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Understanding High-Energy Physics in Earth's Atmosphere
Thunderstorms present a variety of hazards, including emissions of ionizing radiation. An international group of scientists met at an Armenian observatory to share their findings.
by A. A. Chilingarian 8 January 2020 22 November 2021
Armenia's Lake Kari sits near the top of Mount Aragats. In this summertime view, the south summit is visible in the background. Attendees at a conference in 2019 visited a nearby research station that collects data on atmospheric radiation associated with thunderstorms. Credit: Ashot A. Chilingarian
Lightning Science Strikes
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Returning Lightning Data to the Cloud
Mapping Lightning Strikes from Space
Investigating the Spark
All living organisms are continuously exposed to natural radioactivity from Earth's minerals and atmosphere, as well as from sources beyond the atmosphere. Protecting against the harmful effects of radiation requires us to understand all sources of radiation and the possible ways in which radiation levels are enhanced. Recently, scientists discovered that a given individual's cumulative radiation exposure can reach significant levels during thunderstorms [Chilingarian et al., 2018]. Thus, models used for forecasting thunderstorms and other severe atmospheric phenomena need an accurate accounting of radiation in the atmosphere.
Long-lasting streams of gamma rays, electrons, and neutrons called thunderstorm ground enhancements (TGEs) have been observed in association with thunderstorms. These observations demonstrate that levels of natural gamma radiation in the 10– to 50–megaelectron volt range can jump to 10 times their normal level over the course of several minutes, and levels of gamma rays with energies of hundreds of kiloelectron volts can be doubled for several hours.
Until recently, the origin of these elevated TGE fluxes was debated. The most popular hypothesis, that the particle bursts were initiated by runaway electrons, had not been confirmed by direct observation. The emerging research field of high-energy atmospheric physics (HEAP) is now shedding light on what causes these particle showers.
HEAP comprises studies of various physical processes that extend to altitudes of many kilometers in thunderclouds and many hundreds of kilometers in space. Research into TGEs has been active since 2010. Since this time, the Cosmic Ray Division (CRD) of Armenia's Yerevan Physics Institute has organized international conferences at which HEAP researchers discuss the most intriguing problems of high-energy physics in the atmosphere and explore possible directions for the advancement of collaborative studies. The ninth annual meeting, held in Byurakan, Armenia, in October 2019, provided an environment for discussing important observations of particle fluxes correlated with thunderstorms occurring on Earth's surface, in the troposphere, and in space.
Understanding Thunderstorm Phenomena
Until now, key questions about thundercloud electrification and lightning initiation have remained unanswered.
The concept of runaway electrons in thunderclouds extends back almost a century. One of the first particle physicists and atmospheric electricity researchers, Nobel laureate Sir C. T. R. Wilson, was the first to recognize that "the occurrence of exceptional electron encounters has no important effect in preventing the acquisition of large kinetic energy by particles in a strong accelerating field" [Wilson, 1925]. The astronomer Arthur Eddington, referring to this electron acceleration by the strong electric fields in thunderclouds, coined the term "runaway electrons" [Gurevich, 1961]. However, until now, this and many other electromagnetic processes in our atmosphere have been only partially understood, and key questions about thundercloud electrification and lightning initiation have remained unanswered.
HEAP research currently includes three types of measurements. Orbiting gamma ray observatories in space observe terrestrial gamma ray flashes, which are brief bursts of gamma radiation (sometimes with electrons and positrons). Instruments on balloons and aircraft observe gamma ray glows. Detectors on Earth's surface register TGEs, which consist of prolonged electron and gamma ray fluxes (also neutrons; Figure 1). The durations of these different enhanced particle fluxes range from milliseconds to several hours.
Research groups from many nations—Argentina, Bulgaria, China, the Czech Republic, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Slovakia, the United States, and others—are joining the field of HEAP research. Meanwhile, physicists from Armenia have been working on the detection of cosmic rays for many decades and focusing on intensive studies of TGEs for the past 10 years.
Fig. 1. The origins of natural gamma radiation include the newly discovered long-lasting thunderstorm ground enhancements (TGEs). These enhancements consist of short emissions of high-energy electrons and gamma rays and hours-long emissions of radon-222 progenies lifted into the atmosphere by the thunderstorm's electric field. Abbreviations are ArNM, Aragats Neutron Monitor; ASNT, Aragats Solar Neutron Telescope; CR, cosmic ray; EAS, extensive air shower; IC+, positive intracloud discharge; IC–, negative intracloud discharge; LPCR, lower positively charged region; NaI spectrometers, sodium iodide spectrometers; CUBE, Cube particle detector assembly; SEP, solar energetic particle; SEVAN, Space Environment Viewing and Analysis Network; and TGF, terrestrial gamma ray flash. Credit: Cosmic Ray Division, Yerevan Physics Institute
Observations from Aragats
At the Nor-Amberd and Aragats research stations on the slopes of Mount Aragats, an isolated volcano massif in Armenia, numerous particle detectors have been continuously registering fluxes of charged and neutral particles for the past 75 years. At the main facility, the Aragats research station of the Yerevan Physics Institute's CRD, the main topic of research is the physics of the high-energy cosmic rays accelerated in our galaxy and beyond. Surface arrays consisting of hundreds of plastic scintillators measure extensive air showers, the cascades of billions of particles born when primary high-energy protons or fully stripped nuclei originating outside our solar system interact with atoms in Earth's atmosphere.
Thunderstorm ground enhancements observed from Aragats consist of gamma rays, electrons, and also, rarely, neutrons.
The Aragats station is located on a flat volcanic highland 3,200 meters above sea level near Lake Kari, a large ice lake, and is especially well situated to record thunderstorm phenomena because the bases of thunderclouds are often very close to Earth's surface. Electrons and gamma rays travel only a short distance through the atmosphere between the clouds and the particle detectors on the ground with very little, if any, attenuation.
In 2008, during a quiet period of solar cycle 24, the CRD turned to investigations of high-energy phenomena in the atmosphere over the Aragats station. Since then, existing and newly designed particle detectors at the Aragats station have observed more than 500 TGE particle bursts—about 95% of the strongest TGEs recorded to date. (There have been only a few other reports of TGEs elsewhere [e.g., Enoto et al., 2017].) Aragats researchers recently published the first catalog of TGE events [Chilingarian et al., 2019a].
TGEs observed from Aragats consist not only of gamma rays but also of sizable enhancements of electrons and also, rarely, neutrons [Chilingarian et al., 2010]. The relativistic runaway electron avalanches (RREAs) that produce these TGEs are believed to be a central engine initiating high-energy processes in thunderstorms. During the strongest thunderstorms on Mount Aragats, RREAs directly observed using scintillator arrays and simultaneous measurements of TGE electron and gamma ray energy spectra proved that RREAs are a robust and realistic mechanism for electron acceleration.
Models and Discoveries
Our research group at Aragats was a major contributor at the 2019 symposium. We gave five talks about our newly developed model of natural gamma radiation (NGR) and the enhanced radiation fluxes incident on Earth's surface during thunderstorms [Chilingarian et al., 2019b], which was a central topic of discussion at the meeting. This comprehensive model, along with observations of minutes-long fluxes of high-energy electrons and gamma rays from RREAs, helps clarify the mechanism of hours-long isotropic fluxes of low-energy gamma rays (<3 megaelectron volts) emitted by radon-222 progeny species.
It has been known for many years that radon-222 progenies are the main source of low-energy gamma rays [see, e.g., Reuveni et al., 2017]; however, the mechanism of abrupt enhancement of this radiation during thunderstorms was unknown. Experiments on Aragats, performed in 2019, proved that emanated radon progenies become airborne, immediately attach to dust and aerosol particles in the atmosphere, and are lifted by the near-surface electric field upward, providing isotropic radiation of low-energy gamma rays.
NGR is one of the major geophysical parameters directly connected to cloud electrification and lightning initiation. Low-energy NGR (<3 megaelectron volts) is due to natural isotopic decay. Middle-energy NGR during thunderstorms comes from the newly discovered electron accelerators in the thunderclouds (<50 megaelectron volts), and always existent high-energy NGR (>50 megaelectron volts) is caused by solar accelerators and ionizing radiation coming from our galaxy and the universe (Figure 1, top right).
The Aragats group also observed direct evidence of an RREA for the first time in the form of fluorescent light emitted during the development of electron–gamma ray cascades in the atmosphere, work we reported on at the symposium. This observation correlated well with the high-energy electron flux registered by surface particle detectors.
Next, we proved that in the lower dipole (a transient positively charged region at the base of thunderclouds), electrons are accelerated to high energies, forming avalanches that reach Earth's surface and initiate TGEs [Chilingarian et al., 2020]. We also performed simulations of electron propagation in strong atmospheric electric fields, proving the origin of the runaway electron phenomenon.
Shedding Light on Lightning
Other attendees at the 2019 symposium presented reports on lightning initiation and its relation to particle fluxes originating in thunderclouds. They spoke of classifying lightning types according to which sensors detected the atmospheric discharges and according to parameters of particle fluxes (intensity, maximum energy, and percentage of flux decline) abruptly terminated by the lightning flash. Attendees also presented on remote sensing methods for studying thundercloud structure and atmospheric electric fields, as well as on the influence of atmospheric electric fields on extensive air showers and Cherenkov light emitted by rapidly moving subatomic particles.
The interferometer at the Aragats station registered more than 400 lightning flashes in 2019 synchronously with the detection of cosmic rays and a near-surface electric field.
During an excursion to the Aragats research station, conference attendees visited new facilities for the detection of atmospheric discharges. These new facilities use interferometry to study the causes of lightning initiation, which remain enigmatic. The interferometer operating at this station registered more than 400 lightning flashes in 2019 synchronously with the detection of cosmic rays and a near-surface electric field—a powerful demonstration of this very new application. The conference visitors were convinced that the interferometer data on atmospheric discharges and the associated particle flux characteristic measurements will lead to a comprehensive model of lightning initiation coupled with particle flux propagation in thunderstorm atmospheres.
Chilingarian, A., et al. (2010), Ground-based observations of thunderstorm-correlated fluxes of high-energy electrons, gamma rays, and neutrons, Phys. Rev. D, 82(4), 043009, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.82.043009.
Chilingarian, A., et al. (2018), Structures of the intracloud electric field supporting origin of long-lasting thunderstorm ground enhancements, Phys. Rev. D, 98(8), 082001, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.98.082001.
Chilingarian, A., et al. (2019a), Catalog of 2017 thunderstorm ground enhancement (TGE) events observed on Aragats, Sci. Rep., 9, 6253, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42786-7.
Chilingarian, A., et al. (2019b), Origin of enhanced gamma radiation in thunderclouds, Phys. Rev. Res., 1(3), 033167, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.1.033167.
Chilingarian, A., et al. (2020), Termination of thunderstorm-related bursts of energetic radiation and particles by inverted intracloud and hybrid lightning discharge, Atmos. Res., 233, 104713, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104713.
Enoto, T., et al. (2017), Photonuclear reactions triggered by lightning discharge, Nature, 551, 481–484, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24630.
Gurevich, A. V. (1961), On the theory of runaway electrons, Sov. Phys. JETP, 12, 904–912, jetp.ac.ru/cgi-bin/dn/e_012_05_0904.pdf.
Reuveni, Y., et al. (2017), Ground level gamma-ray and electric field enhancements during disturbed weather: Combined signatures from convective clouds, lightning and rain, Atmos. Res., 196, 142–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.012.
Wilson, C. T. R. (1925), The acceleration of β‐particles in strong electric fields such as those of thunderclouds, Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc., 22(4), 534–538, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305004100003236.
Ashot A. Chilingarian (chili@aragats.am), Cosmic Ray Division, Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia
Chilingarian, A. A. (2020), Understanding high-energy physics in Earth's atmosphere, Eos, 101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EO138276. Published on 08 January 2020.
Exploring the Origin of High-Energy Particle Beams in the Atmosphere
Where Does Lightning Come From?
Gravity Waves Leave Ripples Across a Glowing Night Sky
Tagged: Atmospheric electricity, Climate Change, everything atmospheric, meetings & workshops


Trevor is a freelance writer and recovering addict & alcoholic whose been clean and sober for over 5 years. Since his recovery began he has enjoyed using his talent for words to help spread treatment resources and addiction awareness. In his free time, you can find him working with recovering addicts or outside enjoying about any type of fitness activity imaginable.
Like everyone else in the world, I want to be happy. I want to accomplish crazy dreams, have an amazing relationship with myself, and be surrounded by awesome and loving people.
However, also like everyone else, I genuinely struggle to attain happiness – and keep it. It makes us all wonder how others in comparison have achieved their dreams and are always living life to the fullest. I'm here to tell you the truth and epic secret to being happy: the success and happiness of someone lies in their daily habits. Because when you're working towards a goal every day, you eventually come to see that happiness is a constant experience and feeling, rather than just an end result.
These are ten habits of happy people we should care to incorporate into our own lives.
More often than not, we tend to treat others with more kindness and compassion than we do ourselves. We genuinely don't give ourselves enough credit. But by treating ourselves with kindness and understanding despite our struggles and downfalls, we realize that a fulfilling life starts with loving ourselves.
Unexpected and unpleasant events occur all the time. However, that doesn't mean we should constantly let them get to us. By brushing off the insignificant things in your life, such as getting angry in traffic or feeling embarrassed, you'll realize that there are better ways for you to invest your time and energy.
We live in a technological society where it seems that everyone is plugged in and distracted all day, every day. However, separating yourself from the phenomenon of technology addiction will enable you to be aware and open to connecting with the world and people around you instead.
Routines give a life structure and maximize productivity. By following a routine, one is able to tackle the entire day with goal-oriented mindset. Without a routine, you may find yourself lost with what to do in a day could possibly waste valuable time.
It's easy to get lost in our heads and wish for different things to happen in our lives. There is nothing wrong with daydreaming or reminiscing, but to let your mind stay in the past or dream of a future too much will prevent you from doing the things you need to do right now.
Contrary to popular belief, emotions do not make you weak – they make you human. Allowing yourself to feel your true and raw emotions is a sign of self-awareness and self-love. Suppressing your emotions is very unhealthy. Therefore, let yourself cry when you're sad or scream to the sky when you're angry.
We all have goals we wish to accomplish in life. However, how many of us actually follow through with the things we want to do? Happy people know not to make excuses or procrastinate when it comes to their dreams. They understand that they need to always take action and be goal-oriented every day.
Exercising and eating healthy keeps the body strong and mind happy. Your body will feel at its optimum best if you eat healthy food and make the effort to hit the gym every day. Proper diet and exercise will clear your head and you will feel more motivated to take action.
In life we choose to say either "yes" or "no" to events, relationships, and choices. Happy individuals never settle for less than what they deserve and always seek to improve themselves. In order to live a happy life, it is crucial to learn how to say "yes" to productive relationships and opportunities and "no" to the toxic ones.
Socializing and the craziness of life takes a toll on everyone. But to sustain your happiness and keep your sanity, it's best to take a step back from your world and be with yourself. We sometimes get so caught up in life that we forget who we are. We need to return to a sense of grounded awareness, rather than forcing our minds to be busy with worries, work, and future obligations.


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HASELOUR HALL – AN EXTRAORDINARY TUDOR RESIDENCE STEEPED IN HISTORY
12th August 2019 No CommentsKayleigh van der Leck
Haselour Hall, an impressive half-timbered mansion near Tamworth, encompasses more than 19,000 square feet and is currently on the market with agents Aston Knowles. The imposing property is set on land that is rich in our nation's history and dates back to the sixteenth century.
The house is a beautiful five-gabled, Tudor residence which has a multitude of stunning original features, including an oak-panelled reception hall and dining room, a fabulous Norman oak front door, stained glass leaded windows and magnificent oak-fire surrounds depicting scenes from the battle of Hastings.
The name Haselour is Saxon in origin and derives from 'hazelnut' due to the large number of trees grown on and around the land. In 1484, the land that the hall now sits on is thought to have provided accommodation to Henry Tudor the night before the Battle of Bosworth Field, which was the last significant battle in the War of the Roses.
It is said that during that last night, Henry and a small band of his guards slipped away and rode to the hall under the cover of darkness, to visit Henry's mother Margaret Beaufort. She now lived at the hall, having married the powerful Lord Thomas Stanley after Henry's father's death.
While Henry went to visit his mother, he also took the opportunity to plead with Lord Stanley to join his side in the battle against Richard III. Stanley, however, refused to choose sides, choosing instead to remain neutral for a while longer before making clear their allegiance. This neutrality was so important to the Stanleys, that when Richard kidnapped one of Stanley's sons to force him to join his ranks, Stanley simply answered: "I have other sons".
On the day of the battle, it is said that the Stanleys watched it unfold from afar, and when Henry defeated Richard III, Lord Stanley rode down the hill from which he was watching, took the defeated King's crown from his head and used it to crown Henry VII, only then swearing his allegiance to the new King.
Centuries later, the hall is still a regal sight to behold and has been delicately extended and improved, making it a magnificent family home to the present owners. The £2,995,000 that the property is currently on the market for, does not just include the main hall, but also a separate annexe, numerous stables and outbuildings, and even a private chapel that's thought to date back to the twelfth or thirteenth century.
The hall offers a wide variety of possibilities in terms of use for potential purchasers, with 11 main bedrooms, and "if you have an entrepreneurial mind", Aston Knowles director Sophie Bullock says, "you could see Haselour Hall as an opportunity to create a 'live-in' wedding venue or boutique hotel – there's certainly enough space for it".
The property benefits from extensive grounds featuring a tree-lined driveway and secluded patio areas, mature woodland, and a paddock. There are also four stables with a tack room and hay store and 11 garages, as well as an outdoor swimming pool situated within a beautiful walled terrace, wood stores, a barn, carport, and a summer house.
Ms Bullock adds that "the hall is exquisitely grand and has been extremely well-maintained by the current owners". The chapel, with its early Gothic architecture, has even been connected to the main house through a long passage from the dining room and is still in use and open to the public annually for Remembrance series.
If you would like more information on this unique and wonderfully historic property, you can view the property's page on our website here: https://astonknowles.com/property/haselour-lane-tamworth/
If you are interested in the property, and you would like to speak to one of our dedicated staff members about arranging a viewing, please do not hesitate to get in touch on 0121 362 7878 or via enquries@astonknowles.com.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Josh Cornfield
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TRENTON, N.J. (AP) — The latest in a wave of bomb threat hoaxes called in to more than 20 Jewish community centers and schools across the country on Monday again...
Catholic hospital denies unfair bias against transgender man
TRENTON, N.J. (AP) — A Catholic hospital denies that it unfairly discriminated against a transgender man who sued after the hospital refused to allow a surgeon to remove the man''s...
Transgender man says surgery denied at Catholic hospital
January 5, 2017 at 12:00 a.m.
TRENTON, N.J. (AP) — A transgender man has sued a Catholic hospital in New Jersey after he says it cited religion in refusing to allow his surgeon to perform a...
TRENTON, N.J. >> A transgender man sued a Roman Catholic hospital in New Jersey on Thursday after he says it cited religion in refusing to allow his surgeon to perform...
Fight against publishing notices in newspapers persists
TRENTON, N.J. (AP) — As classified advertising has shrunk for newspapers, public notices from government agencies still appear.But legislative fights in New Jersey and elsewhere could end that trend.A measure...


We Indians are always excited to celebrate festivals throughout the year. Every season brings up a different festival along with it, but there comes a season of celebrations in India when our beloved cricket team performs ecstatic on the field. Cricket fans never fail to cheer the players up and this energy goes to the peak when the war is against Pakistan. This battle opens up blocked roads, suddenly a way comes out of traffic, crowdy places become empty and ultimately people get stuck to the television sets. With the new technology knocking the door, people getting bored at their workplaces also take a live bite of these happenings on the web.
« MUST WATCH! Mauka Mauka Guy Is Back With It's New Ad For India Vs Pakistan Match On 19th.


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The aim of the comprehensive territorial development: to ensure a balanced approach to choosing a location for federal and regional business units and manufacturing facilities, residential and recreation facilities, to identify optimal parameters leading to improvement of the quality of life for the population of the integrated development areas of Leningrad Oblast (areas of Leningrad Oblast bordering on St. Petersburg) in accordance with the projected level of socio-economic development.
Electricity, heating, gas, water and sanitation.
Transport (rail, water, air, pipeline, automobile transport, including public transport).
Social infrastructure (secondary education and healthcare).
5. Elaboration of plans for development of each investment site, including a set of proposals for development of technical projects and corrections of existing planning documentation.
6. Identification of key projects in the sphere of infrastructure support.
7. Evaluation of the initiatives of sectoral targeted investment programs (different programs) related to siting of objects of federal and regional transport infrastructure affecting the integrated development areas of Leningrad region.
8. Identification of limiting parameters and characteristics of residential development (including those within the framework of joint budget commitments for the construction of transport, engineering and social infrastructure).
9. Elaboration of the main directions of the Concept and identification of the basic work on their implementation.
10. Preparation of the work schedule that sets the stages, the sequence and deadlines for performance of the work by executing agencies.
11. Estimation of costs and deadlines for activities proposed within the framework of the Concept, including identification of funding sources.


This is a global call to support the CVF Summit which will take place on 22 November 2018.?The CVF Summit aims to accelerate political action in the enhancing ambition on climate action to ensure we meet the goals under the Paris Agreement. The Republic of Marshall Islands President and incoming Chair of the Climate Vulnerable Forum Hilda Heine has announced the Climate Vulnerable Summit on the 22nd of November 2018. Stay tuned for more updates!
View the video in Arabic, French,?Spanish, and Russian?
Join the transformation and follow?#VirtualClimateSummit.


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Parma is 96 mi from Malpensa Airport (Milan, Italy).
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Parma is 0 mi from Parma Airport (Milan, Italy).


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Hull Crown Court
Drugged-up dad's axe threat to guest he'd offered to host for Christmas
His victim thought he'd only be leaving 'in a body bag'
Mark NaylorHumber Court Reporter
Heroin and crack cocaine user Shaun Douglas allowed him to stay with him over Christmas (Image: Humberside Police)
A hardened drug addict viciously attacked a down-on-his-luck man during several brutal beatings and the terrified victim feared that he would only leave "in a body bag".
Heroin and crack cocaine user Shaun Douglas allowed him to stay with him over Christmas but later repeatedly punched and kicked him for laughing at him.
He warned the victim that his girlfriend had an axe by the bed and the man felt trapped in the flat and feared for his life, Hull Crown Court heard.
Click here for more Hull court news.
Douglas, 32, of Jalland Street, Hull, admitted assault causing actual bodily harm on December 26 last year.
He also admitted supplying heroin, cocaine or Spice on December 10, 15, 21 and 22 last year and on February 9.
Douglas also admitted threatening a man with a blade on April 25.
Screams heard from horror house where man stamped on girlfriend's head
Dad warned son he would be murdered - days later he was slaughtered in a Hull flat
Richard Thompson, prosecuting, said that a man who had suffered problems where he was previously living got chatting to Douglas, who invited him to stay with him over Christmas last year.
Douglas returned home with crack cocaine on Boxing Day and became aggressive with the guest and accused him of laughing at him.
He told the man "Don't laugh at me" and punched him in his eye as he was sitting on a settee.
The victim put his hand up but Douglas ordered him to put his arm behind his back.
"He was punched more times to the face," said Mr Thompson.
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Douglas calmed down and apologised but, later in the day, punched him again in the face and told him to put his arms down.
He cornered him in the bathroom and kicked him about the legs and face, causing a bleeding nose.
Douglas "flipped out" other times during the day and warned him that, next time, he would use a piece of wood with nails at the end.
He hit the man with it on his arm and, the next morning, punched him in the face again and told him to lie on a mattress in the living room.
Douglas warned the victim that his girlfriend had an axe near the bed. His phone was confiscated but he eventually managed to flee when Douglas went out.
The man later said: "I was in fear of my life when I was trapped in the flat.
"I believed I would leave in a body bag."
In another offence, Douglas was riding a bicycle on a pavement and a pedestrian put a hand up for him to stop.
Douglas got off his bicycle, approached the man aggressively and started to swing a metal chain about.
He pulled out a knife and warned him: "I'm going to f***ing stab you."
The drug Operation Doon druga offences happened when Douglas was contacted by an undercover police officer and sold drugs to the investigator in Jalland Street, near his home.
Douglas had convictions for 47 previous offences, including three of possessing a blade and another of affray.
Rachel Scott, mitigating, said that Douglas allowed the assault victim to stay at his home but suspected that he was stealing from him.
Douglas was a long-term drug addict who had used heroin and crack cocaine but he was now on methadone after eight months in custody.
"He realises this is no life," said Miss Scott.
Douglas had two children, the younger child born while he was in custody, the court heard.
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Recorder Peter Makepeace QC said: "It was a very, very nasty assault."
Douglas was jailed for five years and was given a five-year restraining order for the offence against the cyclist.
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Welcome to SCO in Rome! – a little piece of Hofstra nestled in the heart of the Eternal City!
So last summer (2016) we experienced our fourth incredible Lawrence Herbert School of Communication (a.k.a. "SCO") study abroad program in five years. As good as the previous three programs had been, the 2016 program featured extensive new adventures and the unbelievable experience of working with the Italian non-profit organization we will interact with again this coming summer. The goal for the 2017 program is to once again make it the "best one yet"!
Our website presents plenty of information about the 2017 program, and I encourage you to explore all that it offers. Also, check out our Facebook page (please 'like' us!), various other social media, videos and photos, and blogs from previous programs.
And always feel free to contact me with questions or for further information.
It's now been 48 "Hofstra Romans" who have had the experience "of their lives" (their words, not mine) and you'll get a little sense of that from the pictures and accolades on this site. Will you be one of the next to experience all SCO in Rome! has to offer? I hope so!


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Joan Greenwood
Joan Greenwood pop art print, part of the "Ealing Comedies" pop art collection.
Unframed art giclée print, printed on 310gsm fine art museum-quality matte paper, made from 100% cotton, using archival pigment inks for longevity.
Also available as part of a Kind Hearts & Coronets pair and a group of twelve prints.
Available in three sizes – choose your preferred colour from 18 options. Select a colour to preview image (click on image to expand):
Size Choose an option… A4A3A2
Colour Choose an option… RedYellowStoneMintVerdigrisEmeraldAquaCyanSkyCobaltPurpleLilacBlushFuchsiaCoralCopperGreyThink Pink	 Clear selection
SKU: N/A. Categories: A2 Art Prints, A3 Art Prints, A4 Art Prints, Art Prints. Tags: Comedy, Cult, Ealing, Ealing Comedies, Film and TV, Retro.
From the classic Ealing Comedy "Kind Hearts & Coronets", Joan Greenwood stylish pop art print.
In an outfit reminiscent of the "wriggle-and-chiffon" school of Edwardian portraiture, Joan Greenwood looks both imperious and beautiful in her dramatic hat with net veil.
Kind Hearts & Coronets
Regarded by many as the finest Ealing comedy, "Kind Hearts & Coronets" sees Dennis Price's disowned character Louis Mazzini plot to kill off the entire D'Ascoyne family so he can inherit the dukedom.
"Kind Hearts & Coronets" was one of the most popular films of 1949 and, along with "Whisky Galore", "A Run For Your Money", and "Passport to Pimlico", all released in the same year within the space of seven months, helped to firmly establish the Ealing Comedies as a British cinematic institution.
"Kind Hearts & Coronets" opened at the Leicester Square Odeon cinema in London on the 23rd of June 1949, appropriately enough on Dennis Price's birthday.
Starring Alec Guinness as all nine members of the D'Ascoyne family who stand in the way of Dennis Price's goal, the film sees Louis Mazzini torn between the affections of Edith D'Ascoyne, played by Valerie Hobson, and his childhood friend Sibella, played by Joan Greenwood.
Art & Hue had the pleasure to delve into the archives for the Ealing Comedy "Kind Hearts & Coronets" to create this stylish pop art print of Joan Greenwood, available in three sizes and 18 colours.
Also available as part of a pair:
Order the film on DVD or Bluray or watch on iTunes now.
A distinguished actress with a voice like silk, Joan Greenwood is a British cinema icon. From the classic Ealing Comedies and Oscar Wilde to cult sci-fi and alternative comedy, Joan Greenwood left her mark in distinctive productions.
Along with the classic "Kind Hearts & Coronets", Joan Greenwood also appeared in the Ealing comedies "Whisky Galore!", with Gordon Jackson & John Gregson, and "The Man in the White Suit" with Alec Guinness & Cecil Parker.
Her first credit is in 1939's "Little Ladyship" with Cecil Parker, and this was followed by many more film roles including "The Smugglers" with Richard Attenborough, "Saraband for Dead Lovers" with Barbara Murray, John Gregson, & Sandra Dorne, "Flesh & Blood" with Patrick Macnee, "Young Wives' Tales" with Audrey Hepburn & Irene Handl, "The Importance of Being Earnest" with Margaret Rutherford, "Father Brown Detective" with Alec Guinness, Cecil Parker, & Sid James, "Mysterious Island" with Herbert Lom, "The Amorous Mr Prawn" with Ian Carmichael, Cecil Parker, Dennis Price, Liz Fraser, & Sandra Dorne, "Tom Jones" with Diane Cilento,"The Moon-spinners" with Peter McEnery, "The Uncanny" with Peter Cushing, and "The Hound of the Baskervilles" with Terry-Thomas, Kenneth Williams, Penelope Keith, & Irene Handl.
She also provided her caramel tones to the cult sci-fi film "Barbarella" in which she was dubbed over Anita Pallenberg. Her smooth call of "pretty pretty" to Jane Fonda is memorable and iconic.
On television, Greenwood appeared in "Danger Man" with Patrick McGoohan, "The Great Inimitable Mr. Dickens" with Gordon Jackson & Stanley Holloway, "Triangle" with Kate O'Mara, and the mini-series "Wagner" with Vanessa Redgrave.
One of Joan Greenwood's final roles was as Lady Carlton, the eccentric landlady to Dawn French, Jennifer Saunders, Ruby Wax, and Tracey Ullman in the 1980s comedy series "Girls On Top".
Joan Greenwood Pop Art
Available in A4, A3, and A2 sizes to fit standard-size picture frames. Please note that black frame is not included – for a guide on choosing a frame size take a look here.
An official collaboration with Studiocanal, this print is part of the Ealing Comedies collection of stylish pop art prints inspired by the classic British comedy films made at Ealing Studios, featuring Art & Hue's signature halftone style (halftone is an age-old technique that uses dots to make up the printed image, similar to newspapers or comic books).
"Kind Hearts & Coronets" Copyright © STUDIOCANAL Films Ltd. (1949). All rights reserved.
Copyright © Art & Hue® 2019. All rights reserved.


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package com.example.pollingtest.service;

import com.example.pollingtest.dto.CallerConfigDTO;
import com.example.pollingtest.exceptions.BadRequestException;
import com.example.pollingtest.exceptions.NotFoundException;
import com.example.pollingtest.model.Caller;
import com.example.pollingtest.model.CallerConfiguration;
import com.example.pollingtest.model.ClientService;
import com.example.pollingtest.model.Outage;

/**
 * Service interface for polling the monitored service and inform its listening users.
 *
 * @author Chinthaka Senanayaka
 * @since 31-Oct-2017
 *
 */
public interface PollingService {

	/**
	 * To save monitored service details
	 *
	 * @param clientService monitored service details and its listening users' and their configs
	 * @return clientService monitored service DB object
	 * @throws BadRequestException when there is an issue with request fields
	 */
    ClientService saveClientService(final ClientService clientService) throws BadRequestException;

    /**
     * To delete monitored service details
     *
     * @param host the host field
     * @param port the port field
     * @throws NotFoundException when monitored service could not be found
     */
    void deleteClientService(final String host, final Integer port) throws NotFoundException;

    /**
     * To save user details
     *
     * @param caller the user details
     * @return saved DB user details
     */
    Caller saveCaller(final Caller caller);

    /**
     * To delete user record
     *
     * @param caller the user details
     * @throws NotFoundException when user record is not found
     */
    void deleteCaller(final Caller caller) throws NotFoundException;

    /**
     * To maintain outage details for the monitored service
     *
     * @param host the host field
     * @param port the port field
     * @param outage the outage details
     * @return DB outage record
     * @throws BadRequestException when there is an issue with input fields
     * @throws NotFoundException when monitored service is not found
     */
    Outage maintainOutage(final String host, final Integer port, final Outage outage) throws BadRequestException, NotFoundException;

    /**
     * To configure user configuration for a monitored service
     *
     * @param host the host field
     * @param port the port field
     * @param callerConfigDTO the user details and user config details
     * @param append if true then only specified fields will be updated otherwise total user config details will be updated for the monitored service
     * @return user config details for the user and for the monitored service
     * @throws NotFoundException when monitored service is not found
     * @throws BadRequestException when there is an issue with input fields
     */
    CallerConfiguration setupCallerService(final String host, final Integer port, final CallerConfigDTO callerConfigDTO, boolean append)
    		throws NotFoundException, BadRequestException;

    /**
     * To delete user configs for a monitored service
     *
     * @param host the host field
     * @param port the port field
     * @param caller the user details
     * @throws NotFoundException when monitored service is not found
     */
    void removeCallerService(final String host, final Integer port, final Caller caller) throws NotFoundException;

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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John Anthony "Jack" Boehm
Funeral Service will be live streamed. Memorial contributions in memory of Jack may be directed to Saskatchewan Cancer Agency Suite 200 4545 Parliament Ave. Regina, SK S4W 0G3 or to a Charity of one's Choice. John (Jack) Boehm Funeral Live Stream https://youtu.be/zxWK4XF1B_4 John Anthony Boehm (Jack) passed away peacefully at Melfort Hospital on Feb 2, 2021 at the age of 96. He is lovingly remembered by his wife Theresa of 68 wonderful years, his 3 daughters and their spouses, 4 grandchildren and 6 great grandchildren. Jeani Fredrickson and Alex Graham, Lisa Fredrickson, Zoë & Halö Mora. Paulette Boehm and Inez Cardinal, Sherm Edwards. Lois and Maurice Heisler, Greg and Erin Heisler, Hailey, Jackson; Joanne and Rob Dudiak, Finnley and Graham. Jack is also survived by brother in laws Bernie (Dorothy) Isbister, David (Nancy) Isbister; Sister in law Jean (Edward) Groat and many nieces and nephews. Predeceased by parents Teresa and Josef Boehm. Brothers, sisters and spouses. Ignatius Boehm, Teresa and Mike Goller, Mary, Elizabeth and Tony Koslowski, Anne, Helen and George Zsombor, Frank and Veronica Boyle. Sister in law and spouse Rita and Bob King. Jack was born September 3, 1924 on his family farm near Wakaw Saskatchewan. He attended school near there at the Lone Pine school until the 8th grade. His favorite thing to do as a young man on the farm was to go out with his .22 and hunt. He could tell the best stories about his youth on the farm, his horses, working on the thrashing crews, chasing pigs and countless more. He lived and worked on the farm until he met and married the love of his life on October 4, 1952. They were blessed to have 68 years together. They made their first home in Prince Albert where their 3 girls were born. Dad worked as a plumber in the earlier years while they lived in Nipawin and later in Melfort. Then in 1965 they moved to Kinistino where he built his career as the manager of the Kinistino Co-op lumber yard. They continued to live in Kinistino for the past 56 years where they raised their family watching it grow and treasuring the visits from the grandchildren and great grandchildren. Their house was always open to family and friends and welcoming them at a moment's notice. Dad always maintained his love of farming was able to spend countless hours out on the Boyle farms and made great memories. In his retirement he loved his garden and flowers and sitting out on the deck in the mornings with his coffee and special visits from kids in the neighbourhood. As soon as he had the garden cleaned up in the fall he was already planning the next year's planting. Dad was well known for being a Jack of all trades, giving the best hugs, telling a good story and that twinkle in his eye. He radiated love, kindness and joy making everyone he met feel loved and important. Heaven just gained a beautiful angel. ♥ To plant Memorial Trees in memory of John (Jack) Anthony Boehm, please click here to visit our Sympathy Store.
To plant a beautiful memorial tree in memory of John Boehm, please visit our Tree Store
Chapel of Melfort Funeral Home Saturday, February 06, 2021 2:00 PM Email Details 111 McLeod Avenue West Melfort, Sask. S0E 1A0 Directions


slap of salt on skin.
unaware of peak or trough.
Evocative poem. Love the waves! Nice one!
I loved the feel of being carried along by this.
Nice surfing poem. I really felt that wave smash into you (I used to bodyboard - didn't have the legs to stand).
Thanks for the reads all! I've never been surfing; can't even swim but something about the ocean is so calming.


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Photo: Larry Novey/FSU Athletics
May 25, 2019 - by Tim Linafelt, Senior Writer
Noles Fall On Wrong Side Of Thin Line In Super Regional Loss
WATCH: Noles fall, 3-2, in Game 3 of Super Regional
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. – Here's how thin the line between Florida State and Oklahoma State was this weekend.
After three games and 23 innings, the Seminoles and Cowgirls finished with the exact same number of runs (7-7), the exact same number of hits (14-14), and comparable numbers of strikeouts (22-16).
The margin for error in the NCAA Tallahassee Super Regional was impossibly thin at times, which makes it all the more painful that the Seminoles were done in, in large part, by four errors during Saturday's decisive Game 3.
Yes, Oklahoma State's Chyenne Factor set the tone with a solo home run in the third inning, but a look at the box score reveals a more difficult truth:
The Cowgirls scored two unearned runs in a 3-2 victory.
"Four errors probably puts a sour taste into their mouth," Oklahoma State coach Kenny Gajewski said.
Yeah, probably.
FSU's four miscues were its most in a single game this season, and three of them occurred in the span of two batters just a moment after Factor's homer.
The fourth, a throwing error to second during a steal attempt in the top of the sixth, allowed an Oklahoma State runner to take third base and score what would be the game-winning run on a sacrifice fly.
"We didn't play our best softball this time," FSU coach Lonni Alameda said. "There's no rhyme or reason to it. But I'm proud that we didn't give into anything and we kept fighting."
Indeed, in what's likely a testament to their resolve, as well as their overall quality as a team, the Seminoles were never out of the game and had multiple opportunities to pull ahead.
Those opportunities came early – like when Carsyn Gordon put a hard-hit ball on the ground that OSU turned into a difficult double-play, just moments after Cowgirls ace Samantha Show had issued a four-pitch walk.
They came in the middle innings – like when Gordon lined out to short with two outs and runners on second and third base. It might have been Florida State's hardest hit ball of the weekend and, had it found the gap, the Seminoles would have had the lead. Instead, the inning was over.
"If Carsyn's ball gets through, we're probably running around (happy) right now," Alameda said. "It's just the way the game goes."
"I mean, Gordon smashed that ball," Oklahoma State coach Kenny Gajewski added. "And the fact that it was right at us … you've got to have those types of breaks to make things happen."
Finally, the Seminoles had one last opportunity in the bottom of the seventh, and, when Anna Shelnutt led off with a solo home run to left-center, it seemed like FSU might have enough late-inning magic to survive.
Were it 2018, when FSU's "Cardiac Kids" survived six elimination games in the NCAA tournament, the Seminoles might have pulled off one more dangerous escape.
This time around, though, a strikeout and back-to-back groundouts put an end to the dramatics. And to Florida State's run at a repeat.
"It's just one of those things," Alameda said. "We didn't play our best softball this weekend, but there's been plenty of times in the Regional or in the World Series where we haven't played our best and we've bounced back fine.
"The kids were into it. There was no 'freak-out' button hit at any time. We were one swing away there, and all you can ask for this time of year is to give your heart and soul. And that's what they did."
Those hearts were hurting in the moments after the game.
Yes, Florida State's departing seniors – including heart-and-soul pitcher Meghan King – will one day look back fondly at their careers and everything that they were able to accomplish since setting foot in Tallahassee.
For a fifth-year senior like King, that means five straight ACC titles, a host of individual awards and, of course, the 2018 Women's College World Series championship.
It's a full trophy case by any measure.
But it was hard to think of those things on Saturday afternoon.
"I'm just so proud of this team and this program and where it has come from and grown in the past five years," an emotional King said after the game. "… Unfortunately, it's not the ending for us (that we wanted)."
FSU's underclassmen, meanwhile, hope that the disappointment they feel today will serve as the start of something great to come.
King on Saturday recalled how a bitter loss to LSU in the 2017 Super Regional led to FSU's championship run the following year.
If everything that happened in Tallahassee this weekend serves to launch something similar, then the Seminoles can live with that result.
"The LSU loss in the Super Regional a few years ago really dug deep," King said, "and really sparked the national championship run last year, and just that fight.
"I know the underclassmen will have that same feeling and it will drive them in everything they do in offseason."
Follow @Tim_Linafelt
Patient Noles Make Most Of Opportunities In Game 2 Win
Four Run Third Enough as King's Strong Outing Fuels Noles


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text:
Athletes of Week for September 16, 2009
• • September 16, 2009
Thomas KimCross Country
Seoul American
Last week: Won the opening race of the Korean-American Interscholastic Activities Conference season and helped boost the Falcons to a sweep of their boys and girls dual meets on Saturday at International Christian School-Uijongbu. Kim, a senior, was timed in 17 minutes, 25 seconds — 47 seconds ahead of runner-up Japeth DeVries of ICS-U. Kim paired with freshman teammate Siarria Ingram, who won the girls' race in 20:37. This comes after a summer in which Kim earned All-America honors in USA Track and Field and AAU 2,000 steeplechase events and the 800. "We want him to show some leadership as well as running really well," Falcons coach Steve Boyd said, adding that Kim's goal for this season is to run 3.1 miles in under 16 minutes and win the Far East individual gold medal at Misawa Air Base, Japan. "We have a long way toward Misawa. But that's his goal. If he keeps working like he's doing … he's going to get better and better."
Jessica PowellCross country
Kubasaki
Last week: Captured first place in Wednesday's Okinawa Activities Council season-opening race at Jack's Place course on Kadena Air Base, and handed two-time defending island champion Chasity Cordova of Kadena her first regular-season defeat in two years. Powell, a sophomore, was timed in 21 minutes, 59 seconds; Cordova was next in 22:21. Dragons coach Paul Campbell termed Powell's performance a "pleasant surprise." It followed a somewhat pedestrian 2008 campaign in which she placed fourth in the OAC district championship but failed to finish in the top 15 at the Far East meet. But Powell has stepped up her game, Campbell said. "She has a good work ethic and has developed as a runner over the past year," he said, adding that last year, she was "cross training" from swimming for the Okinawa Dolphins over to running. "This year, she's running, not a swimmer who runs on the side."
Selected by Stars and Stripes staff


text:
Akshay Kumar reveals big directors did not want to work with him; Deets inside
Akshay Kumar has revealed the secret behind why he only works with new directors.
Written By I.A.N.S 65812 reads Mumbai Published: December 4, 2019 10:55 am
"I work with new directors because big directors don't take me (in their films). That is the truth,a claimed the Bollywood superstar, while interacting with the media at the trailer launch of his upcoming film "Good Newwz"Akshay's comment came in the wake of an observation by Karan Johar, one of the producers of the film, that he was a star who had worked with many debutant directors.
The actor further explained: "When big people don't take you (in their films), you have to start your own journey. If you don't get a job in a big publication, you will go through a smaller one. From there you jump. You cannot just sit at home and wonder why people don't take me (in their films) despite me being so capable." Asked if there was a time when big directors were only interested in working with the Khans, Akshay replied: "They (big directors) went to the people who deserved. You see, it's not that only the Khans were around. There were the Kapoors and the others. I presume I didn't deserve it, so I earned it my way."
The actor maintained that even though big filmmakers produce his films, they don't direct him. "I still don't have big directors (directing me). They are producing films with me, but they are not directing. Mr Karan Johar is there, you should ask him. You should ask Adi Chopra," he said. Sharing his experience of working with newcomer directors, the superstar further said: "Raj (Mehta, 'Good Newwz' director) is my 21st new director. I also feel their greed to do good work is far more than many old directors. For them, it is a do or die situation, because (they think) if the film doesn't work, then they are finished."
However, the actor mentioned, that although he works with new directors, he doesn't try to guide them as he trusts their capability. "My input is nothing. I am not any kind of guiding force. I have not opened a school. They come, they do their own work. They do a good job, that's why they are with me. Actually, more than anything else I trust the script and the screenplay. With that 60 per cent of your job is done. The rest is done by the director," he said. "Good Newwz" is slated to hit theatres on December 27. The comedy also stars Kareena Kapoor Khan, Diljit Dosanjh and Kiara Advani.
ALSO READ Good Newwz: Akshay Kumar shares a glimpse of the epic shaadi song Sauda Khara Khara; Song to be out today
Credits :IANS
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SOR/2016-137: Ozone-depleting Substances and Halocarbon Alternatives Regulations
REGISTRATION OF FEDERAL REGULATION - VIA OIC DATABASE, PRIOR TO PART II OF THE GAZETTE
REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS STATEMENT (This statement is not part of the regulations.) Issues Severe depletion of the ozone layer over the Antarctic has been occurring since 1979 and a general downturn in global ozone levels has been observed since the early 1980s. In 1987, Canada signed the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol). This agreement has be... (Click for more)
REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS STATEMENT (This statement is not part of the regulations.) Issues Severe depletion of the ozone layer over the Antarctic has been occurring since 1979 and a general downturn in global ozone levels has been observed since the early 1980s. In 1987, Canada signed the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol). This agreement has been signed and ratified by 197 countries. To date, the Montreal Protocol has enabled reductions of over 97% of all global consumption of controlled ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), (see footnote 1) including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons and methyl bromide. At the 19th meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol in September 2007, new commitments were made to accelerate the phase-out of the consumption of HCFCs and to introduce controls on the production of HCFCs. These new obligations are not yet reflected in the Ozone-Depleting Substances Regulations, 1998 (ODSR). To ensure that Canada's international obligations under the Montreal Protocol continue to be met, these new commitments, which took effect on January 1, 2015, must be reflected in Canada's ODS regulations. In addition, to inform the potential establishment of future controls that would be aligned with possible new obligations under the Montreal Protocol relating to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are alternatives to HCFCs, data on HFC activity in Canada is required. Background CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs are all classified as halocarbons and are included in the fluorocarbons niche market. CFCs and HCFCs are also ODSs, while HFCs are powerful greenhouse gases (GHGs) and are alternatives to CFCs and HCFCs for use in applications such as refrigeration and air conditioning. Based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), firms involved in the manufacture of these substances in Canada are in the industrial gases manufacturing segment (NAICS 325120). The refrigeration and air conditioner manufacturing sector is the largest consumer of fluorocarbons; other industrial sectors that consume fluorocarbons include the industry sectors producing polymer precursors, foam blowing agents, aerosol propellants and solvent cleaning agents. Ozone depletion is the term commonly used to describe the thinning of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. The ozone layer acts as a natural filter, absorbing most of the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays. Stratospheric ozone depletion leads to an increase in UV rays that reach the Earth's surface, which in turn can disrupt biological processes and damage a number of materials, such as synthetic polymer products, wood, paper, wool and cotton. Human activity is the major factor causing ozone depletion, mostly from releasing ODSs to the atmosphere. Exposure to UV radiation has been linked to many human health problems, including skin cancer and eye cataracts. Scientific research also indicates that increased exposure to UVB rays affects the human immune system and causes premature aging of the skin. Under the Montreal Protocol, Parties must phase out the production and consumption of a wide range of substances known to contribute to ozone depletion, including CFCs, HCFCs, halons and methyl bromide. Since 1999, Canada's obligations under the Montreal Protocol have been met through the implementation of the ODSR. Over the years, the Montreal Protocol has been amended or adjusted several times by the international community. Consequently, the ODSR have been amended five times to ensure that Canada continues to meet its obligations under the Montreal Protocol. Controls in Canada have resulted in an overall phase-out of over 99% of ODSs from baseline levels. Canada has successfully phased out the production and consumption of 94% of HCFCs from baseline levels and 100% of production and consumption of all other controlled ODSs from baseline levels. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) At the 19th meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol in September 2007, the Parties agreed to an accelerated phase-out of HCFCs that included, for the first time, controls on the production of HCFCs. HCFCs are the only fluorocarbons produced in Canada. Canada produces approximately 5 300 tonnes of HCFCs annually, predominantly for export to the United States (U.S.). A phase-out of HCFC production was not previously part of the obligations under the Montreal Protocol; therefore, domestic controls on production were not previously required. To ensure that Canada would meet its production phase-out obligations between 2010 and 2015, the Department of the Environment (the Department) entered into a performance agreement with Canada's only producer to control its production of HCFCs in Canada. To date, this performance agreement has been an effective tool. However, this agreement is temporary, and it does not prevent other companies from producing HCFCs in the future. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) HFCs are not currently controlled under the Montreal Protocol. They are substitutes for HCFCs that do not deplete the ozone layer, but they are GHGs and some HFCs have global warming potentials thousands of times higher than that of carbon dioxide (CO2). HFCs are included in the basket of GHGs controlled under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), although they are not subject to specific measures under this convention. Taking into consideration GHG global warming potentials, HFC emissions currently represent only 1 to 2% of total GHG emissions covered under the UNFCCC, but these emissions are rising by about 8 to 9% per year. (see footnote 2) The global consumption and emissions of HFCs are projected to increase substantially in the coming decades, according to the UNFCCC, making HFCs an emerging concern because of their immediate and future impact on the climate. Canada has partnered with the U.S. and Mexico in submitting a North American proposal to amend the Montreal Protocol and gradually phase down the use of HFCs. Canada has also made commitments in relation to the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants. (see footnote 3) Also, at the 2014 North American Leaders' Summit, Canada agreed to further intensify its efforts to promote an amendment to the Montreal Protocol to phase down HFCs; and during the 2014 Group of Seven (G7) Summit, Canada agreed to promote low global warming potential alternatives to HFCs. Import and manufacture in non-refillable containers The use of refillable containers for halocarbon refrigerants, which include ODSs and HFCs, is more desirable than the use of non-refillable containers. Refillable containers are more suitable for storing and transporting controlled substances as they are less likely to leak. Reusing these containers avoids having to dispose of them in landfill sites. All Canadian provincial and territorial governments have introduced control measures on the use of halocarbon refrigerants in non-refillable containers, and some provinces have introduced controls on their sale or offer for sale. However, halocarbon refrigerants in non-refillable containers can still be legally manufactured and imported, and there is evidence that they are still being used, notwithstanding the provincial and territorial government controls. Methyl bromide The import and manufacture of methyl bromide in Canada have been phased out since 2005. However, there are exemptions for quarantine application, pre-shipment application, critical use, emergency use, feedstock, and laboratory and analytical use. The ODSR currently prohibit the transfer of methyl bromide between these exempt uses. The demand for methyl bromide is diminishing as alternatives are introduced into the market, leaving users with inventories that are no longer needed. Stakeholders have previously expressed concern over the lack of flexibility in the ODSR to allow them to transfer methyl bromide to another authorized user where a need has been identified. As the demand for this substance decreases, the lack of flexibility has resulted in growing inventories of methyl bromide with regard to some exempt uses, while imports of this substance have continued for other exempt uses. Objectives The objectives of the Ozone-depleting Substances and Halocarbon Alternatives Regulations (the Regulations) are to repeal and replace the ODSR and introduce new regulatory requirements to continue to ensure that Canada's international obligations under the Montreal Protocol are met, and to introduce a permitting and reporting system for the import, manufacture and export of HFCs. The Regulations also aim to achieve the following objectives: to support provincial and territorial government controls by introducing a prohibition on the manufacture and import of HCFC and HFC refrigerants in non-refillable containers; to allow the transfer of methyl bromide between exempt uses, thereby reducing inventories and the demand for imports of this substance; to improve the clarity of the regulatory text, make necessary administrative changes and address other administrative issues raised by the Standing Joint Committee for the Scrutiny of Regulations (SJCSR); and to allow for consequential amendments to the Regulations Designating Regulatory Provisions for Purposes of Enforcement (Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999) [the Designation Regulations]. Description The Regulations repeal and replace the ODSR. They add new regulatory requirements to allow Canada to meet its international commitments, and they consolidate the five previous amendments to the ODSR. HCFCs The Regulations implement the phase-out schedule for consumption and production of HCFCs in accordance with the Montreal Protocol. Given the lack of alternatives to HCFCs for use in fire-extinguishing applications, the Regulations expand the allowable uses of HCFCs until 2020 to include these applications, while respecting the applicable phase-out schedule. The Regulations also prohibit the import and manufacture of HCFC refrigerants in non-refillable containers. HFCs The regulatory provisions concerning HFCs introduce a permitting and reporting system to monitor quantities of HFCs that are imported, manufactured and exported. This will allow for more accurate projections of activities involving HFCs to inform the possible establishment of future controls. No restrictions on quantities are being introduced at this time. The monitoring measures introduced in the Regulations are coherent with Canada's participation in the North American proposal to phase down the production and consumption of HFCs under the Montreal Protocol. The Regulations also prohibit the import and manufacture of HFC refrigerants in non-refillable containers. Methyl bromide The Regulations allow for the transfer of methyl bromide between exempt uses and thus help users better manage the overall decreasing domestic demand for methyl bromide, thereby reducing inventories and the demand for imports of this substance. Other modifications A number of other changes have been made, including the integration of the ODSR and past regulatory amendments, removal of obsolete provisions, and corrections to improve the clarity of the regulatory text. The Regulations also address issues raised by the SJCSR; some wording changes have been made to improve the clarity of the regulatory text and to establish conformity and consistency between the English and French versions. Finally, the submission of quarterly reports that was required of persons with a permit for the import or export of substances under specific conditions is removed. The Regulations require the submission of an annual report rather than quarterly reports. The Regulations also eliminate the declaration of use, which users are currently required to complete and retain when transferring substances that are exempt for specific uses. Designation Regulations The repeal and replacement of the ODSR by the Regulations also require consequential amendments to the Designation Regulations. The Designation Regulations designate the various provisions of regulations made under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA) that are linked to a fine regime following a successful prosecution of an offence involving harm or risk of harm to the environment, or obstruction of authority. (see footnote 4) The ODSR are listed in the Designation Regulations, which must now be amended to reflect the new title and structure of the Regulations, as well as the addition of new permitting offences pertaining to the import, manufacture and export of HFCs. "One-for-One" Rule Under the Regulations, the requirement for quarterly reports is being replaced with a requirement for an annual report, which is expected to save up to three hours per stakeholder on an annual basis. In addition, the declaration of use is eliminated, which is estimated to save stakeholders 5 hours per year, assuming 10 declarations per company per year. However, the permitting and reporting measures regarding the import, manufacture and export of HFCs impose a new administrative burden on affected businesses. It is estimated that these businesses will be required to submit an average of three permits per year (up to two hours per year). Also, all regulated parties will need to learn about the administrative requirements (one hour). Overall, it is projected that the regulatory changes will result in a net decrease in annualized average administrative burden costs of around $2,200, or $35 per business, over a 10-year time frame (2012 Canadian dollars; discounting base year of 2012; 7% discount rate). (see footnote 5) The Regulations are therefore considered to be an "OUT" under the Government of Canada's "One-for-One" Rule. Small business lens The small business lens does not apply to the Regulations since the estimated annual cost impacts are below $1 million; further, the cost impacts incurred by small businesses are expected to be negligible and are not considered disproportionate. There are approximately 61 companies that will be impacted by the Regulations, including 12 small businesses. For these small businesses, the Regulations are expected to result in a net reduction in total annualized average costs of about $550, or $45 per small business, over a 10-year time frame (2012 Canadian dollars; discounting base year of 2012; 7% discount rate). Consultation Consultations prior to the publication of the proposed Regulations in the Canada Gazette, Part I Consultations were conducted on several occasions, providing opportunities for interested parties to review and comment on the proposed regulatory provisions. The consultations addressed the nature of the proposed provisions and any ancillary concerns related to their implementation (e.g. administrative practices or policy interpretation). The consultations involved the dissemination of a discussion document by email and its posting on the Department's Web site, face-to-face discussions, and the solicitation of written comments and submissions. Participants in consultation sessions included regulated parties, namely, companies exporting, importing, manufacturing, using and selling ODSs; representatives of provincial and territorial governments; environmental non-governmental organizations; and public advocacy groups. HCFCs In 2008, the Department consulted stakeholders on the Government of Canada's plan to implement the commitments made in the Montreal Protocol to accelerate the HCFC phase-out, simplify the HCFC consumption allowance system, prohibit the import, manufacture and export of refrigerants in non-refillable containers, and clarify and streamline administrative requirements. The Department presented various options on ways to implement the accelerated HCFC phase-out, including a more aggressive phase-out schedule than that agreed to by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. Stakeholders believed that by maintaining the provisions in the ODSR related to the use of HCFCs after 2015 and adhering to the phase-out schedule as agreed upon by the Parties, Canada would be ahead of the phase-out schedule without having to adopt a more aggressive schedule domestically. Stakeholders supported the proposed regulatory provisions related to the simplified allowance system, as well as the proposed provisions related to non-refillable containers and administrative requirements. Stakeholders requested an opportunity to review the proposal prior to its publication in the Canada Gazette, Part I. In 2013, stakeholders were given the opportunity to review the proposal. A consultation document was provided to stakeholders in advance of a meeting in June 2013, explaining the proposed provisions and how the Department had addressed stakeholder feedback obtained during the consultations in 2008. During the multi-stakeholder consultation meeting held in June 2013, stakeholders expressed concerns regarding the regulatory provisions limiting the use of HCFCs only to refrigerants, and prohibiting their use in other applications such as fire extinguishing, after 2015. Given the lack of alternatives to HCFCs for use in fire-extinguishing applications, stakeholders requested that this use be allowed to continue after 2015. Provisions to allow the continued use of HCFCs in fire-extinguishing applications are included in the Regulations. HFCs In June 2013, the Department consulted stakeholders with respect to adding HFCs to the list of substances controlled under the proposed Regulations, introducing a permitting and reporting system for the import, manufacture and export of HFCs, and prohibiting the import and manufacture of HFCs in non-refillable containers. During this consultation session, stakeholders expressed support for the proposed regulatory provisions. One stakeholder, while supportive of the proposal, suggested that Canada should adopt more stringent measures in addition to the permitting and reporting system being proposed for HFCs, such as introducing a phase-down approach for these substances. The Department responded that one of the objectives of the permitting and reporting system is to inform potential future controls on HFCs. Methyl bromide During a consultation session on methyl bromide held in 2008, stakeholders requested that provisions be added to the ODSR to allow the transfer of methyl bromide between exempt uses among authorized users. The proposed Regulations included provisions that would allow more flexibility for users and help reduce inventories and imports of methyl bromide. In addition, the 2008 consultation document provided to stakeholders included a proposal to add reporting requirements for the use of methyl bromide in quarantine and pre-shipment applications. Stakeholders expressed concern with this proposal given that this information was already being collected by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). After further analysis and consultation with the CFIA, the Department decided not to proceed with this proposal. Updates were provided to stakeholders on the provisions included in the proposed Regulations. Consultations following the publication of the proposed Regulations in the Canada Gazette, Part I The publication of the proposed Regulations in the Canada Gazette, Part I, on March 21, 2015, initiated a 75-day comment period during which interested parties were invited to submit their written comments. Various stakeholders requested changes to some elements of the proposed Regulations to modify the regulatory text for improved clarity concerning definitions or other administrative provisions. As well, some stakeholders requested clarifications regarding the applicability of the regulatory provisions. The Department has addressed most of these concerns by providing explanations to stakeholders or by making modifications to the regulatory text. The following paragraphs summarize the key issues raised by interested parties with respect to the proposed Regulations and the Department's consideration of these issues in finalizing the Regulations. Applicability of the permitting and reporting system for HFCs Comment: Several stakeholders sought clarification with respect to the applicability of the permitting and reporting system for the import, manufacture and export of HFCs and questioned whether HFCs in manufactured products such as vehicles and domestic appliances would be targeted by this system. Response: The permitting and reporting system only applies to bulk HFCs manufactured in, imported into or exported out of Canada. Therefore, HFCs in manufactured products such as vehicles and domestic appliances are not included in the scope of the permitting and reporting system. Modifications to the Regulations have been made in order to accurately convey the Department's intention in this regard. Additional information and clarification on the permitting and reporting system for HFCs will be made available to stakeholders through compliance promotion material. Permit application system for HFCs Comment: A stakeholder sought clarification on whether a company could request a permit containing its estimated quantities of bulk HFCs to be imported or exported in numerous shipments over the course of a year. Response: There are currently no limits on the quantity of HFCs that may be imported into or exported out of Canada. Instead of the Department requiring that a company submit a permit application for each import or export of bulk HFCs, the Regulations allow a company to submit an initial permit application containing its estimated quantity of bulk HFCs to be imported or exported for a given year. If a company chooses to surpass the estimated quantity in the initial permit, it may import or export additional quantities of bulk HFCs at any time throughout the year by applying for additional permits. Restrictions on the import and manufacture of HFCs Comment: Several stakeholders presented submissions on the provision in the proposed Regulations prohibiting the import or manufacture of an HFC intended for a use for which the substance has never been used in Canada. (see footnote 6) They indicated that their interpretation of this proposed provision was that it would prohibit companies from importing or manufacturing technically innovative products containing HFCs, even if the HFCs in question are already being used in Canada for other purposes. Response: The intended purpose of the proposed provision was to prohibit the import or manufacture of HFCs for uses for which ODSs have never before been used in Canada, not to prohibit the import or manufacture of HFCs contained in technically innovative products. It is recognized that section 67 of the proposed Regulations, as published in the Canada Gazette, Part I, may not have accurately conveyed the intended purpose of this provision and, as a result, the text of the Regulations has been revised accordingly. (see footnote 7) Continued use of HCFCs in certain applications Comment: A stakeholder requested modifications to the proposed Regulations to allow for the long-term use of HCFC-123 for fire protection purposes until 2030 given the uncertainties relating to other alternatives. However, another stakeholder argued that the changes introduced by the proposed Regulations, to extend the use of HCFC-123 for fire protection purposes until 2020, were not necessary. This stakeholder stated that suitable and effective alternatives, such as fire-extinguishing agents containing HFCs, are available. Response: The Regulations, which repeal and replace the ODSR, aim to ensure that Canada's international obligations under the Montreal Protocol are respected. The decision XIX/6 of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol limits the production and consumption of HCFCs in bulk between 2020 and 2030 to the servicing of existing refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment. While alternatives are expected to be readily available before 2020, in accordance with the Montreal Protocol, the Regulations extend the permitted use of HCFCs for use as a fire-extinguishing agent until December 31, 2019. Between 2020 and 2030, as per the decision XIX/6, the production and consumption of HCFCs in bulk will be limited to the servicing of existing refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment, and the Department will limit the use of HCFCs to the use of HCFC-123 during this time period. Impacted stakeholders are not expected to have issues with switching away from HCFCs for fire protection purposes after 2019. Confidentiality regarding information submitted in the annual report Comment: Several stakeholders expressed that some of the information to be submitted in the annual report should not be required as it represents confidential business information. Response: The information requested in the annual report is necessary to ensure that Canada fulfills its reporting obligations under the Montreal Protocol. The Department's usual business practice is to treat the information in the annual report submitted under the Regulations in a confidential manner. In addition, the Department recommends that regulated parties requiring that the information they submit under CEPA be treated as confidential submit a formal request for confidentiality in accordance with section 313 of CEPA. Rationale The Regulations address Canada's commitments under international agreements by phasing out the consumption and production of substances known to contribute to ozone depletion. The Regulations are expected to result in benefits to Canadians and to the Government of Canada, while reducing costs to industry. Canadians The Regulations benefit Canadians by supporting Canada's international commitments pertaining to ODSs in the Montreal Protocol. Complying with these international commitments to accelerate the phase-out of HCFCs will provide benefits to Canadians by gradually eliminating these substances from the marketplace, as well as by prohibiting their import in non-refillable containers. In addition, the Regulations demonstrate Canada's actions to address harm to the environment and human health resulting from the use of ODSs, and other issues linked to the export, import, manufacture, use and sale of these substances. For example, the HFC permitting and reporting system is expected to provide benefits to Canadians by helping to address the illegal importation into Canada of ODSs through false labelling. (see footnote 8) Government of Canada Government costs due to the Regulations are expected to be negligible. It is anticipated that costs related to enforcement, compliance promotion and administration of the Regulations will either remain unchanged or decrease slightly, as the notification process (declaration of use) will be eliminated and the current reporting requirements will be reduced. Also, as the HCFC phase-out progresses and reduction steps are achieved, administrative costs associated with the management of HCFCs will decrease. Although there is no permitting and reporting system currently in place for HFCs, it is anticipated that costs for administering such a system will be negligible. The permitting and reporting system will be similar to the one already in place for ODSs. Therefore, the Department will simply introduce HFCs into its existing system. The establishment of HFC monitoring controls will serve as a preliminary measure to track the importation, domestic production and consumption of HFCs. Information collected relating to HFCs will inform the potential establishment of future controls on HFCs and contribute to more robust data for reporting of GHG inventories in the National Inventory Report on GHG sources and sinks in Canada, which is submitted to the UNFCCC. The Regulations also complement provincial and territorial government controls on the use of non-refillable containers by prohibiting the import and manufacture of such containers. Industry The impacts to industry of prohibiting the production of HCFCs are expected to be minimal as the substance is being phased out according to the terms of the existing performance agreement. Likewise, costs to regulated parties due to the provisions in the Regulations related to the import and manufacture of refrigerants in non-refillable containers are expected to be negligible. Many regulated parties already use refillable containers, and the use and sale of refrigerants in these containers are tightly controlled at the provincial and territorial level. Further, the transfer of methyl bromide between exempt uses will reduce inventories of methyl bromide, which could result in benefits to businesses by reducing storage and insurance costs. The new permitting and reporting system for HFCs will increase administrative costs to businesses. These costs are expected to be more than offset by reductions in administrative costs that will be realized by businesses regulated under the ODSR. Specifically, notifications regarding declaration of use will be eliminated and the obligation to submit quarterly reports will be removed. Stakeholders will instead be required to submit an annual report. Designation Regulations Consequential amendments to the Designation Regulations are required to allow for the effective enforcement of the Regulations as well as to promote compliance. These consequential amendments are also necessary to consistently and accurately designate provisions of the Regulations for the purposes of enforcement. Strategic environmental assessment As required by the Cabinet Directive on the Environmental Assessment of Policy, Plan and Program Proposals, a preliminary review was conducted which concluded that there would be no expected important environmental effects, either positive or negative; accordingly, a strategic environmental assessment is not required. (see footnote 9) Implementation, enforcement and service standards The service standard relating to the issuance of permits for the import, manufacture, export and use of ODSs, including permits required for products containing or designed to contain these substances, has been in place since April 1, 2014. (see footnote 10) Once the Department receives all of the information that is required for a permit to be approved, the permit is issued within 10 working days. This standard will be extended to the issuance of permits for the import, manufacture and export of HFCs. The Regulations come into force six months following the date on which they are published in the Canada Gazette, Part II. Implementation and enforcement of the Regulations will be undertaken by the Department in accordance with the Compliance and Enforcement Policy for CEPA. (see footnote 11) The compliance promotion approach for the Regulations will be similar to that taken for the ODSR, which includes maintaining a presence on the Department's Web site and responding to inquiries from stakeholders. As well, the Department will undertake outreach activities to raise stakeholder awareness of the new regulatory requirements, including the implementation of the permitting and reporting system for HFCs. Contacts Lucie Desforges Director Chemical Production Division Industrial Sectors, Chemicals and Waste Directorate Department of the Environment 351 Saint-Joseph Boulevard, 11th Floor Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0H3 Telephone: 819-938-4209 Email: [email protected] Yves Bourassa Director Regulatory Analysis and Valuation Division Strategic Policy Branch Department of the Environment 200 Sacré-Cœur Boulevard, 10th Floor Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0H3 Email: [email protected] Footnote a S.C. 2004, c. 15, s. 31 Footnote b S.C. 1999, c. 33 Footnote c S.C. 2002, c. 7, s. 124 Footnote d S.C. 1999, c. 33 Footnote 1 http://ozone.unep.org/en Footnote 2 United Nations Environment Programme (2011). HFCs: A Critical Link in Protecting Climate and the Ozone Layer: A UNEP Synthesis Report. Chapter 3, section 3.2. Footnote 3 Short-lived climate pollutants include HFCs. Footnote 4 http://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/eng/regulations/detailReg.cfm?intReg=206 Footnote 5 The non-rounded decrease in annualized average administrative burden costs was estimated to be $2,222, or $36 per business. The wage rate was assumed to be around $45 per hour in all cost calculations (weighted hourly average). Footnote 6 See section 67 of the proposed Regulations: http://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2015/2015-03-21/html/reg1-eng.php. Footnote 7 See sections 64 and 65 of the Regulations. Footnote 8 Cases of unlawful imports containing controlled ODSs have been identified in which imported ODSs were falsely labelled as HFCs. Footnote 9 Cabinet Directive on the Environmental Assessment of Policy, Plan and Program Proposals: http://www.ceaa.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=B3186435-1. Footnote 10 http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=2019647B-1 Footnote 11 http://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/default.asp?lang=En&n=5082BFBE-1


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Q: Java Scrolling Background How would you scroll the background in Java, to make it look like a sprite is moving? I am using an Applet. Is there a more efficient way than making all the objects in the game move left or right?

A: Most games redraw the entire background every frame, then redraw all sprites on top of it.
If your background is just a big image, then this is surprisingly efficient (since a memory-> memory image copy is very fast).
To maintain the perception of scrolling in a 2D game:

*

*Define a pair of coordinates (scrollX, scrollY) that store the current scroll position of the top left of the screen.

*You can update scrollX and ScrollY whenever you want to scroll (e.g. following the player)

*Give each sprite a co-ordinate (spriteX, spriteY) that is relative to the game world (i.e. the game background) and not relative to the screen position. Then you don't need to change these numbers when you scroll....

*Then you need to draw the background at screen position (-scrollX, -scrollY) and each sprite at (spriteX-scrollX, spriteY-scrollY).

*Java should take care of the screen clipping for you. But if your game world and background is large, then you may need some additional techniques to avoid the overhead of trying to draw offscreen objects (this would be called "view frustrum culling" in game development lingo)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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