text:
In Search of the Modern Jazz Radio Show: The Future is Online | Radio
By Megan J. Driscoll on	 June 27, 2015 Jazz radio
Hhaving recently fallen under the spell of pianist Bill Evans, I went to find his genre of jazz on the radio. I have a photo of my ideal resort in mind. Many years ago Donald Fagen wrote a song called The Nightfly. It described the story of a lone disc jockey, spending the night on the fictional WJAZ, which offered "jazz and conversation from the foot of Mount Belzoni". The album art showed Fagen doing two things you wouldn't be allowed to do in a modern radio studio: one is smoking, the other is playing records.
The Internet gives us access to hundreds of jazz stations, most of which come from the United States, the homeland of music. These range from the gospel WBGO (wbgo.org) in Newark, New Jersey, which Esquire magazine calls "the best jazz station in the galaxy," at the machine AccuJazz (accujazz.com) which describes itself as "the future of jazz radio". This means 75 different streams, carefully categorized by era or style. From Tacoma, Washington comes KPLU (kplu.org), a member station of National Public Radio offering two services: one a news and jazz service featuring NPR favorites like All Things Considered and Car Talk between music, the other a 24/7 jazz service. hours featuring Wes Montgomery, Lou Donaldson, Pat Metheny et al 24 hours a day, with occasional interruptions by a real human being. There's a lot of cool jazz coming out of French radio FIP (fipradio.fr) whose praises have already been sung in this column. I finally found Evans closer to home on Jazz dinner (weekdays, 7 p.m., Jazz FM) which was nice. However, no one yet offers quite what the WJAZ in my head is playing.
Yeats: the man and the echo (Sunday, 7:45 p.m., Radio 4) takes the poem An Irish Aviator Predicts Death and reuses it as a drama that stays in the car to find out how it ends in subprime Ireland in the age of internet gambling. It is written by Lynda Radley and narrated by Eugene O'Hare.
In his previous projects for Archive Hour, satirist Joe Queenan featured programs on anger, irony, and blame. None of them sound quite like A brief history of shame (Saturday, 8 p.m., Radio 4), the subject of which has become even hotter since the recent publication of Jon Ronson's book So You've Been Publicly Shamed. Ronson can be heard here, along with Peter Viggers (AKA the Duck House MP) and, the king of this particular castle, Bill Clinton.
In the Sunday feature: A most ingenious paradox: loving G&S to death (Sunday, 6:45 p.m., Radio 3), Gilbert & Sullivan will be dragged to the bar of contemporary sensibilities to explain their enduring popularity, a state of affairs scandalously unsanctioned by "intelligent" opinion. It has contributions from Mike Leigh, Jonathan Miller, and a bunch of academics and performers, who I hope will tell Tyrants Of Now where to get off.
Rachel Nicholson was one of the born triplets of artists Barbara Hepworth and Ben Nicholson, neither of whom were able to spend much time away from their jobs to raise them too closely. Unsurprisingly, she remembers developing a love for music early in her life. In Private passions (Sunday, 12 p.m., Radio 3), she talks from her attic in Hampstead about how music informs her painting. I am grateful to him for teaching me about Scarlatti's invigorating harpsichord music, which was a welcome novelty to me.
Suns beat Lakers again in morning playoff rematch in Phoenix | WGN 720 radio


text:
from django.conf.urls import patterns, include, url

# Uncomment the next two lines to enable the admin:
from django.contrib import admin

from settings import MEDIA_ROOT, STATIC_ROOT
from blog.feeds import RSS_URLS
from blog.sitemaps import SITEMAPS_URLS
from sources.feeds import SOURCES_RSS_URLS
from sources.sitemaps import SOURCES_SITEMAPS_URLS
admin.autodiscover()

urlpatterns = patterns('',
    # Examples:
    # url(r'^$', 'pytrorg.views.home', name='home'),
    # url(r'^pytrorg/', include('pytrorg.foo.urls')),

    # Uncomment the next line to enable the admin:
    url(r'^$', 'blog.views.blogHome', name="bloghome"),
    url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
    (r'^blog/', include('blog.urls', namespace='blog', app_name='blog')),
    (r'^kaynak/', include('sources.urls', namespace='sources', app_name='sources')),
    (r'^media/(?P<path>.*)$', 'django.views.static.serve', {'document_root': MEDIA_ROOT }),
    (r'^static/(?P<path>.*)$', 'django.views.static.serve', {'document_root': STATIC_ROOT }),
    url(r'^api/', include('api.urls', namespace='autoapi')),
)

urlpatterns += RSS_URLS
urlpatterns += SITEMAPS_URLS
urlpatterns += SOURCES_RSS_URLS
urlpatterns += SOURCES_SITEMAPS_URLS

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: What mechanism prevents System Verilog threads from obtaining a semaphore at the same time? There is definitely a good chance I am misunderstanding something. Since System Verilog is an event driven parallel language (with respect to verification), I have trouble understanding the underlying architecture. Mainly I wonder what stops two threads from acquiring the same semaphore at the same instant such that each doesn't "realize" the other has already acquired it. For a language like C, I can understand that (in an RTOS for example) each thread takes turns with the CPU to emulate parallel functionality despite being sequential in nature. Is the same true for System Verilog?
The IEEE standard is a great resource for using the language, but leaves a lot to be desired when it comes to understanding the bridge between hardware and software (when using the language as software for verification I mean).
Thanks for your time and knowledge.

A: RTOS as well as many other OSs can run multiple threads on multiple cores, so all threads are not necessarily sequential. But similar an RTOS, the concept of SystemVerilog "time" is a globally synchronized resource and is shared among all threads.
Because SystemVerilog is a Hardware Description Language hdl, there is a massive amount of thread parallelism, making multi-core execution a very difficult problem. And there are also multiple divisions of synchronization even within a single time unit (event regions). Although it's possible to disconnect this synchronization between threads for a certain period of time, (like a clock cycle or transaction level boundary) some master thread kernel has to coordinate when that synchronization happens.
The IEEE 1800-2017 SystemVerilog LRM
does not define whether threads execute sequentially or concurrently; only what ordering is guaranteed or not. (Sections 4.6 Determinism and 4.7 Nondeterminism). It's just that there are far more SystemVerilog threads than could every run all concurrently, and the scheduling semantics are written most optimally for the SystemVerilog simulation kernel to manage the threads as if they were all sequential.
Regardless of whether SystemVerilog threads are executing sequentially or concurrently, the handling of semaphore is request is the same. The thread requesting the a semaphore key asks the kernel for the key, and the thread asking for it first—gets it first. Since the kernel is operating as a single thread itself, it gets to decide who should get the key in a deterministic way.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Featured History: Fluoroscopy
Neuilly, France, 1917. Using a fluoroscope, a field doctor examines a wounded soldier for deep-seated bullets. The X-ray tube is visible below the table.
When Wilhelm Röntgen published "On a New Kind of Rays" in 1895, he sparked an interest in X-rays throughout the scientific world. Halfway around in the globe in Menlo Park, New Jersey, Thomas Edison jumped at the chance to contribute. In the four months after Röntgen's publication, Edison exposed over 8,000 substances to X-rays and discovered that calcium tungstate fluoresced most brightly. He then used this substance to create the Edison Vitascope, a device for recreational fluoroscopy (DiSantis).
Shoe salesmen's fitting card. Date unknown.
Although mysterious injuries and deaths were common in the new field of X-rays, their precise cause was disputed for some time, and so extramedical use of fluoroscopy continued with little regulation over the next half-century. Beginning in the 1930s, a device often seen in shoe stores was the Shoe-Fitting Fluoroscope, which allowed customers and clerks to inspect shoes' impact on the bones of the foot. A survey of these machines in the late 1940s showed that customers' feet received between 7 and 14 R in a 20-second exposure. Pressure from a number of medical organizations and insurance companies led to the discontinuation of the Shoe-Fitting Fluoroscopes in the U.S. by 1960, although the devices survived in British and Canadian stores until 1970 ("Shoe-Fitting").
"Shoe-Fitting Fluoroscope." Oak Ridge Associated Universities. 20 Apr. 2010. Web. 15 Sept. 2014 <http://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/shoefittingfluor/shoe.htm>
DiSantis, D. "Early American Radiology: The Pioneer Years." American Journal of Radiology 147 (Oct. 1986). Web. 15 Sept. 2014 <http://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.147.4.850>
Photo credits: 1917 photo attributed to Dr. J.P. Hoguet, retrieved from Wikimedia Commons. Shoe-fitting card retrieved from Oak Ridge Associated Universities.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Show that given $\epsilon > 0,$ there exist $N>0$ and $M>0$ so that $\int_{\{x:|x|>N\}} f< \epsilon \text{ and } \int_{\{x:f(x)>M\}} f<\epsilon.$ Can someone please help me prove the following?
Suppose $f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ is nonnegative and integrable. Show that given $\epsilon > 0,$ there exist $N>0$ and $M>0$ so that $$\int_{\{x:|x|>N\}} f< \epsilon \text{ and } \int_{\{x:f(x)>M\}} f<\epsilon.$$
My idea: We need to find a simple function $\eta$ on $N$ and $M$ that have finite support, so let $\epsilon >0$ and we know by definition of the integral for nonnegative measurable functions that there exists bounded measurable functions of finite support, that is $h\le f.$

A: Here, I will assume a slightly general version, namely when $f:\Bbb R\to \Bbb R\cup\{\pm \infty\}$ is Lebesgue integrable.
Consider $f_n:=\chi_{\{x\in \Bbb R:|x|>n\}}\cdot f$, then $f_n\to 0$ pointwise a.e. and $|f_n|\leq |f|$. So, Lebesgue Dominated convergence theorem gives $$\lim\int f_n =0.$$
Next, consider $g_n:= \chi_{\{x\in \Bbb R:|f(x)|>n\}}\cdot f$, then $g_n\to 0$ pointwise a.e. Note that we are using the fact here that $f$ is integrable implies $m\big(|f|^{-1}(\infty)\big)=0$, in case $f$ only takes real value then it is obvious. Also, $|g_n|\leq f$. So, Lebesgue Dominated convergence theorem gives $$\lim\int g_n =0.$$


Paperback, Book. English. Adventure. War stories. Children's stories. Historical. Fiction 9+.
Physical Description: 144 pages : illustrations ; 20 cm.
Subject: World War, 1939-1945 Aerial operations Juvenile fiction.; Great Britain. Royal Flying Corps Juvenile fiction.


text:
9 Interesting Facts Of Rakul Preet That Every Diehard Fan Should Know
10 Aug 19 @ 12:47 PM | By Vamsee Ajjampudi
Rakul Preet Singh debuted in Telugu Cinema in 2011 and half-a-decade later, she has acted with nearly every star of Tollywood. Despite arising from a non-filmy background, she made a name for herself within a short span of time. As she won over the audiences with her girl next door look, she immediately rose to prominence. Although Rakul gave plenty of interviews, most of them were centred upon her professional life. Apart from films, Rakul's personal life is hardly known to any her of fans as she hasn't touched upon this subject often. Let's take a look at the lesser known facts of the Tollywood heartthrob Rakul.
Her Name
Rakul's father, Rajender, and her mother, Kulwinder, came up with the idea that their daughter should bear both their names. As it isn't practical to have both names, they combined the first syllables of their names. You know what happened next and what became of the name.
Sources: popcorntollywood
Karate Blue Belt Holder
The actress, in her childhood, participated in many sports activities. From lawn tennis to golfing, she took up many activities. She started training in karate when she was in her second grade. She even got the blue belt. However, she took a liking to golf and pursued it. Unfortunately, there is no photographic record of her doing Karate as it was in her childhood.
Sources: youtube
Equestrian (Horse Rider)
Rakul was encouraged by her parents to pursue interests beyond her academics. Due to that encouragement, she developed a strong spirit and learnt how to ride a horse. Soon, after mastering the art, she became a diehard fan of that activity. She rides a horse whenever she can. However, no snapshot of her riding a horse is available.
Sources: timesofindia.indiatimes
No TV In Her Childhood
Rakul's father was strict disciplinarian and he had a rule that his kids shouldn't watch TV. Instead they should spend their leisure time doing something different. He made his kids go out play different sports and read books. Due to that rule, she didn't watch TV when she was a kid.
Will Only Love Marry
The actress has a fair idea of her ideal man. He should be taller than her even she is wearing heels and he should also be a great conversationalist. Also, she would like to tie the knot before she turns 30. However, she will only love marry. Quite a focussed woman, isn't she?
Sources: english.tupaki
Fan of SRK
Rakul Preet is a sincere fan of Shah Rukh Khan. She grew up watching his films in her childhood and since then she admired him. When SRK visited the sets of Bollywood film Shimla Mirchi, the film's lead actress Rakul Preet had her fan moment with the star. She described the interaction as a dream come true.
Sources: deccanchronicle
Rakul - Shah Rukh
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10 Telugu Films Where Sport Was an Integral Part of The Story
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11 May 17 @ 1:52 AM
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13 Sep 16 @ 9:59 AM
That's why పవన్ వెర్రి పవన్ వెర్రి పవన్ వెర్రి డి!!!
2 Sep 19 @ 5:07 PM
10 Evergreen Tollywood Special Songs Our Star Heroines Sizzled In
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4 Apr 18 @ 12:06 PM
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22 May 19 @ 12:50 PM
The Vicco Advertisement
Post-academics, Rakul started out as a model and did some ads. Like many heroines, she too started out as a cosmetics model. However, unlike like most others who advertised for Fair & Lovely, Rakul chose to do Vicco ads and her work didn't go unnoticed. That ad is still being used by Vicco.
Rakul ads
A Bharatanatyam Dancer
Rakul Preet is a fitness freak and does everything in her capacity to stay trim. In fact, she believes that everyone should workout as she sees the exercise as a way to remove toxins from the body. As dance is also great workout regimen, Rakul doesn't hesitate to shake a leg. She is a trained Bharatanatyam dancer and practices the art whenever she gets time.
Sources: filmyfolks
Winter Hater
Ever heard of people who despise cold temperatures? Well, Rakul Preet Singh is one of those people as she loves warm locales. Yes, in an interview, Rakul confessed she hates cold temperatures. In fact, she does her best to avoid them. She must be hating it whenever she has to go to hill stations to shoot some film scenes.


Hunting Accesories & Complements - Dogar, gestionado por Petco Mediterránea S.L.U.
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One compartment feeder for partridges, doves, and others birds.
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Plastic hopper feeder for doves, chikens, and others birds.
Metallic hanging hopper feeder with 5kg of capacity.


The installation of 10 new rapid charging points brings ESB EV Solutions network across London to a total of 43, with more due to be installed in the coming weeks.
All our rapid charging points are multi standard units allowing any type of electric vehicle to charge. The chargers are equipped with CCS, CHAdeMO and Fast AC connectors. They can charge an EV up to 80% in as little as 30 minutes, using 100% renewable electricity. EV drivers can access them using our 'EV Plug In' app or via our ESB charge point access card.


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text:
The Valley of Lost Hope is a lost 1915 American silent Western drama film  directed by and starring Romaine Fielding. Produced by Lubin Manufacturing Company and written by Shannon Fife, the film portrayed the rise and destruction of a gold-mining "boomtown" created by a phony real-estate business. Other cast members included Peter Lang, Mildred Gregory, and B. K. Roberts in principal roles. The production was filmed on location in Philipsburg in central Pennsylvania and at Lubin's backlot and studio facilities in Betzwood, located approximately 20 miles northwest of Philadelphia.

The Library of Congress includes the film among the National Film Preservation Board's updated 2019 list of "7,200 Lost U.S. Silent Feature Films" produced between 1912 and 1929.

Plot
This lost film's storyline was set in the Western region of the United States in the late nineteenth century. Production reports and reviews published in trade publications and newspapers in the final weeks of 1914 and during 1915, describe it portraying the schemes of a "get-rich-quick" confidence man named James Ewing (Peter Lang). He, assisted by two promoters, poses as a real estate broker who circulates false reports of rich gold deposits in a barren, deserted valley. To enhance his lies, Ewing places small amounts of gold on the land that he and his associates had purchased, "salting" some rocks on the property with flecks of the precious metal. He then lures people to buy parcels of the worthless land at inflated prices. Many men and women are duped by Ewing's sales pitches, and a "boomtown" rises in the valley as more speculators and gold prospectors rush into the area, along with saloonkeepers, gamblers, grocers, and other merchants who hope to profit off the outbreak of gold fever.

Ewing's son Bob (B. K. Roberts), just out of college, now arrives and soon falls in love with Dora (Mildred Gregory), unaware that she is married but separated from her frequently drunk and abusive husband, Dick Flint (Robin Williamson). Dora is also the sister of Roland Royce (Romaine Fielding), the town's influential pastor. After working briefly in his father's real-estate "business", Bob discovers its true purpose. Horrified, he vows to return the money to all the victims of the fraud. The miners and other town residents also learn about the swindle, and they converge on the elder Ewing's private train as it prepares to leave for the East. Meanwhile, Dora's husband Flint and two of his cronies take advantage of the temporary absence of most of the town's population and rob the safe in the gambling hall. Despite the presence of the angry mob, Ewing's train manages to depart and speed away from town. A freight train, however, is rapidly approaching on the same track and minutes later crashes head-on into the escaping passenger train, killing Ewing and his accomplices.

Back in town, Flint flees after the gambling-hall robbery is discovered while his fellow thieves are killed. Flint, desperate to get away, creates a diversion by igniting a huge charge of dynamite on the top of the nearby mountain. The ensuing landslide destroys most of the town, covering it under tons of rocks and dirt. Despite the massive explosion, Pastor Royce finds Flint in the cellar of a cabin and kills him in self-defense. Bob now returns with the swindled money he retrieved from the wrecked train and gives it to the miners and others who survived the landslide. Now a widow, Dora agrees to marry Bob. The happy couple, accompanied by Pastor Royce and Bob's newly "adopted" mother, old "Ma" Dean (Minnie Pearson), leave the valley in a "prairie schooner" (covered wagon) to start new lives elsewhere.

Cast

Romaine Fielding as Pastor John Royce
Peter Lang as James Ewing
B. K. Roberts as Bob Ewing
Mildred Gregory as Dora Royce
Robin Williamson as Dick Flint
Minnie Pearson as Granny or "Ma" Dean
Bernard Siegel, undetermined role

Production
The filming and editing of an early theater cut of the picture were completed during the final quarter of 1914, many months before the five-reeler's initial distribution. To enhance Shannon Fife's screenplay or "scenario", Fielding organized two major action sequences during production: the collision of two trains and an immense mountain explosion with a landslide. The "'train smash'" footage used in The Valley of Hope was actually shot on location near Philipsburg in central Pennsylvania in September 1914, 10 months before the film's release. The noted explosion, additional outdoor scenes, and interior shots were done at Lubin's studio facilities and backlot at Betzwood.

"Boomtown" set
The centerpiece of the film's plot was a gold-mining boomtown, an elaborate set built at Betzwood and populated during production by hundreds of extras, including many genuine Pennsylvania miners who were brought to Lubin's facilities. Instead of just filming scenes on a completed set, Fielding's cameramen shot daily footage of Lubin carpenters as they erected the town. That footage of buildings in various phases of construction was then edited into the photoplay. That filming strategy did not go unnoticed by film critics and reporters. After seeing an early cut of the film in December 1914, Stephen Bush—the reviewer for the trade weekly The Moving Picture World—shared his reactions to the use of the construction footage:

In the January 10, 1915 issue of The Chicago Daily Tribune, the newspaper's  "Movie Land" reporter, following a preview of the film, also compliments Fielding's portrayal of the set's construction "during the action of the play" itself and for "showing how mushroom towns spring up during a 'strike gold quick' craze."

Train wreck

On Tuesday, September 8, 1914, Fielding staged and directed the filming of a headon collision of a three-car passenger train with a seven-car freight train along the 15-mile Altoona and Philipsburg branch of the Pittsburgh and Susquehanna Railroad. The trains, each traveling approximately 35-miles-an-hour, collided at the rail location nicknamed "Alley Popper". Fielding, not missing an opportunity for free publicity, scheduled the crash to coincide with a "mammoth Labor Day picnic" held outside Philipsburg and attended by an estimated crowd of 10,000 spectators.

Siegmund Lubin reportedly spent over $25,000—a monstrous sum in 1914 for a single action sequence—to purchase two old coal-fired locomotives, the needed freight and passenger cars, and to stage the spectacle. Despite the expense, Lubin justified it as an investment, for the studio later used the same wreck footage in at least four other productions. Fielding deployed 30 cameramen with 12 different cameras to film the collision, minimizing the chances of losing optimal footage of the one-take event due to either malfunctioning equipment or other factors. No one was aboard the trains except two "experienced railroad engineers" hired by the director, who instructed them to jump off their respective trains "a minute before the impact". Following the crash, Fielding also filmed needed passenger-rescue scenes around the smoking wreckage.

Mountain explosion
In addition to staging the dramatic train wreck, Fielding organized and filmed a huge dynamite explosion and landslide as part of the production's concluding scenes. That action sequence was not, though, staged near Philipsburg; it was filmed on "a portion of rock cliff" located on the sprawling backlot at Betzwood. The Chicago Daily Tribune reported that "over a ton of dynamite was distributed from the base to the top of the mountain". As with his staging of the trains' collision, Fielding deployed a dozen cameras to capture another one-take opportunity. It was reported that four of those cameras were "driven by motors" and that the blast and landslide were "spectacular in the extreme".

Promotion and release
The film's copyright registration (LP5649) and release charts published in period trade publications indicate that the feature was originally prepared for release in December 1914 as a four-reeler. That release, however, was postponed and the film's running time was expanded to five reels, likely with intentions to increase the production's box-office potential by lengthening scenes related to its action sequences, which were often called "punches" at studios and in the media during the silent era. Advertisements for the film, descriptions of its content, and reviews began appearing in leading trade publications and newspapers by mid-December 1914 and early 1915, over seven months prior to the picture's initial distribution. In its January 10, 1915 issue, the Chicago Daily Tribune highlights for its readers the "forthcoming" film's action scenes:

For the next three months, promotion of the film with no given release date continued. Finally, by the first of May several major trade publications announced "the week of July 5"; nevertheless, even in its June issue the movie-fan monthly Motion Picture Magazine still advertised the film's length being in "4 Parts", as being a four-reeler rather than a five-reeler. Limited screenings of the drama did begin in some theaters in larger cities in early July, but a wider distribution of the film did not commence for another three months, until October 11. The principal reason for the film's delayed and then staggered release was due to scheduling adustments associated with Lubin Manufacturing Company's new distribution partnership with three other film studios: Vitagraph, Selig, and Essanay. Under the incorporated title "V-L-S-E", the companies in 1915 began coordinating their marketing schedules and release dates. In addition, Lubin's financial circumstances and production calendars had been seriously affected by a disastrous fire in June 1914, a blaze that destroyed millions of feet of film in the company's main storage vault in Philadelphia. Those losses—all of which were uninsured—included a huge collection of original prints, master negatives of past projects, supplies of stock footage and "raw" film, as well as "several features ready for release".

Reception
Two days before the film's limited release in July 1915, Motography described it as an "elaborate, spectacular drama" and predicted it would "strongly appeal to all classes of audiences". The feature received mostly positive reactions from critics, although it did have some detractors. As anticipated by Lubin, the reviewers' greatest attention was given to the production's two most dramatic sequences. Later, on October 23, after the film's second, wider release, Thomas C. Kennedy of Motography assesses it in greater detail and praises the scenes that "compel one's attention":
In her review for Motion Picture News, Irene Page Solomon praises the film as "a smashing play" with "force in its plot" and "strength in its characters". Solomon was impressed as well by the train wreck, although she found Fielding's direction of camera work and his editing decisions for the mountain explosion even more effective, especially in one instance, recounting how "a little baby cooing in the midst of the landslide and finally coming out unharmed, relieves the tenseness of the big scene and touches the hearts of the spectators."

Joshua Lowe, one of the critics for the entertainment paper Variety, was also captivated by the film's  "'big' scenes", including its "dynamite explosion of no mean proportions". He, though, judged the photoplay's overall plot to be inconsistent and "too long-drawn out" with the first part of its story having "no apparent bearing upon the remainder of the narrative". "As a sensational feature", writes Lowe in his October 23 review, "it misses fire."

"Lost" status of the film
No full prints or any one this Lubin production's five reels are preserved in the Library of Congress, the UCLA Film Archives, in the collection of moving images at the Museum of Modern Art, the George Eastman Museum, or in European film repositories. In its 2019 list of lost feature films released in the United States between 1912 and 1929, the Library of Congress includes The Valley of Lost Hope. Film stills published in 1915 trade journals, such as those depicted on this page, provide at least a basic visual record of the content of a few scenes in the production. Some brief footage of the noted train wreck does exist in another film, in a surviving copy of "A Partner to Providence", which is episode or "chapter" 8 of The Beloved Adventurer, a Lubin serial released in the final months of 1914. The original print of that chapter is preserved in the Motion Picture Division of the Library of Congress.

Notes

References

See also

List of lost films

External links

1915 films
1915 drama films
Silent American drama films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Romaine Fielding
Lost American films
Gold rushes
Gold prospecting
1915 lost films
Lost drama films
1910s American films
1910s English-language films

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Florida A&M Mourns Shannon Washington
September 4, 2011 12:00 am by Royal Shepherd
Students filed by the hundreds into Lee Hall auditorium for the vigil ceremony of Shannon Washington, a Florida A&M student and women's basketball shooting guard. Athletes donned their respective team jerseys, and the rest of the student body entered with heavy hearts for the fallen Rattler.
The evening's events provided many teary-eyed testimonies to the life of Washington. Her sister, Brittney Washington, was amongst those to speak. She appreciated the quickness of the Florida A&M family in paying homage to her sister's life. "Even though most of you didn't know her, I just want to thank you all for your love and support," Washington said. "She was only here for a week or so, but in her time here she was really happy."
Washington, a recent transfer from Illinois Vally Community College (IVCC), was stabbed to death early Sunday in an argument with her friend, Starquinesha Palmer. The 20-year-old attacker has since been arrested and charged with first-degree murder.
Ledawn Gibson, head coach of the women's basketball team, said that the bond they've developed over the past years continued to grow once she got to Tallahassee.
"I've known Shannon for the past seven years, but in the short two weeks that she was here, we became closer and closer," Gibson said. Her speech was cut short, as she had succumbed to her grief.
As the team stood on stage with their coach, several of the players could not fight back the tears. During their speeches, teammates praised her work ethic and personality.
Quiana Donald had grown particularly close to Washington, and was with her in her last moments.
"From the first day Shannon got her we talked about everything. You never saw one of us without the other," Donald said. "My last words to her were I love you."
University President James Ammons noted how the untimely incident came only moments after the school was in a state of jubilation.
"What a difference a day makes," Ammons said. "Yesterday, we were all excited about our football team's victory. Tonight we are here mourning the death of Ms. Washington. We are truly saddened by her passing."
In attendance were Dr. Walter Smith, the 7th university president and the Florida State University Women's basketball team.
For more information about Washington and the case, see The FAMUAN newspaper's first Fall 2011 edition on Wednesday, September 7.
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Before I had my children, I used to be a regular gym-goer. I would go about three times a week, mixing it up with a yoga class, a spin class and a cardio workout. It was great! Since becoming a mummy, my priorities have changed and some of my personal hobbies had to go – my gym membership was one of them.
I miss going to workout classes at the gym; DVDs just aren't the same. I can pause a DVD when I get tired, whereas being in a class spurs me to push myself and carry on. The instructor on the DVD can't give me pointers or answer my questions. That's where Hey Workout steps in!
With Mummy Workouts I can attend live, interactive fitness classes without stepping out of my front door. I can choose from a range of yoga, Pilates, legs bums and tums, core workouts and more, and if I miss a class I can catch up by watching the recording in my own time.
I had the opportunity to give Hey Workout a trial* for couple of weeks and was really excited at the thought of being able to take part in workout classes again. Unfortunately for me Baby J has been a bit of a pickle at bedtimes recently, thanks to the hot weather making him fussy, so I kept missing classes. However I finally managed to join in with a 30 minute vinyasa flow yoga class, hurrah!
I logged in via my phone, joined the class and suddenly Tina, the trainer, appeared on my screen. I felt a little shy so I turned off my webcam meaning she couldn't see me, but I could still see and hear her. Even with the webcam turned on, the only person that would have been able to see me would have been Tina, as participants can only see the trainer and not each other. Also, only the trainer is recorded during the class. Thank god. No one needs to see me huffing and puffing away!
The yoga class was excellent and I worked up a real sweat by the end of the 30 minutes! Tina was great at giving instruction and I could see her looking at her screen and encouraging the other participants. I regretted not turning on my webcam in the end – next time I won't be a black screen!
Mummy Workouts membership costs between £8-12 per month, depending on whether you choose monthly, 4-monthly or annual membership. Monthly membership costs £12 per month, 4-monthly is £42 (£10.50 per month) and annual is £96 (£8 per month). Way cheaper than a gym pass and you get full access to all of the live and recorded classes!
How do you find time to fit exercise in around your family life? What do you think of Hey Workout? Let me know if you trial the classes!
*I was given a free trial in return for an honest review.
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I'm still very new to posting to a blog. I'm going to start with why I think I do this work, why I love education advocacy work.
I grew up poor; my mom was a single mom of 4 kids who worked for the telephone company. She valued education and encouraged us to succeed. In spite of this, I lost a brother to drugs and another brother for 20 years to alcohol (sober 15 years now).
We lived in a working class neighborhood where most people worked at the Armour meat packing plant. I went to high school knowing I would go to college. I took college prep classes and I had pretty good grades, good enough to get into a state college.
I vividly remember talking to my school counselor about going to college. I remember she was cute, blond, perky and that I only met with her once in the course of four years. The reason I remember her is because she discouraged me from going to a four year college. I never understood why. I can only guess it was because I was poor and my mom was a single parent, and my brothers were in trouble a lot. She wouldn't help me get the applications for college; she wouldn't help me figure out how to apply to college. I had no clue. No-one, literally no-one I knew had gone to college. Through sheer will I figured out how to get an application and I got in, went to college, worked at Microsoft, had children and became an advocate for education.
I do this work because it shouldn't be so difficult for children, who want to learn, to get a good education. I want higher graduation requirements because I know most students need the guidance and the push to get what they really need. If we don't have the structure, too many children are discouraged, like me, from trying. And, if they didn't have the parental support, or didn't have the intense drive, they would just stop trying and never get the education they deserve.
On Wednesday, I saw parents from all across the state come to Olympia to say "our kids need more." They need a six hour class day in order to just keep pace with 21st century demands, they need quality teachers to make sure that they learn a years worth of material in every year, and they need higher graduation requirements to prepare our kids for a 21st century life. HB 1410 and SB 5444 resonate with parents and the community. The world has changed. Our children need more time in the classroom and more higher level classes, and they need quality teachers to deliver them.
These bills deliver a 21st century education our communities want and our children need.
I spent last Friday with the 2008-09 City Year Seattle/King County corps, and it was wonderful to be back! This time last year I was wearing the red jacket, volunteering at Chief Sealth High School and running a service-learning program for high school youth. Last Friday I put on my alumna hat by speaking with City Year stakeholders and educating this year's corps about why they should vote.
What a powerful group of young people — 53 idealists from across the nation, ages 17-24, who have come to Seattle to serve youth in the Pacific Northwest. A few corps members are from Washington; most are from out-of-state. Yes, that's right — here's a fresh crop of new Washington voters, young adults eager to learn about Washington's public schools.
These are our most valuable education voters. They are our future teachers, school administrators, non-profit leaders, social workers and perhaps even our future legislators. City Year places these energetic, passionate young adults in schools around Puget Sound, including Wing Luke Elementary, Dearborn Park Elementary, Denny Middle School, Asa Mercer Middle School, Chinook Middle School (Highline), Chief Sealth High School and the African-American Academy. Corps members also serve youth at Treehouse, South Park Community Center and the Center for Young Adults (part of the YMCA of Greater Seattle), .
City Year corps members are familiar with education issues because they are in classrooms as tutors and mentors, providing academic support to K-12 students and facilitating afterschool programs and weekend service-learning programs. They are invested in the issues because they know the students, parents and teachers affected by key issues like the WASL, graduation requirements and funding.
Last Friday was productive and inspirational. It started with the Breakfast of Champions, a community engagement event attended by a variety of stakeholders including Cheryl Chow (president) and Harium Martin-Morris (director) of the Seattle School Board and Davy Muth, Wing Luke Elementary principal and City Year service partner.
Following the breakfast, I delivered a presentation to the corps called, "You, Washington State and the 2008 Election." My goals were to register new voters, remind out-of-state voters to check their state guidelines and to highlight why every vote counts. Here in Washington State, we're all quite familiar with tight races. If the 2004 gubernatorial race and last year's Simple Majority Campaign won't convince you that your vote matters, I don't know what will!
According to a USA TODAY/MTV/Gallup Poll of registered 18-29 year-old voters (see the October 6th USA Today article, "Young voters hint at electorate shift"), Obama leads McCain 61 percent to 32 percent among this age group, making this "the most lopsided contest within an age group in any presidential election in modern times." The young voter turnout rate jumped 9 percentage points from 2000 to 2004, and in the presidential primaries, it nearly doubled in 2008 (since 2000).
Volunteerism is on the rise, especially among young people. Involvement in community service raises social and political awareness. Greater knowledge and investment in pressing social issues fuel the fire for change. It's no wonder young voters support Obama. He inspires greater participation in national service programs like City Year, Teach For America and AmeriCorps because a) he's mobilizing youth and b) he's willing to financially reward those who commit to national service.
City Year, keep up the great work! Friday was a reminder of the importance of outreach and the ripple effect that it has on social change.
The African American Achievement Gap Advisory Committee (created by HB 2722) met at UW-Tacoma yesterday. The main attraction of the meeting was Paul Ruiz of The Education Trust. Mr. Ruiz is one of EdTrust's experts on the achievement gap, and brought along the latest version of "Education Watch: Washington." You can read the 2006 version here.
Kids should leave high school with ability to pursue options (college, trades, etc).
When looking at NAEP and WASL scores, Washington is telling two different stories about proficiency (Of 4th graders, 77 percent passed the 2007 Reading WASL, compared to 37 percent scoring proficient or higher on NAEP).
The faculty of low-income/high-minority schools should mirror the faculty at affluent schools (meaning our teacher workforce should be more equally distributed).
We shouldn't force teachers to teach where they don't want to go, but the Legislature can set money aside to be used by high-poverty schools as incentives to attract teachers.
In order to improve student achievement, the Committee (and State) should set goals and then allow districts and schools to figure out to meet those goals.
After a brief Q-and-A session with Mr. Ruiz, the Committee broke for a working lunch to discuss the efforts of its three workgroups.
Next, we heard from Janell Newman (of OSPI) and Dan Barkley about district and school improvement and accountability. Dr. Newman and Mr. Barkley gave a presentation on Washington schools in improvement steps (as defined under No Child Left Behind) and how the State works with some of those schools. In the data recently released by OSPI, we learned 628 schools (of 2,115) are in an improvement step. This is up from 280 schools last year and 180 schools in 2005. And while OSPI only has the resources to help about 100 schools, they were able to make progress with those schools.
The big challenge here is the State cannot intervene in schools in improvement steps unless it is asked. If all goes well with the State Board of Education, Washington will have a new accountability system that gives the State the ability to intervene when schools are struggling. To learn more about the effort of the SBE, click here.
The Committee ended by reviewing its interim report, due next week. These are typically status reports, and the Committee seems on track to meet its final draft deadline in December.
They say nothing makes sense in your twenties. You're young. You don't know what you want.
But I do know what I want, and I can't stop thinking about it. I want to teach Spanish in Seattle Public Schools, preferably at a high school in south Seattle beginning in fall 2010.
I thought I "needed" to do "other things" first. For six years I was convinced that I would be a sportswriter. A few weeks into my first quarter at the School of Journalism and Communication at the University of Oregon, I woke up to the reality that writing about baseball everyday was not going to be as fulfilling as it was fun to dream about.
The funny thing is that I have always wanted to teach, yet I always had an excuse as to why I should wait, why I should pursue other careers.
Then again, maybe there were reasons that I was discouraged from teaching. It is pretty daunting to waltz into a broken system. Our failure to adequately fund our schools is aggravating. It is disheartening that we don't invest more in our youth and our teachers. When you look at teacher salaries and school funding, it appears that we don't put a high value on education.
Why would I spend roughly $80,000 on Bachelors degrees (journalism and Spanish) and eagerly apply to graduate school for my Masters in Teaching (which means another $30,000 on top of outstanding student loans!) to go into a career where I work 10-12 hours a day, take my work home with me and start out earning less than $40,000 per year?
Because there's nothing else I would rather do. I have never felt so compelled to commit to anything in my whole life. Despite the pessimism and harsh realities of the education system, I can't wait to have my own classroom.
As a corps member with City Year Seattle/King County last year, I had the opportunity to tutor in a Seattle high school two days a week. Those two days a week clearly reminded me of a) why I'm up for the challenge and b) why I can't wait any longer.
Two years from now I will be standing in front of my own classroom. However, until then, I have my work cut out for me.
I invite you to join me in this adventure. I'll update you every Friday, and if something comes up during the week that I can't wait to post, I'll fill you in. Oh, and by the way, starting Tuesday of next week, I'll be volunteering in high school Spanish classes once again… stay tuned!
This is a special week. One million children will fill their backpacks with new books, nervous energy and optimism and board yellow buses to return to school. Some are all but guaranteed to end the school year far ahead of where they are now. Too many will be less fortunate, experiencing less opportunity for growth, or worse yet, stagnation.
This school year we citizens have an opportunity to partner with educators, principals, and policymakers to ensure that all of our kids are headed back to school and back to quality.
Our vision: Every student is able to read by third grade. Every child deserves to arrive on their first day of kindergarten prepared to succeed. Unfortunately, over the past five years pass rates on the 4th grade Reading WASL have declined. One of the most effective ways to get us back on track is to invest in high-quality early learning programs, like Washington Head Start, and professional development for child care providers. As the Basic Education Finance Task Force redefines basic education, early learning must be included as one of the most promising avenues to impact student achievement from the very beginning.
Our vision: An excellent teacher in every classroom. Every child deserves a quality education from kindergarten and beyond, and excellent teachers are profoundly important to this journey. But three in five students in Washington attend an underperforming school where they may not learn what they need. That's unacceptable. Fortunately solutions are in the works. The Basic Education Finance Task Force will propose measures to professionalize the teaching profession, which is likely to include an evaluation system to reward and support great teaching. Additionally, the State Board of Education will propose a series of steps that aim to turn around schools that underperform year after year.
Our vision: Every high school graduate is ready for college and work. Every child deserves to choose his or her path after high school. Unfortunately, not all high school students are given this choice in Washington. Only 41 percent of high school graduates meet college entrance requirements — and over half of entering community college students take remedial classes they should have mastered in high school. To help ensure a high school diploma means college and work ready, the State Board of Education adopted CORE 24 as the new graduation requirement framework. CORE 24 aligns high school course work with college entrance requirements and workforce expectations. Before the Board can implement these new requirements, we need to persuade the Legislature to fund more than just a five-period day.
The time for bold solutions is now.
The reform efforts mentioned above will be debated and decided during the upcoming 2008-09 school year. In this year of education, it is appropriate to assess not only student achievement, but citizen involvement. What will our citizen report card show?
Join us to change the world by changing our schools. We're parents and community members who saw a need for a more independent voice and real results for all children. We're dedicated to the idea that every one of our million school children deserves an excellent education and we need you.
Visit didyouknowcampaign.com to learn more about what you can do to make a difference for kids.
Hi, I'm Katarina. Born here in Seattle, I am an upcoming high school junior. I have attended private school my whole life but I'm very interested and eager to learn more about issues in the public schools. Through Rainier Scholars, I was offered this opportunity to intern at the League of Education Voters office.
I consider Rainier Scholars more than just an academic program but as a family. The positive and continuous encouragement from everyone at RS has led me to truly believe an individual can make a difference in this world. By helping to develop future leaders, Rainier Scholars has helped me and my peers see our potential and have motivated us to step to up and prove that success is for everyone. I have been a part of Rainier Scholars since fifth grade and looking back, I can see the difference they have made in my life.
In two years I will be off to college. At this point, I am still unsure about what school I want to attend or what profession I want to pursue but with the support of school counselors, family and Rainier Scholars, I know I am heading down the right path. As a child I wanted to be everything. Now that I am older I know I can be anything, I just have to believe in my dreams and know my options.
I enjoy playing volleyball and just kicking back in the summer sun with friends. I spend a majority of my time with my two sisters and parents. Art is a large part of my life. I danced ballet for six years and I have recently started to draw and paint more. I played the piano and flute for a little and I listen to music whenever I can. I am also an active member of my church and youth group. Summer is my favorite season and I'm always up for an adventure.


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HomeBLOGSupporting Girls to Fulfill their DREAMS
Supporting Girls to Fulfill their DREAMS
By: Deborah L. Birx, U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator & U.S. Special Representative for Global Health Diplomacy at the U.S. Department of State | Published: October 12, 2018
Global HealthGlobal Health Initiative
PEPFARPresident's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
Cross-posted from U.S. Department of State
On the International Day of the Girl Child (October 11), the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) stands beside girls to ensure that they reach their greatest potential.
Through the DREAMS public-private partnership, PEPFAR is committed to supporting girls to grow into Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-free, Mentored, and Safe young women. By meaningfully engaging and partnering with adolescent girls, their families, and communities, PEPFAR helps set the stage for brighter futures.
To date, DREAMS has supported 2.5 million adolescent girls and young women with critical comprehensive HIV prevention interventions. In 10 African countries, over 60 percent of the highest-HIV-burden communities or districts implementing DREAMS achieved a greater than 25 percent decline in new HIV diagnoses among young women from 2015-2017.
In line with this year's International Day of the Girl Child theme – "With Her: A Skilled GirlForce" – a critical component of DREAMS is ensuring that girls are placed on a trajectory of economic independence through education, financial literacy, preparation for the job market, and entrepreneurship. DREAMS provides girls with education subsidies to support their transition to secondary school and graduation, which both increases their chances of pursuing advanced education and/or gainful employment, while also protecting them from HIV.
DREAMS beneficiaries are collaborating in savings groups and entrepreneurial activities to develop new skills and earn incomes to save and invest in their families and communities. Ideally, the layering of interventions supports girls in charting their own paths with positive health outcomes and increased self-efficacy. Girls are also linked to sustainable employment opportunities through the DREAMS Innovation Challenge.
Kenya is one of the 15 countries where DREAMS now works. In Kenya, the African Centre for Women, Information & Communications Technology is implementing a demand-driven, skills-building employability program aimed at improving employment prospects and income-generating capacities of disadvantaged girls ages 19-24 from low-income households. The young women are equipped with technical, life and business skills, online work, financial literacy and coding skills, and HIV education, coupled with job placements support. More than half of the beneficiaries have been placed into jobs or entrepreneurship ventures.
DREAMS is supporting millions of girls to write their own stories. In Kenya, several DREAMS girls got together to tell theirs, creating a video that shows what DREAMS is all about.
For more stories about DREAMS, check out the DREAMS Story Map.
About the Author: Ambassador Deborah L. Birx, M.D. is U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator and U.S. Special Representative for Global Health Diplomacy.
CDC National HIV Testing Day Dear Colleague Letter
IHS and Cherokee Nation Launch New HIV Pilot Project


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Daily Archives:March 27th, 2008
The 'Grand Arcade', Cambridge's new shopping mall, opened its doors at 10am this morning. At one level, it's just another shopping centre. But they've done a nice job of burying some quite pleasing stone- and wood-clad modern architecture…
behind the old shops on Regent Street:
There were pretty girls wearing Grand Arcade sashes, inaudible speeches by the mayor, and aerial acrobatics:
and there were balloons falling from the sky.
All mildly entertaining, but for me, the most amazing thing was the genius of the Apple marketing machine. I didn't even go into the shiny new Apple store – I've been into plenty of those in other places – but hundreds of other people did. Dozens of new shops opened their doors for the first time today, but the centre was dominated by the long queue waiting to go into Apple and get their free tee-shirt. The Apple employees outside cheered and applauded the first customers to enter. People lined the galleries wondering what was happening and asking each other why this was the most exciting thing in the arcade. Sheer brilliance.
Michael and Laura must have been around number 150 in the queue but still got the VIP treatment.
Compare this to the 'Coast' store as photographed by Geoff Jones…
The sign says, We're really sorry, we're unable to open as our till system is not working.
In Arcadia ego My friend Hap and I drove from Cambridge to Grasmere...
Customer Disservice I'm generally quite a satisfied customer of my broadband service...
Legal Foundations An elderly woman in Manhattan walked into the door of...
iPod Camera connector The iPod camera connector will be available before long. It's...
One week from today
"The footsteps grew louder, and now Mary could make out the dim figure of a man advancing towards her. What was he doing on that lonely stretch of road on a dark, inclement night? It seemed impossible that he was an innocent traveller, however much she wished he might be. His tread was too cautious, almost furtive, and he was carrying something… it looked like an unlighted lantern. Surely an honest man would not choose to travel in the dark?"
The UK edition of Rose's novel, The Blackstone Key, hits the shelves on Thursday.
Blackstone beginnings Exciting stuff – The Blackstone Key is not officially launched...
Proof of concept This week we received the first bound proofs of Rose's...
The Blackstone Key in America The US/Canada edition of Rose's latest book officially hits the...
Il Codice Blackstone Very chuffed that copies of the Italian translation of The...


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Barbara Cartland isn't dead, she's writing for the ACM
By Barry Everingham | 11 March 2011, 4:51pm | comments |
BREAKING NEWS: Barbara Cartland isn't dead. She writing for a monarchist blog using a pseudonym "Professor David Flint" and she's as prolific as ever. Barry Everingham comments.
Barbara Cartland: still writing purple prose, though under a pseudonym for the ACM
Well, it's not true of course but Flint is going over the top these days. He's obsessed by William of Wales and his live in girlfriend Kate Middleton and their doings.
Kate and Prince William in Belfast—gush!
Childhood pictures of Kate—gush!
William to visit Australia and New Zealand alone—gush!
Gillard branded untrustworthy monarchist—gotcha!
And the child monarchist Jai Martinkovics: more knowledge of monarchy is favoured—unadulterated crap.
But that's just for starters.
Flint positively salivates about the results of a Newspoll showing Gillard is losing ground over the carbon tax issue and likens the findings to his perception of the public's attitude to the monarchy.
Err...what?!
Without a skerrick of shame he declares, hand-on-heart, that his organisation (ACM is jointly owned and controlled by the Indonesian-born Flint and the London-born Tom Flynn) doesn't take sides in politics.
Come again?!
Their site reads like a far-right fact sheet—David Flint himself is a paid-up member of the Liberal Party's looney rabid right. And, of course, Tom Flynn is deeply involved with the Young Liberals: note picture below.
Flint sees the world through a royal lorgnette—anything royal is OK by the professor.
He even predicts the return to power of the Kings of Libya, Egypt and Iraq.
What was that?!
That couldn't possibly happen and Flint knows it (if he doesn't know it he's completely bonkers).
We haven't heard him on the current very serious allegations surrounding the Duke of York—4th in the line of succession to the "throne of Australia". And we haven't heard just half of what the second son has been up to—yet. Flint's spin will be interesting indeed.
The good professor might do well to read Jeremy Paxman's description on the aftermath of Spain's Carlos II, whose death without an heir triggered the War of the Spanish Succession.
Thomas Flynn with his young Liberal colleagues
That the Spanish court did all it could to keep upon the throne a man who was so pitifully incapable ('Many people tell me I am bewitched,' the poor man once said, 'and I well believe it, such are the things I suffer') demonstrates the first essential thing about kings.
This is that what they do is less important than the fact that they exist at all.
Kings may be good or bad, saintly, lecherous, wise, stupid, athletic or indolent.
All will be tolerated because those who believe in the hereditary principle necessarily accept that their head of state will not be there by election, talent or ambition.
No other area of human activity is so easily reduced to the three essential transactions of birth, marriage and death.
AUSTRALIANS TAKE NOTE!
ACM David Flint Julia Gillard monarchist lies Monarchist slurs Thomas Flynn Young Liberals
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1 September 2015, 10:00am With the Dyson Heydon debacle and the Border Force farce, Team Australia Captain ...
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2 March 2015, 8:00pm Senior correspondent Barry Everingham says IA should be supported, because it has ...
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Q: Theorem on existence and uniqueness Consider the differential equations and:

*

*$x'=x^2$ with initial condition $x(0)=x_0$≠0

*$x'=x^2-1$ with initial condition $x(0)=x_0$

*$x'=x^2+1$ with initial condition $x(0)=x_0$
a. Verify that the theorem on existence and uniqueness applies.
So my understanding is that in order for the theorem on existence and uniqueness to apply, the scalar differential equation $x'=f(x)$ and f(x) and f'(x) both have to be continuous. Is this correct or am I missing some requirements?
b. Solve for an explicit solution
So I am looking for the flow of the differential equation, $ϕ(t;x_0)$ right? My book says that the flow is the funciton which give the solution as a function of time and $x_0$. I guess I don't really understand how to compute the flow, from my book I got:
"For a linear system, $x'=Ax$, the flow $ϕ(t;x_0)=e^{At}x_0$"
But I can't find a worked out solution in the book, so I am a little confused. So I have to find the matrix A and then the flow is just e to the power of that matrix multiplied by t and then multiply everything by the initial condition? How can I find A from these equations above?
c. What is the maximal interval of definition?
I can't find a definition in the book for the "maximal interval of definition", so I am assuming it's just asking for what values is the function defined?

*

*$x'=x^2$ with initial condition $x(0)=x_0$≠0

a.$$x'=f(x)=x^2$$
$$f'(x)=2x$$
Since both f(x) and f'(x) are continuous everywhere, the theorem on existence and uniqueness applies.
b.
c.

*$x'=x^2-1$ with initial condition $x(0)=x_0$

a. $$x'=f(x)=x^2-1$$
$$f'(x)=2x$$
Since both f(x) and f'(x) are continuous everywhere, the theorem on existence and uniqueness applies.
b.
c.

*$x'=x^2+1$ with initial condition $x(0)=x_0$

$$x'=f(x)=x^2+1$$
$$f'(x)=2x$$
Since both f(x) and f'(x) are continuous everywhere, the theorem on existence and uniqueness applies.
b.
c.

A: a) $f$ and $f'$ continuous is sufficient for the existence and uniqueness theorem (in fact you only need weaker conditions but this is useless here, see Cauchy-Lipschitz theorem)
b) "For a linear system, $x′=Ax$, the flow $\varphi(t;x_0)=e^{At}x_0$"
This holds only for linear differential equations. These equations are not linear, for example, suppose that $x(t)$ is a solution of the first equation ($x'(t)=x^2(t)$), let $y$ be defined by $y(t)=\lambda x(t)$ with $\lambda$ a real. Then $y'(t)=\lambda x'(t)=\lambda x^2(t)\neq y^2(t)$ so $y$ is not a solution to this equation.
Be careful because here $x$ is a function of $t$ and not a variable.
You can solve the first equation this way :
$$x'(t)  =  x^2(t)$$
$$\frac{x'(t)}{x^2(t)}  = 1  $$
You can do this on an interval around $0$ where $x(t)$ is not equal to $0$
$$\int^{t}_0 \frac{x'(u)}{x^2(u)} du=\int^{t}_0  du$$
$$\left[ -\frac{1}{x(u)} \right]_0^{t}=t$$
$$\frac{1}{x(0)}-\frac{1}{x(t)}=t$$
$$x(t)=\frac{1}{\frac{1}{x_0}-t}=\frac{x_0}{1-x_0t}$$
You can check that $x(0)=x_0$ and $x'(t)=-x_0\frac{-x_0}{(1-x_0t)^2}=x(t)^2$.
c) From the uniqueness part of the theorem you get that the previous function is the unique solution of the problem. It is defined on the interval $\left]-\infty,\frac{1}{x_0}\right[$ if $x_0$ is positive and $\left]\frac{1}{x_0},+\infty\right[$ if $x_0$ is negative. This is the maximal interval.
I let you do the second and third equations, the integration step is a little harder.


ADA, based in Melbourne, manufactures more than 500,000 uniforms across a range of contracts every year. For the ADF, this includes the Standard Combat Uniform, Operational Combat Uniform, Soldier Combat Ensemble, Load Carriage Equipment and Flyers Ensembles. Including specialised items such as Tiered Body Armour System vests and pouches ADA produces between 750,000 and one million units per year.
One of the products that has come out of research is an innovative pack frame that can be easily adjusted to the wearer's weight and height has been developed. Known as the One299 backpack frame, the product won the 2016 Land Defence Australia – National Industry Innovation Award last September. Over 30,000 frames have been supplied to the ADF, and there has been international interest as well.
ADA is working with the ADF to develop the next generation of uniforms using e-textiles, in which communication data is passed through fibres embedding in the clothing. This would eliminate the need for cables and reduce the weight a soldier would have to carry.
Another hi-tech project designed to improve soldier performance is a titanium exoskeleton that would wrap around a soldier's body, and would help take the weight of a backpack. The technology is being developed with the US Army's elite special operations command, and could be rolled out to the general army in 2018. The project is being run with ADA's parent company Logistik Unicorp, a global specialist uniform company headquartered in Canada.
"The first version is not powered but we are working on a battery-powered one for the US," says Graham. "The powered suit would sense muscle reflexes and activate to take the weight of the soldier's movement. In the US, they are calling it the Iron Man project. It might sound sci-fi but the potential is enormous, especially given the number of injuries that soldiers incur by carrying heavy weight. There are other applications in the health and disability sector as well. You can see the potential.
Graham notes that liaison with the ADF is ongoing, and cites the organisation Diggerworks within the ADF procurement system as a key partner. Diggerworks is designed to collect, analyse and utilise feedback from soldiers in the field, and Graham sees the link with field operations as crucial in ensuring that soldiers get what they need. The current emphasis is on giving soldiers flexibility in weapons, protection and communications without adding to the weight they have to carry.
Even though the defence sector is in a growth phase Graham sees diversification as a crucial strategy for the long term. He believes that the company's good reputation as an ADF supplier can be parlayed into other fields.
One of ADA's largest non-defence projects was the contract to provide a new uniform range for New South Wales Health, with more than 80,000 uniformed staff. This entailed rollout across the state with full end-to-end inventory and supply chain management.
Another piece of the diversification strategy was the recent acquisition of LE Gear, a leading supplier of law enforcement, military, public safety and outdoor sports products.


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text:
Home 2019 Frog Jumping in O.C.? It's not Just Swallows Gathering in San Juan...
Frog Jumping in O.C.? It's not Just Swallows Gathering in San Juan Capistrano
Laura Saari
Illustration by Faye Rogers
As a volunteer, I read a book about amphibians to elementary school kids at McFadden Library in Santa Ana, and I was sad to learn none of them had ever seen a frog.
This led to a field trip to Crystal Cove State Park to look for one. I tried to scale back expectations. Even among the green grasses of coastal Orange County, frogs are not exactly croaking in every gully.
But there is one place you're certain to see frogs this month: San Juan Capistrano. For the fifth year in a row, a frog-jumping competition is being offered as part of the time-honored Swallow's Day weekend events.
What do frogs have to do with the swallows returning to San Juan Capistrano?
As it turns out, nothing. Unless you count the fact that they both eat crickets.
Still, on March 22 at the Mission Grill, hundreds of children will show up to cheer on their favorites at the not-so-celebrated annual frog jump of San Juan Capistrano.
The SJC Fiesta Association supplies the frogs—recent competitors from the Kernville Whiskey Flat frog jump, which conveniently happens in February. It was at Whiskey Flat where the idea began, when Fiesta committee volunteer Jennifer Darling saw how much fun people had jumping frogs in Kern County.
"I brought it up to the Fiesta for years," she said. "The board laughed at it. They thought it was the stupidest thing they'd ever heard."
Not stupider, of course, than the hairiest man contest, a Fiesta staple, or the Hoos' Gow day, where people who aren't wearing Western garb are rounded up and thrown into a fake jail, forced to post bail for charity. And clearly not stupider than sitting around waiting for those fickle swallows to return to begin with.
Darling later served on the Fiesta board and was able to convince her colleagues that the frog jump would add to the feeling of the Old West. Think Mark Twain, who immortalized frog jumps with his short story "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County."
If a frog jump seems unlikely in Orange County, it wasn't even a thing in Calaveras County when Twain penned the piece that launched his career and umpteen competitive frog-jumping contests across the nation. Twain published his frog story in 1865. The first actual frog jump in Calaveras County took place 63 years later, in 1928.
In San Juan Capistrano, Darling saw the frog jump as a moneymaker for the association: "In Kernville, they run it like a horse race. You put down a $2 or $3 bet, and it's a two-day event." Darling ran it that way until someone decided to take the betting out, because it had turned out to be more of a children's event.
When Jim Taylor was elected Fiesta president in 2017, Darling told him: "You can't let this die." Along with the tradition, Taylor also had to take over the care and feeding of the frogs, which arrive from Kernville in a refrigerated state of hibernation.
"When I first get the frog delivery," Taylor says, "I place them into a tub. One giant, green sludge pile. I put them on the patio with 250 crickets, put a lid on the tub, and before too long, all those crickets are gone."
By the time Taylor gets them to the Mission Grill, they're good to go. Usually.
The kids pick their favorites, often by choosing the color of yarn around the frogs' legs or taking a fancy to a particular frog name, which is supplied by a sponsor. Since the contest began, there has been a contestant named Tastes Like Chicken, representing the Swallow's Inn crowd.
Next, everyone forms a circle. The frogs are supposed to jump toward the empty center about 5 feet from where they're released. But that's not always what happens.
"We turn the bucket with the frogs upside down, and it's hilarious. Half the time, they just look around at all of us and sit there," Taylor says. "Does anyone know how to say 'go' in frog?" A programmer by day, Taylor also chairs the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention in Orange County and the Laguna Niguel holiday parade, and moonlights as a stand-up comic. All of this when he's not feeding crickets to frogs.
He notes that weather plays a big part in the frogs' performance. "One year, it was cold and rainy, and the frogs just sat there and didn't do anything. Those frogs couldn't figure out if they were supposed to be awake or hibernating. One frog leapt up and landed on his back and just lay there. All the kids watching. He's nonresponsive. Eyes still open. Kinda creepy. I reached over, picked up the frog, and started breathing hot air on him. Though I held back on the mouth-to-mouth."
I can't help but recall Mark Twain's immobile frog: "He couldn't budge; he was planted as solid as an anvil, and he couldn't no more stir than if he was anchored out."
Taylor continues: "The roof leaked, rain blew out the P.A. system, and this lady I know, Leslie Leone, was all dressed up in her cowboy outfit, and she turned out to be a world champion gun spinner. I'm trying to figure out what to do. The kids are crying, the frogs are turning over, and this lady steps out and starts spinning her gun." It saved the event.
When it's warm outside, the frogs jump like crazy. Sometimes right into the kids' laps.
"It's funny," says 10-year-old Savannah Erca of San Clemente, who has competed for the past few years. "Everybody screams even if a frog only jumps a few inches." If the frogs get into the crowd, she says, squeezing her thumb toward her fingers, "everybody catches them like this. And they feel so slimy."
Taylor early on realized he couldn't handle all the frogs alone. So he designated a frog wrangler—Paul Lambros, a Laguna Niguel broker.
"The frogs get into the crowd, and that's when the fun starts," Lambros says. "Last year, the frogs just squirted out of my hands. I'm a clumsy frog herder. Fortunately, I have an assistant, Betty Voge. Betty's like a pro—she just grabs them."
As long as there are frog wranglers and frog feeders and kids to watch them jump, the annual frog jump looks like it's on its way to becoming a San Juan tradition.
It seems like a good one, too. Because it's surprising how many kids have never seen a frog. As for our little group from Santa Ana, we finally saw not one but three croakers in a creek in Crystal Cove. The kids squealed. I grinned in relief. Yes, there are frogs in Orange County. And, yes, they do jump.
The frog-jumping contest takes place March 22 at 4 p.m. at Mission Grill
in San Juan Capistrano. More information at swallowsparade.com.
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text:
\section*{Supplementary Information}

\subsection*{Section I: Building the source pool}
Here and henceforth, we refer to the assembly model presented in the main text as the ENIgMa model (E:eat, N:need, Ig:ignore, Ma:make).
To initiate the ENIgMa assembly model, we must first constract the source pool, where each ecological entity (species and modifiers) is defined by its potential interactions with each other.
The source pool interaction matrix $\bm P$ is generated by first setting the number of species in the pool $\mathcal{S}_{\bm P}$ and determining the number of modifiers $\mathcal{M}_{\bm P}$ that are made by ecosystem engineers.
The resulting matrix is $\mathcal{N}_{\bm P}\times\mathcal{N}_{\bm P}$ where $\mathcal{N}_{\bm P}=\mathcal{S}_{\bm P}+\mathcal{M}_{\bm P}$, and is subdivided into four quadrants, only two of which play a role here: species-species interactions and species-modifier interactions (see Fig. \ref{fig:model}).
In these two quadrants, the expected frequency of eat interactions ${\rm E}\{p_\rr{e}\}$ and the expected frequency of need interactions ${\rm E}\{p_\rr{n}\}$ are free parameters, as is the expected number of modifiers made per species ${\rm E}\{\mathcal{M}_i\}=\eta$.
Here and throughout, we simplify this parameter space by assuming that the frequency of eat and need interactions for species-species (SS) interactions and species-modifier (SM) interactions are equivalent, such that ${\rm E_{SS}}\{p_\rr{e}\} = {\rm E_{SM}}\{p_\rr{e}\}$ and ${\rm E_{SS}}\{p_\rr{n}\} = {\rm E_{SM}}\{p_\rr{n}\}$.
For each species, a set number of modifiers is drawn from ${\rm Poiss}(\eta)$, such that the expected proportion of species that are engineers (species that make modifiers) is $1-{e}^{-\eta}$.
If a particular modifier is randomly and independently drawn for a given engineer from a complete list of all possible modifiers, such that multiple species -- with some probability -- can make the same modifier, the expected number of modifiers is
\begin{equation}
{\rm E}\{\mathcal{M}_{\bm P}\} = \mathcal{S}_{\bm P}\eta\left(1 - \frac{1}{{e}}\right),
\label{eq:total}
\end{equation}
where $e$ is Euler's number.
The frequency of engineering (make) interactions is then calculated as
\begin{equation}
{\rm E}\{p_\rr{m}\} = \frac{\eta}{\mathcal{S}_{\bm P}\left(1 + \eta - \frac{\eta}{e}\right)^2}.
\end{equation}
Finally the frequency of the non-interaction is calculated as $\rr{E_{SS}}\{p_\rr{\varnothing}\} = 1 - \rr{E_{SS}}\{p_\rr{e}\} + \rr{E_{SS}}\{p_\rr{n}\}$ and  $\rr{E_{SM}}\{p_\rr{\varnothing}\} = 1 - \rr{E_{SM}}\{p_\rr{e}\} + \rr{E_{SM}}\{p_\rr{n}\}+ \rr{E_{SM}}\{p_\rr{m}\}$ for species-species and species-modifier interactions, respectively.
Pairwise interactions are assigned randomly from these probabilities between species-species and species-modifiers independently in both quadrants, such that the source pool matrix has no imbued structure apart from the number of species, the number of modifiers, and the frequency of each directional interaction type.
Each source pool is provided a \emph{basal resource} (the first row/column).
A species with a trophic interaction to this resource is identified as an autotroph (or mixotroph depending on its other trophic interactions).
If they do not have service dependencies with other species/modifiers, it is these species that are uniquely able to initiate assembly.

We can determine analytically the expected number of unique versus redundant modifiers in the source pool.
As the total number of modifiers is given in Eq. \ref{eq:total}, the number of unique modifiers is given by ${\rm E}\{\mathcal{M}_{\bm P}\}_{\rr{unique}} = \mathcal{S}_{\bm P} \eta e^{-1}$.
The number of redundant modifiers is then given as
\begin{equation}
{\rm E}\{\mathcal{M}_{\bm P}\}_{\rr{redundant}} = \eta \mathcal{S}_{\bm P} \frac{e - 2}{e},
\label{eq:redundant}
\end{equation}
such that the proportion of redundant modifiers $\phi$ is
\begin{equation}
\phi = \frac{e-2}{e-1} \approx 0.418.
\label{eq:redundantprop}
\end{equation}
Accordingly, we find that the number of redundant modifiers increases linearly with $\eta$, while the proportion of modifiers that are redundant is fixed.
Figure \ref{fig:redundancy}A,B shows both analytical expectations and numerically-derived measures for ${\rm E}\{\mathcal{M}_{\bm P}\}_{\rr{redundant}}$ and $\phi$, respectively.

\subsection*{Section II: Comparison to niche model}
We compared certain structural features of ENIgMa at steady state to those of the Niche Model \cite{Williams2000}.
Comparisons were restricted to networks constructed in the absence of engineering because engineers introduce indirect effects that are not considered in static food web models, and may make such comparisons irrelevant.
While there are many similarities, there are also some important differences, some of which are highlighted in the main text.
While we consider a comparison of our framework with other food web models such as the Niche Model relevant, we emphasize that the motivations underlying both are distinct.
Our approach is intended to provide a deeper understanding into how multitype dependencies between species and the environment impact the dynamics of community assembly.
While capturing general qualitative features of empirical systems demonstrates that the dynamics we consider are ecologically relevant, the goal of our approach is distinct from that of static food web models, which aim to maximize structural similarities between model and empirical systems \cite{Williams2000,Williams2011}.

We compared steady state ecological networks that emerge from ENIgMa (described in Materials and Methods, main text) with food webs constructed from the Niche Model \cite{Williams2000} with similar species richness and connectance.
Because species richness and connectance of the Niche Model are often altered by eliminating disconnected species, we compared
\emph{i}) species richness,
\emph{ii}) connectance,
\emph{iii}) mean species degree,
\emph{iv}) standard deviation of out-degree distributions, and
\emph{v}) standard deviation of in-degree distributions
averaged across 1000 replicates for each model.

We found that all measures resulted in fairly similar values between ENIgMa and the Niche Model food webs with a some important differences (Figs. \ref{fig:error1},\ref{fig:error2}).
While similar, ENIgMa produces consistently lower values of connectance, mean species degree, as well as standard deviations of the in- and out-degree distributions.
This means that the food webs produced by ENIgMa are more sparsely connected with less variance between species.
These results were expected, as the Niche Model assumes systematically increasing dietary ranges with higher niche values, whereas the trophic interactions assigned to species in the source pool of ENIgMa are drawn independently.
An important difference between the Niche Model and ENIgMa is that we do not distinguish between predators and parasites.
A different framework known as the Inverse Niche Model \cite{Warren2010} has been proposed to address parasitic interactions.
The Inverse Niche Model assumes increasing specialization with feeding hierarchies, which would serve to lower the average generality of species (lower degree).
In addition, the Inverse Niche model outputs lower standard deviations of in- and out-degree distributions.
Together these trends suggest that the qualitative structural differences that we observe for the assembly and Niche model may reflect an important structural distinction between food webs that do and do not include parasitic species.

\subsection*{Section III: Measures of generality}

The trophic breadth of potential colonizers is thought to play an important role in community assembly.
The definition of a specialist or generalist to some degree depends on the size and connectance of the larger food web.
Trophic generality for a species $i$ is defined $G_i = k^{\rm in}_i/(L/S)$, where $k^{\rm in}_i$ is the in-degree, or number of resources consumed by species $i$ \cite{Williams2000}.
A species is classified as a generalist if the number of its trophic interactions is greater than the average number of links per species, or $G_i > 1$, and a specialist if $G_i < 1$, where a community can be described by the proportion of specialists found therein.
For interaction networks that are assembling over time, generality can be scaled by a number of different measures of $L/S$, and this has a large effect on our interpretation of the role of generality in community assembly.
For instance, $L/S$ may be quantified by either including all autotrophic species or only autotrophic functional groups.
Furthermore, the scaling of generality may be made with respect to the current state of the community at each point in time, or with respect to the community at steady state.
For instance, in their investigation of assembling mangrove food webs, Piechnik et al. \cite{Piechnik2008} scaled trophic breadth to a standard steady state value of $L^*/S^* = 0.2$ averaged across 102 food webs.

To examine how our assessment of the role of generalism over the course of assembly changes based on the application of different scalings, we employ three different measures of $L/S$ to calculate $G_i$:
1) $G_i^{\rr{all}}$, where $L$ accounts for all links in the food web and $S$ accounts for all species relative to each time interval in the assembly process (circles; Fig. \ref{fig:spec}b);
2) $G_i^{\rr{hetero}}$, where we consider only the links and species richness of heterotrophs, excluding autotrophs (points; Fig. \ref{fig:spec}b);
3) $G_i^*$, where $L$ and $S$ are measured with respect to the communities at steady state, which is most similar to the measure used to evaluate assembling mangrove food webs (diamonds; Fig. \ref{fig:spec}b).
Whether trophic breadth is scaled to the current state of $L/S$ or the steady state value of $L^*/S^*$ has a large influence on the estimated proportion of generalists in the community, particularly when the size of the system is small.
We observe that for $G_i^{\rr{all}}$, the system is initially assembled by specialist species, though over the course of assembly the proportion of specialists relative to generalists declines to intermediate values (circles representing the average over replicates in Fig. \ref{fig:spec}).
If only the trophic links between non-autotrophs are considered as in $G_i^{\rr{hetero}}$, specialists still dominate early in assembly, but there is a greater range, such that some systems can be described by a mixed proportion of specialists and generalists (individual points representing independent replicates in Fig. \ref{fig:spec}).

The different normalizations by which generality is measured will impact the interpretation of both empirical and model systems alike.
In our framework, species colonizing early in the assembly process are generalists compared to how the term is defined at the steady state, but they are functionally specialists with respect to the assembling community.
For example, a species that is trophically connected to 10 resource species in the source pool may colonize a community where it is consuming a small subset of its potential range.
As the community grows, that species may realize more of its trophic niche if those resource species subsequently colonize the system.
To what end we label this species a generalist or specialist relative to the assembling community is thus subject to multiple interpretations.

\begin{figure*}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{fig_conn.pdf}
\caption{
A. Assembly of communities over time results in steady state species richness by ca. time-step 250.
B. Trophic connectance early in assembly is high because few species are tightly connected.
Over time, connectance decays as species richness increases, and the density of trophic interactions declines.
}
\label{fig:conn}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{fig_errorscatter.pdf}
\caption{
Comparisons of raw structural measures for the assembly (y-axis) and Niche model (x-axis).
If the models produce similar structures, metrics will tend to fall on the 1:1 line (drawn).
While the values for both models are similar, connectance, mean degree, and the standard deviation of in- and out-degree are all lower for the assembly model relative to those measures for the Niche model.
}
\label{fig:error1}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{fig_error.pdf}
\caption{
Error between structural measures of the assembly and Niche models.
Error is measured as $\sqrt{(m_i - m_j)^2}$, where $m_i$ and $m_j$ are structural metrics for the assembly and Niche model, respectively.
Only the trophic network of the assembly model used to assess metrics.
}
\label{fig:error2}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{fig_specialization.pdf}
\caption{
The proportion of specialists as a function of assembly time, where a specialist is defined as a species with a generality index $G_i < 1$.
Measures of $G_i$ are shown normalized to different measures of link-density.
Circles: $G_i^{\rr{all}}$ where $L$ accounts for all links in the food web and $S$ accounts for all species relative to each time interval in the assembly process (averaged across replicates).
Points: $G_i^{\rr{hetero}}$, where we consider only the links and species richness of heterotrophs, excluding autotrophs (each point shows an individual replicate).
Diamonds: $G_i^*$, where $L$ and $S$ are measured with respect to the communities at steady state (averaged across replicates).
This measure is the one presented in the main text and most similar to that used to evaluate assembling mangrove food webs \cite{Piechnik2008}.
}
\label{fig:spec}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{fig_redundancy.pdf}
\caption{
A. Number of redundant modifiers in the source pool as a function of the expected number of modifiers made per species $\eta$.
The red dashed line shows the analytical expectation (Eq. \ref{eq:redundant}).
B. Proportion of redundant modifiers $\phi$ versus the total number of modifiers in the source pool as a function of the expected number of modifiers made per species $\eta$.
The red dashed line shows the analytical expectation of $\phi \approx 0.418$ (Eq. \ref{eq:redundantprop}).
}
\label{fig:redundancy}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{fig_engineers4_unique.pdf}
\caption{
Measures of community robustness as a function of the frequency of service interactions and number of modifiers per species, where each modifier is uniquely made by an engineer.
A. Mean rates of primary extinction, where primary extinctions occur from competitive exclusion of consumers over shared resources.
B. Mean rates of secondary extinction, which cascade from primary extinctions.
C. Mean species persistence, defined as the percent simulation time the community is occupied by a given species, averaged across all species that successfully colonize.
D. The ratio $S^*_{\rm u}/S^*$, where $S^*_{\rm u}$ denotes steady states for systems where all engineered modifiers are unique to each engineer, and $S^*$ denote steady states for systems with redundant engineering. Lower values of $S^*_{\rm u}/S^*$ mean that systems with redundant engineers have higher steady states than those without redundancies.
Values are averaged over 50 replicates for each parameterization.
See Materials and Methods for default parameter values.
}
\label{fig:unique}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{fig_steadystates2.pdf}
\caption{
A. Steady state community richness with redundant engineering.
B. Steady state community richness without redundant engineering.
C. Proportion of species in the source pool that colonize the community at least once throughout the simulation (with redundant engineering).
D. Proportion of species in the source pool that colonize the community at least once throughout the simulation (without redundant engineering).
}
\label{fig:steadystate}
\end{figure*}

\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv