than the cost of not making the change.
Seems basic right? I would say refactoring without unit-tests is like driving at night without headlights, you have zero visibility. How do you know if your refactoring is doing any harm? From my experience, a business usually doesn't want to invest in regression testing when it comes to large, growing systems. Writing great unit-tests for an existing system gives the developer a blank slate to work with, you can rip up anything and know your modules still do what they are intended to do.
I've worked on projects which have tests in a separate root folder and I have also seen them nested right beside component folders. Having them right beside your components makes them readily available and easily accessible. I think this benefit is worth the extra clutter incurred. Now, developers get examples of how components are used right beside the actual code itself.
But if you do use a wizard (framework), and you don't understand all the code that it produces, you won't be in control of your own application. You won't be able to maintain it, and you'll be struggling when it comes time to debug.
IMO don't use a wizard (framework) for a technology you don't have a lot of experience in. Through my experience, it's a lot better if you take the time to get an intermediate understanding of the language . Your first iterations will be slow to develop but it will be worth it in the long run. This is especially true when it comes to frameworks, don't start a large scale Rails project and think that you can learn the fundamentals of ruby on-the-go. Accept feedback from your peers on project specific styling, and inquire about best practices to prevent language missteps. This saves everyone time.
Debugging is also a mess when you need to dive deeper into the framework you are using. Without knowing the language, you won't understand how the parts you are using were put together, thus you won't know how to take them apart and put them back again. Looking into a framework's code often can be the difference between novice and guru status.
No matter how well thought out it is, and regardless of which "best practices" it includes, no method can replace thinking.
I've seen this happen a lot with beginners, product will ask for a feature and they will build it the "Rails" way or the "React" way. Leveraging best practices will usually help you write good code efficiently, however, frameworks are not designed to do everything. Feel free to get creative and find the solution that works for your project.
If it's on the Web, the programmers may even read it.
Documentation must published on the web and linked to from the README.md, that's it, No opinions or debates, just do it.
There is also a tendency to fall back into the us versus them mentality of designers against coders. We prefer to understand the whole of the system we're working on.


text:
by Seth Colaner — Monday, March 18, 2013, 03:15 PM EDT
Ex-AMD Exec Says Windows Tablets Ready To Take Enterprise By Storm
The fate of Windows 8 is yet to be determined, but amid lagging PC sales and grumpy customers who just aren't all that excited about Microsoft's latest operating system, there's a bit of a dark cloud over it. The cloud is even darker over tablets running Windows 8; for example, Microsoft's Surface tablets have badly missed sales expectations among average consumers, and the likes of Samsung have actually cancelled some Windows RT tablet launches.
However, according to a white paper by Patrick Moorhead, former AMD executive and current analyst at Moor Insights and Strategy (with help from Paul Teich), the enterprise could be the market where Windows tablets find their footing.
The Dell Latitude 10, perfect for the enterprise
In the paper, Moorhead notes that tablets first penetrated the enterprise as the iPad became popular among end users, even though the tablets really weren't ideal for the workplace. For example, they're expensive and have only limited enterprise features; a square peg in a round hole if you will. Now that there's a slew of lower-power tablets that run full versions of Windows 8 instead of a mobile OS hitting the market, options for companies are very different.
Moorhead lays out some of the advantages of Windows 8-based tablets over iPads: The batteries can be configured to last up to twice as long, and HP in particular lets enterprise customers replace the battery and PCB quickly. In terms of expandability and I/O, it's no contest; just look at this chart:
Further, Windows 8 tablets are compatible with Windows 7 and all of the applications and features that go along with it, and they offer "the same comprehensive PC enterprise features deployed and already in use by enterprises". In terms of raw cost, iPads and Windows tablets are about on par for the most part; although some of the Windows devices cost more up front, companies save big on management tools with them versus iPads.
Moorhead's conclusion? "Enterprise tablets now exist that provide the best of both worlds between end user and IT, which puts the Apple in a precarious position of needing to add more robust enterprise features," he writes. "Until that point, Moor Insights & Strategy recommends enterprises re-evaluate their iPad pilots and deployments."
No one's saying that the iPad isn't a superb machine, because it is; however, Windows 8 tablets from the likes of HP, Dell, and Lenovo appear to be clearly better options in the enterprise, and by proxy, a lot of end users.
One final note: Nowhere in the white paper did Moorhead mention Microsoft's own Surface tablet, which may also be telling about the future of that particular Windows 8 device.
Tags: Microsoft, Windows, Enterprise, tablets, Windows 8, NASDAQ: MSFT
Via: Moorhead Insights & Strategy


text:
St. Clement of Ohrid in North Macedonia in 2022
St. Clement of Ohrid
Sculpture of St.Kliment Ohridski Macedonian, located in the center of Ohrid Image by Bijonse
How long until St. Clement of Ohrid?
Dates of St. Clement of Ohrid in North Macedonia
2023 North Macedonia Fri, Dec 8 National Holiday
2022 North Macedonia Thu, Dec 8 National Holiday
2021 North Macedonia Wed, Dec 8 National Holiday
2020 North Macedonia Tue, Dec 8 National Holiday
2019 North Macedonia Mon, Dec 9 National Holiday (in lieu)
Saint Clement of Ohrid was a medieval Bulgarian saint, scholar, writer and enlightener of the Slavs
Orthodox St Cyril and Methodius Day
When is St. Clement of Ohrid Day?
St. Clement of Ohrid is a non-working day in North Macedonia on December 8th each year. If December 8th falls on a weekend, the following Monday will be a non-working day.
History of St. Clement of Ohrid Day
Though the exact location and the year aren't known, Clement is accepted to be have been born in what is modern-day North Macedonia about 840 AD. The place of his birth is important as even though we will see that he made a massive contribution to the establishment of Christianity in Bulgaria, his birthplace reflects that he is held in slightly higher regard in Macedonia than Bulgaria.
Known as the enlightener of the Slavs, Clement was one of the most prominent disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius, the two Byzantine missionaries who spread Christianity among the Slavic peoples of Bulgaria, Great Moravia and Pannonia.
Worried by the growing Byzantine influence at the time, the Bulgarian King Boris I decided to promote Old Slavonic as the language of his empire. To do this, he established two Slavonic schools, one of them led by Clement and was located at Ohrid, which taught the Bulgarian version of Old Slavonic.
This school made Ohrid an important cultural centre for the Bulgarian Empire. Indeed between 990 and 1015, it was the capital of the empire.
In 893 AD, He became the first Slav bishop of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church.
Clement was instrumental in ensuring the enlightenment of Cyril and Methodius wasn't lost and he brought a Slavonic influence to the teachings, defining the identity of the Bulgarian and Macedonian Orthodox Churches.
Clement died at a ripe old age for the time in 916 AD. His disciples buried him in the monastery "St. Panteleimon" in Ohrid, which he had established. He was canonized in the 10th century, joining the pantheon of the Bulgarian saints as one of the seven Apostles of the First Bulgarian Empire.
Underlining his importance in North Macedonia, St. Clement is the patron saint of the country, the city of Ohrid and the Macedonian Orthodox Church.
Though this holiday celebrates a figure from the mists of Macedonian history, it has only been a public holiday since 2007, when this day and the Feast Day of Saints Cyril and Methodius were also added to the calendar.
To mark the holiday, a St. Clement award is presented in the Macedonian parliament (Sobranie) each year on December 8th to citizens who have made an outstanding lifetime achievement in the fields of art, culture or sports.
Despite his contribution to Bulgarian culture, only North Macedonia celebrates St. Clement of Ohrid Day as a national holiday. Bulgaria makes do with the Day of Bulgarian Enlightenment and Culture and of Slavonic Literacy on May 24th, the Feast day of Saints Cyril and Methodius.


text:
Biden still plans to restart federal student loan payments in February
By Katie Lobosco, CNN
Updated 4:29 PM EST, Tue December 14, 2021
President Joe Biden speaks during an event at the Kansas City Area Transit Authority on, Dec. 8, in Kansas City, Mo.
Alex Brandon/AP
President Joe Biden still plans to restart federal student loan payments in February, resisting pressure from some fellow Democrats who continue to call for an extension of coronavirus pandemic relief benefits.
"We're still assessing the impact of the Omicron variant, but a smooth transition back into repayment is a high priority for the administration," said White House press secretary Jen Psaki when asked Friday whether the administration would consider extending the student loan payment pause.
"In the coming weeks, we will release more details about our plan and will engage directly with student loan borrowers to ensure that they have the resources they need and are in the appropriate repayment plan," she added.
Borrower balances have effectively been frozen for nearly two years, with no payments required on most federal student loans since March 2020. During this time, interest has stopped adding up and collections on defaulted debt have been on hold.
Both Biden and former President Donald Trump took actions to extend the pause. Most recently, Biden moved the payment restart date from September 30, 2021, to January 31, 2022, but the administration made clear at the time that this would be the final extension.
Some Democrats urge Biden to extend relief
Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York, Sen. Elizabeth Warren and Rep. Ayanna Pressley, both of Massachusetts, have been pressuring Biden to extend the student loan repayment pause.
"The pause on federal student loan payments, interest, and collections has improved borrowers' economic security, allowing them to invest in their families, save for emergencies, and pay down other debt," the lawmakers wrote in a letter to the President last week.
Before the pause, borrowers were paying an average of $393 a month for their federal student loans, according to an analysis from the Roosevelt Institute, which was provided to Schumer and Warren at their request. That means that collectively, borrowers will be paying roughly $7 billion a month, or about $85 billion a year, once the payments resume.
A US flag flies above a building as students earning degrees at Pasadena City College participate in the graduation ceremony, June 14, 2019, in Pasadena, California. - With 45 million borrowers owing $1.5 trillion, the student debt crisis in the United States has exploded in recent years and has become a key electoral issue in the run-up to the 2020 presidential elections. "Somebody who graduates from a public university this year is expected to have over $35,000 in student loan debt on average," said Cody Hounanian, program director of Student Debt Crisis, a California NGO that assists students and is fighting for reforms. (Photo by Robyn Beck / AFP) (Photo credit should read ROBYN BECK/AFP via Getty Images)
Nearly 30,000 borrowers awarded Public Service Loan Forgiveness so far under new rules
Schumer, Warren and Pressley are also continuing to urge Biden to take further action and cancel up to $50,000 of student loan debt per borrower.
Biden said during the presidential campaign that he would support canceling $10,000 per borrower, but has not taken action to do so beyond directing federal agencies to conduct reviews on whether he has the authority.
When asked Tuesday about that campaign pledge, Psaki said the executive authority regarding student loan forgiveness is still under review and added that the President supports congressional action on the matter.
"If Congress sends him a bill, he's happy to sign it. They haven't sent him a bill on that yet," she said.
Biden has repeatedly resisted pressure to cancel up to $50,000 per borrower since taking office – making it very clear during a CNN town hall early in the year that he does not support the idea.
Separately, since taking office, Biden's Department of Education has made it easier for people who were defrauded by for-profit colleges to seek debt relief. It has also temporarily expanded the Public Service Loan Forgiveness program that cancels outstanding debt for qualifying public service workers after they have made payments for 10 years.
Preparing for payments to resume
Most borrowers with federal student loans have not had to make any payments since March 2020. Direct Loans as well as PLUS loans, which are available to graduate school students and parents on behalf of their children, are eligible for the benefit. Some federal loans that are guaranteed by the government but not technically held by it, known as Federal Family Education Loans, or FFEL, did not qualify. Generally, those were disbursed prior to 2010.
The relief is even more significant for those who work in the public sector and may be eligible for federal student loan forgiveness after 10 years. They are still receiving credit toward those 10 years of required payments as if they had continued to make them during the pandemic, as long as they are still working full time for qualifying employers.
Borrowers will receive a billing statement or other notice at least 21 days before their payment is due, according to the Department of Education. Those who had set up auto payments may need to notify their loan servicing company they want those to continue.
If federal student loan borrowers can no longer afford their monthly payment, they may be eligible for an income-driven repayment plan. Under those plans, which are based on income and family size, a monthly payment can be as low as $0 a month. The Department of Education has more information online about the payment restart.
This story has been updated with additional information.
CNN's Maegan Vazquez and Jasmine Wright contributed to this report.


If anyone tells you that Slovakia doesn't have a sea, he is only partly right. We are of course far from the real sea with salt water but we have quite a few of our own freshwater seas of our own – so don't worry about escaping from the August summer heat. There are enough places to swim, windsurf, ride a water-scooter, or sail.
The biggest lake for summer sports in Slovakia is Oravská priehrada (Orava dam) with 35 km2 of water surface near the city of Námestovo, close to our northern borders. It was so obvious a place for a dam that the first plans were drawn up in 1730. Actual construction took place from 1941 to 1954. From then on many recreational improvements were made in the area.
In contrast to the rather colder waters of Oravská priehrada are those held by the second largest dam Zemplínska šírava (Zemplin Plains Dam) in our eastern lowlands. Here you will find 7 different tourist resorts around a lake that is 11 kilometers long and 3,5 kilometers wide with average depth of 9,5 meters. Good for fishing too.
The third largest dam in Slovakia, Liptovská Mara, you can find very easily. It is close to the highway under the slopes of the High Tatras.
If you do not wish to or cannot travel outside the capital city of Bratislava, go to Zlaté piesky (Golden Sands). Here you will find a trainer centre for surfing. Here You will company of nice young people not only from Slovakia. You can also play miniature golf, table tennis, tennis, football and volleyball. This place with easy access by tram, has also a vivid nightlife with discotheques and concerts of pop concerts.
A very popular drink for Friday night fever here is red wine with kofola, a local type of cola invented in Slovakia in the 1980s. Some claim that it has a better and more natural taste than Coca-Cola and has a better balance of sweetness than Pepsi-Cola. In Slovakia we have a variety of red wines. One of them, Račianska Frankovka, originated in Bratislava where vineyards cover the slopes of the Malé Karpaty hills at the northern edge of the city. But you may enjoy as well Frankova modrá and of course Cabernet Sauvignon that, especially as produced in Nitra, you may find in World encyclopedia of wines. There are also plenty of ordinary red wines that together with kofola may refresh you in hot August late evening.
In the past kofola on tap was a very popular drink and together with bread roll "bosniak" it made a great cheap meal favoured by young people. By the way, bosniak (named after the country of Bosnia from where it probably originated) is the biggest salty cake you may ever see. Estimate its size by yourself – in a good restaurant you may receive a large helping of soup poured into a hollowed-out bosniak. And of course you can eat the bosniak when you finish the soup.
Speaking about meals – did you ever eat "granadír"? Granadír's full name "granadír marš" (march of Grenadiers) probably originated from Napoleon's soldiers' march towards the city in 1805 when the historic "Peace treaty of Pressburg" was signed after the Battle of Austerlitz. (Pressburg is now Bratislava and Austerlitz is Slavkov in Morava, Czech Republic, by the way). And "granadír" is truly a simple meal like for soldiers. But it is very tasty and some Bratislava grandmothers were renowned for preparing it from boiled potatoes, square pieces of pasta, onions and red paprika. It goes well with especially selected small cucumbers.
And August is also the time when red currants are harvested as a source for another specialty of Western parts of the city – Karlova Ves and Devín. It is another red wine, this one called "ríbezlák" (red-currant wine). I remember when people made it at home and as university students we had a "duty" to go to the cellar of one of our schoolmate's father to empty a small barrel of old "ríbezlák" to make way for the new vintage. I cannot recommend you do the same, as it is sweet and a bit heavy. I propose it as an aperitif for a true Bratislava lunch, with the soup in bosniak and granadír with cucumbers afterward. And don't forget, kofola tastes good by itself during the hot August days and perhaps even better with red wine in the evening.


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CAT/C/GTM/CO/7
Guatemala (CAT 26-12-2018) - The Committee against Torture considered the seventh periodic report of Guatemala (CAT/C/GTM/7) at its 1689th and 1692nd meetings (see CAT/C/SR.1689 and CAT/C/SR.1692), held on 16 and 19 November 2018, and adopted the present concluding observations at its 1711th meeting, held on 3 December 2018.
admin2020-07-20T13:04:51+00:00December 26th, 2018|Categories: CAT, UN|Tags: C:Guatemala, discrimination, I:CAT, I:UN, justice, legislation, LGBTI specific, P:2018, physical integrity and autonomy, prison and detention, R:Latin America, rape and sexual harassment, redress, violence|
CAT/C/NLD/CO/7
The Netherlands (CAT 18-12-2018) - The Committee against Torture considered the seventh periodic report of the Netherlands (CAT/C/NLD/7) at its 1693rd and 1696th meetings (see CAT/C/SR.1693 and 1696), held on 20 and 21 November 2018, and adopted the present concluding observations at its 1712th and 1715th meetings, held on 3 and 5 December 2018.
admin2020-07-20T12:50:04+00:00December 18th, 2018|Categories: CAT, UN|Tags: C:Netherlands, consent, counseling, I:CAT, I:UN, IGM, intersex specific, justice, legislation, P:2018, physical integrity and autonomy, R:Europe, redress|
CCPR/C/BLZ/CO/1
Belize (CCPR 11-12-2018) - The Committee considered the initial report of Belize (CCPR/C/BLZ/1) at its 3540th and 3541st meetings (CCPR/C/SR.3540 and 3541), held on 15 and 16 October 2018. At its 3559th meeting, held on 29 October 2018, it adopted the following concluding observations.
admin2020-08-20T12:26:06+00:00December 11th, 2018|Categories: CCPR, UN|Tags: C:Belize, discrimination, hate speech, I:CCPR, I:UN, justice, LGBTI specific, P:2018, police brutality, R:Latin America, resources, stigma, violence|
CEDAW/C/LIE/CO/5
Liechtenstein (CEDAW 03-12-2018) - The Committee considered the fifth periodic report of Liechtenstein (CEDAW/C/LIE/5) at its 1606th and 1607th meetings (see CEDAW/C/SR.1606 and CEDAW/C/SR.1607), held on 5 July 2018.
admin2020-08-05T12:13:29+00:00December 3rd, 2018|Categories: CEDAW, UN|Tags: C:Liechtenstein, consent, health, I:CEDAW, I:UN, IGM, intersex specific, P:2018, R:Europe|
CRC/C/SLV/CO/5-6
El Salvador (CRC 29-11-2018) - The Committee considered the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of El Salvador (CRC/C/SLV/5-6) at its 2314th and 2315th meetings (see CRC/C/SR.2314 and 2315), held on 18 and 19 September 2018, and adopted the present concluding observations at its 2340th meeting, held on 5 October 2018.
admin2020-07-27T10:12:55+00:00November 29th, 2018|Categories: CRC, UN|Tags: C:El Salvador, discrimination, I:CRC, I:UN, LGBTI specific, P:2018, R:Latin America|
E/C.12/DEU/CO/6
Germany (CESCR 27-11-2018) - The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights considered the sixth periodic report of Germany (E/C.12/DEU/6) at its 31st and 32nd meetings (see E/C.12/2018/SR.31 and 32), held on 25 September 2018, and adopted the present concluding observations at its 58th meeting, held on 12 October 2018.
admin2020-08-27T12:47:53+00:00November 27th, 2018|Categories: CESCR, UN|Tags: C:Germany, gender recognition, I:CESCR, I:UN, IGM, intersex specific, P:2018, R:Europe|
CCPR/C/BGR/CO/4
Bulgaria (CCPR 15-11-2018) - The Committee considered the fourth periodic report of Bulgaria (CCPR/C/BGR/4) at its 3542nd and 3543rd meetings (see CCPR/C/SR.3542 and 3543), held on 16 and 17 October 2018. At its 3559th meeting, held on 29 October 2018, it adopted the present concluding observations.
admin2020-08-20T12:18:06+00:00November 15th, 2018|Categories: CCPR, UN|Tags: awareness, C:Bulgaria, discrimination, hate crimes, I:CCPR, I:UN, LGBTI specific, P:2018, prejudice, R:Europe, stereotypes|
CEDAW/C/BHS/CO/6
Bahamas (CEDAW 14-11-2018) - The Committee considered the sixth periodic report of the Bahamas (CEDAW/C/BHS/6) at its 1635th and 1636th meetings (see CEDAW/C/SR.1635 and CEDAW/C/SR.1636), held on 25 October 2018. The Committee's list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/BHS/Q/6 and the responses of the State party are contained in CEDAW/C/BHS/Q/6/Add.1.
admin2020-08-05T12:21:20+00:00November 14th, 2018|Categories: CEDAW, UN|Tags: C:Bahamas, discrimination, hate crimes, I:CEDAW, I:UN, intersectionality, legislation, LGBTI specific, P:2018, R:Latin America, rape and sexual harassment, resources, violence|
CEDAW/C/MUS/CO/8
Mauritius (CEDAW 14-11-2018) - The Committee considered the eighth periodic report of Mauritius (CEDAW/C/MUS/8) at its 1641st and 1642nd meetings (see CEDAW/C/SR.1641 and CEDAW/C/SR.1642), held on 30 October 2018.
admin2020-08-06T08:00:08+00:00November 14th, 2018|Categories: CEDAW, UN|Tags: awareness, awareness health workers, awareness law enforcement, C:Mauritius, discrimination, employment, hate crimes, health, I:CEDAW, I:UN, intersectionality, LGBTI specific, P:2018, R:Africa, stigma, violence|
CEDAW/C/MKD/CO/6
North Macedonia (CEDAW 14-11-2018) - The Committee considered the sixth periodic report of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (CEDAW/C/MKD/6) at its 1646th and 1647th meetings (see CEDAW/C/SR.1646 and CEDAW/C/SR.1647), held on 1 November 2018. The Committee's list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/MKD/Q/6, and the responses of the State party are contained in CEDAW/C/MKD/Q/6/Add.1.
admin2020-08-06T08:18:03+00:00November 14th, 2018|Categories: CEDAW, UN|Tags: C:Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, C:North Macedonia, health, I:CEDAW, I:UN, LGBTI specific, P:2018, R:Europe, stigma|


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Euan's Guide
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How to make an accessible viewing area
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Whether it's a music festival, firework display, sporting event or a gig, accessible viewing areas are essential at crowded events. Used by wheelchair users, those who require a close-up view, or disabled people who may be unable to stand for long periods of time, accessible viewing platforms can make or break a many disabled peoples' experiences of an event. Here are our top tips for ensuring your accessible viewing area is fit for purpose!
The location and height of your viewing area is key, but not all viewing areas need to be raised platforms. Depending on the nature of your event and where you decide to locate your viewing area, a flat space marked with highly visible tape may be all that is required to ensure your disabled audiences have a comfortable place to view your event. Unless your accessible viewing area is right at the front of the crowd however, you'll most likely need a raised viewing platform.
Raised viewing platforms must be high enough that audiences seated there can see above the standing crowds in front of them. Often, event organisers underestimate the height of a platform by a few inches, and this can be enough to obstruct the view of everyone using the space. Speaking about an international sporting event, one Euan's Guide Ambassador said, "Sadly, they did not raise the platform, so viewing any of the events that were on the stage was difficult if there was a crowd standing in front of you."
Photo: A low viewing platform.
Height was also an issue at a Scottish music festival in 2017 according to one music fan, "The accessible seating area at the main stage was not used, only by toddlers as a play thing, it was only raised by about 20cm and it would pretty much had been impossible to see the stage - but the thought was there."
Elsewhere, after seeing Muse at Newport Centre, one music fan had great things to say about the venue's dedicated viewing platforms, "The platforms are at the sides of the 'mosh pit' and the view is fantastic. Each platform holds two people in wheelchairs each with one companion. Highly recommended."
Wherever you decide to place your accessible viewing space, make sure it is easily identifiable and marked on any event maps or signposting along with accessible toilets.
Photo: An individual viewing platform at Perth Racecourse.
With the position of your viewing area decided, it's important to consider how audiences will access the platform or space. Ideally, ramps leading to raised platforms should have a handrail and be of a suitable gradient. Consider corners and turning angles if your ramp bends, and don't forget to include clear signage at entrances and exits. For visually impaired audiences, it's also important to consider colour contrast and ensure that the viewing space is easily distinguishable from its surroundings.
Writing about the viewing platforms at Perth Racecourse, one reviewer and Euan's Guide Ambassador said, "At the winners enclosure there's a large raised platform with a ramp up to it (a wee bit steep for manual users) giving you a clear view of the horses and trainers. This idea is replicated at the race course itself with mini platforms placed at the finish line - two individual (on the grass) and one double (on concrete). It was fab, I could see everything that was going on without a barrier or person's body in the way."
Spacious viewing spaces are ideal, especially if multiple wheelchair users are using the area at once. There should be ample room to turn around easily, and space for companions to pull up a chair beside their friends or family.
At British Summer Time Festival in London, one reviewer loved how the viewing platform had been set up and said, "The accessible viewing area was well signposted. The platform was spacious and had great sightlines – it had folding chairs so people could arrange themselves as they wished."
At events with big crowds, it can be difficult making your way to food or drink outlets and more so when you are using a wheelchair at a busy event. It's always good practice to have stewards supervising use of accessible viewing areas, but it's even better if they can assist disabled audiences by bringing food or drink to the viewing space. The best-organised events will also have dedicated stewards to assist disabled people through crowds when heading to the accessible toilet or merchandise stalls.
If your event is outdoors, shelter is very important, especially on exposed raised platforms. If you can't construct a viewing area with a roof, consider providing umbrellas and ponchos to audiences using the viewing area. Many disabled people use electric equipment which can be damaged by the elements. If it's cold, a basket full of blankets can be a nice touch, as well as portable outdoor heaters or offering guests a warm hot chocolate at their seat!
Rugby fan and Euan's Guide Ambassador Chelsea enjoys reviewing stadiums around the UK and Europe. The accessible viewing areas at Thomond Park Stadium particularly impressed her! "The wheelchair spaces within Thomond Park were very spacious and the view from the West Stand around the stadium is fantastic as it's raised above the rest of the crowd allowing for a clear view of the match, which is also covered from the elements."
Helpful touches
Photo: The view from the British Summertime Hyde Park festival platform.
It's often the little things that can make the biggest difference. To make a memorable viewing area – and one that gets a 5-star review on Euan's Guide! – think about the ways you can go above and beyond to enhance your audience's experience. This could be fitting charging points for powerchair users, offering water bowls for assistance dogs, providing earplugs if the space is close to speakers, or perhaps giving audiences event merchandise such as flags or props to enjoy with the show!
The viewing area at British Summer Time Festival also impressed music fans with its attention to detail, "There was a chap with a cool bag on the platform so you could get drinks almost without leaving your seat. There was also a wheelchair charging point on the platform. You could tell a lot of thought had gone into disabled access at the festival!"
Tell us about your accessible viewing spaces!
If you organise an event with good disabled access, we want to hear about it! Send us pictures of your accessible viewing areas for us to share with our reviewers. For more tips and advice on accessible events, get in touch with Attitude is Everything or download their DIY Access Guide.
More top tips:
Is your festival accessible?
Top tips for outdoor attractions
Making your music venue accessible
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Home / Featured / Events / 3 Interesting Facts About the Florida Everglades
Matthew Koenig
Events, Featured
3 Interesting Facts About the Florida Everglades
The Florida Everglades are an extraordinary feat of nature! Once you come here, it's easy to see why people come from all over the world to take a journey through the wetlands. With unique vegetation and fantastic wildlife, the Everglades must be seen up close, and in person. But with as much attention as the ecosystem has been getting lately, there's still much to learn about its contribution to South Florida and the people that live here.
Here are three things about the Florida Everglades that may surprise you:
The Everglades is Actually a River
The Florida Everglades is actually a river that's constantly moving. This slow movement of a broad, shallow river is known as sheetflow, and gives the Everglades its nickname, River of Grass. Water leaving Lake Okeechobee may require months or years to reach its final destination, Florida Bay. This aspect has certainly been made known during the last two years of Florida's algae problems. The Everglades form a slow-moving river that's sixty miles wide and a hundred miles long. The Everglades "River of Grass" has shrunk over time – as much as fifty percent of the wetland habitat has been damaged by construction and related drainage projects that have been popular by the news.
8 Million Floridians Depend on Everglades for Drinking Water
As the largest subtropical wetland in North America, the health and stability of the Florida Everglades is a big deal. But aside from providing shelter and protection for scores of wildlife, the Everglades is a vital resource to people, as well and one out of every three Floridians rely on the Everglades for drinking water.
Wild Fire is common in the Everglades – and Critical to the Ecosystem
When most people think of the Everglades, they imagine swampland and wet, murky waters. While that's true, there's also a very distinctive dry season where weather patterns create drought like conditions that are perfect for fire. What many people don't realize is that fire is actually an essential part of maintenance, clearing the way for a complex system of interdependent ecosystems to thrive.
The Florida Everglades are complex, but it's this complexity that makes it so fantastic. Not many natural environs host panthers, crocodiles and alligators together. The first two are endangered animals that the Florida Everglades ecosystem protects. But with nine distinct habitats, the Everglades is also home to over 16 species of birds, a variety of mammals, reptiles, plants and scores of unique flora. America's wetland is truly amazing, and a fantastic learning environment for adventurous families, photographers and nature lovers. If you're interested in learning more and a journey through the Everglades sounds like fun, a narrated tour may be the answer. Visit Florida Seminole Tourism to join in the fun and adventure that is the Florida Everglades!
About Florida Seminole Tourism (FST)
The Seminole Tribe of Florida is a federally recognized Indian Tribe. FST is a top Florida Everglades adventure, learning and camping destination. We share the excitement and wonder of the Florida Everglades to visitors from around the globe. Our award-winning Everglades attractions including Billie Swamp Safari, Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum, and Big Cypress RV Resort & Campground.
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text:
Synacra paupera är en stekelart som beskrevs av Macek 1995. Synacra paupera ingår i släktet Synacra, och familjen hyllhornsteklar. Arten är reproducerande i Sverige.

Källor

Hyllhornsteklar
paupera

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia