I have a question…. When you look at the world as a whole, do you like what you see? I am not talking about your little world, but the world as a grand vision. Do you see lots of happiness and wellness or passive suffering on a global scale? All I have to do is watch CNN for 15 minutes and I am immediately so thankful for my comfortable existence here on Earth. I am reverent! From poverty to war, political and religious strife to pollution and climate change. We see it online and on TV everyday. I guess my next questions is this…. Where are we really headed? Where is humanity heading?
I have learned through my own mindfulness that every person is a collective piece to the puzzle that is humanity. Each of us were put on this planet to serve a purpose. A purpose beyond the instinct to procreate and survive. Do you know your purpose?
Let's face it, we live on a small planet and our existence is interconnected: Interconnected by quantum physics and also energy from a spiritual sense. Are we so different that our petty views divide us? There is a common bond to be realized in regard to humanity. Once people get that concept on a global level, gone will be the threats of war and even poverty could be admonished. It is up to everyone to contribute to this collective puzzle for the greater good of mankind. You can begin by gaining more clarity and responsiveness in your own life. But how do we pay this energy forward? How do we share this wisdom?
It starts by surrendering our ego and false-self to a more spacious vision of life and Universe. Right here, right now; in our own lives, we need to make open-minded decisions that create positive karmic results. Imagine if every person in the world spent one solitary minute of their lives to find a little compassion and do good for the common world, free of money, selfishness and ego. Just one minute could create this contagious wave of positive energy that could ripple across the globe. Is this even possible? In Buddhist philosophy, one is not fully enlightened and free from suffering until the world as a whole is at peace. That is a lot of pressure as we try to find our own place in this chaotic world. Are we so different? Maybe there is something the majority of the Earth is missing. Something that is not tangible to touch or sight but reachable if we garner the right perspective and mindset from within. Less suffering and more happiness begins with you and only you. Each of us has a responsibility to uphold that shifts this world we live in to a more palatable utopia. Once we realize we live in a Responsive Universe we come to realize we have within our power the ability to create a living heaven on earth; or a living hell… Each of us has that choice… to deny that is to not live to your full potential….
I like the way you see us as all pieces of the puzzle. Nothing gets you out of a funk faster than wondering how you can contribute in some way.And it's too easy to forget this!
As long as I don't contribute to the many blockades, and divisions humanity has set up, as long as I transcend that nonsense, doorways are open for a peaceful existence. Only I have the power to do that for myself. A peaceful existence is, a happy existence. I make that choice.
Is there a conflict there or perhaps I'm not understanding you entirely.


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text:
\section{Introduction}

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project \citep{dewdneybaselinev2} is an international initiative
   to build the largest and most capable radio telescope ever constructed.
   Construction of the SKA has been divided into phases, with the first phase
   (SKA1) accounting for the first 10\% of the telescope's receiving capacity.
   During SKA1, a low-frequency aperture array (SKA1-low) will be constructed
   in Western Australia, while a dish-array of 197 antennas
   (SKA1-mid), incorporating the 64 dishes of MeerKAT, will be constructed in South Africa.

   \begin{figure*}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{Fig1_ATCAschem3.jpg}
      \caption{Schematic of the reference frequency distribution setup for astronomical verification at the ATCA. Three antennas are shown for reference. Antenna 3 shows the modification made to antennas 1 and 3 to enable comparative measurements of the two frequency references to be made. Baselines with antennas 1 or 3 using correlator 2 are `mixed' reference baselines. Tx, stabilized frequency transfer system transmitter unit; Rx, stabilized frequency transfer system receiver unit; RF shift, IQ-mixer producing carrier-supressed single-sideband modulation; E/O, electronic-to-optical transmitter; O/E, optical-to-electronic receiver; YIG, yttrium-iron-garnet clean-up oscillator; LNA, low-noise amplifier; Mix, microwave signal mixer; and ADC, analogue-to-digital converter.
              }
         \label{ATCAschem}
   \end{figure*}

   Radio telescope arrays such as the SKA require phase-coherent frequency
   reference signals to be transmitted to each of the antennas in the array.
   In the case of the SKA, the frequency references will be generated at a
   central site and transmitted to the antenna sites via fiber-optic cables.
   Environmental influences affect the optical path length of the fiber and
   act to degrade the phase stability of the frequency references received
   at the antennas, which has the ultimate effect of reducing the fidelity and dynamic range of the data \citep{1580149}. To improve the phase-coherence of the array,
   the SKA will employ stabilized frequency transfer systems to suppress the
   fiber-optic link noise \citep{grainge2017square}. Reference frequency stabilization systems have been
   successfully used on other radio telescope arrays such as the Very Large Array \citep{thompson1980very}, e-Merlin in the UK \citep{garrington2004merlin}, the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) \citep{hancock2011australia}
   and the Atacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA) \citep{1580149,1396874}. The existing SKA precursor telescopes including the Murchison Widefield Array \citep{tingay2013murchison,lonsdale2009murchison}, the Australian SKA Pathfinder \citep{beresford2008askap,hotan2014australian}, and MeerKAT \citep{julie2017measuring} currently employ passive frequency reference dissemination systems that provide adequate phase stability over the relatively short transmission distances required by these telescopes.

   There are three SKA systems requirements that apply to the phase-noise performance of the frequency transfer system \citep{SKA1reqsV6}. The frequency transfer system must provide a maximum coherence loss of 2\% over the correlator integration time (1~s) and over the the in-beam calibration time (60~s) for observing frequencies up to 13.8~GHz. Of this 2\% coherence loss budget, 1.9\% is allocated to the stabilized frequency reference transfer system.
   In addition, the frequency reference must have a phase drift of less than 1 rad over a 10-minute period, to ensure that there is no ambiguity in the phase solution during array calibration measurements either side of an observation of up to 10 minutes.

   Researchers at the University of Western Australia (UWA) have led the development of a stabilized frequency transfer system proposed for SKA1-mid \citep{schediwy2017stabilized}. This has been tested extensively using standard metrology techniques in a laboratory setting, with signals transmitted over metropolitan fiber links. Laboratory and field testing of an alternative stabilized frequency transfer system for the SKA has also been reported previously \citep{gao2016field,wang2015square} and other research groups have developed similar systems with a view to supporting the SKA and other VLBI applications \citep{he2013stable,baldwin2016dissemination}. However, SKA technology down-select requirements demand a process of ``astronomical verification'' in which the proposed frequency transfer system is shown to meet the stability requirements under observing conditions on an operational radio telescope. In this paper, we present results of astronomical verification of the UWA SKA1-mid stabilized frequency transfer prototype and show that the system exceeds SKA phase stability requirements under a wide range of observing conditions.

\section{Experimental design} \label{sec:design}

\subsection{Extracting the reference signal phase stability}

   The astronomical verification observations were performed using the ATCA. The ATCA's dual-receiver chain architecture permitted analyses that would not have been possible to conduct with single-receiver telescope arrays. As shown in Figure~\ref{ATCAschem}, immediately following the feed horn and the first low-noise amplifier (LNA), the sky signal, for both polarizations, is split into two separate, but functionally identical, receiver chains (referred to here as 'chain-1' and 'chain-2'). The sky signals are then down-converted by mixing them with separate frequency reference signals, Frequency Reference 1 and Frequency Reference 2. These are normally supplied by two separate microwave frequency synthesizers located in the observatory's correlator room. The two frequency references are transmitted up to 4.5~km to the antennas through parallel fiber cores in buried conduit using a pair of electronic-to-optical transmitters (E/Os). The transmitted references are detected at the antennas by optical-to-electronic (O/E) receivers (two in each antenna) that feed the signals to a pair of yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) oscillators operating in a phase-locked-loop. The YIG oscillators act as clean-up oscillators to suppress high-frequency phase noise. The down-converted sky signals are digitized by analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs) that feed to two separate correlators, one for each receiver chain, in the correlator room.

   The advantage of this configuration for astronomical verification tests is that Frequency Reference 1 can be supplied by the ATCA's conventional reference signal distribution system, while Frequency Reference 2 is supplied by the stabilized frequency reference transfer system under test (as shown in Figure~\ref{ATCAschem}). Since the two receiver chains in the antennas detect the same sky signal, any differences in the phase solution of these signals between the two receiver chains for a given telescope baseline can be attributed to non-common phase noise produced in the separate frequency reference dissemination systems. For example, the phase solution for the chain-1 baseline between two antennas i and j ($\phi_{ij.1}(t)$) is

   \begin{equation}
   \begin{split}
   \phi_{ij.1}(t) ={} & (\phi_{R1}(t)+\phi_{E1.i}(t)+\phi_{Si}(t)) \\
   &-(\phi_{R1}(t)+\phi_{E1.j}(t)+\phi_{Sj}(t)),
   \end{split}
   \end{equation}

   where $\phi_{R}(t)$ is the phase of the Frequency Reference as a function of time (t) and $\phi_{S}(t)$ is the phase of the sky signal at a particular antenna receiver. The term $\phi_{E}(t)$ represents the phase-noise contributed by components in the ATCA reference frequency distribution system, including the E/O/E systems, differential fiber-link noise, and noise from the YIG oscillator. The corresponding phase solution for the chain-2 baseline between antennas i and j ($\phi_{ij.2}(t)$) is

   \begin{equation}
   \begin{split}
   \phi_{ij.2}(t) ={} & (\phi_{R2}(t)+\phi_{E2.i}(t)+\phi_{Si}(t)) \\
   & - (\phi_{R2}(t)+\phi_{E2.j}(t)+\phi_{Sj}(t)).
   \end{split}
   \end{equation}

   In the configuration depicted in Figure~\ref{ATCAschem}, any additional phase-noise contributed by the stabilized frequency transfer system (Frequency Reference 2) is common to all of the down-converted signals from the chain-2 mixer outputs. Therefore, the chain-2 baseline phase solutions do not exhibit additional phase-noise compared with the simultaneous phase solution for the same physical baseline using chain-1 (as shown by equations 1 and 2).

   To remedy this, the outputs of the chain-1 mixers in antennas 1 and 3 were split using microwave power splitters in the antennas, and fed to both the chain-1 and chain-2 ADCs. This was done for both the A- and B-polarisations (for clarity, only one polarization is shown in Figure~\ref{ATCAschem}). As a result, the outputs of the chain-2 ADCs on antennas 1 and 3 did not incorporate the phase-noise contributed by the stabilized frequency transfer system and the chain-2 E/O system. The phase solution $\phi_{ij.2}(t)$ (where antenna \textit{i} is either antenna 1 or 3) then becomes:

   \begin{equation}
   \begin{split}
   \phi_{ij.2}(t) ={} & (\phi_{R1}(t)+\phi_{E1.i}(t)+\phi_{Si}(t)) \\
   &-(\phi_{R2}(t)+\phi_{E2.j}(t)+\phi_{Sj}(t)).
   \end{split}
   \end{equation}

   By subtracting the chain-1 phase solution from the chain-2 phase solution, for baselines that included antennas 1 or 3, the differential phase-noise between the two frequency references could be measured. Hereafter, chain-2 baselines that incorporate antenna 1 or antenna 3 will be referred to as `mixed' baselines (because they operate using a `mix' of two different frequency references). Baselines operating in the conventional manner will be referred to as `unmixed' baselines. The resulting phase difference between the phase solutions for the unmixed and mixed baselines is then:

   \begin{equation}
   \begin{split}
   \phi_{Diff}(t) &= \phi(t)_{ij.1}-\phi_{ij.2}(t) \\
   &=\phi_{R2}(t)-\phi_{R1}(t)+\phi_{E2.j}(t)-\phi_{E1.j}(t).
   \end{split}
   \end{equation}

   This means that, not only can a direct comparison be made of the array performance under the two different frequency transfer systems, but the phase of the sky signal has been subtracted out, and so the relative stability of the frequency references (with non-common phase-noise contributions from some telescope systems) can be measured directly.

   To avoid the contribution of the relative phase drift between two synthesizers, a single microwave synthesizer (Agilent E8257D) was used to supply both Frequency Reference 1 and the UWA stabilized frequency transfer prototype (which supplies Frequency Reference 2). So, the phase of Frequency Reference 2 is

   \begin{equation}
   \phi_{R2}(t)=\phi_{R1}(t)+\phi_{UWA}(t),
   \end{equation}

   where $\phi_{UWA}(t)$ is the phase of the UWA stabilized frequency transfer prototype. The phase difference becomes:

   \begin{equation}
   \phi_{Diff}(t)=\phi_{UWA}(t)+\phi_{E2.j}(t)-\phi_{E1.j}(t).
   \end{equation}

   Therefore the phase stability of the UWA stabilized frequency transfer prototype can be measured, however, with some contamination ($\phi_{E2.j}(t)-\phi_{E1.j}(t)$) from the standard ATCA frequency reference distribution systems. Because the ATCA receiver chains and frequency reference distribution systems use identical components, and the fiber links from the correlator room to the antennas run through the same buried cables, we assume that the contributions of these components to the phase differences are small and the differences are dominated by phase-noise contributed by the stabilized frequency transfer system.

   \subsection{Experimental setup}

   The astronomical source used to make the measurement observations was a calibrator labelled 1057-797, at a declination of close to $-80$\degr, which is isolated in the sky and always above the ATCA horizon, enabling long uninterrupted array phase measurements. The frequency reference signal was transmitted at 8.00~GHz because this is the nominal frequency of UWA's SKA1-mid stabilized frequency transfer system. Given the specific design of the ATCA's receiver architecture \citep{ATCAguide}, this enabled observations across two separate frequency bands, with centre observing frequencies of 4.96~GHz and 25.44~GHz and a bandwidth of 2048~MHz. The lower observing frequency is representative of SKA1-mid's operational observing range of 0.35~GHz to 13.8~GHz \citep{dewdneybaselinev2}, while the higher observing frequency demonstrates the performance of the stabilized frequency transfer system under more demanding observing conditions than SKA1-mid will encounter.

   The transmitter unit (Tx) of the UWA SKA1-mid stabilized frequency transfer prototype was installed in the ATCA correlator room. In order for Frequency Reference~1 and Frequency Reference~2 to both supply 8.00~GHz while using only one microwave synthesizer, the synthesizer was set to supply 7.96~GHz which the servo system of the stabilized frequency transfer prototype shifted up to 8.00~GHz to supply Frequency Reference 2. An electronic IQ-mixer (Marki IQ0741LXP), set to produce carrier-supressed single-sideband modulation at 40~MHz, was used to shift the synthesizer signal to 8.00~GHz to supply Frequency Reference 1. Laboratory measurements of the intrinsic stability of the IQ-mixer frequency shift show that it is better than the stability of the stabilized frequency transfer system by an order of magnitude, so did not make a significant contribution to the measured phase-noise.

   The Tx and the receiver unit (Rx) were co-located in the correlator room as shown in Figure~\ref{ATCAschem}. The signal transmitted by the stabilized frequency transfer prototype was sent over 52~km of buried fiber-optic cable and a further 25~km spool of fiber in the correlator room, producing a total link length of 77~km. The 52~km fiber link consisted of two 26~km fiber cores that ran off-site, under and along local roadways and a bridge (through a variety of moderate-to-high shrink-swell soil types), to a telecommunications controlled environment vault at Springbrook Creek (located along the Newell Highway, approximately 17.5~km south-east of the observatory and 16.3~km south-west of Narrabri). A short fiber patch was used to connect the two cores in the vault, creating a 52~km loop. A bi-directional erbium-doped fiber amplifier (IDIL Fibres Optiques) was required to compensate for the optical power loss of the 77~km link.

   \begin{table*}
   \caption{Summary of astronomical verification observing runs.}
   \label{table:1}
   \centering
   \begin{tabular}{c c c c c c }
   \hline\hline
   Date & Centre observing & Bandwidth & Available antennas & Logging & Details\\
      & frequency (GHz) & (MHz) &   & rate (s) &   \\
   \hline
   2016-05-26 & 4.96 & 2048 & 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06 & 12 & 12 hr overnight run, dual synthesizers\\
   2016-06-20 & 4.96 & 2048 & 01, 03, 04, 06    & 5 & 13 hour overnight run\\
   2016-06-21 & 4.96 & 2048 & 01, 03, 04, 06     & 5 & 12 hr overnight run\\
   2016-06-22 & 4.96 & 2048 & 01, 03, 04, 05, 06    & 1 & 2 hr daytime run \\
   2016-06-22 & 25.44 & 2048 & 01, 03, 04, 05, 06    & 5 & 15 hr overnight run\\
   \hline
   \end{tabular}
   \label{table1}
   \end{table*}

   In addition, measurements were made to assess the effect of phase drift between two microwave synthesizers. One supplied the standard ATCA frequency distribution system with 8.00~GHz and the second supplied the stabilized frequency distribution system with 7.96~GHz. Both synthesizers were referenced to the observatory's hydrogen masers.

   Observations were performed over several days in May and June 2016 during scheduled ATCA maintenance periods. Table~\ref{table1} summarizes the measurements that will be discussed in this paper. Due to maintenance requirements, the number of antennas available at different times varied.

   The logging rate was limited by the data volume limitation of the correlator and it was not possible to perform overnight observations with a logging period shorter than five seconds. A shorter observation of only two hours was performed with a logging period of one second in order to obtain array phase stability measurements at shorter integration times.

   \begin{figure*}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{Fig2_Results1-21JPhase.jpg}
      \caption{Phase solutions (a-c) and corresponding phase differences (d-f) for a selection of three baselines of different lengths (a,~d~=~46~m; b,~e~=~152~m; c,~f~=~4439~m) for 4.96~GHz observations from 21st June 2016. Blue -- unmixed baselines; green -- mixed baselines; pink (d), orange (e), and purple (f) -- phase differences for baselines (a), (b) and, (c) respectively.
              }
         \label{J21Phases}
   \end{figure*}

\section{Results} \label{sec:results}

Phase solutions and phase differences were produced for all mixed and unmixed baselines for each of the measurements summarized in Table~\ref{table1}. An example of the phase solutions and phase differences for a single polarization for three baselines of different lengths from observations conducted on 21st June 2016 is shown in Figure~\ref{J21Phases}. The blue traces represent the unmixed baselines (using the conventional ATCA reference distribution) while the green traces represent the same physical baselines using the mixed references. The corresponding phase differences are shown to the right of the figure.

At the commencement of the observations, the delay errors for each antenna were measured by the correlator while observing the calibrator source, and corrected for (residual delay errors were typically less than 0.1 nanoseconds). We also added phase offsets to produce a zero phase for each baseline at the beginning of the observation. No further delay or phase calibration was made while the array was observing.

All post-observation data reduction was performed with the Miriad software package \citep{sault1995retrospective}. First, we performed a bandpass calibration with the Miriad task mfcal, while solving for time-varying gains every 30 seconds. The resultant bandpass solutions (examples of which are shown in Figure~\ref{AmpPhaseBandPass}) were then subtracted from the entire dataset (we assume that they stay constant with time). We then used the task gpcal to solve for time-variable complex gains every cycle, which is possible due to the brightness of the calibrator source. This was used to produce the phase solutions (like those shown in Figure~\ref{J21Phases}) that reveal how the measured phases changed over the duration of the observation.

\begin{figure*}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=15cm]{Fig3_Bandpass.jpg}
      \caption{Example amplitude and phase bandpass solutions from 4.96~GHz overnight observation from 21st June 2016. The bandpass solutions for the X-polarization of three antennas (antennas 1, 3, and 6) are shown.
              }
         \label{AmpPhaseBandPass}
   \end{figure*}

The phase solutions and phase differences were processed to produce plots of absolute frequency stability. Figure~\ref{AbsFreqStab1} shows the absolute stabilities for the three baselines used as examples in Figure~\ref{J21Phases} as well as the phase difference stability of an unmixed (conventionally referenced) baseline for comparison. Absolute frequency stability values are obtained by multiplying the Allan deviation computed for the signal by the frequency of the signal. Values in terms of absolute frequency stability are necessary to directly compare the stability of signals of different frequencies and allows the noise contributions of different parts of the interferometer and frequency reference systems to be assessed more easily. Figure~\ref{AbsFreqStab1} shows the absolute stability plots for the traces shown in Figure~\ref{J21Phases}, as well as for the 25 GHz measurements from 22nd June 2016 (using the same example baselines).

\begin{figure*}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{Fig4_J21and22AbsStab.jpg}
      \caption{Absolute frequency stability of phase solutions and phase differences for (i) 4.96 GHz overnight observation from 21st June 2016 and (ii) 25.44 GHz overnight observation from 22nd June 2016. Phase solutions: blue triangles, solid line -- unmixed 46 m baseline; green triangles, dashed line -- mixed 46~m baseline; blue squares, solid line -- unmixed 152~m baseline; green squares, dashed line -- mixed 152 m baseline; blue circles, solid line -- unmixed 4439~m baseline; and green circles, dashed line -- mixed 4439~m baseline. Phase differences: pink triangles, dotted line -- 46~m baseline; orange stars, dashed line -- 152~m baseline; purple triangles, solid line -- 4439~m baseline; and black diamonds, solid line -- 107~m baseline between antennas 1 and 3 using only the standard ATCA reference system.
              }
         \label{AbsFreqStab1}
   \end{figure*}

The process was repeated for the one-second logged daytime run from 22nd June 2016 and the resulting absolute frequency stabilities are shown in Figure~\ref{1sFreqStab}. The one-second logging period of this measurement allows the stability values to be calculated at integration times down to one second but, due to the relatively short time span of the observations, stability data are limited to integration times shorter than 1,024~s.

\begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{Fig5_June22_1s_AbsStab.jpg}
      \caption{Absolute frequency stability of phase solutions and phase differences for one-second logged 4.96 GHz daytime observation from 22nd June 2016. Phase solutions: blue triangles, solid line -- unmixed 46 m baseline; green triangles, dashed line -- mixed 46~m baseline; blue squares, solid line -- unmixed 152~m baseline; green squares, dashed line -- mixed 152 m baseline; blue circles, solid line -- unmixed 4439~m baseline; and green circles, dashed line -- mixed 4439~m baseline. Phase differences: pink triangles, dotted line -- 46~m baseline; orange stars, dashed line -- 152~m baseline; purple triangles, solid line -- 4439~m baseline; and black diamonds, solid line -- 107~m baseline between antennas 1 and 3 using only the standard ATCA reference system.
              }
         \label{1sFreqStab}
   \end{figure}

To assess the performance of the system with respect to the 10 minute phase drift requirement, the phase drifts between the mixed and un-mixed baselines for each 10 minute interval in all 42 hours of stabilized observations (Table~\ref{table1}, 20th - 22nd June 2016) were measured. The compiled phase drift values are shown in Figure~\ref{PhaseDrifts}. Within one standard deviation, the phase drifts are less than 0.08~rad, and no 10-minute period phase drift exceeded a value of 0.56~rad.

\begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{Fig6_PhaseDriftTotals.jpg}
      \caption{Total number of phase drifts of a particular magnitude over 10 minutes for all observations with the stabilized frequency transfer system.
              }
         \label{PhaseDrifts}
   \end{figure}

The synthesizer comparison test (Table~\ref{table1}, 26th May 2016) exhibits large phase drifts between the mixed and unmixed baselines, an example of which is shown in Figure~\ref{DualSynthPhases}. This relative phase drift between the two synthesizers significantly affected the stability of the baseline phase solutions and phase differences. Figure~\ref{AbsFreqStab2} shows the resulting absolute frequency stabilities for three example mixed baselines plus an unmixed baseline for comparison.

\begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{Fig7_M26DualSynthPhases.jpg}
      \caption{Phase solutions for a single polarization for a 76 m baseline from the dual-synthesizer observation from 26th May 2016. Blue -- unmixed baseline, and green -- mixed baseline.
              }
         \label{DualSynthPhases}
   \end{figure}

\begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{Fig8_May26AbsStab.jpg}
      \caption{Absolute frequency stability of phase solutions and phase differences for 4.96 GHz overnight dual-synthesizer observation from 26th May 2016. Phase solutions: blue triangles, solid line -- unmixed 76~m baseline; green triangles, dashed line -- mixed 76~m baseline; blue squares, solid line -- unmixed 138~m baseline; green squares, dashed line -- mixed 138~m baseline; blue circles, solid line -- unmixed 3505~m baseline; and green circles, dashed line -- mixed 3505~m baseline. Phase differences: pink triangles, dotted line -- 76~m baseline; orange stars, dashed line -- 138~m baseline; purple triangles, solid line -- 3505~m baseline; and black diamonds, solid line -- 413~m baseline between antennas using only the standard ATCA reference system.
              }
         \label{AbsFreqStab2}
   \end{figure}

\section{Discussion} \label{sec:discuss}

\subsection{Stability analysis}

Each of the example stability plots in Figures~\ref{AbsFreqStab1} and \ref{1sFreqStab} show three traces for the stability of the phase difference between the mixed and unmixed baselines, one each for the short (pink trace), intermediate (orange trace), and long (purple trace) baselines. As expected, the three curves lie on top of each other because they are the result of effectively subtracting-out the phase of the sky signal. The remaining phase-noise is due to the reference distribution systems and non-common elements of the receiver chains. The frequency transfer systems (UWA stabilized transfer system plus ATCA distribution system electronics) are the dominant source of differential noise and, because that noise is common to all chain-2 frequency references, the frequency stability curves for the different baselines are almost identical. Panels (d), (e) and (f) in Figure~\ref{J21Phases} show that the phase differences have some remaining baseline dependence, with the total phase drift increasing with increasing baseline length. This may be due to differential noise on the fiber links between the correlator room and the antennas as well as residual atmospheric effects. Figure~\ref{seeingmon} shows the output of the ATCA seeing monitor \citep{middelberg2006atca,indermuehle2014millimetre} for the time period corresponding to the example observations from 21st June 2016, overlaid with the phase differences for the 4439~m baseline from this observation (Figure~\ref{J21Phases}, panel (f)). The data from the seeing monitor show that the atmospheric path length noise is greater during the periods when there is a noticeable increase in the rate of phase drift.

\begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{Fig9_SeeingMonitor.jpg}
      \caption{Output of the ATCA seeing monitor (black line) overlaid with the phase differences for the 4439~m baseline from the 4.96~GHz overnight observation from 21st June 2016 (purple trace, copy of Fig.~\ref{J21Phases} panel (f)). Increases in atmospheric path length noise shown by the seeing monitor correspond with increases in the rate of phase drift.
              }
         \label{seeingmon}
   \end{figure}

The difference between the stabilities of the phase differences for the mixed (pink, orange and purple traces in Figures.~\ref{AbsFreqStab1} and \ref{1sFreqStab}) and unmixed baselines (black traces in Figures.~\ref{AbsFreqStab1} and \ref{1sFreqStab}) is due to noise contributed by both the stabilized frequency transfer system and parts of the ATCA frequency distribution system and receiver chains. While the stabilized frequency transfer system is assumed to be the dominant source of the extra phase noise, the following analysis shows that phase noise contributed by the ATCA systems account for a significant fraction of the difference between the mixed and unmixed baseline phase difference stabilities. The mixed baseline phase difference stabilities compared to the integration time ($\tau$) follow a power law with a gradient that is close to $\tau^{-1}$ up to integration times of around 40~s. The phase difference stabilities for the baseline between antennas 1 and 3 (comparing an unmixed baseline with an unmixed baseline, black traces in Figures.~\ref{AbsFreqStab1} and \ref{1sFreqStab}) also exhibit this power law out to longer integration times, indicating that some of this extra noise does not originate with the stabilized frequency transfer system \citep{astrover}. This power law is a signature of white- and/or flicker-phase noise and is most likely due to noise introduced by amplifiers outside of the stabilized frequency transfer system \citep{TMS}. Measurements of the relative phase drift between the two E/O systems, conducted separately to the main observations, indicated that the `bump' feature in the phase difference stabilities between $\tau = $~40~s and $\tau = $~640~s is due to phase-noise in the E/O systems \citep{astrover}. This noise is not normally obvious during conventional observations because there is no cross-correlation between signals from chain-1 and chain-2.

\subsection{Extrapolation to SKA1}

With the main contributions to the residual differences between the stability of the phase differences for mixed and unmixed baselines accounted for, the measured absolute frequency stabilities are in good agreement with values expected from laboratory measurements of the stabilized frequency transfer system \citep{schediwy2017stabilized}. This provides confidence that standard metrology measurement techniques are adequate to reliably demonstrate the stability of the stabilized frequency transfer system for SKA verification purposes. The stability of the transmission over 166~km of buried conduit fiber-optic cable around Perth, Western Australia (Figure~\ref{173kmExtrap}), has been measured previously using a Microsemi 5125A Phase Noise Test Set. The Allan deviation values for the signal stability over the 166~km link were extrapolated to obtain a prediction for the performance of the stabilized transfer system over a single 173 km span (the longest SKA1 fiber link length). This was achieved by multiplying the measured Allan deviation values by (L2/L1)$^{3/2}$ \citep{williams2008high}, where L1 is the length of the test link (166~km) and L2 is the length of the link for which the prediction is being made (173~km). These predicted Allan deviation values were then multiplied by a factor of $\sqrt{2}$ to give a prediction of the Allan deviation between two stabilization system receiver units at the ends of two separate 173~km links (assuming that deviations in the two signals are uncorrelated).
By assuming that the dominant noise process of the stabilized frequency reference is white phase noise (as indicated by the approximately $\tau^{-1}$ slope of the Allan deviation measurement), an estimate of the coherence loss can be calculated using the process described by \cite{rogers1981coherence} and \cite{TMS}. Using this process, an upper limit was calculated for the permissible Allan deviation of the frequency transfer system corresponding to the 1.9\% coherence loss requirement for a maximum observing frequency of 13.8~GHz. This Allan deviation is $3.91~\times~10^{-12}/\tau$ and is shown in Figure~\ref{173kmExtrap} (pink line). The measured and predicted stability of the stabilized frequency transfer system is well below this limit at all integration times.

\begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{Fig10_173Adev.jpg}
      \caption{Allan deviation of the stabilized frequency transfer system over 166~km of buried conduit fiber around Perth, Western Australia (black diamonds), and extrapolated to two links of 173~km (red circles). Allan deviation limit corresponding to SKA 1~s and 60~s coherence requirements (assuming white phase noise) represented by pink line.
              }
         \label{173kmExtrap}
   \end{figure}

Applying the same coherence calculations directly to the measured Allan deviation, the coherence losses resulting from the extrapolated Allan deviation values for a maximum observing frequency of 13.8~GHz are $7.41~\times~10^{-6}$ at one second integration time and $7.96~\times~10^{-5}$ at 60 seconds integration time. These values exceed the 1.9\% coherence loss requirement by a factor 2560 and 239 respectively.

An alternative method of estimating coherence loss from Allan deviation was used by members of the ALMA project \citep{yamada2006phase,kiuchi2005alma2,kawaguchi1983coherence}. Using this method we calculate coherence losses of $4.4~\times~10^{-6}$ at one second integration time and $1.6~\times~10^{-5}$ at 60 seconds integration time. These values exceed the 1.9\% requirement by factors of 4320 and 1190 respectively.

\subsection{Dual-synthesizer test analysis}

The large phase drift in the results from 26th May 2016 (green trace, Figure~\ref{DualSynthPhases}) is dominated by the phase drift between the two synthesizers used as frequency references. In order for a synthesizer to maintain its output frequency relative to a 10 MHz reference, it must change the phase of its output signal as its internal temperature changes in response to variations in ambient temperature. The large drifts were not seen when only one synthesizer was used with the IQ-mixer frequency shift. Figure~\ref{AbsFreqStab2} shows that the phase-noise of the two-synthesizers even dominates the phase-noise of the sky signals caused by the atmosphere on baselines up to around 200~m in length at observing frequencies around 5~GHz. This is not an issue in normal observations because interferometers such as the ATCA do not operate in configurations where multiple synthesizers are used to provide frequency references to different antennas or sub-arrays. However, any system that uses multiple remote synthesizers may encounter such a synthesiser phase drift issue despite the transmission frequency being successfully stabilized. This is a critical consideration for the design of stabilized time and frequency reference systems planned for the SKA.

\section{Conclusions} \label{sec:conclude}

We have used the dual-receiver architecture of the ATCA to perform astronomical verification tests of a stabilized frequency transfer system proposed for the SKA, as well as to assess the effects of using multiple microwave frequency synthesizers to supply frequency references to different telescope antennas or sub-arrays. The results of these astronomical verification trials show that the stabilized frequency transfer prototype exceeds the SKA level-1 coherence and phase drift requirements under a broad range of observing conditions. Extrapolating the system's performance from laboratory measurements over a link of 166~km to SKA operating conditions predicts that, even for a worst-case scenario, this stabilized frequency transfer system will exceed the 1~s coherence requirement by three orders of magnitude, and the 60~s coherence requirement by two orders of magnitude. Over the 77~km link used in these tests, the 10 minute phase drift never exceeded 0.56~rad and all drifts within one standard deviation of the mean had a magnitude less than 0.08~rad. However, the 10 minute phase drift is dependent on both systematic and random phase fluctuations, so it is not known how the magnitude of the phase drifts will scale with increasing link length. Also, unlike for the Allan deviation results, it was not possible to determine, from the data obtained, how much of the observed phase drift was due to the stabilized frequency transfer system, and how much can be attributed to other systems, such as the E/O systems. For this reason, bench tests in the laboratory are a better method for validating the stabilized transfer system against this SKA systems requirement. Despite this, these results are a strong indication that this stabilized frequency transfer system is capable of exceeding the 10-minute phase drift requirement.

These tests have also highlighted potential problems with the use of multiple synthesizers to provide phase coherent signals to separate antennas, even when the reference frequencies to those synthesizers have been successfully phase-stabilized. Care must be taken to ensure that alternative stabilized frequency reference transfer systems being considered for the SKA do not suffer from phase drift to the extent that it is a detriment to the performance of the telescope. Synthesizer phase-drift rates such as those seen in these tests would reduce the sensitivity of the array and, under some conditions, limit the imaging capability.

\acknowledgments

This paper describes work being carried out for the SKA Signal and Data Transport (SaDT) consortium as part of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project. The SKA project is an international effort to build the world's largest radio telescope, led by the SKA Organisation with the support of 10 member countries.
      The Australia Telescope is funded by the Commonwealth of Australia for operation as a National Facility managed by CSIRO.
      We are very grateful for the support provided by the staff at CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science and the Australia Telescope National Facility.
      Thank you to Simon Stobie and Gavin Siow for their contributions to the construction and testing of the frequency transfer system.
      This work was supported by funds from the University of Manchester and the University of Western Australia.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Over the past 5 years, I've gained more than 50 pounds. Over the past 5 years, I've fought through feelings of self loathing and insecurities. However, over the last three years, I've lost at least 20 pounds of that and I've also learned to love myself in ways I didn't think I'd ever be able too. I've fought body image issues for years and I'm finally fully accepting my body as it is. I'm working on being healthier and living a healthier lifestyle, both mind and body. A couple months ago, I walked in a fashion show and fought my stage fright. This month, I've stepped out of my comfort zone and I did a boudoir shoot. I need to give a huge thank you to @honestinivory for introducing me to @amystonephoto while doing your fashion show. Amy, you made me feel so confident (which is hard to do with my awkward self), and comfortable. You're an amazing photographer. I love all your work. Can't wait to shoot with you again, sometime. Another huge thank @makeupbyevelynmauro for perfecting my makeup and making me feel so pretty. I also want to thank @kennnziewarren for making my lashes absolutely perfect for this shoot.


Buckeye Construction LLC., will wrap up an over year long water and sewer project at the end of November. The Town appreciates residents patience and understanding during this process. If you have any concerns about work on your property or any other location, please notify Town before final construction is complete.


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Wolfenstein 3D review (X360)
Reviewed on September 25, 2013
"Nazis... I hate these guys..."
Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins review (GB)
Wario is probably more clever and original than the series from which he derived.
Cubetractor review (PC)
I was immediately fascinated by the overhead, SNES-style, 2D graphics, its lush lakes, meadows, and cutesy characters reminiscent of The Legend of Zelda and the like. Though, on closer inspection, I did find it amusing that the backgrounds consist of sprites taken or edited from a RPG Maker tileset.
Sega Rally Championship 2 review (DC)
If you want a thrill ride that really makes you work for its sweetest moments, Sega Rally 2 comes out on top in that department.
Flicky review (GEN)
Flicky was one of those games made back when Sega needed a mascot. Did he have a chance with this game? please read to hear my thoughts.
Dynamite Cop! review (DC)
Dynamite Cop is a wacky, fun game to play with friends that have no clue what they're getting into.
Mega Man X review (SNES)
Reviewed on August 29, 2013
In the year 20XX...
The creepy music pervasive throughout every room, hallway and tunnel keeps you on-edge, expecting something - anything - to ambush you at any moment. Whether it's the flock of mutant crows that crash through the windows of the second storey, or the rabid dog that bursts through the mirror in the interrogation room, you'll likely jump at some point.
Road Rash II review (GEN)
Racing games back then came at a disadvantage compared to other genres, as they try to emulate a real-life experience using what hardware was available. Their relevance greatly diminished when new hardware emerges, but Road Rash II still stands a timeless classic that has evaded obsolescence.
Metroid II: Return of Samus review (GB)
When Metroid II works, it displays pockets of brilliant game design, but when it falters...
The Last of Us review (PS3)
The first time Ellie shouts a 'Fuck you!' at someone, her delivery is so perfect that it just shatters everything known about this hobby.
Jones in the Fast Lane review (PC)
Jones isn't perfect but offers revealing rat-race insights beyond the densely-packed jokes that never get cynical or fluffy. I found myself calculating how to cram in quick cheap education before week's end, or even working way more than I needed to or putting off asking for a raise (yes, it's just a game. Yes, guilt from playing it at work may've factored.)
Phantasy Star review (SMS)
Often hailed as one of the greatest RPGs of all time I ask has Phantasy star stood the test of time or has 25 years of progress simply left this game behind.
Super Mario Bros. review (NES)
Mario will linger.
Asterix review (SMS)
The unique characters, stages tailored to the character chosen, well-scaled difficulty, intelligent and innovative level design, and multiplayer capabilities superseded my expectations. It all combines to make a really great game that is fun to play and shouldn't be missed by any gaming enthusiast.
Mark of the Ninja review (X360)
Mark of the Ninja is an amazing stealth game featuring a hefty amount of symbolism.
DARK review (X360)
I didn't buy DARK for its award-winning narrative, thankfully, but because it's a stealth title. Well, that, and I was curious due to the hate the game was receiving.
Alex Kidd in Shinobi World review (SMS)
Reviewed on July 31, 2013
The game was really fun, I loved the look and the sound...and had a blast playing it. However, it ended way too soon and didn't pose much of a challenge...leaving me with a bittersweet memory of what should have been a great game...but ends up just being "pretty good".
Bikkuriman World: Gekitou Sei Senshi review (NES)
It showed me that, yes, RPGs can transcend language. Maybe none can as well as your average puzzle game. But BW has lots more fun trying and getting far closer than expected.
Alex Kidd in Miracle World review (SMS)
I had a lot of fun playing the game, and was really surprised by the gameplay variety in a platformer made in the mid-80's. Not only does it deliver on the gameplay, it also looked and sounded absolutely astounding. I'd recommend this game to pretty much anybody...it is certainly a game worth playing!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Excel VBA formulas don't calculate fully I have a toggle cell which feeds calculations throughout multiple sheets in my workbook. The goal is, whenever this toggle cell is changed, workbook recalculates and provides an update number.
I have manual calculation turned on.
Below are methods I have tried (note the code is in a sheet)
Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range)
    If Not Intersect(Target, Cells(3, 4)) Is Nothing Then
        Application.Calculate
    End If

Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range)
    If Not Intersect(Target, Cells(3, 4)) Is Nothing Then
        Application.CalculateFull
    End If

Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range)
    If Not Intersect(Target, Cells(3, 4)) Is Nothing Then
        Application.CalculateFullRebuild
    End If

Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range)
    If Not Intersect(Target, Cells(3, 4)) Is Nothing Then
        range("DI:DI").calculate
        'to calculate the specific range which drives the updated numbers
    End If

None of these methods work. The only method is to save the workbook and everything calculates.
Any thoughts?
-----------------------------EDIT-----------------------------
Only solution that works so far, force calculate all cells that are drive the final results. Hoping for a more elegant solution. Total run time ~3seconds\
Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range)
    If Not Intersect(Target, Cells(3, 4)) Is Nothing Then
        Worksheets("Dashboard").Range("af3").Calculate
        Worksheets("Base").Range("R1:R50000").Calculate
        Worksheets("Control").Range("R1:R50000").Calculate
        Worksheets("Base").Range("DI1:DI50000").Calculate
        Worksheets("Control").Range("DI1:DI50000").Calculate
        Worksheets("Dashboard").Range("W10:W5000").Calculate
        Worksheets("Dashboard").Range("L10:L5000").Calculate
        Worksheets("Dashboard").Range("Y10:Aa5000").Calculate
        Worksheets("Dashboard").Range("B2:B7").Calculate
end if

A: Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range)
    If Not Intersect(Target, Cells(3, 4)) Is Nothing Then
        Worksheets("Dashboard").Range("af3").Calculate
        Worksheets("Base").Range("R1:R50000").Calculate
        Worksheets("Control").Range("R1:R50000").Calculate
        Worksheets("Base").Range("DI1:DI50000").Calculate
        Worksheets("Control").Range("DI1:DI50000").Calculate
        Worksheets("Dashboard").Range("W10:W5000").Calculate
        Worksheets("Dashboard").Range("L10:L5000").Calculate
        Worksheets("Dashboard").Range("Y10:Aa5000").Calculate
        Worksheets("Dashboard").Range("B2:B7").Calculate
end if

Force re-calc all dependent ranges.
Other methods may not work as file is big(~30mb)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"What kind of organization do we have? Perhaps the most accurate description was supplied by the friend who referred to it as a 'revolutionary headquarters'".
"I have placed you in the midst of your fellows that you may do to them what you cannot do to me, that is to say... that you may love your neighbors without expecting anything from them, and what you do to them I count as done to me." -- Yeshua to Catherine of Sienna.
These "snapshot quotes" all found in Dorothy Day's spiritual classic Loaves and Fishes summarize the "way" for keeping alive her spirit in the 21st century. The fundamental crisis of our times is not that of freedom vs. terrorism, nor is it that of Western Civilization vs. Islam. Rather, it is still that age old question of the meaning of person. The quest for a universally accepted definition of person confronts us all, regardless of any other particular definition we may at any moment assign to either ourselves or to an "other".
The "revolution" of Dorothy Day is this radical insistence: the human person is the primary determining factor for defining, designing, or creating every social order. The person is the focus and the point of every social institution (political, religious, economic, cultural, and educational). Every social institution exists to serve and facilitate the full development and liberation of every person. It is this "rEvolution" that every society needs as the basis for an honest critique. And this revolutionary critique is the fundamental solution to every social problem that confronts us still, for when the person is considered first, debate ends about so many of the issues that plague and perplex us: health care, criminal justice reform, fair taxes for all, economic regulations protecting the middle class and poor, equality and justice for all, protection of resources and the Planet, an economics with a human face, etc. When the person comes first, debate ends about ends and means: the good of each and every person is both means and ends. The clarity provided by Day's revolutionary thought pierces the "fog talk" of all the pundits and preachers dealing propaganda for the "principalities and powers" of the corporate state and the dominator paradigm.
It is impossible for any single person, organization, or movement to "re-incarnate" the life, thought, or example of anyone. We can't "capture" the grace by which or through which someone lived. What we can do, though, we must! We can keep alive the spirit of one such as Dorothy Day by nurturing within our own hearts mercy and kindness for others, especially for all those for whom to live means to suffer, and following that, we must look for the deep connections between lifestyle and injustice, and between greed and violence: and accept our personal responsibility for changing everything that we can and for living in such a way that we reduce suffering as much as possible.
Lastly, every mystic-activist must confront "the leadership problem": the partnership, or solidarity, paradigm, that was the essential witness of Dorothy Day -- and continues in the Catholic Worker Movement -- requires a leadership model of radical substance: not the continuation of the dominator paradigm and its leadership of "style in the service of power". Through the years, many intentional communities have folded because of an inability to "evolve" into substance: the implementation of a core vision by means of mutual empowerment: following instead the well-trodden path of "style": a self-serving hierarchy (perhaps even a hierarchy of one) that steadily minimizes both the core vision and the essential value of a community of passionate equals. When "the leadership problem" is instead defined as a "people problem", it is inevitable that a community / organization will begin to "let go", "turn away", or in the rude manner of the corporate world, "downsize" and fire folks. But if you really understand Dorothy's book, "Loaves and Fishes", then you will awaken into an alternative reality: persons and community are both sacred and all power exists specifically to serve the mutual liberation of all: not some, not a few (or one) as in a hierarchy: but all! Thus the true test of organizations, of intentional communities, and of their programs, products, and services is precisely how the persons with the least amount of power are treated. Until there is no difference between the "top" and the "bottom" there is a constant need for vigilance that the core vision is not uprooted and tossed aside: and that no person is set aside as "unworthy" of the very best: especially the recipients of services, and the sisters and brothers in community.


text:
Category Archives: Louis Prima
Hollywood, Hollywood Legends, Hollywood Legends and Memories, Hollywood Theatre, Hollywood Walk of Fame, International Entertainment News, LA Music Scene, Louis Prima, Louis Prima Jr., Musical Artists
LATE KING OF SWING LOUIS PRIMA HONORED ON HOLLYWOOD'S WALK OF FAME'S 50TH ANNIVERSARY STREET FESTIVAL
July 26, 2010 Los Angeles Life and Style	Leave a comment
LATE KING OF SWING LOUIS PRIMA HONORED ON HOLLYWOOD'S WALK OF FAME'S 50TH ANNIVERSARY STREET FESTIVAL – JULY 26, 2010
Hollywood, Calif. – Louis Prima must have been smiling in heaven as his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame was unveiled Sunday, on what would have been the iconic King of Swing's 100th birthday.
Set amidst the bustling backdrop of the Ricardo Montalban Theater on Hollywood and Vine, the unabashed spirit of Prima shook the pavement as the late jazz singer's son, Louis Prima Jr. and the Witnesses – and the lovely Sarah Spiegel dazzled the crowd with such familiar ballads as "I Ain't Got Nobody," "Buona Sera, Zooma-Zooma," "Jump,Jive And Wail." Prima's children, Louis Prima Jr. and Lena Prima accepted the Star on behalf of their legendary father.
The late Prima's centennial star unveiling coincided with the day-long "Walk the Walk" Community Festival in Hollywood Honoring the Hollywood Walk Of Fame's 50th Anniversary.
Louis Prima remains one of the greatest contributors to popular music and a powerful entertainment influence during the past eight decades.
Pictured above, Louis Prima Jr. poses by his father's star and trumpet on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star unveiling was held in conjunction with the Hollywood Walk of Fame's 50th anniversary and in commemoration of what would have been Louis Prima's 100th birthday. (Photo by Margie Anne Clark, Los Angeles Life and Style/City Life Communications.)
A new era of music began when Louis left his hometown of New Orleans, Louisiana and launched his recording career in 1933 in Chicago with upbeat renditions of Dinah and Chinatown. He defined the early Swing Era in New York and Hollywood with his New Orleans Gang and had an incredible output of recordings and appearances in films and on stage between 1934-39.
The Prima recordings of It's The Rhythm In Me, Lazy River, and his own immortal composition Sing, Sing, Sing (also a Benny Goodman hit) had legions of fans swing dancing from The Famous Door on 52nd Street in New York to the hottest spots in Hollywood. The swing trend escalated and grew thanks to Prima's driving force. His music skyrocketed in popularity, eventually surpassing the sales of the number one band at the time, Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians. Louis and his twenty-two piece orchestra scored a tremendous hit in 1944 with a million-seller entitled Angelina.
He topped the charts throughout the Big Band Era with Majestic, Hit, RCA, and Robin Hood label recordings of Robin Hood, I'll Walk Alone, Josephina, Please No Squeeza Da Banana, Baciagaloop, Felicia No Capicia, Civilization, Oh Babe, and many others.
The King of Swing made entertainment history during this time, breaking all house attendance records wherever he performed across the nation.
During the golden age of jazz, Prima composed A Sunday Kind of Love in 1946, and the song became a hit during four decades and six different musical genres including Swing, Doo-Wop, Rock & Roll, Rhythm & Blues, Jazz, and Country! The song would appear on the charts for many other prominent artists who also recorded this Prima standard.
With his musical comedic flair, Prima was one of the founding fathers of the Las Vegas entertainment scene. He downsized his big band in 1954, and created a small group that he named The Witnesses. Prima's shuffle beat, combined with New Orleans Jazz, was a predecessor to what became the Rock & Roll sound of the 1950s.
The string of hits on Capitol Records that followed included 'Just a Gigolo,/I Ain't Got Nobody, 'Buona Sera, Zooma-Zooma, Jump,Jive, And Wail, When You're Smiling,' and many others. Louis was also awarded the first Grammy award in the Vocal Group category for his knockout rendition of 'That Old Black Magic' with Keely Smith and Sam Butera & The Witnesses in 1958.
In 1963, he fulfilled one of his lifelong dreams: Prima Magnagroove Records, his own recording studio and record company. He would record for his Prima Label from 1963 through 1975.
During his five decade career, Louis Prima recorded almost one thousand individual recordings released on 26 different labels.
Louis provided the voice of King Louie in the award-winning Disney production of The Jungle Book in 1966.The film was nominated for an Oscar, and Louis received a gold album for the soundtrack recording.
Louis Prima continued to break attendance records at The Sahara Hotel, The Sands Hotel, The Hilton and Tropicana Hotels in Las Vegas, Harrah's Reno and Lake Tahoe, The Copacabana in New York, and prominent venues throughout the country during the 1960s and 1970s.
He also appeared constantly on every mainstream television show including The Ed Sullivan Show, The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson, The Joey Bishop Show, The Merv Griffin Show, The Dean Martin Show, The David Frost Show, and many others. His final musical projects were uncompleted score and dialogue sessions for the Disney film The Rescuers.
The diagnosis of a benign brain tumor in late 1975 promptly halted his very active recording and performance schedules. The surgery that followed would send Louis into a semi-comatose state until his death in 1978.
His legend and music live on in full force. Louis' award winning composition Sing, Sing, Sing was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1982. ASCAP posthumously awarded Louis their prestigious Songwriter's Award for A Sunday Kind Of Love in 1989. Artists as diverse as David Lee Roth, Reba McEntire and Brian Setzer would bring Prima's music to the top of the charts in the 80s and 90s.
In 1998 The Gap stores brought Louis to the attention of a new generation with their television commercial featuring a song that Louis wrote and recorded entitled 'Jump, Jive an' Wail.'
Popular modern performers such as Jessica Simpson, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, The Royal Crown Revue and many others have constantly covered Louis' music.
His ground-breaking Capitol album, The Wildest, was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. The Louis Prima Capitol Collectors Series compilation CD was certified gold by the RIAA and his Live From Las Vegas CD landed on the Billboard Top Jazz Album chart in 2005.
The Louis Prima Centennial Celebration is underway throughout the year of 2010 for the millions of Prima fans at special events spanning the globe, on radio stations around the world, and online.
This landmark year also brings several special honors recognizing Louis Prima for his many entertainment contributions along with his music featured in the 2010 Olympics, in several major motion pictures, television shows, commercials and video games!
Special commemorative editions of the classic and exclusive Prima Label recordings by Louis Prima now available on remastered compact discs at www.LouisPrima.com. Louis Prima, Jr. and Lena Prima continue to perpetuate their father's grand tradition of exhilarating live performances, thrilling standing-room-only audiences from coast to coast.
For more information about Louis Prima Jr. and the Witnesses visit:http://louisprimajr.com/review/late-king-of-swing-louis-prima-honored-on-hollywoods-walk-of-fame/
For information on the "Walk the Walk" festival and other 50th Anniversary celebrations visit www.WalkofFame50.com.
http://louisprimajr.com/review/late-king-of-swing-louis-prima-honored-on-hollywoods-walk-of-fame/
" "Buona Sera" "Jump2010Hollywood Walk of FameJive And Wail." Prima's childrenLATE KING OF SWING LOUIS PRIMA HONORED ON HOLLYWOOD'S WALK OF FAME'S 50TH ANNIVERSARY STREET FESTIVAL - JULY 26LOUIS PRIMALouis Prima Jr. and Lena Prima accepted the Star on behalf of their legendary father.Louis Prima Jr. and the WitnessesLouis Prima Jr. and the Witnesses - and the lovely Sarah Spiegel dazzled the crowd with such familiar ballads as "I Ain't Got NobodyThe late Prima's centennial star unveiling coincided with the day-long "Walk the Walk" Community Festival in Hollywood Honoring the Hollywood Walk Of Fame's 50th Anniversary.the unabashed spirit of Prima shook the pavement as the late jazz singer's sonZooma-Zooma


CU Jammu is inviting eligible candidates to apply for 1 contractual posts of Junior Research Fellow.
Application forms will be received to concerned email by :- 31-05-2018 .
Received applications will be scrutinized and suitable candidates will be called for further proceedings (Interview etc).
Eligible candidates may apply for concerned posts by sending their application to concerned email address, as per prescribed format. No need to send print to Central University of Jammu at this stage. Keeping a print copy for future use.


text:
The Voting News Daily: R.N.C. Rejects Changes to Nominating Contests for 2016, Conservative Group Picks Up Voter ID Issue Where ALEC Left Off
The Voting News Daily
The Voting News Daily: R.N.C.…
National: R.N.C. Rejects Changes to Nominating Contests for 2016 | NYTimes.com
Members of the Republican National Committee considered — and rejected — changes to their presidential nominating process for 2016 after a contest this year that some members say was too long and drawn out. At a meeting here of the R.N.C.'s rules committee, members debated whether to abandon the proportional voting that gave Mitt Romney's rivals the ability to try and accumulate delegates even as they failed to win the nominating contests. Sue Everhart, a committee member from Georgia, proposed the change, citing concerns about the length of the competition. She suggested changes that would have allowed states to hold winner-take-all contests in 2016, potentially bringing the contest to a close more quickly. Read More
National: Conservative Group Picks Up Voter ID Issue Where ALEC Left Off | TPM
Shortly after the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) announced it was dropping voter identification laws from its agenda, another conservative group is stepping in to fill the void. The National Center for Public Policy Research announced this week it had formed a "Voter Identification Task Force" to continue ALEC's "excellent work" in "promoting measures to enhance integrity in voting." Describing itself as a "conservative, free-market, non-profit think-tank," the group was established in 1982. "The fact that ALEC is no longer going to be offering the services it did got us interested in doing something," National Center for Public Policy Research executive director David Almasi told TPM. "We obviously can't do everything ALEC did, but we can do something to make sure the issue doesn't go away." Read More
National: Reformers in uphill battle against Super PAC money | Medill on the Hill
For Buddy Roemer, it's all about the Benjamins. But he'll only accept one at a time. The former governor and congressman from Louisiana and current presidential candidate has capped his campaign contributions at just $100 per donor in a symbolic move to stand up against corporate corruption in government. "I came to the decision that Washington wasn't broken: it was bought," Roemer said. "The only way to be president was to be free to lead. I decided to set a very low margin, $100, and ask every American to consider joining the election long before he votes." As of Feb. 13, the Washington-based Center for Responsive Politics reported that more than $71 million has been spent by outside organizations. But Roemer not only limits contributions, he also refuses to take any money from Super PACs, which he views as illegal and corrupt. Read More
National: Crossroads Political Machine Funded Mostly By Secret Donors | njtoday.net
Sixty-two percent of funds raised by two conservative groups associated with former Bush adviser Karl Rove have come from mystery donors, a statistic that shows the increasingly important role being played by nonprofits in a post-Citizens United political world. American Crossroads, a super PAC, and Crossroads Grassroots Policy Strategies, a nonprofit, were founded in 2010 by Rove and another former Bush adviser, Ed Gillespie. Together, they raised $123 million through the end of 2011, according to an iWatch News review of Federal Election Commission data and Internal Revenue Service filings. Of that sum, $76.8 million, or 62 percent, went to Crossroads GPS, which is a nonprofit, "social welfare" group organized under section 501(c)(4) of the U.S. tax code. Like American Crossroads, Crossroads GPS can pay for advertising that attacks political opponents by name and urges viewers to vote against them. But unlike the super PAC, GPS is prohibited from making politics its "primary purpose," according to the IRS, a rule that these politically active nonprofits have interpreted to mean they can spend up to 49 percent of their funds on such advertising. Read More
National: Rethinking the early vote | Campaigns & Elections
Have an early vote plan from a competitive 2010 contest in Florida? It may not even be worth looking at in preparation for this fall, strategists warn. The early vote landscape has changed markedly in battlegrounds across the country with several states over the past year shortening the window to cast in-person early votes. Among them, the swing states of Florida and Wisconsin. The changes will have campaigns in those states—and nationally—going back to the drawing board when it comes to the early vote, and likely having to spend additional resources to educate voters on the changes. "You have to divert resources and you have to plan ahead," says Phillip Stutts, a Republican strategist. Stutts served as national director of the RNC's 72-hour task force in 2004. The key questions campaigns should be asking, according to Stutts: "Do we hold money back now to put it into getting out the vote for early voting? Or, if [the early voting window] condenses, can we use more of that money for TV, for radio? Maybe we run a couple more mail pieces, or hire more staff?" Read More
Alaska: New redistricting map draws protests | Fairbanks Daily News-Miner
Last week, the Alaska Redistricting Board signed off on a redrawn plan it hoped would resolve a slew of issues that led the Alaska Supreme Court to throw it out, but it's already facing widespread opposition. Seven parties, including the plaintiffs who first brought the lawsuit and the Fairbanks North Star Borough, filed objections against the redistricting board's new election district map earlier this week. While the objections have a wide range of specific concerns, the general theme throughout is that the board hadn't followed the a process set out in an earlier redistricting battle. The process, known as the Hickel Process, requires the board to draw a plan that complies with the Alaska Constitution's requirements for socioeconomic contiguity and district compactness, then test it against the federal Voting Rights Act before making any deviations to comply with the federal requirements. Read More
Georgia: State settles voter registration suit | ajc.com
The state of Georgia has settled a lawsuit by agreeing to provide the opportunity to register to vote every time people apply for public assistance benefits, a coalition of civil rights groups said Thursday. Georgia Secretary of State Brian Kemp, who signed off on the agreement, condemned the litigation. He said the settlement will cost taxpayers hundreds of thousands of dollars to comply with "outdated and unneeded federal voter registration mandates and in attorneys fees paid to venue-shopping interest groups." The lawsuit alleged the state had been ignoring its obligations under the National Voter Registration Act. The settlement details procedures the state must follow for distributing voter registration applications to public assistance clients when they arrive in person or contact the Department of Human Services by phone, over the Internet or by mail. Read More
New York: Four elections during 2012 draw criticism for cost | The Journal News
If you love to vote, 2012 is your year. Four major elections will take place in New York this year, starting with Tuesday's presidential primary. Primaries for U.S. Senate and the House of Representatives follow June 26, and primaries for state and local offices come Sept. 11. The general election caps off the season Nov. 6. "I guess you really get to be a part of the process this year," Rockland County Republican Election Commissioner Louis Babcock said. The abundance of elections has raised several concerns, including the cost of holding so many and whether voters will keep turning out. "It's costly and it's taxing on the voters to come out that many times," Westchester County Republican Election Commissioner Doug Colety said. Read More
Pennsylvania: Absentee ballots harbor security flaw | PoconoRecord.com
Safeguards against tampering with election results are in place throughout the election process, but for Pennsylvania's absentee voters, a potential security breach exists. Printed on the envelope used to return completed absentee ballots is an "R" or "D," noting the voter's Republican or Democratic party affiliation. A person intent on influencing election results could weed out unopened ballots of one party. All they would need is access to the mails. That could happen in a college mail room or another origination point, at the post office, during delivery or when county mail is being sorted. The envelope marking is plain to see, but many Pennsylvanians outside of election officials are unaware of it. Read More
Editorials: Could Texas Voter I.D. Case Dismantle U.S. Civil Rights Law? | Public News Service
Court watchers say a Texas case could trigger the dismantling of a decades-old civil rights law. Steven Shapiro, the American Civil Liberties Union's national legal director, is to speak in Houston today, analyzing recent trends by the nation's highest court. Texas is among nine mostly southern states with a history of discrimination which are required by the 1965 Voting Rights Act to get federal clearance before changing election rules. That's why a new Texas voter-photo-ID law is on hold: It failed to win the Justice Department's blessing. The state is now suing, and the case is likely to head to the U.S. Supreme Court. "The court has dropped some hints that it's prepared to rethink the whole issue. I would like to believe that the court will not strike down what I think has been the single most successful civil rights law in American history, but I think people are appropriately anxious." Read More
Virginia: Voter ID bill in McDonell's hands | The Washington Post
Virginia Democrats are urging Gov. Robert F. McDonnell (R) to veto a pair of voter ID bills after the General Assembly this week stripped out a provision the governor had added to make the measures less stringent. Among the most hotly contested legislation of the session, the bills were touted by Republicans as a way to ensure the integrity of elections but bitterly opposed by Democrats as attempts to suppress the minority vote. Read More
Wisconsin: Judge postpones voter ID law decision until after recall election | Wausau Daily Herald
A lawsuit challenging Wisconsin's voter identification law won't be resolved before this spring's recall elections. Dane County Circuit Judge David Flanagan set a schedule Thursday that will extend the case at least several weeks beyond the June 5 general recall election, saying the matter is complex and he wants to give attorneys ample time to document their arguments. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and immigrant advocacy group Voces de la Frontera filed a lawsuit in Madison in December alleging the ID requirements place an unreasonable burden on voters. But state attorneys argue few people lack photo IDs and say concerns about obtaining IDs are overblown. Read More
Wisconsin: Van Hollen appeals redistricting ruling to U.S. Supreme Court | JSOnline
Attorney General J.B. Van Hollen asked the U.S. Supreme Court Thursday to overturn a decision by a three-judge panel that found maps of two state Assembly districts violated Latinos' voting rights. The U.S. Supreme Court is required to take the case and will have the final say on what election maps are in place around the state for the next decade starting this fall. A panel of federal judges in Milwaukee last month ruled that Assembly Districts 8 and 9 on Milwaukee's south side violated the Voting Rights Act. This month the panel approved new maps for the two districts drawn by Democrats and Latinos who sued the state over the issue. Those who sued, including the immigrant rights group Voces de la Frontera, contended that a host of maps for other legislative and congressional districts violated the law, but the panel did not side with them on those arguments. Read More
France: Elections 2012: 'It's All About Emotion' | Huffington Post
Like Barack Obama, Nicolas Sarkozy swept to power on a wave of hope for change. Sarkozy's wave crashed on the global financial crisis and his own failings. On Sunday, the French leader faces a tough fight against nine challengers in presidential elections awash in fear and anger. This has been a race of negative emotion and nostalgia for a more protected past: One of the world's top tourist destinations and biggest economies, France is feeling down about its debts, its immigrants, its stagnant paychecks, and above all its future. To voters, the conservative Sarkozy gets much of the blame. While he's likely to make it past Sunday's first-round voting and into the decisive second round May 6, polls show his support waning. They predict another man will trounce Sarkozy in the runoff and take over the Elysee Palace: Socialist Francois Hollande. Read More
France: Media Question Election Reporting Rules | NYTimes.com
After months of noisy campaigning in the presidential race — rousing the crowds, pressing flesh, inundating Twitter — France's politicians and pollsters fell silent at midnight Friday, by law. Until 8 p.m. Sunday, election day, when the last polling places close in the first round of voting, the country's 10 presidential candidates may not give speeches or interviews, distribute fliers or update their campaign Web sites or Facebook pages. And no media outlet, pollster or citizen is to publish voting data of any kind — no leaked exit polls, no hints on Twitter — on pain of a fine of up to 75,000 euros, or $99,000. Traditionally France discovers the initial results together, all at once, at 8 p.m. on election night. This year, however, the great, borderless Internet may disrupt the best plans of the French authorities. In recent weeks, media organizations in neighboring Belgium and Switzerland — where public interest in the French election runs high, but feelings of civic duty toward France run low — have made known their intent to publish results from districts where polls close at 6 p.m. as soon as they are available, around 6:30 p.m., 90 defiant minutes before authorized by French law. Read More
Guinea-Bissau: International censure as Guinea-Bissau junta names president | DW.DE
Guinea-Bissau's junta has named a failed presidential candidate to govern the country for two years. The United Nations has condemned the move in West Africa's narcotics hub. The naming of Manuel Serifo Nhamajo, the former speaker of parliament, to head an interim government was made jointly late Thursday by the military – whose coup last week preempted a presidential election runoff – and Guinea-Bissau's main opposition, the Party for Social Renewal. Nhamajo's nomination was immediately rejected by the ousted governing party, the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC). Its secretary general, Luis Olivares, described the appointment as "unconstitutional." Read More
Serbia: Giuliani Wades Into World of Messy Balkan Politics | WSJ.com
Former New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani was dragged into the swirling waters of Balkan politics on Friday after participating in public events with two opposition-party candidates in hotly contested election fights in Serbia. A senior politician from the Serbian Progressive Party, Aleksandar Vucic, who is running for mayor of Belgrade, said he invited Mr. Giuliani to advise him on how to revitalize the Serbian capital on the Danube River and pull it from an economic slump. Mr. Giuliani, who ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 2008 and now works as a consultant, also met with Tomislav Nikolic, the party's candidate for president, in what is expected to be a close race against the pro-Western incumbent, Boris Tadic, of the Democrat Party. Messrs. Vucic and Nikolic used to be prominent members of a staunchly nationalistic party that opposed European Union membership and condemned U.S. involvement in the Balkans. They left in 2008 and launched the Progressive Party, which says it supports Serbia's eventual membership in the EU. Read More
Category: The Voting News DailyBy admin April 21, 2012
PreviousPrevious post:National: R.N.C. Rejects Changes to Nominating Contests for 2016 | NYTimes.comNextNext post:France: Polls open in France for presidential election | KEYC
The Voting News Daily: Think the Florida Recount Was Bad? Just Wait Until November 6, Paper prophets: Why e-voting is on the decline in the United States
The Voting News Daily: Despite e-voting improvements, audits still needed for ballot integrity, Getting to Vote Is Getting Harder
The Voting News Daily: Who Created the Voter-Fraud Myth?, Voting For the Leader of the Free World…From Your Couch?
The Voting News Daily: Nightmare election scenarios worry both parties, Gains in voting-machine technologies could be cancelled out by errors introduced through mail and Internet voting
The Voting News Daily: Many Strict Election Laws Blocked or Delayed, Is True the Vote Shaking Down States With Nuisance Lawsuits?
The Voting News Daily: Supreme Court to rule on voter proof of citizenship, Latinos and African Americans targeted by voter purges, lawsuit alleges


It's time for the annual Most Popular Recipes of the year report already?! How does that happen? I feel like it was just summer, and yet Christmas was three days ago! Let's take a trip down memory lane with these great recipes from the past year, and an old favorite or two. There is something for everyone here, from salads to dinners, appetizers to drinks, and more. I've separated the most popular recipes by season, along with individual photos, so you can easily save your favorites, or all of them.
January was a great month for #SundaySupper recipes for me, and Loaded Crab Poutine was my favorite recipe of the month. It has homemade potato chips, fresh crab, diced tomatoes, green peppers, and scallions then topped with a Gouda cream sauce and blue cheese crumbles, this stuff is amazing!
Sweet, garlicky, and slightly spicy Honey Garlic Salmon was by far the most viewed new recipe of February, as well as number 8 for most views this entire year. It's healthy and quick and easy to make, ready in less than 30 minutes!
The most popular recipes of March came at the end of the month with Chorizo and Black Bean Chili, ironically made on the first day of Spring, and Margherita Naan Pizza. Made with Mexican beef chorizo and a secret, delicious ingredient, the chili is to die for!
Naan flatbread topped with mozzarella cheese slices, sweet cherry tomatoes, basil, and olive oil, this Margherita Naan Pizza is incredibly easy to make and ready in about 20 minutes.
Something amazing happened the first week of April when I finally had a photo accepted by Foodgawker! It was this gorgeous and delicious Eggplant Parmesan.
Cheesy Baked Garlic Chicken Strips was another of the most popular recipes in April. They make a great finger food for both kids and grown-ups!
May was a fun month! I took part in #BrunchWeek, and made a total of six recipes for it. My personal favorite, and still popular today, is Baked Seafood Stuffed Avocados. They are filled with crab and shrimp, and would be perfect for an elegant New Year's Eve dinner party.
At the end of May I shared Slow Cooker French Dip Au Jus, which is perfect year round! Just a few minutes to prepare and hours later you have a delicious dinner everyone will love.
It was a typical Summer here. In my world Summer starts on my birthday, June 1, and ends when the kids go back to school at the end of August. I never manage to share a lot of recipes in the Summer, only a total of six this summer, but they were mostly all favorites. Watermelon Punch is the perfect summertime cocktail, with fresh pureed watermelon, lemon-lime soda, watermelon flavored rum, and vodka, it's a refreshing grown-up beverage we make for cookouts all summer long.
Grilled Cajun Blueberry BBQ Ribs are rubbed with Cajun seasoning, slow cooked, and topped with an easy to make blueberry BBQ sauce. They were my favorite grilled recipe of the summer.
Creamy Cucumber Salad is a recipe I've been making for many years and finally shared this summer. With garden fresh cucumbers, onions, and sour cream, it is a cool, refreshing summer salad great for cookouts or light dinners.
Crispy Fried Green Tomatoes was the hit at the end of summer. I make mine a little different than the traditional Southern version, with Panko breadcrumbs mixed with garlic, onion, and a little kick of cayenne pepper.
With a warm September, these summertime recipes stayed at the top until October, along with my all time most popular recipe for years, Broccoli Cheddar Pasta Salad (Walmart Copycat Recipe).
Homemade Cayenne Pepper Sauce made with fresh cayenne peppers and jalapenos right out of my garden was the most viewed from September. Trust me, once you make it yourself, you will never want store-bought again!
October was all about these Cheesy Mexican Chorizo Puff Pastry Tarts, a spicy, cheesy, flaky appetizer great for munching on during the game or for a party!
Melt in your mouth Browned Butter Garlic Parmesan Scallops were the most viewed new recipe of November, but the most viewed recipe for the month was last year's Slow Cooker Stuffing with Bacon Onions and Sage. The scallops are quick to make, fancy enough for a special occasion like New Year's Eve, yet simple enough for a weeknight dinner.
December was all about Christmas and New Year's, with Overnight Eggs Benedict Casserole with homemade Hollandaise in the beginning of the month.
Three days before Christmas I shared a last minute roundup of 14 of the Best Christmas Recipes that many loved. It turns out that I'm not the only one that does things last minute!
I can't wait to see what the new year will bring! I'm sure there will be more of something for everyone. This coming year will be my fifth year sharing recipes here, and I'm looking forward to sharing many more. Have a great New Year's everyone!


I already checked the linux version wiht distutils.util.get_platform(), changed the wheel file name and it still doesn't work.
I finally installed a virtual python environement and now it works.
@Javi_Movilla Thanks for updating with your solution – glad to hear it worked!
Also, just for completeness: Ultimately, the .whl is just an archive file containing the Python package. So even if installing from the wheel file doesn't work, or you want to run Prodigy in an environment that can't support this, you can always unpack the archive manually and drop it in your site-packages.


What does B.C.M. stand for?
B.C.M. stands for "Bachelor of Computer and Mathematical Sciences"
How to abbreviate "Bachelor of Computer and Mathematical Sciences"?
"Bachelor of Computer and Mathematical Sciences" can be abbreviated as B.C.M.
What is the meaning of B.C.M. abbreviation?
The meaning of B.C.M. abbreviation is "Bachelor of Computer and Mathematical Sciences"
B.C.M. as abbreviation means "Bachelor of Computer and Mathematical Sciences"


text:
Home > The Regiment > VC Holders
The Victoria Cross is the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
It was founded by Royal Warrant on 29 January 1856, and was originally intended to be awarded to members of the Royal Navy and British Army who, serving in the presence of the enemy, should have performed some signal act of valour or devotion to their country.
As Queen Victoria pointed out, it was not an Order, such as the Garter of the Bath. It offered no knighthood, bore no religious significance and contained no ranks within itself. It was intended solely as a decoration "to be highly prized and eagerly sought after by the officers and men of Our naval and military services".
Pensions were granted to all holders of the Victoria Cross below commissioned rank, and an expulsion clause allowed for a recipient's name to be erased from the official register in certain wholly discreditable circumstances, and his pension cancelled. King George V felt so strongly that the decoration should never be forfeited. In a letter to his Private Secretary, Lord Stamfordham, on 26 July 1920, his views are forcibly expressed: "The King feels so strongly that, no matter the crime committed by anyone on whom the VC has been conferred, the decoration should not be forfeited. Even where a VC to be sentenced to be hanged for murder, he should be allowed to wear his VC on the gallows".
Since the original 1856 warrant, other have been issued modifying or limiting the VC's provisions. In 1858 Queen Victoria decreed that the VC could be won by those who "may perform acts of conspicuous courage and bravery ... in circumstances of extreme danger, such as the occurrence of a fire on board ship, or of the foundering of a vessel at sea, or under any other circumstances in which ... life or public property may be saved". This warrant was only used twice.
In 1881, a new VC warrant was signed which stated "Our Will and Pleasure is that the qualification (for the award of the Victoria Cross) shall be "Conspicuous bravery or devotion to the country in the presence of the enemy". It was this last stipulation that necessitated the introduction of the George Cross in 1940.
In 1902 King Edward VII approved the extremely important principle of awarding the VC posthumously. In 1911 King George V admitted native officers and men of the Indian Army to eligibility, and in 1920, it was extended to include the Royal Air Force, and "matrons, sisters, nurses ... serving regularly or temporarily under the orders, direction or supervision" of the military authorities. It was against emphasised that the VC "... shall only be awarded for most conspicuous bravery or some daring pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice or extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy."
Queen Victoria chose the design for the new decoration. It is in the form of a Maltese Cross ensigned with the Royal Crest and a scroll inscribed simply "For Valour". It is connected by a V-shaped link to a bar engraved on the face with the recipient's name. The date of the deed for which the honour is bestowed is engraved on the back of the Cross itself. It is worn on the left breast, before all other medals and awards, suspended from a 1½-inch wide red ribbon. Originally the VC ribbon was blue for the Navy, and dark red for the Army. Since 1918, all VC awards use the crimson shade. The medal itself was, and still is, made of bronze melted down from the Russian cannons captured at Sevastopol in the Crimean War.
Fourteen Grenadiers have been awarded the Victoria Cross. The recipients were:
The Victoria Cross
Sergeant A. Ablett
Private A. Palmer
Colonel The Hon. H. H. M Percy
Major Sir Charles Russell, Bt.
Private E. Barber
Lance Corporal W. D. Fuller
Lieutenant Colonel The Viscount Gort. MVO, DSO, MC
Private W. E. Holmes
Colonel H. T. Paton, MC
Captain T. T. Pryce
Lance Sergeant J. H. Rhodes, DCM
Lance Corporal H. Nicholls
Major The Hon. W. P. Sidney
Lance Corporal J. T. D. Ashworth
At the going down of the sun, and in the morning


text:
Q: How do I send an additional parameter to a function? I have this code which displays text from a Web SQL database:
' + item['product'] + '

When I edit the text it calls the updateRecord function and updates the value.
  function updateRecord(id, textEl) {
    db.transaction(function(tx) {
      tx.executeSql("UPDATE products SET product = ? WHERE id = ?",
          [textEl.innerHTML, id], null, onError);
    });
  }

I have several of these values I'm trying to work with though. So I would like to specify the column. The above code works if I set the column to product in the function, in the following code I'm trying to send an additional parameter to the function but it's not working. What am I doing wrong here?
  '+ item['product'] + '

  function updateRecord(id, column, textEl) {
    db.transaction(function(tx) {
      tx.executeSql("UPDATE products SET ? = ? WHERE id = ?",
          [column, textEl.innerHTML, id], null, onError);
    });
  }

A: Same with any full-bodied DBMS, you cannot parameterize the column names, only values.
So you need to do it like this
  '+ item['product'] + '

  function updateRecord(id, column, textEl) {
    db.transaction(function(tx) {
      tx.executeSql("UPDATE products SET " + column + " = ? WHERE id = ?",
          [column, textEl.innerHTML, id], null, onError);
    });
  }


In his provocative new book, evolutionary biologist Jerry A. Coyne lays out in clear, dispassionate detail why the toolkit of science, based on reason and empirical study, is reliable, while that of religion-including faith, dogma, and revelation-leads to incorrect, untestable, or conflicting conclusions.
Coyne is responding to a national climate in which over half of Americans don't believe in evolution (and congressmen deny global warming), and warns that religious prejudices and strictures in politics, education, medicine, and social policy are on the rise. Extending the bestselling works of Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, and Christopher Hitchens, he demolishes the claims of religion to provide verifiable 'truth' by subjecting those claims to the same tests we use to establish truth in science.
Coyne irrefutably demonstrates the grave harm-to individuals and to our planet-in mistaking faith for fact in making the most important decisions about the world we live in.