The AVIATION Division is synonymous with comprehensive knowledge and expertise combined with years of experience in aerospace engineering. Be it risk sharing, supplier consolidation or meeting offshoring targets – we are familiar with the industry's high standards and support you achieving your goals.
It is not without reason that we have been awarded the title "Airbus Group Preferred Supplier for Engineering & Customer Services" (E2S A-Supplier). And there's more: We can offer our customers flexible and tailored solutions in all areas, from aircraft construction to space flight, thanks to our international network of partners and a strong team consisting of over 800 highly qualified system engineers, IT consultants and experienced project and quality managers.
However, we're not just at home in the air. We are equally well-equipped to meet all technical challenges on the ground. We use our knowledge and expertise coupled with our international presence and networking to also assist you with general engineering, such as automotive or IT. Our certified quality management system guarantees that your projects are always in the best of hands.
Ultimately, it is our employees that make us successful. Would you like to work on demanding engineering projects in a challenging international market environment? Then join our team. Fascinating work coupled with the best development prospects await you.
FERCHAU AVIATION is steadily growing to become a stand-alone corporate group with the acquisition of Rostock System Technik GmbH (RST) in 2015 – and it's not just our customers who benefit from this.
It also represents a major asset for us as reliable top-level general engineering makes RST an excellent supplier. For you, as a customer, it means more broad-based expertise and services from a single source.
The 150 employees of the Rostock-based former subsidiary of the Airbus Group has added its expertise to FERCHAU AVIATION's portfolio of services, particularly in cabin engineering. RST also has proven expertise in mechanics, electrics/electrical engineering and software development. Besides engineering, the company also provides simulators for training flight personnel, cable trees, equipment and assembly systems and highly specialised test infrastructures for customers from the aviation and aerospace industry.
FERCHAU AVIATION has grown steadily since the division was set up in 2004. The key facts and figures at a glance.


Having access to personal information and official information is one of the basic rights of every New Zealander.
Southern Response Earthquake Services Ltd.
You can expect to be notified of the decision on your request within 20 working days after the day on which the request was received in accordance with Section 40 (1) of The Act. If an extension of time is required to make a decision you will be notified prior to 20 working days expiring in accordance with Section 41 of The Act.
Official Information Act requests apply to official company and non-personal information held by us. If you would like to request official information please refer to the relevant section here.
To help you decide what to request, below is a summary of the types of information held in claim files.
What's in a claim file?
Customer claim files can contain a large volume of information and may run to hundreds of pages. If you have multiple claims for a property as the result of several events, the documentation can be vast.
If you request your whole claim file, it could slow down the processing of your request.
In addition, you may pay for documents that aren't relevant to you. You'll also get copies of information you've sent to us.
Claim file information is unlikely to provide you with a settlement date or financial details (unless the claim has already been settled).
For commercial reasons, Southern Response won't generally release builder's or Arrow's detailed costings under the Privacy Act. If you wish to learn more, see the factsheet Confidentiality of Cost Estimates.
Information such as the claim number, cause of loss, date of event, damage location.
Contains records of all notes made on the claim file by both Southern Response and Arrow, including any attachments that come with them.
Contains documents saved electronically or on your physical claim file, such as copies of letters or emails, assessment reports (including geotechnical reports), quotes and invoices and photographs.
Note the claim file may include correspondence, photos or emails that you have sent in yourself.
Please note phone call recordings are not stored on a claim file, however can be requested separately. If you would like to request a specific phone recording please advise the Privacy Officer of the exact date and time the phone call was made. Additional information such as the name of Southern Response employee you spoke to and phone number you called from will assist in processing your request.


text:
Various periods of time based on the revolution of the moon about the Earth. All except the calendar month are the intervals of time between the instants when the moon passes through some reference point.
Synodic 29.53059 29 12 44 3
Tropical 27.32158 27 7 43 5
Sidereal 27.32166 27 7 43 12
Anomalistic 27.55455 27 13 18 33
Nodical 27.21222 27 5 5 36
In addition to the physical phenomena that show a monthly variation, such as the tides, many biological phenomena have periods of about a month, for example, women's menses. Globally, the temperature of the lowest 6 kilometers of the atmosphere is warmest about 5 to 8 days before the full moon, and coolest at the new moon, though the difference is only 2 to 3 hundredths of a degree.¹
1. Robert C. Balling and Randall S. Cerveny.
Geophysical Research Letters 22:3199-3201 (1995).
Calendar month
A division of the calendar year, of arbitrary length, but roughly equal to the various astronomical months. See calendar.
Synodic month
The mean interval between conjunctions of the Moon and Sun; that is, the average length of time the Moon takes to return to the point in its orbit in which it is closest to the Sun. The synodic month is the length of the cycle of phases of the moon; for example, the interval between new moon and new moon. The mean value may differ from any particular cycle by as much as seven hours.
For an estimate of the current length,
29.5305888531 + 0.00000021621T − 3.64 × 10−10T²
where T is (the Julian day number − 2451545.0)⁄36525
Tropical month
Imagine a line from pole to pole on the celestial sphere, passing through the center of the moon. It will cross the ecliptic, the circle on the celestial sphere where the plane of the earth's orbit cuts the sphere in half. A tropical month is the average interval between instants when the line through the moon crosses the point on the ecliptic called the vernal equinox.
The time required for the mean longitude of moon to increase 360 degrees.
Sidereal month
The time it takes the moon to return to the same position among distant stars.
Anomalistic month
The moon's orbit around the earth isn't circular. The point in its orbit at which it is closest to Earth is called the perigee. The anomalistic month is the average interval between successive passages of the moon through its perigee.
Nodical month
The average interval between successive northward passages of the moon across the ecliptic. It is sometimes called a draconic or draconitic month.
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Copyright © 2000 Sizes, Inc. All rights reserved.
Last revised: 5 May 2008.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This ultra-fluid serum replenishes the skin* with water to reveal its natural beauty. Its strikingly fresh liquid texture offers the sensation of intense hydration. The skin is soft and plumped up.
Apply morning and/or evening after your Aqua Infini Skincare lotion and before your cream.


text:
Backto60 court case: The women whose 'lives have been annihilated' and their fight for pension equality
The Court of Appeal will rule on Tuesday morning (September 15)
Matthew SmithLocal Democracy Reporter
Backto60 believe they are owed thousands from the government (Image: Backto60)
This week could be a historic one for millions of women born in the 1950s.
Tomorrow (Tuesday, September 15) a campaign group started by a Hertford woman, Backto60, will find out the result of a judicial review into what they argue is gender discrimination against millions of women.
The group argues that women born in the 1950s were robbed of their retirement after the pension age was increased from 60 to 65.
For some who had made retirement plans they then had to find enough money for five more years, forcing them back into work or having to sell their homes to survive.
Joanne Welch, founder of Backto60, said that for many of them, "their lives have been annihilated."
"It's modern slavery there is no other word for it"
Joanne added that the coronavirus pandemic has highlighted the plight in starker terms.
"It's modern slavery, there is no other word for it," she said.
"There were women out there in the pandemic and some of them told us, 'I've been sacked, I'm too afraid to go to work' because over-60s are exposed to severe Covid."
"And they were afraid - not just afraid - literally beside themselves with anxiety to even leave the house because maybe someone in the house was shielding.
"In April-May time it was chaos everywhere and 50s women were crying 'why have I got to go to work and everybody else is being helped?'
"I hear myself say these things and I can't believe the words coming out of my mouth. Truly, it's been an atrocity of monumental proportions."
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It's one of the many ways that you can read the news that matters to you from HertsLive.
Backto60's argument is that the women weren't given enough notice of the change, and left them too young to claim the state pension and too old to look for work - with ministers even suggesting they should apply for apprenticeships.
The campaign is not associated with Women Against State Pension Injustice (WASPI), but both are fighting the same issue, albeit with different ideal outcomes.
While WASPI have argued for compensation for the women affected, Joanne and Back to 60 instead believe that that all the women should be paid in full for the pension they should have received.
The Pensions Minister Guy Opperman said on March 9 that those kind of measures would cost "something in the region of £215 billion."
However, Joanne disputes the way this is being framed as a hit to taxpayers.
Joanne Welch from Hertford founded Backto60 (Image: Joanne Welch)
She said: "Let me tell you, this will cost taxpayers nothing at all. The reason it will cost nothing is because these contributions made by women are their property.
"When we are reimbursed, it's just returning our property - it's not costing the taxpayers anything, it's our earned dues we paid in over a lifetime of work."
The outcome of the landmark case will be announced at 10.30am on Tuesday, September 15.
The appeal comes following the High Court rejecting a judicial review into two test cases of Julie Delve, 62, and Karen Glynn, 63 who argued discrimination on the grounds of sex and age.
The hearing took place at the Court of Appeal over two days in July, with this decision potentially having historic consequences.
HertsLive features
Living in the shadow of Luton Airport
Couple's £1.5m dream home 'ruined'
Herts celebrity hotspots
How Hatfield could be transformed
Instead of being disappointed by last year's decision, Joanne believes that this was an opportunity to put their case forward again.
She said: "We won leave to appeal on all grounds that the Court of Appeal having challenged the ruling.
"To win leave to appeal on all grounds at the Court of Appeal is a magnificent achievement by the legal team - it's a huge accolade for them having turned it around.
"We're confident this is discrimination and about all our argument and there is no doubt that this is discrimination and women weren't told [about the changes]."
"The amazing women have been plucked from obscurity and brought the government to court"
Regardless of the decision on Tuesday, Joanne is clear that the work is far from done.
The group will be working towards a People's Tribunal which aims to transpose the UN Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women into British law, more than 40 years after it was signed.
They are also focused on publicising the issues faced, so they can fight for change both through legal challenges but also through political action.
Joanne said: "It's been amazing, and it's not over yet - even when the ruling comes out there's still work to do.
"These amazing 50's women who have been plucked from obscurity literally brought the government to court and made them answer questions that they never wanted the public to hear, let alone the judiciary.
"That in itself is an achievement that these ordinary women like myself have been facilitated through a world class legal team to do this - we've been campaigning online night and day for this.
"We're not looking or anything other than restitution and to ensure that all women and girls now never face what 50's women have been put through because, believe me, it's torture."
More information on Backto60 can be found on their website here.
LidlAldi, Lidl, Asda, Morrisons, Tesco, Sainbury's, M&S: Which? crowns the cheapest UK supermarket of the year Research surveyed the eight major UK supermarkets to see which was cheapest
Police shut down 'anti-social' Hitchin flat after complaints of drug-related activity
HitchinLocal officers had received numerous complaints regarding drug-related activity at the address, Hertfordshire Constabulary said


So here it is: the first volley in the format wars between DVD and Blu-Ray. We knew it was coming, and now its here. How will this impact the market for people who said Blu-Ray was too expensive?
It seems a sharp-eyed shopper at Wal-Mart spotted the Magnavox NB530MGX Blu-ray player rolled back for good to $98. Now this doesn't have all the fancy internet-connected BR Live features present on more expensive players, but if you're not worried about that or wouldn't use it, here's the player for you. No more excuses to view your movies in true 1080p HD, the way they should be seen.
We'll keep you updated on this as news comes in about more discounts.
You may have noticed that prices have come down dramatically for both Plasma and LCD TVs making it an ideal time to grab a deal on your next television purchase. If you happen to be in the market for a new 32″ LCD television, then you'll be pleasantly surprised that you can have this Magnavox for under $500. Yes, you read that correctly, you can get a 32″ Magnavox LCD television for under $500. This spectacular deal is available only online from Walmart, so you won't find this price in your local store.
As the 32MF338B comes with built-in analog and digital tuners, you'll be ready for the February digital transition without losing out on the current analog TV broadcasts. With this Magnavox HDTV, you'll get an impressive 6000:1 dynamic contrast ratio along with 720p resolution that deliver a clean and clear picture. Along with the great picture, you'll hear clear audio thanks to the 20-watt stereo amplified speakers, so you'll be ready to plug-in this television and enjoy it. There's never been a better time to get such a great deal on a LCD television just in time for the holidays. So take advantage of this online deal and buy the Magnavox 32MF338B 32″ LCD HDTV before this deal is over.
A great price on a great piece of television hardware. This combination TV DVD player delivers full high-definition with it's WXGA+ display. That means you get 1440 x 900p HDMI for full digital high definition. The built in DVD offers DivX integrated into a DVD player which ensures you will be able to play just about anything with its multi-format playability. So whether you want to play CDs or even MPEG4 movies this machine will have you covered.
Other features include an integrated HDTV tuner that receives and decodes ATSC off-air and unscrambled cable signals directly. This feature eliminates the need for any additional set-top boxes so you can watch digital high-definition TV programming without an additional set-up box. Then there is HDMI input. HDMI makes an uncompressed digital RGB connection from the source to the screen. By eliminating conversion to an analog signal, it delivers an unblemished image. The non-degraded signal reduces flicker and leads to a clearer picture. HDMI intelligently communicates the highest output resolution with the source device. The HDMI input is fully backward compatible with DVI sources but includes digital audio. HDMI uses HDCP copy protection. Then there is a built in selection of AV inputs so connecting most standard audio and video shouldn't be an issue with 480i/p, 720p, 1080i.
Then comes performance. In the form of dynamic contrast and a 3D combfilter. The dynamic contrast technology adjusts images on the fly so that bright pictures come in clear and dark images still deliver richness and texture. The 3D combfilter performs field-by-field comparisons of the television image to accurately separate the color from the black-and-white information. Filtering separates brightness and color signals better in the 3D domain to eliminate cross-color, cross-luminance and dot-crawl distortion – all of which detract from your viewing pleasure.
So there you have it. A lot of great features in a 19 inch package and because it's ENERGY STAR-qualified it uses about 30% less electricity than standard TVs.


text:
World-leading research in Gold Coast's backyard
Home » News and Publications » Media » Media Releases » World-leading research in Gold Coast's backyard
australian_government_emblem.jpg
Minister for Education
ANGIE BELL MP
Member for Moncrieff
World-leading research will take place at Griffith University thanks to Morrison Government funding.
The Morrison Government is providing $2.1 million to fund five research projects at Griffith University, through the Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (DECRA).
Member for Moncrieff Angie Bell congratulated the researchers who will conduct world-leading research.
"One project will develop a real-time tool for identifying online fake news driven by artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. This will benefit everyone who uses social media and is worried about the impact of fake news on society," Ms Bell said.
"These are world-leading research projects addressing important issues that will make a real difference to every Australian."
Griffith University Vice Chancellor and President Professor Carolyn Evans said the funding acknowledged Griffith's reputation for undertaking world-class research across a range of academic fields and with clear societal impact.
"The diversity of projects approved for 2020 further highlights the university's commitment and capacity to produce high-impact, future-focused research for the betterment of society in Australia and across the world," Professor Evans said.
Minister for Education Dan Tehan said research done at our universities led to the development of new products and innovations that drive job growth, business opportunities and productivity gains.
"The productive capacity of our nation relies on educated workers, able to access innovation and research, to drive growth and opportunity," Mr Tehan said.
"Our Government is making a significant investment in Australia's next generation of researchers working in key priority areas to grow our research and innovation capacity.
"This research will generate new knowledge, develop new technologies, and lead to new products and jobs. The research targeting natural disasters will make Australians safer and improve how we prepare for future challenges."
The Morrison Government is providing $81.8 million to fund 200 research projects through the DECRA program.
Tehan: Byron Vale 02 6277 7350 | minister.media@education.gov.au
Bell: Rebecca Vayonitis 0451 144 644


text:
Making good ideas happen
We help organisations from all sectors understand the role of behaviour in the problems they face and solve them through design-led innovation.
Our Belief
The biggest issues in society, from obesity to climate change, are due to behavioural and lifestyle factors people embrace on a daily basis.
Most attempts to change behaviour rely on the outdated assumption that people are governed by a rational self-interest. The result is a range of programmes with a firm rationale but minimal impact.
We believe the best way to solve these issues is to not only research how and why people actually make decisions, but use the design of products, services and places to help us all make better decisions.
Innovation requires two things. The ability to generate creative ideas and a way of testing them.
Our approach uses design-thinking and behavioural insights to reframe problems as an opportunity for enterprise, providing a platform for creative ideas.
We then use our network to bring teams together to tackle the briefs, supporting them through development. As ideas become real, they are tested and refined using experiments.
The Behavioural Science Group at WBS was formed in 2010 and is the leading centre of its kind in Europe. Headed by Professor Nick Chater, it contains an experienced faculty of experimental psychologists, economists and social scientists heavily involved in applications for charities, business and Government.
Design Challenges at the Design Council are open innovation competitions that develop practical solutions to societal problems – from minimising the spread of infections to helping older adults live independently. Directed by Mat Hunter, the team has worked with over 50 organisations in the last five years.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Although most neutrino experiments can be well described by the standard three light species paradigm, there have been several anomalies that indicate a new sterile state~\cite{LSND:1996jb,LSND:2001ty,Reactor:2011rk,Flux:2005tb,MiniBooNE:2010wv,MiniBooNE:2013pmq}. The new state should have an eV scale mass and a mixing angle with $\sin^2 2\theta_0\sim 0.01$~\cite{Kopp:2013vaa,Giunti:2013aea}. With such parameters, sterile neutrinos can be copiously produced from oscillation with each species increasing the effective number of neutrinos $N_{\textrm{eff}}$ almost by one unit. This would be in tension with the cosmological bounds from cosmic microwave background (CMB) data~\cite{Planck:2013zuv}, $N_{\textrm{eff}}<3.91$ and $m^{\textrm{eff}}_{\nu}<0.59 \textrm{eV}$.

The conflict can be resolved if the sterile species is only partially thermalized with $N_{\textrm{eff}}\ll 1$. Partial thermalization can be realized in particle physics models where there are secret self-interactions\footnote{In this paper, we do not discuss the case that large lepton asymmetry exists in the active neutrino sector.} in the sterile neutrino sector~\cite{Hannestad:2013ana,Kopp:2013zpn,Bringmann:2013vra,Ko:2014bka,Hannestat:2014nda}. These self-interactions can induce large matter potentials, effectively suppress the mixing angle, and block sterile neutrino's production from oscillation efficiently~\cite{Hannestad:2013ana,Kopp:2013zpn}.

However, the situation changed recently when authors in~\cite{Mirizzi:2014ama} argued that even if sterile neutrinos' production are blocked at BBN time, as the Universe cools down, the new self-interaction will eventually equilibrate sterile neutrinos with the active ones. Then, it can be easily shown that in 3+1 scenario, $1/4$ of the cosmic background neutrinos would be the heavy sterile ones, which is still in conflict with the above cosmological bounds.

The novelty in this paper is that, we numerically solve the quantum kinetic equations for neutrino mixing, show and confirm that flavor equilibrium is indeed reached after BBN, see Fig.~\ref{fig:neffGx}. We also propose that the above mentioned conflict can be reconciled easily in an extension that more than one sterile states are introduced. Of the $n$ introduced self-interacting sterile species, only one has eV scale mass and mixes with the active neutrinos. In the early Universe, all of them are out of equilibrium, but can approach flavor equilibrium with active neutrinos after BBN era. So the current relic neutrinos are composed of 3+n species with equal flavors. As we shall show that $N_{\textrm{eff}}$ in the late Universe can actually decrease and the cosmological bounds can be evaded. To be consistent with the latest {\textit{Planck}} results, we found that $n=3$ is the minimal number of the introduced sterile species.

This paper is organized as follows. In section~\ref{sec:overview}, we briefly review the effective number of neutrinos, $N_{\textrm{eff}}$.  In section~\ref{sec:neff}, we discuss the scenario that how $N_{\textrm{eff}}$ in BBN epoch can be different from its value in CMB time when there are  secret self-interactions among sterile neutrinos. In section~\ref{sec:massbounds}, we show how the cosmological mass bounds on sterile neutrino can be relaxed if more than one light species are introduced. Finally, we give our conclusion.

\section{Overview of $N_{\mathrm{eff}}$}\label{sec:overview}
In this section, we shall review $N_\textrm{eff}$ briefly and establish the related conventions and definitions.

First, let us recall the thermal history of neutrinos in the standard model (SM) at the early Universe. When the temperature of the thermal bath, $T_{\gamma}$, is much higher than MeV, active neutrinos, $\nu_a (a=e,\mu,\tau)$, are in thermal equilibrium with other SM particles through electroweak processes and have the same temperature as $T_{\gamma}$. Around 2 MeV, active neutrinos are decoupled because electroweak interaction is not strong enough to keep them in equilibrium. Later, electrons/positrons annihilate but heat only the photons. Using the conservation of entropy density, one can obtain the temperature ratio after $e^{\pm}$ annihilation,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:tempratio}
\frac{T_{\nu_a}}{T_\gamma}=\left(\frac{4}{11}\right)^{1/3}.
\end{equation}
Afterwards, $T_{\nu_a}/T_\gamma$ is constant in the standard cosmology.

$N_\textrm{eff}$ is defined by the energy density ratio,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:neff}
\frac{\rho_R}{\rho_\gamma}=\frac{\rho_\gamma+\sum_a\rho_{\nu_a}}{\rho_\gamma}=1 + \frac{7}{8}\left(\frac{T_{\nu_a}}{T_\gamma}\right)^4 N_\textrm{eff},
\end{equation}
where $\rho_R$ stands for the total energy density of radiations. In the standard model, we have 3 species of active neutrinos, $\nu_e,\nu_{\mu}$ and $\nu_{\tau}$, so $N_{\textrm{eff}}=3$, or $3.046$ precisely if instantaeneous neutrino decoupling is relaxed.
If there is some new physics, it might modify $T_{\nu_a}/T_\gamma$ and/or contribute to $\rho_{R}$ as extra radiation. For example, dark matter may affect $T_{\nu_a}$~\cite{Boehm:2012gr, Steigman:2014lwa} or $T_\gamma$~\cite{Ho:2012br}, and new particles can decay to or contribute as equivalent neutrinos~\cite{Giunti:2014pja,Hasenkamp:2014hma,Huang:2014dpa}. In this paper, we only consider the extended models with sterile neutrinos.

In the following discussions, we shall use $\nu_a (a=e,\mu,\tau)$ to denote the 3 active neutrinos, $\nu_s$ for the sterile species, and $\nu_\beta$ or $\nu$ for all of them if not otherwise specified. And $\nu_i$ will be referred as the $i$-th mass eigenstate with a mass $m_{\nu_i}$. For the parameter space we focus on,  $\nu_{1,2,3}$ are mainly mixed states of active neutrinos $\nu_a$ and $\nu_{i}$s $(i>3)$ are mainly mixed sterile species. We shall also neglect the masses of $\nu_{1,2,3}$ when considering the mass constraints on sterile neutrinos.

In principle, $N_{\textrm{eff}}$ can be a function of time or photon temperature. We define $\delta N_{\textrm{eff}}$ as the deviation from the standard value, with explicit time/temperature dependence,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:Neff}
\frac{\rho_R-\rho_\gamma}{\rho_\gamma}=\frac{7}{8}\left(\frac{T_{\nu_a}^0}{T_\gamma}\right)^{4}
\left[3+\delta N_{\textrm{eff}}\left(t \right)\right],
\end{equation}
or
\begin{equation}\label{eq:deltaNeff}
\delta N_{\textrm{eff}}\left(t\right)=\sum_{\beta}
\left(\frac{T_{\nu_\beta}\left(t \right)}{T_{\nu_a}^0}\right)^4-3,
\end{equation}
where $T_{\nu_a}^0$ stands for the neutrino temperature in the standard cosmology without new physics, $T_{\nu_a}^0=T_\gamma$ before $e^{\pm}$ annihilation and $T_{\nu_a}^0=\left(4/11\right)^{1/3}T_\gamma$ afterwards,  and $\beta$ runs through all active/sterile neutrinos.

We shall keep in mind that $3$ in Eqs.~\ref{eq:Neff} and \ref{eq:deltaNeff} is actually $3.046$ precisely. But this little difference would not affect our later discussions and we shall use $3$ throughout the paper.

\section{$N^{\textrm{bbn}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ vs $N^{\textrm{cmb}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$} \label{sec:neff}

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[scale=0.8]{thermalhistory}
\caption{Thermal history of active/sterile neutrinos. When the temperature is high, $\nu_s$s are not in thermal equilibrium with $\nu_a$s because of the suppression from a large matter potential. As the Universe cools down, equilibrium between active and sterile neutrinos could be reached.  \label{fig:thermalhistory}}
\end{figure}

In this section, we discuss how self-interaction can affect the thermalization of sterile neutrinos. The essential picture is described in Fig.~\ref{fig:thermalhistory} where sterile neutrinos are only partially thermalized at/before BBN time, but flavor equilibrium, $\rho_{\nu_s}=\rho_{\nu_a}$, is reached at later time. To be as general as possible, we introduce $n$ sterile species and do not discuss the specific particle physics models, but emphasize that new interaction for the sterile neutrinos is required.

It should be pointed out that in the present discussion for illustrating our points, the minimal setup we need is that {\it one} of the $n$ sterile species is mixed with active neutrinos and has eV-scale mass, and the rest may be massless and have negligible mixing to affect current neutrino experimental results. Moreover, sterile neutrinos do not have to mix with each other since all sterile neutrinos can be in flavor equilibrium through new interactions.
Therefore, let us just simply assume there is only mixing between a 4-th neutrino and the active species, namely the mixing matrix has the following form,
\begin{equation}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
 \nu_{e} \\ \nu_{\mu} \\ \nu_{\tau} \\ \nu_s \\ \vdots
\end{array}
\right) =
\left ( \begin{array}{ccccc}
    U_{e1} 	  & U_{e2}   & U_{e3}   & U_{e4}    &  \cdots \\
	U_{\mu1}  & U_{\mu2} & U_{\mu3} & U_{\mu 4} &  \cdots \\
	U_{\tau1} & U_{\tau2}& U_{\tau3}& U_{\tau 4}&  \cdots \\
	U_{s1}    & U_{s2} 	 & U_{s3}   & U_{s4}    &  \cdots \\
    \vdots    & \vdots   & \vdots   & \vdots    & 1
\end{array}
\right)
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
\nu_{1} \\ \nu_{2} \\ \nu_{3} \\ \nu_{4} \\ \vdots
\end{array}
\right).
\end{equation}
Further assume only $1$-$4$ mixing and CP conservation, then the complete $4\times 4$ mixing matrix is
\begin{eqnarray}
&&U_{4\times 4}=
\left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
 c_{13}c_{12} & c_{13}s_{12} & s_{13}  & 0\\
 -c_{23}s_{12}-s_{13}s_{23}c_{12} &
c_{23}c_{12}-s_{13}s_{23}s_{12} &
c_{13}s_{23} & 0 \\
 s_{23}s_{12}-s_{13}c_{23}c_{12} &
-s_{23}c_{12}-s_{13}c_{23}s_{12} &
c_{13}c_{23} & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0& 1
\end{array}
\right) \cdot
        \left(
         \begin{array}{cccc}
          c_{14}& 0& 0& s_{14}\\
          0& 1& 0& 0\\
          0& 0& 1& 0\\
          -s_{14}& 0&0& c_{14} \\
         \end{array}
        \right) \nonumber \\
&&=
\left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
 c_{13}c_{12}c_{14} & c_{13}s_{12} & s_{13}  & c_{13}c_{12}s_{14}\\
 -c_{23}s_{12}c_{14}-s_{13}s_{23}c_{12}c_{14} &
c_{23}c_{12}-s_{13}s_{23}s_{12} &
c_{13}s_{23} &  -c_{23}s_{12}s_{14}-s_{13}s_{23}c_{12}s_{14}\\
 s_{23}s_{12}c_{14}-s_{13}c_{23}c_{12}c_{14} &
-s_{23}c_{12}-s_{13}c_{23}s_{12}e^{i\delta_{CP}} &
c_{13}c_{23} & s_{23}s_{12}s_{14}-s_{13}c_{23}c_{12}s_{14}\\
-s_{14} & 0 & 0& c_{14}
\end{array}
\right).        \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
where e.g. $c_{ij} = \cos\theta_{ij}$ and $s_{ij} = \sin\theta_{ij}$, etc.
Complete investigations with the above multiple-flavor mixing are quite involved numerically when solving the full quantum kinetic equations (QKEs)~\cite{Sigl:1992fn,Thomson:1992ja,Stodolsky:1986dx,Harris:1980zi} and we refer to Refs.~\cite{Melchiorri:2008gq,Hernandez:2013lza,Hernandez:2014fha} for multiple-flavor analysis with non-interacting sterile neutrinos. For simplicity and without loss of generality, we work with only two neutrino states, $\nu_e$-$\nu_s$ mixing with mass difference $\delta m^2$ and mixing angle $\theta_0\equiv \theta_{14}$, and shall pay our attention to eV sterile neutrinos with the parameter space suggested by neutrino anomalies, $\delta m^2 \simeq 1\textrm{eV}^2$ and $\sin^2 2\theta_0\simeq 0.01$. We shall keep in mind that $v_s$ produced from $\nu_\mu$ and $\nu_\tau$'s oscillation could be equally important since $|U_{\mu 4}|\simeq |U_{\tau 4}| \simeq 0.46 |U_{e 4}|$.

In most of the previous discussions in the literature, sterile neutrinos are assumed to have no interaction, so they can only be produced by oscillations from the active ones. And the production rate and total amount depend on the mass difference, mixing angle and lepton asymmetry~\cite{Foot:1996qc,Fuller:1998km,Fuller:2001nj,Chu:2006ua,Dodelson:1994,Dolgov:1990vx,Bell:1998ds,Enqvist:1990ad,Enqvist:1991qj,Sorri:2001cb,Krauss:2013xr,Khlopov:1981nq}.

In case of sterile species having a secret self-interaction, parametrized by $G_X\equiv g^2_X/M^2_X$ (similar to the Fermi's constant $G_F$ in SM),
\begin{equation}
G_X \bar{\nu}_s\Gamma_i \nu_s\; \bar{\nu}_s\Gamma_j \nu_s,\;\Gamma_{i,j} \textrm{ are products of }\gamma_{\mu},\gamma_5,...,
\end{equation}
the production will also depend on the strength of $G_X$. Models that can give rise to the above types of self-interactions can be found in Refs. \cite{Hannestad:2013ana, Kopp:2013zpn, Bringmann:2013vra, Ko:2014bka, Hannestat:2014nda, Shoemaker:2014xra,Nelson:2014mva}. To calculate the $N^{\textrm{bbn}}_{\textrm{eff}}$, we use the modified version of \texttt{LASAGNA}~\cite{Hannestad:2013ana, Hannestad:2012ky, Hannestad:2013pha} with $g_X=0.1$.

For $1$+$1$ scenario, we can parametrize the system with $2\times 2$ Hermitian density matrix in terms of Pauli matrices,
\begin{equation}
\rho=\frac{1}{2}f_0\left(P_0 + \vec{P}\cdot \vec{\sigma}\right),
\end{equation}
where $f_0=1/\left(e^{E/T}+1\right)$ and $\vec{P}=\left(P_x,P_y,P_z\right)$. And the densities of active and sterile neutrino are given by
\begin{equation}
P_a\equiv P_0 + P_z=2\frac{\rho_{\nu_a}}{f_0}, P_s\equiv P_0-P_z=2\frac{\rho_{\nu_s}}{f_0}.
\end{equation}
The kinetic equations governing $P_i$'s time evolution are
\begin{align}
\dot{P}_a &= V_x P_y + \Gamma_a \left[ 2 \frac{f_{eq,a}}{f_0}- P_a \right],  \\
\dot{P}_s &= -V_x P_y + \Gamma_s \left[ 2 \frac{f_{eq,s}}{f_0}- P_s \right], \\
\dot{P}_x &= -V_z P_y -D P_x, \\
\dot{P}_y &= V_z P_x -\frac{1}{2}V_x (P_a -P_s)-D P_y,
\end{align}
where $V_{i}$ and $\Gamma_i$ are the potentials and scattering kernels~\cite{Hannestad:2013ana}, respectively,
\begin{eqnarray*}
&& V_x=\frac{\delta m^2}{2E}\sin 2\theta_0,\;V_y=0,\; V_z \simeq -\frac{\delta m^2}{2E}\cos 2\theta_0-\frac{14\pi^2}{45\sqrt{2}}\frac{G_F}{M^2_Z}E T^4_{\nu_a} + \frac{14\pi^2}{45\sqrt{2}}\frac{G_X}{M^2_X}E T^4_{\nu_s}, \nonumber \\
&& \Gamma_a \simeq G^2_F E T^4_{\nu_a},\;
 \Gamma_s \simeq G^2_X E T^4_{\nu_s},\;
  D\simeq \frac{1}{2}\left(\Gamma_a + \Gamma_s\right).
\end{eqnarray*}
From the QKEs, we can recover neutrino oscillation in vacuum if we take the non-interacting limits, $G_F\rightarrow 0,\;G_X\rightarrow 0$,
\begin{equation*}
\dot{P}_0=0,\;\;\dot{\vec{P}}=\vec{V}\times \vec{P},
\end{equation*}
which describe the precesses of $\vec{P}$ around $\vec{V}$. Non-zero $\Gamma_i$'s effects are to repopulate different momentum modes to reach thermal distribution and $D$-terms would damp and shrink $\vec{P}$. As we can see in the above equations, the introduced new self-interaction leads to $\Gamma_s\neq 0$ and contributes to $V_z$ and $D$ in the above QKEs.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{dNeff_vs_Gx}
\caption{Evolution of $\delta N_{\textrm{eff}}$ as temperature $T_\gamma $ decreases. $\delta N^{\textrm{bbn}}_{\textrm{eff}}$ depends on the self-interaction strength $G_X$. Black curve shows the non-interacting case, $G_X=0$. The self-interaction can suppress the production of sterile neutrino at high temperature, but lead to flavor equilibrium at later time. Increasing the strength of self-interacting would delay the equilibrium time.
\label{fig:neffGx}}
\end{figure}

The introduced self-interactions for sterile neutrinos have two effects. One is to block the thermalization at high temperature. The other effect is the collisions that lead a scattering-induced decoherent production at later time.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:neffGx}, we show the non-interacting case with a black curve and compare it with two interacting cases, $G_X=10G_F$ and $G_X=10^4G_F$. If $G_X$ is large, for instance $G_X=10^4G_F$, $\nu_s$ can only be partially thermalized with $T_{\nu_s}<T_{\nu_a}$ when $T_\gamma>2$MeV. However, if $G_X$ is not large enough, for instance $G_X=10G_F$, it will block the thermalization first at high temperature but enhance the production of sterile neutrino at a later time even before BBN epoch, $T_\gamma\simeq 5$MeV. The $G_X=10^4G_F$ case, however, has shown that the equilibrium time is later than the $G_X=10G_F$ case, less than $1\mathrm{MeV}$. Generally, increasing $G_X$ would delay the equilibrium time.

A simplified picture to understand these two effects is to use the effective mixing angle,
\begin{equation}
\sin^{2}2\theta_{\mathrm{eff}}=\frac{\sin^{2}2\theta_{0}}{\left(\cos2\theta_{0} - \frac{2E}{\delta m^{2}}V_{\mathrm{eff}}\right)^{2}+\sin^{2}2\theta_{0}},
\end{equation}
where $E$ is the energy of oscillating neutrino, $\dfrac{\delta m^{2}}{2E} \cos{2\theta_0}$ is usually called the vacuum oscillation term~\cite{Akhmedov:1999uz}, and  $V_{\mathrm{eff}}=V^{\mathrm{SM}}_{\mathrm{m}}-V^{\textrm{NEW}}_{\mathrm{m}}$ is the matter potential. Simple analysis would give
\begin{equation}\label{eq:matterpotential}
V^{\mathrm{SM}}_{\mathrm{m}}\sim \frac{G_F}{M_Z^2} E T_{\nu_a}^4,\; V^{\textrm{NEW}}_{\mathrm{m}}\sim \frac{G_X}{M_X^2}E T_{\nu_s}^4,
\end{equation}
which highly depend on the temperature. A familiar case, MSW effect~\cite{Wolfenstein:1977ue,Smirnov:1986gs,Smirnov:1986wj}, happens when $V_{\mathrm{eff}} = \cos{2\theta_0}\delta m^{2}/2E$, leading to a maximal mixing angle $\theta_{\mathrm{eff}}=\pi/4$. However, when the matter potential is much larger than the vacuum term, the mixing angle is effectively suppressed,
\begin{equation}
\sin^{2}2\theta_{\mathrm{eff}}\ll \sin^{2}2\theta_{0}, \; \textrm{when }
\left|V_{\mathrm{eff}}\right| \gg \left|\dfrac{\delta m^{2}}{2E}\cos{2\theta_0}\right|,
\end{equation}
which can efficiently block the production of sterile neutrinos.
The value of $T_{\nu_s}$ to block production at BBN time can be roughly estimated as follows:
\begin{equation*}
V_{\mathrm{eff}}\sim \frac{G_X}{M^2_X}E T^4_{\nu_s} >\frac{\delta m^2}{2E}\Rightarrow \frac{T_{\nu_s}}{\textrm{MeV}}>\left(\frac{\delta m^2}{2E^2}\frac{M^2_X}{G_X}\right)^{1/4}.
\end{equation*}
Take $G_X\sim 10^4 G_F$ and $M_X\sim 1$ GeV, we get $T_{\nu_s}\sim 10^{-3}$MeV around BBN time. This is what wee see the smallness of $T_{\nu_s}$ all the way to BBN time from the dot-dashed line in Fig.~\ref{fig:neffGx}.

As the Universe cools down, the matter potential $V_\textrm{eff}$ gets smaller very quickly. When $|V_{\mathrm{eff}}| < \left|\dfrac{\delta m^{2}}{2E}\cos{2\theta_0}\right|$, matter effect can be neglected and $\theta_{\textrm{eff}}\simeq \theta_0$.
Again, we discuss in the simplified framework of two-flavor case, $\nu_a$-$\nu_s$ or $\nu_1$-$\nu_2$ in the mass eigenstates,
\[
\nu_a=\cos \theta_{\mathrm{eff}} \ \nu_1  - \sin \theta_{\mathrm{eff}} \ \nu_2, \;
\nu_s=\sin \theta_{\mathrm{eff}} \ \nu_1 + \cos \theta_{\mathrm{eff}} \ \nu_2.
\]
Before BBN, because of the highly suppressed $\theta_{\mathrm{eff}}$, there are mostly $\nu_a$ or $\nu_1$ neutrinos in the thermal bath, and a small amount of $\nu_s$ or $\nu_2$ states. After $\theta_{\mathrm{eff}}$ is not suppressed any more, $\nu_1$ has the scattering process to produce $\nu_2$ through $\nu_1+\nu_2\rightarrow \nu_2 + \nu_2$ with rate $\Gamma \sim G^2_X T^5_{\nu_{s}}\sin ^2 2\theta_0$, and $\nu_1+\nu_1\rightarrow \nu_2 + \nu_2$ with rate $\Gamma \sim G^2_X T^5_{\nu_{a}}\sin ^4 2\theta_0$. If $\Gamma$ is larger than Hubble parameter $H=\sqrt{\dfrac{8\pi G}{3}\rho_R}$, then $\nu_1$ and $\nu_2$, or  $\nu_a$ and $\nu_s$, will reach equal numbers quickly.
Since the sterile neutrinos' self-interaction will induce rapidly elastic scattering, $\nu_s \nu_s \rightarrow \nu_s \nu_s$, it can redistribute momenta among sterile neutrinos. As long as the scattering rate $\Gamma_X\sim G^2_X T_{\nu_s}^5$ is larger than the Hubble parameter $H$ ($G$ is the Newton's constant), sterile neutrinos will soon reach the Fermi-Dirac distribution, leading to the flavor equilibrium, $n_{\nu_s}=n_{\nu_a}$.  For $G_X=10^8 G_F$ and $M_X=1.2$MeV it was estimated that the equilibrium would be approached around $T_\gamma\sim 40$KeV~\cite{Mirizzi:2014ama}, although numerically being a formidable challenge for such a large interaction.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth,height=0.5\textwidth]{dNeff_bbn_cmb}
\includegraphics[width=0.485\textwidth,height=0.502\textwidth]{dNeff_bbn_cmb_2}
\caption{$\delta N^{\textrm{bbn}}_{\textrm{eff}}$ vs $\delta N^{\textrm{cmb}}_{\textrm{eff}}$. (Left panel)We choose several cases for the number of sterile species, as indicated by $n$. For each case, the solid curve shows $\delta N^{\textrm{bbn}}_{\textrm{eff}}$ while the dashed one gives $\delta N^{\textrm{cmb}}_{\textrm{eff}}$. Sizable differences can arise in the low $T_{\nu_s}/T^0_{\nu_a}$ region. (Right panel)$\delta N^{\textrm{cmb}}_{\textrm{eff}}$ as function of $\delta N^{\textrm{bbn}}_{\textrm{eff}}$. The solid black line is for $\delta N^{\textrm{cmb}}_{\textrm{eff}}=\delta N^{\textrm{bbn}}_{\textrm{eff}}$ in non-interacting case, and from up to down, dashed lines correspond to $n=1,2,3,6$. Dot-dashed orange lines mark the current bounds from {\it Planck}~\cite{Planck:2015xua}.
\label{fig:dNeff}
}
\end{figure}

Before a detailed discussion on $N_{\textrm{eff}}$ at or after CMB time, we should note that the above investigation only took into account the sterile neutrinos produced from oscillations. However, oscillation is not the only contributing process. Generally, we expect there is a whole dark sector accompanying with self-interacting sterile neutrinos. Once the whole dark sector is decoupled from the SM thermal both, entropy is transfered to sterile neutrinos(and other particles in thermal equilibrium with sterile neutrinos). We may call this part as the ``primordial'' portion (denoted as $\delta N_{\textrm{eff}}^0$) which depends on the physical degrees of freedom in the dark sector and decoupling temperature, therefore model-dependent, see, for example, Refs.~\cite{Bringmann:2013vra, Ko:2014bka} for concrete models. Since at high temperature oscillation is effectively blocked by the large matter potential, the effects of these primordial sterile neutrinos are to change the initial condition for QKEs and lift up the curves at high temperature by $\delta N_{\textrm{eff}}^0$ in Fig.~\ref{fig:neffGx}. Hence, if not stated explicitly, we shall treat $T_{\nu_s}$ at BBN time as a free parameter in the rest of our discussion.

Now, we are in a position to discuss the effect on $N_{\textrm{eff}}$ at or after CMB time. Assume there are $n$ sterile species with common temperature $T_{\nu_s}$,
if sterile and active neutrinos reach the equilibrium when they are still relativistic, they would have the same temperature $T_{\nu}$ determined by the conservation of neutrino number or entropy density,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:entropy}
3\times \left(T_{\nu_a}^{0}\right)^3 + n\times T_{\nu_s}^3 = \left(3 + n\right)\times T_{\nu}^3,
\end{equation}
where $n$ is the number of sterile species that have self-interactions~\footnote{We note that n=1 case has been discussed in the latest version of Ref.~\cite{Mirizzi:2014ama} whose results agree with ours.}.

With the new temperature $T_{\nu}$, we can calculate $\delta N_{\textrm{eff}}$ at CMB time with Eq.~\ref{eq:deltaNeff},
\begin{equation}\label{eq:neffcmb}
\delta N_{\textrm{eff}}^{\textrm{cmb}}=\left(3+n\right)^{-1/3}\times \left[3+n\times \left(\dfrac{T_{\nu_s}}{T^0_{\nu_a}}\right)^3\right]^{4/3}-3,
\end{equation}
in comparison with
\begin{equation}\label{eq:neffbbn}
\delta N_{\textrm{eff}}^{\textrm{bbn}} = n\times\left(\dfrac{T_{\nu_s}}{T^0_{\nu_a}}\right)^4.
\end{equation}

If sterile neutrinos were fully thermalized at BBN time, we would have $T_{\nu_s}=T^0_{\nu_a}$, and Eq.~\ref{eq:neffcmb} gives the same result as Eq.~\ref{eq:neffbbn} does. However, for partially thermalized $\nu_s$, $T_{\nu_s}< T^0_{\nu_a}$. As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:dNeff}, it is evident that $\delta N^{\textrm{cmb}}_{\textrm{eff}}\leq \delta N^{\textrm{bbn}}_{\textrm{eff}}$, and that the difference can be significant in the low $T_{\nu_s}/T^0_{\nu_a}$ region and it increases as $n$ gets bigger. An interesting observation is that $\delta N_{\textrm{eff}}^{\textrm{cmb}}$ can even be negative for small values of  $T_{\nu_s}/T^0_{\nu_a}$. If future experiment data indicate a deficit of $N_{\textrm{eff}}$, it would be natural to consider the scenario that active neutrinos are mixing with self-interacting sterile species.

In the right panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:dNeff}, we show $\delta N^{\textrm{cmb}}_{\textrm{eff}}$ as functions of $\delta N^{\textrm{bbn}}_{\textrm{eff}}$ for different $n$. The solid black line is for $\delta N^{\textrm{cmb}}_{\textrm{eff}}=\delta N^{\textrm{bbn}}_{\textrm{eff}}$ in non-interacting case, and from up to down, dashed lines correspond to $n=1,2,3,6$, respectively. Dot-dashed orange lines mark the current $95\%$ CL preferred ranges for $N_{\textrm{eff}}$ from {\it Planck}~\cite{Planck:2015xua},
\begin{equation}
N_{\textrm{eff}}=3.11^{+ 0.59}_{-0.57} \;\;\;\; \textrm{He+{\it Planck} TT+lowP}.
\end{equation}
Since $\delta N^{\textrm{bbn}}_{\textrm{eff}}\geq 0$ in our scenario, the available parameter space is inside the region with arrows indicated.

\section{Cosmological Neutrino Mass Bounds}\label{sec:massbounds}

In this section, we show how the conflict between eV sterile neutrino and cosmological mass bounds can be relaxed when more than one light sterile species are introduced.

Cosmological bounds on the neutrino masses from the combination of CMB, large scale structure and distance measurements are constraining the following effective quantity~\cite{Planck:2013zuv},
\begin{equation}\label{eq:effectiveMass}
m^{\textrm{eff}}_{\nu}\equiv \frac{\sum_i n_{\nu_i}m_{\nu_i}}{n^0_{\nu_a}}=\sum_{i}\left(\frac{T_{\nu_i}}{T_{\nu_a}^0}\right)^3 m_{\nu_i}
\simeq 94.1 \mathrm{eV} \times \Omega_{\nu}h^2,
\end{equation}
where $n_{\nu_i}$ stand for $\nu_i$'s number density, $n^0_{\nu_a}$ for the value of active neutrino in standard cosmology, $\Omega_{\nu}h^2$ accounts for its energy density fraction in the Universe. After the later flavor equilibrium discussed above, all neutrinos share the same temperature, $T_{\nu_i}=T_\nu$. Using the same minimal setup as we did in last section, we assume only one sterile state has eV-scale mass and all the others are almost massless. So we can reduce the above summation only over the heaviest one, $i=4$,
\begin{equation}
m^{\textrm{eff}}_{\nu}\simeq \left(\frac{T_{\nu}}{T_{\nu_a}^0}\right)^3 m_{\nu_4}.
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.46\textwidth]{meff_vs_n}
\includegraphics[width=0.46\textwidth]{meff_vs_Neffcmb}
\caption{(Left panel)$m^{\textrm{eff}}_{\nu}$ vs $n$. $m^{\textrm{eff}}_{\nu}$ is a model-dependent quantity. We show how it changes as $T_{\nu_s}/T^0_{\nu_a}$ varies in four cases with different $n$. $m_{\nu_4}=1$eV is assumed to be dominant on the mass. (Right panel)$m^{\textrm{eff}}_{\nu}$ as functions of $\delta N^{\textrm{cmb}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and $n$. Parameter space inside region marked with arrows is still allowed.  \label{fig:meff}}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{fig:meff}, we plot how $m^{\textrm{eff}}_{\nu}$ changes with $ T_{\nu_i}/T_{\nu_a}^0$ in four cases, $n=1,2,3,6$. When more light states are added with but fixed $\delta N_{\textrm{eff}}$, the individual number density of each species is decreased. Therefore, the total number of the heaviest state $\nu_4$ is reduced and $m^{\textrm{eff}}_{\nu}$ then gets smaller correspondingly. Other light states are just radiations and red-shifted, contributing only negligibly in late Universe.

Now, we compare with the cosmological bounds. We should note that cosmological bounds on sterile neutrino mass and abundance depend on the cosmological models and the chosen data set~\cite{Hamann:2011ge,Boehm:2014ksa,Melchiorri:2014zza,Dvorkin:2014lea,Zhang:2014dxk,Hannestad:2014apa,Verde:2014sia,Giunti:2014dla,Cyr-Racine:2013jua}~\footnote{
Currently, there is a very loose constraint on self-interaction of active neutrinos from CMB data~\cite{Cyr-Racine:2013jua}, around $\sim 10^8 G_F$. The bound on self-interaction of sterile neutrino can be inferred and should be similar. }. Varying $N_{\textrm{eff}}^{\textrm{cmb}}$ and $ m^{\textrm{eff}}_{\nu}$ only, and using the $Planck$+WP+HighL data combination, the latest result from {\textit{Planck}} collaboration was able to give bounds with $95\%$ CL~\cite{Planck:2015xua},
\begin{equation}\label{eq:bounds2}
 2.53<N_{\textrm{eff}}^{\textrm{cmb}}<3.7,\; m^{\textrm{eff}}_{\nu}<0.52 \textrm{eV}.
\end{equation}
As we show in right panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:meff}, if we the face value of the above constraint~\footnote{Note that the above constraint is only intended for non-interacting sterile neutrinos. Self-interactions may change the ``free-streaming'' scale, see Ref.~\cite{Chu:2015ipa} for example. Since no analysis with self-interacting sterile neutrino is available, here we only took the face value from {\textit{Planck}}~\cite{Planck:2015xua}.}, then $n=3$ is on the intersect point with marginal status and is the minimal number of introduced sterile species. This amusing accidental agreement recovers the symmetry between active and sterile neutrinos. If future experimental pushed the upper limit further stringent, from the trend shown in the four cases of Fig.~\ref{fig:meff}, it is easy to introduce more light sterile states in the discussed scenario to relax the cosmological bounds.
When putting the lower bounds on $N_{\textrm{eff}}$, we should be aware of the assumption that no other relativistic particles contribute as radiations. In cases where there are quite a mount of massless particles such as Goldstone or Majaron particles, the lower bounds on $N_{\textrm{eff}}$ then do not apply and $n<3$ will be allowed.

\section{Conclusion}
In this paper, we have discussed a scenario that eV sterile neutrinos are partially thermalized before BBN era but equilibrated with active ones in later time. A mechanism to realize such a scenario is to introduce secret self-interactions for sterile neutrinos. The self-interactions can induce large matter potentials at high temperature, suppress the mixing angle and block the production of sterile neutrinos from oscillations. They can also lead to a rapid scattering-induced decoherent production of sterile neutrinos at later times before CMB. When flavor equilibrium between active and sterile species is approached, it surprisingly leads to a decrease of $N_\textrm{eff}$.

We also discussed how the conflict with cosmological neutrino mass bounds can be relaxed in this scenario. We have found that, the more light sterile species we add, the less constrained they would be. If we take the latest Planck bounds~\cite{Planck:2015xua},
$ N_{\textrm{eff}}^{\textrm{cmb}}<3.7$ and $m^{\textrm{eff}}_{\nu}<0.52 \textrm{eV}$, at least three sterile species are needed to evade such a constraint.

\begin{acknowledgments}
The author is grateful to Rasmus Hansen for helpful discussions and sharing his code. This work is supported in part by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Research Grant 2012R1A2A1A01006053.
\end{acknowledgments}

\providecommand{\href}[2]{#2}\begingroup\raggedright

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
nodefunc-promisify
==================
Converts a node style function (which takes a callback) into one that returns a promise.

Installation
------------
```
npm install nodefunc-promisify
```

Usage
------
```
var promisify = require("nodefunc-promisify");
var func_returning_promise = promisify(someNodeFunc[, options]);
```

The optional options parameter takes these values:
```
var options = {
  noErrorParameter: boolean,
  hasMultipleResults: boolean
}
```

If options.noErrorParameter is false (default), nodeFunc is assumed to take a standard node callback in which the first parameter denotes the error. For example, a callback like function(err, result) { .... }
If set to true, the callback is assumed to not contain the error parameter. For example, a callback like function(result) { .... }

If options.hasMultipleResults is false (default), nodeFunc is assumed to return a single value via the callback. For example, a callback like function(err, result) { .... }
if true, the callback is assumed to return multiple values. The promise resolves with an array containing multiple results. For example, a callback like function(err, result1, result2) { .... }

options.noErrorParameter and options.hasMultipleResults may be used together.

Examples
---------

fn(p1, p2, ... pN, cb) => void, where cb = (err, result) => void
```
var sayHello = function(str, cb) {
  return cb(null, "Hello " + str);
};

var fn = promisify(sayHello);
var promise = fn("world");
return promise.then(function(val) {
  val.should.equal("Hello world");
});
```

fn(p1, p2, ... pN, cb) => void, where cb = (result) => void
```
var sayHelloWithoutError = function(str, cb) {
  return cb("Hello " + str);
};

var fn = promisify(sayHelloWithoutError, { noErrorParameter: true });
var promise = fn("world");
return promise.then(function(val) {
  val.should.equal("Hello world");
});
```

fn(p1, p2, ... pN, cb) => void, where cb = (err, r1, r2, r3) => void
```
var sayHelloAndMaster = function(str, cb) {
  return cb(null, "Hello " + str, "Master");
};

var fn = promisify(sayHelloAndMaster, { hasMultipleResults: true });
var promise = fn("world");
return promise.then(function(val) {
  val[0].should.equal("Hello world");
  val[1].should.equal("Master");
});
```

fn(p1, p2, ... pN, cb) => void, where cb = (r1, r2, r3) => void
```
var sayHelloAndMasterWithoutError = function(str, cb) {
  return cb("Hello " + str, "Master");
};

var fn = promisify(sayHelloAndMasterWithoutError, { noErrorParameter: true, hasMultipleResults: true });
var promise = fn("world");
return promise.then(function(val) {
  val[0].should.equal("Hello world");
  val[1].should.equal("Master");
});
```

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Profs Shortlisted for Prestigious Book Award
Wednesday, May 27, 2015 Thursday, May 28, 2015
Two University of Guelph English professors have been shortlisted for the Trillium Book Awards, Ontario's premier prize for literary excellence.
Dionne Brand was shortlisted for her novel Love Enough, and retired professor Thomas King made the list for his novel The Back of the Turtle. Both are nominated in the English-language category.
The finalists were announced today, and awards will be presented June 17 by Ontario Culture Minister Michael Coteau.
The Trillium Book Awards, considered among Canada's most prestigious literary prizes, were established by the provincial government in 1987 to recognize excellence and increase public awareness of the quality and diversity of Ontario writers and writing.
Brand is an award-winning author and poet and Toronto's former poet laureate. Set in Toronto, Love Enough follows the intersecting lives and stories of urban characters.
Brand won the Trillium Award in 1997 for Land to Light On and was shortlisted in 2007 for her long poem Inventory.
She won the 1997 Governor General's literary award and 2001 Griffin Poetry Prize, as well as the Pat Lowther and Toronto Book awards.
King's first novel in more than 15 years, The Back of the Turtle examines a community trying to recover from an environmental disaster. In 2014, the book won the Governor General's literary award.
A Member of the Order of Canada, King won the 2004 Trillium award for The Truth About Stories. He retired from the School of English and Theatre Studies in 2011.
His non-fiction book The Inconvenient Indian: A Curious Account of Native People in North America won the 2014 RBC Taylor Prize and the B.C. National Award for Canadian Non-Fiction.
Other Trillium Book award nominees in the English books category are Margaret Atwood, The Stone Mattress; Kate Cayley, How You Were Born; James King, Old Masters; and Edmund Metatawabin with Alexandra Shimo, Up Ghost River.


text:
Леонид Семёнович Бретаницкий (23 июля 1914 года, Одесса — 27 июня 1979) — советский искусствовед, исследователь архитектуры и искусства Ближнего и Среднего Востока, старший научный сотрудник Института архитектуры и искусства Академии наук Азербайджанской ССР, доктор искусствоведения. Считается одним из видных представителей советского искусствознания.

Биография
Леонид Бретаницкий родился 23 июля 1914 года в Одессе в семье музыканта, скрипача Семёна Бретаницкого, который позже был профессором Бакинской консерватории. В 1938 году Бретаницкий окончил архитектурный факультет Азербайджанского государственного политехнического института.

Архитектурные памятники Азербайджана пробудили в юном Бретаницком интерес к архитектуре Востока, благодаря чему Леонид Семёнович поступил в аспирантуру Института живописи, скульптуры и архитектуры в Ленинграде, где учился под руководством профессора Николая Бакланова. В этот период Бретаницкий сотрудничал с Отделом Востока Государственного Эрмитажа. Именно в этот период сформировались его научные взгляды.

В первые годы после войны Бретаницкий опубликовал ряд научных работ про такие сооружения, как найденные на дне Бакинской бухты укрепления и Карабагларские мавзолеи. Также Бретаницкий изучал архитектурные памятники Средней Азии, принимал участие в работах Таджикской археологической экспедиции. В 1949 году Бретаницкий впервые стал выделять архитектурные школы в зодчестве отдельных стран Востока.

С 1951 года Леонид Бретаницкий руководил лабораторией научных проблем реставрации памятников азербайджанского зодчества в Институте архитектуры и искусства Академии наук Азербайджанской ССР.

Леонид Семёнович Бретаницкий скончался 27 июня 1979 года.

Семья
 Супруга — Людмила Карагичева-Бретаницкая, музыковед и педагог, Заслуженный деятель искусств Азербайджанской ССР.
 Дочь — Алла Бретаницкая — музыковед и критик.

Некоторые работы
 Архитектура средневекового Азербайджана в специальных работах советских ученых. — Известия Академии наук Азербайджанской ССР, 1950, № 10.
 Архитектурные школы средневекового Азербайджана (XII—XV вв.). — Искусство Азербайджана, т. II.
 Дворец шекинских ханов. — ААО.
 Значение трудов русских ученых XIX века в изучении азербайджанского зодчества. — Известия Академии наук Азербайджанской ССР, 1951. № 9.
 Выдающийся памятник зодчества Средней Азии (рецензия). — «Советская архитектура», т. IV. — М., 1953.
 Архитектурные школы и проблемы стиля в зодчестве средневекового Азербайджана (XII—XV вв.) — В кн.: Исследования по истории культуры народов Востока. — М.-Л. 1960.
 Архитектурные школы средневекового Азербайджана и проблема стиля в зодчестве стран Переднего Востока. — М. 1960.
 Зодчество Азербайджана XII—XV вв. и его место в архитектуре Переднего Востока. — Л., 1961.
 Баку: Архитектурно-художественные памятники. — Л.; М.: Искусство, 1965.
 Художественное наследие Переднего Востока эпохи феодализма. — М., 1988.

Примечания

Литература

Искусствоведы СССР
Доктора искусствоведения

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Q: Add an item to an ICollection inside of a Linq query How can I add one item to a collection inside if a select linq query?
IEnumerable<User> users
    = model.Select(u => new User
       {
            Username = u.Username,
            EmailAddress = u.EmailAddress,
            Federations = u.FederatedUsername != null ? new List<Federation>().Add(new Federation { FederatedUsername = u.FederatedUsername }) : null,
       });

However, I get an error void and null types are incompatible.
I have two entities with (pertinent) properties show below:
User
-----
UserID [PK]
Username
EmailAddress
...

Federation
----------
FederationID [PK]
UserID [FK]
FederatedUsername

However, I get an error Void and null types are incompatible.

A: new List<Federation>().Add(new Federation { FederatedUsername = u.FederatedUsername })

this piece of code does not return the list, because Add does not return anything.
Use collection initialization syntax instead:
new List<Federation>() { new Federation { FederatedUsername = u.FederatedUsername } }

so it should be:
Federations = u.FederatedUsername != null
                  ? new List<Federation>() {
                        new Federation {
                            FederatedUsername = u.FederatedUsername
                        }
                     }
                  : null,

A: Try something like this:
IEnumerable<User> users =
    model
        .Select(u => new User
        {
                Username = u.Username,
                EmailAddress = u.EmailAddress,
                Federations =
                    u.FederatedUsername == null
                    ? new List<Federation>() :
                    (new []
                        {
                            new Federation()
                            {
                                FederatedUsername = u.FederatedUsername
                            },
                        }).ToList(),
        });

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Here is a little friend I made late last year. She's turned into a real friend!
Thank you so much for all of your warm, welcoming words! You made it such a pleasure to be back.
I thought I would show you a very special something I have been involved with over the past little while.
I have a wonderful friend, Amanda Bloom who in November last year, launched the most amazing crochet subscription box, Little Box of Crochet. And guess who was lucky enough to be the first designer - Me!!!!
As it was Autumn, we decided something seasonal would be lovely and somehow the subject of Toadstools came up, something we are both passionate about.
And so, with lots of chatting between NZ and the UK, the plan hatched for three crocheted toadstools.
While I was busy with toadstool maths (the easy part let me tell you), Amanda established an empire sourcing yarn, boxes, printers all to the highest standard and most beautiful of aesthetics. And she did all this while her gorgeous daughter Jenny was battling cancer.
The day the first box arrived in my mailbox was one of the most proud I have had. So proud of Amanda and Jenny and so honoured to have been a part of it.
And guess what? The box sold out!
However,... a little bird told me, the Toadstool Box is set for a re-release - wahoo!
I can't wait to show you more boxes I've recieved over the past few months. They brought so much joy to me, just as Amanda and Jenny have for me.


text:
Ernst Stavro Blofeld (28 mei 1908) is een personage uit de James Bondboeken en -films. Hij is hoofd van misdaadorganisatie SPECTRE (Special Executive for Counter intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion) en staat ook wel bekend als 'Number one' (Nr. 1). Hij is de aartsvijand van James Bond.

Boeken

Hoewel Blofeld een fictief figuur is, heeft auteur Ian Fleming hem een rijke geschiedenis meegegeven. De misdadiger duikt voor het eerst op in het boek Thunderball (1961). Hierin heeft hij slechts een bescheiden rol. Pas in On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1963) ontmoet hij zijn tegenstander James Bond voor het eerst.

Blofeld werd geboren in Gdynia, Polen. Zijn vader was van Poolse afkomst en zijn moeder van Griekse. Zijn geboortedag 28 mei 1908 komt overeen met die van zijn schepper Ian Fleming. Blofeld studeerde economie en politieke geschiedenis aan de universiteit van Warschau. Aan het Technische Instituut van Warschau studeerde hij vervolgens bouwkunde. Op zijn 22e werkte hij als communicatiemedewerker bij het Poolse ministerie. Daar kreeg hij toegang tot veel geheime documenten die hij (met de oorlog op komst) verkocht aan geheime diensten. Daarna vertrok hij naar Zweden. Toen duidelijk werd wie de oorlog ging winnen, stapte hij snel over naar de kant van de geallieerden. Aan het eind van de oorlog was hij een rijk man, met vele huldigingen van Groot-Brittannië, de Verenigde Staten en Frankrijk. Vervolgens vertrok hij naar Zuid-Amerika waar hij plannen begon te maken voor zijn misdaadorganisatie SPECTRE.

In de jaren vijftig richt Blofeld SPECTRE op door afvalligen van verschillende criminele organisaties en spionagediensten in Europa te verzamelen. Drie jaar lang boekt Blofeld winst uit allerhande operaties. Het Plan Omega, het stelen van twee kernkoppen van de NAVO voor losgeld, mislukt echter, onder meer dankzij James Bond. Blofeld moet vluchten. Hierop krijgt Bond opdracht hem op te sporen. Dit lijkt na een jaar tijd nog geen vruchten af te werpen, waarop Bond aanneemt dat Blofeld dood is. Tot hij alsnog een spoor vindt naar een kliniek in de Zwitserse Alpen waar een zekere Balthazar de Bleuville een kliniek runt die allergieën bestrijdt.

Opvallend is dat de beschrijving die Bond van Blofeld heeft meegekregen, geenszins klopt. Het is niet duidelijk hoe dit mogelijk is, maar M vermoedt dat er sprake is van een enorme plastische chirurgie. Blofeld heeft zijn zinnen gezet op de titel van graaf van Bleuville, vermoedelijk om zich terug te trekken na de uitvoering van zijn huidige operatie (die mogelijk onder betaling van een onbekende mogendheid is): vernietiging van de Britse landbouwgewassen en vee, door middel van een speciaal virus dat gegeven wordt aan de gehypnotiseerde patiëntes. Een aanval door de Union Corse (een fictieve Corsicaanse misdaadorganisatie) redt de Britse landbouw, maar Blofeld ontkomt. Bonds kersverse bruid Tracy moet het kort daarna echter met de dood bekopen.

In het volgende boek You Only Live Twice (1964) is Bond een gebroken man. In dit derde en laatste deel uit de zogeheten 'Blofeld-trilogie' krijgt Bond in Japan het verzoek om de geheimzinnige dokter Guntram Shatterhand te vermoorden, aangezien hij in zijn Japanse kasteel een tuin vol dodelijke dieren en planten heeft aangelegd, waarop alle suïcidale Japanners erheen komen om zelfmoord te plegen. Shatterhand blijkt niemand minder te zijn dan Blofeld, die zich met zijn handlangster Irma Bunt (die zijn liefdespartner blijkt) naar Japan gevlucht is. Blofeld doet dit puur omdat hij het als een geniale, bijna kunstzinnige daad ziet, evenals zijn vorige plannen (dit impliceert megalomanie). Uiteindelijk vermoordt Bond zijn grootste vijand door hem te wurgen.

Films
In de James Bondfilmreeks staat het er met Blofeld heel anders voor. Daar duikt hij al op in de tweede film From Russia with Love (1963). Hier is zijn gezicht niet te zien, alleen zijn handen die een witte kat aaien. Blofeld wordt hier gespeeld door acteur Anthony Dawson, hoewel de stem afkomstig is van de Weense acteur Eric Pohlmann.

In de vierde film Thunderball (1965) is Blofeld weer van de partij. Weer is alleen de witte kat te zien en wordt Blofeld gespeeld door Anthony Dawson. Het is niet duidelijk van wie de stem is. Soms wordt acteur Joseph Wiseman (die de rol van Dr. No in de gelijknamige Bondfilm uit 1962 speelde) genoemd, op IMDb staat vermeld dat het wederom om Eric Pohlmann gaat. Naar het schijnt hebben beide acteurs de stem ingesproken, maar is de versie met Wiseman uiteindelijk gebruikt.

In de vijfde film You Only Live Twice (1967) wordt Blofeld gespeeld door Donald Pleasence. Het verhaal van deze film is zeer anders dan in het boek. SPECTRE is hier nog in volle kracht actief en lijkt sterker dan ooit tevoren. De organisatie houdt zich vanuit een raketbasis, verborgen in een uitgeholde dode vulkaan, bezig met het kapen van Amerikaanse en Russische ruimtevaartcapsules, om zo een oorlog tussen de supermachten uit te lokken. Blofeld zelf leidt de operaties persoonlijk en doet dit tegen betaling van een niet bij name genoemde Aziatische mogendheid. Pas als Bond hem persoonlijk ontmoet verschijnt Blofelds gezicht in beeld. Als de ninja's van Tiger Tanaka de vulkaanbasis aanvallen vlucht Blofeld en verdwijnt.

In On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) speelt Telly Savalas een meer charismatische Blofeld. Het verhaal van de film is grotendeels hetzelfde als het boek, wat zelfs een kleine inconsistentie geeft omdat Blofeld Bond niet meteen lijkt te herkennen, terwijl hij hem in de vorige film ontmoet heeft. Blofeld noemt zich in de filmversie van het verhaal graaf De Bleuchamp en bedreigt niet alleen het Verenigd Koninkrijk maar de gehele wereld. Dit doet hij om amnestie af te dwingen van de Verenigde Naties en om erkenning van zijn titel te krijgen. Blofeld loopt in de climax een ernstige verwonding aan zijn nek op, maar overleeft, waarna hij met Irma Bunt Bond probeert te vermoorden. In plaats daarvan sterft Tracy.

In Diamonds Are Forever(1971), waarin Blofeld wordt gespeeld door Charles Gray, schakelt Bond zijn aartsvijand in de proloog van de film uit, wanneer deze van plan is om middels plastische chirurgie een dubbelganger te creëren. Bond doodt Blofeld door hem te verdrinken in een gloeiend heet modderbad dat onderdeel van de operatie was. In de hoofdplot van de film moet Bond een diamantsmokkel bestrijden en vermoedt hij dat de geheimzinnige Willard Whyte, die al enkele jaren niet uit zijn penthouse gekomen is, de leider van de operatie is. Bij inbraak in het penthouse treft Bond hier niet Whyte maar Blofeld aan, die zich hier al enkele jaren schuilhoudt en het fortuin en contacten gebruikt van Whyte, die toch nooit in het openbaar verscheen. Blofelds plan in de films is het bouwen van een satelliet met een enorme laser, waarmee hij vervolgens aanslagen op enkele nucleaire doelwitten van de VS, de Sovjet-Unie en China pleegt, om de grootmachten zo te dwingen tot een groot losgeld. Als Blofeld op het punt staat Washington DC aan te vallen met de laser vallen Bond, Felix Leiter en de militairen Blofelds schuilplaats aan. Blofeld probeert te vluchten met een diepzeeduikboot, maar Bond kaapt de hijskraan waar het toestel aan hangt en smijt deze herhaaldelijk tegen de mainframe-computer waar de satelliet mee bestuurd wordt. Als Bond het booreiland verlaat explodeert het, zonder een spoor van Blofeld. Ogenschijnlijk lijkt hij dus om te komen aan het eind van Diamonds Are Forever maar het blijft allemaal onduidelijk.

Voor de film The Spy Who Loved Me werd een verhaal ontwikkeld waarin Blofeld en SPECTRE weer een rol zou spelen. Aangezien de contractueel bepaalde periode waarin EON-productions nog gebruik mocht maken van Blofeld afgelopen was, protesteerde Kevin McClory (die de filmrechten op Thunderball had) hevig en werd Blofeld daarom vervangen door Karl Stromberg.

In 1981 wordt gesuggereerd dat Blofeld wordt vermoord in de openingssequence van For Your Eyes Only, in de gedaante van John Hollis en met de stem van Robert Rietti. Het personage wordt niet met naam en toenaam als Blofeld betiteld, vanwege het conflict met Kevin McClory. "Blofeld" is blijkbaar niet ongeschonden uit de vernielingen op het booreiland gekomen, want hij zit in een rolstoel. Op een gegeven moment gooit Bond (Roger Moore) "Blofeld" met rolstoel en al vanuit een helikopter in een grote schoorsteen. Sommigen suggereren dat producent Albert R. Broccoli hiermee een lange neus naar McClory wilde maken door te laten zien dat hij Blofeld niet nodig had voor een goede Bondfilm, door "Blofeld" al te laten omkomen voor het verhaal van de film echt begonnen was.

De onofficiële Bondfilm Never Say Never Again (1983) (geproduceerd door McClory, die de rechten op het personage en de verhaallijn heeft) is een remake van Thunderball (1965) en hierin wordt Blofeld gespeeld door Max von Sydow.

Nieuwe versie

Nadat de erfgenamen van Kevin McClory in 2013 met Danjaq en MGM overeenkwamen de rechten van Thunderball definitief over te dragen, konden Blofeld en SPECTRE weer in de Bondfilms van EON verschijnen. In Spectre (2015) wordt Blofeld gespeeld door Christoph Waltz en is zijn conflict met Bond al vanaf het begin veel persoonlijker. In dit verhaal heette Blofeld oorspronkelijk Franz Oberhauser. Franz' vader was een soort stiefvader voor James Bond nadat diens ouders waren omgekomen bij een klimongeluk en groeide Franz dus op met Bond als stiefbroer. Omdat Franz vond dat Hannes zich te veel hechtte aan Bond, ten koste van Franz, vermoordde hij zijn vader, verwierp hij diens naam en nam een valse naam aan geïnspireerd door de achternaam van zijn moeder. Het litteken aan zijn gezicht krijgt hij door een ontploffing die Bond veroorzaakt met een horloge van Q-branch. Blofeld zit naar eigen zeggen achter vrijwel al het persoonlijke leed van Bond en maakt zich in de film op om Bond op een zo vernederend mogelijke manier te verslaan. Tegelijkertijd blijkt SPECTRE het brein achter de oprichting van een internationale spionagedienst die een ultiem surveillance-netwerk tot doel heeft. Op het einde van de film wordt Blofelds helikopter door Bond uit de lucht geschoten, waarin Blofeld een zware verwonding aan zijn been oploopt. Bond overweegt de hulpeloos geworden schurk neer te schieten, maar laat hem in plaats daarvan door M arresteren.

Met de film No Time to Die uit 2021 lijkt een einde gekomen te zijn aan SPECTRE. Door toedoen van schurk Lyutsifer Safin worden alle leden van de organisatie door middel van nanobots vermoord. Ook Blofeld treft dit lot, doordat James Bond hem tijdens een verhoor naar de keel grijpt en hem daarbij onbewust infecteert. Zijn dood wordt later in de film door Mi6 bevestigd.

Uiterlijk

Boeken
In Flemings boek Thunderball wordt Blofeld beschreven als een man met kort, stug zwart haar en een gewicht van 160 kilogram (ooit erg gespierd, maar nu dik geworden). Blofeld weet zijn behoorlijke overwicht echter handig te verbergen door wijd zittende broeken en hemden met dubbele rijen knopen te dragen, waardoor hij een stuk slanker lijkt. Zijn neus is kort en dik.

Met deze omschrijving (aangevuld met het feit dat zijn oren recht tegen zijn hoofd staan en flinke lellen hebben) gaat Bond in On Her Majesty's Secret Service naar hem op zoek. De beschrijving blijkt echter totaal niet te kloppen: Blofeld is behoorlijk slank (hooguit 60 kg) zonder sporen van vermagering; zijn haar is lang en zilvergrijs; zijn neus is krom in plaats van recht (met één neusgat aangevreten door syfilis; zijn oren staan iets van zijn hoofd af en de oorlellen ontbreken (een kenmerk van de Bleuvilles). Door contactlenzen is de kleur van zijn ogen niet te achterhalen. In het volgende boek, You Only Live Twice, is Blofelds neus chirurgisch hersteld en draagt hij een zwarte hangsnor. Zijn ogen blijken donker te zijn. Hij draagt in zijn Japanse kasteel een kimono, en om veiligheidsoverwegingen een samoeraiharnas in zijn Tuin des Doods.

Films
In de James Bondfilmserie ziet Blofeld er heel anders uit dan in de boeken. Zijn bekendste handelskenmerken zijn een kaal hoofd, een zogenaamd "Nehru"-kostuum, of een "Mao-kostuum" en een Perzische kat. Ook zijn verborgen gezicht is een handelskenmerk. Desondanks vertoont hij niet alle kenmerken in elke film, en zijn uitstraling verschilt per acteur. Een belangrijk kenmerk door alle films heen is de ring aan zijn pink, met het teken van SPECTRE (een octopus) erop.

Zowel in From Russia with Love als in Thunderball draagt Blofeld een zwart pak met een stropdas. In één shot is zijn achterhoofd te zien: glimmend zwart haar is zichtbaar.

In You Only Live Twice draagt Blofeld voor het eerst zijn Nehru-kostuum. Wanneer Bond gevangen voor hem wordt geleid zien we voor het eerst zijn gezicht: starende, krankzinnige ogen, met een litteken van boven zijn rechterwenkbrauw omlaag tot aan zijn kin (waardoor zijn rechterooglid erg dik is). Blofeld is in deze film kaal. In eerste instantie had men niet Donald Pleasence maar Jan Werich voor deze rol gewild, met grijs haar en een baard, maar zowel regisseur Lewis Gilbert als producent Albert R. Broccoli vonden hem niet geschikt omdat zijn uitstraling niet angstaanjagend genoeg was.

In On Her Majesty's Secret Service wenste men een charmantere Blofeld, en werd de rol aan Telly Savalas gegeven. Van het litteken is niets meer te zien: Blofeld heeft een charmant en misleidend vriendelijk gezicht. Zijn kat wordt wat minder gezien. Wel is Blofeld nog steeds kaal en draagt hij vaak een Nehru-kostuum.

In Diamonds Are Forever draagt Blofeld ook weer een grijs of khaki-kleurig Nehru-kostuum en heeft hij zijn kat weer enkele malen. In deze film is hij echter niet kaal, maar heeft hij vol grijs haar. Een klein detail is dat zijn oorlellen, die in de vorige film verwijderd waren om voor een graaf De Bleauchamps door te kunnen gaan, weer terug zijn.

In For Your Eyes Only tot slot, is Blofelds gezicht andermaal onzichtbaar. Hij zit in een rolstoel met zijn kat op schoot en draagt een grijs Mao-kostuum. Blofeld overleeft dit laatste optreden niet, maar zijn kat ontkomt wel.

In de onofficiële film Never Say Never Again draagt Blofeld een pak met een vlinderstrikje, en heeft hij een baard en vol grijs haar. (Blofeld wordt door zijn eigen kat per ongeluk gedood met gif in een deleted scene die uit de film is geknipt)

In Spectre is Blofeld herkenbaar door zijn bekendste handelskenmerken: een zogenaamd "Nehru"- of "Mao-kostuum" en een Perzische kat. Ook stelt hij zich zelf weer voor als Ernst Stavro Blofeld. In tegenstelling tot de vorige films is zijn bouw vrij slank en heeft hij grijzend haar. Na een ontploffing loopt hij een litteken op zoals de versie van Donald Pleasence droeg.

Handlangers
 Emilio Largo
 Rosa Klebb
 Red Grant
 Dr. Julius No
 Kronsteen
 Morzeny
 Fiona Volpe
 Mr. Osato
 Helga Brandt
 Hans
 Irma Bunt
 Mr. Wint & Mr. Kidd
 Bert Saxby
 Mr. Hinx

Persiflage
Misdaadbaas Dr. Evil (Mike Myers) uit de James Bondparodie Austin Powers (en diens vervolgen) is gebaseerd op Blofeld. Scènes zoals onder meer die met de kenmerkende geaaide kat worden in de Austin Powers-films rechtstreeks gepersifleerd.

Zie ook
 Lijst van personages uit de James Bondfilms en -boeken
 Lijst van vijanden van James Bond

Blofeld, Ernst Stavro


A paved, shared, off-road cycle track links North and South Gundagai.
The track runs through picturesque sheltered parkland along the side of Morleys Creek, the golf course and across the historic Prince Alfred Bridge over the Murrumbidgee River. The track is great for a cycling break with the kids or a walk to unwind after a hard day on the road.


Affordable move in ready home! This beautiful meticulously taken care of manufactured home was built in 2005 in a .25 acre lot. The home features three bedrooms, two baths, living & dining area, kitchen, and a separate laundry room. Open floor plan with vaulted ceilings, allowing natural sunlight through the home. Beautiful is presented with wood laminate flooring in living, dining and hallway area; tile flooring in the kitchen and laundry room and linoleum flooring in the bathrooms. The home has a central heat and air, public water and sewer so no need to be concerned with a septic. Spacious and completely fenced backyard features two patio covers, two storage sheds & an automatic electric gate. Live in a park like setting with mountain views around the home in a quarter acre surrounded by lots of fruit trees including nectarine, fig, pomegranate, apple, tangerine, orange, quince, pineapple guava, guavas trees and more. No Mello-Roos, low taxes, no HOA. The home is located in close proximity to shopping, Movie Theater, transit, elementary school and, very close to Lake Elsinore. Don't miss out on this wonderful opportunity!


text:
/* global describe, it */
import expect from 'expect.js';

import { makeDispatchMapper } from '../index';

describe('makeDispatchMapper', function () {
  it('is a function', function () {
    expect(makeDispatchMapper).to.be.a('function');
  });

  it('generates props with functions', function () {
    const dispatch = function (action) {
      return action.type;
    };

    const ADD_TODO = 'ADD_TODO';
    const addTodo = function (text) {
      return {
        type: ADD_TODO,
        text
      };
    };

    const mapDispatchToProps = makeDispatchMapper({
      addTodo
    });

    expect(mapDispatchToProps).to.be.a('function');

    const props = mapDispatchToProps(dispatch);
    expect(props).to.have.key('addTodo');
    expect(props.addTodo).to.be.a('function');
    expect(props.addTodo()).to.be(ADD_TODO);
  });
});


Open space and breathtaking detail converge in this gorgeous, prime North Slope townhouse floorthru.
The entire floor of a majestic 22' wide brownstone on tree-lined landmarked St. Johns place, this co-op apartment boasts a wide, open living space full of light and windows, an oversized bedroom with 10' ceilings and a sun-filled den/library/nursery that opens out onto your own private deck.
Recently renovated kitchen is replete with top of the line custom cabinetry, vintage gas range, farmhouse sink and built-in refrigerator. Stunning and original details can be found throughout--stained glass, elaborate parquet flooring, stately and original casings and trim; antique "Old Bridge" tile and mint original fireplace mantles.
A short stroll to the best of Brooklyn: Prospect Park, Brooklyn Botanical Gardens, Brooklyn Museum and the restaurants, bars and vibrant retail of 7th Avenue. Steps to Grand Army Plaza (2/3/4) and the 7th Avenue B/Q trains.


The Dickens Fair really is quite a bit of fun. It runs all day on weekends and it is indoors so you don't suffer from the weather. Yes there's Bob on the left. The food smells and the smoked almonds hang in the air and it makes for a very sensuous sort of experience. The place isn't so very large and so the feeling is pretty cozy.
Everyone wears fancy dress, well everyone in the upper classes that is. This is Rose Maylie from Oliver Twist At Mad Sal's dockside alehouse the dancers work hard to entertain the customers. Mad Sal's is at the other end of town from the fancy folks.
After the end of the last day this pretty young woman was walking next to me and said she was on he way to try on this blouse* and wished she had a camera.
(*see through hankie with fringe) Lucky for all of us, I had a camera in my pocket. Right after this shot the proprietor convinced her to flash us both. Fortunately I had already put away the camera.
Yes, it was really quite memorable.
Amy tries to wink, somewhat unsuccessfully Redeye reduction not in use in the 1850's however Kaylie didn't seem to mind.
The explorers club/or adventurers club (whatever) is a boring place. Really. On the other hand, the Dark Garden (corset makers) window displays less than 50 feet away are always exciting. Check out the, um... package.
Yup, you guessed right, they have women in the corset shop windows too. And let's just say the place is pretty much bursting with celebration of the friggin holiday spirit.