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New Supplements
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INGREDIENTS & RESEARCH
Fennel and IBS
Fennel is native to the Mediterranean region. Fennel has a long history of use. References to its use are found in Roman and Greek writings. In ancient Greece, it was considered a symbol of success.
The puritans referred to fennel as the "meeting seed," as it was a common practice to chew the seeds during meetings. Today, fennel is widely used in India as an after-dinner breath freshener and to help digestion (1).
A research review for the treatment of IBS symptoms show studies of fennel only in combination products. Some of the studies in the review showed that:
A combination of fennel, anise, elderberry, and senna taken daily for 5 days can decrease colon transit time, increase the number of daily evacuations, and improve the perception of bowel function compared with placebo in patients with constipation (2).
A specific tea containing fennel, senna, licorice, orange peel, cassia cinnamon, coriander, and ginger taken for 28 days can increase the number of bowel movements compared with pretreatment in elderly patients with constipation (3).
Perez-Fernandez MA, Calvo-Magro E, Montanero-Fernandez J, and Oyola-Velasco JA. Seed germination in response to chemicals: effect of nitrogen and pH in the media. J Environ Biol. 2006;27(1):13-20.
Picon PD, Picon RV, Costa AF, Sander GB, Amaral KM, Aboy AL, and Henriques AT. Randomized clinical trial of a phytotherapic compound containing Pimpinella anisum, Foeniculum vulgare, Sambucus nigra, and Cassia augustifolia for chronic constipation. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010;10:17.
Bub S, Brinckmann J, Cicconetti G, and Valentine B. Efficacy of an herbal dietary supplement (Smooth Move) in the management of constipation in nursing home residents: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2006;7(9):556-561.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Hayfield Bonus Aran Tweed Leaflet revolutionises your wardrobe with two gorgeous knitting projects and styles for you to try out! Laden with elegant patterns and decorations, use up to two 400 gram Aran balls to create gorgeous looks to wear day to day.
This leaflet is ideal for experienced knitters who want to revamp the closet or want to make something for a loved one. Fresh, trendy and beautifully-patterned, these irresistible patterns are perfect for sharpening your knitting skills!
Hayfield Bonus Aran Tweed Cardigan Pattern 7369 is rated 3.7 out of 5 by 3.
Rated 4 out of 5 by Sara55 from Easy to follow This pattern was clear and easy to follow. The end result was exactly as shown in the picture.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Star15 from Lovely Pattern Nice easy pattern to follow. Very pleased in how it looks so far.
Rated 2 out of 5 by Lizzy22 from I am working with this pattern and dismayed that there is no picture of the back which has a very different patern from the front. The patern does not show a picture of the back of the cardigan yet it has a completely different patern from the front. I found that it made it difficult to know if you had got it right.


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text:
Louisa Eitermann[1]
Name Louisa Eitermann
Born 20 Aug 1842 Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Census 1880 Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA [5]
Buried Feb 1910 St. Johannes Cemetery, Bensenville, DuPage County, Illinois, USA [2, 3]
Died 14 Feb 1910 Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA [1, 2, 3]
Father Johann Gerhard Lambert Eitermann
b. 16 Feb 1801, Schale, Westfalen, Germany
d. 30 Sep 1881 (Age 80 years)
Mother Anna Fenne Maria Lah
b. 27 Oct 1798, Schale, Westfalen, Germany
d. 16 Jul 1878, Illinois, USA (Age 79 years)
Family Johann Hermann Wilhelm Franzen
b. 20 Jun 1836, Schale, Westfalen, Germany
d. 31 Jan 1914, Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA (Age 77 years)
Married 16 Jul 1858 Bensenville, DuPage County, Illinois, USA [2, 6, 7, 8]
1. Henry Franzen
b. 1858, Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA
d. 1863, Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA (Age 5 years)
+ 2. Sophia Franzen
b. 28 Oct 1860, Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA
d. 1935, Elk Grove, Cook County, Illinois, USA (Age 74 years)
+ 3. Alvina M. Franzen
b. 28 Jul 1863, Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA
d. 16 Jan 1929, Elk Grove, Cook County, Illinois, USA (Age 65 years)
+ 4. Matilda Franzen
b. 19 Nov 1865, Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA
d. 20 Feb 1945, Leyden Township, Cook County, Illinois, USA (Age 79 years)
5. Anna Sophie Emilie Franzen
b. 6 May 1868, Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA
d. 10 Dec 1870, Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA (Age 2 years)
6. Julius Franzen
+ 7. Emil Franzen
d. 1 Apr 1955, Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA (Age 82 years)
+ 8. Elise Franzen
b. 10 Jan 1875, Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA
d. 18 Dec 1948, Bensenville, DuPage County, Illinois, USA (Age 73 years)
+ 9. Hulda C. Franzen
b. 7 Apr 1877, Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA
d. 27 Nov 1935, River Grove, Cook County, Illinois, USA (Age 58 years)
10. _____ Franzen
Born - 20 Aug 1842 - Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA
Married - 16 Jul 1858 - Bensenville, DuPage County, Illinois, USA
Census - 1880 - Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA
Buried - Feb 1910 - St. Johannes Cemetery, Bensenville, DuPage County, Illinois, USA
Died - 14 Feb 1910 - Addison Township, DuPage County, Illinois, USA
[S40] The Franzen Family from Schale, Co Tecklenburg, Westphalia: a family tree of descendants of Johan Frantzen, Michael Martens Kirchhoff.
[S655] St. John's Church Membership Lists: 1899, 1924, 1949 (on Necrology Records of Selected Townships in DuPage County), (DuPage County (IL) Genealogical Society).
[S1752] 1880 US Census - Household of Henry Franzen.
[S52] Illinois Statewide Marriage Index, 1763–1900, Illinois State Archives & Illinois State Genealogical Society.
[S549] History of Du Page County, Illinois, Rufus Blanchard, (O. L. Baskin & Co., Chicago, Illinois, 1882), Part II, page 235.
[S24] DuPage County (Illinois) Marriages 1839-1906, DuPage County (IL) Genealogical Society, (Lombard, DuPage County, Illinois, USA), US/Can 977.324 V2d.


This unique furniture program is entirely hand crafted in India. All Lotte colourful industrial furniture are made of solid recycled wood and hot-rolled steel. The multi-coloured hardwood is lacquered with a satin gloss. Each piece of furniture is unique and will differ slightly from the pictures shown. Keep this in mind please.
These colourful furniture are inspired by the industrial production process, in terms of design and finish, which makes them a very tough and a bit raw in appearance. Imperfections in the finish are associated with the character of this unique living style program.
Lotte industrial furniture is unique and quirky!


The Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR) has announced plans to ban its members from using AVE (advertising value equivalent). Communications practitioners found to be using AVE next year may face disciplinary action.
For those who aren't long in the tooth, AVE is an old fashioned way to evaluate PR coverage as though it's paid-for advertising content. Using column inches you would measure the size of an article and multiply it by a financial value provided in an advertising rate card.
Nobody pays full price for advertising when it's bought as a package, so the AVE metric became more and more unreliable – especially when digital news and social media became increasingly important for measurement, as it simply couldn't be measured accurately. I once saw someone using a wooden metre stick to measure online coverage on a computer screen. That was the final straw.
Stripe stopped using AVE about four years ago. At the time, we decided that providing an antiquated and inaccurate evaluation metric wasn't right for us – we're totally transparent in our reporting and measuring AVE isn't a transparent process. As a quick fix, we provided CPI (cost per impression) and CPM (cost per thousand) which gave clients a financial value to track.
Since then, we've introduced advanced social listening services, developed an Influencer Index to measure influencer engagement on and offline, and worked in partnership with a range of data provider partners to develop our measurement approach. Our evaluations are focused on demonstrating the real-world value of our work, so we base our strategies on insights, invest in tools to help us measure in-depth, and ensure evaluation is built into our work right from the beginning. Measurement should never be an afterthought.
That's why Stripe has a team of evaluation specialists running Stripe360, our in-house measurement and evaluation service. They use a suite of qualitative and quantitative measurement tools to provide 360 degrees of communications evaluation – from stakeholder influence and social analytics to media awareness and behavioural analysis. Their top priority is tracking real-world impact.
Banning AVE won't affect Stripe or our clients – we don't use it. However, we back the CIPR decision to change industry standard. Evaluations that hoodwink clients are completely unacceptable and banning deceptive metrics encourages communications practitioners to look for ways to properly measure their work with actual real-world impact.
For more information or to discuss our evaluation services, you can contact us on 0131 561 8628 or hello@stripecommunications.com.
It came as no surprise when McDonald's announced this week that they were pulling their 'Dad' TV advert. In the wake of significant backlash from the general public and bereavement charities, it seemed the only sensible option.
Just how McDonald's, usually such a solid performer in the world of TV advertising, had so badly missed the mark may be less down to the advert's content, but more about failing to establish a credible link between it and the brand.
For those not aware of the latest installment in the burger chain's advertising campaign – one that's previously included a clever dig at the 'hipster' coffee scene – the basic premise focuses around a young lad struggling to find a common link to his deceased father. Unlike his dad he's rubbish at football, has different coloured eyes and is terrible with the ladies. Things are looking desperate until he takes a bite into the Golden Arches' very own Filet-o-Fish, which just happened to be the old man's favourite, and voila! – it's tartar sauce all round.
There is no doubting the sincerity of what's being played out here. Take the looming 'M' logo out of proceedings and it's a genuinely touching and well-crafted 90 seconds of film. Where this advert appears to have struck a particular nerve however, is the lack of any genuine association to the advert's content and McDonald's as a brand.
The use of bereavement and loss is nothing new to the TV advertising world, regularly used by charities as a hard-hitting tool that strikes right to the core of their key message and ultimately shapes their aim and purpose. McDonald's however, appears to have hijacked this tactic for the simple aim of promoting their brand and products, with no real connection to the theme.
Sainsbury's sailed close to the wind with their Christmas advert in 2014, commemorating the 100th anniversary of the start of the First World War. The desperate scene of trench warfare made slightly more bearable by a bar of Sainsbury's chocolate sent from home.
There was criticism, observers pointing out that the atrocities of war should not be used to promote what was ultimately the run-up to the festive period and the busiest time in the retail calendar – those turkeys and Brussels sprouts weren't going to sell themselves, etc.
However, Sainsbury's had been cute and received an endorsement from the Royal British Legion, with proceeds of a special edition chocolate bar going to the charity – I should know this, I bought three. This provided a link, albeit tenuous, so the viewer could understand the narrative behind the advert and why Sainsbury's was using it in this way.
Would all this controversy for McDonald's have been avoided if they had arranged to donate profits to a bereavement charity? Probably not. However, viewers would have been able to make a tangible link between the core message of the advert and its purpose. As Sainsbury's showed, by developing a credible link to support your advert's key message, you can come out relatively unscathed.
For McDonald's, it's back to the drawing board. Anyone got Ronald's number…?


The top five smart TVs of 2018 comes from Samsung, Philips, Xiaomi and LG.
When it comes to entertainment, we need a right gadget to enjoy our favorite shows and movies. At present, the market is flooded with smartphones, TVs, PCs, and laptops on which we can enjoy our favorite content. While gadgets like smartphones and laptops allow us to enjoy our shows while on-the-go, it's the TVs and computers which allow us to tune in to our favorite shows while we are relaxing at our places.
The modern day TVs which are called as smart TVs offer some useful set of functionalities such as internet connectivity, third-party app support and others which makes our lives much easier. The smart TVs that are launched this year comes equipped with partial or complete smart features and offer their own UI to enhance the viewing experience. In this article, we will be highlighting the top five smart TVs of 2018 which have been received well by the audience.
Samsung is best known for the displays it offers on its devices. We have seen the company's ingenuity in designing some best in class display panels. While Samsung smartphones no doubt pack some impressive display panels, the Samsung TVs are also not left behind. The first best smartTV in our list is the Samsung 85-inch 8K QLED TV.
The Samsung 85-inch 8K QLED TV as the name suggests supports 8K resolution with 4,320 x 7,680 pixels and a peak brightness of 4,000nits and HDR10+ support. This not only makes the display bright but also crisp and vivid. It is best suited for high-resolution video consumption.
The TV supports Ambient Mode which shows information such as news headlines, photos among others when it not in use. The display also comes with Bixby, voice commands, personal recommendations, the automatic mode detection among other features.
The second smartTV in our list is from the Dutch multinational brand Philips. The Philips Ambilight 4K Ultra HD TV lineup. Philips had launched the Ambilight 4K Ultra HD lineup back in 2015 but it is still among the best available smart TVs this year. The 4K resolution TV offers amazing picture quality and also packs the features which you can get in the smart TVs available today. It allows users to access social media websites, play games along with some third party apps such as YouTube, Skype, Vimeo, and others.
The Ambilight is an ambient lighting technology which is patented exclusively for the Philips TVs. The Ambilight technology allows the users to enjoy immersive viewing experience on the TVs. The Philips Ambilight TVs comes with an active 3D feature allowing us to enjoy higher resolution than the passive 3D technology with better image depth and improved color production. One of the other features includes a Philips Micro Dimming Pro which delivers deeper blacks and brighter whites. The Ambilight smartTV lineup from Philips comes in three different panels including 50-inch, 55-inch, and 65-inch and is priced starting Rs 1,55,000 going all the way up to Rs 3,72,500.
Xiaomi is known as a budget king as the company has a plethora of devices which are easy on our pockets. It's not just smartphones in which the tech giant has expertise; the tech giant also has a strong hand in smart TVs, smartwatches and other accessories. The third smart TV on our list is from Xiaomi and the TV is Mi TV 4A.
The Xiaomi Mi TV 4A was announced back in April this year and it offers an immersive video watching experience on a budget price tag. The Mi TV 4A comes in two sizes including a 32-inch panel and a 43-inch display panel. The Full HD LED display panel offers a screen resolution of 1080 x 1920 pixels and supports 4K resolution.
The Mi TV 4A runs on PatchWall OS based on Android Marshmallow and also has AI capabilities. Users can browse through 500+ hours of content. The connectivity aspects include three HDMI ports and three USB 2.0 ports. The Mi TV 4A comes with a starting price of Rs 22,999 and is the best affordable 4K smart TV available in the market.
The South Korean tech giant LG is one of the established big players in the market and is known for a wide range of products it offers. LG has a forte in smartphones, TVs and other consumer electronics products. As we are covering the smart TVs, LG is not left behind. The fourth smart TV in this list is LG B8 OLED TV.
The LG B8 OLED smart TV is an affordable offering by the tech giant which was first announced at CES 2018. The LG B8 OLED TV offers a sleek design and comes in two sizes including a 55-inch and 65-inch display panel. Backed by WebOS the AI ThinQ enabled LG B8 OLED TV supports HDR10 and Dolby Vision content which allows for an enhanced video watching experience. The TV supports third-party streaming services including Amazon Prime Video, Netflix, YouTube, and others.
The final TV which comes in this list is the Samsung QLED (NU800). The ultra-slim TV offers a frameless design and supports 4K resolution. The 65-inch UHD screen offers a max resolution of 2160 x 3180 pixels. The QLED display panel on the TV supports HDR10 mode and offers an immersive viewing experience with bright and crisp color production. Similar to the other smart TVs in the list the Samsung QLED (NU800) also supports internet connectivity and some third party apps such as Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, YouTube and Facebook among others.
The above mentioned smart TVs are the top five picks of 2018. If you are an entertainment buff and want a perfect big screen TV with high-resolution compatibility and some premium features, you can consider the above-mentioned products.


Anaconda Nickel Ltd Nickel and Cobalt Mine - Mining .
The Murrin Murrin nickel-cobalt ... Anaconda Nickel Ltd Nickel and Cobalt Mine. ... and off-site repair and maintenance services for mining equipment.
Mining Cobalt in Africa. Most of the cobalt in the world is mined in Africa. It is mainly produced as a by-product of platinum and nickel mining operations.
"The Idaho cobalt mine project will develop, ... pipelines, dewatering equipment, ... Production and mining at the cobalt mine.
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nickel cobalt mining equipment - laundrymachines.
Cobalt Mining Ore Deposits Underground Mining .


When it's raining, it's a good choice for you to have one pair of shoes which is waterproof and comfy. How could you miss this item They are made of high quality man-made rubber material. With the antiskid and durable design, it will be safe and comfortable for you. So they could help you prevent you from falling down. Also, they are breathable. It's a good choice for the motor and other cool activities. With one, you will be the focus of fashion. You can match any clothes with them as you like. You can choose one according to your size. Welcome to our store. IDIFUisaregisteredtrademarkintheUSA. We always work on helping every fashion lady to be unique and different. As a trendsetter, YOU ARE DIFFERENT!


We are aware that the Parent Portal grade alerts are currently sending duplicate emails multiple times per address. We apologize for this issue. We are currently working with the vendor to resolve the issue, however, they are unable to provide a timeline for resolution. Until the error is corrected, the grade alert feature within the Parent Portal has been disabled. During this time, if you wish to access your child's grades, you will have to log into your Parent Portal account to do so.


Is your child a math warrior? Getting unstuck is half the battle, and these flash cards will help your elementary school child learn to divide by lower numbers, and in the process, conquer their next timed test at school. To help your child get there, see the parent card for information covering the 5 Division Steps, answer checking, division terms and division equations, plus helpful hints on working with your child.
Is your child a math warrior? Getting unstuck is half the battle, and these flash cards will help your elementary school child learn to divide by lower numbers, and in the process, conquer their next timed test at school. To help your child get there, see the parent card for information covering the 5 Division Steps, answer checking, division terms and division equations, plus helpful hints on working with your child. We want your child to be successful in solving the "challenges" of math by providing the tools to develop these essential skills. That's why we've developed these division flash cards for kids in third, fourth and fifth grades.


text:
package apply

import (
	"testing"

	"kubevirt.io/client-go/testutils"
)

func TestInstallStrategy(t *testing.T) {
	testutils.KubeVirtTestSuiteSetup(t)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
title: "Draft Sketch of Constitution by Edmund Randolph"
authors: Edmund Randolph
to this version: https://consource.org/document/draft-sketch-of-constitution-by-edmund-randolph-1787-7-26/20130122084927/
Randolph, Edmund. "Draft Sketch of Constitution by Edmund Randolph." Supplement to Max Farrand's The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. Ed. James H. Hutson. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987. 183-93. Print.
Draft Sketch of Constitution by Edmund Randolph (July 26, 1787)
In the draught(draft) of a fundamental constitution, two things deserve attention: 1. To insert essential principles only; lest the operations of government should be clogged by rendering those provisions permanent and unalterable, which ought to be accommodated to times and events: and 2. To use simple and precise language, and general propositions, according to the example of the (several) constitutions of the several states. (For the construction of a constitution necessarily differs from that of law)1 I. A preamble seems proper. Not for the purpose of designating the ends of government and human polities—This (business, if not fitter for the schools, is at least sufficiently executed) display of theory, howsoever proper in the first formation of state governments, (seems) is unfit here; since we are not working on the natural rights of men not yet gathered into society, but upon those rights, modified by society, and (supporting) interwoven with what we call (states) the rights of states—N2or yet is it proper for the purpose of mutually pledging the faith of the parties for the observance of the articles—This may be done more solemnly at the close of the draught(draft) , as in the confederation—3But the object of our preamble ought to be briefly to (represent) declare, that the present federal government is insufficient to the general happiness; that the conviction of this fact gave birth to this convention; and that the only effectual (means) (mode) which they (could) (can) devise, for curing this insufficiency, is the establishment of a supreme legislative executive and judiciary—(In this manner we may discharge the first resolution. We may then proceed to establish)2 Let it be next declared, that the following are the constitution i. This sketch with emendations(ammendments) in the hand of John Rutledge was a working document used by the Committee of Detail. Farrand printed it from the original in the Mason Papers, Library of Congress. His rendering of the document is used here. Parts of the text in parentheses were "crossed out in the original, italics represent changes made in Randolph's handwriting, and the emendations in Rutledge's handwriting are enclosed in angle brackets" (Farrand, 4:37). 2. Marginal note crossed out: "1st resolution." 183 184 SUPPLEMENT TO FARRAND'S RECORDS and fundamentals of government for the United States3—After this introduction, let us proceed to the 2. First resolution—This resolution involves three particulars: 1. the style of the United States; which may continue as it now is. 2. a declaration that (an) (a) supreme (execu) legislative executive and judiciary shall be established; and 3. a declaration that these departments shall be distinct, (except) and independent of each other, except in specified cases.4 In the next place, treat of the legislative, judiciary and executive in their order, and afterwards, of the miscellaneous subjects, as they occur; bringing together all the resolutions, belonging to the same point, howsoever they may be scattered about and leaving to the last the steps necessary to introduce the government.—(Tak) The following plan is therefore submitted I The Legislative 1. shall consist of two branches: viz: a) a house of delegates; and b) a senate; 2. which together shall be called "the legislature of the United States of America." 3 a) The house of delegates I. (shall never be greater in number than To effect this, pursue a rule, similar to that prescribed in the i6th. article of the New-York constitution.) 2. Each state shall send delegates, according to the ratio, recommended by congress. 3. to ascertain this point, let a census be taken in due time as the national legislature shall direct; within six years from the first meeting of the legislature; and once in every term of ten years thereafter. 4. the census being taken and returned, the legislature shall apportion the representation:5 5. The qualifications of (a) delegates shall be the age of twenty five years at least: and citizenship:4 (and any person possessing these qualifications may be elected except) 6. Their duration in office shall be for two years. 7. The elections shall be biennially held on the same day through the same state(s): except in case of accidents, and where an adjournment to the succeeding day may be necessary.6 3. Marginal note crossed out: "2c1 resolution." 4. Marginal note crossed out: "qu: if a certain term of residence and a certain quantity of landed property ought not to be made by the convention further qualifications." THURSDAY, JULY 26, 1787 185 8. The place shall be fixed by the (national) legislatures from time to time; or on their default by the national legislature. 9. So shall the presiding officer. IO. (Votes shall be given by ballot, unless 2/3 of the national legislature shall choose to vary the mode.) 1 1. The qualification of electors shall be the same (throughout the states; viz.) with that in the particular states, unless the legislature shall hereafter direct some uniform qualification to prevail through the states. (citizenship: manhood sanity of mind previous residence for one year, or possession of real property within the state for the whole of one year, or inrolment in the militia for the whole of a years.)5 (12. All persons who are may be elected;) 12. A majority shall be a quorum for business; but a smaller number may be authorized by the house to call for and punish non-attending members, and to adjourn for any time not exceeding one week.7 13. (quaere. how far the right of expulsion may be proper.) The house of delegates shall have power over its own members. 14. The delegates shall be privileged from arrest' (or assault) personal restraint during their attendance, for so long a time before and after, as may be necessary, for travelling to and from the legislature (and they shall have no other privilege whatsoever.) (is. Their wages shall be)8 16. They shall be ineligible to and incapable of holding offices under the authority of the United States, during the term of service of the house of delegates.9 17. Vacancies by death disability or resignation shall be supplied by a writ from the (speaker or any other person, appointed by the house.10 )7 governor of the state, wherein they shall happen. 18. The house shall have power to make rules for its own government.11 19 The house shall not adjourn without the concurrence of the senate for more than one week, nor without such concur- 5. Marginal note crossed out: "These qualifications are not justified by the resolutions." 6. "Arrest" underscored in the original. 7. Underscored in the original before being crossed out. 186 SUPPLEMENT TO FARRAND'S RECORDS rence to any other place, than the one at which they are sitting. 4 b) The Senate- (i. shall consist of members; each possessing a vote) 2. the legislature of Each state shall (send) appoint two (members) senators using their discretion as to the time and manner of choosing them. 3. the qualification of (a) senators shall be the age of 25 years at least: citizenship in the united states: and property in the amount of 4. (Their duration in office shall) They shall be elected for six years and immediately after the first election they shall be divided by lot as near as may be into (four) three classes, (six in each class,) and numbered I, 2, 3: and the seats of the members of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the (first) second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth and of the third class at the end of the sixth year, and so on continually, that a third part of the senate may be biennially chosen.12 5. A majority shall be a quorum for business: but a smaller number may be authorized to call for and punish non attending members and to adjourn (for any time not exceeding one week) (from day to day). 6. Each senator shall have one vote (6) 7. The senate shall have power over its own members. (7) 8. The senators shall be privileged from arrest' personal restraint during their attendance, and for so long a time before and so long after, as may be necessary for travelling to and from the legislature (and they shall have no other privileges whatsoever.) (8) 9. The senators shall be ineligible to and incapable of holding any office under the authority of the united states, during the term for which they are elected, and for one year thereafter, (except in the instance of those offices, which may be instituted for the better conducting of the business of the senate, while in session.) (10. Vacancies) (Do. The wages of the senators shall be paid out of the (nat) treasury of the united states.: those wages for the first six years shall be dollars per dime- 8. "Arrest" underscored in the original. THURSDAY, JULY 26, 1787 187 at the beginning of (the) every sixth year after the first, the supreme judiciary shall cause a special jury of the most respectable merchants and farmers to be summoned to declare what shall have been the averaged value of wheat during the last six years, in the state, where the legislature may be sitting: And for the six subsequent years, the senators shall receive per dime the averaged value of bushels of wheat.)13 ii. The (house) Senate shall have power to make rules for its own government 12. The Senate shall not adjourn without the concurrence of the house of delegates for more than (one week) (3 days), nor without such concurrence to any place other than that at which they are sitting. The following are (I) the legislative powers; with certain exceptions; and under certain restrictions14 (2 with certain exceptions and) (3 under certain restrictions.) agrd. 1. To raise money by taxation, unlimited as to sum, for the (future) past (or) (8) future debts and necessities of the union and to establish rules for collection. Exception(s) agrd. No Taxes on exports.—Restrictons 1. direct taxation proportioned to representation 2. No (headpost) capitation-tax which does not apply to all inhabitants under the above limitation-3. no (other) indirect tax which is not common to all. (4. Delinquency shall be by distress and sale, and officers of state bound to conform) 2. To regulate commerce (both foreign & domestic & no State to lay a duty on imports—) Exceptions 1. no Duty on exports. 2. no prohibition on (such) (the) importations of (such) inhabitants (or People as the sevl. States think proper to admit) 3. no duties by way of such prohibition. Restrictions.15 1. A navigation act shall not be passed, but with the consent of (eleven states in) (V3ds. of the Members present of) the senate and (1 o in) (the like No. of) the house of representatives. i88 SUPPLEMENT TO FARRAND'S RECORDS (2. Nor shall any other regulation—and this rule shall prevail, whensoever the subject shall occur in any act.) (3. The lawful territory To make treaties of commerce (qu: as to senate) Under the foregoing restrictions) 4. (To make treaties of peace or alliance) (qu: as to senate) under the foregoing restrictions, and without the surrender of territory for an equivalent, and in no case, unless a superior title.) 5. To make war(:(and)) raise armies. (& equip Fleets.) 6. To provide tribunals and punishment for mere offences against the law of nations. (Indian Affairs)9 7. To declare the law of piracy, felonies and captures on the high seas, and captures on land.16 (to regulate Weights & Measures)" 8. To appoint tribunals, inferior to the supreme judiciary.17 9. To adjust upon the plan heretofore used all disputes between the States (respecting Territory & jurisdn) 10. To (regulate) (The exclusive right of) coining (money (Paper prohibit) no State to be perd. in future to emit Paper Bills of Credit with. the App: of the Natl. Legisle. nor to make any (Article) Thing but Specie a Tender in paymt. of debts)'' 1 1 . To regulate naturalization 12. (To draw forth the) (make Laws for calling forth the Aid of the) militia, (or any part, or to authorize the Executive to embody them) (to execute the Laws of the Union to inforce Treaties to repel Invasion and suppress internal Comns.) 13. To establish post-offices 14. To subdue a rebellion in any particular state, on the application of the legislature thereof. (of declaring the Crime & Punishmt. of Counterfeitg it.)" 15. To enact articles of war. 16. To regulate the force permitted to be kept in each state. (17. To send embassadors) (Power to borrow Money— To appoint a Treasurer by (joint) ballot)" 9. Marginal note. io. Marginal note. 1 1. Marginal note. 12. Marginal note. 13. Marginal note. THURSDAY, JULY 26, 1787 189 18. To declare it to be treason to levy war against or adhere to the enemies of the U. S. 19. (To organize the government in those things, which) (Insert the it Article) (All laws of a particular state, repugnant hereto, shall be void: and in the decision thereon, which shall be vested in the supreme judiciary, all incidents without which the general principles cannot be satisfied, shall be considered, as involved in the general principle.) (That Trials for Criml. Offences be in the State where the Offe was comd—by Jury—and a right to make all Laws necessary to carry the foregoing Powers into Execu—)18 2. The powers belonging peculiarly to the representatives are those concerning money-bills19 3. The powers destined for the senate peculiarly, are I. To make treaties of commerce 2. to make (Treaties of) peace. (& Alliance.) 3. to appoint the judiciary 4. (to send Embassadors) 4. The executive (Governor of the united People & States of America.)' 4 1. shall consist of a single person; 2. who shall (hold) be elected by the Legislature (by (joint) Ballot (& in) each Ho. havg a Negative on the other) 3. and shall hold his office for the term of (six) seven years 4. and shall be ineligible thereafter. 5. His powers shall be 1. to carry into execution the national laws.20 2. to (command and superintend the militia,) (to be Commander in Chief of the Land & Naval Forces of the Union & of the Militia of the sevl. states)" (3. to direct their discipline) (4. to direct the executives of the states to call them or any part for the support of the national government.) 5. to appoint to offices, not otherwise provided for. (by the constitution) (shall propose to the Legisle. from Time to Time by Speech or Messg such Meas as concern this Union)" 6. to be removeable on impeachment, made by the house of representatives and (on) conviction (of malpractice or neglect of duty,) before the supreme judiciary 14. Marginal note. 15. Marginal note. i6. Marginal note. 1 90 SUPPLEMENT TO FARRAND'S RECORDS (of Treason Bribery or Corruption.) 7. to receive a fixed compensation for the devotion of his time to public service the quantum of which shall be settled by the national legislature: to be paid out of the national treasury. (no Increase or decrease during the Term of Service of the Executive)" 8. (and) to have a qualified negative on legislative acts so as to require repassing by 24. 9. and shall swear fidelity to the union, (as the legislature shall direct.) (by taking an oath of office) 1 o. receiving embassadors 1 .r. commissioning officers. 12. convene legislature (The Presidt. of the Senate to succeed to the Executive in Case of (death) Vacancy untill the Meeting of the Legisle The power of pardoning vested in the Executive (which) his pardon shall not however, be pleadable to an Impeachmt.)" 5. The Judiciary 1. shall consist of one supreme tribunal: 2: the judges whereof shall be appointed by the senate: 3. and of such inferior tribunals, as the legislature may (appoint:) (establish) (4. the judges of which shall be also appointed by the senate—) 5. all the judges shall hold their offices during good behaviour; 6. and shall receive punctually, at stated times a (fixed) compensation for their services, to be settled by the legislature; in which no diminution shall be made, so as to affect the persons actually in office at the time of such diminution, and shall swear fidelity to the union. 7. The jurisdiction of the supreme tribunal shall extend 1. to all cases, arising under laws passed by the general; (Legislature) 2. to impeachments of officers: and 3. to such other cases, as the national legislature may assign, as involving the national peace and harmony; in the collection of the revenue in disputes between citizens of different states (in disputes between a State & a Citizen or Citizens of another State)' in disputes between different states; and in disputes, in which subjects or citizens of other countries are concerned (& in Cases of Admiralty Jurisdn.)21 17. Marginal note. 18. Marginal note. I9. Marginal note. THURSDAY, JULY 26, 1787 191 But this supreme jurisdiction shall be appellate only, except in (Cases of Impeachmt. & (in)) those instances, in which the legislature shall make it original: and the legislature shall organize it 8. The whole or a part of the jurisdiction aforesaid, according to the discretion of the legislature, may be assigned to the inferior tribunals, as original tribunals.22 Miscellaneous provisions 1 New states soliciting admission into the Union (i . must be within the present limits of the united states:) 2. must lawfully arise; that is (a—in the territory of the united states, with the assent of the legislature.) (b—within the limits of a particular state, by the consent of a major part of the people of that state:) (States lawfully arising & if within the Limits of any of the prest. States by Consent of the Legisle. of those States.)" 3. shall be admitted only on the suffrage of (36ds.) in the house of representatives and (the like No. in the) Senate 4. & shall be admitted on the same terms with the original states (but the number of states or votes required on particular measures shall be readjusted—) 5. provided always, that the legislature may use their discretion in (refusing) admitting or rejecting, and may make any condition concerning the (old) debt of the union (at that Time.) (6. provided also, that the western states are entitled to admission on the terms specified in the act of congress of)23 2. The guarantee is 1. to prevent the establishment of any government, not republican: (2) (3.) to protect each state against internal commotion; and (3) (2.) against external invasion. 4. But this guarantee shall not operate (in the last Case) without an application from the legislature of a state.24 5 3. The legislative executive and judiciaries of the states shall swear fidelity to the union, as the national legislature shall direct.25 4. The ratification of the reform is—After the approbation of congress—to be made by a special convention (in each State) recommended by the assembly to be chosen for the express purpose of considering and approving or rejecting it in to two: and this recommendation may be used from time to time 5. (An alteration may be effected in the articles of union, on the appli- 20. Marginal note. 192 SUPPLEMENT TO FARRAND'S RECORDS cation of two thirds nine (VA) of the state legislatures (by a Convn.)) (on appin. of 2/3ds of the State Legislatures to the Natl. Leg. they call a Convn. to revise or alter the Articles of Union.) (6. The plighting of faith ought to be in solemn terms.) Addenda 1. The assent of the (major part of the people) (Conventions) of states shall give (birth) operation to this constitution 2. Each assenting state shall notify its assent to congress: who shall publish a day for its commencement, not exceeding After such publication, or (on) with the (failure thereof) assent of the major part of the assenting states, after the expiration of days from the giving of the assent of the ninth state, 1. each legislature shall direct the choice of representatives, according to the seventh article and provide for their support: 2. each legislature shall also choose senators; and provide for their support. 3. they shall meet at (the Place &) on the day assigned by congress, (or as the major part of the assenting states shall agree, on any other day.) 4 They shall as soon as may be after meeting elect the executive: and proceed to execute this constitution. The object of an address is to satisfy the people of the propriety of the proposed reform. To this end the following plan seems worthy of adoption 1. To state the general objects of a confederation. 2 To shew by general, but pointed observations, in what (particulars) respects, our confederation has fallen short of those objects. 3. The powers, necessary to be given, will then follow as a consequence of the defects 4. A question next arises, whether these powers can with propriety be vested in congress. The answer is, that they cannot. 5. But As some states may possibly meditate partial confederations, it would be fit now to refute this opinion briefly. 6. It follows then, that a government of the whole on national principles, with respect to taxation &c is most eligible. 7. This would lead to a short exposition of the leading particulars in the constitution. 8. This done, conclude in a suitable manner. This is the shortest scheme, which can be adopted. For it would be strange to ask (for) new powers, without assigning some reason—it matters not how general so ever—which may apply to all of them. Besides we ought to furnish the advocates of the plan in the country with some general THURSDAY, JULY 26, 1787 193 topics. Now I conceive, that these heads do not more, than comprehend the necessary points.
Records of Proceedings in Convention
Annotations (49)
Topic: This Constitution Clause
Topic: Establish Justice Clause
Topic: More Perfect Union Clause
Topic: Insure Domestic Tranquility Clause
Topic: Provide for the Common Defense Clause
Topic: Promote the General Welfare Clause
Topic: Blessings of Liberty Clause
Topic: Signing Clause/Attestation Clause
Topic: Supremacy Clause
Topic: Enumeration Clause/Census Clause
Topic: House of Representatives Clause/Member Composition Clause
Topic: Qualifications for House Electors Clause/Elector Qualifications Clause
Topic: Quorum to do Business Clause/Congressional Quorum Clause
Topic: Compulsory Attendance Clause
Topic: Punish and Expel Clause
Topic: Congressional Adjournment Clause
Topic: Privilege from Arrest Clause
Topic: Ineligibility Clause/Sinecure Clause
Topic: Conflict of Interest Clause/Incompatibility Clause
Topic: Writs of Election Clause
Topic: Rules of Proceedings Clause
Topic: Qualifications of Senators Clause
Topic: Election of Senators Clause
Topic: Congressional Compensation Clause
Topic: Power to Tax Clause/Spending Clause
Topic: Uniformity of Taxation Clause/Uniformity Clause
Topic: Interstate Commerce Clause
Topic: International Commerce Clause/Commerce with Foreign Nations Clause
Topic: Captures Clause
Topic: Inferior Courts Clause
Topic: Necessary and Proper Clause
Topic: All Other Powers Vested Clause
Topic: Revenue Bills Clause/Origination Clause
Topic: Faithful Execution of the Laws Clause/Take Care Clause/Recommendations Clause
Topic: Supreme Court Clause
Topic: Good Behavior Clause
Topic: Judicial Compensation Clause
Topic: Arising Under Clause
Topic: Claiming Lands Jurisdiction Clause/Land Grant Jurisdiction Clause
Topic: Admiralty and Maritime Jurisdiction Clause/Admiralty Clause
Topic: Diversity Jurisdiction Clause
Topic: Appellate Jurisdiction Clause
Topic: Original Jurisdiction Clause
Topic: New States Clause
Topic: Full Faith and Credit Clause
Topic: Republican Form of Government Clause/Republican Guarantee Clause/Guarantee Clause
Topic: Protection Against Invasion Clause
Topic: Oath of Office Clause/Oath Clause


To support medical schools develop and deliver Indigenous health content in core medical education, the then Committee of Deans of Australian Medical Schools (now Medical Deans) developed the CDAMS Indigenous Health Curriculum Framework following lengthy and intensive consultation with a wide range of Indigenous, health and medical education stakeholders. The Framework articulates the components of a functional curriculum for the teaching of Indigenous health and provides guidelines to curricula developers and medical educators.
The Critical Reflection Tool is a mechanism that enables medical schools record and reflect on their systems, initiatives and progress in Indigenous health, and their recruitment and support through to graduation of Indigenous medical students. The CRT is designed to help schools develop and implement Indigenous health programs and systems to suit their specific circumstances and needs, and is designed to encourage a whole-of-school participatory approach to Indigenous health education and equity.
cultural awareness and immersion, and reflective learning activities.
It found that significant progress had been made, but also considerable variation in the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of schools' implementation.


text:
SAN FRANCISCO -- The Giants were caught off-guard by the rain last night. Bruce Bochy was about 20 minutes late addressing the media because he had to rush to inform some players they had made the Opening Day roster.
There ultimately were not too many surprises if you've been keeping up with the endless moves over the past week, but a lot of people still had questions, so let's run through an emergency mailbag to figure out why Connor Joe, Michael Reed, and Pablo Sandoval are here, and Alen Hanson is not:
"Is there something I am missing in this Joe or Reed over Hanson?" -- @hldogg1
Reed was in a different boat than the others because he can back up Steven Duggar in center field, something nobody else on the roster -- Gerardo Parra can in a pinch -- can really do.
"We've kind of been looking for a right-handed hitting outfielder who can play center field since we released Maybin and returned Ferguson (to the Astros)," Farhan Zaidi said yesterday. "We kind of view him in the same slot on the roster that those guys had been competing for."
It's important to remember that Duggar has never played even a full half of big league baseball, so the Giants wanted coverage there. Joe, Sandoval, and Hanson were all a bit similar in that they're utility types, but Joe is better in the outfield than the other two, and most importantly, he hits right-handed. Hanson can't really be put in the lineup from the right side, and the Giants already have Yangervis Solarte to take left-handed infield at-bats.
"How many innings did Solarte play at SS this spring? He hasn't played SS for a while. Can he really be the backup?" -- @ThePlant_O_Mavs
Solarte played just 10 innings at short this spring, and for that reason letting Hanson go was a bit surprising. Zaidi has talked a lot about his desire to give Brandon Crawford additional rest days to make sure the nagging injuries don't hamper him at the plate, but ultimately they don't have a great backup option.
This won't be a big deal early on, as the Giants have four off days in the first 25 days of April, and you can hide a poor defender for nine innings with excessive shifts. But if Crawford misses extended time they'll need another solution. Abiatal Avelino can handle it defensively and Ryan Howard might be getting close, but the real answer is probably that Zaidi would scoop up the shortstop version of Joe or Reed.
"Sooooo the reason Sandoval over Hanson? Other than being Bochy's favorites?" -- @Cpt_America09
Look, it does matter a bit that Sandoval is a World Series hero and fan/Bochy favorite. When you have a tough decision to make, that plays a part. He still gives fans a reason to stand up and cheer during a game.
And let's be honest for a moment: Hanson had a .558 OPS in the second half last season, striking out 41 times and walking just once. It's not like the Giants chose Sandoval over Fernando Tatis Jr.
"Chances of a revolving closer?" -- @bensalvi23
Closer-by-committee sounds like a good idea in your head, but in reality, it's hard on the guys in the bullpen, and it's something Bochy doesn't like to do. The expectation is that Will Smith will be named closer on Thursday, but I will say this: If you're in a fantasy league that has a deep bench, pick up Reyes Moronta.
There's a small shot he gets the job from the start, and if he doesn't get it now, he should be in that role by August.
"Anybody else feel this will be a fluid roster all year long with lots of average to below average players coming and going? I have no idea what to expect record-wise. Could be a 100 loss team or could be an 80+ win team. Let's hope they keep us interested through September." -- @YacovoneRick
When Zaidi picked up Joe, I asked a team official how difficult it would be to evaluate a Rule 5 pick all year knowing that you can never send him down to Triple-A. The response was essentially that Zaidi does not care about losing a player after three weeks, he simply wants to give guys like this a chance and see if they break through.
Zaidi calls it "runway." Another way to put it: "Searching for the next Chris Taylor or Max Muncy."
If the Giants hit on Joe or Reed or someone else, that's a big step towards rebuilding the lineup. So yes, we'll see a fluid roster. Some of these guys might hit .185 for 19 games and then get cut. One may become an All-Star. That's the tradeoff.
And for what it's worth, I don't at all think this is a 100 loss team. The Giants won 73 games last year and basically punted all of September. I think a .500 season is a reasonable expectation, with leeway one way or the other depending on health.
"Any word on beer prices at Oracle Park? I'm only going to two games if they're still $14." -- @brenteg8
Keep an eye out for videos of me sampling strange ballpark food this season, but at this point, I haven't gotten permission to visit the bar in the fourth inning (boss, are you reading this???) so I'm not sure what beer costs this year.
[RELATED: Seven Giants prospects who could reach major leagues in 2019]
Teams usually make a big deal of slashing prices, and nothing of that sort was mentioned at the annual media day last Friday, so I assume Oracle Park prices are the same as last year.
But I'll repeat something I said often last season and the year before: If you've been priced out by professional teams over the past decade, this is a good opportunity to scoop up a $6 ticket and get into the ballpark. It's still a phenomenal place to watch a game, no matter what the roster looks like.


Holly, first of all. You are amazing.
This is such a real statement. Until you actually try to express something you have learnt while reading in a conversation, and potentially been questioned about it or argued about it, you assume it to be true and most probably forget about it.


text:
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
module Cauterize.Dynamic.Meta.Unpack
  ( dynamicMetaUnpack
  , dynamicMetaUnpackHeader
  , dynamicMetaUnpackFromHeader
  ) where

import Cauterize.Dynamic.Types
import Cauterize.Dynamic.Meta.Types
import Cauterize.Dynamic.Unpack
import Control.Exception
import Control.Monad
import Data.Serialize.Get
import qualified Cauterize.CommonTypes as C
import qualified Cauterize.Specification as Spec
import qualified Data.ByteString as B
import qualified Data.Map as M
import qualified Data.Text as T

dynamicMetaUnpackHeader :: Spec.Specification -> B.ByteString -> Either String (MetaHeader, B.ByteString)
dynamicMetaUnpackHeader spec b = runGetState p b 0
  where
    p = do
      let dataLen = (C.sizeMax . C.tagToSize . Spec.specLengthTag) spec
      let tagLen = fromIntegral . Spec.specTypeLength $ spec

      len <- liftM fromIntegral (unpackLengthWithWidth dataLen)
      tag <- liftM B.unpack $ getByteString tagLen

      return $ MetaHeader len tag

dynamicMetaUnpackFromHeader :: Spec.Specification -> MetaHeader -> B.ByteString -> Either T.Text (MetaType, B.ByteString)
dynamicMetaUnpackFromHeader spec (MetaHeader _ tag) b = case runGetState p b 0 of
                                                          Right r -> Right r
                                                          Left e -> Left $ T.pack e
  where
    p = case tag `M.lookup` m of
          Nothing -> fail $ "Invalid tag: " ++ show tag
          Just ty -> liftM MetaType (dynamicUnpack' spec (Spec.typeName ty))
    m = Spec.specTypeTagMap spec

dynamicMetaUnpack :: Spec.Specification -> B.ByteString -> Either T.Text (MetaType, B.ByteString)
dynamicMetaUnpack spec b =
  case dynamicMetaUnpackHeader spec b of
    Left err -> Left $ "Failed to unpack meta header:" `T.append` T.pack err
    Right (mh, remainder) -> dynamicMetaUnpackFromHeader spec mh remainder

unpackLengthWithWidth :: Integer -> Get Integer
unpackLengthWithWidth 1 = liftM fromIntegral getWord8
unpackLengthWithWidth 2 = liftM fromIntegral getWord16le
unpackLengthWithWidth 4 = liftM fromIntegral getWord32le
unpackLengthWithWidth 8 = liftM fromIntegral getWord64le
unpackLengthWithWidth w = throw $ InvalidLengthWidth w


text:
World Series of Poker Facebook Game Launched
By 821 0 0
Tags: 2013 World Series of Poker, Caesars Entertainment, Caesars Interactive, Electronic Arts, Facebook, Facebook game, Mobile Poker, Online Poker, Poker Table, Poker tournament, PokerStars, Social gambling, social gaming, WSOP, Zynga, Zynga Poker
The World Series of Poker has entered the world of free to play social media poker with a newly launched Facebook game.
The World Series of Poker has launched its own free to play Facebook poker game.
The game is the latest to enter the already packed market and it will be competing with industry leading Zynga.
Earlier this month PokerStars also launched a free to play poker game on Facebook.
The WSOP game has been developed by Electronic Arts and Caesars Interactive Entertainment, the parent company of the WSOP. It can be played on PCs, Apples and iOS and Android mobile devices.
Players can choose from a number of games such as single table tournaments featuring both full-table and short-handed play. Furthermore, players will be able to take part in cross-platform tournaments and challenge their friends on Facebook.
The game gives players the chance to win virtual bracelets and rings, just as players do at the WSOP and WSOP Circuit events. The game is WSOP Branded and has nice social features, such as chat, integrated into it.
There is also a VIP options which will grant players access to stat trackers, VIP only tables and more. VIP upgrades start at $5 for a 35 day upgrade.
Show-off Your Gaming Skills with Everyplay
February 26, 2013 Mobile
Galaxy S4 to Launch in March
Ex-CEO of Amaya Offers to Buy the Canadian Company
William Hill in Talks Over £5 Billion PokerStars Merger
New York Senate Passes Historical Vote to Legalise Online Poker
Woman Loses Money After Posting Betting Slip on Facebook


text:
Statement By U.S. Conference Of Mayors President And New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu Denouncing President Trump's Unfounded Attack On Mayors
Calls Attack "Devoid of Facts" and "Dangerous;" Pledges to Work with President When He stops "Grandstanding" WASHINGTON, D.C. – Today as part of President Donald Trump's visit to Long Island, the President attacked mayors across the country as "pathetic" and "weak." In response, U.S. Conference of Mayors (USCM) President and New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu issued the
By Sara Durr|2017-07-28T15:43:02-05:00July 28, 2017|Press Room|
The U.S. Conference of Mayors Urges Passage of Bipartisan Senate Dreamer Bill
Washington, D.C. – Leaders of The U.S. Conference of Mayors today registered support for bipartisan legislation enabling Dreamers – people who have lived in America since they were children and built their lives here – to earn lawful permanent residence and, eventually, American citizenship. In a letter to the bill's authors, Senators Lindsey Graham (SC) and Dick
By Sara Durr|2017-07-28T12:39:33-05:00July 28, 2017|Criminal and Social Justice, Immigration Reform, News, Press Room|
U.S. Conference of Mayors Statement on Senate Health Care Vote
Washington, DC—The U.S. Conference of Mayors released the following statement after a bipartisan vote blocked the Senate's "skinny repeal" health care plan: "Thanks to bipartisan efforts, millions of Americans get to keep their health care today, and families, seniors and communities across the nation won't face uncertainty tomorrow. While a dangerous plan may have failed today,
Elizabeth, NJ Mayor Chris Bollwage Applauds Passage Of Bipartisan Brownfield Redevelopment Bill
Washington, D.C. – U.S. Conference of Mayors (USCM) Brownfields Task Force Chair Elizabeth (NJ) Mayor Christian J. Bollwage today released the following statement applauding passage of Brownfield Redevelopment legislation: "On behalf of the nation's Mayors, I commend members of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee for passing a bipartisan Brownfields Redevelopment bill that would reauthorize the very successful Environmental
By Sara Durr|2017-07-27T14:25:44-05:00July 27, 2017|Brownfields, Press Room|
U.S. Conference of Mayors President and New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu Calls on Congress to Scrap Healthcare Plan and Work with Bipartisan Mayors
Landrieu Says Senate Should Drop 'Dangerous' Repeal Proposals and Work with Mayors from Both Sides of the Aisle to "Start Over" and Improve Health Care Washington, DC—Today, as the Senate continues to debate healthcare proposals that could rob millions of Americans coverage, U.S. Conference of Mayors (USCM) President and New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu again
Mayors Implement Coastal High Hazard and Flooding Resilience Through Strategic Investments and Risk Analysis
Above l. to r.: Brian Gackstatter, CH2M; Vincent Sapienza, Commissioner, NYC Department of Environmental Protection; Mayor Jill Techel, Mayor of Napa and Co-Chair of the Mayors Water Council; Efrain Rodriguez, Regional Director, Severn Trent Services; Moira Mcdonald, Walton Family Foundation; Ryan Berni, Deputy Mayor of New Orleans; Patrick Schultz, General Manager, Resource Optimization, Veolia
By Rich Anderson|2017-07-26T15:33:19-05:00July 26, 2017|News|
Mayors of Phoenix & Mesa; Arizona AARP Urge Senator Flake, Congress to Start Over and Work with the Nation's Mayors on New Healthcare Legislation That Puts Arizonans First
Bipartisan Mayors Call for No Medicaid Cuts, Increased Response to Opioid Epidemic and a Healthcare Bill that Protects Local Budgets WASHINGTON, DC—Tomorrow, Tuesday, July 25th at 12:30 PM ET, bipartisan mayors from the leading population centers in Arizona, representing the United States Conference of Mayors (USCM) and AARP-Arizona will hold a telephone press conference ahead
By Sara Durr|2017-07-24T16:31:00-05:00July 24, 2017|Media Advisories|
Letter to Senate Members on Healthcare Bill
Download letter: USCM-Letter on Health Care July 20, 2017 Dear Senators, As the United States Senate takes its next steps in an effort to reform our nation's healthcare system, The United States Conference of Mayors strongly encourages leadership and relevant members to form a bipartisan working group in partnership with the nation's mayors to craft legislation
By Sara Durr|2017-07-21T12:38:49-05:00July 21, 2017|Letters|
Statement on Latest CBO Score on Healthcare Repeal from Mayor Mitch Landrieu of New Orleans, President of the U.S. Conference of Mayors
Washington, DC— Please credit the following statement to New Orleans Mayor and President of the U.S. Conference of Mayors Mitch Landrieu: "Today's score by the Congressional Budget Office confirms what mayors of both parties have maintained as wave after wave of unworkable legislation has emerged from the Senate this year. No responsible elected leader would walk away
By Sara Durr|2017-07-19T18:35:56-05:00July 19, 2017|News, Press Room|
Mayors to Senators: Start Over and Work with Us to Craft an Effective Bipartisan Bill that Addresses Real People – Not Washington Politics
U.S. Conference of Mayors President Mitch Landrieu, Mayor of New Orleans, Convened Mayors from Major Population Centers in OH, AZ, NV, ME, SC to Form Mayoral / Congressional Working Group Following Collapse of Healthcare Vote Democratic, Republican Mayors Argued for No Medicaid Cuts, Increased Response to Opioid Epidemic and No Unfunded Mandates in Future Legislation
Mayors to Senators: Start Over and Work With Us to Craft an Effective Bill that Addresses Actual Challenges – Not Washington Politics
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text:
10 Cool Engineering Tricks the Romans Taught Us
by Gallagher Flinn
The sprawling aqueduct in Segovia, Spain, is a splendid example of Roman architectural prowess.
Miguel Palacios/The Image Bank/Getty Images
Some stuff the ancient Romans were good at -- other stuff they weren't. In terms of the abstract sciences and literature, they were always in the shadow of their Greek neighbors. Their poetry never reached the same heights, their philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism were borrowed, and anyone who's ever used Roman numerals knows how difficult the system was even for even simple arithmetic.
If you wanted someone to explain geometry, you asked a Greek. If you wanted someone to build you a floating bridge, a sewer network or a weapon that could fire flaming balls of gravel and tar 300 hundred yards (274 meters), you called a Roman. As much as the Greeks gave us, Rome's brilliant architectural, organizational and engineering feats that make them stand out among the ancient peoples. Despite the fact that their knowledge of math was rudimentary, they constructed models, experimented, and built as sturdily as possible to compensate for their inability to calculate for stress and weight. The result is a set of edifices and architectural achievements that stretch from the Limyra Bridge in Turkey to Hadrian's Wall in the United Kingdom.
With so many brilliant examples, many of which are still in excellent condition, it's hard not to have picked up a few pointers about how to build structures that last.
Read on for 10 of Rome's coolest engineering feats.
The Segmental Arch
Pontoon Bridges
10: The Dome
They came, they saw, they built some domes. The Pantheon is a pretty fabulous example of how the Romans conquered interior space.
Grant V. Faint/Iconica/Getty Images
We take interior space for granted in the modern world, but we shouldn't. Our enormous vaulted arches, huge atriums (a Latin word, by the way), hollow steel and glass skyscrapers, even a simple high school gymnasium -- all of these structures were inconceivable in the ancient world.
Before the Romans perfected dome-building, even the best architects had to deal with the problem of a heavy stone roof, forcing them to crowd the floors of temples and public buildings with columns and load-bearing walls. Even the greatest architectural achievements before Roman architecture -- the Parthenon and the Pyramids -- were much more impressive on the outside. Inside, they were dark, confined spaces.
Roman domes, by contrast, were spacious, open and created a real sense of interior space for the first time in history. Stemming from the realization that the principles of the arch could be rotated into three dimensions to create a shape that had the same supportive power but an even larger area, dome technology was mostly due to the availability of concrete, another Roman innovation that we'll discuss later in this article. This substance was poured into molds on a wooden scaffolding, leaving the hard, strong shell of the dome behind.
9: Siege Warfare
The ancient Romans built the first versions of this siege weapon, the onager.
Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Like a lot of technology, Roman siege weaponry was mostly developed by the Greeks and then perfected by the Romans. Ballistae, essentially giant crossbows that could fire large stones during sieges, were mostly back-engineered designs from captured Greek weapons. Using loops of twisted animal sinews for power, ballistae worked almost like springs in giant mousetraps -- when the sinews were tightly wound and then allowed to snap back, they could launch projectiles up to 500 hundred yards (457 meters). Since it was light and accurate, this weapon could also be fitted with javelins or large arrows and used to pick off members of opposing armies (as an anti-personnel weapon). Ballistae were also used to target small buildings during sieges.
Romans also invented their own siege engines called onagers (named after the wild donkey and its powerful kick) to fling larger rocks. Though they also used springy animal sinews, onagers were much more powerful mini-catapults that fired a sling or a bucket filled with either round stones or combustible clay balls. Though they were much less accurate than ballistae, they were also more powerful, making them perfect for blasting down walls and setting fires during sieges.
8: Concrete
We take concrete for granted (especially when it's under our feet), but, as the Romans knew, it's a remarkable building material.
Martial Colomb/Photographer's Choice RF/Getty Images
As far as innovations in building material go, a liquid rock that's both lighter and stronger than regular stone is hard to beat. Today, concrete is so much a part of our daily lives that it's easy to forget just how revolutionary it is.
Roman concrete was a special mixture of rubble, lime, sand and pozzolana, a volcanic ash. Not only could the mixture be poured into any form you could build a wooden mold for, it was much, much stronger than any of its component parts. Though it was originally used by Roman architects to form strong bases for altars, starting in the 2nd century B.C., the Romans began to experiment with concrete to produce more freestanding forms. Their most famous concrete structure, the Pantheon, still stands as the largest unreinforced concrete structure in the world after more than two thousand years.
As we mentioned earlier, this was a major improvement on the old Etruscan and Greek rectangular styles of architecture, which demanded heavy walls and columns everywhere. Even better, concrete as a building material was cheap and fireproof. It could also set underwater and was flexible enough to survive the earthquakes that plague the volcanic Italic Peninsula.
7: Roads
They don't build them like they used to. Ancient Roman roads like the Appian Way were made to last.
Marco Cristofori/Iconica/Getty Images
It's impossible to mention Roman engineering without talking about roads, which were so well-constructed that many of them are still in use today. Comparing our own asphalt highways to an ancient Roman road is like comparing a cheap watch to a Swiss version. They were strong, precise and built to last.
The best Roman roads were built in several stages. First, workers dug about 3 feet (0.9 meters) down into the terrain where the planned road would be. Next, wide and heavy stone blocks were set in the bottom of the trench and then covered with a layer of dirt or gravel that would allow drainage. Finally, the top layer was paved with flagstones, with a bulge in the center for water to run off. In general, Roman roads were about 3 feet (0.9 meters) thick and enormously resistant to the ravages of time.
In typical Roman fashion, engineers of the Empire insisted on using straight lines for their roads primarily and tended to push through obstacles rather than building around them. If there was a forest, they cut it. If there was a hill, they tunneled through it. If there was a swamp, they drained it. The drawback, of course, to that type of road building is the enormous amount of manpower required, but manpower (in the form of thousands of slaves) was something that the ancient Romans always had in spades. By A.D. 200, there were more than 53,000 miles (85,295 kilometers) of major highways crisscrossing the Roman Empire [source: Kleiner].
6: Sewers
The great sewers of the Roman Empire are one of the oddities of Roman engineering in that they weren't exactly built to be sewers in the first place -- as immense and complex as they were, they weren't so much invented as they just sort of happened. The Cloaca Maxima (or Biggest Sewer if you want to translate it directly) was originally just a channel built to drain some local marshes. Digging commenced around 600 B.C., and over the next 700 hundred years, more and more waterways were added. Since more channels were dug whenever it was deemed necessary, it's hard to tell when the Cloaca Maxima stopped being a drainage ditch and became a proper sewer. Primitive though it was initially, the Cloaca Maxima spread like a weed, stretching its roots deeper and deeper into the city as it grew.
Unfortunately, because the Cloaca Maxima drained directly into the Tiber, the river became absolutely swollen with human waste. That's certainly not an ideal situation, but with their aqueducts, the Romans didn't need to use the Tiber for drinking or washing. They even had a goddess to watch over their system -- Cloacina, the Venus of the Sewer.
Perhaps the most important and brilliant innovation of the Roman sewer system is the fact that it was (eventually) covered, cutting down on disease, smells and unpleasant sights. Any civilization can dig a ditch to go to the bathroom in, but it takes some impressive engineering to monitor and maintain a sewer system so complex that Pliny the Elder even declared it more stupendous than the Pyramids as a monument to human achievement.
5: Heated Floors
Some Roman hypocausts are still (mostly) intact. These were discovered beneath the city of Chester, England, in 2008.
Christopher Furlong/Getty Images
Controlling the temperature in any building efficiently is one of the hardest engineering tasks humans have had to deal with, but the Romans had it solved -- or at least, almost solved. Employing an idea that we still use to this day in the form of radiant heat flooring, hypocausts were sets of hollow clay columns spaced every few feet below a raised floor through which hot air and steam were pumped from a furnace in another room.
Unlike other, less advanced heating methods, hypocausts neatly solved two of the problems that have always been associated with heating in the ancient world -- smoke and fire. Fire was the only available source of heat, but it also had the unfortunate side effect of burning down buildings from time to time, and smoke from an indoor flame can be deadly in a closed space. However, because the floor was raised in a hypocaust, hot air from the furnace never actually came into contact with the room itself. Rather than entering the room, the heated air was piped through hollow tiles in the walls. As it passed out of the building, the clay tiles absorbed the heat, leaving the room itself steamy and Roman toes toasty warm.
4: The Aqueduct
When it came to building aqueducts, the ancient Romans were pros.
©iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Along with roads, aqueducts are the other engineering marvel that the Romans are the most famous for. The thing about aqueducts is that they're long. Really long. One of the difficulties of watering a large city is that once the city gets to a certain size, you really can't get clean water from anywhere near it. And though Rome sits on the Tiber, the river itself was polluted by another Roman engineering achievement, their sewer system.
To solve the problem, Roman engineers built aqueducts -- networks of underground pipes, above-ground water lines and elegant bridges, all designed to channel water into the city from the surrounding countryside. Once in Rome, water from the aqueducts was collected in cisterns before being distributed to the fountains and public baths the Romans loved so dearly.
Just like their roads, the Roman aqueduct system was incredibly long and complicated. Though the first aqueduct, built around 300 B.C., was only 11 miles long, by the end of the third century A.D., Rome was supplied by eleven aqueducts, totaling more than 250 miles in length.
3: Water Power
With the help of water wheels and other technologies, the ancient Romans harnessed the power of water to their advantage.
Vitruvius, the godfather of Roman engineering, describes several pieces of technology that the Romans used for water power. Combining Greek technologies like the toothed gear and the water wheel, Romans were able to develop advanced sawmills, flourmills and turbines.
The undershot wheel, another Roman invention, rotated under the force of flowing (rather than falling) water, making it possible to build floating waterwheels to grind grain supplies. This came in handy during the siege of Rome in 537 A.D., when the defending general, Belisarius, solved the problem of the Gothic siege cutting off food supplies by building several floating mills on the Tiber to keep the populace supplied with bread.
Strangely, archaeological evidence suggests that though Romans had the mechanical expertise necessary to build all sorts of water-powered devices, they did so only rarely, preferring cheap and widely available slave labor instead. Nonetheless, their watermill at Barbegal (in what is now France) was one of the largest industrial complexes in the ancient world before the Industrial Revolution, with 16 waterwheels to grind flour for the surrounding communities.
2: The Segmental Arch
Like almost all of the engineering feats we've listed, the Romans didn't invent the arch -- but they sure did perfect it. Arches had been around for nearly two thousand years before the Romans got a hold of them. What Roman engineers realized (quite brilliantly, as it turned out) was that arches need not be continuous; that is, they don't have to span a gap in one go. Instead of trying to cross gaps in one great leap, they could be broken up into several, smaller sections. Turning an arch into a perfect semicircle wasn't necessary so long as each section had struts underneath. That's where the segmental arch came in.
This new form of arch-building had two distinct advantages. First, because the arches could be repeated rather than having a single stretch across a gap, the potential distance for a bridge span could be increased exponentially. Second, because less material was required, segmental arch bridges were more amenable to the flow of water underneath them. Instead of forcing water through a single small opening, water under segmented bridges could flow through freely, reducing both danger of flooding and the amount of wear on the supports.
1: Pontoon Bridges
Pilgrims cross the Ganges river on a modern-day pontoon bridge in India.
Pablo Bartholomew/Getty Images
Roman engineering was mostly synonymous with military engineering. Those roads that they're so famous for weren't built so much for day-to-day use (though they were, of course, useful for that) as for marching legions quickly into the countryside, hitting trouble spots and getting out again. Roman-designed pontoon bridges, constructed mostly during wartime for the shock and awe of quick raids, served the same purpose and were a specialty of Julius Caesar's. In 55 B.C., he built a pontoon bridge that was around 437 yards (400 meters) long to cross the Rhine river, which was traditionally thought by the Germanic tribes to be safely out of reach of Roman power.
Caesar's Rhine bridge was clever for a couple of reasons. Building a bridge without diverting a river is notoriously difficult to do, and even more so in a military setting where construction must be guarded at all times, so engineers had to work fast. Rather than driving beams straight into the river, engineers rammed timbers into the bottom of the river at an angle against the current, lending the foundation extra strength. Protective pilings were also driven in upstream to catch or slow down any potentially destructive logs that might float down the river. Finally, the beams were lashed together, and a wooden bridge was built on top of it. In total, the construction took only ten days, used entirely local lumber and sent a firm message to local tribes about the power of Rome: if Caesar wanted to cross the Rhine, he could do it.
There's also the possibly apocryphal story of Caligula's (yes, that Caligula) pontoon bridge built across the sea between Baiae and Puzzuoli, a roughly 2.5-mile (4-kilometer) span. Supposedly, Caligula commissioned the bridge because a soothsayer had prophesied that he had roughly the same chance of becoming emperor as he did of crossing the bay of Baiae on a horse. Never one to practice restraint, Caligula allegedly took it as a dare, lashed a chain of boats together, covered them with dirt and went for a ride.
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Kleiner, Diana E. "Technology and Revolution in Roman Architecture." Academic Earth. 2009. (February 11, 2011)http://academicearth.org/lectures/technology-and-revolution-roman-architecture
Richard, Carl J. "Why We're All Romans." Rowman & Littlefield. 2010.
Hansen, Roger D. "Water and Wastewater Systems in Imperial Rome." Waterhistory.org. 2011. (February 12, 2011)http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/rome/
Roman-Empire.net. "Siege Warfare." 2011. (February 11, 2011)http://www.roman-empire.net/army/leg-siege.html
Miller, Jonathan D. and Daniel Postlewaite. "Hypocaust." Drexel University. November 9, 2005. (February 14, 2011)http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~jpm55/AE390/A5/hypocaust.htm
Hansen, Roger D. "Water Wheels." Waterhistory.org. 2011. (February 12, 2011)http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/waterwheels/
Franklin Road Academy. "Gallery of Ancient Greek and Roman Artillery Weapons." November 24, 2004. (February 14, 2011)http://www.frapanthers.com/teachers/white/roman_siege_project.htm
Deming, David. "Science and Technology in World History. Volume 1: The Ancient World and Classical Civilization." McFarland & Company, Inc. 2010.
Moore, David. "The Roman Pantheon: The Triumph of Concrete." Romanconcrete.com. January, 2004. (February 15, 2011)http://www.romanconcrete.com/
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A: We are open seven days a week. Monday – Saturday we are open 11am to 9pm with last call for seating at 8pm. Sundays we are open 11am – 7pm with last call for seating at 6pm. We do recommend giving yourself a good coupe of hours to paint.
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I met up with Hermine Lilja and her sister Hilda in Stockholm before they were heading off on their vacation to Italy for a few weeks. This was my second photoshoot with Hermine, and this time we decided to head out to Tranebergsbron since it has a nice urban concrete feel to it, and the light is usually pretty good there. I brought a minimal amount of gear with me, just my trusted Nikon camera and a 35 mm lens, plus a reflector.
Hermine Lilja by one of the concrete pillars. We started at nine o'clock in the morning, and by that time the sun had not yet reached the underside of the bridge.
Hermine Lilja. The concrete walls give a nice clean look.
The sun is starting to hit the pillars. I like dramatic shots with lots of shadow which you get by shooting against the sun. Here I consciously avoided having the sun in the photo to avoid lens flares.
Modern lenses are pretty good at avoiding lens flares, but in this particular photo I had to edit out two small green-blue lens flares.
As the sun moved across the sky we started to get some nice diagonal shadows that I have been playing around with lately.
Hermine Lilja stepping into the sun. Here we wanted to match the angle of the shadow with her leg.
Hermine Lilja stretching. Again we tried to match the angle with the shadow, this time for the arm.
A bit further down the bridge there was a playground with swings and concrete obstacles. Hermine in the for ground with her sister Hilda on the swings in the background.
Another of my favourite shadow photos with Hermine Lilja this time doing an arabesque.
Hermine Lilja. The same pose as in one of the earlier photos, but this time with a cleaner background.
We wandered around a bit to see what else Tranebergsbron had to offer.
There was some fresh red grafitti which added a bit of colour.
One last photo with a hair flick before we called it a day.
Many thanks to Hermine and Hilda for a fun morning dance photoshoot!


text:
Transient deformation associated with explosive eruption measured at Masaya volcano (Nicaragua) using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
K. J. Stephens*, S. K. Ebmeier, N. K. Young, J. Biggs
Bristol Doctoral College
Deformation caused by processes within a volcanic conduit are localised, transient, and therefore challenging to measure. However, observations of such deformation are important because they provide insight into conditions preceding explosive activity, and are important for hazard assessment.Here, we present measurements of low magnitude, transient deformation covering an area of ∼4km2 at Masaya volcano spanning a period of explosive eruptions (30th April-17th May 2012). Radial uplift of duration 24days and peak displacements of a few millimeters occurred in the month before the eruption, but switched to subsidence ∼27days before the onset of the explosive eruption on 30th of April. Uplift resumed during, and continued for ∼16days after the end of the explosive eruption period. We use a finite element modelling approach to investigate a range of possible source geometries for this deformation, and find that the changes in pressurisation of a conduit 450m below the surface vent (radius 160m and length 700m), surrounded by a halo of brecciated material with a Young's modulus of 15GPa, gave a good fit to the InSAR displacements. We propose that the pre-eruptive deformation sequence at Masaya is likely to have been caused by the movement of magma through a constriction within the shallow conduit system.Although measuring displacements associated with conduit processes remains challenging, new high resolution InSAR datasets will increasingly allow the measurement of transient and lower magnitude deformation signals, improving the method's applicability for observing transitions between volcanic activity characterised by an open and a closed conduit system.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.014
E-pub ahead of print - 17 May 2017
Ephemeral lava lake
InSAR
Pre-eruptive subsidence
Transient deformation
10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.014
This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via Elseiver at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.014 . Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher.
Final published version, 2.99 MBLicence: CC BY
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Transient deformation associated with explosive eruption measured at Masaya volcano (Nicaragua) using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
explosive Earth & Environmental Sciences
volcano Earth & Environmental Sciences
volcanic eruption Earth & Environmental Sciences
synthetic aperture radar Earth & Environmental Sciences
uplift Earth & Environmental Sciences
Young modulus Earth & Environmental Sciences
hazard assessment Earth & Environmental Sciences
subsidence Earth & Environmental Sciences
High resolution geodesy for active deforming volcanoes
Biggs, J. J.
Stephens, K. J., Ebmeier, S. K., Young, N. K., & Biggs, J. (2017). Transient deformation associated with explosive eruption measured at Masaya volcano (Nicaragua) using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 06099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.014
Stephens, K. J. ; Ebmeier, S. K. ; Young, N. K. ; Biggs, J. / Transient deformation associated with explosive eruption measured at Masaya volcano (Nicaragua) using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. In: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 2017 ; Vol. 06099.
@article{0a676da88d884edd871803301b611e01,
title = "Transient deformation associated with explosive eruption measured at Masaya volcano (Nicaragua) using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar",
abstract = "Deformation caused by processes within a volcanic conduit are localised, transient, and therefore challenging to measure. However, observations of such deformation are important because they provide insight into conditions preceding explosive activity, and are important for hazard assessment.Here, we present measurements of low magnitude, transient deformation covering an area of ∼4km2 at Masaya volcano spanning a period of explosive eruptions (30th April-17th May 2012). Radial uplift of duration 24days and peak displacements of a few millimeters occurred in the month before the eruption, but switched to subsidence ∼27days before the onset of the explosive eruption on 30th of April. Uplift resumed during, and continued for ∼16days after the end of the explosive eruption period. We use a finite element modelling approach to investigate a range of possible source geometries for this deformation, and find that the changes in pressurisation of a conduit 450m below the surface vent (radius 160m and length 700m), surrounded by a halo of brecciated material with a Young's modulus of 15GPa, gave a good fit to the InSAR displacements. We propose that the pre-eruptive deformation sequence at Masaya is likely to have been caused by the movement of magma through a constriction within the shallow conduit system.Although measuring displacements associated with conduit processes remains challenging, new high resolution InSAR datasets will increasingly allow the measurement of transient and lower magnitude deformation signals, improving the method's applicability for observing transitions between volcanic activity characterised by an open and a closed conduit system.",
keywords = "Ephemeral lava lake, InSAR, Masaya, Pre-eruptive subsidence, Transient deformation",
author = "Stephens, {K. J.} and Ebmeier, {S. K.} and Young, {N. K.} and J. Biggs",
doi = "10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.014",
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journal = "Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research",
Stephens, KJ, Ebmeier, SK, Young, NK & Biggs, J 2017, 'Transient deformation associated with explosive eruption measured at Masaya volcano (Nicaragua) using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar', Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol. 06099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.014
Transient deformation associated with explosive eruption measured at Masaya volcano (Nicaragua) using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. / Stephens, K. J.; Ebmeier, S. K.; Young, N. K.; Biggs, J.
In: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Vol. 06099, 17.05.2017.
T1 - Transient deformation associated with explosive eruption measured at Masaya volcano (Nicaragua) using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
AU - Stephens, K. J.
AU - Ebmeier, S. K.
AU - Young, N. K.
AU - Biggs, J.
N2 - Deformation caused by processes within a volcanic conduit are localised, transient, and therefore challenging to measure. However, observations of such deformation are important because they provide insight into conditions preceding explosive activity, and are important for hazard assessment.Here, we present measurements of low magnitude, transient deformation covering an area of ∼4km2 at Masaya volcano spanning a period of explosive eruptions (30th April-17th May 2012). Radial uplift of duration 24days and peak displacements of a few millimeters occurred in the month before the eruption, but switched to subsidence ∼27days before the onset of the explosive eruption on 30th of April. Uplift resumed during, and continued for ∼16days after the end of the explosive eruption period. We use a finite element modelling approach to investigate a range of possible source geometries for this deformation, and find that the changes in pressurisation of a conduit 450m below the surface vent (radius 160m and length 700m), surrounded by a halo of brecciated material with a Young's modulus of 15GPa, gave a good fit to the InSAR displacements. We propose that the pre-eruptive deformation sequence at Masaya is likely to have been caused by the movement of magma through a constriction within the shallow conduit system.Although measuring displacements associated with conduit processes remains challenging, new high resolution InSAR datasets will increasingly allow the measurement of transient and lower magnitude deformation signals, improving the method's applicability for observing transitions between volcanic activity characterised by an open and a closed conduit system.
AB - Deformation caused by processes within a volcanic conduit are localised, transient, and therefore challenging to measure. However, observations of such deformation are important because they provide insight into conditions preceding explosive activity, and are important for hazard assessment.Here, we present measurements of low magnitude, transient deformation covering an area of ∼4km2 at Masaya volcano spanning a period of explosive eruptions (30th April-17th May 2012). Radial uplift of duration 24days and peak displacements of a few millimeters occurred in the month before the eruption, but switched to subsidence ∼27days before the onset of the explosive eruption on 30th of April. Uplift resumed during, and continued for ∼16days after the end of the explosive eruption period. We use a finite element modelling approach to investigate a range of possible source geometries for this deformation, and find that the changes in pressurisation of a conduit 450m below the surface vent (radius 160m and length 700m), surrounded by a halo of brecciated material with a Young's modulus of 15GPa, gave a good fit to the InSAR displacements. We propose that the pre-eruptive deformation sequence at Masaya is likely to have been caused by the movement of magma through a constriction within the shallow conduit system.Although measuring displacements associated with conduit processes remains challenging, new high resolution InSAR datasets will increasingly allow the measurement of transient and lower magnitude deformation signals, improving the method's applicability for observing transitions between volcanic activity characterised by an open and a closed conduit system.
KW - Ephemeral lava lake
KW - InSAR
KW - Masaya
KW - Pre-eruptive subsidence
KW - Transient deformation
U2 - 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.014
DO - 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.014
VL - 06099
JO - Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
JF - Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
Stephens KJ, Ebmeier SK, Young NK, Biggs J. Transient deformation associated with explosive eruption measured at Masaya volcano (Nicaragua) using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 2017 May 17;06099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.014