text:
5: Nucleic Acids
CHEM 121: Concepts for a Molecular View of Biology II (Cunningham)
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Sun, 25 Aug 2019 21:49:05 GMT
5.6: Mutations and Genetic Diseases
Krista Cunningham
[ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "source-chem-15960", "licenseversion:40" ]
https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FCase_Western_Reserve_University%2FCHEM_121%253A_Concepts_for_a_Molecular_View_of_Biology_II_(Cunningham)%2F5%253A_Nucleic_Acids%2F5.6%253A_Mutations_and_Genetic_Diseases
Looking Closer: Recombinant DNA Technology
Concept Review Exercises
To describe the causes of genetic mutations and how they lead to genetic diseases.
We have seen that the sequence of nucleotides in a cell's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is what ultimately determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins made by the cell and thus is critical for the proper functioning of the cell. On rare occasions, however, the nucleotide sequence in DNA may be modified either spontaneously (by errors during replication, occurring approximately once for every 10 billion nucleotides) or from exposure to heat, radiation, or certain chemicals. Any chemical or physical change that alters the nucleotide sequence in DNA is called a mutation. When a mutation occurs in an egg or sperm cell that then produces a living organism, it will be inherited by all the offspring of that organism.
Common types of mutations include substitution (a different nucleotide is substituted), insertion (the addition of a new nucleotide), and deletion (the loss of a nucleotide). These changes within DNA are called point mutations because only one nucleotide is substituted, added, or deleted (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Because an insertion or deletion results in a frame-shift that changes the reading of subsequent codons and, therefore, alters the entire amino acid sequence that follows the mutation, insertions and deletions are usually more harmful than a substitution in which only a single amino acid is altered.
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Three Types of Point Mutations
The chemical or physical agents that cause mutations are called mutagens. Examples of physical mutagens are ultraviolet (UV) and gamma radiation. Radiation exerts its mutagenic effect either directly or by creating free radicals that in turn have mutagenic effects. Radiation and free radicals can lead to the formation of bonds between nitrogenous bases in DNA. For example, exposure to UV light can result in the formation of a covalent bond between two adjacent thymines on a DNA strand, producing a thymine dimer (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). If not repaired, the dimer prevents the formation of the double helix at the point where it occurs. The genetic disease xeroderma pigmentosum is caused by a lack of the enzyme that cuts out the thymine dimers in damaged DNA. Individuals affected by this condition are abnormally sensitive to light and are more prone to skin cancer than normal individuals.
Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): An Example of Radiation Damage to DNA. (a) The thymine dimer is formed by the action of UV light. (b) When a defect in the double strand is produced by the thymine dimer, this defect temporarily stops DNA replication, but the dimer can be removed, and the region can be repaired by an enzyme repair system.
Sometimes gene mutations are beneficial, but most of them are detrimental. For example, if a point mutation occurs at a crucial position in a DNA sequence, the affected protein will lack biological activity, perhaps resulting in the death of a cell. In such cases the altered DNA sequence is lost and will not be copied into daughter cells. Nonlethal mutations in an egg or sperm cell may lead to metabolic abnormalities or hereditary diseases. Such diseases are called inborn errors of metabolism or genetic diseases. A partial listing of genetic diseases is presented in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\), and two specific diseases are discussed in the following sections. In most cases, the defective gene results in a failure to synthesize a particular enzyme.
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Some Representative Genetic Diseases in Humans and the Protein or Enzyme Responsible
Responsible Protein or Enzyme
alkaptonuria homogentisic acid oxidase
galactosemia galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase, galactokinase, or UDP galactose epimerase
Gaucher disease glucocerebrosidase
gout and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
hemophilia antihemophilic factor (factor VIII) or Christmas factor (factor IX)
homocystinuria cystathionine synthetase
maple syrup urine disease branched chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
McArdle syndrome muscle phosphorylase
Niemann-Pick disease sphingomyelinase
phenylketonuria (PKU) phenylalanine hydroxylase
sickle cell anemia hemoglobin
Tay-Sachs disease hexosaminidase A
tyrosinemia fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase or tyrosine aminotransferase
von Gierke disease glucose 6-phosphatase
Wilson disease Wilson disease protein
PKU results from the absence of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. Without this enzyme, a person cannot convert phenylalanine to tyrosine, which is the precursor of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine as well as the skin pigment melanin.
When this reaction cannot occur, phenylalanine accumulates and is then converted to higher than normal quantities of phenylpyruvate. The disease acquired its name from the high levels of phenylpyruvate (a phenyl ketone) in urine. Excessive amounts of phenylpyruvate impair normal brain development, which causes severe mental retardation.
PKU may be diagnosed by assaying a sample of blood or urine for phenylalanine or one of its metabolites. Medical authorities recommend testing every newborn's blood for phenylalanine within 24 h to 3 weeks after birth. If the condition is detected, mental retardation can be prevented by immediately placing the infant on a diet containing little or no phenylalanine. Because phenylalanine is plentiful in naturally produced proteins, the low-phenylalanine diet depends on a synthetic protein substitute plus very small measured amounts of naturally produced foods. Before dietary treatment was introduced in the early 1960s, severe mental retardation was a common outcome for children with PKU. Prior to the 1960s, 85% of patients with PKU had an intelligence quotient (IQ) less than 40, and 37% had IQ scores below 10. Since the introduction of dietary treatments, however, over 95% of children with PKU have developed normal or near-normal intelligence. The incidence of PKU in newborns is about 1 in 12,000 in North America.
Every state in the United States has mandated that screening for PKU be provided to all newborns.
Several genetic diseases are collectively categorized as lipid-storage diseases. Lipids are constantly being synthesized and broken down in the body, so if the enzymes that catalyze lipid degradation are missing, the lipids tend to accumulate and cause a variety of medical problems. When a genetic mutation occurs in the gene for the enzyme hexosaminidase A, for example, gangliosides cannot be degraded but accumulate in brain tissue, causing the ganglion cells of the brain to become greatly enlarged and nonfunctional. This genetic disease, known as Tay-Sachs disease, leads to a regression in development, dementia, paralysis, and blindness, with death usually occurring before the age of three. There is currently no treatment, but Tay-Sachs disease can be diagnosed in a fetus by assaying the amniotic fluid (amniocentesis) for hexosaminidase A. A blood test can identify Tay-Sachs carriers—people who inherit a defective gene from only one rather than both parents—because they produce only half the normal amount of hexosaminidase A, although they do not exhibit symptoms of the disease.
More than 3,000 human diseases have been shown to have a genetic component, caused or in some way modulated by the person's genetic composition. Moreover, in the last decade or so, researchers have succeeded in identifying many of the genes and even mutations that are responsible for specific genetic diseases. Now scientists have found ways of identifying and isolating genes that have specific biological functions and placing those genes in another organism, such as a bacterium, which can be easily grown in culture. With these techniques, known as recombinant DNA technology, the ability to cure many serious genetic diseases appears to be within our grasp.
Isolating the specific gene or genes that cause a particular genetic disease is a monumental task. One reason for the difficulty is the enormous amount of a cell's DNA, only a minute portion of which contains the gene sequence. Thus, the first task is to obtain smaller pieces of DNA that can be more easily handled. Fortunately, researchers are able to use restriction enzymes (also known as restriction endonucleases), discovered in 1970, which are enzymes that cut DNA at specific, known nucleotide sequences, yielding DNA fragments of shorter length. For example, the restriction enzyme EcoRI recognizes the nucleotide sequence shown here and cuts both DNA strands as indicated:
Once a DNA strand has been fragmented, it must be cloned; that is, multiple identical copies of each DNA fragment are produced to make sure there are sufficient amounts of each to detect and manipulate in the laboratory. Cloning is accomplished by inserting the individual DNA fragments into phages (bacterial viruses) that can enter bacterial cells and be replicated. When a bacterial cell infected by the modified phage is placed in an appropriate culture medium, it forms a colony of cells, all containing copies of the original DNA fragment. This technique is used to produce many bacterial colonies, each containing a different DNA fragment. The result is a DNA library, a collection of bacterial colonies that together contain the entire genome of a particular organism.
The next task is to screen the DNA library to determine which bacterial colony (or colonies) has incorporated the DNA fragment containing the desired gene. A short piece of DNA, known as a hybridization probe, which has a nucleotide sequence complementary to a known sequence in the gene, is synthesized, and a radioactive phosphate group is added to it as a "tag." You might be wondering how researchers are able to prepare such a probe if the gene has not yet been isolated. One way is to use a segment of the desired gene isolated from another organism. An alternative method depends on knowing all or part of the amino acid sequence of the protein produced by the gene of interest: the amino acid sequence is used to produce an approximate genetic code for the gene, and this nucleotide sequence is then produced synthetically. (The amino acid sequence used is carefully chosen to include, if possible, many amino acids such as methionine and tryptophan, which have only a single codon each.)
After a probe identifies a colony containing the desired gene, the DNA fragment is clipped out, again using restriction enzymes, and spliced into another replicating entity, usually a plasmid. Plasmids are tiny mini-chromosomes found in many bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli). A recombined plasmid would then be inserted into the host organism (usually the bacterium E. coli), where it would go to work to produce the desired protein.
Proponents of recombinant DNA research are excited about its great potential benefits. An example is the production of human growth hormone, which is used to treat children who fail to grow properly. Formerly, human growth hormone was available only in tiny amounts obtained from cadavers. Now it is readily available through recombinant DNA technology. Another gene that has been cloned is the gene for epidermal growth factor, which stimulates the growth of skin cells and can be used to speed the healing of burns and other skin wounds. Recombinant techniques are also a powerful research tool, providing enormous aid to scientists as they map and sequence genes and determine the functions of different segments of an organism's DNA.
In addition to advancements in the ongoing treatment of genetic diseases, recombinant DNA technology may actually lead to cures. When appropriate genes are successfully inserted into E. coli, the bacteria can become miniature pharmaceutical factories, producing great quantities of insulin for people with diabetes, clotting factor for people with hemophilia, missing enzymes, hormones, vitamins, antibodies, vaccines, and so on. Recent accomplishments include the production in E. coli of recombinant DNA molecules containing synthetic genes for tissue plasminogen activator, a clot-dissolving enzyme that can rescue heart attack victims, as well as the production of vaccines against hepatitis B (humans) and hoof-and-mouth disease (cattle).
Scientists have used other bacteria besides E. coli in gene-splicing experiments and also yeast and fungi. Plant molecular biologists use a bacterial plasmid to introduce genes for several foreign proteins (including animal proteins) into plants. The bacterium is Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which can cause tumors in many plants, but which can be treated so that its tumor-causing ability is eliminated. One practical application of its plasmids would be to enhance a plant's nutritional value by transferring into it the gene necessary for the synthesis of an amino acid in which the plant is normally deficient (for example, transferring the gene for methionine synthesis into pinto beans, which normally do not synthesize high levels of methionine).
Restriction enzymes have been isolated from a number of bacteria and are named after the bacterium of origin. EcoRI is a restriction enzyme obtained from the R strain of E. coli. The roman numeral I indicates that it was the first restriction enzyme obtained from this strain of bacteria.
The nucleotide sequence in DNA may be modified either spontaneously or from exposure to heat, radiation, or certain chemicals and can lead to mutations.
Mutagens are the chemical or physical agents that cause mutations.
Genetic diseases are hereditary diseases that occur because of a mutation in a critical gene.
What effect can UV radiation have on DNA?
Is UV radiation an example of a physical mutagen or a chemical mutagen?
What causes PKU?
How is PKU detected and treated?
It can lead to the formation of a covalent bond between two adjacent thymines on a DNA strand, producing a thymine dimer.
physical mutagen
the absence of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
PKU is diagnosed by assaying a sample of blood or urine for phenylalanine or one of its metabolites; treatment calls for an individual to be placed on a diet containing little or no phenylalanine.
A portion of the coding strand of a gene was found to have the sequence 5′‑ATGAGCGACTTTCGCCCATTA‑3′. A mutation occurred in the gene, making the sequence 5′‑ATGAGCGACCTTCGCCCATTA‑3′.
Identify the mutation as a substitution, an insertion, or a deletion.
What effect would the mutation have on the amino acid sequence of the protein obtained from this mutated gene (use Figure 19.14)?
A portion of the coding strand of a gene was found to have the sequence 5′‑ATGGCAATCCTCAAACGCTGT‑3′. A mutation occurred in the gene, making the sequence 5′‑ATGGCAATCCTCAACGCTGT‑3′.
What is a mutagen?
Give two examples of mutagens.
For each genetic disease, indicate which enzyme is lacking or defective and the characteristic symptoms of the disease.
PKU
Phenylalanine (UUU) would be replaced with leucine (CUU).
a chemical or physical agent that can cause a mutation
UV radiation and gamma radiation (answers will vary)
5.6: Mutations and Genetic Diseases is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.
5.5: Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code
5.7: Viruses
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text:
Q: How to check if a port is open in a docker container with python/nodejs script? I have a docker container A. There are two applications ( B&C) running in the container A in Ports 8080 and 8081( TCP ports). I would like to write a python/nodejs or bash script to check if ports are open by respective applications?
Usecase:

*

*Get Hostname of the docker container

*Validate if both applications A and B opens the port to Ports 8080 and 8081.

*Once validated, i need to print that test has passed and print exit status.

A: You can use netstat to display open ports. Together with grep you can filter the output like this:
netstat | grep 8080

netstat's output will be directed to grep, which only displays lines containing "8080"
You can then use test to check that both netstat commands output something, for example by using -n (meaning a string is nonzero):
#!/bin/bash
servicea=$(netstat | grep 8080)
serviceb=$(netstat | grep 8081)

if [ -n "$servicea" ] && [ -n "$serviceb" ]
then
echo "up and running"
fi

Note: This works from inside the container. To access ports from outside the container you need to map them.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Flybe Group Plc Share Price History.
Flybe Group Plc Share Price history. The following table shows end-of-day data FLYB.L historical share prices for Flybe Group Plc, including the Open, High, Low, Close prices, along with trading volumes. Historical prices are recorded daily from the closing price of the company once the stock market has closed.


The weather is out here getting cold as hell, but as far as the Toronto music scene is concerned things have been hot, and have no signs of cooling down. This dude right here is definitely adding to that heat wave, with his new tape. Toronto artist Chillio$ is back on these streets with a brand new mixtape, "FLEXGOD". The tape was released yesterday and just know it is not lacking in quality. It features 17 tracks that are predominantly heavy trap bangers, but still have a few tracks for other audiences. All in all, this is definitely dope and is worth checking out. Be sure to take a listen below.


These are counters that you can use to show off a lot of different things, like your collection numbers, your neoquest progress, etc.
Just copy and paste the coding into where you want the counter to go and change number ### to the correct number. When something you are using a counter for changes you will need to change the number in your counter to reflect on the current correct number.


Create a cosy environment after dark, with one or more lamps!
On your table or window sill, on the floor or hanging... their glow will lighten up the patio, balcony or garden... for leisure and gathering moments.
The glass lanterns are not only beautiful and elegant but also an excellent decoratice element. Even during the day, Glass Lantern lightens up your way with a simple yet contemporary design.
Each lantern is fitted with a strong wire which ensures safety when hanging and still allows the lantern to be moved around, even while lit.
Replacing tea lights in the base of the glass lantern is straightforward, just lift up the glass and place the tea light on the metal base.
The lantern is made of glass. The wire and base are made of stainless steel.
This is the time for the good energies, beach days and long nights. Get inspired for an unforgetable summer!


text:
Sunday Review|Corporate Welfare for the Kochs
https://nyti.ms/1jluOJj
Joe Nocera
Corporate Welfare for the Kochs
By Joe Nocera
The Big River Steel plant under construction in Osceola, Ark.Credit...Christie Zolman/Blytheville Courier News
FRIDAY, Feb. 1, 2013, was a red-letter day for a proposed Arkansas steel mill called Big River Steel. With a cost estimated at around $1.3 billion, the project, if it got off the ground, was expected to be the largest industrial development in Arkansas history, easily exceeding the cost of two Nucor steel plants situated just 30 miles from the planned site of the new mill.
As is typical of such things, the people who dreamed up Big River Steel wanted government aid that would help make the project successful — the kind of aid that groups like Heritage Action and Americans for Prosperity, both generously supported by the right-wing billionaires Charles and David Koch, derisively describe as "corporate welfare."
For instance, the Arkansas Legislature was considering a $125 million bond issue to help pay for the mill's construction, as well as over $200 million in tax credits for buying and installing recycling equipment. The recycling credits would go to the investors, though, not the mill itself.
The deal also depended on an $800 million 10-year loan from a German bank, KfW IPEX-Bank. That loan, in turn, was contingent on credit insurance provided by Euler Hermes, a credit agency like the Export-Import Bank of the United States. In America, of course, Koch-funded groups have led the battle to defund the Ex-Im Bank, which Congress declined to reauthorize this summer, in part because of pressure applied by those groups. (On Friday, Ex-Im backers in the House said they had enough support to force a reauthorization vote.) Opponents argue, among other things, that giant corporations like Boeing and General Electric that make use of the Ex-Im bank shouldn't put taxpayers' money at risk to finance their exports.
The Germans have no such ideological hang-ups. Because Big River Steel would be buying its steelmaking equipment from a German company, SMS Siemag AG, and because the deal would lead to German exports "while also safeguarding many qualified jobs for the exporter in Germany," as a news release later put it, the German government was only too happy to insure the loans, through Euler Hermes.
So what happened on Feb. 1, 2013? On that day, the Arkansas Legislature was informed that Big River Steel had a new investor: none other than Koch Minerals, which is part of Koch Industries, the Koch brothers' privately held industrial conglomerate. The Kochs, you see, had decided to take a 40 percent equity stake, making them the project's biggest investor. In doing so, of course, the Kochs were taking advantage of the same "corporate welfare" they had long condemned — while relying on the kind of government credit agency they are trying to dismantle in America.
When I asked a Koch Industries spokesman about the company's willingness to take advantage of tax incentives and other government goodies, he gave me the standard response to such queries. "Koch Industries has consistently opposed and actively lobbied against all forms of corporate welfare, including those we currently benefit from," read an emailed statement. "With that said, we will not put ourselves and our employees at a competitive disadvantage in the current marketplace." In other words, the Kochs believe there is nothing hypocritical about employing government subsidies they oppose.
But I'm not so sure. The Arkansas incentive package ultimately passed, the German government-insured loan was completed and the plant should be up and running next year. And thanks to the recycling tax credits, the Kochs will recoup a significant portion of their investment even if the mill never makes a penny in profit. Indeed, the Kochs' involvement helped give Arkansas legislators the comfort they needed to approve the incentive package. It gave "validity to the project," one state legislator told the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette.
"We don't have the budget to hire people to do due diligence," says Grant Tennille, who was then running the Arkansas Economic Development Commission. "If people like the Kochs walk in the door, with a reputation and money, that's a big deal." In other words, the Kochs didn't just take advantage of corporate welfare; their involvement was the impetus for the corporate welfare Big River Steel got.
Perhaps more important, the Big River Steel project offers a clear illustration of why those who want to put the Export-Import Bank out of business are dead wrong.
Usually, big new plants are built by existing companies, but that's not the case with Big River Steel. It is the brainchild of the late John Correnti, a steel executive who rounded up bank financing and investors. (Correnti died in August; the new chief executive is the project's investment banker.) A group of investors, even one led by a seasoned executive like Correnti, was never going to be able to get the $1 billion-plus needed to build Big River Steel without government help.
"Because of the size of the loan and the 10-year repayment period, private insurers would not have wanted to pick it up," says Jonathan Bell, the editor in chief of Trade and Export Finance. "And banks wouldn't have touched it with a 10-foot pole." There is also usually a grace period during construction that would make banks wary, Bell adds. "This is exactly what export credit agencies are good at," he says: stepping in to complete deals that make business sense but need the backing of a sovereign to complete.
This would seem to offer a rather resounding rejoinder to the right-wing refrain that giant companies like G.E. ought to be able to finance their own exports. Sometimes that's simply impossible. SMS Siemag is a reasonably big company, yet there was no way that Big River Steel could borrow the money to buy its steelmaking equipment without the involvement of the German government. Understanding that, Germany facilitated the deal — because it would benefit German exports and German workers.
As for American workers, Big River Steel likes to brag that the mill will provide 525 well-paying jobs. But with the steel industry in a terrible slump, it will surely result in layoffs for other American steelworkers. Those nearby Nucor plants are operating at less than 75 percent capacity; other American steel mills are faring no better. Nucor, in fact, has tried to block Big River Steel, largely because it fears the effect the new mill will have on the steel industry over all. Thus are the Koch brothers helping German workers while hurting Americans.
Bell, the editor who covers export credit agencies, sounded appalled at the fight over the Export-Import Bank. "A lot of U.S. companies are going to lose business," he said. Then he added, "Those Tea Party idiots have no idea how business is done in the real world."
But the Koch brothers sure do.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Summation of dynamic Text box values in SSRS How can I get the result of SUM(PTsEarned+PtsWithdrawn) in SSRS?
I am trying to use the =Sum( ReportItems!PtsEarned.Value + ReportItems!PtsWithdrawn.Value) But I am getting error.
The values for Txtbx PtsEarned and PtsWithdrawn are always changing.

A: You should not include SUM in your query.
It should be
=( ReportItems!PtsEarned.Value + ReportItems!PtsWithdrawn.Value)
You are already using the Add sign to your query.
This will give you a desired result.
Regards
Safi


01:38 jordan4ibanez Does anyone know where that gui of TenPlus1's Protection Redo is?
01:46 jordan4ibanez But which is more secure, areas or protection redo?
03:25 jordan4ibanez What's this error? 2016-11-22 22:24:37: ERROR[Server]: Server::ProcessData(): Canceling: No player for peer_id=2 disconnecting peer!
03:51 jordan4ibanez Yeah I keep getting that issue in latest haha, I don't know what's up, maybe it's the areas mod!
09:34 JamesTait 👋 Chinchou, thanks!
11:24 fireglow about 20 times now!
11:25 KikaRz I won't send here plane gifs.
21:31 Wuzzy Can I use the liquid drawtype for non-liquids? And how?


text:
Colonel Satsangi's Kiran Memorial Public School is a senior secondary school established in 1986 by Col P S Satsangi(VSM). It is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education.  CSKM Public School offers residential, long hours day boarding, and month end/week end home boarding schooling programmes. It combines the qualities of the Public School System with the Indian Gurukul System.

Location
The CSKM School occupies a sprawling area of 15 acres amidst the scenic Aravalli hills at Satbari, South Delhi, New Delhi. Located two kilometres off the Mehrauli - Chattarpur - Bhatti Mines Road, the school is 13 to 16 km away from Nizamuddin, New Delhi and Delhi railway stations and 10 to 13 km away from the domestic and international airports. The school is 4 km from the famous Chattarpur Temple, 7 km from Qutub Minar and 5 km from IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University).

History
The CSKM Public School was established in 1986 by Late Col Prem Saran Satsangi, VSM, who was a pioneer in school education and was awarded the Vishisht Sewa Medal for his outstanding services in education.

CSKM rights
Right Thought

Right Attitude

Right Speech

Right Conduct

Right Mindfulness

Right Effort

Right View

And You Decide What Is Right

But

Be Prepared To Take Responsibility

For Yourself

School flag
The school flag have three colours: steel grey, blood red and navy blue

Steel grey colour signifies Determination and Endurance, blood red colour represents Sacrifice in Devotion to Duty, navy blue colour symbolises the path of Character and Thought.

School crest and motto
'Busy Bee Pleasure' symbolizes the ever-busy bee which derives pleasure from its work, picking the best nectar from flowers and producing the best honey.

Streams
The school offers three streams: Science, Commerce and Humanities. The subjects offered in the senior secondary classes are: English, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology, Accountancy, Economics, Business Studies, Political Science, Sociology, History, Psychology, Informatics Practices, Painting, Physical Education.

Infrastructure
The school is equipped with activity rooms, auditorium, AV room, banquet hall, library, Computer Science labs, counselling centre, dining hall, internet, language labs, lecture theaters, open air theaters, Psychology lab, reference library, science laboratory, self-learning centre, seminar halls, Smart classes, staff rooms, basketball courts, badminton courts, lawn Tennis courts, cricket ground, football ground, and table tennis courts.

The school has a boarding facility for both boys and girls and most of the teachers stay in the campus to take care of the students all day.

Session and timings
The school timings are from morning 8:30 am to 4:20 pm.

The school follows the CBSE academic year which starts from 1 April to 31 March

Academics

 IT Enabled Labs
 Atal Tinkering lab
 Sciences
 Computers
 Language
 French
 Maths
 Smart Classes
 Arts
 Commerce
 24 hours Residential Faculty Care - PhDs, gold medalists and qualified staff
 100% scholarship to the meritorious
 Delhi Domicile for Engineering, Medical & Delhi University admission

Sports

 4 basketball courts
 3 tennis courts
 2 volleyball courts
 2 badminton courts
 Cricket
 Football fields
 Athletic track
 Yoga
 MultiGym
 Table tennis
 Skating
 Taekwondo
 Swimming pool
 Splash pool
 Specialised coaching by Peninsula Tennis Academy

Personality development

 Psychologist, Special Educator & Counsellor for Personality Assessment, Intervention and Development
 Child Guidance, Career Counselling
 Public speaking skills
 Hobbies
 Paper recycling
 Robotics
 Dance
 Flute and drum Band
 Music
 Photography
 Art and craft
 Story writing
 Helen O' Grady International Theater
 Vedic maths and abacus

Well-being
 Nearest main road 2 km away
 Surrounded by farms on 3 sides
 Adjacent to Asola Wildlife Sanctuary
 Huge campus adjacent to Asola Wildlife Sanctuary
 Hot meals in dining hall
 Eco club
 300+ trees
 Medical Room
 24 Hours ambulance facility
 Referrals to South Delhi Doctors and hospitals

Secure environment

 24 x 7 CCTV surveillance
 GPS enabled transport with CCTV
 Real time alert through SMS

Hostel / boarding facility

 Separate hostel facilities for boys and girls with 24 hour supervision by Wardens and Counselors.
 Lady Wardens, Games teachers and Counselors, for the girls.
 Food is served in the dining hall.
 24 – hours medical supervision under nurses and resident doctor.
 School being a secular set up, festivals of all religions are celebrated.

Awards and recognitions
 International Dimension In Schools Award 2022-25 by British Council
 Gandhi Smriti Samman Award
 Best Boarding school in India - India Education Award
 India's Best Result Oriented School - National Education Excellence Award
 Top 3 Boarding School in Delhi - Three Best Rated
 Most Promising Boarding School - The Education Excellence Awards
 Zonal Level Science Drama (First Prize)
 Zonal Level Maths Exhibition (First Prize)
 Zonal Overall Championship trophy in Games and Sports in 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20 & 2022-23

Notable people
Mr Sunil Mansingh - Journalist, Times of India
Mr Hitender Hari - Judge
Ms Priya Shekhar - Judge
Dr Khushboo Singh - Actor
Mr Niraj Bahadur Shahi - Additional Inspector General of Police, Nepal
Mr Naresh Mohan Jha, Director (Budget) - Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003
Saurabh Raj Jain - TV and film actor
Ved Pal - Delhi Councillor
Dr Manoj Kumar - Director Law Firm Hammurabi and Solomon
Mr Sanjay Kumar - District Magistrate
Mr Amrit Abhijat - Joint secretary, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs at Government of India

CBSE Delhi
Boarding schools in Delhi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
review | tUnE-yArDs at the Great American Music Hall
BY EVENTSEEKER STAFF
Merrill Garbus stepped on stage at San Francisco's Great American Music Hall, looking like a hybrid between a jazz lounge singer and exotic jungle bird, in a long black gown complete with fluorescent feathered sleeves and her trademark face-paint. The woman behind the highly buzzed and grammatically irritating tUnE-yArDs, Garbus, who is now based out of Oakland, beamed at selling out a prominent venue in the area she calls home, keeping a permanent grin affixed to her face throughout the evening's performance.
Photo by Ashley Jordan Gordon.
After the audience greeted Garbus with welcoming applause, she took her position in front of a single drum, microphone and looping machine, carefully building intricately-layered loops that are a crucial part of her songs. With the loops set to her liking, she went into a howl, her powerful voice asking the audience, or perhaps herself, "Do you want to live?" over and over again. While pointing her drum sticks, when not in use, at the crowd, it seemed as though she was a conductor of the audience's enthusiasm. She evidently did possess a sort of control over the audience, as it was difficult to notice her backing musicians—Nate Brenner who regularly tours with Garbus providing bass and guitar work, as well as two saxophonists—slink onto stage. It was only with the start of her second song, "You Yes You" that these other musicians became apparent, even though the focus remained on Garbus.
While these backing instrumentalists certainly aided in recreating the heavily layered musical style portrayed on tUnE-yArDs' studio albums, Garbus proved perfectly capable of creating a one-woman symphony through her looping adeptness. Initially the audience cheered and affectionately cat-called when she deftly created her starting loops—harmonizing with herself, forging polyrhythms and complex ukulele riffs—undoubtedly making these loops far more difficult for Garbus, who showed no sign of struggle. However, at the close of one song and after the particularly dense drone of one final loop halted, Garbus jokingly chided the audience for interfering with her looping, but also admitted to the echoing applause making her feel "like a rockstar playing an arena show," which is essentially how Garbus held herself the entire night, with the confidence and joy of a newly minted rockstar.
This attitude, coupled with Garbus' evident talent, prevented the show's costumery and backup dancers from being a gimmick meant to distract, instead acting as an added element to the tUnE-yArDs' live experience. The backup dancers appeared to be extensions of Garbus herself, or perhaps her puppets (fittingly so, as Garbus has a background in puppetry), dressed in all black with a single fluorescent tuft of Garbus' feathers. Dancing just as much with their faces as their bodies, they mimicked the quirky face choreography of tUnE-yArDs' "Bizness" music video. With Garbus' seamless shift from authoritative figure with an undeniable power behind her voice calling out "I'm a new kind of woman" in "Killa," to her breathy, self-loathing whisper "I run over my own body with my own car" in "Es So," the dancers followed these shifts and stage-dove onto the audience, crowd-surfing to the exit—seemingly controlled by the tone in their puppet-master voice.
The audience seemed to be controlled by the tone in Garbus' voice as well, jumping when she jumped, participating in call-and-response and acting as a makeshift loop device by holding an F note out when commanded to. While audience participation can often detract from the performers on stage, Garbus conducted it as though the entire venue and all of its inhabitants were part of the tUnE-yArDs musical. This stage presence and charisma only cemented Garbus as the rockstar her albums allude to, proving that her lyric "What's a girl to do when she'll never be a rockstar?" is obviously not in reference to herself.
Let us know what you think! Follow us on Twitter and like us on Facebook to give us a shout. You can also stay on top of exciting events from around the world by downloading the eventseeker app for iPhone, Android or Windows
tUnE-yArDs Official Site
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Great American Music Hall reviews tUnE-yArDs


The Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) is a method for increasing the plasma temperature and driving currents in magnetically-confined fusion plasmas by injecting neutral hydrogen/deuterium beams. As the plasma size increases, higher beam energy is necessary to deposit neutral beams at the core region of the confined plasma. The neutralization efficiency of positive hydrogen/deuterium ion beam accelerated with conventional NBI steeply decreases with energy of more than 100 keV. On the other hand, negative hydrogen/deuterium ion beams sustain the energy-independent neutralization efficiency of ~60 %. Consequently, negative-ion-based NBI are indispensable for recent large-scale plasma confinement devices. In order to construct negative-ion-based NBI with energy of 190 keV, NIFS researchers have successfully pioneered development of the negative ion sources.
Two significant improvements have been brought to the NIFS negative ion source. One is enhancement of the negative-ion current by optimizing the magnetic configuration for plasma confinement in the ion source. The second improvement is the development of an original beam accelerator equipped with the slot-aperture electrode, whose beam transparency is two times higher than the conventional circular-aperture electrode. Combining these two innovative ideas, the world's highest beam injection performance has been achieved with the beam power of 6.9 MW at the beam energy of 190 keV, as shown in Fig. 1.
Further investigation, however, is required to achieve higher performance and stability for advanced negative ion source to be adopted for future fusion devices. In addition, the ion-source size is too large for applying a trial-and-error approach. Scaling approach is not applicable either, because the mean free path of an electron is much shorter than the actual ion source for NBI and an ion source with the size smaller than the mean free path has different characteristics. These conventional developments become difficult for achieving significant progress in performance. For this reason, the NIFS NBI group has initiated research that focuses upon the behavior of negative hydrogen ions inside the ion-source plasma.
In the case of the negative ion source, the small amount of cesium is injected into the ion source and the cesium-adsorbed surface of the so-called "plasma electrode" become activated to transfer the electron to hydrogen atoms and hydrogenous positive ions that are colliding on the surface. As shown in Fig. 2, these particles are converted to negative ions on the surface and are recoiled opposite to the beam direction. The mechanism of how the negative hydrogen ions change the direction of their velocity and are extracted as a beam has not been clarified. Moreover, it also has not been clarified from which part of the surface of the plasma electrode the negative hydrogen ion is extracted as a beam. To this point, regarding the processes concerning the beam production through the extraction of negative hydrogen ions, although many simulations have been conducted, because numerous physical processes are related to this issue we still have not obtained results that will help explain the experimental results.
In the large negative hydrogen ion source at NIFS, various types of diagnostics are available for measuring negative hydrogen ion density, electron density, and other quantities. These physics quantities can be measured spatially and temporally in detail. The behaviors of negative hydrogen ions can be clarified under the beam extraction. Heretofore, these behaviors had been difficult to measure experimentally.
Accompanying the beam extraction, the spatial flow distribution of the negative hydrogen ions was investigated by measuring the flow of negative hydrogen ions with the use of a compound-type electrostatic probe with four needle-type electrodes irradiated by laser pulse.
These operations were conducted at numerous places, and, during the beam extraction, we investigated how the flow of negative hydrogen ions changed. In the results of that investigation, it was clarified experimentally that the negative hydrogen ions generated at the plasma electrode move far from the electrode, subsequently make a U-turn, and flow toward the beam extraction hole where the beam extraction field is applied (See Figure 3). This feature of the negative ions has never been observed before this experiment. Clarifying the detailed configuration of the negative hydrogen ion flow is a valuable result for both physics and technology research.
This research result was reported at the 26th International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA) Fusion Energy Conference held in Kyoto, Japan from October 17-22, 2016. In addition to achieving success in improving the performance of the negative hydrogen ion source, we clarified experimentally detailed physical phenomena related to negative ion source plasma by using numerous diagnostics to investigate negative ion source plasma from numerous directions. These results were comprehensively evaluated, and received the NIBS Award at the 5th International Symposium on Negative Ions, Beams and Sources held in Oxford, England from September 12-16, 2016.
By applying the method developed in this research, measurement of the negative ion flow at places still closer to the plasma electrode is possible for clarifying more detailed mechanism of the negative ions extracted as a beam. The result provides a guideline to improve the performance of the negative ion source as well as an important contribution to the simulation field related to ion-source plasma. The negative ion beams are widely utilized not only in fusion research but also in medical applications, particle physics, and propulsion for spacecraft. The ripple effects of these experimental results and the newly developed diagnostic methods in this research are expected to contribute to these research developments.


The Acura has come up with its future release photos. The car ZDX is about to be released in 2010 and the photos are already making waves, splashing through the market. It is a unique model that is about to be released in 2010 with its beautiful features and modern looks.
This vehicle has been pitched to be one of the pivotal points in the making and crafting of Acura's car technology. There is the very attractive option of "four-door sports coupe" that bears the 3.7 liter V6 engine. There are also the 300 hp and the 270 lb feet of torque that is being talked about much. The paddle shifters are also being said to be an important aspect of the car's facilities.
The car provides a panoramic view from its roof to the window flares.
It is a true beauty to reckon with. The several spy shots reveal the car in special angles to express its beauty.


text:
Broke In A Broken System–Too Many Nebraskans Are Still Sitting In Jail Just Because They Can't Afford Their Court Fines And Fees
Rose Godinez, Interim Legal Director
& Scout Richters, Legal & Policy Counsel
No one should be in jail simply because of the size of their bank account. Yet in Nebraska and around the country, thousands of individuals are simply too poor to pay fines and fees issued by the courts. Practices that were outlawed in the 19th century are still leading to poor people being trapped in a maze that only has one conclusion: mass incarceration.
A year ago, the ACLU told the story of Janet, a woman who was experiencing homelessness and living out of her car. She was one of the many individuals the ACLU's report on bail and modern-day debtors' prisons in Nebraska highlighted. One year later, we decided to check back in with county courts in Douglas and Lancaster counties to see how Nebraska judges are imposing fines and fees today. Had judges changed their practices to tailor the fines and fees to the individual and their ability to pay? Sadly, the short answer seems to be no.
Are you facing fines and fees from a court? Know Your Rights
We spent a total of two days in Douglas and Lancaster Counties this November to see how courts were responding to the ACLU's report, bipartisan reforms from the Nebraska Legislature, and the nationwide movement to reform modern-day debtors' prisons. At these initial hearings, most defendants were told of their charges, pled guilty, and were sentenced to a fine without any inquiry into their ability to pay—and with no attorney present—in a single one-stop-shop process taking less than five minutes. As practicing attorneys, we were surprised to see many of the same concerning practices we saw a year ago continuing.
Rather than giving each individual a notice of their rights and ensuring they understood their rights, most rights advisories were given as a group. The judge read off the advisory at the beginning of the session and then never repeated it, even though many people arrived later and never heard the advisory.
We never observed a court letting someone know they could request a waiver of fines or fees if they could demonstrate they could not afford to pay. We saw no instances where the judge asked a defendant about their ability to pay before imposing fines and fees.
If someone asked for an attorney, even if their offense held the possibility of jail time, we saw that judges would not appoint public defenders because the prosecutor was not seeking jail time in that specific case. Many of the individuals before the court ultimately do end up in jail when they can't pay their fines—and yet they never had an attorney.
Courts need to stop people from getting trapped in a maze of fines and fees. We're working to empower individuals and advocates to take action on their own by providing forms and instructions to help poverty-stricken Nebraskans in court.
Debtors' prison practices in Nebraska courts are unconstitutional and inhumane. Nebraskans from across the political spectrum have seen that these practices do nothing to support public safety. It is time for Nebraska's courts to use the discretion they h-ve and for each of us to know about our rights in court.
The reality is that these practices are hurting Nebraskans. Here are just a few stories of people who were in court on the days we observed. Their names and certain identifying information have been changed to protect their identities.
Stacey is a 35-year-old single mother of two who was charged with theft. She was accused of stealing less than $10 of household items from a local dollar store when she thought she had store credit for returned merchandise. Stacey decided she would plead guilty to the charge so she wouldn't have to come to court again and find child care for her children. Without asking about her financial situation, the judge ordered that Stacey pay $200 plus court costs. Because she could not afford the fine, Stacy could face jail time for a misunderstanding around $10 of merchandise.
Steven is a 45-year-old Asian man who does not speak English and appeared in court with an interpreter. Steven was charged with not having car insurance, speeding and other car-related offenses. Steven did not understand the ticket and didn't know he needed to go to court and a failure to appear charge was also added. Steven told the judge that he had just gotten the vehicle and was taking his son to school when he got pulled over. Steven's fines totaled more than $300. After the judge imposed the fines, Steven told the judge that he is sick and cannot work. He asked how he will be able to pay such a large amount. Though the judge said he could work out a payment plan and possibly do community service instead of paying the fine, Steven, like many defendants, left the courtroom with a great sense of uncertainty. Even with the payment plan would he be able to afford the large fine? Given his physical ailments, would he even be able to complete community service? If he can't pay the fine or complete community service, Steven could end up in jail.
Camila is a 19-year-old Latina woman who was charged with resisting arrest and disorderly conduct following an incident at her parent's house. Prior to Camila coming into the courtroom, the presiding Judge gave an oral rights advisory to the entire room. However, Camila had come in late and did not hear the rights advisory. Camila did not have an attorney at her side and looked intimidated. The judge noted that although Camila had already been in jail for a day she was eligible for a diversion program. Camila asked for more information, including if there was a cost to enroll in the program. The judge answered "about $200.00," but if Camila wished to waive the program the judge would credit the day Camila stayed in jail and she would only owe $50. Because Camila could not afford $200 for the diversion program, these charges will remain on her permanent record.
Despite the concerning practices that remain in effect, work has been done to address the maze of fines and fees that leads to people being jailed simply because they can't afford their fines. LB 259, which goes into full effect in July 2019, makes changes to how fines are imposed and enforced.
Learn more about your rights with fines and fees in court.
View Campaign
Court fines and fees
The Prison Lawsuit: David vs. Goliath
ACLU Files Court Challenge to State of Nebraska's Execution Protocol
Nebraska Is Illegally Obtaining and Storing Execution Drugs in...
ACLU Statement on Dept. of Corrections Issuing of a Death Notice
ACLU Applauds Introduction of Bill Limiting Solitary Confinement...
I spent my 16th Birthday Alone in a Cell
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text:
Memorial Day Racial Violence Even More Widespread than Previously Reported
I have to apologize to the readers of American Thinker. Last week, I wrote about more than a dozen episodes of black mob violence around the country over the Memorial Day weekend.
Turns out I was wrong: I missed at least three examples of large-scale racial violence. Or 300 depending on how you count.
So let's see if we can make up for these grievous errors of omission, starting in Chicago.
Shortly after Memorial Day, cops and other readers of the Second City Cop blog in Chicago started reporting large groups of black people rampaging through the upscale Gold Coast area of the downtown. All over the holiday weekend.
"Michigan Ave and the lakefront were a complete disaster tonight," said one reader. "Jumping on [top] of cars and using racial slurs at the taxpayers."
Said another: "Some poor woman was stopped at a light and had 40 savages completely surround her car and begin to rock it back and forth from each side in an attempt to tip it. When then didn't work, at least one of them ended up on her car and began stomping on it. "
And another: "It wasn't just jumping on cars. There were assaults and batteries as well."
And another: "This comment is from a senior citizen and life long Chicago resident. I listened saturday night at around 7pm to the scanner and heard police officers tell of packs of 40, 50, 100 and even 200 individuals causing trouble at north avenue and oak street beach areas.
"Fighting, running across the outer drive, throwing bottles at the oak street underpass,and pushing people. I have not heard of any comments by the mayor, the newspapers, or tv news on their websites.
"There were even packs of teens at state and lake near the ch 7 tv station. They probably could have just looked outside and seen them."
And on and on and on.
Cops in Chicago will tell you: The Second City Cop blog is the most reliable source of crime information in the city. But this time was different. There was pushback: Several readers said they did not believe the dozens of accounts of black mob violence because there was no video, no news stories and no official acknowledgement.
That changed one week after the mob violence: The Superintendent of Police came clean: "Over the weekend, we had at least five or six examples of large groups of kids coming off the CTA," said Gary McCarthy told the local CBS affiliate. "We escorted (them) around basically like NATO protesters, which is the tactic that we used last year that was so effective."
You may remember Superintendent McCarthy: He is the guy who variously blames Sarah Palin and the pilgrims for the violence in Chicago.
So, how many acts of black mob violence were there? Somewhere between 5 and, say, 100.
Sorry I missed them.
In Baltimore, I did get at least one act of racial violence correct: Hundreds of black people were rampaging through the downtown Sunday of Memorial Day weekend. Beating, destroying property, creating mayhem.
But it was not until Friday that we got a fuller story about 50 to 100 black people fighting and attacking people at a local swimming pool in another part of town. After getting kicked out, they made their way over to Druid Hill Park, where the city parked 40 bikes as part of its CitiBike program.
You know: Where the city buys bikes and lets people ride them, hoping they will return them and thus create the utopian carless society. Enter the mob. According the Baltimore Sun: "bikes were stolen by mob of threatening youths. City-owned bikes were brazenly stolen by 40-50 youths, some ejected earlier from the municipal pool for fighting."
But not before taunting and assaulting city employees who tried to convince them of the error of their ways.
Per usual, the reporters pretended that black mob violence was not an every day fact of life in Baltimore. Which, per usual, attracted the ire of lots of commenters to the paper's web site who wanted to know when the paper was going to start reporting the epic levels of black crime and violence in Baltimore.
It is hard to say why it takes days to reach the local media when 50 to 100 black people rampaging and stealing and beating their way through an entire section of a big city with lots of people seeing them. And when it does, it is presented with a gauzy filter that obscures more than it reveals.
I missed it too. Sorry about that. But I'm also having a bit of trouble with my math: How many cases of black mob violence is that: Is it two, one at the pool and one at the bikes? Or many more, since there were lots of individual acts of crime inside the mob.
That's above my pay grade. Sorry about that too.
Finally, San Leandro. Here I have the least excuse for my crime of omission: I've been there. I have friends there. Yet in San Leandro over the Memorial Day Weekend, 200 black people took BART from the Oakland area and beat, stole, kidnapped, pistol-whipped and rampaged their way through town.
The local ABC affiliate gave a few details, but saved the good part for last: "Local police are warning violent packs of teenagers are attacking and robbing people, seemingly at random," said the station.
We interrupt that recreation of that broadcast to remind you that racial violence is not random. We now return to the regularly scheduled portion of the city's video press release masquerading as a news story. "One of the kids that we arrested tried to take a car from the victim, who had a baby in the car, so we arrested him for kidnapping," San Leandro Police Lt. Mike Sobek said.
Ready for the punch line: Its been happening for a while. None of the Bay area newspapers got around to mentioning this before, but: "This has been taking place every weekend for the past month and the Bayfair mall has been dealing with a lot of these problems, but it is starting to happen more often."
Here's my final confession. My final plea for, if not forgiveness, then at least understanding. I believe this was just the tip of the iceberg.


text:
Share this Story: A Tesla co-founder aims to build an entire U.S. battery industry
A Tesla co-founder aims to build an entire U.S. battery industry
J.B. Straubel aims to move a huge chunk of the battery-component industry from Asia to the U.S.
Tom Randall
Electric vehicles make up just 4 per cent of passenger vehicle sales today, but the big flip is coming. Photo by Krisztian Bocsi/Bloomberg files
Redwood Materials Inc., the battery recycling company created by Tesla Inc. co-founder J.B. Straubel, has been keeping a big secret: It isn't really a recycling company.
Sure, Redwood has risen quickly to become the biggest lithium-ion battery recycler in the U.S.. But Straubel didn't leave Tesla in 2019 just to clean out America's junk drawers. His broader goal, described to Bloomberg for the first time, is to move a huge chunk of the battery-component industry from Asia to the U.S.
A Tesla co-founder aims to build an entire U.S. battery industry Back to video
"It's both inspiring and terrifying to see so many nations and car companies announcing their shift to electric vehicles," Straubel said. "But there's a massive gap in what needs to happen."
To fill that gap, Straubel has set out to build one of the largest battery materials factories in the world. Redwood, which currently operates three facilities in Nevada, is searching for a location farther east to build a new million-square-foot factory. At a cost of well over US$1 billion, according to Straubel, the addition will enable Redwood to become a major U.S. producer of cathodes. (Every battery has two electrodes — an anode and a cathode — between which trillions of charged lithium atoms travel. It's the cathode that largely determines a battery's cost, performance and environmental footprint.)
It's both inspiring and terrifying to see so many nations and car companies announcing their shift to electric vehicles
J.B. Straubel
Straubel says the U.S. factory will produce material for 100 gigawatt hours of batteries a year by the end of 2025. That's enough for about 1.3 million long-range vehicles a year, on par with the biggest producers in Asia. By 2030, the same facility will ramp up to 500 gigawatt hours a year, he says. At today's prices, that's US$25 billion of cathodes a year. Redwood plans to build a similar operation in Europe by 2023.
"These numbers sound insane, but when you look at what the market needs, I'm like holy cow — is this even aggressive enough?" Straubel says. "Somebody's got to do this. In fact, we need at least four companies doing similarly aggressive, crazy things all in the same timeline."
J.B. Straubel speaking at a Tesla event in 2013. Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images files
Electric vehicles make up just 4 per cent of passenger vehicle sales today, but the big flip is coming. At least 15 countries and 31 cities have announced timelines to entirely phase out sales of internal combustion vehicles, beginning with Norway in 2025. Last month, U.S. President Joe Biden signed an executive order targeting half of U.S. auto sales to be electric by 2030. General Motors Co., the biggest U.S. automaker, has pledged to electrify all of its vehicles by 2035.
These EV promises are predicated on the economic force of falling battery prices. Every time the global supply of batteries doubles, the price of making them drops about 18 per cent, according to data tracked by BloombergNEF. It's a learning curve driven by large investments in battery manufacturing like Tesla's battery Gigafactory in Nevada. There's one glaring exception to this rule: battery materials.
China accounts for more than 80 per cent of global production of battery components and materials, BNEF data show. While planned new battery factories in the U.S. and Europe will help challenge Asia's dominant role, they'll remain dependent on the region without huge new investments in basic battery components.
The not-just-recycling company
Straubel left Tesla, in part, because of his growing alarm over a looming choke point in the global supply chain. Car companies were finally paying attention to battery manufacturing, he said, but were less interested in the "less sexy" components that go into them.
Redwood is pursuing three types of operation: recycling, manufacturing copper foils for anodes, and producing cathodes. Recycling is done at headquarters in Carson City, Nevada. The company recently broke ground on a 100-acre site in Story County, Nevada, to make the delicate copper foils, a component in short supply. A cathode factory will be its biggest endeavour by far, Straubel says.
Jeffrey Straubel, centre, speaks as Elon Musk, chief executive officer of Tesla Motors Inc., left, and Yoshihiko Yamada, consultant at Panasonic Corp., look on during a press event at Tesla's new Gigafactory in Sparks, Nevada, in 2016. Photo by Troy Harvey/Bloomberg files
The company's target of 100 GWh in 2025 means it can no longer rely on recycled materials alone. Unlike some consumer electronics, there's a long lag between when electric cars are made and when their batteries are ready to be recycled. The reuse of packs in secondary applications can delay that further. Today, electric cars account for less than 10% of Redwood's recycling stock. "We're going to push the recycled percent as high as possible, but that is really going to be dependent on the availability of recycled materials," Straubel said. "If we end up consuming 50 per cent or more of virgin raw materials, that's fine."
In the decades to come, Straubel is confident that recycled materials will be used for "close to 100 per cent" of the world's battery production. Recycling is already profitable, he said, and eventually companies that don't integrate recycling with refining and production won't be able to compete on cost. Challengers are equally confident in the outlook, including Worcester, Massachusetts-based Battery Resourcers Inc., Canada startup Li-Cycle Holdings Corp. and industry incumbents like China's GEM Co.
Redwood moving into cathode production is a major development for the EV industry, according to BNEF analyst James Frith. Not only is the cathode the biggest driver of costs, but it's the most polluting part of battery production. Consolidating the supply chain in the U.S. — and the technological improvements that will come with it — will dramatically reduce emissions from battery production.
"It would be one of the biggest cathode facilities in the world," Frith said. "If you're getting rid of that long supply chain, and you're not having to do as much virgin refining, you're cutting a huge chunk out of those emissions."
166 iPhones of cobalt
While companies wait for the first big wave of electric vehicles to reach retirement, consumer electronics provide a surprisingly effective substitute. For example, batteries from consumer electronics contain considerably higher levels of cobalt, one of the most expensive and controversial inputs for batteries. It would take 6,147 recycled iPhone batteries to provide enough lithium for a Tesla Model Y but just 166 iPhones to provide enough cobalt, according to BNEF calculations. Straubel says there's so much cobalt in old electronics, Redwood will always produce more from recycling than it needs for manufacturing.
Somewhat counterintuitively, building electric cars produces more pollution than building gasoline-powered cars, due to the high energy requirements for battery production. EVs, however, are so much more efficient to operate, they more than make up for this starting deficit over the life of the car — even in places where most electricity comes from coal.
A lithium-ion battery inside an iPhone 4S. Photo by Brent Lewin/Bloomberg files
In the U.S., it take about 16,000 miles of driving before an electric vehicle becomes a net positive for the environment — or roughly a year and half of car ownership for the average American driver, according to BloombergNEF. Redwood's plan would nearly cut that in half, according to Frith. Consolidating the supply chain in the U.S. and using 50 per cent recycled material would cut the emissions from battery-pack manufacturing by at least 41 per cent.
When anyone drops off an old mobile phone or laptop at a Best Buy recycling centre, it goes to Redwood. So does any scrap when Panasonic makes battery cells for Tesla at the Nevada Gigafactory. Since Straubel left Tesla, Redwood has taken over more than half of the U.S. market for lithium-ion battery recycling. It struck battery-waste deals with Amazon.com Inc., electric bus maker Proterra Inc., Specialized Bicycle Components Inc. and, importantly, an exclusive deal with the largest electronics consolidator in North America, Electronics Recycling Services (ERI).
After collection, Redwood disassembles, shreds, burns, and mixes materials in a slurry to separate out the valuable nickel, lithium, cobalt and copper. More than 95 per cent of the core battery materials are recycled, according to Redwood. The resulting powders then wind their way back through the supply chain.
Before Redwood, most U.S. recycling shops simply ground up the batteries into a crude powder known as "black mass" for easy transportation, and then shipped those materials overseas to be refined and processed, according to Jeffrey Spangenberger, director of the Department of Energy's ReCell Center for battery recycling research. That's better than not recycling at all, but it still takes a heavy environmental toll and doesn't reduce dependence on foreign suppliers.
"We want to buy these materials once and then keep them here," Spangenberger said. "The recycler and the manufacturer together — if that can be done under one roof, then we're answering two questions at once."
We want to buy these materials once and then keep them here
Jeffrey Spangenberger
There's a reason Straubel is being listened to, even when making dramatic forecasts for what is an embryonic industry with a still uncertain growth trajectory. He was the mastermind behind Tesla's battery strategy from the first time Elon Musk approached him, following an engineering talk at Stanford University in 2003.
When Straubel left Tesla, he brought along Kevin Kassekert, another key confidant of Musk, as chief operating officer of the new company. Kassekert was in charge of building Tesla's sprawling battery "Gigafactory" in Sparks, Nevada. Kassekert was responsible for finding the site, building the factory, and hiring most of the people who operated it.
Now, he aims to do the same thing for battery materials at Redwood. "In 2013 there wasn't any major battery manufacturing in the U.S.," Kassekert said. "Fast forward eight years, and there's not a lot of battery component manufacturing in the U.S. We're focused on filling that void."
Since it's a new industry for the U.S., Kassekert and Straubel have been piecing together a workforce from around the world. Redwood opened small offices in Norway and Japan. Recent hires include Alan Nelson, a former chief technology officer at Johnson Matthey Plc, the British chemicals company, where he built a cathode business. Koichi Ichinose spent more than three decades at Dow Chemical Co. and at Albemarle Corp., the biggest lithium miner. And David Okawa was a senior director of research and development at SunPower Corp., where he worked for 11 years ramping solar-cell technology.
Ballard inks heavy commercial vehicles deal in Germany as China sales stall
Toyota to spend US$13.7 billion on EV battery supply, development
Mining magnate Andrew Forrest trumps BHP in duel for nickel miner Noront
Electric-vehicle makers push for bigger role in mining to secure battery supplies
Redwood has raised roughly $740 million in two investment rounds since 2020. Investors include Goldman Sachs Asset Management, Amazon's Climate Pledge Fund, and Bill Gates' Breakthrough Energy Ventures. A US$700-million capital raise in July valued Redwood at about US$3.7 billion.
Straubel declined to disclose the size of his personal stake — he was a major investor in each funding round. "This is fun and rewarding to me, it's where I want to invest."
The company's next steps, he said, will require significantly more money than they've raised so far, and options are being explored. But he's not ready yet for an initial offering of stock.
"It's not off the table, but we'd prefer to grow the company in other ways for a little bit longer."


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UCL Energy Institute Blog
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UCL-Energy Director's thoughts on UCL-Energy/French Embassy/UKERC Event
By Robert Lowe, on 27 October 2015
On Tuesday 2 0 October 2015, UCL Energy Institute, UCL Institute for Sustainable Resources, UKERC and the French Embassy hosted 'Global Energy, Global Climate'. This was the first in a series of three events organised jointly by UCL Energy Institute and the French Embassy (under the auspices of the long-established relationship between the French Embassy's Science and Technology Department and UCL's Grand Challenges programme), to be held termly through the 2015-16 academic year.
For an evening event on Energy and Climate Change, in the middle of Global Climate Change Week and in the run-up to COP21, it would have been hard to think of a better line-up of speakers – Jean-Charles Hourcade (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS), Jim Watson (UKERC Research Director, Paul Ekins (Director of UCL Institute for Sustainable Resources), Jim Skea (ex-UKERC Research Director and IPCC WGIII co-chair) and our discussant, Jill Duggan (Doosan Babcock).
Jean-Charles gave a fascinating summary, peppered with memorable epithets, of the attempts that have been made since 1988 to craft an international agreement that would limit global CO2 emissions (and yes, there are other GHGs, but CO2 accounts for roughly 2/3 of man-made climate forcing). Those who rail against the glacial rate of progress over almost 30 years, would do well to reflect on the real complexities of the negotiations.
Paul Ekins, Jim Skea, and Jim Watson then set out some of the key findings and arguments from the latest UKERC book, Global Energy: Issues, Potentials, Policy Implications. Paul reflected on choices and policy challenges, Jim Skea on on-going developments in global energy markets, among them the very high rate of growth of renewables, and Jim Watson on the complexities of the innovation process – the importance of learning-by-doing, the long time scales to deploy new technologies at scale, and the low probability of university-based researchers finding a silver bullet that will solve the problems of energy and climate change.
Jill Duggan gave a masterful summing up, reflecting on how, despite disappointments, there are signs of progress – among other things, she stated that it would now be inconceivable to propose the construction of a new, unabated coal-fired power station in the UK. It is less than ten years since E.ON proposed the construction of two new coal-fired units, at Kingsnorth. Perhaps her most memorable point was that credibility is one of the most important resources that governments have to drive through what may prove to be the most difficult infrastructural, social and political transition of the last two centuries.
The panel discussion was memorable both for the level of agreement, and one notable disagreement – on the feasibility of carbon taxation. All participants agreed on the desirability of carbon pricing, but Jim Skea, Jim Watson and Jill Duggan thought that carbon taxation was very unlikely to be the best way to achieve it. Jean-Charles described how, in the 1990s, key EU governments worked to frustrate attempts to introduce EU-wide carbon taxation. No UK government would have the credibility to make it stick, and in the absence of long-term certainty, it would be largely ignored by industry. There are spectacular outliers – Denmark and Sweden – which have maintained very high levels of energy and carbon taxation, in the case of Denmark since the late 1970s. But those of us, like Paul Ekins and myself, who have argued for twenty years for carbon taxation, would do well to understand the political problems elsewhere.
My own conclusions after having chaired this event? The fossil fuel age will prove much harder to get out of than to get into – those who are yet to be persuaded of this would do well to read the reports of the Deep Decarbonisation Pathways Project undertaken by UCL-Energy and IDDRI (another Anglo-French collaboration), and perhaps McGlade & Ekins paper, The geographical distribution of fossil fuels unused when limiting global warming to 2°C.
Thomas Kuhn's description of the nature of the scientific crises that precede scientific revolutions (paradigm shifts) seems to me to be a useful metaphor for the challenge of climate change and our attempts to solve it – and here I paraphrase: the accumulation of widely disparate problems that initially attract a series of incremental responses; the generation of a host of new ideas, many of which ultimately fail to be taken up, but some of which point the way to a new paradigm; a growing sense of disorientation and crisis as it becomes clear that ways of tackling the underlying problems that have been successful historically, no longer appear to work; and finally, resolution, as the new paradigm with all of its technical, social, economic, and political dimensions is articulated and entrenched.
Presentation slides from this event
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The Yamaha SRV250 is a nod to the cafe racers before the return of the cafe racer. It's a fun, rough and tumble bike that's great for city and urban use. This particluar racer is Maria's, of Maria and the Throttle Dolls.
Kawasaki's latest addition to sports touring range is a bit of the same and a little bit of difference. The team at Motorcycle.com have taken it for a ride and put it to the test.
Cycle World have put adventure to the test. They have put THe BMW r1200GS Adventure agianst the KTM 1190 Adventure R over a long term trek. In this test they go through the cost of each, whether they broke down and other trials and tribulations of both bikes.


My director Cameron McCasland has finally released the trailer for the long awaited LASHMAN movie, due out in the next few months. Cameron shot this a couple of years back, but due to a number of real-life setbacks the project was shelved until recently. Now finished, the film will be making the film festival rounds then hopefully land a distributor and on to DVDs and streaming for all to see - in the meantime, check out the trailer for the Lashman, with a cameo by yours truly.


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Neoquernaspis takagii är en insektsart som beskrevs av Liu och Tippins 1988. Neoquernaspis takagii ingår i släktet Neoquernaspis och familjen pansarsköldlöss.

Artens utbredningsområde är Nepal. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Pansarsköldlöss
takagii


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Kyash Raises $14M In Series B Funding Led By Goodwater Capital
by businesswire.com posted 2weeks ago 12 views
TOKYO--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Kyash Inc. creators of the Kyash wallet app and payment platform Kyash Direct, today announced that it has raised JPY1.5 billion, or approximately $14 million in Series B funding. The round was led by Goodwater Capital, a premier global consumer technology firm whose principals' previous investing experience includes Facebook, Twitter, Kakao, Spotify and Monzo, as well as Mitsubishi UFJ Capital Co., Ltd. Additional investors include leading Tokyo-based firms and companie.


Hajj is obligatory for the nation but present Minister of Religious affair is trying hard to make PM Imran Khan unsuccessful and to vilify & censure him in any situation.
Minister of Religious affair and his allie secretary Hajj and postage Joint Secretary Hajj, triad of these are working to make 2019 Hajj unsuccessful. Matter of 150 Lac corruption per Hajj has been set.
Minister of religious affair Secretary Hajj Mushtaq, to vend quota of 5000, has collected 5 Arab rupee. Minister of religious affair said Saudi government coerced to make Hajj private, in an interview to private TV.
Minister of Religious affair should be asked that Is Saudi government coerced on corruption of 150 Arab rupee per pilgrim too?
Minister of Religious affair should answer these questions that ex government made Hajj for 2 Lac 84000 and corruption of 50k per pilgrim. Proof evidence of those corruptions have been published in Daily post international and Baadban Magazine.
Present Minister of Hajj has made Hajj from 2 Lac 84000 to 4 Lac PKR How?? If dollar and Ryal rate gets high than its difference will be 30k PKR.
Foreign minister should tell if 30k is added to 2 Lac 84000 than Hajj will cost 3 Lac 16000 and by ending ex government's corruption of 50k than Hajj will be of 2 Lac 60000 in which Imran Khan can manage the Hajj. But present Minister wants PTI government to drown through deluge.
Minister of Religious affair should tell that what rates of bus per pilgrim has been decided. How much of commission he has taken and how much of it will he be taking.
Similarly, where accomodation for pilgrim's in Mina and Arafaat has been made and what is the quantity of pilgrims per camp.
Similarly what's the rate of settlement in Makkah and Madina and what's the comission decided, and the one that has been made on food. According to Post International and baadban source, within few days PM Imran Khan will meet Saudi Company and will give relief to pilgrims in Hajj because Saudi investors will be aiding per pilgrim in Hajj to 2 Lac 50k. This mafia is working to make Imran Khan unsuccessful.
PM can make important proclamation for pilgrims of Pakistan till 20th of February.


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Dellani Oakes
Making People Fall in Love One Couple at a Time
Love Takes a Swim Part 61 by Dellani Oakes
"I'll try that," Paisley said bravely. "What the heck, I'm not driving."
"If you don't like it, I'll finish it," Kai said. "Sweet tea with lime," he ordered.
Cody got the same. Ed and Marianna ordered ice water with lemon.
"Never heard of tea with lime," Ed remarked. "That's different."
"Our mother's allergic to lemons, but she likes citrus, so she uses limes instead."
A young man, with light brown hair and a dark tan, walked over to the table with two Mojitos. He set them down in front of the women with a flourish. Kali hopped up, hugging his neck, kissing his cheek.
"Stu! I didn't know you were working here!"
"Just started, part time. With the baby coming, I needed a little extra cash. When Brandi told me she needed unmolested Mojitos, I knew they had to be for you. How you been?"
Ed regarded the other man warily. Kali pulled Stu over, extending his hand to Ed.
"Sweetie, you remember my cousin Stu. He's Dave's older brother."
"Oh!" Ed stood, shaking the other man's hand. "I was about to cream you, man."
Stu laughed loudly, shaking Ed's hand heartily. "No worries, man. I understand. She's not real good with explanations, so we've learned to run fast—me and my brothers," he explained. "Kali's the only girl with a million male cousins. We met at Thanksgiving once," he reminded Ed. "But there were billions of us there."
"Yeah, I should have know, though. You look just like David."
Stu chuckled. "No, I'm older, so he looks just like me, only I'm better looking."
That gave them all a laugh. Kali introduced the others. Stu shook hands all around, grinning.
"I need to get back to the bar, sweet pea. Be sure to tell me if I made them right."
"You'd better. I taught you." Kali cut her eyes at him. "I've tended bar since I was old enough to hold a bottle," Kali explained. "I started out with lemonade stands, and now I tend bar at the Hilton."
"She doesn't need to work at all," Ed said quietly.
"No, but it keeps me busy and it's fun. I've also swung a lot of business his way," she explained. "There's a lot of bored, rich people out there, who have nothing better to do than customize their cars, or fix up old ones. There was an antique car convention in town one time. We lined up a couple dozen jobs from that one gig."
"Just know you don't have to work, babe," Ed said softly, kissing her.
"I like to, Eddie."
The waitress came back to take their meal orders. She didn't write anything down, simply smiled and nodded, repeating the order before moving on.
"She doesn't write it down?" Ed asked Kai.
"She's got a fantastic memory. Everything she hears, she remembers," Kai, who knew her, explained.
"That would drive me crazy," Kali said.
"That's cause half of what you hear is your own self talking," Marianna said with a giggle.
Kali laughed, tossing her bread at Marianna. "God, she's so right."
They had a great time at dinner. Paisley and Kali each had two Mojitos. Kali got more talkative, if that were possible. Paisley got the giggles. Everything was hysterically funny. Kai kept an eye on her, concerned she'd had too much to drink. When the women went to the restroom, he watched her until the door closed behind her.
"Don't worry," Ed said kindly. "She's fine. So, Cody. Having fun?"
"Yes, sir. Marianna's a great girl."
"God, don't call me sir, okay? Ed's good. She really seems to like you."
"I hope so. I like her a lot. And you don't have to worry. I'll treat her right."
"You'd better, or I'll break both your legs," Ed replied, not smiling.
Cody gulped. Ed laughed loudly.
"I'm fking with you, man. But seriously—I will."
Hanging his head, Cody looked so upset, Ed relented.
"I'm teasing, kid. You seem like a real gentleman. And I'm only gonna say this one time. You know she's not experienced, right?"
Cody nodded, gulping. "Me either," he answered honestly.
"Okay. Well, if you have any questions, you ask, got it? You do something wrong, you can hurt her your first time."
"I can't believe you're telling me this," Cody said, blushing. "I mean, she's your sister."
"I wish my first girl's brother had said something to me," Ed answered. "Maybe it would've gone better. But you got two experienced men here to ask. I know eventually it's gonna get to that stage, only it better not be too soon." He pointed one stubby, calloused finger at Cody.
Cody gulped again. "I'll let her decide," he whispered.
"That's the answer I was after," Ed told him, smiling proudly.
They said good night by the cars. Ed allowed Cody a chance to kiss Marianna good night. The two other couples walked away from the cars for a few minutes to give them a little privacy.
A chilly breeze blew in off the ocean. Paisley shivered. Kai put his arm around her shoulders, holding her close. She leaned her head on his shoulder, cuddling up to him. Kali did the same with Ed. Soon, they too were kissing under the star laden sky. Another, colder wind sprung up making the girls gasp. The men decided it was time to go.
© 2019 Dellani Oakes
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