With party season well on its way, one of our members has suggested that it would be helpful to have a few easy to remember tips to help him from overeating and spinning out not only his weight that he's been working so hard to keep under control, but also his blood glucose levels that he also works hard to keep managed through lifestyle measures. It's such a great topic to suggest! So many of us do exactly that when we go to a party or a reception or even just out with friends to a buffet style lunch.
As is often the case with diabetes, a little forward planning goes a long way. So if we have a just a few (well 5) top tips to think through, hopefully you'll find it much easier to manage and will feel so much better afterwards. We all know that post-party feeling of regret for the bad food choices we made.
I'd also like to remind you that diabetes is not a game of perfect. These tips aren't meant to restrict you from enjoying a little of what you might not have access to in your usual life with diabetes, but more to make it easier to do so without extreme consequences of high BGLs and weight gain.
If it's not a meal based event, such as a cocktail party, then ensure you eat a well balanced meal before you go so you won't be hungry and can be more mindful of the choices you make.
Give yourself a target of about 5 tastings of food on offer so you don't miss out.
One of our admins, Helen, suggests going for a big walk before the party to help minimise the BGL impact of birthday cake, as well as being extra careful in the surrounding days – great ideas Helen!
Don't be afraid of saying 'Not just at the moment thanks' or 'No thanks' with a smile.
If it's a buffet meal, don't just go to the queue to join the buffet, but take a few moments to look over people's shoulders to see what foods are offered on the table. This will help you to choose wisely and know you won't be missing out so you won't have to stack your plate just in case.
After checking out the buffet, aim to fill at least half the plate with salad and undressed veggie options first. This can help to fill you up before you start on the more energy dense foods.
Look for healthier lower fat, lower GI carb sources to keep your BGLs happy, and then go for the lean proteins such as cold meats and seafood for the last quarter.
Try not to stack your plate, remembering that you wouldn't do that at home and so you really don't need the extra food.
Skewered vegetables to go on the BBQ.
A salad contain low GI carbs such as legumes or quinoa or barley and other interesting ingredients.
A hummus dip with fresh veggies for dipping. It's amazing how popular these items will be. You'll be the star of the party.
Fresh fruit platters work well for afters.
If you're worried that people will call you a party pooper, here are a couple of member suggested tricks so you can still enjoy the party without putting your health at risk.
Excuse yourself then go to the kitchen to fill your beer stubbie with water. Then no-one knows you're not drinking beer.
Hoping this will help you get through the Spring and early Summer party season while managing your diabetes and overall health to the best of your ability. Remember to that it's important for your wellbeing to be sociable and enjoy the celebrations that life brings.


Department of Art | Help Send FSU Art MFA 2016 Elise Thompson To The Vermont Studio Center!
Home » News » Help Send FSU Art MFA 2016 Elise Thompson To The Vermont Studio Center!
Help Send FSU Art MFA 2016 Elise Thompson To The Vermont Studio Center!
FSU Art MFA '16 Elise Thompson will be attending The Vermont Studio Center's summer artist residency as a way to keep her practice going.
Each month, VSC welcomes over 50 artists and writers to its historic campus in northern Vermont. During her 4 week stay in July, Elise can focus on her work as a visual artist for a concentrated, uninterrupted time away from her jobs and daily routine. The Vermont Studio Center also offers the unique opportunity to meet other creatives from across the U.S. and around the world.
Attending a residency for Elise's career is important as an emerging artist. Small grants are on her side, but she still hasn't made ends meet to make this residency happen!
Check out Elise's Indiegogo campaign for more! Perks such as postcards and works of art are being offered in exchange for donations. If you can't donate, just share her campaign on social media; every little bit helps!


"Grace Under Fire: Letters of Faith in Times of War" is the name of the book. He's also the founder of The Legacy Project, a national all-volunteer effort that works to honor veterans and active-duty troops.
Refreshments will be served at the book signing and books will be available for purchase.


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Home News High court judge's drive for justice
High court judge's drive for justice
ROSHAN ABRAHAMS
Taswell Papier has landed his dream job.
Newly appointed judge of the Western Cape Division of the High Court, Taswell Papier, believes we all have to take collective responsibility for building a society we can be proud of.
A son of Steenberg, Judge Papier, 56, was appointed by President Jacob Zuma on Thursday November 2.
He has been practising as a lawyer for approximately 30 years and considers himself to be "passionate about justice, fairness and equity".
"I was born in the working class suburb of Steenberg, shortly after my parents were moved from Diep River in terms of the Group Areas Act," he said.
Having grown up during the darkest years of apartheid, experiencing racism, violence and several states of emergency, Judge Papier became determined to contribute towards eradicating the unjust system.
"I attended a careers evening, organised by our youth group while at high school, and was impressed by my engagement with the late attorney Percy Sonn, which made me think seriously about a career in law. Percy was practising in partnership with the legendary late Dullah Omar at the time."
Judge Papier said he grew up being very aware of apartheid's Group Areas Act; the Immorality Act, and the draconian pass law system and the "petty" apart-
heid laws that included black people not being able to go to certain restaurants or beaches or use train carriages or buses
which were designated for "whites only".
As a young lawyer with a practice in Mitchell's Plain in the 1980s, Judge Papier defended hundreds of activists who were pupils or students or members of civic organisations and the military wing of the ANC, Umkhonto we Sizwe.
He said he regularly travelled to rural towns to represent victims and activists.
"I tried to assist constructively wherever possible in whatever way I could, and joined organisations like the National Association of Democratic Lawyers (NADEL), a group of progressive lawyers.
"We challenged unlawful actions by the state and the police, visited freedom fighters on Robben Island and in other prisons, and supported liberation movements and anti-apartheid organisations."
He said there was still so much to be done to overcome the legacy of apartheid, to eradicate poverty and to ensure opportunities for economic upliftment.
"Education is key to this. Racism in all its forms has to be recognised and addressed – we cannot afford to look the other way. We all have to take collective responsibility for building a society of the future that we can all be proud of."
Judge Papier said everyone has the right to make their own future decisions. "I am proud when I see young people grasping the opportunities that they can, often in spite of the odds against them. Everyone has a constructive and valuable contribution to make in building a better society for all. This we can achieve, if we choose to do so."
Judge Papier said when he grew up he enjoyed learning karate, playing squash and badminton, and did skin-diving for a community club. "As a young boy I also enjoyed playing the piano and guitar, and in my youth was part of the Corpus Christi Catholic Church Youth Group."
He attended Catholic schools: St Augustine's Primary, in Wittebome, and thereafter St Columba's, in Athlone.
When Judge Papier decided to study law, there were few options open to black students. "Here I include everyone not classified as white. I attended the University of the Western Cape (UWC) which was far from home, with poor transport systems, so I had to leave home at 4am to be in time for my 8am lectures, often having to take five trains to travel from Steenberg station to Unibel station.
"UWC gave me not only an excellent foundation for law, but a political orientation and awareness, that reinforced and underscored my passion for justice. I have since studied at Harvard Law School where I did a Master's degree in Human Rights, and at UCT where I did a Master's degree in Corporate Law."
Judge Papier has been married for 28 years and has two child-
ren.
When asked what his career advice would be for the youth he said: "I would encourage those considering a career in law, firstly to be driven by a passion for justice, fairness and equity. Values of honesty, integrity and sincerity are paramount, and should not be taken for granted. They should be prepared to work hard, and embrace the reality of life-long-learning."
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Here's a rare opportunity to own a 1 story townhome with a view of Swift Creek's lake from your front deck and living room!This newly updated townhome has an array of natural light, it includes 2 bedrooms and 2 baths, large dining & living rooms with hardwood floors, fireplace, an eat in kitchen that opens to an inviting screened-in porch with a swing. So, whether you're downsizing, or on the go, or both, take advantage of all that this one has to offer. Satisfy all of your outdoor needs, such as sailing, kayaking, walking trails,golfing, leisurely strolls to nearby restaurants, or just stay at home and sit on the front deck and enjoy the sunsrise & sunset. Conveniently located near shops & store's, and close to Rt 288 and Rt 76.
Additional Fee Description Brandermill Fee is Quaterly.


Take a look below for more information around our clinic location in Birmingham.
Our west midlands clinic is based right next to the historic Edgbaston cricket club. Make sure you call 0800 9888 237 to arrange your free consultation – if you have any questions regarding what you can expect, your optometrist and surgeon will be on hand to assist you.
LASIK... treatment will be where a laser is used to create a small flap on the surface of the eye, which is lifted to make way for a second laser to correct your prescription and the flap is moved back to its original position. Recovery for LASIK is minimal.
LASEK... treatment begins with the surgeon administering anaesthetic drops to soften the cells, and these are moved to the side. The laser is then applied to your eye to correct your prescription. The cells are moved back and a protective contact lens is put on your eye. Recovery time is 3-5 days.
There is parking available at the rear of the clinic.
Birmingham New Street Station is just a short taxi ride from our clinic.
Buses operate up and down Bristol Road, stopping on either side of the Speedwell Road stop, for buses numbered 63, 146 and 886.


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(solution) Susan Chollette, campus dietitian for a small California college,
Susan Chollette, campus dietitian for a small California college, is responsible for formulating a nutritious meal plan for students. For an evening meal, she feels that the following five meal content requirements should be met: (1) between 900 and 1,500 calories; (2) at least 4 milligrams of iron; (3) no more than 50 grams of fat; (4) at least 26 grams of protein; and (5) no more than 50 grams of carbohydrates. On a particular day, Susan's food stock includes seven items that can be prepared and served for supper to meet these requirements. The cost per pound for each food item and its contribution to each of the five nutritional requirements are given in the attachment.
Susan Chollette, campus dietitian for a small California college, is responsible for formulating a
nutritious meal plan for students. For an evening meal, she feels that the following five meal
content requirements should be met: (1) between 900 and 1,500 calories; (2) at least 4 milligrams
of iron; (3) no more than 50 grams of fat; (4) at least 26 grams of protein; and (5) no more than
50 grams of carbohydrates. On a particular day, Susan's food stock includes seven items that can
be prepared and served for supper to meet these requirements. The cost per pound for each food
item and its contribution to each of the five nutritional requirements are given in the table below:
Potatoes Calories/Poun
279 Nutritional Values and Costs
Protein Carbohydrate
(mg/lb)
s (g/lb)
63 Cost/Poun
d ($)
0.33 a. Set up the Mathematical Model for this Linear Programming (LP) problem.
b. Solve the problem using Solver.
c. Interpret your solution. You have to interpret the overall objective function; the decision
variables; and your constraints.


Wraps. Poems by Eli Goldblatt. Drawings by Wendy Osterweil. Numbered limited edition.
Cloth binding. Poems by Eli Goldblatt. Drawings by Wendy Osterweil. Limited edition numbered and signed by the author and artist.
For Instance, by Eli Goldblatt. Poetry. ISBN 978-1-946104-16-8. 114 pages.
Reproductions from woodcut prints by Wendy Osterweil and drawings by Michael Moore.
In a sentence, the phrase "for instance" follows an assertion or argument, and precedes a series of examples. Eli Goldblatt gives us myriad examples unconnected to a thesis, except insofar as the thesis asserts what is. This is a world composed of bombings, wars, bad history, framed in a private space of family, garden and dream-work (which often takes us back to all the bad histories). In a larger sense, the book is an elegy—for his dear friend Gil Ott, and for a world where fascists lose. But "even in Barcelona, Franco won." "War grows" in the poet's mind, erupting in museums and in his son, who "emerges into the sunlight stabbing, punching, blasting his enemies." Words are like tattoos; they scar. The poet craves "a language beyond all this talk, / words erupting beneath words that evict / or seduce, dominate or sell." Goldblatt's book offers a public and private MRI; we do not yet have the results, so we can only hope for the best. Our best consolation may be that we have this map of one poet's decency and care.
Reading Eli Goldblatt's For Instance provides delights of a kind one can hope for, sometimes even expect, but never predict. In this copious and wide-ranging new collection, Goldblatt writes from within a closely attuned, deeply committed attention to that dance of limits & potentialities we call daily experience. Where there is a wall or other obstruction, his words seek a gap or to create the gap – space that leads through. Miraculously, it is precisely the light on the other side, the light he will find, that illuminates Goldblatt's search. At the same time, a constituent gravity shapes the poems of this book; their articulations offer the possibility for – but they also demand – the close embrace of re-reading. Here is a book for time, one to return to and discover its moment renewed again and again.


As the brass fantasy of Honk!TX recedes into spring muscle memory, follow a second line parade from City Hall Plaza down to Republic Square starting at 1pm. There, NOLA imports Sudan Social Aid & Pleasure Club and the All for One Brass Band join homegrown ensemble Minor Mishap Marching Band on two stages for a Cajun feast: jambalaya, gumbo, étouffée, muffuletta, andouille, and beignets. Bon temps!
Tonight, Beth Burns and her disruptive darlings of original-practices Shakespeare stage a madcap benefit performance, a motley spectacle enhanced with tasty noms (from the Root Cellar's Megan Turbeville) and live music and all manner of delights, cutting capers for a veritable Renaissance of entertainment. You want to supercharge your Sunday evening with some old-school comedy, culture, and cuisine, then right here is where you'll be!
Sun., April 7, 7-10pm. $50.
A big ol' herd of wheeled conveyances filled with tasty noms are coming in from all over, circling their wagons for a who's-got-the-best-grub championship at the BCS mall this Sunday, offering a sort of flash-mob food court replete with beat-droppin' DJs and live arcade games and all manner of festive accoutrements for your culinary celebration.
Sun., April 7, noon-5pm. $7-12 (free, ages 12 and younger).
Cali Everly Brothers Kenneth Pattengale and Joey Ryan.
Join our World Famous *BOB* for her 47th birthday party and a v special screening of Pretty in Pink. Get there at 7:15pm for preshow cupcakes, followed by a screening of the short film "Night of the Living Gay," starring *BOB*. Come dressed in yer best Eighties finery.
Sun., April 7, 7:15-10pm. $9+.
In which the long-running festival presents live music by Churchwood, hosted by PoetKen Jones, at this shut-it-down shindig.
Sun., April 7, 3:30-5pm. Free.
Newly Restored: Two by Teruo Ishii: A woman blinded in a duel seeks revenge in this yakuza action thriller starring the same actress who played Lady Snowblood.
Video Vortex: A psycho killer has it in for some partying teens.
Join the Dems and special guests Jeremy Smith of Blue Squad and data maven Lauren Pully of the Texas Democratic Party. Bring a notepad (and a friend!).
Sun., April 7, 4-6pm. $30.
Wake up, workout, eat (tacos). Barefoot Bootcamp will challenge your mobility, endurance, and resilience with a combination of yoga, Pilates and body-weight movements.
Sun., April 7, 9-11am. Free.


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Understanding (non)cooperation in EU-Algeria migration governance
The weekly column from OEMR to better understand EU-MENA relations.
Written by Vicente Alves
Part III: Migration
Unlike other Maghrib countries, Algeria has been reluctant to cooperate with the EU on migration governance. Rather, the Algerian administration perceives migration governance as a matter of sovereignty, rejecting EU interference in its internal security affairs. Despite recent EU efforts to subsidise and invest in migration governance support in the region, Algeria has not yet shown interest in cooperating.
This column provides a short overview of EU-Algeria (non)cooperation on migration, its main challenges and recent policy developments.
While, for some years now, the EU has been trying to outsource its border functions to North African partners, Algeria's migration governance has been less influenced by the EU than in other countries in the region.
Even though Algeria's crackdown on irregular migration is in line with European interests, it is more a response to perceived domestic insecurity than a concession to the EU (Zardo & Loschi, 2020, p. 8). Internal security efforts dominate migration approaches of the Algerian administration, which is primarily concerned with sealing off sub-Saharan migration, a security risk often linked with crime and drug smuggling in public actors' populist discourses (Ouhemmou, 2021).
Furthermore, Algeria sees the EU's outsourcing of irregular migration management as an interference in its own affairs and a de-responsibilization on the consequences of instability generated by foreign interventions in the Sahel (Farrah, 2020, p. 40). On the other hand, the EU's focus on cooperating and overseeing border management practices challenges Algerian authorities' interest in oversight over economic flows and cross-border trade on border regions, as well as the use of more securitized (and often polemic) approaches to migration governance (Zardo & Loschi, 2020, p. 16).
Nonetheless, Algeria takes a different approach when it comes to its emigrants, through its efforts in increasing the number of short-term visas issued to Algerian migrants and the reluctance in cooperating on readmission of its citizens (Zardo & Loschi, 2020, pp. 6–7). Indeed, remittances are the main source of income for many families in impoverished regions, with les emigrés being also an important source of direct investment in the country (Werenfels, 2018, p. 24).
While Algeria's sovereigntist approach to migration governance does not clash with European interests of containment per se, it nonetheless raises doubts over the country's treatment of migrants. Algeria's handling of sub-Saharan migration is heavily securitised and often entails human rights abuses and mistreatment of sub-Saharan Africans (Ouhemmou, 2021).
In 2019, Algeria was the 7th country which received most Schengen visas, with many regular migrants heading towards France. Nonetheless, irregular migration has increased steadily, with a parallel decrease in return rates, which are considerably below the international average (for example, at 19,5% in 2019 against the global average of 32%). While some Member-States have signed bilateral readmissions agreements with Algeria, the country is still reluctant in taking a proactive approach to this subject and hasn't been open toward developing an agreement with the bloc (HRVP, 2020, p. 14).
In 2019, Algeria hosted around 400,000 illegal migrants in its territory, with an average of 500 illegal border crossings a day. Nonetheless, 90% of migrants who have crossed the Mediterranean from Algeria are country nationals, with most sub-Saharan migrants crossing the territory to reach the Moroccan route towards Spain (in 2019, 50% of migrants who arrived in Spain through Morocco had previously crossed Algeria) (HRVP, 2020, p. 15).
The recent New Agenda for the Mediterranean reinforces the EU's desire to deepen international partnerships on irregular migration through the New Pact on Migration and Asylum, as well as the goal of supporting legal mobility with the Southern partners through a new Voluntary Return and Reintegration Strategy (HRVP, 2021a, pp. 16–18).
Cooperation remains dependent on Algerian authorities' strategic interests, as the country hasn't yet signalled its intention to participate in these frameworks. Nevertheless, if open to it, Algeria can expect more flexible sources of funding from the EU for migration governance through the recently created Economic and Investment Plan for the Southern Neighbours, through which it can receive financial and technical support to strengthen asylum systems, border management capacities, as well as legal pathways for migration to Member-States (HRVP, 2021b, p. 5). In the end, the value of this carrot will always be dependent on the sovereignty and fragility concerns of Algerian authorities.
Farrah, R. (2020). Algeria's Migration Dilemma: Migration and human smuggling in southern Algeria. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
HRVP. (2020). Rapport sur l'état des relations UE-Algérie dans le cadre de la PEV renouvelée: Avril 2018 – Août 2020. SWD (2020) 285 Final. European Commission.
HRVP. (2021a). Renewed Partnership with the Southern Neighbourhood: A new Agenda for the Mediterranean. SWD(2021) 23 Final. European Commission.
HRVP. (2021b). Renewed Partnership with the Southern Neighbourhood Economic and Investment Plan for the Southern Neighbours. JOIN (2021) 2 Final. European Commission.
Ouhemmou, M. (2021). Migration, governance and geopolitical conflicts in Africa: A comparative analysis of the Moroccan Algerian migration policies. In I. Moyo, J. Laine, & C. C. Nshimbi (Eds.), Border regions series. Intra-Africa migrations: Reimaging borders and migration management (pp. 159–177). Routledge.
Werenfels, I. (2018). Migration Strategist Morocco – Fortress Algeria. In A. Koch, A. Weber, & I. Werenfels (Eds.), SWP Reseach paper: Vol. 4. Profiteers of Migration? Authoritarian States in Africa and European Migration Management (pp. 22–33).Zardo, F., & Loschi, C. (2020). EU-Algeria (non)cooperation on migration: A tale of two fortresses. Mediterranean Politics, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2020.1758453
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Supernumerary teeth are commonly encountered in our day to day life by the general dentist. Most supernumerary teeth are located in the maxilla with male predilection. Detection of supernumerary teeth is best achieved by thorough clinical and radiographic examination. Their management should form part of a comprehensive treatment plan. This article presents a clinical and radiographic study of hundred cases of supernumerary teeth and an overview of the clinical problems associated with supernumerary teeth.
Oral cancer is one of the most mutilating diseases afflicting mankind. Precancerous lesions, conditions, and early stage oral cancers cannot be adequately identified by visual inspection alone and may be easily overlooked and neglected. Differentiation between early stage cancers, precancerous lesions and benign lesions is often difficult because of the similar appearance of these lesions. Moreover progressing premalignant lesions may be genetically different from their morphologically similar non-progressing counterparts. Early diagnosis is one of the most important single factors in combating oral cancer. Definitive diagnosis of malignant and benign lesions is commonly based on histological examination but a noninvasive and simple screening test may be desirable as an adjunctive method. Thus a method of detecting oral cancers and precancerous lesions at early curable stages is crucial and may lead to a reduction in the currently unacceptably high oral cancer morbidity and mortality rate. This article tries to briefly overview the various diagnostic aids and recent advances in early cancer detection.
Nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) are loops of DNA containing ribosomal RNA genes. In human, they are located on the short arm of the five acrocentric of certain chromosomes. An increase in number of AgNORs counts have been documented in some malignancies compared to their benign counter parts. The aim of the study was to correlate and compare AgNOR count in speckled leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis and in oral squamous cell carcinoma and to assess if AgNOR count could contribute to the pre-therapeutic assessment of the biologic aggressiveness of the disease and to detect malignant potential of premalignant lesion and conditions which could render us to assess the prognosis of the disease.
"Necessity is the mother of all inventions". This is also true in case of cancer therapy. Though malignant diseases are being treated by various therapeutic modalities, the greatest drawbacks are recurrence and distant metastases. Few of the treatment methods are also associated with serious side effects, disfigurement and disability. To overcome these setbacks, new treatment methods have been proposed, few of them seem to be very promising. This scientific paper is an overview of the recent advances in cancer therapy.
Angina bullosa hemorrhagica ( ABH) is a rare lesion encountered in routine dental practice. This lesion usually presents as a localized hemorrhagic blister with unusual dimensions which makes the diagnosis difficult. This report is aimed to create awareness in the dental fraternity about the occurrence of the lesion given its rarity and the risk of misdiagnosis with other vesiculo bullous entities.
Hemangiomas of the jaw bones are rare benign lesions characterized by proliferation of the blood vessels. Peripheral hemangiomas that involve the soft tissue are more common in the mandible than in the maxilla. A case of peripheral vascular hemangioma in a young female patient which shows diversity in the site of occurrence is reported along with the latest investigation procedure that was employed for the diagnosis and treatment planning of maxillo-facial hemangiomas.
Lingual thyroid is a rare congenital anomaly that results from the failure of descent of the primitive thyroid from the foramen caecum. A case of ectopic lingual thyroid in a 28 year old female is reported here, along with review of literature with respect to investigations performed, various management modalities of lingual thyroid and the outcome of these approaches. We have also discussed the differential diagnosis of lingual thyroid.
Massive osteolysis is well known by the synonyms vanishing bone disease, phantom bone disease. First case ever reported was by Jackson in 1838 and later in 1972 in a patient with disappearing humerus. Romer in 1924 reported first case in the jaws. There are only very few cases reported in the jaws in the literature. Considering the rarity of the condition, this case of massive osteolysis of entire mandibular involvement, in an Indian woman is the first ever case to be reported in the literature. Thus we report here an interesting case of vanishing bone disease of the lower jaw and a generalized wasting in a 60 year old female patient.The clinical and radiologic findings were consistent with the criteria for the diagnosis of Gorham's massive osteolysis.
Odontomas are the most common non-cystic odontogenic lesions representing 70% of all odontogenic tumors. Often small and asymptomatic, they are detected on routine radiographs. Occasionally they become large and produce expansion of bone with consequent facial asymmetry. We report a case of such a lesion causing expansion of the mandible in an otherwise asymptomatic patient.


Johnson and Martinez continue their dedication to work on behalf of victims of abuse and sexual exploitation.
Ann Johnson is a nationally recognized expert in Human Trafficking providing testimony before the United States Congress, training to Local, State and Federal Law Enforcement officers and the Judiciary.
Ana Martinez spent the last few years at the Harris County District Attorney's Office prosecuting and working with law enforcement to combat Human Trafficking to better identify victims and prosecute exploiters.
Johnson Martinez understands the complexities of Texas Law and the difficult challenges victims face. We are here to fight for you and your best interest.
Many have been charged, jailed and convicted of offenses, which might be conduct one committed because of their status as a human trafficking victim. Recently, the Texas Legislature has begun to see the need to right these wrongs. If you have questions about whether this help applies to you, please call us for a free consultation. We are here to fight for you and your interest.
Johnson and Martinez have handled hundreds of prostitution related matters, investigations and cases.
For nearly a decade, Ann has been recognized as an expert in Texas Law for the protection of victims of human trafficking. Her passion and knowledge started with the representation of a 13-year old child charged with prostitution. This led to a case of first impression, the foundation of law protecting child victims. In addition to being a founding member of prostitution related problem solving courts, Ann started and developed the Human Trafficking Section for the Harris County District Attorney's Office from February 2013 until January 2017.
Ana Martinez was the first prosecutor brought on to expand the local prosecution efforts to better combat human trafficking. Martinez' knowledge of international law and the cultural challenges of international victims made her an invaluable asset to the Human Trafficking Section.
The efforts of their team along with law enforcement and public and private partnerships resulted in a more balanced attack of better identifying victims, and increased prosecution of Pimps and Johns.
Johnson and Martinez continue to provide training and assistance, upon request, for public and private partners in the fight to identify and assist victims of human trafficking.


The Friends of the Library Montgomery County has just sold a rare, autographed, limited first edition of Ernest Hemingway's "Farewell to Arms," for $6,000.
It's the highest selling volume ever sold by FOLMC, according to Lance Salins, FOLMC business coordinator.
The private buyer lives in Oregon and wishes to remain anonymous, Salins said, noting that an antiquarian book seller helped with the sale. The book that dates back to 1929 is considered a collector's item, not a reading copy, Salins said. It was listed online for several months before it sold last week.
According to Salins, the valuable book was discovered among other "unremarkable" books inside a Bailey Irish Creme liquor box that was donated to the FOLMC in November of 2015. The box was left on the loading ramp outside the Rockville store and Salins said he is not sure who donated it or if the donor even got a receipt. Salins was one of the staffers who initially identified the book, and he has held onto the box it was found in to this day.
It's not unusual for valuable books to end up at FOLMC stores.
"We train our staff to evaluate and recognize the value of books," he said.
The "Farewell to Arms" edition was limited to 510 copies in 1929, and this copy was number 392. The book was inscribed from a wife to her husband, Salins said, noting the married couple lived in Wisconsin. He is not sure how the book ended up in Montgomery County, Maryland.
Was it difficult to say farewell to the book?
Looking for rare books is similar to a treasure hunt, Salins explained, because the FOLMC receives so many donations.
Find out more about the Friends of the Library Montgomery County, here.


Stanislaw told me he'd never be late again. Now, let's go outside. You can probably buy one of these cheaper elsewhere. Let me borrow that. Those jeans are really cute. You were afraid, weren't you? I'll stake my job on it. The cave is easy of access. Hartmann spent a decade as an apprentice. It's not too deep.
I'm dead set against the plan. I didn't cry. You may stay here if you like, as long as you keep quiet. He's very knowledgeable. You're not old enough yet get to a driver's license. The course of true love never did run smooth. Mikey broke her promises. We couldn't stop. I thought somebody died. First hold crime-prevention firmly in mind! Before going out, lock the doors!
That's not what this is about. I end up unconsciously trying to get fit as summer draws near. He was innocent. My father charged me with the duty of taking care of my sister. Bret lived in Boston for many years. Amos brought it here. He could only wait to see it with his own eyes. Yuri graduated with honors from the Soviet Air Force Academy in 1957. I can't get Eric on the phone. I received a good job offer.
I don't know Hans's full name. I should've known better than to use Aimee's bicycle without permission. Ramesh climbed the stairs. 5 is less than 8. Page is three years older than me. I want to stay in a hotel near the airport. I'm closer to her than anyone. Morning, sleepyheads! This is the very book for you to read. Let's go to your room.
Barney ate a frozen dinner. Go outside and play. Take an umbrella with you in case it rains. Can you blame her? Sandip is dating someone. I think Bert is going to be fine. He drinks too much alcohol. More and more women have their own careers and are economically independent of their husbands. Urs begged me to let him go home early. We have a lot to talk about, you and I.
Her dad won't be coming, he is very busy. I can't get any work done here with all these children in the room. I'm getting pretty sleepy. I would like to have some pancakes now. One is responsible for one's own words. We agreed on an early start. A blanket of silence fell over everyone when they heard the disappointing announcement. Next time, I suggest you don't leave home without it. Today, as Americans, we grieve the brutal murder -- a horrific massacre -- of dozens of innocent people. We pray for their families, who are grasping for answers with broken hearts. These pajamas absorb sweat well.
You prefer to go to bed. It is true that I was head over heels in love with her. Do you know how to fix this? I went to the airport to see my mother off. We will notify you when your order arrives. Elevens have to be timed well in craps. We're killing in the polls, we're killing in every state and if I become president - I promise you this - we will kill everybody. Hey you! Please wait. Laura isn't about to back down. Can you believe them?
On May 13, 1888 slavery was officially abolished in Brazil. Let's all play together. He hasn't come home since he left last week. At first the King would not believe it, but the old woman urged this so long, and accused her of so many evil things, that at last the King let himself be persuaded and sentenced her to death. What's your maiden name? Do you actually mean it? What will happen if Venice gains independence? They know what happens. He is a primary school teacher, so he is used to dealing with children. I want you to marry me.
He brought me a coffee, in spite of that I'd asked for a tea. I have cancer. He went out for a walk with his dog. Pershing's forces were not sent directly into battle. The ice was so thick as to walk on. Radiation is a big concern. I'd be happy to take care of your baby. She straightened her skirt. Mott sensed a tension between John and Cathy. I have to win.
It'll be winter before long. Little children always question things we adults take for granted. This is correct. Are you full? You annoy me. The manager has many problems. I keep a large dictionary close at hand when I read English magazines. Life is too short to seek perfection in material things. Wes agreed with me. Let's skin the snake.


text:
Industrial air filtration specialist Donaldson Company buys BOFA
Donaldson Company has acquired BOFA International, which specializes in industrial fume and dust extraction technology.
Donaldson Company (Bloomington, MN), which manufactures industrial air filtration systems and parts, has acquired BOFA International (BOFA; Poole, England), which specializes in industrial fume and dust extraction technology.
BOFA has experienced significant growth since a management buyout supported by mid-market private equity investor LDC in 2015. Over the past three years, substantial investment has been made in the company's infrastructure, international growth strategy, and product development. Revenues have almost doubled to £27 million (over $35.1 million) and headcount has increased by 50%.
In 2017, BOFA opened its first office in Germany. Its U.S. subsidiary, BOFA Americas (Staunton, IL), has continued to go from strength to strength, delivering 23% year-on-year growth. Earlier in 2018, BOFA opened its new head office and center of excellence in Poole.
BOFA has received two Queen's Awards for Enterprise for outstanding achievement by a UK business in International Trade, and for Innovation in developing its Intelligent Operating (iQ) system.
The arrangement brings many synergies, with Donaldson's portfolio of large-scale industrial extraction systems complementing BOFA's range of portable extraction systems. The acquisition will enable BOFA to continue pushing the boundaries of fume and dust extraction technology in both product development and industry sector applications globally.
For more information, please visit bofainternational.com and www.donaldson.com.


text:
Archives and Special Collections Home
Archives and Special Collections are open by appointment only, limited to UMN affiliates. Appointments must be made one week in advance of your visit. Contact ascref@umn.edu or the curator of the collecting area you wish to use for assistance. We continue to provide scans of requested research materials when possible, especially for our non-campus clientele.
The University of Minnesota owns nineteen artifacts inscribed in cuneiform, the script of ancient Mesopotamia. This collection, which is kept in Special Collections and Rare Books at the Elmer L. Andersen Library, comprises sixteen clay tablets, two clay cones, and one inscribed and sealed clay tag. These documents include sixteen administrative records from various cities of Sumer in the Ur III period (late 3rd millennium BCE), and three short royal inscriptions from the cities of Isin and Uruk in the early Old Babylonian period (early 2nd millennium BCE). Most of the texts were published four decades ago by Tom B. Jones, then professor of ancient history at the University of Minnesota, and John W. Snyder. They are now made available to the public in new editions, including transliterations, translations, and photographs, through digital media.
The Ur III Dynasty, so called because according to the Sumerian King List this was the third time the city of Ur held dominion over Mesopotamia, is perhaps best known to modern students of history for its highly developed bureaucratic organization. The administrative apparatus of the state ruled from Ur was created in order to ensure that state's effective functioning, and its operation was manifest in a continuous stream of "clay-work" - accounting records inscribed on clay in the cuneiform script, using the Sumerian language, probably produced by the dozens per hour in each major administrative center of the realm. It would appear that every item received within, transferred between, or disbursed from the interlocking institutions comprising the Ur III state had to be accounted for in writing: what was it, who provided, transferred, or expended it, what for, under whose authority; and exactly when - administrative records in this period are typically dated by the year of the reigning king, by the month, and sometimes by the day. Records of individual transactions had, furthermore, to be summed up periodically in balanced accounts. Many of these administrative records were impressed with the seal of the official in charge of the transaction recorded; these seal impressions reflect the network of authority linking the various "departments" of the state administration. Of the voluminous quantities of such records that were generated by this energetic bureaucracy, tens of thousands happen to have been preserved over the millennia and discovered in modern times, and have found their way into institutional and private collections, like that of the University of Minnesota.
After administrative records, one of the most common types of inscribed artifacts from ancient Mesopotamia are the royal inscriptions commissioned by kings of cities and states great and small to commemorate their deeds, often their construction of buildings or other public works. Three inscriptions of this type entered the University's collection: one inscribed cone of Lipit-Eštar, king of Isin in roughly the late 20th century BCE, recording the construction of his "House of Justice"; and two inscriptions of Sîn-kāšid, king of Uruk in the early 19th century BCE, one cone and one tablet with nearly identical texts recording the construction of his palace. These short royal inscriptions are by no means unique documents, as the administrative records discussed above are. They were, rather, mass-produced by scribes working practically as human duplicating machines, and they were typically deposited within the very fabric of the building whose construction they commemorated, combining the functions of a cornerstone and a time capsule. Often large numbers of virtually identical copies of such inscriptions were produced and deposited in this way. Dozens of exemplars of the inscriptions of Sîn-kāšid and Lipit-Eštar have surfaced, some in legitimate excavations but many on the antiquities market, and they have typically entered modern collections along with Ur III records.
How did these inscribed artifacts find their way to the University of Minnesota?
Edgar James Banks is the dealer who sold the University many, if not most, of its cuneiform tablets. He was very active in the first few decades of the twentieth century, and is responsible for most of the small cuneiform collections at universities, seminaries, and museums around the country. Banks led an interesting life, a summary of which can be found in the excellent article, "The Forgotten Indiana Jones," by Dr. Ewa Wasilewska in The World and I Magazine Online. Dr. Wasilewska is writing a biography of Edgar Banks, and we are very grateful to her for her advice and her help in identifying Banks' handwriting. Banks himself wrote several books, and one of them, Bismya or The Lost City of Adab, has been made available online by the University of Chicago Library. As a final note, at least one of the two cones in the collection was purchased from Banks, but we have been unable to determine which one; also, it seems likely that Banks was the source of some of the uncredited tablets. For additional information on Banks and his activities, visit the links page.
Mrs. Kate Koon Bovey donated at least one of the tablets, but unfortunately we don't know which one(s). She donated large collections of books to the library in the early 1940's, so she probably donated it then, but we don't have enough information to credit her with the donation of any specific tablet.
The most recent addition to our collection is the donation of a three-sided sealed clay label from the Ur III period, UM 19, donated by Karen Moynihan in August 2001.
The digitization of this collection is part of a worldwide effort to provide cuneiform-inscribed texts on the internet. The benefits of web-based publications over print ones are many. Frequent updates, greater accessibility, and comprehensive photographic documentation are just a few. This effort is spearheaded by the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI).
The content of these web pages is intended to be useful to the general public as well as to cuneiformists. The layout of the pages is based on the form taken for print publications. The individual pages for each tablet or cone contain cataloguing information, transliterations, translations, references to secondary literature and related texts. The cataloguing information consists of publication information, catalogue numbers, brief acquisition data, content, historical context and a physical description. Photographs of all inscribed surfaces are also provided. Higher quality photographs are available by clicking on the photographs on the pages. If there are notes for any lines of the transliteration or translation, the corresponding line number will be blue and lead to the notes.
Eva von Dassow is responsible for the new text editions presented here. Matthew James Buell designed and programmed this web site (later edited in Drupal by Tim Johnson). Mark Gill researched the history of this collection and the career of Edgar J. Banks. Ahn Na Brodie photographed the inscriptions. We gratefully acknowledge Marcel Sigrist for his assistance on the text editions.
The Inscriptions:
UM 1 - SET 283
UM 5 - SET 17
UM 10 - SET 277
UM 16


Children are encouraged to have fun with technology and simultaneously understand the dynamics behind it. Our project based learning curriculum seamlessly integrates technology & is designed to teach every child how to put technology to productive use.
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At DAV we deploy technology to enhance classroom teaching by providing a rich multi – sensory engagement enabling better understanding, deeper exploration and longer attention span.


Gorgeous map shows the high mountains of miles of the northern Sierra Nevada Range anchored by the Tahoe Basin and the vivid azure depths of Lake Tahoe, 1645 feet deep. Map spans from Donner Pass, Norden, Truckee and Bronco in the north to Markleeville, Carson Pass, Caples Lake and Kirkwood in the south.
The map's eastern edge covers Carson City and Minden, with the western edge at Lake Van Norden, Lagoon Lake and Ice House Reservoir. Includes the Desolation Wilderness Area, Tahoe Rim Trail, Pacific Crest Trail and all ski resorts.
Premium coated paper map, 24" x 36", 1 inch represents 1.6 miles, 500 foot lake floor contours, August 2008. Published by Bluewater Maps.
Laminated map, 3-mil gloss, 24" x 36", 1 inch represents 1.6 miles, 500 foot lake floor contours, August 2008. Published by Bluewater Maps.


text:
Risikofunktion ist ein Begriff aus der mathematischen Statistik und wird dort im Rahmen von allgemeinen statistischen Entscheidungsproblemen verwendet. Die Risikofunktion gibt an, wie groß der zu erwartende "Schaden" bei Verwendung einer gegebenen Entscheidungsfunktion ist. Risikofunktionen spielen eine Rolle bei der Bestimmung von optimalen Entscheidungsfunktionen, da sich durch Risikofunktionen eine Ordnungsrelation zwischen den Entscheidungsfunktionen definieren lässt. Dies macht es möglich, nach optimalen Elementen unter Teilmengen der Entscheidungsfunktionen zu suchen.

Definition
Gegeben sei ein statistisches Entscheidungsproblem , also ein statistisches Modell , ein Entscheidungsraum  und eine Verlustfunktion . Des Weiteren sei  die Menge der randomisierten Entscheidungsfunktionen und . Dann heißt die Funktion

definiert durch

eine Risikofunktion. Sie gibt an, wie groß der erwartete "Verlust" bei Verwendung der Entscheidungsfunktion  ist, wenn der Parameter  vorliegt.

Betrachtet man die Risikofunktion als Funktion in  für fixiertes , so schreibt man auch . Man definiert dann die Menge dieser Risikofunktionen als  und nennt diese Menge die Risikomenge.

Risikofunktionen nichtrandomisierter Entscheidungsfunktionen
Ist  eine nichtrandomisierte Entscheidungsfunktion und  die entsprechende Darstellung als randomisierte Entscheidungsfunktion, wobei  hier das Diracmaß bezeichnet, so ergibt sich als Risikofunktion
,
also der Erwartungswert des Verlusts.

Beispiel
Verwendet man in der Schätztheorie den Gauß-Verlust

für die Bewertung von reellwertigen Punktschätzern, so erhält man als Risikofunktion den mittleren quadratischen Fehler
.

Bei Einschränkung auf erwartungstreue Schätzer reduziert sich die Risikofunktion dann zur Varianz des Schätzers, also
.

Analog erhält man bei Verwendung des Laplace-Verlustes den mittleren betraglichen Fehler als Risikofunktion.

Bemerkungen

Spieltheoretische Deutung
Das Auffinden einer optimalen Entscheidungsfunktion kann als ein Spiel im spieltheoretischen Sinn betrachtet werden. Zuerst wählt die Natur einen Parameter  als reine Strategie aus der Strategiemenge , der Statistiker antwortet dann mit der Wahl einer gemischten Strategie, die der Wahl einer Entscheidungsfunktion aus der Strategiemenge  entspricht. Die Risikofunktion ist dann die Auszahlungsfunktion dieses Zwei-Personen-Nullsummenspiels.

Egalisator
Eine Entscheidungsfunktion , für die die Risikofunktion in  konstant ist, also

für ein  gilt, heißt ein Egalisator ( equalizer rule). Diese spielen eine Rolle bei den Beziehungen der unterschiedlichen Optimalitätskriterien für Entscheidungsfunktionen untereinander.

Verallgemeinerungen
Eine Verallgemeinerung der Risikofunktion ist das Bayes-Risiko. Hierbei betrachtet man nicht die Auswertung für einzelne , sondern betrachtet Wahrscheinlichkeitsmaße auf , die sogenannten A-priori-Verteilungen. Diese lassen sich als Vorinformation über die Verteilung des Parameters deuten. Aus der spieltheoretischen Perspektive ist das Bayes-Risiko die Auszahlungsfunktion der gemischten Erweiterung des oben beschriebenen Spiels.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Mathematische Statistik
Spieltheorie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Drinking, fighting and infidelity take center stage in trial of Jacksonville Navy captain
Anne Schindler First Coast News
Opening statements in the trial of the former commander of Guantanamo Naval Base got off to a dramatic start Tuesday, with both sides describing a drunken brawl, an affair and the subsequent death of civilian contractor Christopher Matthew Tur in 2015.
Jurors listened intently as federal prosecutor Todd Gee described what he called a criminal effort by former Capt. John Robert "J.R." Nettleton to conceal the incident, stonewall the search for Tur and deceive Navy investigators about the 42-year-old's final hours.
"He kept it quiet to protect himself," Gee argued.
Though Nettleton's actions delayed the investigation, Gee told jurors Tur's death is not the focus of the case.
"That is not what this trial is about, and it is not a mystery that will be solved in this courtroom," Gee said.
Instead he said the focus will be "over a dozen false and misleading statements" Nettleton, 54, made to investigators and his Navy bosses. Nettleton pleaded not guilty to 10 counts of various obstruction-of-justice charges.
Nettleton's attorney Terence Lenemon countered that Nettleton did not deliberately deceive anyone. He said Nettleton chose not to disclose his fistfight with Tur because it was an incident "between two Marines" and "something between two men." He said Tur had a history of depression and suicide attempts, as well as domestic violence, and that knowledge of those things also played into Nettleton's decision-making process.
"When you listen to all the evidence and put it all together, it's going to be crystal clear that he never obstructed justice, that he did not give material false statements and that he is not guilty of these charges," Lenemon said.
The first witness called in the case was the former public information officer at Guantanamo Naval Base, Kelly Wirfel. She described a night of heavy drinking at a "Hail and Farewell" party that preceded Tur's disappearance. She said Tur and wife Lara fought and that he accused her of having an affair with Nettleton.
"How does it feel to f--- my wife?" Wirfel said Tur screamed at Nettleton. "She's nothing but a whore."
Wirfel said Tur's wife retorted, "I hate you. You need to kill yourself."
She testified that Tur and Nettleton had to be physically separated.
Wirfel, who was close friends with both Turs, described searching for him for hours after it became clear he was missing. She fought back tears as she testified about when his body was found floating in Guantanamo Bay two days after his disappearance.
Jurors also heard from former Chief Warrant Officer Randall Barger, who witnessed the confrontation between Nettleton and Tur at the officers' club and later searched for Tur. He noted that Tur had a history of disappearing when angry. "If he got mad, he would wander off for a day or two."
Barger also testified that when searching for Tur, he asked Nettleton if he could search in and around his house, and Nettleton refused.
"I asked him if I could look around in the backyard and in the house area, and he said no."
In less dramatic moments Tuesday, a last-minute change in the jury's makeup made it even more female and more aligned with the military.
After one juror, a naturalized U.S. citizen, expressed concern about his English skills, District Judge Timothy Corrigan and lawyers for both sides agreed to swap him with one of the four alternates. The resulting jury is now composed of 11 women, nine of whom have either served or has a close family member who served in some branch of the military.
Corrigan addressed what he called "high feelings" about the case. Addressing family members of Tur and Nettleton in the courtroom, he said "everyone is welcome in the courtroom" but urged them to keep their emotions in check.
"People feel strongly about it and I certainly understand it," Corrigan said but noted "we have to have a certain decorum. I'm confident that I will be the case and I will appreciate your cooperation in that regard."
Several key witnesses are expected to testify Wednesday, starting with Nettleton's daughter Julia. She was a teenager in 2015 and witnessed some of the fight between her father and Tur.
Also scheduled is Tur's wife at the time, who now goes by the name Lara Sabanash.
Court resumes at 9:30 Wednesday morning.


text:
Press Release: NCBI Missoula Transitioning Name to EmpowerMT
Jesse Jaeger
Contact: Heidi Wallace, Executive Director
Email: heidi@empowermt.org
Address: 1124 Cedar Street, Missoula, MT 59802
Website: www.empowermt.org
NCBI Missoula Transitioning Name to EmpowerMT
The National Coalition Building Institute (NCBI) of Missoula's Board of Directors is excited to announce that this summer, the organization will be changing their name to Empower Montana (EmpowerMT) and will become a fully independent 501(c)(3) organization. EmpowerMT will officially begin operating under its new name and launch its new website (www.empowermt.org) on September 1st, 2016. An open house will be held Tuesday, August 30th from 5-7 PM at EmpowerMT's office (1124 Cedar Street) and media outlets are invited to attend.
"We are so proud of the work we have done throughout Montana as NCBI Missoula and strongly believe that moving forward as EmpowerMT will provide even more opportunities to develop leaders, strengthen communities & organizations, and end mistreatment," stated EmpowerMT Executive Director Heidi Wallace. "The name EmpowerMT clearly states what we do and where we want to go as an organization, empowering leaders to create more just and inclusive societies across Montana."
In 1998, a group of campus and community leaders were looking for ways to address pervasive prejudice and violence in the state and attended a training hosted by NCBI International. Shortly after Missoula became home to a chapter operating under NCBI International's non-profit status. Over the past 18 years the Missoula chapter has grown from a staff of two to six, with several interns and practicum students, and has reached over 52,000 students, educators, business and community leaders across the state of Montana. Over the past year NCBI Missoula traveled over 5,100 miles and worked with over 6,000 individuals including 4,000 youth and 600 educators. Additionally, due to its successful leadership pipeline, NCBI Missoula has empowered over 100 volunteer trainers with opportunities to co-lead its prejudice reduction, conflict transformation and violence prevention curriculum.
"NCBI Missoula's Board of Directors felt that it was time for the organization to take this next step and become a fully independent organization," said EmpowerMT Board President Kindle Lewis. "We also want to thank NCBI International and their Executive Director Cherie Brown for supporting us in becoming EmpowerMT."
EmpowerMT will continue its historic partnership with NCBI International as an organizational affiliate and will continue offering the same youth programs, community events, and facilitation and training services. EmpowerMT's Board of Directors feels strongly that this exciting transition will help the organization increase its ability to accomplish its mission of creating a more just and inclusive society by developing youth and adult leaders who work to end mistreatment, correct systemic inequalities and strengthen communities across Montana.
September E-News September 14, 2017
"The whole purpose of education is to turn mirrors into windows." -Sydney J. Harris As we gear up for the changing of seasons, EmpowerMT...
June Newsletter June 28, 2018
"When we speak we are afraid our words will not be heard or welcomed. But when we are silent, we are still afraid. So...
Empower Montana, Empower the World December 15, 2016
It's been almost one month since we said goodbye to our amazing Mansfield Center YSEALI Fellows Hanty and Aung Lwin, and we sure do...
May Newsletter May 15, 2018
"Every great dream begins with a dreamer. Always remember, you have within you the strength, the patience, and the passion to reach for the...
New Year, New Intentions December 20, 2016
Most people agree this past year has been a rough one through to the end. While it may be hard to tap...
February Newsletter February 28, 2018
"I know there is strength in the differences between us. I know there is comfort, where we overlap." -Ani DiFranco "Empowerer" Spotlight: Carla Mettling! ...
Empower Montana Annual Report – 2016-17 January 18, 2018
Dear Empower Montana Supporters, As we reflect on our first full year after changing our name to Empower Montana, we are reminded of the...
January E-News January 17, 2019
NCBI and YWCA Host Anti-racism Series April 6, 2016
This March, NCBI partnered with the YWCA Missoula to put on a three-part anti-racism training series called True Colors. The True Colors training was...
January Newletter January 28, 2018
"As we work to create light for others, we naturally light our own way." –Mary Anne Radmacher "Empowerer" Spotlight! This month our spotlight shines...


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Test: FV432 Mk2/1 APC
By: Dave Lorimar, Photography by: Dave Lorimar
A fighting vehicle FV432 mark 2/1
The 60s' design is clear to see
This was once a communications vehicle
Johnny and his heavy metal toy
It would seem that everyone nowadays has a bucket list. I had never really given it much thought, but when I met up with Johnny Hildreth and he asked if I wanted to drive of his FV432 armoured personnel carrier (APC), I quickly answered, "Hell yes!" I then realised that I must have one too. The boy in me was back!
Every boy's dream
A mutual friend introduced me to Hildreth and his modest military vehicle collection, where the APC is actually the odd one out, as Jeeps make up the rest. The earliest is a 1942 ex-US Army model and the latest a 1997 Cherokee.
There are ten different Jeep models in the entire collection, six military and four civilian. His father started the ball rolling by buying an ex-army Jeep after the war.
The interest took hold and soon there were more and more Jeeps around the farm. Now Hildreth is taking the tradition in a new direction with the addition of a fully-tracked vehicle.
Hildreth's father owns a very rare amphibious model – there are only a handful of these left in the world. There's also a gorgeous blue 1970 CJ5 V6 four-speed model that was in the Yogi Bear movie filmed in Auckland a few years back.
I love the Jeeps and I should do a story on them, but it was the APC I was here to see (I'll be back again for the Jeeps).
A brief history of the FV432
Made by Alvis Vehicles, the FV432 was the first purpose-built, fully-tracked APC to enter service with the British Army. It was introduced in 1963 at the height of the cold war, so it's no wonder it can be fully sealed against NBC (nuclear biological chemical) contaminates and provide the crew with fresh clean air.
By the time production ceased in 1971, over 3000 units had been delivered, from the first mk1 to the last upgrade, the mk2/1. They have a crew of two, a driver and commander/gunner, and can carry either 10 fully-equipped soldiers or 3670kg of gear. Most of these vehicles are still in active service in specialised roles.
During the '90s, the British Ministry of Defence sold a number of older FV432s off to private buyers. Johnny Hildreth found one in the UK and shipped it over. The Auckland Museum of Transport and Technology (MOTAT), after seeing it, decided they could do with one and purchased his.
Missing having the APC around the farm, he found a 1968 example a few years later and had it shipped over, just like the first. Considering it's around the same price as a new small car, it's no more expensive than a lot of other male-oriented hobbies found today. Fishing comes to mind…
Besides having fun with it around the farm, it's proven very popular at the local RSA for ANZAC day parades. It can be driven on the road, as it's fitted with rubber-coated road wheels and rubber track inserts. Another favourite use is at kids parties around the district, and I mean kids of all ages. It seems everyone wants to ride around in the APC, no matter what age or gender.
Driving the FV432 is a dream. There's an accelerator pedal for your right foot and two levers in front that come up from the floor, one for each hand. There's a button on top of each lever to engage the parking brake. Simply select the gear range you wish to use on the left and pull back on the levers to release the brake. It's a semi auto, so just add some throttle and you're moving.
The seat can be raised or lowered to provide driving positions with the head exposed or with the hatch locked down. The driver has both a day and night time periscope option available. Gear options are 1-2 or 1-3, 3-4, 3-5 plus R. By pulling back on the levers together, they act as a brake and pulling only one turns the APC in that direction. It's super easy and straightforward.
The suspension is something in itself. It's like gliding on air. There is no body movement when you go over corrugated judders and or large potholes. When driven over rougher terrain the APC develops a gentle rocking motion. It's a wonderful experience, much like floating above the ground.
However, like all vehicles, go too fast and it can become like a small boat in choppy seas. Unpleasant, especially when you hit the armour plating with your body. The thick, cold metal will easily leave large bruises, as I can attest to.
Powerplant and gearbox
The original mk1 was fitted with a Rolls Royce B81 petrol engine, but with the introduction of the mk2 came a new powerplant, the Rolls Royce K60 six-cylinder, two-stroke, diesel multi-fuel engine. This is coupled with an Allison TX-200-4A semi-auto gearbox, which Rolls Royce made in the UK under licence.
With the experience of WW2 just a few decades earlier, the designers had developed an engine that could run on most fuels. The diesel can be topped up with fuels like petrol, kerosene, white spirits, etc. The engine itself is enclosed in a cage frame and can be removed as one unit. The hoses all unclick and are long enough that the engine can run next to the APC, making servicing that much easier.
Luckily for Hildreth, the local gas station gives him a call when someone has accidently mixed diesel and petrol in their car. Once its drained, he's down there quick smart and pours it straight into the FV432's fuel tank. This makes a nice, fun use of contaminated fuel.
The engine compartment has a Firewire fire-detection system fitted. Understandable, considering this vehicle was expected to take the occasional hit in combat.
In 2006, the remaining FV432s still in active service had their powerplants upgraded to the Cummins 6BTA engine.
Let's face it — most people have a hobby of some sort. Some people have a boat and go fishing, some people have motorcycles and go touring — Johnny Hildreth has an APC and goes duck hunting in it. And he says it's better to sleep in than a tent!
They both work for me, but I do think the APC wins. If I had the land, I'd get one too.
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text:
DELPHI Collaboration DELPHI 98-42 PHYS 772 27 April, 1988
Study of b→uℓ¯ν Decays
with an Inclusive Generator
M. Battaglia
Dept. of Physics,
University of Helsinki (Finland)
A generator for inclusive b→uℓ¯ν decays has been developed. Different prescriptions have been applied to describe the kinematics of the b quark inside the hadron and the generation of the hadronic final states. Results are presented with particular attention to the invariant mass of the hadronic system recoiling against the lepton and its resonance decomposition. These studies are of special relevance for the extraction of |Vub| from semileptonic B decays at LEP and at B factories.
The measurement of the branching ratio for the decay b→uℓ¯ν provides the cleanest way to determine the |Vub| element in the CKM mixing matrix. Evidence of the non-zero value of |Vub| has been first obtained by both ARGUS and CLEO by observing leptons produced in B decays with momentum exceeding the kinematical limit for b→cℓ¯ν transitions [1, 2] . The extraction of |Vub| from the yield of leptons above the b→cℓ¯ν endpoint is subject to large systematical uncertainties. More recently, exclusive B→πℓ¯ν and B→ρℓ¯ν decays have been observed by CLEO and their rates measured [3, 4] . Still the derivation of |Vub| from exclusive semileptonic decays, contrary to the case for |Vcb| in B→D∗ℓ¯ν, has significant model dependence.
The extraction of |Vub| from the shape of the invariant mass of the hadronic system recoiling against the lepton in b→uℓ¯ν transitions was proposed several years ago [5] and it has been recently the subject of new studies [6, 7] . The proposed method starts from the observation that the hadronic system recoiling against the lepton in the decay has invariant mass lower than the charm mass for the majority of b→uℓ¯ν decays. The model dependence in predicting the shape of this invariant mass distribution has been claimed to be under control within about 10−15 % if b→uℓ¯ν decays can be distinguished from the b→cℓ¯ν ones for masses of the hadronic system up to cut values close enough to the D mass [7] . This corresponds to a model uncertainty of 5-7% on the extraction of |Vub|.
The predicted shape of the invariant mass distribution depends mainly on the kinematics of the heavy and spectator quarks inside the B hadron and on the quark masses. However from the experimental point of view, the hadronisation process, transforming the u¯q system into the observable hadronic final state, represents a significant source of additional model uncertainties.
Several models have been proposed to describe both steps of the decay process. This note summarizes the results of a study performed by developing a dedicated b→uℓ¯ν decay generator, BTOOL. This generator implements different prescriptions for the initial state kinematics and the resonance decomposition of the hadronic final states. Its results are used to define the model dependent systematics in the extraction of |Vub| from the hadronic mass spectrum in semileptonic B decays.
2 The BTOOL Generator
The decay generator provides the four momenta of the stable decay products in b→uℓ¯ν transitions. This requires a model for the kinematics of the b and spectator ¯q quarks inside the B hadron, the description of the Q2 distribution of the virtual W and of the kinematics in the b→uW and W→ℓ¯ν decays, and finally a model for the hadronisation of the u¯q system. In the following the implementation of the decay in the generator is discussed. In obtain to study model dependences and systematic effects, different prescriptions have been adopted.
2.1 ACCMM Model
In the ACCMM model [8] the B hadron consists of the b quark and the spectator ¯q quark moving back-to-back in the B rest frame.Their momenta p are distributed according to the gaussian distribution:
ϕ(p)=4√πp3Fe−p2p2F (1)
where the width pF is known as Fermi motion and represents a parameter in the model. The normalisation is chosen such that
∫+∞0dp p2ϕ(p)=1. (2)
The choice of the pF parameter and of the mass of the spectator quark mq are discussed in details in the next section.
2.2 Parton Model
An alternative picture of the b quark kinematics has been proposed as an application of the parton model to heavy quark decays [9] . In this model the decay is considered in a frame where the B hadron moves with large momentum (infinite momentum frame or Breit frame). In this frame the b quark behaves as a free particle carring a fraction z of the B momentum, pb=zpB. The functional form of f(z) can be extracted from the b fragmentation function since the probability of finding the b quark carrying a fraction z of the hadron momentum corresponds to the probability for a b quark to produce a B hadron with a fraction z of its energy. This is usually described by the Peterson fragmentation function [10] that has the form:
f(z)=Nz(1−z)2((1−z)2+ϵbz)2 (3)
where ϵb is a free parameter. In this way, the parton model offers an advantage since the kinematics of the b quark is described by a function that can be directly related with experimental data on b fragmentation.
2.3 QCD Universal Structure Function
Recently there has been progress in defining the Fermi motion in the framework of QCD [11, 12, 13] . This has been achieved in terms of a universal structure function describing the distribution of the light-cone residual momentum of the heavy quark inside the hadron. At leading order and in the large mb limit, the light-cone residual momentum k+ can be expressed as the difference between the b quark pole mass and its effective mass m∗b inside the hadron: m∗b=mb+k+. As a consequence k+<¯Λ=mB−mb. An ansatz for the shape of the universal structure function has been suggested [13] in the form:
f(z)=za(1−cz)e−cz (4)
where z=1−k+¯Λ, and the coefficients a and c depend on the values of ¯Λ and of the kinetic energy operator as discussed in the next section.
2.4 Decay kinematics
The b quark decays as b→Wu, the W and u being emitted back to back in the b rest frame with an isotropic distribution of their emission angle w.r.t the b direction. The virtual W is characterized by an effective mass Q2. The kinematics of the b and W decays correspond to that for two body decays. Therefore the model dependence that propagates to the final state kinematics depends on the choice of the values of pF and mq and of the Q2 distribution. By defining x2=Q2/m2b the differential decay rate can be expressed as:
dΓdx=G2Fm5b|Vub|2192π3(F0(x)−2αs3πF1(x)) (5)
The functions F0(x) and F1(x) describe the tree-level contribution and the QCD corrections terms. Following Ref. [14] , they can be written, in the limit mu→0, as:
F0(x)=2(1−x2)2(1+2x2) (6)
F1(x)=(π2+2S1,1(x2)−2S1,1(1−x2))+8x2(1−x2−2x4)ln(x) (7)
+2(1−x2)2(5+4x2)ln(1−x2)−(1−x2)(5+9x2−6x4) (8)
where S1,1(x) is the Nielsen polylogarithm. The resulting Q2 distribution is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: The q2 distribution in the decay b→uℓ¯ν generated according to Eq. (5).
The virtual W is forced to decay to the lepton-neutrino pair. Due to the spin of the W, its decay is not isotropic and the angular distribution of the lepton varies as 1+cos2θ. In computing the lepton and neutrino momenta in the W rest frame the lepton mass is taken into account. After the decay the lepton and neutrino are boosted back to the B rest frame. The u quark is also boosted to the same system, and at this point the hadronic system is treated.
2.5 The hadronic system
The energy and invariant mass of the hadronic system correspond to those of the u¯q quark pair. The energy and invariant mass at the parton level can be compared with predictions obtained in QCD and heavy quark expansion. The observable final states are then generated by applying different prescriptions for describing the evolution of the quark fragmentation as discussed in the next section. These include a fully inclusive hadronisation scheme according to the JETSET parton shower model [15] and exclusive descriptions of the final states in the b→uℓ¯ν transition.
2.6 The JETSET 7.4 interface
The generator can be used to produce individual B meson decays for dedicated studies. Timings for the generation of individual decays on different platforms are given in Table 1. BTOOL is also interfaced as an option of the LUDECY subroutine of JETSET to handle b→uℓ¯ν decays in the generation of e+e−→Z0/γ→b¯b events. The BTOOL generator can be activated by setting the MDME(IDC,2) flag in the LUDAT3 common block of JETSET, where IDC refers to the b→uℓ¯ν decay channel.
secs./1000 decays
HP 9000/778 HP-UX 10.20 0.52
Pentium-133 Linux 2.0.27 1.85
Table 1: Timing of the decay generator for different platforms
3 Results and Comparisons
The focal interest in the simulation study of b→uℓ¯ν decays is to determine the invariant mass spectrum of the hadronic system and its correlation with the lepton energy and then to define the uncertainties of these distributions due to the choice of the model and of its input parameters. Three different models have been applied for the definition of the kinematics of the b and spectator ¯q inside the hadrons and two models for the generation of the hadronic final states. The criteria chosen for the input parameters and their range of variation are discussed in the following subsection. The results for the hadronic system mass and multiplicities are presented in 3.2 and 3.3.
3.1 The Choice of Parameters
The ACCMM model introduces two free parameters: i) the Fermi momentum pF and ii) the spectator quark mass msp. There have been attempts to extract the values of these parameters from fits to experimental observables such as the momentum spectrum of leptons from b→cℓ¯ν decay [16, 17] , the photon spectrum in b→sγ decay [18] and the J/ψ momentum distribution in B→J/ψ X [19] . Most of these determinations point to a value of pF≃ 0.5 GeV/c (Table 2).
pF (GeV/c)
msp (GeV/c2)
b→cℓ¯ν 0.27 ± 0.04 0.30 [16]
b→cℓ¯ν 0.51 +0.08−0.07 0.0 [17]
b→sγ 0.45 0.0 [18]
B→J/ψX 0.57 0.15 [19]
Table 2: Experimental estimates of the pF value in the ACCMM model
However it has been pointed out that the value of pF obtained in a fit to b→c transitions may be not appropriate in the description of b→u decays [20] . At the same time it has also been shown that the ACCMM model is consistent with the QCD description of b→uℓ¯ν and b→sγ transitions and that the corresponding parameters can therefore be related. This is the direction followed in this study.
The effective b quark mass mb depends on pF and msp as:
m2b=m2b(pb)=m2B+m2sp−2mB√p2b+m2sp (9)
where pb is the momentum of the heavy quark in the hadron and mB is the B hadron mass. The value of mB can be taken as a parameter, tunable such that the ACCMM model corresponding to an average b mass <mb> can be compared with theory predictions obtained for a given value of mb. Estimated values for the b quark pole mass are in the range 4.72 GeV/c2 <mb< 4.92 GeV/c2 [16] .
The value of pF is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the b quark in the hadron since:
<p2b>=∫+∞0dpb p2b (ϕ(pb) p2b)=32p2F (10)
where ϕ(p) is given by Eq. (1). Through the two above equations the ACCMM model parameters are related to those of the QCD description of the heavy quark inside the hadron. In this framework <p2b> corresponds to the value of the expectation value μ2π of the kinetic operator. The value pF = 0.5 GeV/c corresponds to <p2b> = 0.37 GeV2. Estimates of <p2b> have been obtained both from theory and fits to measured spectra in B decays as discussed below.
For the Parton Model, the fragmentation function for b quarks has been measured at LEP. Averaging over the ALEPH, DELPHI and OPAL results, the fraction of the b quark energy taken by the beauty hadron is <xB>=0.702±0.008 [21] . Also the observed shape in the preliminary DELPHI analysis [22] was compatible with that of the Peterson function. These results point to a value for the ϵb parameter of ϵb = 0.0040. In the simulation of decays with the parton model, the spectator quark mass mass mq was set to zero and the b quark mass was varied in the range 4.72 GeV/c2 <mb< 4.92 GeV/c2 as for the ACCMM model. It is interesting to point out that, by using the central value for ϵb, the parton model gave <p2b>= 0.35 GeV2 for mb = 4.72 GeV/c2, consistent with the value obtained in the ACCMM model for pF = 0.5 GeV/c.
The use of the QCD universal structure function f(k+) allows a consistent comparison with the results obtained in the framework of QCD and Heavy Quark expansion. The normalised moments an=An¯Λn of f(k+), given by
an=1¯Λn∫dk+kn+f(k+) (11)
relate the function parameters with that of the theory. In particular the first two moments define the function normalisation and the third is proportional to the expectation value of the kinetic energy operator [13] :
a0=1 (12)
a2=3μ2π¯Λ2 (14)
These relationships define the values of the parameters a and c in Eq. 4 as a function of the values of μ2π and ¯Λ. There have been several evaluations of μ2π and a selection of recent results is given in Table 3. Results are scheme dependent and, depending on the method used in their derivation, they point to the values of μ2π of 0.4 GeV2 or 0.2 GeV2.
μ2π (GeV2)
QCD Sum Rules 0.50 [23]
Variational Method 0.44 [24]
Relativ. Potential 0.46 [25]
Virial Theorem 0.40 - 0.58 [26]
Virial Theorem 0.15 ± 0.03 [27]
b→cℓ¯ν 0.19 ± 0.10 [28]
b→sγ 0.71+1.16−0.70 [30]
Table 3: Estimates of μ2π
The two values of μ2π= 0.2 GeV2 and 0.4 GeV2 were chosen while ¯Λ ranged between 0.36 GeV/c2 and 0.56 GeV/c2 for 4.72 GeV/c2 <mb< 4.92 GeV/c2 and mB = 5.28 GeV/c2. The masses of the light quarks, u and spectator quark, were set to zero.
3.2 The Hadronic System Mass
The precise determination of the fraction of b→uℓ¯ν transitions yielding an hadronic system with mass MX below a given Mcut value is crucial in the estimation of |Vub|.
Figure 2: The invariant mass distribution of the u¯q system obtained using the ACCMM model (left) and the QCD universal function (right) corresponding to mb = 4.72 GeV/c2 and <p2b> = 0.4 GeV2.
As discussed above, at the quark level the hadronic mass corresponds to the mass of the u¯q system. This depends mainly on the masses and motion of the heavy and spectator quarks in the B hadron. On the contrary the experimentally measureable hadronic mass is strongly affected by the resonant decomposition of the hadronic final states. In the simulation the hadronic system is analyzed in two steps.
Firstly, the u¯q pair is analyzed. This gives the hadronic mass distribution before resonant states are taken into account (see Figure 2) and can be compared with that computed using QCD and heavy quark expansion [7] .
Results are expressed in terms of the fraction Fu(Mcut) of the b→uℓ¯ν transitions resulting in a mass of the u¯q pair below a given cut value. The kinematics of the b and spectator quark have been defined using the ACCMM model, the QCD universal structure function and the Parton Model. In order to compare the results, parameters have been chosen such that they correspond to mb = 4.80 ± 0.10 GeV/c2 and 0.2 GeV2 < <p2b> < 0.4 GeV2 as discussed above.
Mcut
Fu(Mcut)
(GeV/c2)
ACCMM
QCD Funct.
Parton
Ref. [7]
Table 4: Fraction Fu(Mcut) of b→uℓ¯ν decays with MX<Mcut for <p2b> = 0.4 GeV/c2.
Table 4 summarizes the results for different choices of the input parameters. The first observation is that the universal function implemented in BTOOL reproduces the prediction from QCD and heavy quark expansion from [7] . Further it has been found that also the ACCMM model reproduces these results to better than 15%, for equivalent values of mb and <p2b>. This study confirms that the sensitivity to the value of the b quark mass is significant in the region of low hadronic invariant masses. In this region also the model dependence is more pronounced. In order to estimate the overall uncertainty in the estimate of the fraction of b→uℓ¯ν decays with hadronic mass below a given cut value Mcut, the different sources of systematics have been combined. The chosen range of variation of the parameters is ±σ(mb) = ± 0.10 GeV/c2 and ±σ(<p2b>) = ± 0.1 GeV2. The corresponding realtive systematic errors are summarized in Table 5.
Mcut = 1.25
<p2b>
Table 5: Estimate of the relative systematic uncertainties on Fu(Mcut)
Secondly, the hadronic final states corresponding to a given mass and energy of the u¯q pair can be predicted by a variety of methods ranging from the fully inclusive quark fragmentation approach to exclusive models.
Figure 3: The distribution of the u quark energy versus the lepton energy (a) and the physical region in the q2 versus 2mBq0 plane (b) for inclusive b→uℓ¯ν decay.
At large enough recoil u quark energies, the u¯q system moves away fast and this picture is similar to that of the evolution of a jet initiated by a light quark q in e+e−→q¯q annihilation. This is simulated by first arranging the u¯q system in a string configuration and then making it fragment according to the parton shower model. Exclusive models compute the decay amplitudes from the heavy-to-light form factors and the quark hadronic wave functions. The so-called ISGW2 model [31] approximates the inclusive b→uℓ¯ν decay width by the sum over resonant final states, taking into account leading corrections to the heavy quark symmetry limit.
The range of applicability of the inclusive and exclusive models is restricted to particular regions of the accessible kinematic configurations. Figure 3 a) shows the physical region in the q2 versus 2 mB q0 plane where q2 is the effective mass of the virtual W and q0 its energy in the B rest frame. In this plot states of equal hadronic invariant mass MX correspond to lines M2X=m2B−2mBq0+q2. Systems of large invariant mass correspond to low q2 and q0 values, i.e. large u recoil as shown in Figure 3 b). In these cases the u quark energy is typically large enough compared with that of the spectator quark that the analogy with jet fragmentation is justifiable. Conversely at low u recoil energy, i.e. close to the upper kinematical limit in Figure 3 a), the relative momentum of the u¯q pair is small and they are therefore likely to form a bound state.
Figure 4: Comparison of the invariant mass of the hadronic final state from the ISGW2 model (upper left) and from parton shower fragmentation (upper right). In the lower plot the corresponding fractions Fu(Mcut) of the b→uℓ¯ν transitions resulting in a mass below a given cut value Mcut are shown as a function of Mcut. The corresponding predictions for the invariant mass of the u¯q pair are shown with the continuous line ( [7] ) and the dash histogram (BTOOL). The CLEO results for the branching ratios for the πℓ¯ν and ρℓ¯ν channels are also shown for comparison.
A satisfactory description of the inclusive b→uℓ¯ν decay must take these characteristics into account. Hybrid models have been proposed for this purpose [32] . The main feature of an hybrid model is to define a kinematical region in which the exclusive model is valid and its complement that can be treated by an inclusive fragmentation model. The two regions must be chosen in order to have well behaved matching conditions for a set of relevant kinematical variables. Further constraints can be derived from the branching ratios for B→πℓ¯ν and B→ρℓ¯ν decays measured by CLEO [3, 4] . Since the aim of this study is the definition of the systematic uncertainties in the description of the hadronic mass spectrum, results have been derived for the two extreme cases of fully inclusive and exclusive models. In the inclusive model, the probabilities for generating light vector and axial resonances have been tuned in JETSET in order agree with the measured rates in Z0 decays. For the exclusive model the ISGW2 model has been used. The results are presented in Figure 4 in terms of the fraction of b→uℓ¯ν decays with the hadronic final state below a given mass value. The comparison of the predictions from the two models shows significant differences in the predicted mass spectra due to the relative importance of resonant and non-resonant final states. For the region of Mcut> 1.5 GeV/c2, the relative difference of the two models correponds to 10 - 15% showing that the hadronic system fragmentation introduces an uncertainty of the same order as that from the b-quark mass and the heavy hadron kinematics.
3.3 The Hadronic System Multiplicity
An additional source of uncertainty in the modelling of the decay arises from the multiplicity of the hadronic system. This is of special relevance since the efficiency for resonstructing the decay depends on this multiplicity. In order to study this uncertainty, the different prescriptions for describing the final states discussed above have been analyzed in terms of the resulting decay multiplicity.
Figure 5: Comparison of the generator predictions with experimental data on charged multiplicity in low-energy e+e− collisions. The points represent the experimental data, the long thick line the best fit from Ref. [33] and the shorter thinner lines the fits to the generator results for values of pF ranging from 0.0 GeV/c to 0.35 GeV/c.
The charged multiplicity of the hadronic system from the b→uℓ¯ν decay can be compared with one half of that of a q¯q event at √s=2Ehad. The data on the event charged multiplicity from Adone and Mark II at 2 GeV <√s< 8 GeV can be described with a function <nch>=a+b ln s with a=2.67±0.04 and b=0.48±0.02 [33] shown by the long thick line in Figure 5. These data have also been compared with the results of the simulation where a u quark of energy √s/2 is paired with the spectator quark. The quark is either given Fermi motion according to the value of pF but no transverse momentum, or kept at rest (i.e. pF=0). The results are shown by the shorter thinner lines in Figure 5. The parton shower model reproduces reasonably well both the multiplicity and its scaling with the quark energy. The best agreement with the data is obtained by imposing pF = 0.2 GeV/c which gives a fit with a=2.71 and b=0.44.
Multiplicities in semileptonic B decays have also been predicted using the quark-gluon string model (QGSM) which also reproduces fairly precisely the same data on the charged event multiplicity in low energy e+e− collisions [34] . The multiplicities obtained by the decay generator using the hybrid model are compared with the predictions from QGSM and IGSW2 in Table 6. The average charged multiplicity in the decay <nch> agrees for the three models within ± 0.16. This multiplicity is also quite close to that measured for D meson decays [35] , showing that the reconstruction of the hadronic system may be performed with comparable efficiency in semileptonic b→u and b→c decays.
Final State
Simulated
QGSM [34]
ISGW2 [31]
0 π± 1 π0
.050 .020 .044
.003 .003 -
<nch>
Table 6: Decay multiplicities from the event generator compared with QGSM and IGSW2 models
4 The Lepton Spectrum
As already mentioned, the lepton spectrum is sensitive to the mass of the quark produced in the semileptonic b decay. While the lepton yield in the region of lepton energies above the kinematical limit ≃M2B−M2D2MB for b→cℓ¯ν transitions is subject to significant model dependences, a combined study of the mass of the hadronic system MX and the energy of the lepton in the B rest frame E∗ℓ may allow an extraction of the |Vub| with good sensitivity and improved control of the systematics.
Figure 6: Invariant mass of the hadronic system vs. lepton energy in b→uℓ¯ν decays for the u¯q system (left) and the hadronic final state (right).
Figure 6 shows the correlation between the values of E∗ℓ and MX before and after the hadronisation of the u¯q system. By selecting decays with low hadronic invariant mass, the lepton spectrum is depleted in its lower end without significantly affecting the region of lepton energies above 1.5 GeV/c that are relevant for separating b→uℓ¯ν from b→cℓ¯ν decays.
A generator for inclusive b→uℓ¯ν decays has been developed and used for studying the invariant mass and resonance decomposition of the hadronic system produced in the decay. These studies are of special relevance for the extraction of |Vub| from semileptonic B decays at LEP and at the B factories. The low invariant mass of the hadronic system emitted in these decays can be used to separate them from the CKM favoured b→cℓ¯ν transitions. Different models for defining the kinematics of the heavy quark inside the hadron and the u¯q system hadronisation have been compared. Systematic uncertainties in the fraction of decays giving an hadronic system with mass below a given cut arise from the value of the b quark pole mass, the momentum distribution of the heavy and spectator quark inside the hadron and modelling of the u¯q hadronisation. This analysis confirmed the observation that model dependencies and these systematic uncertainties from the b-quark mass and the heavy quark kinematics can be kept at the 10% level, or below, if the study of b→uℓ¯ν is performed including decays with hadronic final state masses up to ≃ 1.6 GeV/c2 or above. A comparable uncertainty arises from the hadronisation model when comparing an inclusive to a fully exclusive model. The combined analysis of the hadronic mass and lepton spectrum spectrum may provide an optimal separation of b→uℓ¯ν from b→cℓ¯ν decays.
I would like to thank M. Neubert and N. Uraltsev for extensive discussions. I am also grateful to I. Bigi and C.S. Kim for pointing out the relationships between ACCMM and QCD parameters, to D. Lange and A. Ryd for providing me with results from a Monte Carlo implementation of the ISGW2 model, to T. Sjöstrand for his advices on interfacing this generator with JETSET and to W. Venus for his comments to the manuscript.
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CASE, Louis Hamlin, banker and broker; born, Flint, Mich., Nov. 26, 1876; son of Luman and Adelaide (Kendall) Case; educated in public schools of Holly, Mich.; unmarried. Began active career in employ of Commercial National Bank, Detroit, continuing 1895-99; became identified with Cameron, Currie & Co., bankers and brokers, 1899, and in 1903 succeeded F. S. Osborn as a partner in the company; became associated with firm of George M. West & Co., investment bankers, 1909. Republican. Episcopalian. Clubs: Detroit, Detroit Boat, Automobile, Country, Detroit Racquet and Curling. Recreation: automobiling. Office: Union Trust Bldg. Resideuce: 550 Jefferson Ave.