Hindutva Unlimited: Time to Militarise Hindus, Hinduise the Nation!
Like every exclucivist ideology/organisation/formation which claims to be centered around a particular religion - may it be Islamism, Zionism, fanatic Buddhism - Hindutva has always entertained a dream of preparing/arming its followers to fight the 'others' and slowly albeit not so silently moving closer to usher into its dreamland of Hindu Rashtra. Its ideologues/leaders have been candid enough to point out to the faithfuls the 'internal enemies'' and ways to deal with them or exterminate them. All these preparations dotted by regular drills, games and other militant exercises serves as a counter to the the much publicised notion by the same people that 'Hindus are Cowards' 1 or "Islam was spread through the sword" which has been an item of belief for the Hindutva fundamentalists.
Perhaps it is one of the most inglorious chapters in their own history that Savarkar, leader of the Hindu Mahasabha, had gone to the extent of mobilising Hindus to join the British military - when the broad masses of the people in this part of the subcontinent had risen in unison over the historic Quit India movement. The Hindutva supremacists were thus engaged in strengthening British efforts to suppress the rising tide of people's movement. Savarkar, the pioneer theoretician of the project of Hindu Rashtra preferred to tour India then asking Hindu youth to join the military with a call to 'Militarise the Hindus, Hinduise the nation'.
The logic was simple. Whenever the Britishers would leave then this 'militarised Hindus' would be able to take over the destiny of the nation.
Partition and the accompanying riots/pogroms provided these forces - much like their Islamist counterparts across the border- enough opportunity to flex their muscles and engage proactively in the mayhem that followed after that. The same modus operandi continued in post-independence times as well.
Commissions appointed by governments to look into riots in post-independence India have been consistent in underlying the alleged role of the local level cadres of the Hindutva Brigade. Scholars of communal conflicts who have observed /studied Hindu-Muslim riots in post-Independent India have also talked about emergence of "institutionalised riot systems" in which the organizations of militant Hindu nationalism are deeply implicated.4 e.g. The demolition of Babri Mosque by hordes of Hindutva Supremacist forces - which completed twenty five years - was also a very organised affair - which was cloaked under 'spontaneity of the masses' by interested quarters. e.g. The video magazine 'Newstrack' had then sent a team of reporters on the infamous day.
The recordings captured Hindu leaders, including .., exhorting the crowd that the masjid must be destroyed and a temple built. ..
In fact, 'Shadow Armies' a recent book by veteran political journalist Dhirendra K Jha, 9 takes a close look at burgeoning of such fringe organizations such as the Sri Ram Sene, the Hindu Yuva Vahini, the Sanatan Sanstha and the Hindu Aikya Vedi apart from few affiliated organisations of the RSS itself which according to the author 'stir up trouble, polarize communities, incite violence in the name of Hindutva.' It is common knowledge that there is a very symbiotic relationship between the BJP and these 'Shadow Armies'. They have accompanied BJP's steady advance over the last three decades from two Lok Sabha seats in 1984 to 282 in 2014.
With the ascent of Hindutva Supremacism at the centre all these efforts have received a tremendous boost and they have further developed ways to put the faithfuls further on a militant/radical/violent path.
The advent of the vigilante mobs has been an outcome of this changed/charged ambience only.
A mob of 200 to 250 people in Panijuri village beat to death Nilotpal Das, 29, and Abhijit Nath, 30, who had arrived from Guwahati to see a nearby waterfall, on Friday night.
As we go to the press, Assam and one of its districts Karbi Anglong is in the news for the killing of Nilotpal Basu and Abhijit Nath by a mob of 200 to 250 people in a village Panijuri, Karbi Anglong. Reports are also coming in which tell that retaliatory violence has also occurred where people from Karbi Anglong have come under attack elsewhere.
Any close watcher of the unfolding situation knows that such incidents are no exception these days. Some time back Tamil Nadu was in the news for killing of innocents by agitated mob over a fake whatsapp messages about child kidnappers. Vigilantism has become a new marker of the 'new India' which is much talked about by the present rulers.
An idea about the spurt in vigilante violence could be had from these figures which show how 'cow related crimes' - which form the most important constituent of such violence - that led to deaths have shot up''. Remember 97 per cent of these attacks occurred after 2014 and 84 % of those killed in these attacks were Muslims.
The characteristic features of this unfolding violence are evident to even laypersons.
Normally religious minorities, dalits along with dissenting voices of various kinds happen to be the usual targets of such violence. It is a different matter that with the spiralling of such violence people from majority community are also coming under attack as witnessed in the latest killings in Karbi Anglong.
Media, which is called as 'watchdog of democracy' seems to have largely abandoned its critical role and barring exceptions it thus either maintains silence over such incidents of organised violence or remains content in presenting a majoritarian viewpoint or even at times provokes people to join the 'outrage'.
Judiciary, which is reported to be custodian of the constitution, is also found to be wanting on this front.
Even if it is not possible immediately to comprehend the whole dynamic but it is worth noting how a vigilante mob slowly merges into the state and vice versa and how the much cherished rule of law is put on its head or how the state 'outsources' work of silencing dissident voices to such mobsters.
Vigilante violence - aided, abetted by leaders/organisations - or emerging on its own could be just considered tip of the iceberg where the larger question to address is how this preparation/arming of people is on or how today propagators/peddlers of this exclucivist ideology feel emboldened with change in regime at the centre.
Time to Militarise Hindus ?
Would it be possible to imagine that leader of any organisation openly declaring that her/his people/activists have the ability to prepare an "army" in three days , can be deployed on the front within three days, questions the ability of the security forces for quick operations, and does not face any legal hassles ?
A lesser mortal would have been definitely hauled up for such ''ánti-national" act.
No doubt a combination of strict discipline, military type of training and action against the óther' pervades the broad universe of Hindutva organisations.
Could it be said that Bhagwat's claim was 'a slip of toungue' or was an empty boast made to boost the morale of its cadres or he was serious about it.
While one can debate the timing of the statement, but nobody can say that he did not mean what he said or is ignorant of what he meant.
And of late, armed processions of Hindutva volunteers/supporters under the pretext of religious celebrations, have become quite common in large parts of north India - which have caused spurt in communal tensions at various places.
Such armed processions as part of religious celebrations remind one of the stock in trade trick of every type of fundamentalist where it tries to transplant religious symbols and rituals from the sphere of the sacred to the soil of the profane. This helps to create an illusion of religious legitimacy to what is is essentially a political use of the faith system in operation called religion. Burning crosses carried by the infamous Ku Klux Klan - a Christian terrorist organizations in the United States, which advocates extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, anti-immigration and anti-communism -, the use of the noble concept of Jihad by the Fassadi terrorist or the likes of Al Qaeda ; or the conscious use of the image of Ram via-a-vis the Ayodhya temple movement by the Hindutva brigade illustrates this exercise.
If Trishul Deekshas - the distribution of sharp edged tridents to people - under the guise of religious ceremonies - was popularised in the early years of the millenium, when the Vajpayi led NDA government was at the centre, today these efforts have moved a step ahead and we have been witness to armed processions to celebrate 'religious festivals'.
For example, the manner in which the Hindu festivals of Ram Navmi and Hanuman Jayanti are being increasingly used by affiliates of the RSS to foment communal tension is for everyone to see.
This year it lead to conflagrations in Bhagalpur and Aurangabad, accompanied by tension in several other districts. Tension was also witnessed in many parts of UP, Rajasthan and Maharashtra although no large scale violence occurred. While in Bhagalpur - which was witness to one of the worst communal riots in 1989 - a procession led by son of a Union Minister, where provocative slogans were reportedly raised, culminated in rioting, in Aurangabad also a Ramnavmi rally which was taken out through a Muslim majority area culminated in rioting and curfew had to be imposed. Districts like Gaya, Siwan and Kiamur also reported communal tension as a result of provocative processions on Ram Navmi.
As reported elsewhere lot of planning had gone in to make these religious sounding processions more effective.
Sample one of these provocative 'songs' which was already distributed and was to be played on loud speakers during the procession.
What was worth underlining that all these songs were uploaded on YouTube more than a year ago and had already fetched millions of views.
Much like Bihar, West Bengal also witnessed flare up of communal tension in different districts in the aftermath of these 'religious processions.' Armed processions which were carried out in different parts of the state on the occasion resulted in communal tension in Purulia district, Raniganj, Burdwan district leading to few deaths. 24-Parganas district and Murshidbad district also witnessed communal tension where rioters carrying saffron flags and arms not only vandalised property on a large scale but also tore down freedom fighter and former education minister Maulana Abdul Kalam's statue.
If Trishul Deeksha was used as a 'religious symbol' in the early part of 21 st century, with growing strength at the political and social level, this symbol has been replaced with armed 'religious processions' by the same Hindutva right. Of course, nobody can miss the difference in the two. It is worth emphasising that the civil society groups in Rajasthan did not limit themselves in 'explaining' the heightened communal mobilisation because of Trishul distribution but with organisations liked PUCL leading from the front even pressurised the then Gehlot government - thru petitions and public protests - not only to bring the VHP Trishul under the purview of the Arms Act but also prosecute VHP leaders like Togadia who had been making communal hate speeches in the Trishul distribution ceremonies and otherwise.
While 'Trishul Deekshas' in different parts of the country had prompted a strong secular response - which ultimately led to inclusion of trident distribution under arms act - and the arrest of Praveen Togadia, the then leading light of the Hindutva brigade, we are yet to see any comparable response to this orchestred and planned attempts at communal polarisation via religious processions.
It is now history how slowly this campaign to distribute Trishul also lost steam n with exit of BJP from the centre not much was heard about it. Is not it time today to rally our voices so that the ongoing turmoil vis-a-vis armed religious procession could be controlled/reined in and all such forces of equality. progress and justice are strengthened.
This military school had come under scanner when investigations started to unearth the sprawling network of Hinduva terror when it was discovered that premises of this school were used for holding military style training camps for band of fanatics. Reports had appeared in a section of the press that '[t]here are leads of some Hindu leaders from Bangladesh having attended the training camps held at the Bhonsala Military School, "(outlook 23 Nov 2008).
15. What Anand Sharma, spokesperson of the Congress said was more scathing. Demanding Bhagwat's apology and a response from PM on this remarks, it said how the statement itself and the clarification provided smacked of a dangerous mindset.
In India, all this takes place within a discourse of Hindu-Muslim hostility that denies the deliberate and purposive character of the violence by attributing it to the spontaneous reactions of ordinary Hindus and Muslims, locked in a web of mutual antagonisms said to have a long history. In the meantime, in post-Independence India, what are labelled Hindu-Muslim riots have more often than not been turned into pogroms and massacres of Muslims, in which few Hindus are killed. In fact, in sites of endemic rioting, there exist what I have called "institutionalized riot systems," in which the organizations of militant Hindu nationalism are deeply implicated. ..


Fender's F610 Series gig bag is a stylish and affordable way to keep your electric guitar safe while traveling. Featuring our iconic asymmetrical Fender shape, its durable outer layer is constructed of tough 600 Denier polyester that protects against impacts while avoiding ripping and tearing. Its interior is filled with 10mm padding and lined with soft touch microfiber that keeps your instrument secure while preventing potential finish damage. The F610 gig bag also comes with a comfortable two-piece handle and ergonomic air mesh backpack straps with easily adjustable ladder lock buckles, so you can comfortably carry your instrument without unnecessary physical strain. Plus, the front storage pocket offers additional storage space for small accessories and a business card window.


text:
package com.sun.tools.example.debug.bdi;

import com.sun.jdi.*;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;

class PatternReferenceTypeSpec implements ReferenceTypeSpec {
    final boolean isWild;
    final String classId;

    PatternReferenceTypeSpec(String classId)
//                             throws ClassNotFoundException
    {
//        checkClassName(classId);
        isWild = classId.startsWith("*.");
        if (isWild) {
            this.classId = classId.substring(1);
        } else {
            this.classId = classId;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Does the specified ReferenceType match this spec.
     */
    @Override
    public boolean matches(ReferenceType refType) {
        if (isWild) {
            return refType.name().endsWith(classId);
        } else {
            return refType.name().equals(classId);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return classId.hashCode();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (obj instanceof PatternReferenceTypeSpec) {
            PatternReferenceTypeSpec spec = (PatternReferenceTypeSpec)obj;

            return classId.equals(spec.classId) && (isWild == spec.isWild);
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    private void checkClassName(String className) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        // Do stricter checking of class name validity on deferred
        //  because if the name is invalid, it will
        // never match a future loaded class, and we'll be silent
        // about it.
        StringTokenizer tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(className, ".");
        boolean first = true;
        while (tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
            String token = tokenizer.nextToken();
            // Each dot-separated piece must be a valid identifier
            // and the first token can also be "*". (Note that
            // numeric class ids are not permitted. They must
            // match a loaded class.)
            if (!Utils.isJavaIdentifier(token) && !(first && token.equals("*"))) {
                throw new ClassNotFoundException();
            }
            first = false;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return isWild? "*" + classId : classId;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This beautiful ArrowCreek custom home has it all... Panoramic city, golf and mountain views, private cul-de-sac location (no neighbors to south) and a smart floor-plan with open great-room and master suite located on the main level! The lower level features a game room, media room and 3 guest rooms, one of which has its own entrance and en-suite bath that could double as in-law quarters. Finish materials include porcelain tile and cherry hardwood flooring, custom cabinetry and granite counter tops!


It looks like Twitter are finally rolling out the option to download all your tweets. If you are still itching to get your data this Google Spreadsheet template should help.
In this post I want to pull together a couple of ideas around some of the measurable user activity generated as part of CFHE12. This will mainly focus around Twitter with some data from blog posts. I conclude that there are some simple opportunities to incorporate data from twitter into other channels, for example, summary of questions and retweets.
This post takes you thorugh the process of extracting data (in this case a listserv JISCMail list) using OpenRefine and processing the data to make it useable in other applications. The focus of this tutorial is the OER-DISCUSS list.


I don't usually preview unofficial events but the real golf doesn't start for another month and we do get to see this on TV this weekend. I wonder what weird combination of video-audio-tape edit we'll get from TGC this time.
Julieta Granada and Celeste Troche return to Gary Player Country Club in Sun City, South Africa to defend their title at the Women's World Cup of Golf. Team Paraguay won last year's four-round tournament by seven shots over Team USA. The event begins Friday, with all three rounds being televised on tape-delay by Golf Channel.
Gary Player Country Club is hosting its third straight WWC. The course is a par-72, 6466 yards. The tournament will utilize two different formats. On Friday, the teams will play four-ball (each player plays her own ball and the best score of the two is entered as the team score). On Saturday, the teams will play foursomes (each team plays one ball with teammates alternating shots). In Sunday's final round, the teams will play four-ball again.
Paraguay, the United States (Juli Inkster/Pat Hurst), Australia (Lindsay Wright/Nikki Garrett), South Africa (Ashleigh Simon/Laurette Maritz) and Wales (Becky Brewerton/Becky Morgan) all return their same twosomes from last year. The overall field looks a bit stronger this year – Sweden brings in Sophie Gustafson and Maria Hjorth (an upgrade from Helen Alfredsson and Carin Koch), Catriona Matthew is in for Scotland, Brazil is in attendance with Angela Park, and Canada is here with Lorie Kane and Alena Sharp.
Of course I'll make a prediction! You wouldn't expect any less, would you? I'll take Sweden to win, USA to place, and Korea (Ji-Yai Shin/Eun-Hee Ji) to show.


1955 Bowman #37 Pee Wee Reese, Dodgers , PSA 7, Sharp !
1955 BOWMAN BASEBALL #193 HOWIE JUDSON ***PSA 7*** NM ..$0.99...?
1955 Bowman #184 Willie Mays , Giants, PSA 7, Sharp !
1955 Topps Jackie Robinson #50 PSA 7 NRMT Excellent Card!


text:
'ONE' FOR THE FANS!
NME Jul 19, 2002 11:49 am BST
'One I Love is one of 'In My Place''s B-sides...
COLDPLAY have announced final details of their new single 'IN MY PLACE'.
The single, which is released on August 5, will be backed by two new tracks, 'I Bloom Blaum' and 'One I Love', which has formed part of the band's recent live set.
The single is the first to be taken from the group's forthcoming second album, 'A Rush Of Blood To The Head', which is released on August 26.
In related news, drummer Will Champion has written to fans on the band's official website www.coldplay.com, talking about the difficult recording sessions for 'A Rush Of Blood To The Head'.
However, he said that the problems made the album better as a result. He wrote: "The recording of the album was a weird time for all of us. Having been touring the first album for nearly two years the prospect of putting ideas down on tape was all that we were looking forward to. When we eventually finished touring in September of last year, we went straight into the studio without really taking too much time off.
"Things seemed to be going really well, and in many cases we thought that we might actually have got some usable stuff down. Trouble is when things go smoothly with us, invariably it means that the end product is no good. We spent two months working on songs, quite a few of which, after a break and reappraisal turned out to be not so good. Songs like 'Animals', 'Idiot', 'I Ran Away' and 'Murder' were chucked and we knew we had to change location and get writing…
"But the fact that we were frustrated and confused and sometimes panicked was bizarrely a good sign. For us, good things only come out of difficult times."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


, Gardner , and Mueller and Muller . This blog post discusses a simple way to implement the Gardner method in System Generator.
Implementation of the Gardner symbol timing recovery is illustrated in Figure 2. A 4-QAM modulation scheme is used in the baseband modulator, followed by a translation to an intermediate frequency (IF) of 8 MHz at a higher sample rate. At the receiver, the digitalized samples from the ADAC250 analog-digital converter (ADC) module are IF down-converted to baseband before being fed to the timing recovery circuit.
Details of the timing recovery circuit are shown in Figure 3. In the figure, the input symbols, which have four samples per symbol, are averaged in order to mitigate noise and have a triangular shape per symbol as shown in Figure 4before the Gardner timing error is estimated. It is also necessary to average the timing error before the loop filer in order to generate the timing control word (TCW) for the symbol sampler circuit. The closed-loop symbol sampler circuit is sometimes called the delay locked loop (DLL) circuit. The symbol sampler gates the x[nT], x[(n-1)T], and x[nT – T/2] samples by the comparing of a 2-bit free-running counter in the symbol sampler with the feedback TCW from the loop filter. As a result, the incoming symbol sampling time will be advanced or delayed by one sample at a time. Once the timing control loop locks to perfect timing (maximum opened eye-diagram), there will be no timing adjustments (the timing loop keeps the last timing estimated value) for the incoming symbols.
Figure 5 shows the simulation of the timing recovery locked-loop of the I rail. Timing recovery for Q rail consists simply of sharing the timing information from the I rail since I and Q rails are synchronously obtained from the IF digital down-converter that connects to a single ADC channel (the ADAC250 module ). If the I and Q rails are obtained from two independent ADC channels, independent timing recovery circuit per I/Q rails would be necessary.
In this blog post, we looked at simulation of Gardner symbol timing recovery for I/Q demodulator in System Generator. A simple closed-loop timing control that adjusts the symbol sampler to either advance or delay in time the incoming symbols to get the perfect timing was also illustrated.
Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications: Prentice-Hal, 1988. [Online]. Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1988.
F. M Gardner, "A BPSK/QPSK Timing-Error Detector for Sampled Receivers," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. COM-34, no. 5, pp. 423-429, 1986.
K. H., and M. S. Muller Mueller, "Timing Recovery in Digital Synchronous Data Receivers," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. COM-24, pp. 516-531, 1976.


It's summer and we've got sunshine, which leads me to a question: What do you know about the SUN OVEN?
In a nutshell, a sun oven (aka solar oven) harnesses the natural power of the sun to cook or bake, unbelievably, the most delicious food while at the same time providing emergency preparedness, reducing energy costs, and benefiting the environment around the world by reducing the carbon footprint.
And what can you cook in your solar oven? Just about anything. You can bake, boil, steam, stew, and even dehydrate! (OK, you can't really fry anything in it, but you'll feel better not eating those greasy meals anyway.) It's a wonderful feeling producing a hot, nourishing meal using nothing but the sun's life-giving rays.
Fire safe! No open flames.
No fossil fuels or air pollution — 100% sustainable.
No stove heating up indoor spaces on a hot summer's day.
Saves on the electricity or gas bill.
Low-maintenance cooking: stirring rarely needed during cooking, as food almost never burns or sticks!
Fun for kids and great teaching tool for renewable energy and thermodynamics.
Portable: great on camping trips, particularly where camp fires are discouraged.
Encourages time outside — dinner simmers while you garden or catch up on reading under a tree.
All this makes good sense, but I wondered if this type of cooking was hard to learn. What my sun-oven friends told me was that in the beginning you want to focus on recipes that do well with slow cooking. Solar ovens really shine with long-simmered stews and casseroles; the sun seems to bring out new flavors as the steady heat breaks down the complex carbohydrates of separate ingredients into a symphony of well-mingled sweet and savory notes.
The best practice is to choose dishes where you won't miss the browning that takes place in a conventional oven. A dusting of paprika or a sprinkling of herbs can provide extra visual appeal on dishes that might ordinarily be browned on top.
Since the oven is designed to retain moisture and prevent baked goods from drying out, it's much harder to overcook foods in a solar oven. So patience is a virtue here. You need to wait until you're pretty sure your dish is done before checking, since every time you open the oven heat will escape and 10-15 minutes of cooking time will be added to regain temperature.
For cooking something quickly or at high temperatures, you do need to tend the oven and reorient it every half-hour. Just look for the shadows — they should be even on all sides of the solar oven for optimum sun exposure.
When solar cooking, you work around the mid-day sun. You check the focusing position for mid-day sun and make a note for future use. And then when slow-cooking your dinner while you're at work, hiking, or otherwise occupied, you'd set the oven in that mid-day sun position before you leave in the morning.
And there's no special equipment required — just a bowl, a spoon, a covered baking dish, and a sense of adventure. Most traditional slow cooker recipes will tolerate some temperature variation and still turn out delicious, so why not give this idea a try?
It's easy to get sold on this solar cooking idea, except for the price issue. On the Earth Easy website (www.eartheasy.com), I found the All American Sun Oven for $294, a $55 savings (it retails for $349). There are other brands available, but the reviews and research I did pointed over and over to the All American as being customer preferred.
However, the internet is chock-full of plans and videos on how to make an inexpensive solar cooker, and less expensive knockoffs are available. For instance, you can find the Sunflair Mini Solar Oven for $79.99 on amazon.com.
So this prompts the question, "Why would anyone spend more for an All American SUN OVEN®?" Consumers say the All American is easier to use, cooks quicker, lasts longer and costs less per meal than any other type of solar cooking device. And personally, I like the idea that it's made in America.
So whichever route appeals to you most, the popular All American Sun Oven, a less expensive model, or making your own, do seriously consider this idea. If you've got sun, why not look at putting it to work!


Also after watching it like this for a little bit I think the subtitles are off too.
I am using my original disc not one I downloaded. Anyone know any settings I should change around or mayb this game just isn't playable idk?
There have been other minor graphic glitches in other games I've tried out but nothing too major so far like this.
That didn't change anything is there a setting I need turned on for that to work?
I'm having the same issue, but the F9 trick isn't working for me at all. it crashes the emulator completely on my end.
(05-29-2012, 01:54 AM)Saiyavenger Wrote: I'm having the same issue, but the F9 trick isn't working for me at all. it crashes the emulator completely on my end.
i think you need to manually config the gsdx settings to SW mode.
Where do I do that? Core GS Settings?
Sorry, I'm a bit new to this myself. I was able to get Persona 4 running perfectly, but this one's been perplexing me completely.
it's in the "plug-in settings"
Ahh, got it. It's running smoothly, but now I'm getting that echo. Either way, it's better than nothing. Thanks a ton.
Make sure the gamefix for FFX cutscenes is enabled!
Current time: 04-20-2019, 12:50 AM Powered By MyBB, © 2002-2019 MyBB Group.


text:
Q: Save and load background with javascript This is the code I have on my website: you can see a select with a dropdown list that has a few options. When an option is clicked, a background will be loaded with the onchange() event.
<select id="rds" onchange="bg(this[this.selectedIndex].value);">
    <option value="0.png">1. Default</option>
    <option value="1.png">2. Collage</option>
    <option value="2.jpg">3. Darkness</option>
</select>

And here the bg() function:
function bg(num) {
    document.body.style.backgroundImage = "url(http://mk7vrlist.altervista.org/backgrounds/" + num + ")";
}

This works perfectly. I have to save the option that an user selected, so every time he opens the webpage, he can see the background he selected.
I was thinking to save a cookie and load it. Since I saw that it's a bit tricky with javascript, I thought I could use jQuery and so I made this:
<select id="rds" onchange="bg(this[this.selectedIndex].value); $.cookie("example", this[this.selectedIndex].value, {expires: 7});">
    <option value="0.png">1. Default</option>
    <option value="1.png">2. Collage</option>
    <option value="2.jpg">3. Darkness</option>
</select>

The cookie is not saving and Mozilla tells me SyntaxError: syntax error. How could I fix this problem?
I've included the jQuery file in this way:
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://mk7vrlist.altervista.org/jquery-1.10.2.min.js"></script>

How can I load the background once I saved the cookie? I have to call the bg() function but I don't know how to do it.

A: Firstly, don't use on[event] attributes. They're outdated and make maintenance harder. Instead attach your events in JS. Here's a jQuery example, using $.cookie():
<select id="rds">
    <option value="0.png">1. Default</option>
    <option value="1.png">2. Collage</option>
    <option value="2.jpg">3. Darkness</option>
</select>

var setBackground = function(bgImg) {
    $.cookie('bgImg', bgImg);
    $('body').css('background-image', 'url(http://mk7vrlist.altervista.org/backgrounds/' + bgImg + ')');
}

$(function() {
    // on select change
    $('#rds').change(function() {
        setBackground($(this).val());
    });

    // on load
    setBackground($.cookie('bgImg'));
});

A: Your syntax error is here:
<select id="rds" onchange="bg(this[this.selectedIndex].value); $.cookie("example", this[this.selectedIndex].value, {expires: 7});">

You should write this:
<select id="rds" onchange="bg(this[this.selectedIndex].value); $.cookie('example', this[this.selectedIndex].value, {expires: 7});">

Note the simple quote around 'example'. On your example, you used double quotes that were interfering with the double quotes of the html attribute.

A: Your syntax error is because you don't escape the quotes in the onchange event, change it to this:
<select id="rds" onchange="bg(this[this.selectedIndex].value); $.cookie('example', this[this.selectedIndex].value, {expires: 7});">
    <option value="0.png">1. Default</option>
    <option value="1.png">2. Collage</option>
    <option value="2.jpg">3. Darkness</option>
</select>

To load the background use the solution of the other answers :).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Reading, 1 November 2017, UK brands are struggling to cope with a rising volume of queries and growing consumer expectations, according to the Eptica Multichannel Customer Conversation Study , which was released today. The 100 UK companies surveyed could only answer 44% of routine questions asked on the web, email, Twitter and Facebook, down from 49% in 2016.
Social media saw the biggest fall, potentially driven by its increasing use by consumers as a customer service channel. Just 34% of tweets and 35% of Facebook messages received a successful answer, despite 94% of companies advertising their Twitter handles, and 89% having Facebook pages. Performance has dropped substantially – in 2016 48% of tweets and 45% of Facebook messages received an accurate response.
Conducted since 2012 by digital customer experience software provider Eptica, and designed to test real-world performance, the Eptica Multichannel Customer Conversation Study evaluated 100 leading UK brands from the insurance, banking, travel, telecoms, utility, electronics manufacturing, fashion, consumer electronics retail, food and drink retail and entertainment sectors, on their ability to provide answers to ten routine questions via the web as well as their speed, and accuracy when responding to email, Twitter, Facebook and chat.
As the table below shows, on the positive side, the web, email and chat channels all saw improvements in both accuracy and speed.
The research uncovered growing gaps between the best and worst performers, both within specific sectors and also between different types of company. One food and drink retailer responded to an email in 1 hour 32 minutes – yet another took over 7 days to answer exactly the same query. A utility answered a tweet in 2 minutes, far faster than a rival that took 6 days. Given that consumers are happy to switch supplier, whatever the industry, these findings need to act as a wake up call to customer service laggards. Overall consumer electronics retail was the best-performing sector, answering 67% of all queries on the web, email and social media, with utilities trailing far behind with just 33%.
Customers have increasingly complex questions, and want higher quality, personalised service from brands. Recognising this, for the first time the research measured the quality of responses for email, social media and chat, across six sectors, based on their speed, relevance, context, personalisation and empathy. This found that overall channel quality scores ranged from 57% (chat) to 68% (Facebook). Speed scored highest (69%), well ahead of context (60%) and empathy (59%), demonstrated that brands need to focus on quality if they are to successfully engage consumers.
4 brands answered on all four channels (email, Twitter, Facebook and chat), with 75% of them providing consistent answers. 4 brands failed to answer on any of these channels.
Showing inconsistent performance, one utility answered a query on Twitter and Facebook in 2 minutes – but then took over 3 days to reply to the same question on email.
On the web, banks were top, answering an average of 82% of queries successfully. Entertainment retailers came bottom, answering just 49% on average.
Chat was the most accurate channel, with 89% of queries receiving a successful answer.
While 49% of brands claimed to offer chat, when tested just 22% had it working, demonstrating a lack of resources.
65% of brands provided the opportunity to email them, up 1% from 2016– but just 40% responded successfully, showing gaps in their processes.
The study evaluated 100 UK brands, split equally between the insurance, banking, travel, telecoms, utility, electronics manufacturing, fashion, consumer electronics retail, food and drink retail and entertainment sectors, analysing the speed, relevance and quality of their responses to routine customer queries via the web, email, chat, Facebook and Twitter. Research was completed in Q3 2017.
A full report, including the study results, graphics and best practice recommendations for brands to transform customer experience is available at https://www.eptica.com/pcx17 .
An infographic on the results is available at https://www.eptica.com/infographic-eptica-multichannel-customer-conversation-study-2017 .
Eptica has offices in Paris, London, Boston and Singapore. Follow us on Twitter: @Eptica . Discover our news and opinions on the market in our blog .


TAMPA, Fla., April 16, 2019 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- HCI Group, Inc. (NYSE:HCI) has appointed Loreen Spencer and Sue Watts to its board of directors. With these appointments, 7 of HCI's 10 directors are independent directors.
/EIN News/ -- Loreen Spencer brings to the board more than three decades of financial and accounting expertise, having served as an Audit Partner at Deloitte & Touche LLP for nearly 30 years until her retirement in 2016. Since 2017, Ms. Spencer has served on the Board of Directors and the Audit & Risk Committee of Raymond James Bank, a St. Petersburg-based banking subsidiary of Raymond James Financial, Inc., which is a New York Stock Exchange-listed financial services company. Ms. Spencer is a founding board member and since 2002 has been Board Chair of the Gift of Adoption Florida Chapter. In 2015, she was recognized by the U.S. Congress as a Congressional Coalition on Adoption Institute "Angel in Adoption". Also, in 2015, she was recognized by the Lightning Foundation as a Tampa Bay Lightning Community Hero. Ms. Spencer from 1998 to 2016 served on the Goodwill Industries Suncoast Inc. Board (two years as Chair), from 2011 to 2016 served on the St. John's Episcopal Parish Day School Board of Trustees, and from 2000 to 2014 served on the University of Florida Fisher School of Accounting Advisory Board. She earned both her Bachelor of Science, with a major in Accounting, and Master of Accounting from the University of Florida.


I love the way these boots look. I haven't had them that long, but I'm hoping they stretch out a little in the top of the foot. The width and length are great, but the top of my foot rubs occasionally. The material is soft and looks more expensive than these really are. No arch support. A little heel about 1/2 inch. A little loud on hard floors, but not as bad as many I've owned before. Calves are a little bigger than I need, but it makes it easy to fit skinny jeans into them. Or just leggings. I have skinny calves and big thighs, which is why I buy boots that are almost knee high though.


I am a person centred counsellor with eight years of experience, and a person centred supervisor. I offer one-to-one supervision to experienced and trainee counsellors.
Supervision is a requirement of counselling professional bodies, and I see it as an essential part of support and quality assurance for counsellors. I will work alongside you, helping you to reflect and review your work in a way that benefits both you and your clients. I believe that building a strong, supportive relationship is essential for us to work effectively together. I am happy to support you in your journey if that requires written reports or references.
As an accredited member of BACP, I work within their Ethical Guidelines.
My standard rate is £40 per hour. I am happy to work at concessionary rates with trainee counsellors.
My working times are 9:00am to 7:30pm weekdays, and in exceptional cases at the weekend.
I am a person centred counsellor with eight years of experience, and a person centred supervisor.


text:
by David Fricke, Senior Editor, Rolling Stone (Fricke's Picks)
In a 1994 Rolling Stone review, I described this Wisconsin-born guitarist's fifth ECM album and seventh overall, The Fall of Us All, as "a dynamic study of Eastern modality and universal spiritualism driven by rock & roll ambition."
While many of his records reflect his travels and collaborations in Bali and Nepal, Life Of, Tibbetts' first record in eight years, is a series of portraits rooted in home and memory, named after family members and friends ("Life of Emily," "Life of Joel," "Life of Carol") and performed on 12-string acoustic guitar with percussion and cello drones embedded at near-subliminal volume. The effect is a seductive impressionism of fluid melodic figures and rippling arpeggios with a quietly firm, emotional undertow.
For the more searing, electric side of Tibbetts' exploration, start with Yr, his second album, originally self-released in 1980 and musically located at a turbulent, futurist intersection of Jimi Hendrix's Electric Ladyland and John McLaughlin's 1971 acoustic Indo-jazz classic My Goal's Beyond.
Life Of, in turn, proves great psychedelia also comes in whispers.


text:
OWENS On His Work With PRIEST: Some Fans Will Never Accept It
Manos Spanos February 1, 2015
In a brand new interview with CantonRep.com, powerhouse vocalist Tim "Ripper" Owens (JUDAS PRIEST, ICED EARTH, YNGWIE MALMSTEEN) was asked if he thinks metal fans who didn't accept him fronting JUDAS PRIEST are able to view that period more fondly now that time has passed.
"I think some," he responded. "Some will never give it a shot. The funny thing about me is I'm a JUDAS PRIEST fan from the old school. If I had listened to 'Jugulator' or 'Demolition'and saw it live, I'd have said, 'This is pretty good.' Some fans look at those records and go, 'I'll never accept it.' And that's cool. I understand it 100 percent. When you think of JUDAS PRIEST, you think of Rob [Halford], Glenn [Tipton], K.K. [Downing] and Ian [Hill]."
Regarding whether there is anything he would've done differently in his PRIEST days if he had the chance, Owens said: "I can't really regret anything I did, because it's allowed me to do everything I'm doing now. I probably would've never done the motorcycle thing, though. It wasn't my idea. The band said, 'Listen, it's not a Rob thing, it's a JUDAS PRIEST thing.' But it was a Rob thing. I knew he was gonna come back to the band someday, and I miss being around them and touring, because we had so much fun. But I look at my schedule, the months coming up I'm just slammed with stuff. My experience in PRIEST paved the way for all of this."
Owens recorded two studio albums with JUDAS PRIEST — 1997's "Jugulator" and 2001's"Demolition" — before the band reunited with Rob Halford in 2003.
judas priestOwens
Manos Spanos
Manos Spanos (Metalpaths' co-editor-in-chief), eight years in this site but still can't be characterised as a metalhead.
Judas Priest: Performance Footage From Switzerland's Sonisphere Festival
Panagiotis Karagiannidis June 26, 2011
Rob Halford (Judas Priest, Halford, -ex Fight)
GODSMACK's SULLY ERNA: JUDAS PRIEST 'Changed My Life'
JUDAS PRIEST Announces U.S. Tour With STEEL PANTHER
CRYSTAL VIPER Singer Performs JUDAS PRIEST Classic With VADER
JUDAS PRIEST, KORN, ALICE IN CHAINS, Ex-PANTERA Members Pay Tribute To KURT COBAIN


text:
@interface egwTimer : NSObject <egwPAsset, egwPTimer> {
    NSString* _ident;                       ///< Unique identity (retained).
    id<egwDTimerEvent> _delegate;           ///< Event responder delegate (retained).

    BOOL _isActuating;                      ///< Tracks actuating status.
    BOOL _isFinished;                       ///< Tracks finished status.
    BOOL _isPaused;                         ///< Tracks paused status.
    EGWuint16 _aFlags;                      ///< Actuator flags.

    EGWtime _tIndex;                        ///< Current time index (absolute).
    egwAbsTimeBound _otBounds;              ///< Owners' time boundaries union.

    egwSinglyLinkedList _tOutputs;          ///< Owner output collection (contents weak).
    pthread_mutex_t _oLock;                 ///< Owner output collection lock.

    BOOL _isExplicitBound;                  ///< Tracks explicit bounding status.
}

/// Designated Initializer.
/// Initializes the timer asset with provided settings.
/// @param [in] assetIdent Unique object identity (retained).
/// @return Self upon success, otherwise nil.
- (id)initWithIdentity:(NSString*)assetIdent;

/// Copy Initializer.
/// Copies a timer asset with provided unique settings.
/// @param [in] asset Asset to clone.
/// @param [in] assetIdent Unique object identity (retained).
/// @return Self upon success, otherwise nil.
- (id)initCopyOf:(id<egwPAsset>)asset withIdentity:(NSString*)assetIdent;

/// Delegate Mutator.
/// Sets the timer's event responder delegate to @a delegate.
/// @param [in] delegate Event responder delegate (retained).
- (void)setDelegate:(id<egwDTimerEvent>)delegate;

/// Explicit Bounds Mutator.
/// Sets the timer's boundaries explcitly to @a begin and @a end.
/// @param [in] begin Absolute time bounds beginning (seconds).
/// @param [in] end Absolute time bounds ending (seconds).
/// @note Once this method is called automatic boundary adjustment is disabled.
- (void)setExplicitBoundsBegin:(EGWtime)begin andEnd:(EGWtime)end;

/// IsExplicitlyBounded Poller.
/// Polls the object to determine status.
/// @return YES if object's timer bounds are explicitly controlled, otherwise NO.
- (BOOL)isExplicitlyBounded;

@end

/// @}


text:
Forty per cent of people have a fictional first memory, study finds
Nearly 40 per cent of people have a fictional first memory, according to a new study involving Nottingham Trent University.
Nearly 40 per cent of people have a fictional first memory (Getty images)
Current research indicates that people's earliest memories date from around three years of age.
However the study, which saw one of largest surveys of people's first memories conducted, found that 38.6 per cent of 6,641 people claimed to have memories from two or younger.
A total of 893 people said they experienced memories from one or younger.
This was particularly prevalent among middle-aged and older adult, with about 4 in 10 of this group experiencing fictional memories.
To investigate people's first memories, a team of researchers from City, University of London, Nottingham Trent University and the University of Bradford, asked participants to detail their first memory along with their age at the time.
The memory had to be one participants were certain they remembered and not based on a family photograph, family story, or any source other than direct experience.
Using these descriptions researchers examined the content, language, nature and details of respondents' earliest memory.
They also evaluated the reasons why people claim memories from an age that research indicates they cannot be formed.
As many of these memories dated before the age of two and younger, researchers suggest these fictional memories are based on remembered fragments of early experience - such as a pram, family relationships and feeling sad.
This is along with some facts or knowledge about their own childhood which may have been derived from photographs or family conversations.
As written in Psychological Science,researchers suggest what a person has in mind when recalling these early memories, is a mental representation consisting of remembered fragments of early experience and some facts or knowledge about their own childhood, instead of actual memories.
Over time, these mental representations come to be recollectively experienced when they come to mind and so for the individual they quite simply are 'memories' with content strongly tied to a particular time.
Many people may not believe that their early memories might not have come from an experienced event, and will reject the idea that they are constructions from photographs, stories or other information."This is understandable as these mental representations are experienced and feel like other memories we have. Our memories do not work like a video camera and individual events are not stored like files in a computer."Each time we remember an event we construct it anew in our minds. As such, most of our memories contain at least some details, that are false and this is a side effect of a healthy memory system at work.
Dr Lucy Justice, a lecturer in Nottingham Trent University's School of Social Sciences
Dr Shazia Akhtar, first author and Senior Research Associate, at the University of Bradford, said: "We suggest that what a rememberer has in mind when recalling fictional improbably early memories is an episodic-memory-like mental representation consisting of remembered fragments of early experience and some facts or knowledge about their own infancy/childhood.
"Additionally, further details may be non-consciously inferred or added, e.g. that one was wearing nappy when standing in the cot. Such episodic-memory-like mental representations come, over time, to be recollectively experienced when they come to mind and so for the individual they quite simply are 'memories' which particularly point to infancy."
Professor Martin Conway, director centre for Memory and Law at City, University of London and co-author of the paper, said: "In our study we asked people to recall the very first memory that they actually remembered, asking them to be sure that it wasn't related to a family story or photograph. When we looked through the responses from participants we found that a lot of these first 'memories' were frequently related to infancy, and a typical example would be a memory based around a pram.
"For this person, this type of memory could have resulted from someone saying something like 'mother had a large green pram'. The person then imagines what it would have looked like. Over time these fragments then becomes a memory and often the person will start to add things in such as a string of toys along the top.
"Crucially, the person remembering them doesn't know this is fictional. In fact when people are told that their memories are false they often don't believe it. This partly due to the fact that the systems that allow us to remember things are very complex, and it's not until we're five or six that we form adult-like memories due to the way that the brain develops and due to our maturing understanding of the world."
Press enquiries please contact Dave Rogers, Public Relations Manager, on telephone +44 (0)115 848 8782, or via email.
Nottingham Trent University was named University of the Year 2017 at the Times Higher Education Awards and Modern University of the Year in the Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2018. The award recognises NTU for its strong student satisfaction, quality of teaching, overall student experience and engagement with employers.
Nottingham Trent University (NTU) has been awarded the highest, gold, rating in the Government's Teaching Excellence Framework for its outstanding teaching and learning.
NTU is one of the largest UK universities with nearly 28,000 students and more than 3,500 staff across four campuses, contributing £496m to the UK economy every year. It is one of the most environmentally-friendly universities, containing some of the country's most inspiring and efficient award-winning buildings.
The University is passionate about creating opportunities and its extensive outreach programme is designed to enable Nottingham Trent to be a vehicle for social mobility. NTU is the sixth biggest recruiter of students from disadvantaged backgrounds in the country and 95.6% of the its graduates go on to employment or further education within six months of leaving.
NTU is home to world-class research, winning The Queen's Anniversary Prize in 2015 - the highest national honour for a UK university. It recognised the University's pioneering projects to improve weapons and explosives detection in luggage, enable safer production of powdered infant formula and combat food fraud.
With an international student population of approximately 2,600 from around 100 countries, the University prides itself on its global outlook.
City, University of London is a global institution committed to academic excellence, with a focus on business and the professions and an enviable central London location.
It is the top higher education institution in London for student satisfaction (The Complete University Guide), is ranked 18th overall in the United Kingdom (Guardian University Guide) and is among the top five per cent of universities in the world (Times Higher Education World Rankings).
City has around 19,500 students (46% at postgraduate level) from more than 150 countries and staff from over 75 countries. More than 130,000 former students from over 180 countries are members of the City Alumni Network. City's academic range is broadly-based with world-leading strengths in business; law; health sciences; mathematics; computer science; engineering; social sciences; and the arts including journalism and music.
The University's history dates from 1894, with the foundation of the Northampton Institute on what is now the main part of City's campus. In 1966, City was granted University status by Royal Charter and the Lord Mayor of London became its Chancellor. In September 2016, City joined the University of London federation and HRH the Princess Royal became City's Chancellor. Professor Sir Paul Curran has been Vice-Chancellor and President of City since 2010.
Founded in 1966, the University of Bradford is one of the UK's traditional universities. It is a research-intensive institution, ranked in the top 50 in the UK for the quality of its research, with three quarters being classed as either world-leading or internationally excellent in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF). The University was ranked No 1 in Yorkshire for employed graduates obtaining professional & managerial level jobs.
Known for its strong emphasis on employability skills and knowledge transfer work with businesses, the University has a truly global make up with over 20 per cent of its student population being international. The University is also a leader in sustainable development and education, and is 8th greenest in the world according to UI GreenMetric World University Rankings 2015.
Subject area: Psychology, sociology, health and social care
Category: Press office; Research; School of Social Sciences
Research Blog: Professor Gill Allwood on Fighting Forced Marriage in France
British Academy-funded research by Professor Gill Allwood from NTU's School of Arts and Humanities explores forced marriage policy in France
ntu.ac.uk/about-us/news/news-articles/2020/01/research-blog-professor-gill-allwood-forced-marriage-in-france
New facility to focus on production of medical devices and technologies
Work is well underway on Nottingham Trent University's new Medical Technologies Innovation Facility (MTIF) at the Boots site, which is part of the Nottingham Enterprise Zone.
ntu.ac.uk/about-us/news/news-articles/2020/01/new-facility-to-focus-on-production-of-medical-devices-and-technologies
Researchers of NTU: Laxmi Aggarwal
Meet the people behind our research, discover their areas of expertise and find out about life in NTU's research community
ntu.ac.uk/about-us/news/news-articles/2020/01/researchers-of-ntu-laxmi-aggarwal


text:
var should = require('should'),
  cn = require('../lib/cumulonimbus');

describe('AWS::SNS::Topic', function() {
  describe('New Instance', function() {
    it('we only get the type key', function() {
      var resource = new cn.Sns.Topic("MyTopic");
      should(resource.toJson()).deepEqual({
        "Type": "AWS::SNS::Topic"
      });
    });
  });

  describe('DisplayName', function() {
    it('should accept string', function() {
      var resource = new cn.Sns.Topic("MyTopic");
      resource.setDisplayName("example");
      should(resource.toJson()).deepEqual({
        "Type": "AWS::SNS::Topic",
        "Properties": {
          "DisplayName": "example"
        }
      });
    });
  });

  describe('TopicName', function() {
    it('should accept string', function() {
      var resource = new cn.Sns.Topic("MyTopic");
      resource.setTopicName("example");
      should(resource.toJson()).deepEqual({
        "Type": "AWS::SNS::Topic",
        "Properties": {
          "TopicName": "example"
        }
      });
    });
  });

  describe('Subscription', function() {
    it('should accept list of SNS subscriptions', function() {
      var resource = new cn.Sns.Topic("MyTopic");
      var subscription = new cn.Sns.Topic.Subscription();
      subscription.setProtocol("http");
      subscription.setEndpoint("http://example.org/");
      resource.setSubscription([subscription]);
      should(resource.toJson()).deepEqual({
        "Type": "AWS::SNS::Topic",
        "Properties": {
          "Subscription": [{
            "Protocol": "http",
            "Endpoint": "http://example.org/"
          }]
        }
      });
    });

    describe('AWS::SNS::Topic::Subscription', function() {
      describe('Endpoint', function() {
        it('should accept string', function() {
          var subscription = new cn.Sns.Topic.Subscription();
          subscription.setEndpoint("http://example.org/");
          should(subscription).deepEqual({
            "Endpoint": "http://example.org/"
          });
        });
      });

      describe('Endpoint', function() {
        it('should accept sqs instance', function() {
          var queue = new cn.Sqs.Queue("MyQueue");
          var subscription = new cn.Sns.Topic.Subscription();
          subscription.setEndpoint(queue);
          should(subscription).deepEqual({
            "Endpoint": {
              "Fn::GetAtt": ["MyQueue", "Arn"]
            }
          });
        });
      });

      describe('Protocol', function() {
        it('should accept string', function() {
          var subscription = new cn.Sns.Topic.Subscription();
          subscription.setProtocol("http");
          should(subscription).deepEqual({
            "Protocol": "http"
          });
        });
      });
    });
  });
});


The Interim Joint Committee on Appropriations will hold their fifth meeting of the 2017 interim on Monday, January 8, 2018.
The meeting will begin at 1 p.m. in room 362 of the State Capitol in Pierre.
The Interim Joint Committee on Appropriations, co-chaired by Senator Larry Tidemann (R-Brookings) and Representative David Anderson (R-Hudson), will begin preparing for the Ninety third Session of the Legislative Assembly.
The Bureau of Finance and Management will present information on fiscal year (FY) 2018 and FY 2019 budget adjustments as recommended by the Governor in his Budget Address to the Legislature on December 5, 2017.
The presentation will include details on updated one time and ongoing revenue estimates, special appropriations, FY 2018 supplemental appropriations, ongoing general fund proposals, and FY 2019 budget recommendations.
The Committee will also discuss a federal audit finding and resolution related to the South Dakota Retirement System contributions.
The meeting is open to the public and the agenda is available on the Legislative Research Council's website: http://sdlegislature.gov.
Cronin (R-Gettysburg), Terri Haverly (R-Rapid City), Reynold Nesiba (D-Sioux Falls), Jeffrey Partridge (R Rapid City),Deb Peters (R-Hartford), Billie Sutton (D-Burke), Jim White (R-Huron), John Wiik (R-Big Stone City); and Representatives Dan Ahlers (D-Dell Rapids), Hugh Bartels (R-Watertown), Lance Carson (R-Mitchell), Taffy Howard (R-Rapid City), Jean Hunhoff (R-Yankton), Chris Karr (R-Sioux Falls), John Lake (R-Gettysburg), Sue Peterson (R-Sioux Falls).


text:
Daniel Jackson
"Summer in Movement"
"Summer in Movement" shows a trailside scene of grasses and wildflowers; amidst the chaos of natural growth, a necklace of bright leaves emerges. The photo was inspired by Paul Strand's Fall in Movement, but whereas that image depicts the end of summer and the onset of decay, this captures summer in the peak of its vitality."Summer in Movement" was one of the first images taken for the portfolio "A Berkshire Summer," about the long days of a summer spent on woodland paths and in cool ponds. Other recent work of mine includes studies of Frank Gehry's Stata Center; of the 19th century pumps of the Chestnut Hill Waterworks; and of a Nature Garden designed by a colleague of Olmsted's.
My photography explores elements of beauty and spirituality found in everyday scenes. I aspire to joining a long tradition of straight photography whose pleasures are quieter and slower, however unfashionable that may currently be. For me, the camera offers, as Minor White put it, an extension of seeing; it lets us see further and more deeply. I believe, like Emmet Gowin, that photographs capture moments at which the world was generous enough to allow us to see a little more.


text:
Q: Python decorator breaks when mutating parameters? I cannot understand what goes wrong in the following simple example in python 3.6.8:
import functools

def test(cache=False):
    def decorator_init(func):
        @functools.wraps(func)
        def wrapper_init(*args, **kwargs):
            print(cache)
            #cache = False
        return wrapper_init
    return decorator_init

@test(cache=False)
def main():
    return None

main()

Uncommenting cache = False will cause this program to fail saying that
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:/.../debug.py", line 16, in <module>
    main()
  File "C:/.../debug.py", line 7, in wrapper_init
    print(cache)
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'cache' referenced before assignment

Why does attempting to mutate this variable lead to it being referenced before assignment, but otherwise it's fine to call it in a print statement?


text:
Q: Anyone using ruby-protobuf and ActiveRecord I am using googles protocol buffers, ruby-protobuf, with rails and ActiveRecord. The protocol itself seems like a good choice, especially since we are connecting to mobile devices. Its a very compact format.
The issues arise when having to go from proto objects to ActiveRecord objects and vice versa. Seems like there is a lot of extra work here. I would like it to work similar to the way ruby-amf works.
Anyone see this done before?
...or think there would be interest in starting work on a plugin for rails?

A: We did a similar thing in our project.  We wrote some code to convert proto_buf to rails params hash.  From there we can then access any value through params and the model can take in params.  The code is not really pretty but does the job.


Modern Video Cards with Open Specs?
Something I forgot to mention is that I don't see this happening anytime soon. It is a strong parallel to people developing open source alternatives to Microsoft software. The reason that is happening is because people have become angry with Microsoft's monopoly and lack of innovation, so they decided to take things into their own hands.
NV and ATI, otoh, are still innovating and each product cycle is better than the last in some easily measurable way. I don't see things coming to the point that they did for open source software to gain a foothold for a while now.
I think once either NV or ATI goes out of business or drops out of the 3D race, and the remaining player continues selling the old products for the same prices, might we see people start to take matters into their own hands. By then, more powerful FPGAs and VHDL simulators will be available, not to mention more people with the requisite knowledge. For now, we sit and wait and let the market mature to the point where community-based hardware development can take over.


text:
EQS-Adhoc: Helmut Gottschalk has decided to be no longer available as Chairman of the Supervisory Board. Dr. Jens Weidman to be nominated for election as successor
Nov 19 2022 16:02 GMT Source: EQS
EQS-Ad-hoc: Commerzbank Aktiengesellschaft / Key word(s): Miscellaneous
Helmut Gottschalk has decided to be no longer available as Chairman of the Supervisory Board. Dr. Jens Weidman to be nominated for election as successor
19-Nov-2022 / 17:02 CET/CEST
Disclosure of an inside information acc. to Article 17 MAR of the Regulation (EU) No 596/2014, transmitted by EQS News - a service of EQS Group AG.
Today, Helmut Gottschalk has informed the shareholder representatives of the Presiding and Nomination Committee of the Supervisory Board of Commerzbank, that he decided not to be available for a new term as Chairman of the Supervisory Board after the next Annual General Meeting. He has furthermore proposed Dr. Weidmann as new member of the Supervisory Board, who will also be available as Chairman of the Supervisory Board if he is elected. The shareholder representatives of the Presiding and Nomination Committee have positively responded to the proposal and plan to recommend to the competent bodies of the bank to propose Dr. Weidmann for election to the Supervisory Board at the Annual General Meeting on May 31st, 2023. It is also intended that he will subsequently be elected the successor of Helmut Gottschalk as Chairman.
The recommendation to elect Dr. Weidmann to the Supervisory Board is subject to the approval by the Presiding and Nomination Committee of the Supervisory Board and then the Supervisory Board plenary.
This release contains forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are statements that are not historical facts. In this release, these statements concern inter alia the expected future business of Commerzbank, efficiency gains and expected synergies, expected growth prospects and other opportunities for an increase in value of Commerzbank as well as expected future financial results, restructuring costs and other financial developments and information. These forward-looking statements are based on the management's current plans, expectations, estimates and projections. They are subject to a number of assumptions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results and developments to differ materially from any future results and developments expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such factors include the conditions in the financial markets in Germany, in Europe, in the USA and other regions from which Commerzbank derives a substantial portion of its revenues and in which Commerzbank holds a substantial portion of its assets, the development of asset prices and market volatility, especially due to the ongoing European debt crisis, potential defaults of borrowers or trading counterparties, the implementation of its strategic initiatives to improve its business model, the reliability of its risk management policies, procedures and methods, risks arising as a result of regulatory change and other risks. Forward-looking statements therefore speak only as of the date they are made. Commerzbank has no obligation to update or release any revisions to the forward-looking statements contained in this release to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this release.
Christoph Wortig
Tel.: +49 69 136 - 21331
e-mail:ir@commerzbank.com
19-Nov-2022 CET/CEST The EQS Distribution Services include Regulatory Announcements, Financial/Corporate News and Press Releases.
Company: Commerzbank Aktiengesellschaft
Phone: +49 (069) 136 20
E-mail: newsroom@commerzbank.com
Internet: www.commerzbank.de
ISIN: DE000CBK1001
WKN: CBK100
Indices: MDAX, CDAX, HDAX, PRIMEALL
Listed: Regulated Market in Frankfurt (Prime Standard); Regulated Unofficial Market in Berlin, Dusseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich, Stuttgart, Tradegate Exchange
1491889 19-Nov-2022 CET/CEST


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text:
Photography by Linda Trime
Linda is a young French artist who posses a great talent creating unique visual stories. Her rapturous and frenetic images are part of a play where the artist becomes spectator and character at the same time, and where the limits between fantasy and reality are blurred.
Following we want to show the nice interview we had with her:
am - First of all thank you for your contribution to our project. Please tell us where are you from and what do you do at the moment?
LT - Born, raised and based in Paris. Right now I'm working on a series called « Et baiser les pieds des idoles ». It's about my idols in general, from people around me to characters in movies I like.
am - What inspires your work?
LT - Many things. Music, films, my personal story and the one I share with my loved ones. Sometimes it's about moments « in real life », sometimes it's a bit fictional. But after all, what is real? That's what I like, you can't always tell. Maybe this life is kind of a daydream.
am - Who are your favourite photographers / artists?
LT - I'm a huge fan of Nan Goldin, and Sarah Moon too. More recently, the work of young photographers like Petra Collins. The paintings of Francis Bacon. David Lynch and Sofia Coppola.
am - How would you describe your photographs in 3 words?
LT - Oh, that's a tough question! I put so many things in it, I don't know if I'm capable to reduced it to three words!
am - What are 5 things your could absolutely not live without?
LT - A camera, a book. My notebook. Perfume and whisky.
am - If you could travel and stay in a place for one year, where would you choose to go?
LT - Japan. That's my ultimate fantasy.
am - What kind of camera do you shoot with?
LT - Most of the time, I've got a Canon AF35M in my bag. I don't like to think too much before I click, because I already think too much most of the time. When I do something more elaborate, I use my Canon AE-1 and I work in digital too sometimes. But it's more for my videos. But I really like trying new tools or new techniques.
am - Favourite songs / bands at the moment?
LT - Abra, Kali Uchis, the latest album of Grimes. And I always have the discography of Nine Inch Nails in my iPod.
am - What's your favourite movie?
LT - « Lost Highway », from David Lynch.
am - Thank you very much for your time!
analog magazine
analog publishing
All work is copyright of the respective owner, otherwise © Analog magazine 2020


text:
Communities In Schools/
District » Parents & Students » Communities In Schools
Communities in Schools - In Schools to Help All Kids Succeed
Communities In Schools of Benton - Franklin works full-time inside schools to build relationships with students that unlock potential, break down barriers, and empower them to stay in school and achieve in life.
For too many youth, challenges outside the classroom—like hunger, housing insecurity, physical and mental health concerns, or trauma–can stand in the way of success inside the classroom. That's why Site Coordinators work IN schools every day to ensure students have the tools necessary to write their own success story.
See how we help all students succeed by visiting bentonfranklin.ciswa.org
WHAT DOES COMMUNITIES IN SCHOOLS DO?
Whether it's someone to talk to when things get tough, assistance with schoolwork, food or other essential items, we do whatever it takes to develop relationships and connect students to the resources they need to succeed.
Unlike other programs that operate before or after school, our staff are IN schools during the school day. This allows us to partner with families and school staff to learn what's impacting our students both in and outside the classroom. Once we wholistically understand the student's circumstance, we coordinate with the community—businesses, health care providers, and other agencies—to bring outside resources inside schools and do whatever it takes to empower students to succeed.
Among the students who receive our most intensive supports:
82 percent improved their attendance,
97 percent stayed in school, and
86 percent demonstrated academic gains.
Finley's CIS Staff
Daniel Aguilar, Finley Elementary School
Maria Zaragoza, Finley Middle School


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A probe card tester for detecting defects occurring as a result of integrated circuit processing of a substrate having a plurality of space to conductors with a contact at each end of each conductor, includes: a probe card tester including a set of parallel resistors for connecting at least one in parallel with each conductor and a set of series resistors for connecting together the ends of the conductors to form a series resistance and a number of probe elements, one corresponding to each end of each conductor, for interconnecting the parallel and series resistors with the conductors for detecting defects bridging the conductors.
This invention relates to an apparatus and method for detecting defects arising as a result of integrated circuit processing; and more particularly to such an apparatus and method in which the resistance network used for detecting defects is disposed in the probe card tester remote from the substrate under test.
Yield prediction and yield estimation are very important considerations in integrated circuit design and process development. Models exist for predicting yield, which is the number of expected good chips on a wafer to the total number of chips on the wafer; however, the accuracy of such models depends on the accuracy of the information that describes the defect size distribution and defect density on the wafer.
One such technique for detecting defects and determining defect size is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,835,466, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The technique involves forming a plurality of test structures on a substrate such as a wafer surface. Each structure includes a meandering of polysilicon having a number of intermediate segments interconnected by a number of folded segments. On top of the polysilicon is formed an insulating layer and on top of the insulating layer and in alignment with the intermediate segments of polysilicon are formed a number of conductive metal strips. The metal strips are interconnected to the intermediate segments of polysilicon in parallel by contact vias and in series to the folded segments of polysilicon. The equivalent circuit from the beginning of the meander of each test structure to the end is a long chain of ideally equivalent resistors of conductive metal strips (very low resistance) and folded segments (much higher resistivity) interconnecting the metal strips. The metal strips effectively short out the intermediate segments of polysilicon when the structures are formed without defect. The electrical resistance of the test structure is measured through a number of electrical contacts to the folded segments. When a defect is formed during the process, either one that shorts two or more metal strips or one that results in an open (i.e., no metal) in one or more of the metal strips, a change in measured electrical resistance of the test structure is observed and the extent of change is then correlated to a particular size defect.
A short across two or more conductive strips causes a reduction in resistance from the resistance of the test structure without defects in an amount equal to the resistances of the folded segments shorted because of the defects. A defect which causes an open in one or more of the conductive metal strips results in an increased measured resistance in the test structure. This is because the intermediate segments of high resistance polysilicon underneath and connected in parallel with the open circuited conductive metal strips are introduced to the circuit.
The extent of increase or decrease in the resistance of the test structure can be used to determine the size of the defects detected, as the conductive metal strips are separated by a known distance. Thus, by knowing how many strips are affected by the defect, the size of the defect can be determined.
This technique has a number of shortcomings, however. First, the test structure having a complex resistance network must be repeatedly formed over the entire surface of the wafer under test. These test structures are formed by a fairly sophisticated and complex process requiring the formation of three layers of material, namely, polysilicon, insulator, and metal, on the wafer surface. Also, since it is not possible to etch all corresponding polysilicon segments within each test structure and from test structure to test structure over the wafer surface to precisely the same size, then the segments will not have precisely the same resistance. Accurate defect detection and sizing depends on accurate resistance measurements. Thus, because of the imprecise segment sizing, the resistances measured for a given defect size will vary and improper defect sizing is inevitable. Finally, only metal layers of material and not polysilicon layers of material can be tested for defects using the technique described in that patent.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide an improved apparatus and method for detecting defects arising as a result of integrated circuit processing.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such an apparatus and method which produces more accurate and repeatable resistance measurements indicative of defect detection.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such an apparatus and method which requires a much simpler defect test structure which is easier and less expensive to fabricate.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such an apparatus and method which obviates the need for replicating the resistance network in each test structure.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such an apparatus and method which requires only a single layer test structure.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such an apparatus and method in which the test structure is not required to be metal.
The invention results from the realization that truly accurate and repeatable detection of defects arising as a result of integrated circuit processing can be achieved by using a set of series and of parallel resistors located on the probe card tester remote from a plurality of spaced conductors on a substrate to be tested and using a number of probe elements for interconnecting the parallel resistors one across each conductor and connecting the series resistors between the conductors to form a single series resistance for detecting defects bridging the conductors.
This invention features a probe card device for detecting defects occurring as a result of integrated circuit processing of a substrate having a plurality of spaced conductors with a contact at each end of each conductor. The probe card device includes a probe card tester including a set of parallel resistors for interconnecting at least one in parallel with each conductor and a set of series resistors for connecting together the ends of the conductors to form a series resistance. The probe card tester also includes a number of probe elements, one corresponding to each end of each conductor, for interconnecting the parallel and series resistors with the conductors for detecting defects bridging the conductors.
In a preferred embodiment the substrate may be an integrated circuit chip wafer. The conductors may be configured in a meandering pattern. The conductors may be substantially one micrometer in width and spaced one micrometer apart. There may further be included means for detecting defects bridging the conductors. The means for detecting may include means for measuring the resistance of the series resistance. The means for detecting may further include means, responsive to the means for measuring, for determining the size and type of defect bridging the conductors.
This invention also features an apparatus for detecting defects arising as a result of integrated circuit processing. The apparatus includes a substrate having a plurality of spaced conductors and a probe card tester. The probe card tester includes a set of parallel resistors for interconnecting at least one in parallel with each conductor and a set of series resistors for connecting together the ends of the conductors to form a series resistance. The probe card tester also includes a number of probe elements, one corresponding to each end of each conductor, for interconnecting the parallel and series resistors with the conductors for detecting defects bridging the conductors.
In a preferred embodiment the substrate may be an integrated circuit chip wafer. The conductors may be configured in a meandering pattern. Them may further be included means for detecting defects bridging the conductors. The means for detecting may include means for measuring the resistance of the series resistance. The means for detecting may further include means, responsive to the means for measuring, for determining the size and type of defect bridging the conductors.
This invention further features a method for detecting defects arising as a result of integrated circuit processing. The method includes fabricating a substrate having a plurality of spaced conductors. The method also includes forming, on a separate probe card tester, a set of parallel resistors for connecting at least one in parallel with each conductor and a set of series resistors for connecting together the ends of the conductors to form a series resistance. The method additionally includes interconnecting the parallel and series resistors with the conductors and detecting defects bridging the conductors.
In a preferred embodiment the substrate may be an integrated circuit chip wafer. The step of fabricating may include configuring the conductors in a meandering pattern. The conductors may be formed substantially one micrometer in width and spaced one micrometer apart. The step of detecting may further include measuring the resistance of the series resistance. The step of detecting may further include determining from the measured resistance the size and type of defects bridging the conductors.
FIG. 8 is a flow chart depicting the operation of the defect analyzer of FIG. 3.
There is shown in FIG. 1 a substrate 10 such as an integrated circuit chip wafer having thereon a plurality of areas 12 encompassing a large portion of the surface of wafer 10. Areas 12 correspond to areas on wafer 10 where integrated circuit chips are to be fabricated by a particular fabrication process or technology. However, before chips are actually produced by the fabrication process or at other times it is desirable to fabricate test structures in the areas where integrated circuit chips would normally be located in order to determine the number of defects and defect size on the wafer produced by the fabrication process so that the defect density can be determined and used as a predictive tool in determining chip yield in subsequent wafer processing runs for that same fabrication process. Test structure 14, FIG. 1A, according to this invention which is shown to be located at chip area 12', FIG. 1, is actually located at each area 12 on wafer 10 and each test structure is tested, as described below, to determine defect density.
Test structure 14 includes a number of sets of metal contact plates 16a and 16b, 18a and 18b, 20a and 20b, 22a and 22b, 24a and 24b, 26a and 26b, 28a and 28b, 30a and 30b, 32a and 32b. Each set of metal contact plates are interconnected by a long strip of metal formed on the surface of wafer 10 forming, in the aggregate, a meandering of metal strips 34 comprised of nine individual metal strips. The metal strips 34 are formed in a meandering pattern so that they cover a greater portion of surface area than if the strips were simply formed in a straight line, but they still only cover a small portion of each chip area 12. Although the area that the test structures cover is only approximately 10% of each chip area it is a sufficient amount of area to enable the apparatus and method of this invention to determine defect density for chips and wafers manufactured according to the fabrication process or technology which fabricated test structure 14.
A portion 36, FIG. 1A, of metal strips 34 is shown more in detail in FIG. 2. In this view it can be seen that the metal strips 34 are formed of nine individual metal strips 37-45 which are approximately 1 micrometer wide and spaced 1 micrometer apart. Strips 37-45 interconnect metal contact plate sets 16a and 16b through 32a and 32b, respectively.
An apparatus for detecting defects such as probe card device 50, FIG. 3, includes a probe card tester 52 which is positioned above test structure 14 so that area 12' on wafer 10, FIG. 1, can be tested to see if it contains a defect along the meandering metal strips 34. Probe card tester 52 includes a set of series resistors 53-60 (RA 1-RA 8) of equal resistance for connecting together the ends of conductors 37-45, FIG. 2, through metal contacts 16a and 16b through 32a and 32b, FIG. 2, by means of probe elements 61-78 to form a single series resistance. Probe elements 61-78 protrude through aperture 80 in probe card tester 52. Probe card tester 52 also includes a set of parallel resistors 80-88 (RB 1-RB 9) of equal resistance interconnected one in parallel with each conductor 37-45, respectively, through probe elements 61-78 to metal contacts 16a and 16b through 32a and 32b. The resistors of both the parallel and series set of resistors are precisely fabricated and thus each resistor within each set have virtually equal resistance values. A single probe card tester 52 can then be used repeatedly to test the resistance of each individual test structure at each chip area 12 on wafer 10, FIG. 1. Because the same resistors are used throughout the testing of wafer 10 highly accurate defect detection and size determination are ensured. Moreover, only a single resistance network on probe card tester 52 must be fabricated as compared to the plurality of resistance networks that are required to be fabricated at each chip area on the surface of a wafer by the prior art technique (See U.S. Pat. No. 4,835,466). Moreover, since the complex resistance network does not need to be fabricated on the wafer surface the simplified test structure according to this invention may be formed on a polysilicon layer of material (assuming the appropriate resistor values of the two sets of resistors are used) instead of being able to only test the metal layer of material with the prior art technique.
An ohmmeter 90 is used to test the resistance of the resistance network to determine if there is a defect bridging one or more of the conductors 37-45, FIG. 2. Ohmmeter 90 is connected across the ends of the resistor network, i.e. from one end of first parallel resistor 79 to one end of the last parallel resistor 87. The resistance measured by ohmmeter 90 is provided to defect analyzer 92, typically a computer, which determines the type and size of defect corresponding to the measured resistance. The operation of defect analyzer 92 is described in more detail below.
The full length of conductors 37-45, FIG. 4B, shown for clarity sake to be in straight fines instead of in their actual meandering pattern, have no defects bridging one or more of the conductors.
The shorting of series resistor 53 represented by shunt 103, FIG. 5A, is caused by defect 104, FIG. 5B, which bridges conductors 37 and 38. This shorting type defect may be caused by, for example, extra metal material.
Open circuit 108, FIG. 6A, is caused by an open type defect 110, FIG. 6B, in conductor 37.
Chart 120, FIG. 7, illustrates various resistance values, stored within defect analyzer 92, FIG. 3, which will be measured by ohmmeter 90 for different size open and short type defects detected. Because the conductor width and spacing is known, the size of the defect causing either an open circuit or short circuit can be determined by determining how many conductors are shorted or opened.
Defect analyzer 92 operates according to flow chart 130, FIG. 8. Flow chart 130 begins at step 132 where the resistance measurements are begun. At step 134 the chip site n is set equal to 1 and at step 136 the resistance at chip site n is determined. At step 138 the integer number of RB resistance values is determined and set equal to Xn. At step 140 the integer number of RA resistance values is determined and set equal to YN. In this example RA is equivalent to 10 kilohms and RB is equal to 1 megohm. At step 142 the values of Xn and Yn are correlated to a number of shorts and/or opens as set forth in table 120, FIG. 7 and these values Xn and Yn and the corresponding number of shorts and opens are stored. At step 144 it is determined if the total number of chip sites on the wafer is greater than n and if the total number of chip sites is greater than n, at step 146 n is incremented by 1 and the system returns to step 136. If the total number of chip sites on the wafer is not greater than n, at step 148 the operation is stopped.
a probe card tester including a set of parallel resistors for connecting at least one resistor in parallel with each conductor and a set of series resistors for connecting together the ends of said conductors to form a series resistance and a number of probe elements, one corresponding to each end of each conductor, for enabling shunting of each parallel resistor with the corresponding conductor in the no-defect mode, shunting of each series resistor between shorted conductors in the shorting-defect mode and un-shunting of each parallel resistor whose corresponding conductor has an open circuit in the open-defect mode.
2. The probe card device of claim 1 in which said substrate is an integrated circuit chip wafer.
3. The probe card device of claim 1 in which said conductors are configured in a meandering pattern.
4. The probe card device of claim 1 in which said conductors are substantially one micrometer in width and spaced one micrometer apart.
5. The probe card device of claim 1 further including means for detecting defects bridging said conductors.
6. The probe card device of claim 5 in which said means for detecting includes means for measuring the resistance of said series resistance.
7. The probe card device of claim 6 in which said means for detecting further includes means, responsive to said means for measuring, for determining the size and type of defects bridging said conductors.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 in which said substrate is an integrated circuit chip wafer.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 in which said conductors are configured in a meandering pattern.
11. The apparatus of claim 8 further including means for detecting defects bridging said conductors.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 in which said means for detecting includes means for measuring the resistance of said series resistance.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 in which said means for detecting further includes means, responsive to said means for measuring, for determining the size and type of defects bridging said conductors.
un-shunting each parallel resistor whose corresponding conductor has an open circuit in the open-defect mode.
15. The method of claim 14 in which said substrate is an integrated circuit chip wafer.
16. The method of claim 14 in which the step of fabricating includes configuring said plurality of spaced conductors in a meandering pattern.
17. The method of claim 14 in which the step of fabricating includes forming said plurality of space conductors substantially one micrometer in width and spaced one micrometer apart.
18. The method of claim 14 in which a further step of detecting includes measuring the resistance of said series resistance.
19. The method of claim 18 in which the step of detecting further includes determining from the measured resistance the size and type of defects bridging said conductors.


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}