text:
\section{Introduction}
Deep neural architectures have seen a dramatic increase in size over the years~\citep{openAIblogpost}. Although not entirely understood, it is known that over-parametrized networks exhibit high generalization performance, with recent empirical evidence showing that the generalization gap tends to close with increased number of parameters~\citep{Zhang2017No0, 2018arXiv181211118B, 2019arXiv190308560H, 2018arXiv181104918A, 2018arXiv181002054D, 2018arXiv180301206D}, contrary to prior belief, also depending on the inductive bias and sensitivity to memorization of each base architecture~\citep{Zhang2019-av}.

While advantageous under this point of view, the proliferation of parameters in neural architectures may induce adverse consequences.
The computational cost to train some state-of-the-art models has raised the barrier to entry for many researchers hoping to contribute.
Because of limited memory, time, and compute, and to enable private, secure, on-device computation, methods for model compression have seen a rise in popularity. Among these are techniques for model pruning, quantization, and distillation.

Pruning, in particular, has been seen as an overfitting avoidance method since the early decision tree literature~\citep{breiman1984classification}, with work such as that of \citet{Mingers1989} comparing the effects of different tree pruning techniques. In analogy to this prior line of work, we provide an empirical comparison of pruning methods for neural networks. As explicitly pointed out in~\citet{LeCun1990-qd}, there is no obvious, natural order in which neural network parameters should be removed. Indeed, as~\cite{schaffer1993overfitting} suggests, identifying the best network pruning technique should give way to \textit{understanding} what accounts for their success.

Revived by the recent observation of the existence of sub-networks with favorable training properties within larger over-parametrized models (`lottery' or `winning tickets'~\citep{Frankle2018-po}), and in the spirit of~\citet{Zhou2019-xh}, this work investigates the dependence of the properties of these sparse, lucky sub-networks on the choice of pruning technique. We set out to answer the questions: do pruning methods other than magnitude-based unstructured pruning give rise to winning tickets? If so, \textit{do they identify the same lucky sub-network, or are there many equiperforming winning tickets within the same over-parametrized network?} This allows us to categorize pruning methods based on the similarity of masks they generate.
We develop methods to further analyze the nature of trainable sparse networks found through common iterative pruning techniques, and provide new insight towards a deeper understanding of their properties and of the processes that generate them.
Without addressing issues related to scalability and emergence of lottery tickets in large-scale domains, we focus instead on the empirical characterization of weight evolution and emergence of distinctive connectivity patterns in small architectures, such as LeNet~\citep{LeCun1990-em}, on simple datasets, such as MNIST~\citep{mnist:1994}. This also helps develop analysis techniques for sanity checks via visual inspection. We then apply the same techniques to larger architectures and more complex tasks to explore whether findings hold in different regimes.

\subsection{Contributions}
This work provides empirical evidence showing that:
\begin{enumerate}
    \item there can exist multiple different lucky sub-networks (lottery tickets) within an over-parametrized network;
    \item it is possible to find a lucky sub-network through a variety of choices of pruning techniques;
    \item lottery ticket-style weight rewinding, coupled with unstructured pruning, gives rise to connectivity patterns similar to the ones obtained with structured pruning along the input dimension, thus pointing to an input feature selection type of effect. This is not the case when rewinding is substituted by finetuning;
    \item random structured pruning outperforms random unstructured pruning, meaning that networks are more resistant to the removal of random units/channels than to the removal of random individual connections;
    \item different iterative pruning techniques learn vastly different functions of their input, and similarly performing networks make different mistakes on held-out test sets, hinting towards the utility of ensembling in this setting;
    \item weight stability to pruning correlates with performance, and can be induced through the use of suitable pruning techniques, even without late resetting.
\end{enumerate}

\section{Related Work}
\label{sec:related_work}
Identifying important units in a neural network is an open challenge in machine learning, driven by desires for interpretability and model reduction, among others. Various proxies for importance have been proposed as a direct consequence of the lack of precise mathematical definition of this term. Different objectives lead to different mathematical formulations of importance: concept creation, output attribution, conductance, saliency, activation, explainability, connectivity density, redundancy, noise robustness, stability, and more~\citep{bmmutual, Amjad2018-do, Zhou2018-xy, 2018arXiv180512233D, shrikumar2017learning}.

State-of-the-art results in the field have seemed to strongly correlate with increased number of parameters, leading to the common use of vastly over-parametrized models, compared to the complexity of the tasks at hand.
In practice, however, most common neural network architectures can be dramatically pruned down in size~\citep{hanson1989comparing, LeCun1990-qd, NIPS1992_647, 2015arXiv151000149H, 2016arXiv160804493G, 2016arXiv161105128Y, 2017arXiv170706342L, 2017arXiv170709102T, Zhang_2018_ECCV, AYINDE2019148, 2019arXiv190704018M}.

Unlike pruned pre-trained and then finetuned models, smaller untrained models are, in general, empirically harder to train from scratch.
\citet{Frankle2018-po} conjecture that there exists at least one sparse sub-network, a \textit{winning ticket}, within an over-parametrized network, that can achieve commensurate accuracy in commensurate training time with fewer parameters, if retrained from the same initialization used to find the pruning mask. To find this lucky sub-network, they iteratively prune the lowest magnitude unpruned connections after a fixed number of training iterations~\citep{LeCun1990-qd, Han2015-ze}. Interestingly, while pruned weights are set to zero, unpruned weights are \textit{rewound} to their initialization values, prior to the next iteration of training and pruning.

Researchers have encountered difficulties in scaling this method to larger models. \citet{Liu2018-lc} were unable to successfully train small sparse sub-networks found through this procedure, when starting from VGG-16~\citep{Simonyan2014-lt} and ResNet-50~\citep{He2015-jb} trained on CIFAR-10~\citep{Krizhevsky2009-fx}, and instead observed that random initialization outperformed weight rewinding.
Similarly, \citet{Gale2019-xx} were unable to successfully find a sub-network with these properties within ResNet-50 trained on ImageNet~\citep{Russakovsky2015-ib} and Transformer~\citep{Vaswani2017-iu} trained on WMT 2014 English-to-German\footnote{Translation Task - ACL 2014 Ninth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation (URL: \url{https://www.statmt.org/wmt14/translation-task.html})}.

Slight modifications to the original procedure have been proposed in order to favor the emergence of winning tickets in larger models and tasks. \citet{Zhou2019-xh} challenge the idea that unstructured, magnitude-based pruning is necessary for the emergence of winning tickets. They instead prune weights based on their change in magnitude between initialization and the end of training, and reset the surviving weights to their sign at initialization times the standard deviation of all original weights in the layer. \citet{Frankle2018-po} note that larger models such as ResNet-18 and VGG-19 require selecting unimportant weights globally instead of layer by layer, and recommend the use of learning rate warmup. \citet{Frankle2019-vu} further add that \textit{late resetting} of the unpruned parameters to values achieved early in training appears to be superior to rewinding the weights all the way to their initial values. \citet{2019arXiv190602773M} confirm the findings on the efficacy of global pruning and late resetting.

Although hard to find in larger regimes, when found, lottery tickets have been shown to possess generalization properties that allow for their reuse in similar tasks, thus reducing the computational cost of finding task- and dataset-dependent sparse sub-networks~\citep{2019arXiv190602773M}.

On the contrary, alternative approaches to neural architecture optimization have taken a constructionist approach, starting from a minimal set of units and connections, and growing the network by adding new components~\citep{NEAT, 2019arXiv190401569X}.
Finally, other methods combine both network growing and pruning, in analogy to the different phases of connection formation and suppression in the human brain~\citep{Floreano2008, dai2019nest}.

\section{Method}
All networks in this section are trained for 30 epochs using SGD with constant learning rate 0.01, batch size of 32, without explicit regularization. The pruning fraction per iteration is held constant at 20\% of remaining connections/units per layer. All experiment and analysis code is publicly available\footnote{in anonymized form, at \url{github.com/iclr-8dafb2ab/iterative-pruning-reinit}}.

\subsection{Pruning Methods}
\label{sec:pruning}
This works explores a variety of pruning techniques that may differ along the following axes:

\textbf{Neuronal Importance Definition}: In magnitude-based pruning, units/connections are removed based on the magnitude of synaptic weights. Usually, low magnitude parameters are removed. As a (rarer) alternative, one can consider removing high magnitude weights instead~\citep{Zhou2019-xh}.
Non-magnitude-based pruning techniques, instead, can be based, among others, on activations, gradients, or custom rules
for neuronal importance.

\textbf{Local vs. global}:
Local pruning consists of removing a fixed percentage of units/connections from each layer by comparing each unit/connection exclusively to the other units/connections in the layer. On the contrary, global pruning pools all parameters together across layers and selects a global fraction of them to prune. The latter is particularly beneficial in the presence of layers with unequal parameter distribution, by redistributing the pruning load more equitably. A middle-ground approach is to pool together only parameters belonging to layers of the same kind, to avoid mixing, say, convolutional and fully-connected layers.

\textbf{Unstructured vs. structured}:
Unstructured pruning removes individual connections, while structured pruning removes entire units or channels. Note that structured pruning along the input axis is conceptually similar to input feature importance selection.
Similarly, structured pruning along the output axis is analogous to output suppression.

In this work, we compare: magnitude-based \{$L_1$, random\} unstructured (US), \{$L_1$, $L_2$, $L_{-\infty}$, random\} structured (S), and hybrid pruning. The hybrid techniques consists of pruning convolutional layers with $L_1$ structured pruning and fully-connected layers with $L_1$ unstructured pruning. ``fc-only" identifies experiments in which only the fully-connected layers are pruned. Structured pruning is performed along the input axis. All techniques are local.
We implement these pruning techniques and train our models using PyTorch~\citep{paszke2017automatic}.

\subsection{Finetuning vs. Reinitializing}
\label{sec:reinit}
A point of contention in the literature revolves around the necessity to rewind weights after each pruning iteration, as opposed to simply finetuning the pruned model. Here we avoid performance-based arguments in favor of a study of how this choice affects the nature of left-over connectivity structure. For comparisons with alternative rewinding techniques, see Appendix~\ref{sec:signbased_reinit}. Unless otherwise specified, all results refer to setup with full weight rewinding.
Note that when rewinding the weights according to the strategies proposed in~\citet{Frankle2018-po} and~\cite{Zhou2019-xh}, all parameters in the network get affected by this procedure, including biases. On the other hand, in this work, pruning is \textit{not} applied to biases.

\section{Results}

In all figures, unless otherwise specified, the error bars and shaded envelopes correspond to one standard deviation (half up, half down) from the mean, over 5 experiments with seeds 0-4.

We begin by exploring the performance of sub-networks generated by different iterative pruning techniques starting from a base LeNet architecture, where lottery tickets are known to uncontroversially exist and be easy to find. Each point in Fig.~\ref{fig:mnist_lenet} represents the test accuracy after exactly 30 epochs of training (not the best test accuracy achieved across the 30 epochs). Multiple techniques are able to identify trainable sub-networks up to high levels of sparsity. For a note on how the fraction of pruned weights is computed, see Appendix~\ref{sec:eff_pruning_rate}.

Different types of magnitude-based structured pruning seem to perform only marginally better than pruning random channels, leading us to conclude that either the channels learn highly redundant transformations and are therefore equivalent under pruning, or there exists a hierarchy of importance  among channels but it is not correlated to any of the $L_n$ norms tested in these experiments.

We quantify the overlap in sub-networks found by two different pruning methods started with pairwise-identical initializations by computing the Jaccard similarity coefficient (also known as Intersection over Union, or IoU) between the masks~\citep{jaccard-index}.

\begin{figure}[]
    \centering
    \begin{minipage}{.48\textwidth}
        \centering
        \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{figs/new_acc_lenet_mnist_1std.png}
        \caption{Test accuracy on the MNIST test set for SGD-trained LeNet models, pruned using six different pruning techniques, and rewound to initial weight values after each pruning iteration.}
        \label{fig:mnist_lenet}
    \end{minipage}%
    \quad
    \begin{minipage}{0.48\textwidth}
        \centering
        \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{figs/new_finetune_reinit_1std.png}
        \caption{Test accuracy on the MNIST test set for SGD-trained LeNet models, pruned using four different pruning techniques corresponding to the four colors. The transparent curves correspond to finetuning; the dark ones to rewinding.}
        \label{fig:finetuning_reinit}
    \end{minipage}
\end{figure}

Although the different structured pruning techniques find sub-networks that perform similarly (Fig.\ref{fig:mnist_lenet}), a deeper investigation into the connectivity structure of the sub-networks they find shows, as evident from the per-layer growth of the Jaccard distance with pruning iterations in Fig.~\ref{fig:jaccard}, that there exist multiple lucky sub-networks with similar performance, yet little to no overlap.

\begin{figure}[]
		\centering
		\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figs/fig3.png}
		\caption{Jaccard distance between the masks (\textit{i.e.} connectivity structures) found by pruning LeNet using $L_2$-structured pruning, and those found by other pruning methods listed in the legend, conditional on identical seed for meaningful comparison in light of neural network degeneracy. The comparison is conducted for each layer individually. $L_1$-structured pruning yields the most similar masks to $L_2$-structured pruning, as expected.}
		\label{fig:jaccard}
	\end{figure}

The study of the Jaccard distance between masks surfaces another interesting phenomenon: as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:unstr_is_str}, the connectivity patterns obtained from magnitude-based \textit{un}structured pruning are relatively more similar to those that one would expect from structured pruning along the input dimension, especially in the convolutional layers, than to random unstructured patterns.
This suggests that a form of input (or, at times, especially in larger models, output) feature selection is automatically being learned.
This observation is further confirmed via visual inspection of the pruning masks; the first two columns of Fig.~\ref{fig:masks} show the weights and masks in the second convolutional layer of LeNet, obtained by applying structured and unstructured $L_1$ pruning. Unstructured pruning ends up automatically removing entire rows of filters corresponding to unimportant input channels. Structured pruning, instead, in this case, does so because, in these experiments, it is explicitly instructed to prune along the input dimension.
This suggests that the low-magnitude weights pruned by $L_1$-unstructured pruning may be those that process low-importance hidden representations and whose outputs contribute the least to the network's output, which in turn results in lower gradients and smaller weight updates, causing these weights to remain small, and thus be subject to pruning.

Not only do the different pruning methods lead to different masks, but they also lead to sub-networks that learn partially complementary solutions, opening up the opportunity for the ensembling of different sparse sub-networks. Table~\ref{tab:acc} records the average accuracy (over the 5 experiment seeds) of sub-networks obtained at each pruning iteration through a set of pruning techniques, as well as the average accuracy obtained after simply averaging all their predictions, or the predictions of structured and unstructured $L_1$ pruning. Note that, after each pruning iterations, the levels of sparsity in the sub-networks will be different as they depends on the type of pruning applied.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{figs/conv2_jacc_l1unstr_simplified.png}
\caption{Jaccard distance between the mask for the second convolutional layer found by pruning LeNet using $L_1$-unstructured pruning, and the mask found by other pruning methods listed in the legend above, conditional on identical seed. Surprisingly, $L_1$-unstructured behaves more like $L_1$-structured pruning than a random unstructured pattern. This behavior is further investigated in Fig.~\ref{fig:masks}.}
\label{fig:unstr_is_str}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[]
		\centering
		\subfigure[2$^\mathrm{nd}$ iteration of $L_1$-S pruning with rewinding]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{figs/str_2.png}
		        \label{fig:masks_str_1}
		} \enskip
		\subfigure[5$^\mathrm{th}$ iteration of $L_1$-US pruning with rewinding]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{figs/unstr_8.png}
		        \label{fig:masks_unstr_1}
		} \enskip
		\subfigure[5$^\mathrm{th}$ iteration of $L_1$-US pruning with $\sigma \cdot \sign(w_i)$ reinitialization]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{figs/zhou_unstr_8.png}
		        \label{fig:masks_unstr_1_zhou}
		}\enskip
		\subfigure[5$^\mathrm{th}$ iteration of $L_1$-US pruning with finetuning]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{figs/finetune_unstr_8.png}
		        \label{fig:masks_unstr_1_finetune}
		}
		\\
		\centering
		\subfigure[5$^\mathrm{th}$ iteration of $L_1$-S pruning with rewinding]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{figs/str_8.png}
		        \label{fig:masks_str_2}
		} \enskip
		\subfigure[10$^\mathrm{th}$ iteration of $L_1$-US pruning with rewinding]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{figs/unstr_18.png}
		        \label{fig:masks_unstr_2}
		} \enskip
		\subfigure[10$^\mathrm{th}$ iteration of $L_1$-US pruning with $\sigma \cdot \sign(w_i)$ reinitialization]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{figs/zhou_unstr_18.png}
		        \label{fig:masks_unstr_2_zhou}
		}\enskip
		\subfigure[10$^\mathrm{th}$ iteration of $L_1$-US pruning with finetuning]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{figs/finetune_unstr_18.png}
		        \label{fig:masks_str_2_finetune}
		}
	\caption{Masked weights in the $2^\mathrm{nd}$ convolutional layer of LeNet. The two rows represent two different pruning iterations. The columns represent four different pruning and weight treatments. This convolutional layer is composed of 6 input channels and 16 output channels, with $3x3$ filters. Masked out weights appear in gray color. Active, positive weights are depicted in red, negative weights in blue.}
	\label{fig:masks}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Finetuning vs. Reinitializing}
The ``Lottery Ticket Hypothesis"~\cite{Frankle2018-po} postulates that rewinding weights to the initial (or early-stage~\citep{Frankle2019-vu}) values after pruning is key to identifying lucky sub-networks. In this section, we attempt to test this hypothesis in the experimental setting of small networks (LeNet) and simple tasks (MNIST), and we investigate, at the individual parameter level, how the this procedure ends up differing from finetuning after pruning.

The emphasis here is not on performance, rather on understanding. Therefore, we decide not to focus on extracting state-of-the-art performing lottery tickets, in favor, instead, of minimizing the influence of exogenous choices and the reliance on ad-hoc heuristics, whose primary goal is last-mile performance gains.

Finetuning is found to yield pruned networks that are comparable in performance with reinitialized networks (at least in the simple-task-small-network regime) when given the same training budget, and when the networks are pruned using the same technique.
It is known, however, that higher quality lottery tickets can be obtained by rewinding the weight values to their value after a small number of training iterations~\citep{Frankle2019-vu}. This was not experimented with in this work.

When finetuning with $L_1$-unstructured pruning, the magnitude of weights tends to continue growing, achieving higher final values at later pruning iterations than their reinitialized counterparts.

Despite achieving similar average performance in this simplified scenario, the interesting observation lies in the stark difference between masks created by the same pruning technique when the weights are rewound or finetuned. Fig.~\ref{fig:masks} shows that finetuning removes the natural tendency of $L_1$-unstructured pruning with reinitialization to approximate the behavior of $L_1$-structured pruning. We can therefore primarily attribute the emergence of that interesting connectivity pattern to the choice of reinitializing the weights.
In terms of mask structure, the difference between the effects of finetuning and lottery-ticket reinitialization is observed to grow similarly across all layers and logarithmically with the number of pruning iteration (see Appendix~\ref{sec:appfinetuning}).

\section{Weight Evolution and Stability to Pruning}
\begin{figure}[]
		\centering
		\subfigure[Hybrid]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.105\textwidth]{figs/conv2_hybrid.png}
		}%
		\subfigure[$L_1$ US]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.105\textwidth]{figs/conv2_unstr_L1.png}
        }
		\subfigure[Rand US]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.105\textwidth]{figs/conv2_random_unstr.png}
		}
		\subfigure[Rand S]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.105\textwidth]{figs/conv2_random_str.png}
		}
		\subfigure[$L_2$ S]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.105\textwidth]{figs/conv2_L2.png}
		}
		\subfigure[$L_1$ S]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.105\textwidth]{figs/conv2_L1.png}
		}
		\subfigure[$L_{-\infty}$ S]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.105\textwidth]{figs/conv2_L-inf.png}
		}
		\subfigure[fc-only]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.105\textwidth]{figs/conv2_fconly.png}
		}
		\caption{Weight values (y-axis) after 30 epochs of training at various consecutive sparsity levels (x-axis), for weights in the $2^\mathrm{nd}$ convolutional layer in the LeNet architecture (seed: 0). Lines are terminated when the weight is pruned.}
		\label{fig:wevol_conv2}

	  \vspace*{\floatsep}

		\centering
		\subfigure[Hybrid]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.105\textwidth]{figs/fc3_hybrid.png}
		}%
		\subfigure[$L_1$ US]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.105\textwidth]{figs/fc3_unstr_L1.png}
        }
		\subfigure[Rand US]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.105\textwidth]{figs/fc3_random_unstr.png}
		}
		\subfigure[Rand S]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.105\textwidth]{figs/fc3_random_str.png}
		}
		\subfigure[$L_2$ S]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.105\textwidth]{figs/fc3_L2.png}
		}
		\subfigure[$L_1$ S]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.105\textwidth]{figs/fc3_L1.png}
		}
		\subfigure[$L_{-\infty}$ S]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.105\textwidth]{figs/fc3_L-inf.png}
		}
		\subfigure[fc-only]{
		\centering
		        \includegraphics[width=0.105\textwidth]{figs/fc3_fconly.png}
		}
		\caption{Weight values (y-axis) after 30 epochs of training at various consecutive sparsity levels (x-axis), for weights in the $3^\mathrm{rd}$ fully-connected layer in the LeNet architecture (seed: 0). Lines are terminated when the weight is pruned.}
		\label{fig:wevol_fc3}
	\end{figure}

\cite{Frankle2019-vu} introduce the practice of late resetting, \textit{i.e.} rewinding weights to their value after a small number of training iterations, as opposed to their value at initialization, and claim that its effectiveness is due to it enforcing a form of weight \textit{stability to pruning}. In other words, weight values after a few batches of training may be sufficiently informative to then drive the optimization down the same promising direction, from which the high-quality solution found by the unpruned model can be reached, even in high-sparsity scenarios. In practice, this would correspond to all unpruned weights converging to approximately the same value after each training stint.

While there exists a multitude of good solutions for convergence, the one initially found by the unpruned network is certainly a high-quality one that we know should be reachable from the initial conditions. In a way, being able to find this solution even in the sparse regime hints at the fact that the adopted pruning strategy has not interfered with and modified the optimization landscape to the point that this solution is no longer easy to reach.

We therefore ask whether weight stability to pruning is indeed advantageous, in terms of pruned network performance, and, if so, whether this property can be induced in more natural ways than by manual late resetting. To answer this, we track individual and group weight evolution over time in over-parameterized and under-parameterized networks (\textit{i.e.} unpruned and pruned, with increasing sparsity). We look for differences in weight value after training when the weight is part of a large/small pool of unpruned weights.

As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:wevol_conv2},~\ref{fig:wevol_fc3} and~\ref{fig:avg_change}, we empirically find a correlation between weight stability and performance (see ~\ref{fig:mnist_lenet} for performance evaluation), and observe that the most competitive pruning techniques also exhibit the highest degree of weight stability, even when weights are reset to their true initial value (no late resetting).

In general, pruning techniques with an unstructured component tend to exhibit higher weight stability over pruning iterations. These weights tend to converge to solutions in which their ordinality varies only minimally from one pruning iteration to the next. This is especially true for the `hybrid' pruning technique, in which weights in convolutional layers seem to converge to approximately the same value after each set of 30 allotted epochs of training from rewinding.

In fully-connected layers, even when using ``stable" pruning techniques, the magnitude of unpruned weights at the end of training (with constant training budget of 30 epochs from the initial conditions) grows as sparsity grows, likely to compensate for the contribution of missing signal from pruned connections to the output of downstream units.
As a parallel to the familiar decrease in the standard deviation of the weight distribution of common initialization schemes as the number of incoming and/or outgoing connections increases, here we confirm that, as we prune individual connections, the ideal, final weight configuration is composed of values with higher overall magnitude and higher standard deviation.
We hypothesize, but do not get to test in this work, that, when pruning with rewinding, rescaling the initial weights by a factor that accounts for the decrease in the number of incoming and/or outgoing connections could be beneficial to achieve better, faster convergence in sparsified networks.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{figs/avg_change_add.png}
\caption{Absolute difference between weight values at pruning iteration $i$ and $i-1$, averaged over all iterations and all weights in each layer. The lower, the more stable.}
\label{fig:avg_change}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Do these observations hold in larger networks and domains?}
These empirical results have been observed to hold in AlexNet and VGG-11 architectures on MNIST and CIFAR-10 (see Appendix~\ref{sec:scale}). In even larger models, the nature of lottery tickets is still contended, and special care is required in designing ad-hoc training and pruning procedures to facilitate their discoverability. These larger regimes are not subject to study in this current work.

\section{Conclusion}
We show evidence against the uniqueness of winning tickets in a variety of networks and tasks, by identifying different lucky sub-networks of competitive performance within the same parent network, while controlling for degeneracy by fixing experimental seeds.

We also provide empirical results showing that rewinding weights to the original values at initialization after each pruning iteration yields sparsified networks that may not only be superior to finetuned sparse models from a performance perspective, but also, in practice, appear to possess structural advantages that might make them more suitable for hardware-level implementations with inference-time speed-up effects.

With the explicit intent not to adopt any special training tricks suggested in the literature to induce the emergence of lottery tickets in state-of-the-art deep architectures, this work intentionally restricts its action to smaller models and domains, to begin a more thorough investigation of the phenomenology of pruned networks.

We offer methods to experimentally analyze and compare the effects of different pruning techniques on the performance of neural networks and on the nature of the masks generated by each. This can be further extended in the future to better understand the role of late resetting, learning rate warm-up, and any new pruning method or related training trick, in terms of the similarity of masks obtained through each pruning procedure modification.
We also conjecture that early monitoring of weight stability after a small number of pruning iterations (as opposed to, or in addition to the monitoring of the spectrum of the Hessian) might serve as a powerful indicator of the likelihood of the iterative pruning procedure to result in the discovery of a lottery ticket.

Valuable extensions would target machine learning applications beyond image classification, and study the interplay of different optimization strategies and pruning techniques in the evolution of weights and emergence of connectivity structure.

We hope these experimental results will guide theoretical work in this sub-field to match observations. An open dialog between the theoretical and experimental communities can lead to faster and more robust understanding of deep learning phenomena, and allow practitioners to select the most suitable methodology for their application based on more grounded understanding rather that mere performance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Final Stand of the Royalists Rupert eventually managed to rally between three and five troops of cavalry on the Royalist right flank, which he used to temporarily delay Parliamentary reinforcements converging on the battlefield. By the time the King arrived in mid-November his army of 12,000 men faced one twice the size. By this point, the scattered Royalist cavalry was returning to the field, and under their pressure Essex was forced to withdraw. There was little or no direct contact with the enemy. During this time, each side assembled its forces.
Two chaplains, Adoniram Byfield and Thomas Case, published accounts of the battle. Both sides camped on the battlefield overnight. As the armies gathered, it was clear battle formations would be entirely conventional. King Charles I raises his standard: Battle of Edgehill 23rd October 1642 in the English Civil War In Nottingham, King Charles was considered to be at risk to any determined Parliamentary attempt on his person. Such uncertainty was also seen in the first big battle of the English Civil War, at Edgehill, in Warwickshire. Few would have worn helmets, but most pikemen did.
By the time the royalists finally approached London the Earl had been able to bring his army back to the capital and to muster the 6,000-8,000 strong London Trained Bands in support. The Battle of Edgehill left the Royalists with the upper hand. One report claims firing had continued until 6 pm. They worked in small groups, often trading point-blank fire with the enemy. However badly executed, the raising of the standard signaled the start of the English Civil War, a contest between the king and Parliament over who was to dominate the affairs of the country. There were, on either side, two basic types of foot soldier—the pikeman and the musketeer. London Royalist Newsletter their foot that stood by their Ordnance, most of the enemy's horse being gathered to their foot, most of our horse also gathered to our foot, and so we stood horse and foot one against the other till it was night.
Prince Rupert knew how to handle these sprigs of the nobility and gentry because, in a sense, he was one of them. If I forget thee, forget thou not me. The king essentially had stolen a march on Essex. Such compilations - along with their own bias - can inadvertently create, disguise or misdirect the narrative of the battle, but these quotes have largely been included to provide the general reader with an insight into the realities of this early modern battle. Prince Maurice applied the older system of tactics, which relied heavily on the use of firearms as against shock. The more radical members of Parliament moved immediately to destroy the man they considered to be nothing more than a despot.
Having either killed or driven off the firelocks, Balfour dismounted and shouted for nails to drive through the touchholes to disable the guns. The skill of the Royalist cavalry was offset to a significant degree by its lack of discipline. Again, as before at Marston Moor, both sides placed their infantry in the center with cavalry on both flanks, the Parliamentary dragoons hiding behind a hedge to the left. By mid-October 1642, King Charles judged the time was right for a march on London, which was the heart and mind of the Roundhead rebellion. The King held his ground ready for a further contest in the morning if required.
As the horse was the main means of transport in England a large pool of experienced horsemen, many of whom hunted on horseback for recreation was available for the mounted regiments of each side. Essex had failed to break through and had retreat northward, to the security of the parliamentarian garrison at Warwick. A chance to do this came when the Earl of Essex and a largely untrained army of Londoners marched right across England to save the besieged garrison in Bristol and then, short of food and supplies, headed back to the capital. The Parliamentarian horse proved no match and were soon routed. The arrival of additional Roundhead forces in Kineton throughout the afternoon put a stop to the Royalist plunder of the Parliamentary wagon train.
However, the advantage was not all with the Royalists. The first major battle in the English Civil War had begun. In fact, the two sides were drawing near to each other, but it was more by accident than by design. In support were the artillery forces; the Royalists had six batteries positioned on Edgehill and fourteen lighter guns embedded with the infantry brigades. The king held a council of war during which he and his generals, after some discussion, decided to attack the Roundheads. The Parliamentarians didn't have their entire army at the battlefield, but their number still amounted to around 12,500. Rupert, already in motion, had seized the strategic high ground of a rise the locals called Edge Hill.
Why did the Battle of Edgehill end in a stalemate?
The cavalry advanced at a measured pace, the troopers packed so tightly that their boots were almost touching. However, Byron's and Wentworth's men employed this defensive response effectively even if their musketeers were not daring to shoot a shot. Edgehill: Battlefield visit notes and observations. And in this posture they stood from eight of the Clock in the morning. Fortunately for his army, a half mile opposite Edgehill was a small rise. The Parliamentarians might have had the best of the fighting, but King Charles still stood between them and London. He was prepared to die for him, but was not prepared to assist the King financially.
The Battle of Edgehill was the first Battle of the Civil War. Prince Rupert, and his brother Prince Maurice, spent the rest of the month and much of August, in evading the naval ships of the Parliament, and sailing to Newcastle, from where they rode to join King Charles. By sheer luck, the royal army was between the Earl of Essex and London. Civil War: The Wars of Three Kingdoms 1638-1660. Charles needed an army to deal with the subsequent Bishops Wars and this required money. To further increase his numbers, he marched this force west to Shrewsbury on the Welsh border.
The prince was about to try something new and unconventional. Rupert delighted in fine clothes and looked more fashion plate than fighter. But in the smoke and confusion of the battle the remaining Parliamentary cavalry saved the day. Hampden urged a resumption of the battle in the morning, but Essex refused; much of the Parliamentary Horse was missing, and several of the regiments of foot had suffered badly. Matchlock muskets were smoothbores, inaccurate beyond 50 yards.


text:
Japanese drugmaker Takeda has reached a $62 billion deal to buy rival Shire in the world's biggest takeover so far th...
Updated: May 8, 2018 1:10 PM
Japanese drugmaker Takeda has reached a $62 billion deal to buy rival Shire in the world's biggest takeover so far this year.
After waging a lengthy campaign to win over the board of Dublin-based Shire, Takeda announced Tuesday that they had an agreement.
The deal values Shire at -46 billion ($62.1 billion), excluding debt, according to the companies.
Including Shire's debt, the takeover is worth more than $80 billion, according to Dealogic. That eclipses other major deals announced so far this year, including Cigna's purchase of Express Scripts and the merger of T-Mobile and Sprint.
It's also the largest takeover ever carried out by a Japanese company, according to data provider Dealogic.
The price tag has alarmed investors in Takeda: Its shares are down 18% since it first revealed it was considering an approach for Shire in late March.
Related: Just who gets those big drug rebates?
The Japanese company has a market value of just $33 billion, stoking fears about how much debt it will have to take on to fund the acquisition. Takeda is offering Shire shareholders a mixture of cash and stock.
Shares in Shire, meanwhile, have soared about 30% since late March.
-- Daniel Shane contributed to this report.
Nexstar buys Tribune in $4.1 billion deal
The biggest American cigarette company buys a $13 billion stake in the biggest e-cigarette startup
Michael Kors could buy Versace in $2 billion deal
SiriusXM is buying Pandora in $3.5 billion deal
Bristol-Myers Squibb to buy Celgene in $74 billion deal
Japan suffers biggest population decline ever in 2018
Minnesota man found not competent to stand trial for Mason City burglary

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Starting the School year of 2015-16 the E.Roy Bixby school will have a new Principal. Damon Englese will take over for longtime Principal Robert Watts who retired at the end of the last School year. Principal Englese is a graduate of Seton Hall University receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business Administration. He then earned his Master's Degree from St. Peter's University in Educational Administration & Supervision. His Academic career includes starting as an elementary school teacher in Union City, NJ as well as teaching in the high school in the same district. His first administrative duties also came in Union City as he oversaw, and become an Assistant Principal at Jefferson School. He also worked in Emerson High School, Roosevelt and Veterans' Memorial School.
After nine year in Union City he moved onto the Hillsdale School District serving as Assistant Principal in their Middle school for five years. During that time he also served as an interim principal at it's elementary school. His most recent job was with the New Jersey Department of Education working as a Turnaround Coach/ Educational Data Specialist in the NJDOE's RAC Regions # 1 & 2. His duties were to assist Principals with school reviews and improvement plans.
-Why did you choose to apply for the position in Bogota.
Being from Bergen County, I always knew that Bogota was a great place to be, small and tight-knit. This is exactly what I was looking for in a principal position. I wanted a position where I would be able to be a part of the community and lead a school with its members of society.
- How has your past years in Union City & Hillsdale prepared you for for being a full time principal.
During the past several years I have had many positions where I became well-rounded in all facets of education. In Union City, I was honored to be the assistant principal of an elementary school that was unique in its special education population. This position taught me all about the special education population, analysis of IEPs, and how to handle sometimes difficult situations. In Hillsdale, I was able to work with an older population of students that really allowed me to see students grow into young adults. My most recent position with the New Jersey Department of Education really led me to see all different kinds of principals. I learned how to lead them to become better principals and also learned from some fabulous educational leaders.
- What will your time working in the NJDOE mean to your approach in leading Bixby school, and where you you like to see improvement.
As I stated above, working with the Department of Education has taught me a lot of what a great principal should look like and in that time I really led some principals to be some of the best. My philosophy is simple best. My philosophy is simple we need to always do what is best for the children and that is what I intend to do. I lead in a direct manner, but always listen to the needs of the students, parents, and teachers. As far as improvements, if you have passed the school recently, there are several construction projects I have been overseeing at the school. This summer we have worked very hard at creating a new schedule for the elementary schools district-wide. I am eagerly anticipating the upcoming school year and cannot wait to begin.
- Beyond testing what other ways are there to help develop the Students chances to learn, and grow in their years in school.
There are several other ways to help students develop. Character education is quite important in shaping the minds' of young students and is important in elementary school. Programs are designed to help students learn and also become model members of society. This is done through great instruction from our teachers and school staff.
- Who has been your biggest influences, and is there any system that can be use in Bixby as well as Steen schools.
I think that over the years there are so many people that enter and exit your life for a reason. Each person leaves a little bit of influence along the way. So, many people have impacted my life, but my mother is the reason I entered into education. She was a third grade teacher for 39 years and really taught me how rewarding the educational profession can be.
- When the new apartments complex opens on Palisades Ave. there may be a sudden influx of Students to Bixby. Is there a way to prepare for this and to reduce the affects of new students, some entering during the school year.
As far as an actual system, I think not. The key to preparing for this kind of situation is to project the number of students that will be entering the school system and being prepared for those numbers of students entering our classrooms.
- If not Education what other field would you have like to explored, and what extra curricular actives do you like to participate in.
I have always wanted to work with children ever since I young. I saw the impact my mother had working with children as an educator and wanted to follow in her footsteps. When not working I enjoy traveling and spending quality time with my family.
- Is there any other message you would like to have the Students, and their Parents know as the new school year starts.
I would like to take this time to thank all the community members for really being supportive and polite since I have started one month ago in my new position. I am eager for September to come and to build positive relationships with everyone, Parents, Students, Teachers, and the PTA. And please remember, my office is always open to any comments, questions, or concerns that anyone may have and I am always available by email : denglese@bogotaschools.boe . To all my students, welcome back and I cannot wait to meet you all in person. Let's have a great, fun, and fulfilling school year!!
Also new at Bixby are improvements to the Fisher Ave. entrance. The stairs to the front door have been replace with new ones. There has also been extensive landscaping to the front lawn along Fisher Ave. A garden plan that uses organic mulch and weed protection add colour to the front of the school. On the opposite of the walk a gravel pad has been added including a number of benches for seating.


text:
About Kildare PPN
Launch of the PPN 2019 Annual Report
The Minister of State with responsibility for Community Development and Charities, Mr. Joe O'Brien TD, today (19th November 2020) launched the 2019 Annual Report of the Public Participation Networks.
This is the fourth Annual Report on the Public Participation Networks (PPNs), which were established to facilitate active citizen participation in policymaking at local authority level. The report provides a positive reflection of the variety of work done as well as showing continued growth throughout the country.
Speaking about the launch of the annual report Minister O'Brien said:
"This report shows that PPNs are having the desired impact and have achieved a huge amount in the short space of time since they were founded in 2014. The report also shows that there were 15,599 voluntary groups registered with the Network in 2019. At a national level, 928 PPN representatives gave volunteer-led groups a voice on 424 local authority boards or committees. This clearly demonstrates that PPNs are growing in strength."
Regarding the increase in membership, Minister O'Brien added:
"These figures are a great indicator of the vibrancy and energy of the community and voluntary sector in Ireland, especially at a local level, and the role played by PPNs in local policy making and networking."
PPNs are continuing to have a positive relationship with local authorities and are collaborating on a number of projects. For example, they are raising awareness of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and influencing policy to assist in achieving them at a local level.
Other PPNs are using their member groups' experience to help local authorities improve accessibility for people with disabilities and dementia and to help people from marginalised communities to sit on local authority boards. The 2019 Annual Report highlights further examples of PPN activities and impacts.
Minister O'Brien said:
"These examples demonstrate the initiative and drive of PPN members, with activities ranging from contributing to local Strategic Policy Committees to holding events on matters such as community safety, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and rural policy. Several PPNs consulted with and welcomed asylum seekers, while others focussed on making public spaces accessible to people with disabilities. And this is only a small sample of the important ways in which they contribute to their localities."
PPNs thrive on the principle of community engagement. They regularly hold workshops and public consultations to facilitate this engagement which is making a tangible difference and strengthening communities around the country.
The commitment displayed by the PPN resource workers, support workers, secretariat members and the member groups is visible throughout the report and their value can be seen in the increased level of citizen participation.
In conclusion, the Minister also acknowledged the work that PPNs carried out during the Covid-19 outbreak:
"PPNs have been pivotal in organising the community response and ensuring that the needs of vulnerable people were met during this period of uncertainty. I am grateful for their work in this area and I am committed to make sure that the Public Participation Network in this country goes from strength to strength."
2019 PPN Annual Report
Have your Say – Kildare Meath Grid Upgrade	Heads Up Kildare
Climate Action Linkage Group Call Out
Christmas Closure Dates
National Volunteering Strategy
The Winter Initiative
We are here to answer any question you may have about the Kildare PPN. We will respond as soon as we can.
Kildare PPN
Biodiversity Ireland have publish new guidelines to help Sports Clubs become more Biodiversity Friendly.
With approximately 15,000 clubs across the island, sports clubs can play a vital role in the conservation of our biodiversity.
Download Pollinator friendly management of Sports Clubs guidelines here ➡ bit.ly/390EBSa ... See MoreSee Less
📢📢 Call out for our Climate Action Linkage Group 🌎
✅Are you interested in doing something to help Climate Action in your town/village or wherever you may live in Kildare?
✅Would you like to see positive changes to your environment?
✅Would you like to have your voice represented in Local Authority Policy?
Anyone who is part of a registered group with the PPN (eg resident's associations, tidy towns, community councils or any community group) can join the linkage group. We have steadily grown over the past 9 months and it is a fantastic way to meet people who are both experts in the area and people who are new but want to learn more.
We have focus groups in the following areas and we will have a voice in policy making in Kildare as well as linking into funding that may be available for projects. One such policy is the Kildare County Development Plan currently coming up for renewal.
☀Sustainable Energy
🐸Biodiversity
🚴Sustainable Transport
🟢Green Economy
♻Circular Economy
✅Just Transition
👬Community Activation & Well being
💧Water
For more information visit our Climate Action Linkage Group Webpage ➡ www.kildareppn.ie/climate-action-linkage-group
✍Get in touch at: climateactionlinkagegroupke@gmail.com or kildareppn@gmail.com ... See MoreSee Less
📷📷Eye on Nature Wildlife Photographic Competition 🦋🦊
The aim of the competition is to showcase the beauty of the wildlife in the Irish landscape.
Eye On Nature is a new partnership with RTÉ and OPW/Botanic Gardens for a brand new wildlife photography competition with TV, radio and digital programme partners: The Today Show, RTE 1, Mooney Goes Wild, RTÉ Radio 1 and www.rte.ie
Running from January 11 until February 5, the competition will culminate in a photographic exhibition in March at the National Botanic Gardens with the overall winner of the cash prize of €1000 announced live on air on The Today Show. Whether you're using a camera or a phone for your photograph we encourage you to use the highest possible resolution jpeg image to a maximum size of 150MB when you are submitting your entry.
🏆Make sure to enter for your chance to be part of a photographic exhibition at the National Botanic Gardens and win a cash prize of €1000.
For full details, visit: bit.ly/3iwFzbV ... See MoreSee Less
Kildare Integration Strategy Focus Group Meeting
📅 Thursday the 21st January
⏰ 7:30pm ... See MoreSee Less
© Kildare PPN
Level 7, Aras Chill Dara, Devoy Park, Naas, County Kildare
Email: kildareppn@gmail.com
This website uses cookies to make your browsing experience better. By using our site you agree to our use of cookies. Cookie settingsACCEPT


text:
Duchess praises free speech
Faversham fans
New email format
IAPC/EFPC Members
Artificial Intelligence and journalism – what the future holds
Posted by Deborah Collcutt | Sep 20, 2016 | News | 0 |
London Press Club members were taken on a fascinating – and highly entertaining – journey into the future of Artificial Intelligence at a sold-out event at The Corinthia Hotel last night.
Toby Simpson, Chief Technology Officer of global learning company Ososim painted a compelling portrait of what life with AI will look like in years to come – and reassured journalists that far from making them redundant, this cutting-edge technology will actually compliment their work.
"It will be like having a thousand personal assistants, all specialising in different areas that are able to help," he said. "There is something uniquely human about being able to tell a story and there are all sorts of 'narrow AI' things out there that claim to be able to write stories but can only do so with a huge amount of data – and they don't understand the story that they are telling."
The packed Q&A session was chaired by Mark Blunden, Technology Reporter at the London Evening Standard.
"The rise of intelligent machines generated huge interest at Monday night's packed event, with the audience's knowledge and breadth of questioning showing what a hot topic AI is for journalists across specialisms," said Mark.
"Thanks to Toby Simpson for giving us all a glimpse into the future, and for separating the myth from the possible."
Toby's presentation began with the reassuringly-entitled slide, Artificial Intelligence: No, we're not all going to die, which dispelled the Sci-fi notion of a world overrun by machines, explaining that the current limitations of 'narrow AI' – such as voice recognition and driverless cars – are still no match for the human mind.
Toby Simpson of Ososim (left) and the London Evening Standard's Mark Blunden
"It is this incredible ability to generalise, to plan, consider and apply that sets us aside from machines," he said.
To much laughter from his audience, Toby illustrated the point with an image of a cow, taken by Google Maps' Street View, with the animal's face pixelated – to protect its identity.
But game-changing AI is making headway and Toby explained how AI will give us something akin to super human powers in years to come.
"You would never forget a name or face, you would never get lost, everything you needed to know at any moment would be right there in front of your eyes without you needing to think or do anything," he said.
He added that true AI can "transform our lives overnight forever in ways we can't even begin to imagine. Combine this with 3D printers, super-high bandwidth mobile access to the global network wherever we are, and our lives are going to be simply unrecognisable in 50 years."
Improvements to AI are being made all the time and Toby told the audience that before we have even realised it, "narrow AI forerunners will continue to augment and transform our lives in many exciting ways. I believe it's a future worth looking forward to."
Chairman of London Press Club, Doug Wills, said: "We always try to offer our members the broadest range of topics that will challenge their thinking. This doesn't come much wider than hearing about how robots of the future could think like humans. Interesting times ahead!"
Vikki Cook, London Press Club director and Events Committee chair, said: "Toby gave one of the most engaging and humorous takes on Artificial Intelligence I've heard. A brilliant speaker, Toby was the perfect start to our Autumn gatherings in our wonderful home at the Corinthia hotel"
The next London Press Club event at the Corinthia Hotel will take place on 24 October. For further details on joining The London Press Club, please visit here.
PreviousThe London Grill Club welcomes Freddie Forsyth, Jamie Reed MP and Margaret Hodge
NextThe Independent editor hails digital conversion a success
Deborah Collcutt
Press coverage for Press Club events
September 17: Nick Ferrari
Media Society: Jonathan Dimbleby in conversation – September 16
July 13: Press freedom debate


text:
Last visited: Page 11 of She's Mine
Page 11 of She's Mine
Drew had gotten another round of drinks, and discovered the girls' drinks were on the house. He'd made it clear to Bobby that Raven belonged to him. He didn't care what people said, but he wouldn't have any of them hurting her.
"You're scaring her," Brice said.
He'd felt her shake in his arms, but not once had she tried to pull away. Raven was scared of the unknown, and for some strange reason she didn't think he was being serious in his pursuit of her.
That was okay. He was more than happy to show her that he meant business.
"Worry about your own woman."
"I know I'm going home with Cathy tonight."
Drew was going home with Raven, even if it was just to take her home. He'd be happy to just do that.
He noticed them coming toward them, and he watched her body. Her tits bounced with each step she took, and his cock ached just from looking at her. Raven had curves in all the right places, and it made him wonder if she'd take every inch of his cock. He would wipe out the whole memory of every other guy so that all she had was him.
"Are we still playing couples?" Cathy asked, going into Brice's arms.
"You've got it, babe. Drew, it's your turn."
"So it is." They played another few games, and Raven slowly started to relax. Going against his better judgment, he stopped invading her space, and noticed that when he didn't she was able to concentrate more. He made a note about that. If they were ever in an argument, he'd find a way to turn it around.
His parents had lived happily for years, and he'd watched them argue, only to disappear for a few hours, and coming back looking closer than ever. It was only over time that Drew realized his parents were fucking out their argument.
After Raven won them a game, the music was playing loudly, and Cathy begged to dance.
Putting the pool sticks away, he held onto Raven's hip and guided her onto the dance-floor.
"I don't know how to dance."
"It's because you've never been shown by a real man."
"Are you the real man?" she asked.
Placing her hands against his chest, he moved her onto the dance floor. "You tell me."
"I don't judge a real man by his muscles. Anyone can have them."
"What do you judge a man by?" he asked.
"Actions. They speak a lot louder than how much you can bench press. Do you go to the gym?"
"Nope. This is pure solid muscle that I get from long, hard days at the ranch."
"You must love it."
She smiled. "I like working with Cathy. I've only been doing it a couple of days, but it's fun. I love working around food. I love food."
"I like a woman who loves her food."
"Yeah, I find it a real turn-off when a woman sneers at food that a hard-working man or woman has put on the table. My dad said you didn't need much in life, but the love of a good woman, good food, and family is all you need."
"I was really sorry to hear about your dad. I was in Italy when I got the news."
Tags: Sam Crescent Erotic


In this FREE Guide I share the tools I used and I'm still using to this day to get my body and my life back as a mother.
It's easy to feel overwhelmed when you're first time mother and not know how to lose that baby weight and have some well deserved time on your own.
My Free Guide will show you 10 simple tips to cut through the confusion and get the clarity you need to take action today towards having the body and life you want as a mother.


text:
from flask import Flask, g, request, session, redirect, url_for
from flask_simpleldap import LDAP

app = Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key = 'dev key'
app.debug = True

app.config['LDAP_OPENLDAP'] = True
app.config['LDAP_OBJECTS_DN'] = 'dn'
app.config['LDAP_REALM_NAME'] = 'OpenLDAP Authentication'
app.config['LDAP_HOST'] = 'openldap.example.org'
app.config['LDAP_BASE_DN'] = 'dc=users,dc=openldap,dc=org'
app.config['LDAP_USERNAME'] = 'cn=user,ou=servauth-users,dc=users,dc=openldap,dc=org'
app.config['LDAP_PASSWORD'] = 'password'
app.config['LDAP_USER_OBJECT_FILTER'] = '(&(objectclass=inetOrgPerson)(uid=%s))'

# Group configuration
app.config['LDAP_GROUP_MEMBERS_FIELD'] = 'uniquemember'
app.config['LDAP_GROUP_OBJECT_FILTER'] = '(&(objectclass=groupOfUniqueNames)(cn=%s))'
app.config['LDAP_GROUPS_OBJECT_FILTER'] = 'objectclass=groupOfUniqueNames'
app.config['LDAP_GROUP_FIELDS'] = ['cn', 'entryDN', 'member', 'description']
app.config['LDAP_GROUP_MEMBER_FILTER'] = '(&(cn=*)(objectclass=groupOfUniqueNames)(member=%s))'
app.config['LDAP_GROUP_MEMBER_FILTER_FIELD'] = "cn"

ldap = LDAP(app)

@app.before_request
def before_request():
    g.user = None
    if 'user_id' in session:
        # This is where you'd query your database to get the user info.
        g.user = {}
        # Create a global with the LDAP groups the user is a member of.
        g.ldap_groups = ldap.get_user_groups(user=session['user_id'])

@app.route('/')
@ldap.login_required
def index():
    return 'Successfully logged in!'

@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    if g.user:
        return redirect(url_for('index'))
    if request.method == 'POST':
        user = request.form['user']
        passwd = request.form['passwd']
        test = ldap.bind_user(user, passwd)
        if test is None or passwd == '':
            return 'Invalid credentials'
        else:
            session['user_id'] = request.form['user']
            return redirect('/')
    return """<form action="" method="post">
                user: <input name="user">

                password:<input type="password" name="passwd">

                <input type="submit" value="Submit"></form>"""

@app.route('/group')
@ldap.group_required(groups=['web-developers'])
def group():
    return 'Group restricted page'

@app.route('/logout')
def logout():
    session.pop('user_id', None)
    return redirect(url_for('index'))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Sonic HQ 21 Year Anniversary! | Sonic Blast Sonic HQ 21 Year Anniversary! | Sonic Blast Sonic HQ 21 Year Anniversary!
Sonic HQ 21 Year Anniversary!
Hey everyone, Check Out the Latest Article where we talk about our 21st anniversary! Can you believe the site has been around THAT long? Is there even an older Sonic site still around? I can't think of any, although TSSZ and Sonic Stadium are close. Drinks on us!
@ Lighthead I have to say I was not expecting to see that you are bringing back the game section. What prompted that? Regardless, I think it will be a good addition!


text:
Horiba Mira
ABOUT HORIBA MIRA
HORIBA MIRA, is a car test track and vehicle development centre based in Warwickshire, that has served as a location for motoring shows including Top Gear and Fifth Gear. With large investment from the Japanese company HORIBA, the centre has expansion plans including developing a 1.5m sq ft technology park. Current tenants at Mira include Jaguar Land Rover, GKN, Bosch and Continental. HORIBA MIRA is a global provider of pioneering engineering, research and test services to the automotive, defence, aerospace and rail sectors.
With over 70 years' experience in developing some of the world's most iconic vehicles, their engineers utilise the latest test facilities and simulation tools to make vehicles and journeys safer, cleaner, more efficient and rewarding. A suite of 39 major test facilities, 100km of specialised proving ground and wealth of engineering experience, combined with expanding international presence, means HORIBA MIRA are confident that they can achieve their vision – that by 2020 every journey in the world will be positively influenced by the innovative company.
DW Studio had the honour of working with HORIBA MIRA to produce a 2 minute CGI animation that detailed the key solutions of the company, whilst highlighting their City Circuit and TIC-IT testing facilities.
Visit here again for the full project case study coming soon.


text:
Pretty Good Photographs
by Pete Hall
Optional login is only needed for access to your private images.
Watermarks do not appear on purchased images.
Ice Age National Scenic Trail
Images from the Ice Age National Scenic Trail in Wisconsin
Column Right, March!
A mama goose commands the troops on a snowy day.
Devil's Staircase
Scenes from along the Devil's Staircase segment of the Ice Age National Scenic Trail near Janesville, Rock County, Wisconsin (USA)
Arbor Ridge
Ice Age National Scenic Trail, Arbor Ridge Segment, near Janesville, Rock County, Wisconsin (USA).
The Rock River is visible through the branches of an old oak tree, along the Ice Age National Scenic Trail, Devil's Staircase Segment, Janesville, Wisconsin (USA)
Along the Bluff
One of many views of the Rock River, along the Ice Age National Scenic Trail, Devil's Staircase Segment in Janesville, Wisconsin (USA)
Ice Age National Scenic Trail, Devil's Staircase Segment, Janesville, Wisconsin (USA)
Beautiful Forest
Sunlight filters through the trees along the Ice Age Trail. Ice Age National Scenic Trail, Devil's Staircase Segment, Janesville, Wisconsin (USA)
The strata of the sandstone bluff is visible in this view along the Devil's Staircase trail. Ice Age National Scenic Trail, Devil's Staircase Segment, Janesville, Wisconsin (USA).
Springtime Forest
Sunlight filters through the fresh green leaves of the springtime forest. Ice Age National Scenic Trail, Devil's Staircase, Janesville, Wisconsin (USA)
There's some life on the forest floor, but it's almost a month into spring, and the woods are still sleeping.
Trees and Sky
Trees wait patiently under a blue sky with clouds that are big and fluffy, almost summery, but not quite.
The trail runs right along the edge of a rather severe slope. Slip over the edge and you'll end up in the Rock River.
Fallen leaves catch the sun as they lay on a bed of moss.
Leaves in the Sun
Autumn leaves are illuminated by the sun near the bottom of a moss covered rock.
An opening in a low natural wall on the Ice Age National Scenic Trail, Devil's Staircase Segment, near Janesville, Wisconsin (USA)
An eroded sandstone bluff stands over a gully and the autumn forest.
Illuminata
A hillside along the Ice Age National Scenic Trail looks out on the Rock River and the gold of the sun in the autumn trees.
Walking along the Ice Age National Scenic Trail in Southern Wisconsin (USA). The sun was in and out of the clouds. When it hit this particular tree, the colors just exploded.
Tree Dancer
Now, be honest. Doesn't this tree look a little like a pretty ballet dancer? Walking along the Ice Age National Scenic Trail in Southern Wisconsin (USA).
Walking along the Ice Age National Scenic Trail in Southern Wisconsin (USA).
Autumn in Janesville
There are still a few holdouts, but summer is over along the Rock River in southern Wisconsin (USA).
Autumn Palette
Each leaf seems to want its own unique color as this maple tree begins to prepare for winter.
Shocking Red
This is Staghorn Sumac. You can tell it's not poison sumac because it has jagged or serrated edges on the leaves, and a slightly fuzzy stem. Poison sumac has smooth edged leaves and a waxy smooth stem.
Leaves return nutrients to the forest soil.
Bright yellow autumn leaves are dazzling!
Green gives way to rich earth tones as this oak decorates itself for autumn.


GoldSim can be used to complement your existing tactical supply chain and resource management tools in order better address the complexities of your real world business processes and supply chains. The challenge is not only to optimize your supply chain operations and business processes for today, but also to design a truly robust system that can adapt to changing market conditions, uncertain labor markets, and potential disruptive events.
By combining the flexibility of a general-purpose and highly-graphical probabilistic simulation framework with specialized features to support financial modeling and reliability analysis, GoldSim allows you to create quantitative and transparent supply chain and business process models to allow you to ask "what if" questions regarding various alternatives, support your long-term strategic planning efforts and make better decisions in the face of uncertainty.
Explicitly incorporate variability and uncertainty into the analysis. Attempting to simulate the future behavior of a supply chain or business system is complicated by the presence of significant variability and uncertainty (e.g., seasonal changes in demand, variations in production rates, fluctuations in the price of raw materials). GoldSim has the ability to represent uncertainty regarding input data and system dynamics.
Explicitly represent discrete events. Supply chain dynamics and business processes can be significantly influenced by random discrete events, such as a labor strike, a warehouse fire, or a supplier going out of business. GoldSim has the capability to represent random discrete events that can play a critical role in the flexibility, robustness, and overall performance of your business.
Build models with a top-down hierarchical model structure. Large business models can be very complex with thousands of interrelated components. GoldSim allows you to construct hierarchical multi-layer models that represent greater detail at lower levels in the model structure. As a result, you can build, explore, and explain highly complex models without losing sight of the overall model structure and high-level relationships.
Dynamically link to external data repositories. Supply chain and business process simulation should be based on current information regarding inventories, order rates, production rates, etc. For large models with large amounts of input data, it can be labor-intensive and burdensome to enter data by hand each time you want to update the model. GoldSim offers the ability to link to ERP and other database systems that represent the most recent information.
Create easy-to-understand presentations that effectively communicate the structure of your model and the results. The best-designed strategic plans probably won't be implemented if your audience doesn't understand them. GoldSim's user-friendly graphical interface provides you with the tools to communicate with and convince your audience.
This article describes how the effectiveness of supply chain modeling can be improved by including multiple tiers in the supply chain using a gasoline distribution example.


One of the oldest and most popular MMORPGs still around will finally become available for mobile users, but not as a whole new game, but as a client for Android devices that is expected to go live in early 2018.
Although it has been available for more than 16 years and it continues to have a strong player base, RuneScape is not present on Android or iOS yet. However, its developer, Jagex, has just unveiled that this browser-based MMORPG would get an Android client in early 2018.
RuneScape has no less than 200 million registered accounts and, thanks to its low-intensity graphics, running it on mobile devices should not pose any problems to most of its users. Jagex made it clear that the upcoming RuneScape for mobile would not be another game, but a client that would allow playing both versions available - RuneScape proper and Old School RuneScape.
Those eager to take the mobile clients for a spin should know that Old School RuneScape for mobile is scheduled to enter beta testing in late 2017, while RuneScape's mobile client is set to go live in 2018. We should hear more about this in the coming months since it is not clear at this stage if an iOS client is also in the making or RuneScape would only hit Android next year.


You can now connect Inn Style to your venue's EPoS server.
We're delighted to announce our integration with Kobas is now live!
Kobas brings together your EPoS, stock and HR. Boiled down to its essence, the integration will allow for bookings to be passed from Inn Style to Kobas, and transmitted down to a venue's EPoS server.
This means you can add burgers and beers onto a room tab, so guests can pay for everything at checkout. Easy peasy, lemon squeezy.
Read more about the integration, and how to get started.


text:
01. MR FLASH - The Tale
02. MR FLASH - Motorcycle Boy
03. MR FLASH - Number 1 (feat. Cities Aviv, Action Bronson & Oh No)
04. MR FLASH - Venus in Furs
05. MR FLASH - Disco Dynamite
06. MR FLASH - Dazzle in the Dusk
07. MR FLASH - Domino part A
08. MR FLASH - Domino part B
01. MR FLASH - Midnight Blue (feat. Surahn)
02. MR FLASH - Sonic Crusader
03. MR FLASH - Bagheera (feat. Lady Leshurr)
04. MR FLASH - Drill
05. MR FLASH - Parliament of the Rooks
06. MR FLASH - Apocalypso
07. MR FLASH - The Wake
MR FLASH
Sonic Crusader
2LP+CD
ED BANGER RECORDS
BEC 5161721 BEC 5161721
Double LP version in a deluxe gatefold sleeve with CD. Who is Mr Flash? The best-kept secret in French Touch? The beat-maker who ran with the TTC crew in the '90s? The passionate collector of rare and bizarre records? The producer that was called in to help Sébastien Tellier build his blue musical cult? The man behind a handful of 12"s with saturated contours on Ed Banger Records, combining rock, hip-hop and electro? He's all of that, really. Mr Flash's debut album is titled Sonic Crusader (in reference to an article in Dazed & Confused on the start of Ed Banger), which perfectly illustrates his musical philosophy. Fifteen tracks -- including the classics "Domino" and "Motorcycle Boy" -- resulting in a genuine sonic odyssey condensing all of Mr Flash's obsessions: his passion for phat and melodic hip-hop, his taste for cinematic and illustrative sequences, his influences of polished '70s and '80s productions like Prince, AC/DC, Herbie Hancock or Sun Ra, and electro notions nourished by new-wave and industrial music. The whole thing is enveloped in a cloak of musical grandiosity. A sonic crusade shaped like a rollercoaster of influences that Mr Flash orchestrates with subtlety, taking us in one fell swoop from the sweaty dumps of a club to the melancholy of California highways, sneaking us into the jungle and having us wake up dressed as a modern crooner, before throwing us head-first into the twinkling stars. In the end, it's the perfect soundtrack to a film that's never been shot. Includes a poster.
Other releases on ED BANGER RECORDS
Other releases by MR FLASH


5 Aug FULL GAME – ONE FTP LINK – TORRENT. Spider-Man 3 is an action game loosely based on the Spider-Man 3 film and released. (more). 19 Feb Download Spider Man 3 | RG Mechanics Games | Free Download FULL Version PC game Torrent RG Mechanics | Free Download full pc. Download Spider man 3 (PC game) [ISO] torrent or any other torrent from the Games PC. Direct download via magnet link.
Free Full Version Download PC Game Spiderman 3 Full Version PC crack spiderman 3 tpb the processor: spider amazing 3 shadows-reloaded 9 games here. 4 Jan Spiderman 3 Game free download for PC via direct download single link. . Όλα. Tpb halo 3 pc free full version deutsch fallout 3 goty pc free. Spider Man 3 Fee Download PC Game setup in direct single link for windows. It's an action adventure game. It is based on spider man 3 movie.
Download SpiderMan- the Movie (PC) • Windows Games @ The Iso Zone • The Ultimate Retro Gaming (3 Comments) Latest comment was 6 years ago. Click on the button below to nominate Spider-Man 3 (USA) for Retro Game of the Day. Nominate for Retro. 15 May The Amazing Spider-Man. ^^nosTEAM^^RO PC Games MultiPlayer + SP · Counter-Strike multiplayer + SP Max Payne 3 ^^Click here^^. the streets and rooftops of the biggest city created in any Super Hero game to date. 1. Unrar 2. Burn the bin/cue with Nero or CDRWIN 3. Install 4. Play ACCESS. Spider-Man 3 is a superhero film that launched in The film was written and directed by Sam Raimy. This film is the third film of the series the movie.


According to Hypebae, Reebok will be selling limited-edition T-shirts and tanks that read "Be More Human." All of the proceeds will go toward organizations such as the Movemeant Foundation and the Women's Strength Coalition.
Ariana, Gigi, Danai, and Gal aren't the only women featured in the campaign. #BeMoreHuman also features interviews with Game of Thrones star Nathalie Emmanuel, Women's World of Boxing founder Reese Scott, CrossFit athlete Katrin Davidsdottir, DJ and Camel Assembly co-founder Yelda Ali, Women's Strength Coalition founder Shannon Kim Wagner, and Movemeant Foundation founder Jenny Gaither.


text:
17.03.2006 Sports News
Age Cheating and Ghana's Black Stars
By Agboka, Godwin Yaw
They were dubbed the Brazilians of African football. Their natural athleticism and buckets of speed won the admiration of many soccer enthusiasts around the world. Their name, which assumed a household dimension in the 90's at youth competitions was enough to scare even the well-organized football teams. Such was the level of recognition that our junior teams had during youth competitions in the 1990's. Unfortunately, no dividends have come out of such levels of display of brilliance.
Many soccer pundits all over the world have wondered why the Senior national team, the Black Stars could sell abysmal performances at tournaments when the nation was awash with a lot of young talents in the 90's most of whom should have graduated and become formidable forces in all departments of the game. Undoubtedly, youth tournaments such as the under-17 and the under-20, should serve as the nursery from which talents could be nurtured and developed. Discovery of players at this level should benefits the senior teams of their respective countries. Perhaps, our over-emphasis on winning has taken away the developmental element we need from these tournaments.
I am yet to fathom why Ghana and some African countries have failed to make judicious use of such tournaments. Were our players in such tournaments that good? If so why have they failed to glitter at a time when they are expected? Just consider, if our junior teams were that good in the 90's, how come they never made it to the world cup but the same players who played for Brazil, for instance did? Isn't it ironic that Senegal, a team that never had the success that Ghana had at the junior level did well in the past at senior level, and even went to the world cup?
Ghana's junior teams have had incredible level of excellence at the junior level and not even Brazil could match them. During the under-17 world tournament in 1991 in Italy, Ghana won the tournament, came top in the final team standings while the likes of Spain and Argentina followed in that order. Nii Odartey Lamptey, the most traveled Ghanaian player, who now plays for Asante Kotoko but who could not even make the final list for the team's African Champion's league campaign, was not only adjudged the best player and touted as the next world Pele but was the joint scorer alongside Brazil's Adriano?
Interestingly, Adriano still plays active football and in fact leads the Brazilian attack at the senior level? Do you know that Del Piero played in that same tournament? What then happened to Nii Odartey Lamptey? Lamptey was the heart beat of a very good Ghanaian side. His fast feet, speed of thought, and clever interplay with Captain Alex Opoku and fellow midfielders Mohammed Gargo and Emmanuel Duah were on display for all to see. His willingness to get into the box was critical too. What then happened? Where are Alex Opoku and Emmanuel Duah? Is it that Adriano was so lucky not to have had tired legs and bones? Was he so young and his Ghanaian counterparts too old?
Japan 93' was even more revealing. Ghana may not have won that tournament but they produced the brilliance that made them carve a niche for themselves. The player of the tournament award went to Daniel Addo the darling boy of Ghanaian football, who stole the heart of many soccer fans around the world with his creative power and skill, while scoring three goals. That same tournament saw other players like Francesco Totti, of Italy, Nakata of Japan, and Sebastian Barnes and oh my gosh! where is Barnes? Isn't it sad to see that we moan and groan today about strikers and lack of attacking options when at the Australian 93 tournament Brazil and Ghana had the most potent attack? In fact Ghana was next to Brazil in the standing.
Ghana won the Ecuador 95 tournament, sharing the best attack laurels with Brazil, and played alongside the likes of Ronaldinho, Sergio, Xavi, and producing Owusu Afriyie aka Bayie, and Awudu Issaka. Of course, even though Brazil won the New Zealand tournament in '99, Ghana produced the best attack scoring 18 goals, and producing Ishmael Addo who arguably at 16 was already a national top scorer? Why then do we lack attacking options? Why can't these players deliver at a time when they should be around their prime? Why is it that the same Brazilian players who played alongside their Ghanaian counterparts are playing active football when their Ghanaian counterparts have gone into oblivion. Did our players lie about their ages?
I have made considerable efforts to convince myself that our players never cheated about their ages. Thus, if I am right, why did we perform so abysmally in the year Mr Ben Koufie's administration decided to, for once, feature players who were close to their real ages? I hope no one has forgotten how Abedi and Ben Kuofie were vilified after the Starlet's failure to make an appearance at the uinder-17 tournament for the first time?
The problem is that by the time our players are supposed to get to their prime and play at the senior level they would have been worn out and little can be done to get them back into active football. I am still yet to convince myself why Del Piero and Francesco Totti are still playing when Daniel Addo, Emmanuel Bentsil, Awudu Issaka, and Sebastian Barnes have gone missing. Indeed how come Ronaldinho has developed so well? What is the real difference between Brazil and Ghana? What is the reason behind their consistency in performance? How does their performance at the youth level translate into results at the senior level? Weren't we all dominating at the youth level? Don't Brazilians also cheat? Where are the likes of Owusu Afriyie, Augustine Arhinful, Sebastian Barnes, Alex Opoku, Emmanuel Duah, Awudu Issaka, and Abu Iddrisu etc?
The fact is most, if not all, African Junior Championship winning teams have had over-aged players and Ghana cannot be left out of this game. I am surprised that the world is only seeing this now. The African professionals in Europe lie about their ages and, in fact this permeates other European teams but the dimension of age cheating in Ghana (and Africa) is shocking. You come into contact with a player who was three years your senior at school and the next thing you hear he is fifteen (15) when you (the junior) are supposed to be 26 years. Isn't this interesting? Of course, man must survive but should you eat all your eggs at once? What about the future?
For such players, when clubs complain about their lack of fitness, the reality is that they are aging. This great scourge has eaten so deep into African football that one wonders who should take the blame. The saddest face to this ugly trend is the fact that players that falsify their ages cannot and will never attain their 'supposed' potential. The best way to halt this terrible trend is by clamping down on any erring player. Slamming a life ban on such people will make them realize the consequences of such behavior. However, I wonder how this will work as in many cases such behavior has received incredible level of official backing. It is this official backing that stands in the way of any progress. It's high time we portrayed Ghanaian and African football in a better light by being honest with the ages of players that could someday be our future heroes. After all, we stand to gain a lot if we do that. The fact remains that the longer the our FA or even the Confederation of African Football turns a blind eye to this scourge, then football development, and indeed football itself, in Ghana (and Africa) will ultimately suffer. Last year, Tanzania was expelled from the African Youth Cup Finals in Gambia after reports that over-aged player Nurdin Bakari had been used in the qualifying rounds. A subsequent investigation revealed that the majority of players in the national under-17 side were over-aged. Perhaps, a similar development in Ghana will make us put a stop to that and as well save our soccer from stagnation at the senior level.
Godwin Yaw Agboka Illinois State University USA email: [email protected]


text:
EP IMCO adopts DSA Report: some good progress, but key concerns remain to be addressed
Following today's agreement in the European Parliament's Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO) on the Report by Christel Schaldemose on the Digital Services Act (DSA), Luca Cassetti, Secretary General of Ecommerce Europe, commented:
"Ecommerce Europe generally welcomes the progress that has been made on this very important file in the European Parliament. While we applaud the IMCO Committee on the remarkable accomplishment of finding compromises on some of the important topics in the DSA, we also believe that the regulation requires further work. In the next stages of the legislative process, it will be crucial to establish workable obligations, avoid overregulation, and ensure a balanced legal framework."
In the preparations for the upcoming Plenary vote and the trialogue negotiations on the DSA, Ecommerce Europe would like to stress that some key concerns remain to be addressed.
On the so-called "dark patterns", we believe that the issues referred to in the negotiations are not of a legal nature but are due to problems with enforcement. We would like to point to relevant existing legislation, such as Article 5(3) of the ePrivacy Directive, Article 4(11) and 7 of the GDPR, and the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive.
While Ecommerce Europe is generally in favour of increased transparency in online advertising and appreciates that no general ban on targeted advertising has been introduced, we remain sceptical about regulating these practices in the DSA. Instead, we believe that existing legislation on data protection already sufficiently covers this issue.
Furthermore, we urge co-legislators to consider the variety of business models in scope of the DSA when defining important concepts such as "active recipients of the service". To avoid placing a disproportionate burden on many e-commerce marketplaces by considering them as VLOPs, based on the number of mere visitors, Ecommerce Europe calls on policymakers to create a separate definition of "active users" for marketplaces offering products online.
Ecommerce Europe will constructively contribute to the upcoming trialogue discussions and continue to represent the interest of the digital commerce sector on this important Regulation.
Ecommerce Europe's latest position on the DSA can be found here.
***END***
Press contact Ecommerce Europe
Luca Cassetti
Email: lucacassetti@ecommerce-europe.eu


If you're looking for a peaceful nature retreat in the lush green landscape of the Pacific Northwest, the Wald house is where you want to be. Only 10 minutes from downtown Portland, the modern house is located on a 5.5 mi bike loop & steps away from 9 connected nature hiking trails. Definitely take drive out to Wahclella Falls or the Columbia River Gorge to take in the spectacular scenery, before spending a relaxing evening in or enjoying a night out on the town!


Everyone who uses Windows and works with computer files needs Tripower. Organize all file types; Word, Excel, Websites, Email, phtos, videos, message boards together in the same list. Tripower can organize, control and display up to 35 trillion files spanning hundreds of network drives using just three lists. Your entire computer universe is in one place at one time in one program window. Any file can be accessed within seconds using only 3 mouse clicks or quick-searched by typing the first letter of the name then the second, then the third, etc. Simply use the Tab key to switch list.
Tripower is organized like a physical filing cabinet system in that filing cabinets contain Manila Folders which in turn contain paper files. Tripower uses a Projects List which acts as an Electronic Filing Cabinet and can contain up to 33,000 Projects. Each Project can contain up to 33,000 Topics, which act as electronic manila folders, and each Topic can contain up to 33,000 Files. You simply double click a filename and Tripower automatically launches the application program or web Browser, and then displays your selected file, photo, video, song, Word doc, Excel file, email address or website for you. With email, Tripower automatically launches your Default email program and displays an email ready to write and already addressed.
While you can easily switch Projects, Topics and Files, you can run as many instances of Tripower at the same time as you need. You cannot access the same file at the same time, but who would run Tripower a Second Time to access the same file?
Since Tripower is easily capable of organizing and controlling 35 trillion files, consider how simple and easy it is for Tripower to organize and control networks with a mere hundred-million files. With a network of one hundred million files, Tripower would be operating at 1/3 of 1% of its maximum capablity.
Yet for all of this, Tripower is priced to be cost effective even if used for only one project... you can free download Tripower Tarmac ll now.
Please be aware that Brothersoft do not supply any crack, patches, serial numbers or keygen for Tripower,and please consult directly with program authors for any problem with Tripower.


Apr 20 - School Survey (extended) Deadline! See below.
Apr 24 - PTA Meeting 8:30am - Nominations for PTA Exec Bd and SLT!
DID YOU WIN ROCKTOPIA TICKETS AT RAFFLEMANIA?
If so, we need to know who you are and talk to you. Please contact Raffle Mania chairperson Crystal Orraca at PTA_Info@ps154.org.
Textile waste adds significantly to the city's waste stream -- and yet so much of it can be reused or recycled. During the week leading up to Earth Day, the PTA's Sustainability Committee will be collecting textiles for reuse and recycling. Get your spring clean on! And help us raise money for our kids at the same time: The PTA will earn a dime on every pound collected.
Please bring in clean clothing, shoes, sneakers, hats, linens, towels, handbags, and belts. Note that we can't accept scraps, rugs, comforters or pillows.
OK — we know you care, but just haven't gotten a chance to do the survey yet. Right!? Parents who care enough to do the survey are the ones who help decide how we improve our school. Only 43% of you have filled it out. Let's hear from EVERYONE!
The NYC School Survey went home in backpacks. Each school is required to participate. The survey is completely confidential and gives us a picture of our learning environment from both parent and teacher perspectives. If you lost your survey code, please go online and follow the prompts to get a new one. Online submissions are now due April 20, but please do your part and complete it as soon as possible.
Please join your PTA to hear about and vote on an exciting new proposal for science this spring, and also to nominate people to serve our our PTA Executive Board and our School Leadership Team.
Did you know that you can come volunteer to help organize games and supervise play in the schoolyard during lunchtime recess? If you would like to get involved, please reach out to Debby Wattenbarger at dwattenbarger@schools.nyc.gov.


Have you read: Rodger's Very Simple Dual Boot Method?
If you haven't already, do check it out. One advantage: no Master Boot Record (MBR) modifications! Another advantage: it allows all disks and operating systems the option to be completely independent of each other. You can remove any disk, insert it into another machine, and it will boot perfectly fine. The disks are no longer married to each other. But mainly, this post won't make any sense to you, otherwise.
A few months ago, I used this method with only two operating systems: Redhat 5.5 and Windows 7. Then recently, in the same server, I installed Redhat 6.4 onto a third disk. But suddenly I had an awful time getting all three to work.
So, I could only boot two of the three operating systems at one time. To make things work, I'd have to be changing sata cables. That really defeated the purpose of a triple boot.
Yesterday, I blogged how to add a Windows hard disk to a Linux installation. I noted, it's relatively easy to add a Linux disk to a Windows installation, and how the Windows MBR gets overwritten by Linux. But it's harder to add a Windows disk to an existing Linux installation. The whole process with Supergrub was rather complex, and required many slow reboots.
After thinking about it, a much simpler and effective method came to me. And it works!
In a sentence, the trick is to just modify the boot order in the BIOS, and add the Windows disk to grub.conf. Here's how to do it.


text:
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<flavors xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns="http://docs.openstack.org/compute/api/v1.1">
  <flavor disk="0" vcpus="1" ram="512" name="m1.tiny" id="1" swap="">
    <atom:link href="http://openstack.example.com/v2/openstack/flavors/1" rel="self"/>
    <atom:link href="http://openstack.example.com/openstack/flavors/1" rel="bookmark"/>
  </flavor>
  <flavor disk="20" vcpus="1" ram="2048" name="m1.small" id="2" swap="">
    <atom:link href="http://openstack.example.com/v2/openstack/flavors/2" rel="self"/>
    <atom:link href="http://openstack.example.com/openstack/flavors/2" rel="bookmark"/>
  </flavor>
  <flavor disk="40" vcpus="2" ram="4096" name="m1.medium" id="3" swap="">
    <atom:link href="http://openstack.example.com/v2/openstack/flavors/3" rel="self"/>
    <atom:link href="http://openstack.example.com/openstack/flavors/3" rel="bookmark"/>
  </flavor>
  <flavor disk="80" vcpus="4" ram="8192" name="m1.large" id="4" swap="">
    <atom:link href="http://openstack.example.com/v2/openstack/flavors/4" rel="self"/>
    <atom:link href="http://openstack.example.com/openstack/flavors/4" rel="bookmark"/>
  </flavor>
  <flavor disk="160" vcpus="8" ram="16384" name="m1.xlarge" id="5" swap="">
    <atom:link href="http://openstack.example.com/v2/openstack/flavors/5" rel="self"/>
    <atom:link href="http://openstack.example.com/openstack/flavors/5" rel="bookmark"/>
  </flavor>
</flavors>