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Microbeads, Small But Dangerous
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Recently, a seagull was found dead at a shore in Germany. Researchers dissected its body and found several plastic fragments. These fragments were mainly classified as "microbeads," which have recently been prohibited in cosmetic products by the Korean government starting from 2017. Although still unfamiliar to many people in Korea, it is contained in products made by famous cosmetics brands including Amore Pacific, Clean & Clear, and Aveeno. The Sungkyun times (SKT) informs Kingos about microbeads and arouses public attention towards microbeads.
What are microbeads?
Microbeads are a type of primary microplastics, usually smaller than five millimeters. Microplastics are divided into two classes: primary and secondary. Primary microplastics are those manufactured at a micro size. Secondary microplastics arise from the breakdown of larger plastic waste such as carrier bags and product packaging. As mentioned above, microbeads are generally primary microplastics that are added to everyday cosmetic products including face wash, toothpaste, abrasive cleaners, and many more. Microbeads are usually more effective in terms of both expense and detergency than natural ingredients like seeds and grains, bringing about their excessive use by business enterprises.
Microbeads Found in Toothpaste / khnews.kheraldm.com, news.naver.com
Dangers of Microbeads
Even though one microbead is a small piece of plastic, its effect on the environment is tremendous. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) named microbeads as "the toxic time bombs," which implies that they have a number of dangerous aspects. Microbeads carry a variety of toxic materials to the ocean through the process of leaching, adsorption, and desorption. There are various types of toxic chemicals used when manufacturing microbeads. These chemicals usually come out while they are in the water, in a process called leaching. Adsorption is a phenomenon in which microbeads attract chemicals as they flow through water. Some of these chemicals can be toxic, such as Polychlorobiphenyl (PCB), Para-Aminohippuric Acid (PAH), Triclosan, and especially Bisphenol A, one of the base materials of microbeads, which can disturb the endocrine system of animals. The chemicals attached to the microbeads fall apart in the ocean.
It might seem that only ocean water will be contaminated. The impact of microbeads, however, is not just confined to marine life, but could eventually affect humans. When microbeads are underwater, planktons misidentify them as food and consume them. Animals that prey upon planktons are then affected by the microbeads, and this cycle continues along the food chain until they reach humans. Recently, scientists found that over 18% of fish specimens in the Mediterranean Sea had plastic fragments in their stomachs, with an average of 21 fragments per fish.
How Microbeads Reach Humans Along the Food Chain / jtbc.joins.com
In 150 ml of facial cleanser, there are up to 2.8 million microbeads. According to a Eunomia Marine Litter Report (Study to Support the Development of Measures to Combat a Range of Marine Litter Sources) for the European Commission, the number of cosmetic microbeads flowing into the oceans of Europe every year is around 8,627 tons. Moreover, microbeads are so small that they cannot be filtered out during water decontamination processes. In the same way plastics are not biodegradable, microbeads also do not decompose in nature. Sea animals that swallow several microbeads will eventually suffer from illnesses such as growth and reproductive failures, intestinal obstruction, and oxidative stress. In addition, according to Frank Kelly, a professor of Environmental Health at King's College London, there is a possibility that some of the microbeads would be incorporated into the air, floating around in the atmosphere until humans breathe them in.
What has been done to prohibit microbeads?
To celebrate the World Oceans Day on June 8, 2015, the UNEP published a report that called upon the prohibition of microplastics used in cosmetic products. It warned that microplastics flowing into oceans could destroy marine ecosystems and can be fatal to humans.
The United States (US) is a country that first prohibited the usage of microbeads in November 2015. The US Congress passed the Microbead-Free Waters Act. As a result, the selling and distributing of cleansers with microbeads will be completely banned starting from mid-2017. Other than the US, Canada, Taiwan, Australia, the Netherlands, and Sweden are also discussing the introduction of regulations for microbeads. Famous cosmetics brands including L'Oreal and Procter & Gamble announced that they will stop using microbeads in their cosmetic products by the end of 2017 as well.
What about Korea?
According to "A Study on Microplastic Pollution in the Coastal Environments" by the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), the average density of microplastics in 12 Korean seashores is about 13 times higher than the global average, which means that the countermeasures are more urgent in Korea than in any other country. The Ministry of Environment included additional articles about microplastics to a master plan for the preservation, management, and utilization of biological resources, but the regulation did not work out properly.
In order to pressure the government to regulate microbeads strictly, Greenpeace Korea started a petition both online and offline to push microbeads regulations forward quickly. Additionally, they started the campaign "My Little Plastic," which introduces the problem of microbeads and urges related ministries to cooperate for a solution. On August 9, as part of this campaign, Greenpeace activists in Korea rode boats pulling on balloons shaped like huge toothpaste, scrub gel, and cleansing foam, and presented the reality that microbeads are polluting rivers and seas. Activists who represented companies threw microbead models into the Han River, while activists representing the government officials on the same boat ignored them as a performance to blame the delayed response of the government and point out the flaws of company regulations.
As a result, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety prepared a revision plan that would prohibit the use of microbeads in cosmetic products, reestablishing the definition of microplastics and classifying them as prohibited materials. This change will be applied to manufacturers and their products, both manufactured and imported, starting from July 2017. Moreover, starting from July 2018, the selling of microplastics will be completely banned. Additionally, Amore Pacific and LG Household & Health Care Ltd., which took up about 61.8% of market shares combined in cosmetics and household items in 2015, promised to stop using microbeads in their products. Another attempt to prohibit microbeads is the Pure Shower Campaign jointly conducted by the UNEP National Committee for the Republic of Korea and cosmetics brand Milk & Co. in an effort to announce the danger of microbeads and ten promises to save the Earth.
Let's Check Our Cosmetic Products!
1) Check if there are any particles in your toothpastes, scrub gels, or body washes
2) Check the ingredients in the product
If the product contains Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polymethyl Metacrylate (PMMA) or Nylon, go to the next step.
3) Check if the particles melt
Rub up a small amount of the product in your hand and check for residue.
4) Check if any particles are left
If particles do not melt and remain as beads, especially those with bright coloration, those particles are most likely to be microbeads. If you send a picture of the particles to Greenpeace, you may question about the product as a consumer and urge the companies to stop manufacturing it.
For more information, visit www.beatthemicrobead.org or download an application "Beat the Microbead" and check the list of companies and products that contain microbeads.
Although there are many efforts from countries and companies to prohibit the use of microbeads, there are still too many microbeads flowing into the oceans. The small amount that we use while washing seems like nothing to worry about, but as the poem says, "little drops of water […] make the mighty ocean." Microbeads will pile up to a huge amount of plastics which will wreak havoc on the environment. Therefore, each Kingo should keep their eyes open to microbeads to save the environment.
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Today, worldwide coatings manufacturer Hempel launches two new coating solutions for heavy duty equipment and trucks - Hempaprime Shield 700 HS and Hempatop Finish 850 HS. When used together they improve productivity and quality for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) by reducing production times and maximising service life. This unique combination delivers long term corrosion resistance and exceptional colour and gloss retention.
Specifically designed to optimize production, Hempaprime Shield 700 HS is a high solids epoxy primer that delivers long term corrosion resistance in the harshest environments. It exhibits exceptional adhesion to ferrous metals and substrates, is fast drying and has short minimum overcoat intervals without compromising the high-volume solids content. This robust coating provides improved crack and wrinkle resistance even at a high dry film thickness (DFT) and dries to a smooth finish without the need for sanding.
Hempatop Finish 850 HS is a durable topcoat designed to be applied in conjunction with the Hempaprime Shield 700 HS primer It delivers exceptional colour and gloss retention with excellent resistance to chemicals for a consistent, long lasting, high-quality look. An environmentally friendly coating with high solids content, low VOC, HAPs free, tin free, and ready to spray from the container without thinning. Easy to apply using standard spray equipment, Hempatop Finish 850 HS is touch-dry in just two hours and can be recoated after three without sanding, and also has an extended pot life.
Both coatings are now available in North America - please contact your local Hempel technical representative.
As a world-leading supplier of trusted coating solutions, Hempel is a global company with strong values, working with customers in the protective, marine, decorative, container and yacht industries. Hempel employs more than 6,500 people in 80 countries and has 28 factories, 15 R&D centres and more than 150 stock points worldwide.
Across the globe, Hempel's coatings protect surfaces, structures and equipment. They extend asset lifetimes, reduce maintenance costs and make homes and workplaces safer and more colourful. Hempel was founded in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1915. It is proudly owned by the Hempel Foundation, which ensures a solid economic base for the Hempel Group and supports cultural, social, humanitarian and scientific purposes around the world.


This is actually the mysterious story what took place with beach wave. This like the ones noticed on a beach in Dorset, England, these are known as beach cusps – and one reason they're mysterious is that scientists still usually are completely sure how they're formed. Many scientists believe it might work in unison to produce these wondering structures. Many scientists believe both of these ideas might work in unison to produce these curious set ups. Now check out the list as below.


Protect the hood and grill of your Jeep Wrangler from insects, dirt, road debris and anything else that might come along to mar your ride's finish. This front end grill and hood cover made by Mopar is made of black vinyl with a 22-ounce polyester backing so it won't harm your paint and it is sized to fit your Wrangler snugly for optimal protection. The two-piece design means you can still open the hood without having to remove the cover. The Jeep logo is featured on the hood portion of the cover.
Easy to put on and take off. Not recommended to leave on while raining so I do take it off and at the car wash, duh!
ProsLooks good! Really protects front guard from bugs!
ConsMakes popping snapping sound on freeway it looks like its about to pop off so I slow down. I did notice some marks on the hood under the area where it "snaps" I get it professionally detailed so its not that visible after buffing.


With the final days of summer upon us, now is the time to spend a few extra minutes performing a tire safety check. Here are three easy steps to ensure your tires will be ready to handle the season change and keep you and your family safe year-round.
Stay on top of your tire pressure. Many drivers enjoy road trips from early summer through October and both under-inflation and over-inflation can affect your ride. Overinflated tires can degrade ride comfort, reduce traction, cause fast centerline wear and result in increased susceptibility to tire/suspension damage due to harder impacts with potholes and road hazards. Similarly, Underinflated tires are prone to uneven wear, heat buildup leading to structural damage, and reduced impact resistance. Underinflation can sub-optimize stopping and cornering power and result in poor fuel economy. Checking inflation pressure is most accurate when the vehicle has been at rest and out of direct sunshine for several hours.
Check your tire tread depth. After a long summer of family road trips, you will need to determine if your summer tires have worn out. While obvious signs of damage such as cracks, splits and punctures can help drivers identify a problem, it's also important to check tire tread depth on a monthly basis. Tread depth plays an important role in how well your tires maintain steering control and traction when the road is wet, slushy, snowy, icy, muddy or gravelly. An easy way to check your tire tread is to insert a penny into the tires' tread grooves with Lincoln's head upside down. If Lincoln's head is fully visible, you have 2/32-inch or less tread remaining and it's time to replace the tire. Remember that tires depend on their treads to grip, so the deeper the tread, the better the tire will be in both rain and snow.
Know what questions to ask when buying new tires. Once you decide it's time to invest in new tires, you should know the right questions to ask. The answers will vary depending on the region and the type of weather you live in. In many places driving on summer tires into the fall and winter will be unsafe. All-season tires are created to handle a wide variety of road conditions, while winter tires are better geared toward deep snows. If you are interested in the ability to drive both on- and off-road regularly, all-terrain tires may be the best option for your vehicle.
Additionally, asking how the tires are rated and what that rating means will tell you how long the tire tread is expected to last. The traction grade communicates the ability of the tire to halt within a shorter distance and the temperature grade lets you know how the tire will resist heat.
No matter what type of tire you choose, changing weather and road conditions means your tires need to be at their top performance to keep you and your family safe. Now is the time to inspect your tires and invest in new ones before challenging weather strikes and tire inventories start to dwindle.
Ford has issued a recall for about 2 million F-150 pickup trucks in North America because a seat belt mechanism has started fires. Select 2015-18 Ford F-150 Regular Cab and SuperCrew Cab vehicles in North America have seat belt pretensioners that can generate excessive sparks when they deploy and components nearby such as insulation and carpet may subsequently catch fire.Owners of the recalled vehicles should contact their local Ford dealer for free repairs.
Ford is aware of 23 reports in the United States and Canada where smoke or fires broke out but said it didn't know of any accidents or injuries that resulted.
Cracked or broken headlights or taillights or non-functioning turn signals. Most states require vehicles to have functioning turn signals as well as two functioning headlights and taillights. Tail lights must illuminate red; if a taillight is cracked, it can give off a white light, which is also typically a traffic violation.
Cracked windshield. If a windshield is cracked, discolored or tinted in a way that obstructs vision, drivers may get ticketed and fined.
Unreadable license plate. If the license plate light is out or if the plate is otherwise unreadable, drivers may be pulled over. In some states this includes clear or tinted plastic license plate covers.
Loud exhaust system. A defective exhaust system that is too loud, either because it has been modified or because it needs repairs, can be cause for a ticket.


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Photo: Shervin Lainez
Kevin Devine is an American songwriter and musician from Brooklyn, New York. He cites his influences as Bob Dylan, Elliott Smith, Guns N' Roses, Brother Paramo and Nirvana, among others. He grew up in Brooklyn and Staten Island, and has spent significant time in Manhattan and Queens as well.
Kevin Devine/The Front Bottoms
Devinyl Splits No. 12 [7-inch]
The Worriers/Kevin Devine
Unplanned Service Changes [digital single]
Instigator
2007 Tour EP
Put Your Ghost to Rest / Another Bag of Bones [7 inch] / I Could Be with Anyone
Split The Country, Split The Street
The Get Up Kids: "Lou Barlow"
The Get Up Kids (US)
Kevin Devine: "I Wrote It Down For You"
Kevin Devine: "Into the Great Wide Open" (Tom Petty Cover)
Saves The Day announce '9'
Kevin Devine: "Prehistoric" (Now, Now cover)
Photos: Kevin Devine at Sneaky Dee's in Toronto 04/12
Chris Farren/Kevin Devine (West Coast)
Petal: "Chandelier Thief"
Jesse Lacey : "Bad Day" (R.E.M cover)

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Blog 6th April 2018
Apr 6th 2018, 14:36
In this week's blog, I refer to: Funding Supported Housing; Ministry for Housing, Communities & Local Government; Department for Work & Pensions; National Planning Policy Framework; South Norfolk District Council; Impact Housing Association; the Riverside Group; the National Housing Federation and Local Housing Companies.
Last October the government launched a consultation on the future funding of supported housing. In it they proposed a new sheltered housing rent and budgets administered by local authorities to fund short-term supported housing. This week the Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government and the Department for Work & Pensions published a summary of the responses that they have received.
The sheltered and extra care consultation received 304 responses. The main points raised by respondents were:
Both sheltered and extra care housing have a range of features and characteristics to allow people to live independently. While there are common features, Government should not be too prescriptive in any definition.
Service charges should allow housing providers to continue to be able to recover actual costs and there are a number of legitimate reasons service charges vary. Any cap should be high enough to allow for reasonable rent and service charges; and
Many suggest that Government should be working with providers to model and/or test impacts and identify suitable service charge levels.
The short-term supported accommodation consultation received 434 responses. The main points raised by respondents were:
Concerns about the definition of the short-term accommodation model;
Assurance that Government is committed to maintaining this ring-fence indefinitely; and
A number of providers urged the Government to revise its policy.
Last week I provided in-house training in 'funding supported housing' for staff of a local authority in Northwest England. Attendees said that the information provided was relevant and the delivery was good. They described the session as thorough, useful, interesting, comprehensive and valuable. Specific comments received included:
Very comprehensive overview of the area.
Another useful visit to allow staff time and space to reflect on the proposed and potentially significant changes.
For further information on in-house training in funding supported housing, please click HERE
To view or download a copy of my briefing paper on the government's policy statement and consultation, please click HERE
The Ministry for Housing, Communities & Local Government, launched its consultation on the National Planning Policy Framework last month. I have been contacted by Keith Mitchell, who is the Housing Enabling & Strategy Officer at South Norfolk District Council, who writes as follows:
"As I interpret the draft wording, Annex 2, Glossary, Affordable Housing, para d (page 62) says that shared ownership will no longer be affordable in perpetuity or have a recycling obligation unless there is public grant funding. As there is no public subsidy is S106 homes, the subsidy value provided through the S106 agreement will be lost when staircasing occurs. Correct? If so, a clear matter for consultees to raise."
The consultation paper can be viewed or downloaded from HERE
I have written previously in this blog about the planned takeover of Impact Housing Association by the Riverside Group. I am a former Chair of the Association and continue to be a shareholding member.
Impact Housing Association are now out for consultation with tenants. Tenants have all been sent a leaflet entitled: 'Growing together – A Partnership to Deliver Improvement through Action' and a covering letter.
The covering letter includes the following statement:
"Your landlord and the services you receive will not change"
I find this statement surprising for two reasons:
If Impact becomes a subsidiary of the Riverside Group, surely the landlord will change!
If it is proposed to improve services and to make savings, surely that would result in change!
The leaflet states that Riverside will:
Provide the funding and expertise to improve your homes to a high standard – homes people are proud to live in.
Improve essential locally delivered services to the communities of Cumbria and North Lancashire, continuing to provide local employment.
Make sure that tenants' voices are heard, working with tenants and residents to shape the future together.
Work with current staff teams, so that they feel valued and motivated to contribute to Impact's success.
Ensure that Impact continues to meet the standards set out by the Government through the social housing regulator and the requirements of funders.
The leaflet seems rather generalised and vague to me. Furthermore, I have reservations about some of the information provided and would like to give one example. The leaflet states that:
"Riverside will protect Impact's social enterprises and community projects (such as the Impact Furniture Service and the Oval) for a minimum of three years."
My reservations about this statement are that:
'Protect' is a rather vague word and this 'protection' is limited to only three years.
During that period, it is intended to 'review activity'.
There is also a commitment to make savings of £185,000 a year at the Oval, Impact Furniture Stores and NGage.
When I asked exactly what services would continue at the Oval and whether it would continue to be cross-subsidised from other activities, I did not receive an informative response.
(Note: The Oval is a community centre on the Salterbeck estate in Workington and NGage are the young people's services at Salterbeck)
A copy of the Impact leaflet can be viewed or downloaded from HERE
I have written a briefing paper on housing association mergers and the relevant guidance of the National Housing Federation. A copy can be viewed or downloaded from HERE
Local housing companies are independent arms-length commercial organisations wholly or partly owned by councils. They can develop, buy and manage properties within and outside of a local authority area. The homes they provide sit outside of the local government housing financing system and are not subject to the Housing Act and most of the social / affordable housing regulations. Over the past few years the number of companies has increased among councils across the whole of England. It is estimated that there are over 150 local authorities that have set up local authority housing companies However, they are not the only housing delivery vehicles that are available to Councils and this is still an emerging area in terms of policy and best practice.
I am currently putting together our seminar on 'Local Housing Companies and Development' that will be held in London on 8th May 2018. This seminar will explain and examine why and how local authorities are setting up local housing companies and other delivery vehicles. It is proving popular, but we still have a few places available.
For further information or to make a booking, please click HERE
To view or download a copy of our brochure, please click HERE
Our next seminars will be on:
All You Want to Know about Service Charges in Social Housing
All You Want to Know about Scottish Social Housing Finance
For information about all our seminars, please click HERE
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Monday, Tuesday, Friday
Wednesday, Thursday
9:00 a.m. - 12 p.m.
St. John's is a proud participant & long-standing partner in the outreach & services offered by The Brighton Center in Newport. Here is some helpful information about The Brighton Center – a Community of Support. For more information, please visit their website by clicking here.
Since 1966, Brighton Center has been working to be an innovative leader that strengthens the vitality of the community and engages people as they work and live to achieve their hopes and dreams. From modest beginnings in a Newport storefront when we were founded, Brighton Center has grown to provide a uniquely comprehensive range of programs and services family and work supports; financial and homeownership services; workforce development services including, education, employment and training programs; substance abuse recovery services for women; early childhood education; and neighborhood based programs including community organizing and housing development. Knowing that issues faced by families and communities are complex and that making positive changes require multiple services…Brighton Center is truly a community of support.
Our mission – To create opportunities for individuals and families to reach self-sufficiency through support services, education and leadership. To us, self-sufficiency is taking responsibility to provide for yourself and your family using available resources.
Our vision – To be an innovative leader that strengthens the vitality of the community and engages people as they work and live to achieve their hopes and dreams.
The Brighton Center's work includes:
– Early Childhood Education
– Recovery Center for Women
– Workforce Development
– Youth Services
Copyright © 2020 St. Johns United Church of Christ


ching, 請問 Big C Superrich 確實地址係未 central world 對面果間 big c?
Anyone can tell the rate in Phuket airport? I will go Phuket in early August. Any good exchange rate shop near Kata beach?
Today ask HK Bangkok Bank is 3.95, but need HK$30 handling fee.


We've come up with these policies to better serve you, our customer and to help keep your cost affordable and turn around times reasonable.
All repairs must be attached to a Fixed Line Repair Form. We require all contact information be provided so that we can contact you with estimates, questions, updates or bill collection.
No warranty is expressed or implied, and our repair work may void the manufacturers warranty.
Gear submitted for repair must be clean. This is not only a courtesy to us, but our other clients as well. With waterproof breathable gear such as those made from GoreTex®, eVent®, Neoshell® or other WPB material that may need seam taping, it is particularly important that the item is clean for the seam tape to adhere correctly.
Please use a mild detergent and ad an extra rinse cycle.
If your gear arrives to us dirty, we reserve the right to return it unrepaired, or to clean it for a cleaning fee. We will inform you that it needs to be cleaned and the related charge prior to proceeding.
Clean gear also performs better, and clean gear doesn't wreck our machines, so we appreciate your cooperation in this area greatly.
We will provide an estimate via email or in person after assessing the repair for repairs over $40. We may be able to provide a price range for phone or email inquiries, but we can't guarantee that as it is difficult to provide estimates without seeing the item.
Repairs under $40 will not receive an estimate but will be completed as requested. An emailed invoice with delivery information will be sent upon completion of the repairs.
Gear left in our care for greater than 60 days, with no response from the customer will be considered abandoned. We will make three attempts to contact you during this period, two by email and one by phone. If we do not hear a reply, we will deal with the abandoned items at our discretion.
Unpaid invoices will be collected through a collection agency. You trust us to repair your gear, and we operate with good faith that you will pay your invoice in a timely manner. Because we return your gear to the drop off location prior to receiving payment, we incur some risk of not getting paid for our work and materials. This only works if people pay their invoices promptly. If you need additional time or to pay in installments, we will work with you, please contact us.
We do not perform repairs on structural components of life safety equipment. This is for your safety and our peace of mind.
Our shop is currently not open to walk-ins without an appointment. This allows us to stay focused on repairing the gear. Please call 907-631-1449 if you would like to stop by.


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SCVHistory.com | Newly Available Documents Cast Different Light on SCV History | By Dr. Alan Pollack (2014).
Newly Available Documents Cast Different Light on SCV History.
By Alan Pollack, M.D. | Heritage Junction Dispatch, March-April 2014.
Browsing through the archives of Ancestry.com can reveal a wealth of information about the early days of Newhall. Each document captures a moment in time and paints a vivid picture of the rough-and-tumble pioneer era of the Santa Clarita Valley.
First we travel back in time with the United States Census of 1850. In June 1850, we find brothers Sanford and Cyrus Lyon working as clerks and living at the mercantile store of Alexander and Mellus in Los Angeles.
Although they were twins, the census lists Sanford as 21 and Cyrus as 20. The Lyon brothers had just sailed around Cape Horn from their home in Maine as, like many others, they had caught the gold fever of the California Gold Rush in 1849. But instead of staking a claim in the gold fields of Northern California, they chose to cast their lot in the small pueblo of Los Angeles where their cousin Francis Mellus co-owned a store with David W. Alexander.
Alexander, shown in the census to be 55 years old and from Ireland, had immigrated to the United States in 1832. Arriving by wagon train in Southern California in 1841, Alexander eventually ended up in San Pedro where, along with his partnership with Mellus in Los Angeles, he also partnered with famed freighting king Phineas Banning until 1855. In addition, Alexander served as sheriff of Los Angeles County and was a member of the L.A. County Board of Supervisors. When Mellus died in 1864, Alexander took up with his widow, Adelaida Mellus.
Resources Used in This Story.
• L.A. County (unk.), Christopher Leaming, n.d.
Alexander and Banning, on a regular basis, drove stagecoaches and freight wagons over the San Fernando (now Newhall) Pass in the 1850s to service Fort Tejon. After hiring Gabe Allen to improve the route over the pass in 1854, Banning took his wild first stagecoach ride as described in Major Horace Bell's book, "Reminiscences of a Ranger."
As Bell relates, after ending up in a jumble of chains, harness, coach and mustangs at the bottom of the hill and proclaiming how "easy" the descent was, Banning "sent a courier in hot haste, urging Don David Alexander to send fifty men immediately to repair parts of the road which he had, in his descent, knocked out of joint."
Allen and Alexander eventually produced a 30-foot cut in the pass which Edward F. Beale deepened to 90 feet in 1863-64 to create Beale's Cut. The Lyon brothers went on to purchase a building on the Rancho San Francisco which became known as Lyon's Station.
The U.S. Census of 1870 finds Sanford Lyon at Lyon's Station with 60 acres of improved land and 320 acres of unimproved agricultural land. The farm is worth $3,000 with five horses, one milk cow, two "other cattle," 900 sheep, and 3 swine.
In contrast, the much wealthier Andres Pico had, at his San Fernando Valley abode, 300 improved and 11,700 unimproved acres worth $100,000.
Thomas F. Mitchell, the pioneer of Soledad Canyon, was farming at his ranch along the Santa Clara River with 250 acres of land worth $800. He had 120 horses and 28 cattle on his ranch, along with oxen and pigs.
The 1870 census also lists the inhabitants of Los Angeles Township living in the vicinity of the Petropolis post office. Also called Petroleopolis, this post office was set up at Lyon's Station in 1867 and operated until 1871. The name paid homage to the burgeoning oil industry in the nearby hills. Sanford Lyon was postmaster in the final three years of the post office.
Most of the men are listed as farmers or laborers, with the women "at home" or "keeping house." Only a smattering had attended school in the last year. The majority of people were born in California or Mexico, some having come from states in the East and South. Sanford Lyon, then 37, is listed living with wife Anna and children: Lewis, age 6, Carrie, age 7½, and another relative James H. Lyon, age 23, from Maine. Wisconsin native Oliver P. Robins, age 40, although listed as a farmer, was also running the toll booth for Edward Beale at the base of Beale's Cut.
Another document shows that Christopher Leaming, who was involved with the formation of the oil industry in the Santa Clarita Valley in 1865, had been appointed postmaster of the Petropolis post office at Lyon's Station on April 17, 1867, with Sanford Lyon taking over July 2, 1869.
Meanwhile the 1870 Census for San Francisco shows 45-year-old auctioneer Henry M. Newhall living with his Indiana-born wife Margaret, who "keeps house." There were two children in the home, 10-year-old Walter and 8-year-old George.
The well-to-do Newhalls also had live-in Irish servants, Kate Carey, 30, and Annie Mally, 23. In addition, they had coachman James Madden, 38, from Ireland. Newhall had real estate valued at $250,000, and his personal estate valued at $750,000. The next highest estate on the census page was $5,000.
Margaret was the sister of Henry Mayo's first wife, Sarah Ann White. With Sarah, Henry had three sons, Henry Gregory, William Mayo and Edwin White. After Sarah died, he married Margaret and had his last two sons, Walter Scott and George Almer.
Although Newhall founded the town of Newhall in 1876, he is still listed in the 1880 census as living in San Francisco with Margaret and Edwin. At that time, Edwin worked for his father as an auctioneer. Henry died in 1882 in San Francisco after falling off of a horse in Newhall. The next year, his wife and sons formed the The Newhall Land and Farming Co. Newhall is buried at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, San Mateo County.
The 1880 census paints a colorful picture of Newhall's Wild West period. Occupations included merchants, clerks, saloonkeepers, laborers, railroad agents, blacksmiths, farmers, petroleum refiners, a justice of the peace and physician.
In 1880, George Campton, owner of Newhall's first general store, was living with his wife, Gregoria (a native Californio), and their son Romulo. Also at his residence was his employee and store clerk, Oscar M. Porter.
Campton is listed as born in the West Indies. In a passport application from 1919, Romulo states his name as R. Frank Campton and writes that his father was "born in Jamaica, and is now residing at 1663 Echo Park Ave., Los Angeles, California, that he emigrated to the United States from the port of Toronto, Canada on May 12, 1864, that he resided 52 years in the United States from 1865 to 1919 at various points in California and Nevada." George Campton became a citizen of the United States in October 1876, the same year he opened his general store in the new town of Newhall.
The Oil Exchange (a bar); previously Mike Powell's saloon.
Also in the 1880 census we find 32-year-old saloon keeper Michael Powell and his 18-year-old wife, Corrine. Powell, of Irish descent and born in Massachusetts, ran Mike Powell's Palace Saloon on Railroad Avenue in Newhall. This later became the Oil Exchange saloon. Although we are not certain, he may have been the brother of John F. Powell, one of the earliest Judges in Newhall.
Another saloonkeeper in town was 55-year-old, Prussian-born Charles Moore. Chinese immigrant Hop Lee, 29, ran the town's washhouse. John T. Gifford, 33, lived with his wife, Sarah, a native of England, and was the town's first Southern Pacific Railroad agent and telegraph operator. Gifford hailed from Cincinnati. The Giffords had two small children, Mabel and Edward.
Joel M. Turner, a 57-year-old Kentucky native, was Justice of the Peace in 1880. There has been some historical controversy as to which of Turner, John F. Powell, or a J.D. LaRue was the first Justice of the Peace of Soledad Township.
Outside of Newhall, in the Soledad Township of 1880, there were four Chinese immigrants in their 20s listed as "works on RR section."
New Yorker John Lang, the founder of Lang Station, where the Southern Pacific was completed in 1876, is documented as a 52-year-old dairyman, married to Irish immigrant Mary, with children John, William, Mary, James and Maggie living at home and ranging in age from 7 to 16. They also had a boarder, Lang's niece, Mary Ray, 22.
Of note, Sanford Lyon and family are listed on the census for San Fernando Township in 1880. Apparently they moved away from Newhall after Lyon's Station became obsolete with the completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad.
Most interestingly, we see Soledad pioneer Thomas F. Mitchell, a 54-year-old farmer from Tennessee, whose household consisted of wife Martha from Arkansas and children Mary, Frank, Frances and John. Also in the house was a 68-year-old servant, James Hankirson, of New Jersey.
Right next to the Mitchell family is Frances O. Moore, a single 37-year-old farm laborer from New York. Newspaper reports in the Los Angeles Times and Los Angeles Herald during June 1883 show that Mitchell apparently shot and killed Moore after a longstanding feud related to some trespassing livestock and a land dispute between the neighbors. Although a coroner's jury concluded Mitchell had indeed killed Moore with a shotgun, there is no evidence that Mitchell was ever convicted of a crime.
With these documents, we gain valuable insight into what life really was like in the old days of the SCV. It is a fascinating journey of exploration and detective work to see what might still lie beneath the surface of our knowledge of local history. Stay tuned.
©2014 | Alan Pollack, M.D., is president of the Santa Clarita Valley Historical Society.


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Migrant Workers of Malaysia Deserve Better
Jordan Lok
Migrant workers have been a very integral part of building Malaysia's economy, sustaining the survival of various businesses and industries - treatment towards the migrant community was harsh before the global pandemic and have now merely exacerbated due to presumptions of spreading the virus.
Prejudice, neglect, gravely low wages
The discrimination and prejudice against migrant workers has to end, this is the time humanity needs to stand in solidarity regardless of race, gender, age or migration status. Aside from the stigmas that plague their livelihood, migrant workers face a plethora of issues, a number of which violate human rights:
1) Low wages and wage manipulation - the deduction of wage to repay for work permits and forced labour without compensation for overtime.
2) Squalid living conditions that are a direct violation of human rights, and even unruly employers who have total disregard for migrant workers' work and living conditions.
3) Difficulties in understanding their rights - not given proper contracts, agents withholding passports, no proper work authorization or certifications provided by employers.
As an already vulnerable workforce, the unwavering hostility towards our migrant workers has rendered more and more of them AFRAID to speak up for the fear of deportation.
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Believing in equality and inclusivity, Rumah Kongsi addresses the cultural barriers, deeply-rooted prejudices, discrimination, and xenophobia as their ongoing effort to relieve the plight of migrant workers facing bureaucratic, economic, and psychological hurdles. For migrant workers during the pandemic, social distancing is a privilege. Most of the time, they are subjected to living in "Rumah Kongsi" whereby most of them are crammed into a tiny room with barely the basic necessities provided to them. The recent #migranjugamanusia trend served as a stepping stone as it shows that not all Malaysians have ill feelings towards migrants. Rumah Kongsi seeks to amplify these voices and provide a platform for discourse. The different prongs of the Rumah Kongsi campaign intended to highlight that migrant workers play an integral part in Malaysian society as most often they perform the labour that Malaysians themselves opt not to do. That makes them a contributing member of society and they deserve to be treated equally and with dignity. The team is keen to explore the possibility of improving their quality of life by providing migrant workers with a platform for personal development through learning new skills such as digital literacy skills, teaching English and Math, personal finance, baking etc. Rumah Kongsi also aims to create awareness on the part of employers that they should not violate the basic human rights of migrant workers.
Migrant Workers Are Kindred
Labour day commemorates the struggle and movement to declare eight hours at work, eight hours to rest and eight hours for recreation. The role of our workers is more essential than ever and is recognized for their contribution and sustenance to corporations and businesses today. But are all workers being treated fairly? Migrant workers in Malaysia have long been subjected to lesser treatment and prejudice as a systemic issue deep-rooted in our country. Rumah Kongsi envisions a future where migrant workers will be treated with dignity, be accepted as an integral part of the Malaysian workforce, and be provided equitable rights to better their future in Malaysia. The lack of compassion and respect for migrant workers in Malaysia is apparent with cases of abuse, deprivation, and oppression towards migrant workers and it is still happening around us. The team aspires to change the perception of Malaysians towards migrant workers, humanising migrant workers in the eyes of Malaysians. The first step is to be aware of the discrimination and change the way we perceive migrant workers. We have to improve the way we treat migrant workers and not regard them as second-class citizens in Malaysia. This May Day, let us all take a moment to reflect on the contribution of the migrant workers to the development of our country and pause to say: "Thank you, we appreciate you and you are one of us".
An INFJ personality type and a savant of everything peculiar, Jordan often finds themself dabbling in the likes of self-advocating, creative writing and music.
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The Beauty of Transport
Transport design, transport architecture, and transport's influence on art and culture. Part travelogue, part history, all transport (but sometimes tangentially so)
So Hard (The Hard Interchange, Portsmouth, UK)
My partner's family are Portsmouth Football Club supporters. And I mean proper supporters, not just followers. They go to matches and everything. I know next to nothing about football, but it hasn't escaped even my notice that supporting Portsmouth is something of a rollercoaster ride. I have lived through the joy and the anguish of my in-laws as Portsmouth narrowly avoided relegation several times, then made their way up to the Premier League (that's the top one), wining the FA Cup in 2008, only to go into administration less than two years later and start a slide down the divisions that left them in League Two (that's the fourth one) by 2013. The club is currently in League One (that's the third one), having won promotion last season.
I mention this not to garner sympathy (although, you know…) but to help explain why Portsmouth's seafront has a smart new bus station at The Hard rather than – as could have been the case – an enormous football stadium. Here it is.
The Hard Interchange, August 2017. Photo by Daniel Wright [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0] via this flickr page
The Hard is on the seafront of Portsmouth Harbour, and is the location of Portmouth Harbour railway station, a bus station, the pier for Wightlink's Isle of Wight foot ferry (a high-speed catamaran) and the pier for the Gosport Ferry (not a high-speed catamaran), as well as a taxi rank. The railway station is a 1930s James Robb Scott Streamline Moderne rebuild, albeit one of his less notable ones. I like it though, and it has a reasonably unaltered Network SouthEast ticket office for fans of that kind of thing.
Portsmouth Harbour station, February 2017. Photo by Daniel Wright [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0] via this flickr page
In an ideal world, The Hard would have a completely integrated single-structure transport interchange that married together trains, buses, ferries and taxis, but it's probably never going to happen given the various commercial interests involved, and the lack of a compelling business case. As just one example of the drawbacks of the current less-integrated approach, if you want to get off Wightlink's catamaran and onto the Gosport ferry to reach the other side of Portsmouth Harbour, you have to walk all the way up into the railway station, come out of the station, and then walk back down the Gosport Ferry Pier. There's no direct link between the two ferries, and it looks like that's the situation which will pertain for the foreseeable future. There's also no sheltered walkway from railway station to the bus station.
The curious name "The Hard" comes from the site's earlier existence. 'Hard' is a term referring to an area sufficiently firm to allow it to be used as a slipway into a body of water (see also, for instance, Buckler's Hard in Hampshire).
Until recently, the difficult interchange between ferries wasn't the worst thing about The Hard. That honour was held by The Hard Interchange itself, which actually comprised the bus station and taxi rank. Built sometime in the 1960s/70s (I haven't found the definitive date yet), it was either a piece of dramatic Brutalism or a "Carbuncle of Concrete" nearly a match for Portsmouth's other famous concrete carbuncle/masterpiece, the Tricorn Centre (demolished in 2004).
The old Hard Interchange. Photo © Copyright Jaggery and licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence, via this geograph page
I'm not convinced the old Hard Interchange was a great piece of Brutalism, although I must admit I struggle with Brutalism at the best of times. It had some exciting zig-zag angles, but it seemed too obviously to have been built out of cheaply obtained breeze blocks to be genuinely brilliant.
Detail of the old Hard Interchange, Portsmouth. Photo by Daniel Wright
Perhaps the most unsatisfactory element of the old Hard Interchange was that one of the major – and indeed marked out as such – pedestrian desire lines went straight across the island bus stops of the facility, and in so doing across the actual bus movement areas. Pedestrians and maneuvering buses inevitably came into some degree of conflict, and the arrangement certainly didn't meet modern safety requirements.
The old Hard Interchange, seen from the Spinnaker Tower. You can see how the pedestrian route went straight through the bus stands. Photo by Editor5807 (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
You can have a look around the site as it once was, thanks to Google Streetview:
In 2007, with Portsmouth Football Club's fortunes firmly in the ascendant, a planned massive £600m rebuild of the site would have seen the Hard Interchange replaced. A new bus facility would have formed part of the public space leading into a huge new Portsmouth FC football stadium designed by architecture practice Herzog & de Meuron, while the existing station and ferry piers would have been retained. It would have been quite something, the new stadium projecting way out over the water, and more details, along with plenty of amazing artist's impressions, can be found at dezeen.com, here. (By the way, the associated text is well worth reading for the bleak humour of the vast discrepancy between Portsmouth FC's then aspirations, and the reality as we now know it.)
Unfortunately, the ambitious Herzog & de Meuron scheme proved just too, well, ambitious. And with Portsmouth FC transforming itself from FA Cup winner into fourth-tier club in short order, there was no longer any compelling reason for the club to leave its longtime home at Fratton Park, a few stations up the railway line. That left a highly unsatisfactory bus station at The Hard to sort out.
In 2014, a rather more modest replacement for The Hard Interchange was approved. Instead of a £600m football stadium, the new plan was a £7m direct replacement. Architecture Practice AHR got the job. It beat off competition from bblur Architecture (of the new Slough bus station fame), which proposed an undulating, wave-like roof. That concept would have sheltered passenger facilities below, and extended as far as the station entrance, providing a sheltered walking route between trains and buses (the concept is detailed on bblur's website, here). In the end though, AHR's version of the Hard Interchange was the one chosen, and it opened in May this year, delivering a bus station that if not exactly radical, is still a much more attractive part of The Hard's streetscape than the old one was, not to mention meeting 21st Century needs much more satisfactorily.
Where the old Hard Interchange had several island bus stops, each with a small shelter, the new bus station has a single concourse giving direct access to 10 'drive in, reverse out' bus bays. As such, it affords much better weather protection than the old individual bus shelters ever could have done, and is warmer and better lit. It features glass curtain walls on all sides and also contains two smaller buildings, one of which contains a travel office and the other a tourist information centre and shop, as well as self-service tea and coffee facilities. Both units are softened by facings of vertical wooden strips.
The main building is a rounded triangle in plan, with a door at each corner. This intercepts passengers arriving along the three main desire lines: from the railway station/ferry piers immediately to the east (though unfortunately AHR's design didn't incorporate a sheltered walking route), from the Gunwharf Quays shopping outlet to the south, and from the Historic Dockyard to the north. Pedestrians are now directed around the bus apron, instead of right through it, improving safety. What used to be a drop-off/pick-up point and taxi rank to the north of the interchange has now been turned into a pedestrian area, with a subtle paving design in which shaded bands radiate from a point located on the nearby HMS Warrior.
The new Hard Interchange under construction, January 2017. Photo by Daniel Wright [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0] via this flickr page
The new bus station is notable not least for being an example of a high-quality bus station being built in the south of England. Although bus stations in general are something of a threatened species, where new ones have been built it has been more often in the north of England. There, they have often been delivered under the auspices of Passenger Transport Executives or their equivalents. Not so at The Hard, where there is no Passenger Transport Executive to take forward the project. Instead, Portsmouth City Council has led the way.
Although I said that it wasn't exactly radical, two elements of the design help lift the new Hard Interchange above the mundane.
The first is a dramatic sail-like ETFE canopy which provides shelter between the bus station and buses which are dropping off or picking up passengers. It's a suitably maritime piece of design, and also echoes the lines of the Spinnaker Tower which rises above the site. The quality of the finishes at the bus station are very high. The structural engineering firm which built the new Hard Interchange's metal work notes that it had to weld and grind smooth all the joins in the columns supporting the canopy, to give a seamless finish.
Inside the new Hard Interchange, August 2017. Photo by Daniel Wright [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0] via this flickr page
The second is a sympathetic and very attractive lighting design. As Pet Shop Boys say, we all feel better in the dark, and that's certainly true of the Hard Interchange. Glass-walled buildings always have an attractive Edward Hopper-esque quality at night, but the Hard Interchange goes one better through the use of a multi-coloured light splay over the two retail units within the building. White spotlights attached to the retail units are also aimed at the ceiling to mark the seating areas at each bus bay. Small downlighters in the ceiling provide further, subtle illumination, which reflects up from a polished floor. It's a world away from the harsh fluourscent strip lights and cheap matt-grey floor tiles you'll often find in transport waiting rooms and gives a lovely atmosphere to the waiting area.
Taxis haven't been forgotten in this rebuild. There's now a dedicated waiting room and taxi rank to the west side of the bus apron, and close by is an area provided for cars dropping off or picking up passengers. The taxi waiting room has a similar shape to the main bus station building, though much smaller, and is finished with a glass front and metal panelled walls. It also looks good in the dark, as you can see.
Taxi shelter (to the left) with the bus station building in the background. Photo by Daniel Wright [CC BY-NC-ND 2.0] via this flickr page
I took the night-time photos of the new Hard Interchange when a points failure at Portsmouth Harbour meant that I missed my connecting ferry back to the Isle of Wight and had to wait an hour for the next one. I'm actually sort of glad I did. Normally, bus stations aren't somewhere you want to hang around at night. This one might well be an exception.
Bibliography and Further Reading
Portsmouth City Council's Regeneration of the Hard information page, here
AHR's project page for the Hard Interchange, here
Hillcrest Structural's project page for the construction of the new Hard Interchange, here
Bblur's Hard Interchange design concept, here
Herzog & de Meuron's Hard Field concept (yes, that's really what it's called), here
If you're here the football (presumably by mistake), this history of Portsmouth FC's various abortive new stadia is well worth a read
…and anything else linked to in the text above
How to find the Hard Interchange
Click here for The Beauty of Transport's map
Posted in AHR, bblur architecture, brutalism, buses, Herzog & de Meuron, stops/shelters/stations (bus), taxi ranks/stands, taxis, UKTagged bus architecture, transport architectureBy dwtransportwriting4 Comments
4 thoughts on "So Hard (The Hard Interchange, Portsmouth, UK)"
Arne Nilsson says:
Beautiful new exchange!
mfitchew says:
The previous Hard interchange opened in 1979. I take your point about it's brutalist nature but it was actually a great improvement on what was there before it!
The Hard has always been the centre of the Portsmouth bus network and this was originally a major trolleybus terminus. which was congregated around the entrance to the docks. Walking up to the station involved a reasonably lengthy hike up a drive way, similarly down to the Gosport ferry. In those, slightly integrated days, of course, the Ryde ferry was a proper, Sealink ferry owned by the railways and you bought your ticket from the railway ticket office in the same manner as if you were off to Waterloo!
The new interchange was built over what was basically mud, bringing everything that much closer together and bringing National Express coaches into the mix (previously, they had terminated at Winston Churchill Avenue Coach Station in the City Centre). So the interchange did exactly what it said on the tin, if rather inelegantly! And the gantry that overlooked it was the perfect place to eat chips from the chippy over the road whilst watching buses come and go!
Terry Hill says:
I had no idea the old interchange had gone — you've made my evening (sorry MFITCHEW)
Freespiritmike says:
Not too sure about the safety of buses reversing from stands. The Old Hard Interchange was much safer as no reversing was required. Also there is a tendency for the travelling public to meander across the bus movement area not realising there are walkways to the bus station on either side. Oh – and a major design failing. Why only 4 toilets. In the summer there are long queues and no toilets for the drivers. Oh dear!
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Since its founding in 1960, the Ohio Local History Alliance has worked closely with the Ohio Historical Society. Both organizations share a common goal to encourage the preservation and the presentation of Ohio's heritage.
The Historical Society of Grand Rapids Ohio is a member.
The mission of the Maumee Valley Heritage Corridor is to advocate for and protect the historical, natural, and cultural resources of the Maumee Valley watershed while promoting their use and appreciation by current and future residents and visitors.
Explore Ohio history through stories, photos, videos, and events. The Ohio Historical Society champions all Ohio history, including the 50+ historic sites in the Society's network throughout Ohio.
Since 1964, WBGU-TV's been part of the communities we serve; working with residents to make this area a better place in which to live and work. About 4,000 members think of us as a "community asset" and have come to realize that we are truly a "lifelong learning resource".
The mission of Historic Perrysburg, Inc. is to cultivate an interest and awareness of the history and architecture of the Perrysburg area...and to provide assistance in the preservation of old buildings and sites.


BMW Group supported an unique exhibition by the world-famous photographer Annie Leibovitz «The life of the photographer. 1990–2005». Ms. Leibovitz visited Moscow to present her works.
• Production of BMW car podium, installation at the museum yard.
• Production of branded menu for «Turandot» for the private dinner with Annie Leibovitz.
• Organization of reception at «Vanil».


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How the Queen may choose to navigate the 'Christmas Bubble' in the UK
By Jo Abi| 2 months ago
The royal family is facing a more intimate Christmas celebration this year with the UK in lockdown due to COVID-19 and restrictions expected to remain in place for some time.
Prime Minister Boris Johnson has urged families to be cautious when it comes to their own gatherings and use their "personal judgement" about who to see over the festive season, with so-called 'Christmas bubbles' being decided upon by families.
Under the current restrictions three households can mix from Wednesday 23 December to Sunday 27 December.
As it stands, the Queen and Prince Philip are isolating at Windsor Castle instead of their usual residence at this time of the year - Buckingham Palace. At Windsor Castle they are able to maintain a smaller staff and limit their exposure to others. At 94 and 99 respectively, their advancing years mean they are high risk for the virus and complications that can come with it.
The Queen and Prince Philip may choose to remain in Windsor Castle this Christmas. (AP/AAP)
Typically, the royal family gathers at Sandringham, a much larger residence that can accommodate them all but with a limit of three households for Christmas, this won't be necessary.
Her Majesty and Prince Philip may choose to remain at Windsor Castle and are free to invite Prince Charles and Camilla to join them, as well as the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and their three children, but it remains to be seen if this happens.
RELATED: A look at Prince William's comments about the coronavirus pandemic before and after his diagnosis
Prince Charles was diagnosed with coronavirus in March and Prince William later revealed he too had contracted the virus earlier this year. Both have since made full recoveries.
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Under the 'Christmas Bubble' rule the families could be with the Queen and Prince Philip for Christmas. (Getty)
To reduce the chance of exposing the Queen and Prince Philip to the potentially deadly virus the royals could undergo coronavirus testing ahead of the festive season as well as maintain social distance from each other with an outdoor celebration.
This is made more difficult with children who naturally want to hug and kiss their loved ones and Prince George, seven, Princess Charlotte, five, and Prince Louis, two, are sure to want to give their 'granny' and 'grandpa' hugs and kisses for Christmas.
Prince William tested positive for COVID-19 in April. (WireImage)
Alternatively, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge may choose to spend Christmas with the Middleton family at Berkshire.
The Yorks may choose to hold their own celebration, with Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson free to invite Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie over for a celebration with their spouses, Edoardo Mopelli Mozzi and Jack Brooksbank.
Princess Eugenie and Jack Brooksbanks are expecting their first child. (Instagram @princesseugenie)
Eugenie, 30, is pregnant with her first child and may choose to celebrate Christmas with her husband only to ensure she isn't exposed to the virus. The couple are in the process of moving into Frogmore Cottage, having taken over the residence from Prince Harry and Meghan Markle, although the Duke and Duchess of Sussex are still the owners of the residence, according to Buckingham Palace.
Then there is Princess Anne and the Tindalls to consider, however there is no way the Queen can accommodate all of her children on Christmas day this year, which could leave Princess Anne and Mike and Zara Tindall to host their own festive season with their families, including Zara's brother Mark and his children.
Prince Edward and Sophie Wessex have two children - Louise, 16, and James, 12, and may spend Christmas day with Sophie's family at their residence at Bagshot Park which is part of Great Windsor Park and a perfect location for a festive celebration.
The Duke and Duchess of Sussex will remain in their Montecito home in California in the United States with their son Archie for the festive season.
The Queen and Prince Philip's sweetest moments over the years
Coupons: Celebrate 2020 with Trending Fashion deals


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PIA01165: Microwave Limb Sounder/El Niño Watch - December, 1997
Mission:  Terra
Spacecraft:  Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS)
Instrument:  MLS
Producer ID:  P49502
Addition Date:  1998-03-14
Full-Res TIFF:  PIA01165.tif (891.4 kB)
This image shows differences in atmospheric water vapor relative to a normal (average) year in the Earth's upper troposphere about 10 kilometers (6 miles) above the surface. The measurements were taken by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument aboard NASA's Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). These data, collected in late December 1997, show higher than normal levels of water vapor (red) over the central and eastern Pacific which indicates the presence of an El Niño condition. At the same time, the western Pacific (blue) is much drier than normal. The unusually moist air above the central and eastern Pacific is a consequence of the much warmer-than-normal ocean waters which occur during El Niño. Warmer water evaporates at a higher rate and the resulting warm moist air rises and forms tall cloud towers. In the tropics, the warm water and the resulting tall cloud towers typically produce large amounts of rain. These data show significant increases in the amount of atmospheric moisture off the coast of Peru and Ecuador since measurements were made in November 1997. The maximum water temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific, as measured by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), is still higher than normal and these high ocean temperatures are likely responsible for an increase in evaporation and the subsequent rise in humidity.


Jeff is responsible for researching new and existing solutions as well as new hardware and software for the College of Business. This can be done by participating in the highest level of troubleshooting or by managing special projects and solutions with groups inside and outside of the CBA. Jeff also administers all of the administration consoles and servers within CBA.
Jeff engages in hands on work within the college by managing and engaging in all computer imaging within the college and with the proactive maintenance of all classroom and AV equipment within the college.
Jeff also assists with the HR aspects of CBA ITS as he is responsible for training CBA staff and faculty regarding various solutions and systems. He also mentors all new employees within CBA ITS and also assist in the hiring of new employees.


Effective corporate governance is not just compliance, it's accepting a pivotal role in driving organisational performance.
The people, processes, structures, and technology governing an organisation have the ultimate impact on its success.
There is no single governance framework that will work for every organisation; for this reason, ASTAL's approach to governance is tailored and flexible.
We regularly consult to and therefore have a strong appreciation of the context and requirements for government, not-for-profit, commercial, industrial and enterprise entities; it is this experience which helps us optimise governance based on size, structure, sector, and the operating environment.
ASTAL views the cultural aspects of governance with great interest; boards, executives and leadership teams need to be unified, able to join a multiplicity of experience and views, while maintaining effective group decision making methods.
ASTAL has the expertise which supports boards to develop towards high performance teams, thus strengthening board value through their governance role.
Get in touch to find out more information.


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1 Bahrain 1 Egypt 1 Jordan 1 Maldives 1 Morocco 1 Oman 1 Syria 1 Tunisia 1 Yemen
(-) 9 Arab Awakening (2011)
5 Included Participation by More Than One Social Class 4 An Example of Paradox of Repression 4 An Example of Regime Change 2 (Mainly or Initiated by) Student Participants 2 (Mainly or Initiated by) People of Color 2 Included Innovative Organizational Forms/Communication Forms 1 (Mainly or Initiated by) Women
8 Change 1 Defense
(-) 9 Democracy
Bahrainis protest for democracy, February-March 2011
14 February, 2011 to 16 March, 2011
Caroline Dreyfuss, 01/11/2015
Inspired by the protests in Egypt and Tunisia in 2011, Bahrainis rose up against the monarchy in February and March of 2011. Initiated by activists and propelled by the "February 14th Revolution in Bahrain" Facebook group, the protests had clear goals: disband the Bahraini National Assembly, abrogate the current constitution, and form a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution. They demanded the new constitution stipulate that an elected parliament hold legislative authority and that an elected Prime Minister exercise executive authority.
Maldivians demand resignation of the president, 2011
1 May, 2011 to 7 February, 2012
Alexis Dziedziech 4/27/13
The Republic of the Maldives is a chain of islands in the Indian Ocean southwest of Sri Lanka. The country is threatened by becoming completely covered by the sea because of climate change.
Moroccan youth protest for constitutional reform, 2011
February, 2011 to August, 2012
Susana Medeiros, 23/09/2012
Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. Political reforms in the 1990s expanded parliamentary power in 1992 and 1996, and in 1996 a bicameral legislature consisting of two chambers was established. On his accession to the throne in 1999, King Mohammed VI promised to enact a series of reforms democratizing the monarchy, but this was seen as largely unfulfilled. King Mohammad VI succeeded his father, King Hassan, who had ruled for thirty-seven years. Hassan's rule, known as the "Years of Lead," was largely marked by violence against state dissidents.
Yemenis oust Saleh regime (Yemen Revolution), 2011-2012
16 January, 2011 to 27 February, 2012
Chris Baker Evens, Alia Harb and Hannah Jones, 28/08/2012
In January 2011, in the wake of the Tunisian revolution and in the midst of the Egyptian revolution, Yemeni students and youth began a yearlong revolution to oust the regime of Ali Abdullah Saleh, president for the past thirty years. This revolution did not come without great cost. More than 2,000 people were killed (including protesters, military defectors and children) and more than 22,000 people were wounded.
Tunisians overthrow dictator and demand political and economic reform (Jasmine Revolution), 2010-2011
17 December, 2010 to 27 January, 2011
Aden Tedla, 12/02/2011
Over the past several decades, high unemployment, high food prices, and widespread poverty have characterized much of Tunisia. Government corruption and a paucity of political freedoms have also painted its landscape, making it exceedingly difficult for Tunisians to express dissent against the ruling Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) party. However, on 17 December 2010, 26-year-old Mohammed Bouazizi doused himself in paint thinner and set himself on fire in front of the Sidi Bouzid municipal office in response to the confiscation of his produce stand, his violent treatment a
Egyptians bring down dictatorship of Hosni Mubarak, 2011
January 25, 2011 to February 11, 2011
Zein Nakhoda and William Lawrence, 14/5/2011
Beginning in 1981, Hosni Mubarak ruled Egypt for over twenty-nine years. Though he ran for
presidential reelection several times, elections were marked by widespread
fraud, and opposing politicians were legally prohibited from running against
Mubarak until 2005. Virtually all key officials in government were from
Mubarak's National Democratic Party (NDP). Mubarak constructed a vast security
apparatus to control public dissent; in the 1990s, citizens would only whisper
his name for fear of reprisal. For his entire tenure as president, Egypt was in
Syrian women block highway, win back captive men, 2011
Hanna King, 4/25/11
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Jordanians protest for democratic and economic reform, 2011
Beginning in December of 2010, massive protests against hunger and joblessness manifested all over the country of Tunisia. Similar violent protests erupted in Algeria over food costs. Consequently, on January 12, 2011, the Jordanian government made attempts to prevent similar events from happening; the government announced a plan worth $169 million dollars to control the price of essential resources and to spur job creation.


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Greenroofs.comConnecting the Planet + Living Architecture
Video & Project of the Week for March 16, 2015: Jacob K. Javits Convention Center
Linda Velazquez on March 17, 2015	at 12:09 pm under
Greenroofs.com Project of the Week: 3/16/15
Jacob K. Javits Convention Center
297,000 sf. Greenroof
Project Description & Details
With 840,000 gross square feet of exhibit space, the Javits Center is New York City's largest venue for conventions, trade shows and special events. Designed in 1986 by I. M. Pei, the iconic facility embarked on a major renovation project in 2010 that includes a new roof, re-doing the building's signature curtain wall with high-performance glass, upgrades to the mechanical and electrical systems, and interior reconfigurations to enhance the visitor experience as well as boost operational efficiency. Early on, concrete pavers or a green roof were considered as alternatives for a protective element for the new roof. However, the weight of pavers would have required a structural upgrade to the roof to support their weight load.
FXFOWLE Epstein, the architects for the LEED Silver certified renovation project, and CRS, the waterproofing consultant, specified the Xero Flor Green Roof System, whose vegetative mats include 14 different varieties of Sedum, for various reasons. By re-cladding the building with high-performance, bird-safe glass, upgrading the control systems and the lighting fixtures – and adding a green roof – the building will achieve an estimated 26 percent reduction in the Javits Center's energy use. And by moderating the volume and velocity of stormwater runoff, the green roof will contribute to improved water quality in the Hudson River. Clayton Rugh, Ph.D. of Xero Flor America calculated the green roof will prevent approximately 6.8 million gallons of runoff per year. In the spring and summer of 2014, 11 species of birds were spotted on the Javits Center green roof during a study conducted by the Audubon Society and Fordham University. Completed in October 2014 and measuring 297,000 sf, the Javits Center is the second largest green roof on a single, free-standing building in the U.S. (after the Ford Motor Company's River Rouge Plant).
Find more photos and additional information about this project in The International Greenroof & Greenwall Projects Database.
New! The Jacob K. Javits Convention Center is featured in Greenroofs.com's brand new 2015 Wallpaper Projects Gallery – download yours for free.
Owner: New York Convention Center Corporation
Building Type: Commercial
Type: Extensive
System: Custom
Size: 297,000 sq. ft.
Slope: 1%
Access: Inaccessible, Private
Designers/Manufacturers of Record:
Architect: FXFOWLE Epstein (a joint venture between FXFOWLE Architects and Epstein Global)
Construction Manager: Tishman Construction Corporation (AECOM)
Waterproofing Consultant: Commercial Roofing Solutions (CRS), Inc.
Waterproofing Membrane: Siplast Teranap Modified Bitumen System
Green Roof Manufacturer: Xero Flor America (XFA)
Green Roof System: Xero Flor XF301+1″XT
Green Roof Installer: United States Roofing Corporation
Irrigation Contractor: National Lawn Sprinklers, Inc.
Green Roof Maintenance Contractor: New York Green Roofs
Project of the Week Video Feature
Watch the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center Project of the Week Video below or see it on our GreenroofsTV channel on YouTube:
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Love the Earth, Plant a Roof!
~ Linda V.
Greenroof Project of the Week for February 4, 2013: Jacob K. Javits Convention Center
June 7: What Green Roofs Can Do for NYC's Environment and People
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From the earliest attempts to make lead into gold and to the more modern use of making those empty soda cans into a replacement part for that model plane, crucibles have been an absolute necessity in metal casting.
Crucibles are placed inside of the furnace where the metal is placed and then melted. The crucible then collects the melted alloy which will then be poured into the model. Since the crucible will be holding metals melted at extremely high temperatures the crucible will need to be created from very strong material.The durability of the crucible will add a certain aspect of safety to the metal casting process. Using a crucible that is low in quality can result in shattering, which, let's face it, is never ever a good thing.
Any crucible at any given moment can shatter or fail which is why using appropriate safety gear at all times is so important. In order to handle the crucible which will be red hot you will need to wear boots, jeans, and gloves. The tools for lifting the crucible from the furnace and then the tool for tilting the crucible so that the molten metal will pour easily into the mold will vary crucible from crucible. Those that make their own crucible will be able to create them in an identical manner so the same tools can be used. The idea of these tools is to make sure that the crucible can be safely and securely lifted and poured. You will never want to directly touch a hot crucible, even with gloves.
For those that either can not or will not make a home made crucible can buy a crucible and tools from any of the online stores.A common material for crucibles is graphite as it can withstand the molten metal.Many who cast metal will prefer using graphite crucibles as it can prevent impurities from being introduced into the gold or other precious metal being used.Another option is the Silicon Carbide crucible.
Silicon Carbide is a great though expensive alternative to the graphite crucible. A crucible made from Silicon Carbide can handle rougher treatment then graphite so if you are not particularly gentle with your toys then this is a terrific option.
Yet another option available to the home foundry is creating your very own crucible. Many don't really recommend this since commercially created crucible tend to be more durable and will instill a bit more confidence in the casters. It is, however, possible to create a crucible as many of us will at one time or another.
If you plan on creating your own crucible then keep this in mind.There are a few areas of home metal casting where you should not cut corners, these definitely include crucibles. The crucibles job is the transportation of incredibly hot molten metal which can easily exceed 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit and is really the only thing between you and this metal. When you plan on melting metals with extremely high melting points you will need crucibles made from material that will cost a little extra. Spend that money and do so gladly since it is just a small price to pay for your safety.
Crucibles should only be used to melt one kind of metal. If you have always melted aluminum but decide to try melting brass then you will need a new crucible. This is done for safety reasons. Remember, a crucible is not meant to last forever. Always check your crucible before use to make sure there are not cracks or imperfections if there are then do not use that crucible.
Crucibles come in a variety of sizes and can be made from a variety of materials.It all depends on the type of metal to be used and the size of the job.Never skimp on the price of this tool and always follow safety guidelines and use common sense when dealing with a hot crucible.
Previous post:What is the Metal Casting?


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Stanisław Adamski (1875–1967) – polski biskup rzymskokatolicki, senator II RP
 Stanisław Adamski (1888–1975) – polski filatelista
 Stanisław Adamski (1897–1940) – polski legionista, major geograf Wojska Polskiego i ofiara zbrodni katyńskiej
 Stanisław Adamski (1903–1967) – polski działacz komunistyczny
 Stanisław Adamski (1915-2011) – polski profesor torakochirurg
 Stanisław Adamski (ur. 1945) – polski piłkarz i trener

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia