Despite the claims of its champions, the fair-trade movement doesn't help alleviate poverty in developing countries. Even worse, it is just another direct farm subsidy of the kind most conscientious consumers despise. In the long term, the world needs free trade, not fair trade.
This article is the one discussed in the most recent EconTalk.
Although the concept of ethical trade has existed for a long time, the institutionalization of the fair-trade movement did not begin in earnest until the late 1980s. In 1989, the World Fair Trade Organization was founded, and in the years that followed, various fair-trade certification and labeling processes emerged. A product is granted a fair-trade label once its producers have met a list of social, economic, and environmental requirements. The stated purpose of the fair-trade movement is to give economic security to producers in developing countries -- often of unprocessed commodities such as fruits, live animals, and minerals -- by requiring companies and consumers to pay a premium on the market price.
Until now, any questioning of the fair-trade movement has been limited to the micro level. The movement has faced repeated criticisms, for example, for the relatively expensive fees that producers must pay to get a fair-trade label, which make it ineffective for many poor farmers. Another area of concern is just how lucrative the process is for middlemen and retailers. Finally, several studies show that very little of the premium that consumers pay actually reaches needy producers. Consumers might be surprised to learn that only one or two percent of the retail price of an expensive cup of "ethical" coffee goes directly to poor farmers.
The adverse effects of fair trade are even more worrying at the macro level. First, fair trade deflects attention from real, long-term solutions to rural poverty in developing countries; and second, it has the potential to fragment the world agricultural market and depress wages for non-fair-trade farm workers.
Also a more efficient and straightforward way to help poor farmers is to remove the massive OECD subsidies and tariffs we see on agricultural products. In other words, a move towards free trade is needed.


text:
EU responsible for refugee disaster in Bosnia: People without food, in sandals in the snow
By Jan Ritter and Max Linhof, 9 January 2021
Without food, wearing just sandals in the snow and lacking a roof over their heads, more than 3,000 migrants must brave sub-zero temperatures in the northwest of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
2013 Berlin Film Festival prize winner dies in poverty
By Stefan Steinberg, 26 February 2018
Nazif Mujić, according to first accounts, has died in extreme poverty in the impoverished hamlet of Svatovac in Bosnia.
Bosnian Serb referendum inflames tensions in the Balkans
By Paul Mitchell, 27 September 2016
The referendum went ahead despite the Bosnia and Herzegovina Constitutional Court ruling it illegal.
IMF and EU call the tune in Bosnia elections
By Paul Mitchell, 11 October 2014
Bosnia's fiscal deficit is expected to rise from 2 percent of GDP to 4.5 percent while the unemployment rate stands at 44 percent.
The rightward gallop of the Bosnian pseudo-left
By Ognjen Markovic, 5 April 2014
The pseudo-left in Bosnia treat major historical issues with contempt and associate with forces with longstanding counterrevolutionary records.
The pseudo-left and the plenums in Bosnia
By Ognjen Markovic and Paul Mitchell, 22 March 2014
Protests in Bosnia last month originated in the working class district of Tuzla, after the closure of four privatized bankrupt factories threw thousands out of a job without redundancy pay.
US seeks to hijack Bosnia protests
By Ognjen Markovic and Paul Mitchell, 27 February 2014
Washington has grown increasingly dissatisfied with the intransigence of local politicians and the EU's failure to resolve the quagmire.
Calls for expanded European Union intervention in Bosnia
Protests over the last week in Bosnia and Herzegovina have led to the resignation of four cantonal government heads and various other officials.
Enraged workers and youth protest austerity in Bosnia
By Ognjen Markovic, 10 February 2014
Protests in Tuzla against economic conditions in the north have spread across the country, forcing the resignation of government officials.
WikiLeaks documents expose disaster created by the US and EU in Bosnia
By Ante Dotto, 17 October 2011
The political deadlock in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) represents the systemic failure of the entire official political framework in the region and a foreign policy disaster for the state's international backers, the US and EU.
Bosnia faces collapse
By Paul Mitchell, 8 October 2009
A number of reports have pointed to the increasing threat of Bosnia and Herzegovina collapsing, and even about the possibility of war breaking out.
Former Yugoslav war crimes tribunal spokeswoman indicted for contempt
By Paul Mitchell, 5 September 2008
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has indicted Florence Hartmann, the spokeswoman of the tribunal's former Chief Prosecutor Carla Del Ponte from 1999 to 2006, on two charges of contempt of court.
How the WRP joined the NATO camp
Imperialist war in the Balkans and the decay of the petty-bourgeois left
International Committee Fourth International, 14 December 1995
Fifty years after the end of World War II, the great powers are once again embarked on a violent redivision of the world. This is the significance of the intervention by the United States and Western Europe into the four-year-old conflict caused by the dissolution of Yugoslavia.
Watch: Meeting commemorates decades-long Australian Trotskyist Barry Jobson
Biden's top economic advisor demands that "schools open" so parents "can get back to work" (15/01/2021)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Hypocrite or Marxist? Why does the 'Western' Left largely continue to ignore Stalin?
I have finally completed my rather lengthy book on Stalin. Throughout, I have been struck by the absence of any serious engagement with Stalin by the vast majority of the international Left. To be sure, there are one or two exceptions, such as Losurdo, Furr and a recent issue of the journal, Crisis and Critique, but the doctrinal orthodoxy has been set, in a curious collusion between conservatives, liberals and a good number of Marxists (thanks to Khrushchev's self-serving speech, Hannah Arendt's woeful efforts, and the anti-communist Robert Conquest). All one need do, then, is perhaps quote a line or two, refer to the Red Terror and forget about Stalin – despite the fact that a huge amount of research continues by those who are certainly not on the Left.
The present work assumes that Stalin was actually able to think, backed up by exceedingly careful interpretations of his writings and citations. It may be surprising, but he is not often credited with this ability, let alone the ability to think dialectically. Was he not the one who was a novice at theory, mocked by his comrades for his faltering efforts? This assumption is captured best in a fictional vignette: 'When, at one of the party meetings of those days, Stalin involved himself in a theoretical argument, he was interrupted by a half-amused and half-indignant remark from the old Marxist scholar, Ryazanov: "Stop it, Koba, don't make a fool of yourself. Everybody knows that theory is not exactly your field"'. By contrast, for all its many flaws, Kotkin's biography notes Stalin's 'vigorous intellect'. I must admit that I have come to agree with Kotkin on this point, overturning many of my preconceptions through patient and careful attention to Stalin's works.
This is also one of the conclusions of van Ree's important studies of Stalin's political thought. While I do not agree completely that Stalin developed a thoroughly tight-fitting and comprehensive doctrine to which he adhered, I do agree that Stalin gave much thought to the problems thrown up by the ever-changing situation and that he did so by immersing himself in the Marxist classics. Significant here is van Ree's consideration of the role of Stalin's thought in popular (mis)conceptions, which I interpret as follows. Stalin has variously been charged with vulgar Marxist, dogmatism, mystification, ignoring reality and the peddling of illusions. These charges turn on whether Stalin was out of touch or in touch with reality. If the former, then his dogmatism was one with his illusions, but this suggestion struggles to make any sense of the events as they unfolded in the Soviet Union, in all their stunning achievements, disruptions and failures. It also fails to understand the remarkable consistency in Stalin's thought and that of the other communists who worked with him. If the latter, then he becomes a hypocrite, cynic or sophist, assuming a deliberate effort to conceal reality, as saying one thing – in very Marxist terms – but doing the opposite, or a cynical effort to secure ever more dictatorial power, or spinning words to justify yet another deviation. The problem here is that Stalin clearly believed what he thought and acted upon such positions. Ultimately, all of these charges carry with them the assumption that one has no need to consider his actual texts and the thoughts developed therein. My study indicates that this a serious mistake.
Indeed, I have come to the position that Stalin must be studied carefully as part of the Marxist tradition. The various responses I have discussed – ranging from dismissals of his intellectual ability to the charge of sophistry – function as efforts to excise Stalin from this tradition. To this should be added a narrative of betrayal, or even a Fall from the truth of Marxism. This narrative takes many forms, with some attributing the betrayal to Engels, Lenin or Stalin (apart from efforts to condemn Marxism by connecting them all to Marx). I am interested here in the charge that Stalin himself betrayed Marxism. This move is often made to distinguish him from Lenin, so that one may claim Lenin, dismiss Stalin, and then pick up another as the true heir of Lenin – whether Trotsky, Mao, Ho Chi Minh, or Castro. I find this a curious move indeed, for it erases a major figure in that tradition, who – despite his missteps from time to time – was crucial in fostering anti-colonial struggles and socialist revolutions elsewhere in the world, especially in China. No matter what one's assessment of Stalin may be, it is an act of intellectual laziness to deny him a place in the tradition. So I follow van Ree in assuming that Stalin was very much part of the Marxist tradition. He notes that Stalin's library was overwhelmingly Marxist and he made extensive notes in the works of Marx, Engels and Lenin. Even more, all of the key ideas developed by Lenin and Stalin can be found in earlier moments of the Marxist tradition. After all, a political tradition like Marxism is constantly developing, revising positions and developing new ones in light of changing circumstances.
I should add that for the 'sin' of taking Stalin seriously as a thinker in the Marxist tradition, I have been accused from time to time of being a 'Stalinist' (the strange term coined by Trotsky and company). I am no such thing. Instead, I am not comfortable with assumed orthodoxies, albeit with a twist. As Losurdo pointed out to me last year, we are not the heretics or the revisionists, we are actually of the mainstream. We simply need to be patient.
As with Mao, one needs to appreciate the significant achievements made and criticise the mistakes. It is as simple as that, but it has far-reaching consequences. Like Mao, Stalin and the Bolsheviks made momentous breakthroughs and achievements, but they also made egregious mistakes of which they were only sometimes conscious. If I may quote the current Chairman of the People's Republic, Xi Jinping: 'Revolutionary leaders are not gods, but human beings. We cannot worship them like gods or refuse to allow people to point out and correct their errors just because they are great; neither can we totally repudiate them and erase their historical feats just because they made mistakes'.
Which is another way of saying that the Stalin book is both the end of 15 year project and it provides the seeds of a very new project in a Chinese situation. It is called 'Socialism in Power' and seeks to analyse the theoretical implications of the realities of a communist party in power and its efforts to construct socialism. The project includes some leading Chinese researchers and international scholars open to examining the question.
Sincere apologies, Agon. I have corrected my text!
Congratulations on completing your book! I look forward to reading it.
Will you ever do a project on Mao and religion/theology?
This has really become the Socialism in Power project, since the Chinese situation has forced me to rethink all of my main categories.
I have made a few initial forays, into the Taiping revolution and on Mao and Confucius. The catch is that it would need to be a study of Mao and Chinese philosophy/culture, which has been done in many ways. The reason is that the European category of religion slips up in a Chinese context. Who nows, something more may come of it down the track.
Congrats on the book Mr Boer, very much look forward to reading, thanks for all the hard work.
Looks like a work that is going to be welcome by all serious Marxists. I join in congrats and really look forward to reading it.
Why exactly do you think Khrushchev told those lies about Stalin? What was he on about? I didn't like Grover Furr's answer that every Soviet leader who came after Stalin didn't actually care about building socialism. I wrote a short piece giving my impressions of what was going on, but what do you think, Roland? I'd love to get your input.
Uh, that last sentence should end with "for anyone who is interested," but if you are a boring person maybe you shouldn't read it anyway.
Agree that Stalinism versus Trotskyism is a bad way of understanding the issues and divisions of Soviet history in the interwar period – but surely 'Trotskyism' is an even stranger term, one which was applied to the Left Opposition before they started using Stalinism to define their opponents – an entirely sensible move, since no faction would have wanted to be defined in terms of 'Trotskyism versus Bolshevism' or 'Trotskyism versus Leninism'.
The term 'Stalinist' surely is a result of the cheapening of political discourse, the reduction of questions of substance to factional struggle of the later 1920s which was began by Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev and company. .
Great work Roland! Do you have a publisher, and when can we expect to be able to buy ths?


2017 march for life in Central Cape Town.
Every year we lose more pre-born babies to abortion than the combined death toll of crime and car accidents. Since February 1 1997, over 1 600 000 babies have been killed in South Africa — by abortion — with taxpayers' money.
February 1 2019 will mark the 22nd anniversary of the legalisation of abortion on demand in South Africa. For this reason, Christians who respect the sanctity of life will be observing Thursday January 31 as a day of prayer and repentance for the national sin of abortion.
On January 31 Africa Christian Action will hold a prayer rally outside the gates of parliament (at the corner of Roeland and Plein Streets) from 1pm to 1.30pm. A short memorial service and wreath-laying ceremony will be held in memory of the babies killed by abortion in South Africa since 1997.
The rally will be preceded by a march for life – in the form of a funeral procession to parliament. The procession will gather at the Keizersgracht parking lot below Cape Peninsula University of Technology (and near to the wall painting of an African woman) and march down Darling Street, left into Adderley Street, left into Spin Street, then into Plein Street to assemble outside the gates of parliament. Meet in Keizersgracht Street by 12.30pm. Please dress in black.
Durban: Wednesday January 30. life chain alongside Junction, 10am-11.30am. Meeting outside Ballito Gesinskerk. Off Leonora drive /BP service station/Link drive Organised by the National Alliance for Life, Contact: mail@dfl.org.za , 032 – 481 5550.
East London: Saturday February 2: 11am-12pm, life chain outside Marie Stopes, corner of Oxford Street and St Matthew's Roads. Contact Frans van Aardt: 082 774 6649.


text:
« Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera » est le vers qui conclut la fable Le Chartier embourbé de Jean de La Fontaine. Cette phrase est devenue un proverbe.

L'expression peut aussi désigner :
 Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera, une société créée au XIXe siècle ;
 Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera, un épisode de la deuxième saison de la série animée Les Simpson ;
 Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera, un film de François Dupeyron, sorti en 2008.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Fili and Kili are the sons of Thorin's sister and heirs of Durin. Fili is the eldest brother by 5 years, but both are the youngest of the Dwarves in the company and often sent on scouting missions and hunting. They are inexperienced when it comes to warfare and real fights but they are eager and excited to be on the journey. Trained from a young age, Fili and Kili are skilled with their weapons. Fili fights with a pair of swords and Kili is a skilled bowsman.
Hooded Undershirt: Beneath his vest, Fili wears a purple lace-up shirt, long sleeve with a hood. He wears his arm bracers over the top of the shirt sleeves.
Long Leather Vest: Fili wears a maueve vest made out of leather and decorated with dwarf-style design.
Heavy Coat: While traveling, Fili dons a heavy coat trimmed with light brown/tan fur along the neckline and sleeve cuffs. It is about knee length and there is an embossed design around the hem and down the front.
Amazon has a couple different camel furs that look like the original costume. There's a light version and a slightly darker version.
Pants: Long dark brown pants (velvet?) have a dwarf pattern etched into them.
Boots: Fili's boots are hard leather and just below the knees. He keeps a pair of small axes strapped to each boot.
Plated belt: His belt worn over his leather vest is plated (lamellar style) and has a double buckle. To learn how to make lamellar armor go to this link.
Leather Arm Bracers: Fili's arm bracers are hard leather with a soft leather on the hand for movement. On the top of his bracers he keeps small daggers. The bracers buckle around his forearm.
Weapons: Fili's preferred weapons are two falchions (swords) which he keeps in a double scabbard worn on his back. One blade is pulled out from the top and the other from the bottom. Fili also carries a war hammer, daggers in his gauntlets, and ankle axes kept in his boots. GlobalGear.com sells replicas of Fili's Sword and his War Hammer.
Hair/Beard: Fili's mustache is braided down each side with a small metal band attached to the ends. He wears his hair half up in a small ponytail with two braids down each side of his head. Amazon has a blonde wig that could be styled into Fili's look.
Blue Shirt: His long-sleeved, lace-up shirt is dark blue with a hood similar to Fili's mauve shirt. It is made out of a homespun kind of fabric, rough and rugged.
Dark Blue Vest: This vest is as long as the leather jacket and is almost black. There is a very distinct gold trim down the front (see the pattern in the pictures). There is no trim or décor around the hemline.
Dark Brown Pants: are plain and long and tuck into his boots.
Leather Jacket: Kili wears a long, dark brown leather jacket over the rest of his clothes. The sleeves are only down to his elbows and there is a dwarf pattern around the sleeve hem as well as a black and white fur trim around the jacket hem and sleeves. Amazon has a good match for Fili's fur trim. It's sold in 6 yd increments and goes for $22.95 for all 6 yds.
Boots: Fili wears leather boots that touch his lower knee. It looks like a lighter piece of leather is wrapped around the boot top and buckled on the outside of the calf to hold it in place.
Belt: Skinny leather belt with a single buckle. It is studded with diamond shaped plating similar to the weapon sling that is draped across his chest.
Arm Vambracers: Fingerless leather gloves are made of soft leather. A harder leather exterior protects his forearms and buckles underneath his forearms. A diamond shaped pattern adorns the top of the vambracers.Gabriel with the Etsy shop Rassaku sells replicas of Kili's vambracers.
Weapons: Kili is very skilled with a bow which he carries on his back with his sword. He also carries a knife slung on his left side by his hip which doubles as a saw. Rumor has it he also carries battle axes, but I don't know where he keeps them. GlobalGear.com sells replicas of Kili's Sword.
Hair/Beard: Kili wears his hair half up in a small ponytail. His beard and mustache are more like rough stubble. If you're looking for Kili Wig possibilities then check out this one: Arda-Wigs.com.
If you know of other useful links that would help reconstruct Fili or Kili's costumes please leave them in a comments below or email them too me and I will add them to this page!
To me it looks like Fili's pants are made from a sort of nubuck or suede leather.
Hallo! I am the Etsy seller who makes the bracers you linked — Kili's are down for maintenance right now (having issues restocking some materials) but I finished Fili's bracers!
Thanks Arched Cory! I appreciate your feedback!!
And thank you for this interesting summary, I am glad somebody finally made this! Just two things to point out: Tony Sejari is in fact a woman!
And you have a typo way up there, where it should be "Durin".


Golf is being played at the 2016 Summer Olympics for the first time since the 1904 Olympics, ending a 112-year absence of the sport. The last male gold medalist in golf was George Lyon of Canada when the games were held in St. Louis, Missouri.
The 2016 Summer Olympics, being held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, will house golf at the new Olympic Golf Course designed by Gil Hanse. Sixty men will be competing in a 72-hole individual stroke-play tournament. If a tie occurs for any of the top three positions, a three-hole playoff will decide the medal winners.
Initially seen as a chance for the top players in the world to showcase their talents and compete against each other on the world's largest sporting stage, many male golfers were reluctant to join the Olympic games. Some cited scheduling challenges, others were hesitant about the Zika virus, and some just did not see playing in the Olympics as important as winning a major.
Other top players skipping out on the Olympics include Adam Scott (AUS), Branden Grace (RSA), Louis Oosthuizen (RSA), Hideki Matsuyama (JPN) and Shane Lowry (NIR).
However, there are still several big names vying for a gold medal in golf at the Olympic games. The United States is the only country with four players competing, including Bubba Watson, Rickie Fowler, Patrick Reed and Matt Kuchar. Watson is the top-seeded player, but Henrik Stenson (SWE) is the betting favorite.
Others playing include Danny Willett and Justin Rose (GBR), Sergio Garcia and Rafa Cabrera Bello (ESP), Byeong Hun An (KOR) and Martin Kaymer (GER). Adilson da Silva will be the sole player representing Brazil.


Varoom had fashion week pics of the monster decor and on the catwalk!
… amazing monster cupcakes from Emma!
More peeks at the rest of the print campaign!
I think these are a great play on beauty and the beast.


Studies investigating the prevalence of positive mental health and its correlates are still scarce compared to the studies on mental disorders, although there is growing interest of assessing positive mental health in adolescents. So far, no other study examining the prevalence and determinants of positive mental health in Chinese adolescents has been found. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of positive mental health in Chinese adolescents.
This cross-sectional study used a questionnaire including Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) and items regarding multiple aspects of adolescent life. The sample involved a total of 5399 students from grade 8 and 10 in Weifang, China. Multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between potential indicators regarding socio-economic situations, life style, social support and school life and positive mental health and calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.
More than half (57.4%) of the participants were diagnosed as flourishing. The correlated factors of positive mental health in regression models included gender, perceived family economy, the occurrence of sibling(s), satisfaction of self-appearance, physical activity, sleep quality, stress, social trust, desire to learn, support from teachers and parents as well as whether being bullied at school (OR ranging from 1.23 to 2.75). The Hosmer-Lemeshow p-value for the final regression model (0.45) indicated adequate model fit.
This study gives the first overview on prevalence and correlates of positive mental health in Chinese adolescents. The prevalence of positive mental health in Chinese adolescents is higher than reported in most of the previous studies also using MHC-SF. Our findings suggest that adolescents with advantageous socio-economic situations, life style, social support and school life are experiencing better positive mental health than others.
Mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and can make a contribution to his or her community . So far, there has been no global definition of positive mental health although many researchers have made attempts based on various theories [2, 3]. For example, Keyes suggested that mental health should be operationalized as a syndrome of symptoms of positive feelings and positive functioning in life . The Public Health Agency of Canada referred to positive mental health as being 'the capacity of each and all of us to feel, think, and act in ways that enhance our ability to enjoy life and deal with the challenges we face. It is a positive sense of emotional and spiritual well-being that respects the importance of culture, equity, social justice, interconnections and personal dignity' . The definitions of positive mental health are, and should be to some degree, context dependent . Thus, Vaingankar et al. defined positive mental health as 'the ability to build and maintain relationships, possess coping skills, pursue personal growth and autonomy, and participate in religious and spiritual practices' in an Asian context . Generally, the hedonic tradition dealing with positive emotions and the eudaimonic tradition focusing on optimal functioning of an individual in everyday life, dominate the field regarding the components of positive mental health . The hedonic tradition refers to the desire to maximize pleasure and to minimize pain from the perspective of maximizing the good in one's life . Commonly contrasted with the hedonic tradition, the eudaimonic tradition includes virtue and effort as essential parts of happiness . Some researchers underestimated the eudaimonic tradition in their model of positive mental health . Considering these two ancient Greek approaches simultaneously, however, positive mental health can be defined as the presence of general emotional, psychological, and social well-being, as the concept adopted in this study . Gains in positive mental health predict declines in mental disorders, while losses of positive mental health predicted increases in mental disorders . However, this did not imply that mental health is the same as the absence of mental disorder. A growing body of evidence shows that high levels of well-being are good for individuals and society, and are associated with a range of positive outcomes, for example, good health and life expectancy and satisfaction . As Merriam-Webster defines, well-being is the state of doing well especially in relation to one's happiness or success . This is related to the definition of positive mental health, as WHO defined mental health as state of well-being in a positive way .
Assessing the prevalence of positive mental health is challenging, partly because of the conceptually distinct definitions leading to various ways of operationalizing mental health . One way developed over time is to use the short form of the Mental Health Continuum (MHC-SF), a scale developed by Keyes that measures three levels of positive mental health: flourishing, moderate and languishing mental health . The instrument was developed based on the two-continua model that identifies mental health and mental illness as two related but distinguishable dimensions. Thus, the presence of mental health is not equal to the absence of mental illness. In this theory, positive mental health is emphasized as a combination of feeling good and functioning well in life . Briefly, people who are flourishing in life report high levels of well-being, meaning that they often experience positive emotions and function well from both psychological and social perspectives. On the other hand, languishing is the absence of mental health as a state of being mentally unhealthy, equivalent to stagnation and emptiness or that life lacks interest and engagement . The MHC-SF has been successfully tested on adults from South Africa, Poland, Italy, Brazil, United States and Australia, and adolescents from Egypt, India and South Korea [16–24] and has also shown good psychometric properties on a sample of Chinese adults . The authors of this article evaluated the psychometric properties of the MHC-SF and found the instrument to be valid and reliable in assessing positive mental health also in Chinese adolescents . Table 1 shows the percentages of flourishing individuals in different countries from previous studies. The lowest level of flourishing mental health was found in South Korean adolescents (11.7%), while the highest level was identified in Canadian adolescents and adults (76.9%).
Multiple indicators of positive mental health in general populations have been identified across countries. Common indicators of positive mental health include socio-demographic factors [4, 15, 27–33], health status [15, 31], physical activity [32, 34–37], body image , sleeping , screen time [36, 40], substance use [32, 41, 42], social support [28, 30, 32, 33] and violence or discrimination . For positive mental health of adolescents, school related factors such as peer relationship and support from teachers also play an important role . Age was found to be associated with positive mental health in adverse directions under different contexts [4, 15, 28, 32]. Education, income, employment and living area were positively associated with positive mental health [15, 28–33]. Ethnicity also proved to be an indicator of positive mental health . Socio-economic factors were found to be significantly associated with positive mental health in Chinese adults . Other findings showed that physical activity was a significant predictor of positive mental health in Chinese college students . Perceived discrimination was negatively linked to psychological well-being among Chinese migrant adolescents . Furthermore, conceptual frameworks for the evaluation of positive mental health and its determinants have been developed. Orpana et al. defined 25 determinant indicators of positive mental health of children, youth and adults in Canada at the individual, family, community and societal level . The individual indicators included physical activity, substance use, nurturing childhood environment, resilience, control and self-efficacy, spirituality, violence, and coping. Family indicators were household composition, family relationships, parenting style, family physical and mental health status, substance use among family members, and family income. Community indicators comprised social support, social network, school environment, workplace environment, community involvement, neighborhood social environment, and neighborhood built environment. Finally, the indicators at the societal level included inequality, discrimination, as well as political participation. According to Maher and Waters , indicators of positive mental health at the individual level for children generally refer to the presence of social connections and a strong sense of self and self-worth, and may include measures of a sense of belonging, self-esteem, engagement, self-determination and control and quality of life. Family indicators may include parental mental health, freedom from violence, family cohesion, parent-child attachment and use of responsive, developmentally-appropriate family and parenting practices. It is notable longitudinal research regarding positive mental health is still scarce [36, 39].
Researchers have focused on the evaluation of mental health using the measurement of mental disorders during the past decades . To date, studies investigating the prevalence of positive mental health and its correlates are still scarce compared to the studies on mental disorders, although there is growing interest of assessing positive mental health in adolescents. Adolescence is a time in life that harbors many risks but also presents great opportunities for sustained health and wellbeing through education and preventive efforts . There is mounting evidence that many, if not most, lifetime psychiatric disorders will first appear in childhood or adolescence . Therefore, promoting mental health and identifying individuals at risk in adolescents is essential to reduce a heavy burden of disease worldwide. Positive mental health is not only believed to be inversely associated with mental disorders (but not two sides of the same continuum), especially in adolescence [11, 47], but also linked to positive outcomes in life . In these longitudinal studies, researcher found that mental problems are predictive of declines in future positive mental health. There are knowledge gaps of prevalence, risks and protective factors of positive mental health as well as differences in positive mental health related to e.g. gender and socio-economic factors . So far, no other study examining the prevalence and determinants of positive mental health in Chinese adolescents has been found. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of positive mental health and explore the correlates of positive mental health in Chinese adolescents. It is hypothesized that factors related to socio-economic situations, daily life, social support and school environment are associated with positive mental health among the sampled Chinese adolescents.
The study was performed in the urban area of the city of Weifang in Shandong Province of the eastern part of People's Republic of China. By the year of 2016, the population of Weifang reached 9.35 million. The economic growth is steady in both industry and agriculture . The socio-economic status of Weifang is considered to be high as the Shandong province is one of China's most developed regions, with the third highest gross domestic product in 2014 of all Chinese provinces . The total study population included students from grade 8 in twelve middle schools and grade 10 in five high schools in two urban districts of Weifang. Students in grade 8 from five middle schools were chosen by stratification by district and cluster sampling by school. As all middle school students were recruited according to their family address, we stratified the two urban districts in random sampling. While high school admitted students by their remarks in 'high school entrance examination', only cluster sampling was performed. A total of 5399 students, including 3044 students from grade 8 and 2355 students from grade 10, participated in the study. Among these students, the response rate was 100%. No one refused to respond to the questionnaire when the paper forms were distributed in the classroom, although 92% of respondents answered all 161 questions. In four schools, students were asked to fill in the questionnaire and return it in class after 1 h. In the three other schools, the questionnaires were completed at home and brought back to the teachers the following day. Students who were absent from school when the questionnaires were distributed were not included in the study.
This study was a part of a Sino-Swedish collaboration on positive mental health among adolescents, including MHC-SF. Sweden has a long history of student health services targeting the whole population and longitudinal measurement of adolescent health. The questionnaire used in this study was translated from a Swedish ongoing longitudinal survey known as "Survey of Adolescent Life in Vestmanland" (SALVe) . The survey study was initiated in 1995 to investigate the health status and trends in health, lifestyle and school life in the whole county of Vestmanland, a region in mid Sweden. The MHC-SF and other items indicating general health, substance use, information technology exposure, school life and socio-economic situation were included in the 2014 version of SALVe questionnaire. Slight changes were made on several items in order to correspond better to a Chinese context. For example, 'ice hockey' was replaced by 'table tennis' in the items regarding sports. The questionnaire items were first translated into English by the last author and then into Chinese by the first author and other two Chinese researchers. Back translation into English was conducted by the first author to check the quality of translation with the last author. Therefore, the questionnaire in the cross-cultural study was considered to be appropriately adapted . A pilot study on 385 students in Grade 8 was performed one month before the main study.
The MHC-SF comprises 14 items, representing the three dimensions of well-being. A 6-point Likert scale is used to rate the feelings of the respondents in the past month (never, once or twice a month, about once a week, two or three times a week, almost every day, every day). A diagnosis of flourishing is made if the individuals feel 1 of the 3 hedonic well-being symptoms "every day" or "almost every day" and feel 6 of the 11 positive functioning symptoms "every day" or "almost every day" in the past month. A diagnosis of languishing is made if 1of the 3 hedonic well-being symptoms are perceived "never" or "once or twice a month" and 6 of the 11 positive functioning symptoms are perceived "never" or "once or twice a month". Individuals who do not fit the diagnosis of "languishing" or "flourishing" mental health are categorized as "moderately mentally healthy" . Evidence that the diagnosis is valid has been presented by Keyes in several publications [4, 14, 54] and the diagnosis used in a considerable number of papers since. The psychometric properties of MHC-Sf were evaluated on the same sample of Chinese adolescents . Flourishing as a state where people have no depression, but high levels of well-being is the main focus of the research regarding positive mental health.
Socio-demographic variables used in the models included respondents' gender, grade level, whether having a sibling, perceived family economy and family form. Perceived family economy was a single item that assesses a family's current financial situations including 7 levels from low to high. Higher scores reflected perceptions of better family economic condition. In the analysis, this variable was then condensed into three levels: poor, moderate and good family economy. The variable 'family form' has two values: 1 for that adolescents live with both parents and 0 for that children live with one of the parents or other adults.
Self-satisfaction of weight/appearance were attained by a 5-point Likert item: 'To what extent are you satisfied with your weight/appearance' respectively. The variables of BMI, self-satisfaction of weight and self-satisfaction of appearance were grouped in three categories. Sleep quality, screen time, chronic stress, anxiety, depression, desire to learn and physical activity were dichotomized into two categories of 'low' and 'high'. The behaviors of smoking, drinking and being bullied included two categories ranging from 'never' to 'occasionally or often'. Parental support was measured by a single index of 3 items that reflect feelings of support for school life by parents (α = .81 for the subscale). Teacher's support was measured by a single index of 4 items that reflect feelings of support for school life by teachers (α = .91 for the subscale). Social trust was measured by a single index of 3 items that reflect the attitude towards the society in a positive sense (α = .82 for the subscale). The percentage of missing data was no more than 5% for all relevant variables, except sleep quality (8.8%) and BMI (6.4%).
The questionnaire data was analyzed using the statistical software SPSS 22. Prevalence was presented with proportions by categories of interest. Multivariate logistic regressions calculated Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in analyzing the variables associated with 'flourishing mental health' as the dependent variable. Effect size measurements confirmed the significance between the variables in the model. The regression analysis was performed in two steps, in order to first create a crude model and then refine it into a final model. First, all potential indicator variables were checked for multicollinearity by performing Spearman correlation analysis (Spearman coefficient ρ S > 0.70). The variables were screened in a multiple logistic regression analysis using the Enter method (the crude model). In the second step, the indicators with an estimate that was not significant in the crude model were dropped until all estimates in the model were statistically significant (the final model). The fit of the logistic models was assessed on the basis of the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Nagelkerke Pseudo-R2 statistic was calculated to estimate the variance attributed to the predictors in a logistic regression model.
Table 2 presents the characteristics of the sampled Chinese adolescents. A total of 57.4% of the participants were flourishing. In grade 8, 57.9% of the boys and 60.6% of the girls were identified as flourishing. In grade 10, 54.1% of the boys and 55.0% of the girls were diagnosed as flourishing. Findings of the Chi-square tests indicated these differences in the prevalence of mental health in adolescents were significant.
Table 3 presents the effects of our chosen presumptive indicators of positive mental health in the crude model. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gender, perceived family economy, sibling, satisfaction of self-appearance, physical activity, sleep quality, stress, social trust, desire to learn, teacher's support, parental support and being bullied at school were significantly associated with positive mental health. The Hosmer-Lemeshow p-value for the crude model (0.54) was substantially above 0.05. Accordingly, the multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed again after non-significant indicators were dropped from the model. The results show that total screen time was not significantly associated with positive mental health (p = 0.10). With this indicator removed from the model, the multivariate logistic model was tested and proved to be the final model with all indicators significantly associated with positive mental health. The Hosmer-Lemeshow p-value for the final model (0.45) was above 0.05 indicating adequate model fit.
Table 4 presents the final model with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for all significant indicators with regards to positive mental health of young adolescents. The strongest effect in the model was seen for satisfaction of self-appearance with an OR of 2.75. The final model explained 31% of the variance in positive mental health (Nagelkerke pseudo-R2 = 0.310).
This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study to comprehensively assess the prevalence of positive mental health and its correlates in Chinese adolescents. More than half (57.4%) of the participants were diagnosed as flourishing. The variables significantly associated with positive mental health in the regression models included gender, perceived family economy, the occurrence of sibling(s), satisfaction of self-appearance, physical activity, sleep quality, stress, social trust, desire to learn, support from teachers and parents as well as whether being bullied at school.
The findings of the present study revealed a high prevalence of positive mental health for adolescents compared to the previous studies using MHC-SF to assess positive mental health (see Table 1), where the prevalence in most countries ranged between 10 and 30% [14, 16–20] and reached 43.4% in Chinese adults . Hypothetical explanations for the high prevalence of positive mental health in this study might be the high socio-economic status of Weifang as well as the younger age of the participants compared to other similar studies. Keyes suggested that the prevalence of flourishing decrease as age increase during adolescence . Also, younger adolescents reported higher prevalence of flourishing than older adolescents in an Indian study . A study among Swedish adolescents and adults between 16 and 29 years found that positive mental health decreased with age . Our findings suggest that the prevalence of flourishing in Chinese adolescents was higher than most of other countries. However, this is still in need of comprehensive investigation, especially from a cultural dimension. China is described as a collectivist society with a high degree of power distance [55, 56]. This means that group norms dominate over individual wishes and that superiors, such as teachers and parents, are respected and obeyed. It is important to have a sense of belonging to groups, especially to the family [55, 57]. For example, researchers found fewer behavior problems in classrooms and schools in which students highly respect their teachers and value self-discipline in China, and related that to the Confucian values . The inherent respect for superiors might be the explanation to the very high respondent rate of the questionnaire, as teachers requested students to respond. Support from family and teachers were also significantly associated with positive mental health in our study. Another explanation may be the positive attitudes of Chinese people towards the economic development of their country. According to Pew Research Center, 90% of Chinese rated the economic conditions of their country as good, which was the highest rating among all the 40 countries in the survey . Also, 88% of the Chinese respondents believed that when today's children grow up they will be better off financially than their parents. Another survey showed that the Chinese public was optimistic about the long-term economic future, "in particular, their positive outlook stands in stark contrast to the pessimism found in the United States and much of Europe" . We found that social trust strongly indicates positive mental health in the current study (OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 2.18–2.93), which supports this hypothesis.
In our study, girls showed slightly better positive mental health than boys (see Table 4). Most previous studies using MHC-SF reviewed in this paper do not show any significant difference in positive mental health between males and females [15, 17, 25, 34, 61]. As this is the first study assessing positive mental health of Chinese adolescents using MHC-SF, we are unable to compare our results with previous studies in China. In terms of psychiatric disorders, however, some researchers found a higher prevalence among Chinese boys than among girls . Girls were found to be more flourishing than boys in India , indicating that there might be characteristics shared in Asian countries regarding positive mental health. One hypothetical explanation of the slightly higher prevalence of positive mental health among Chinese girls in our study could be that they perceive a better relationship to their parents than boys .
The indicators that were found to have the highest impact on positive mental health of Chinese adolescents were social trust, satisfaction of self-appearance, sleep quality, parents' support and perceived family economy. These are indicators on the individual and family level, except for social trust, which is an indicator on a community level. Our findings were in accordance with the determinant indicators of Orpana et al., of family relationships and parenting style, and social support and networks , as well as Maher and Waters' individual determinant of a strong sense of self-worth .
Perceived family economy was identified as a significant indicator of positive mental health. In the current study, only one item assessed perceived family economy: 'Imaging society as a ladder. If you think about your family's finance in comparison with the wider community, where would you place your family on the scale below?'There was no objective data of family income because no questionnaire for parents was distributed. Instead, young participants described the impression of their parental income. We emphasized that the family economy was perceived by the participants because they were rating the economy of someone else other than themselves. In a meta-analysis of subjective socio-economic status and adolescent health, positive associations were found between socio-economic status including family economy and better health outcomes in adolescence . Previous studies found evidence for that socio-economic status was related to gender, income, education and employment as determinants of positive mental health in United States, European, Australian and Asian countries including China [4, 15, 27–33]. Adolescents with one or more siblings (23.7% of the respondents) reported a higher level of positive mental health than those who were the only child of their parents, which is in line with previous findings . Sibling relationship is considered to have great influence in adolescence and may affect positive mental health . In China, the family planning program has experienced several transitions and varied in different areas and time periods since the 1970s. As a result, the rigorous one-child policy was modified in the 1980s so that the families meeting certain criteria were allowed to have more than one child, usually in rural areas . Thus, a proportion of adolescents with one or more siblings were identified in this study.
Body image satisfaction is often defined as the degree to which individuals are satisfied with their physical appearance, especially weight and shape . It is noteworthy that BMI and satisfaction of self-weight were not significantly associated with positive mental health in the final regression model. Instead, the satisfaction of self-appearance was found to be an evident predictor of positive mental health in Chinese adolescents. Our findings concerning BMI were in line with a previous study on Chinese college students . Also, body dissatisfaction was found to be negatively associated with quality of life among adolescents regardless of gender , which strongly supports our results. Based on this, the authors hypothesize that satisfaction of self-appearance influences positive mental health. However, positive mental health can also cause satisfaction of self-appearance and self-satisfaction of weight, and a third variable influencing both positive mental health and satisfaction of self-appearance/self-weight, for example, mental disorder (i.e., eating disorder). Unfortunately, our data collection and analysis cannot specify the causal relationships between these variables.
There was no association identified between smoking habits and positive mental health. Only 7.0% of the participants in our study reported current or previous smoking. However, the prevalence of smoking in Chinese adolescents is generally high . Considering that smoking among males is a severe public health problem in China , the relatively low prevalence of smoking among the adolescents included in the study was surprising. As the relationship between smoking and low socio-economic status is strong , the low prevalence of smoking might be explained by the relatively high socio-economic status of Weifang. Moreover, Davoren et al. found that smoking was not associated with mental health and well-being among students in Ireland and assumed that the smoking habits were underreported (27% for men and 25.6% for women) . This might also be the case in our study.
A strength of this study is that the sample size is larger than the previous studies utilizing MHC-SF listed in Table 1 [14, 16–21, 25, 61], except for the Canadian sample which represented the national population . We also included a comprehensive range of potential explanatory variables from multiple aspects of adolescent life. After successfully validating the MHC-SF in Chinese adolescents , we found that Keyes' definition of positive mental health fitted well into the Chinese context and thus examined the prevalence of positive mental health and associations with a range of indicators of positive mental health. There are also limitations of the study. First, the study was performed in an economically developed area of China. Thus, the family income might be higher among our respondents than in other less developed areas considering the regional disparities in China . Second, the extreme dependence on self-reported information might lead to a recall bias affecting the results. For example, respondents might not remember or avoid to give responses that are perceived to be socially undesirable , especially in adolescents . In order to reduce social pressure and possible social desirability effects, the self-administered questionnaire was answered anonymously . The cross-sectional study design did not allow further assumptions on the causality relationship between positive mental health and potential risk and protective factors. Finally, questionnaires were answered in two different ways depending on the choice of the school headmasters. In four out of the seven schools, students completed the questionnaire in the classrooms in during a one-hour period. Students in the three other schools filled in the forms at home and returned them to school teachers on the following day. It should be noted that all students from grade 10 completed the questionnaires at home whereas most students from grade 8 responded to the questions at school. However, the variable 'collection method' was not significantly associated with positive mental health in the crude model, indicating that the different circumstances under which the questionnaire was answered had no effect on positive mental health.
Our study adds to the knowledge of prevalence of positive mental health in Chinese adolescents measured by the MHC-SF, as well as indicators of positive mental health. The prevalence of positive mental health among the sampled Chinese adolescents was considerably higher than reported in most of the previous studies using MHC-SF. Unlike most other studies of this kind, girls reported a higher level of positive mental health than boys. The indicators of social trust, satisfaction of self-appearance, sleep quality, parents' support and perceived family economy were associated with a high level of positive mental health. Our study was performed in one specific city of China, Weifang, with a high socio-economic status. Thus, further studies are required to assess the positive mental health of adolescents in other geographical areas of China and in areas of different socio-economic status. Future longitudinal studies should focus on investigating relevant causality and potential bidirectional associations. To improve positive mental health among Chinese adolescents, policy-makers should focus on strategies and actions supporting social trust and support as well as acknowledging the support and socio-economic status of families as significant factors influencing positive mental health. The measurement of positive mental health should be used to identify the vulnerable groups that could benefit from intervention and assess the baseline mental health status of those groups. Our findings of risk and protective factors contribute to the mental health strategy in public health actions.
National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China. Regulations for the Ethical Review of Biomedical Research Involving Humans. 2016. http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/fzs/s3576/201610/84b33b81d8e747eaaf048f68b174f829.shtml. Accessed January 22, 2018.
Utbildningsdepartementet. Lag om etikprövning av. forskning som avser människor. 2003:460. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-2003460-om-etikprovning-av-forskning-som_sfs-2003-460. Accessed January 25, 2018.
All authors would like to thank the students and school teachers participating in the study for their cooperation. We are grateful to the researchers and assistants from Weifang Medical University who contributed to the study. Jizhi Guo, Xiangyun Li, Shuxiang Yang, Lihui Zhuang, Hongjing Wang, Yuqi Shen, Han Zhang, Ruimei Wang, Yanlei Pang and Runguo Gao contributed to administrating questionnaires and collecting data. Yuqi Shen, Han Zhang and Ruimei Wang managed to enter responses to the computer based dataset. We gratefully acknowledge Mesfin Kassaye Tessma from Karolinska Institutet for his advice on statistical analysis.
This study was funded by Weifang Medical University (China).
The questionnaire and dataset used in the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
CG participated in study design, language translation, data collection, statistical analysis and manuscript writing. GT and FS contributed to study design and critical revision of manuscript. CK contributed to study design, language translation and critical revision of manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The ethical approval was obtained from the local administration at Weifang Medical University (China) on March 1, 2014. Permission by the headmasters and other administrators were received before the survey was started. The informed consent by the students was given in writing before filling in the questionnaire. In China, the national regulations of medical research ethics do not address the issue of parental consent for respondents under the age of 18.1 As the doctoral thesis which the study was a part of was conducted in the Swedish university of Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish regulations on respondents under the age of 18 were applicable to this study. According to the Swedish Law on ethical approval on research on humans,2 if the respondent is between 15 and 18 years of age and understands the topic of the research, he or she can give consent to participate in research studies. As a result, no consent was gained from the parents of the students, as we considered the participants at their age were capable of understanding the research topic as it related to their own life and health. Students were informed that they could withdraw at any stage and volunteered in participating after reading the informed consent. All participants remained anonymous during the whole research process.
Dictionary by Merriam-Webster. Well–being. Available from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/well-being.
Local history bureau of Weifang. The development of economy and society in 2016. Available from: http://www.wfsq.gov.cn/ZJWF/WFGK/201708/t20170828_1899323.htm.
National Bureau of Statistics in China. National Data: annual by province. Available from: http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103.
Keyes CLM. Brief description of the mental health continuum short form (MHC-SF). 2009. Available from: https://www.aacu.org/sites/default/files/MHC-SFEnglish.pdf.


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La Cuchara, a Basque inspired restaurant is in a former London Fog Coat factory and is impressive in scale and execution. Every detail is taken into consideration, from the cider on tap, to the design of the materials of the bar (wood where your elbows might rest and stainless steel to keep your drink chilled). The food changes daily with the local market offerings, but stand out dishes from menus past include the duck leg confit and the sage scented bronzino served with beet puree and charred eggplant. Wine Enthusiast recently named it as one of the top 100 wine restaurants in the country, so definitely request the esteemed sommelier who moved from a high profile New York restaurant to be here.
A few blocks away in Hampden, find the brand new Baltimore Chef Shop, where you can partake in cooking classes that focus on professional techniques rather than recipe. Sign up for a fun date with the couple's classes, bring your kids for the youth classes, or book a private event to host an entire party. A stone's throw away is Dylan's Oyster Cellar that has an enlightened bivalve and beverage program, showcasing the best of the Chesapeake region.
On the weekend, head to the Downtown Farmer's Market. Find the freshest seasonal produce, artisanal goods, and a high yield of killer street food. Favorites include; the Hex Ferments stand that produces local kombucha and the most unique krauts and kimchi on the east coast, Neopol Smokery, which specializes in smoked fishes and meats and gorgeous cheese pies, and the falafel stand, which sources its ingredients from the produce vendors weekly.
For an old concept re-envisioned, visit R. House, a gourmet cafeteria. R. House's concept is to be an incubator for the best of the best. Ten food counters host rising star chefs and give them the opportunity to test out their concepts with the flexibility of working in a cooperative space. Current vendors include Chef Munehiro Mori of Hilo who heads Baltimore's only poké restaurant. Hilo hails from Wolfgang Puck's Chinois in Las Vegas. For desert, try Blk // Sugar & Little Baby's Ice Cream, a powerhouse duo serving up premium sweets.
Interested in tasting Maryland wine? Don't miss the Winter Wine Festival at the B&O Railroad Museum. It features the best regional wines, accompanied by the winemakers themselves, local connoisseurs, hors d'ouevres, and live jazz.
Often thought of as one of Baltimore's neighborhood of "dream homes", the Overlook at Clipper Mill stands out as a community with contemporary design aesthetics and sustainable infrastructure. As modern design goes, form follows function, and the Overlook homes are immersed in a lush setting at the edge Druid Hill Park, echoing their environmental focus. The kitchens are bright with sun and feel effortless with natural wood finishes and an open floor layout. They are perfect homes for hosting dinner parties that flow from the kitchen to the living room to the outdoors.
The Clipper Mill neighborhood amenities are unparalleled, which include Woodberry Kitchen, a sleek community fire-pit, various boutique shops, and the best pool in the city. Join the Clipper Mill pool as soon as registration begins, as it fills quickly and it's the most coveted place to relax all summer long. Complete with waterfalls, monumental tiki torches, grills, and a community kitchen, it's hard to beat. A residence at Overlook at Clipper Mill will trade around +/-700k.
The Courtyard at 3400 Roland Avenue was designed and built by guerilla / architecture, the sister company of guerilla / realty. The warehouse styled complex takes its architectural inspiration from the neighboring US Post Office and Salvation Army Buildings, as well as the factory aesthetic present through Falls Road and Clipper Mill.
Stand out features include the private courtyard with a cypress wood deck, sophisticated interior design, private parking garage, and exceptional attention to detail throughout.
Spacious kitchens with extra countertops provide room to entertain while prepping and cooking. It's designed for the person that uses their kitchen daily. It has multiple outlets with USB connects to charge your devices while you cook, so you can choose to Instagram your meal or spend time with your family and friends around the large kitchen island.
Rentals start at $2200/month which includes parking. Both of these picks are coveted properties, so their inventory is often limited, and interested buyers should be motivated. Schedule an appointment with Rachel here.


If you are reading this article, I assume that you are struggling with writing articles. Sometimes it is just so hard to get the information out of your head and it seems like when you are sitting in front of your computer, you minds go blank.
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There is plenty of information on the internet that you could use to write your articles. Information such as old EzineArticles, you could use other's people content and create you own unique articles.
Or you could use books old books as a content reference guide to crank out another series of articles.
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With all of this information, you need a system to write articles. You'll need a system that you could use over and over again to produce articles, a step by step guide for yourself. A system could help you concentrate and focus on what you need to do, it will help a lot.
To develop a system, either you create one yourself or you can use ones that other people have created.
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Why Don't You Become An Expert In ONE Subject?
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The Most Important Part Of Article Marketing - Getting Your Articles Read!
Using articles as a method of marketing is all well and good, but there really ….
I Don't Know What To Write!
A topic that often arises through discussions on message boards and forums is how authors ….


This update lowers amount of color artefacts around glyphs when subpixel rendering is enabled for text by using freetype's default LCD filter.
It also fixes a crash caused by using of wrong function for freeing of memory (CVE-2018-19876).
This update has been submitted for testing by mkasik.
Color fringing is less ugly but still present.
No regressions that I can see.
Font rendering still ugly as hell after this update.


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© Copyright 2020 Variety Media, LLC, a subsidiary of Penske Business Media, LLC. He did his first Hollywood work as an actor and stuntman in the early 1950s, appearing uncredited in the films "Carbine Williams," "The Story of Will Rogers" and "Ma and Pa Kettle at Home.", He was credited as second unit director on the Abel Ferrara-helmed 1986 telepic "The Gladiator.". Gary Epper was born on December 31, 1944 in Los Angeles, California, USA. John Anthony "Tony" Epper (October 1, 1938 – July 20, 2012) was an American actor and stuntman. He is known for his work on Jurassic Park (1993), Star Trek: First Contact (1996) and Broken Arrow (1996). BTS to Perform at Mnet Asian Music Awards, Gayle King Talks Wild Election Night: 'I Slept in My Clothes and My Spanx', Elsa Raven, 'Back to the Future' Actor, Dies at 91, Kanye West to Be MIA on 'Jimmy Kimmel' After Tiny Voter Turnout, Hollywood Mocks 'Fox News Sucks' Chants, Ballot Counting Chaos: 'It's Like an Episode of Veep', Andy Samberg's 'Palm Springs' to Debut on Amazon in Key International Markets, Election 2020: Presidential Results by State, Warner Bros. Apologizes After 'Witches' Sparks Backlash From People With Disabilities, Kanye West Concedes After Failing to Get 0.5% of the Vote in Any State, 'Let Him Go' Review: Diane Lane, Kevin Costner Head Up a Floridly Gripping Thriller, Sophia Loren on Her Triumphant Return to Movies With Netflix's 'The Life Ahead', From Natural Hot Springs to Playground of the Stars: a History of Palm Springs, Trump's Tantrum and the Constitution's Imaginary 'No Do-Overs Clause', Meet Covalent, an Environmentally Focused New Brand Making Accessories Out of Carbon Dioxide, Football Hall of Fame Resort and SI Studios Pursuing TV Show as Shares Leap, The Best Face Masks for Kids Are Soft, Secure & Breathable. Both were violent alcoholics, and when Art was still quite young he was sent to live with his paternal grandmother.He expressed early musical interest and talent, and he was given lessons. Jeannie Epper (born January 27, 1941) is an American stuntwoman and actress.She has performed stunts in over 100 feature films and television series and is perhaps best known as Lynda Carter's body double on the 1970s television series Wonder Woman. Gary Epper was born on December 31, 1944 in Los Angeles, California, USA. If you have a new more reliable information about net worth, earnings, please, fill out the form below. John Wright Net Worth – Height, Weight, Age, John Sherba Net Worth | Weight, Height, Age, Bio, Andrew Wade Net Worth | Height, Weight, Age, Bio, How Rich is Edy Williams? She was featured in Amanda Micheli's 2004 documentary Double Dare, along with New Zealand stuntwoman and actress Zoë Bell. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Why Is 'Saturday Night Live' Suddenly Booking So Many Older Rock Bands? He was a member of the Epper family, whose members work as actors and stunt performers. Net Worth, Height, Weight, Age, Bio, How Rich is Joey Williams? He is the brother of stuntmen Gary Epper and Tony Epper and the uncle of stuntwoman Eurlyne Epper-Woldman. He was 73. Epper also worked steadily in television, first appearing in an episode of "Bachelor Father" in 1958 and racking up guest roles in series including "I Spy," "The Green Hornet," "Daniel Boone," "Batman," "Gunsmoke," "Kung Fu," "The Six Million Dollar Man," "The Rockford Files," "Charlie's Angels," "The A-Team" and "MacGyver." He last appeared in 1996 in an episode of "Star Trek: Deep Space Nine" as a drunken Klingon. From Rock Springs, Wyoming. Plus, see what some of your favorite '90s stars look like now.
Choose an adventure below and discover your next favorite movie or TV show. Gary Epper Net Worth | Weight, Height, Age. Epper is survived by his wife, Donna; two sons, Danny, an actor and stuntman, and Roger; a daughter; two step-daughters and a variety of other Epper family members who work in the business, including his sister Jeannie Epper.
Travel back in time to check out the early roles of some of Hollywood's heavy hitters. Your email address will not be published. Part of a major stunt family dynasty in Hollywood, he was the son of John Epper, the brother of fellow Star Trek stuntmen Tony Epper and Andy Epper and stuntwoman Jeannie Epper. How tall is Gary Epper – 1,66m. For 04.04.2020 – We have next information about Gary Epper earnings, net worth: $2,928,314 Dollars*. Celebrities Gary Epper Net Worth Gary Epper Net Worth 2020, Age, Height, Relationships, Married, Dating, Family, Wiki Biography Members include his sister, stuntwoman Jeannie Epper, and his late brothers, Gary Epper and Andy Epper. Your email address will not be published. The place of birth (POB): Los Angeles, California, USA, Siblings:Andy Epper, Margo Epper, Stephanie Epper. A family of stuntmen -- Members of the Epper family recall death-defying stunts for TV's ''Wonder Woman,'' and blockbusters like ''Die Hard'' and ''Romancing the Stone'' He is known for his work on. ** Gary Alan Epper (December 31, 1944 – December 1, 2007 in Los Angeles, California) was an American stunt performer and coordinator and occasional actor. Net Worth, Height, Weight. Variety and the Flying V logos are trademarks of Variety Media, LLC. John Anthony Epper was born in Los Angeles, the son of actor-stuntman John Epper. Art Pepper was born in Gardena, California, on September 1, 1925. Epper's brothers Andy and Gary were also actor-stuntmen but preceded him in death. He also doubled actor James Cromwell in this film. Early life. His family traces its lineage back to a colonel in Napoleons army and his great-grandson, a multi-lingual Swiss who eventually lived in California where he began the family tradition in stunt work and the tradition has passed down from each generation.Epper worked on some of the most successful Hollywood blockbuster films and television series of all time, including Lassie (1954), Hawaii Five-O (1968), Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970), Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972), Magnum Force (1973), Starsky and Hutch (1975-1979), Charlies Angels (1980-1981), Blade Runner (1982), Scarface (1983), Top Gun (1986), The Untouchables (1987), Rambo III (1988), Lethal Weapon 2 (1989), The Hunt for Red October (1990), Days of Thunder (1990), Die Hard 2 (1990), Basic Instinct (1992), Jurassic Park (1993), Demolition Man (1993), Speed (1994), L.A. Epper's brothers Andy and Gary were also actor-stuntmen but preceded him in death.
**We have a new information about height&weight of Gary Epper. The Real Top 35 Hollywood Blockbusters of All Time - Inflation Adjusted, Police Academy 5: Assignment: Miami Beach, Revenge of the Nerds II: Nerds in Paradise, In God We Trust (or Gimme That Prime Time Religion), Staying Alive While Running a High Flashdance Fever, The Best TV Shows About Being in Your 30s.
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Gary Alan Epper (December 31, 1944 – December 1, 2007 in Los Angeles, California) was an American stunt performer and coordinator and occasional actor. Gary Epper, Stunts: Jurassic Park.
Confidential (1997), The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997), Armageddon (1998) and Wild Wild West (1999).As an actor he is probably best known for playing the assimilated borg Ensign Lynch in Star Trek: First Contact.Epper died on December 1, 2007. Required fields are marked *. Tony Epper, an actor, stuntman and stunt coordinator, died July 20 at home in Idaho after a long fighter with cancer. Looking for something to watch? *The information was submitted by our reader Boy Bratko. Part of Epper dynasty of Hollywood stuntmen. Andrew "Andy" W. Epper (9 December 1943 9 June 2010; age 66) was a stuntman and stunt actor who performed stunts as a Borg in Star Trek: First Contact. Famous Faces on "Voyagers" :The Complete Series! Part of a major stunt family dynasty in Hollywood, he was the son of John Epper, the brother of fellow Star Trek stuntmen Tony Epper and Andy Epper and stuntwoman Jeannie Epper. Favorite 1990's movie to make the cover of Time Magazine? Epper's brothers Andy and Gary were also actor-stuntmen but preceded him in death. He died on December 1, 2007 in Los Angeles. Epper is survived by five children, Lisa, Danielle, Gary, Madison and Nicole, and five grandchildren, Brie, Skyler, Emma, Maggie and Kate. His film credits as an actor include Sydney Pollack's "The Scalphunters," "Valdez Is Coming," Mark Rydell's "The Cowboys," "Cutter's Way," "The Beastmaster," "The Hitcher," "Christmas Vacation" and Warren Beatty's "Dick Tracy.", Epper did stunt work on a large number of high-profile films including "Lethal Weapon 2," "Thelma and Louise," "Patriot Games," Francis Ford Coppola's "Dracula," "The River Wild," "Waterworld," "Money Train," "Jingle All the Way," "Volcano" and "Con Air.". How much weight is Gary Epper – 65kg** It was submitted by Ted, 55 years old. Read Next: American Film Market Preps for Online Dealmaking But Without Pier Parties, Triller Names Daniel Gillick Global Co-Head of Partnerships, Sony/ATV Signs Producer-Songwriter Johnny Goldstein to Co-Publishing Deal, Variety Business Managers Elite Event to Go Virtual on Nov. 13, 'The Masked Singer' Reveals the Identity of the Squiggly Monster: Here's the Star Under the Mask, Warner Bros. Apologizes After 'The Witches' Sparks Backlash From People With Disabilities. His mother was a 14-year-old runaway; his father, a merchant seaman.
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Q: Cannot draw proper route for the google maps api for android v2 I am not able to draw the correct route between two places using the new version of the api?..After going through a lot of research I found that by using the polyline data out of the directions api will help me and indeed it did as I was able to draw it. But its avoiding slight turns by just adding a straight line.How can I draw a correct path?..

A: Try this,
 final Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW,Uri.parse("http://maps.google.com/maps?" + "saddr=" + source_lat
+ "," + source_lon + "&daddr=" + destination_lat + ","+ destination_lat));
                intent.setClassName("com.google.android.apps.maps",
                        "com.google.android.maps.MapsActivity");
                ((Activity) this).startActivity(intent);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange