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Assessing the calorific significance of episodes of human cannibalism in the Palaeolithic
James Cole1
Scientific Reports volume 7, Article number: 44707 (2017) Cite this article
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Episodes of Palaeolithic cannibalism have frequently been defined as 'nutritional' in nature, but with little empirical evidence to assess their dietary significance. This paper presents a nutritional template that offers a proxy calorie value for the human body. When applied to the Palaeolithic record, the template provides a framework for assessing the dietary value of prehistoric cannibalistic episodes compared to the faunal record. Results show that humans have a comparable nutritional value to those faunal species that match our typical body weight, but significantly lower than a range of fauna often found in association with anthropogenically modified hominin remains. This could suggest that the motivations behind hominin anthropophagy may not have been purely nutritionally motivated. It is proposed here that the comparatively low nutritional value of hominin cannibalism episodes support more socially or culturally driven narratives in the interpretation of Palaeolithic cannibalism.
Human cannibalism is a subject that continues to hold a morbid fascination within modern societies. In particular, identifying the motivations for human cannibalism remains a contentious issue. In modern humans, the motivations for cannibalism have been related to any combination of the following: survival; psychotic or criminal; aggressive; spiritual or ritual; gastronomic or dietary; and medicinal1,2,3,4. All of these can be further categorised as inter (exo-) and intra-group (endo-) cannibalism, with differing motivational states depending on whether or not the consumed is a member of the consumer's immediate social network4,5. Cannibalism is not, however, purely a characteristic of modern humans, and has been practiced by a range of hominin species from at least the early Pleistocene2,6. The evidence from the archaeological record would suggest that, whilst different hominin species clearly had the capacity for cannibalistic practices, not every hominin population did so, on the basis that not all hominin remains show evidence for anthropogenic modifications. The hominin remains that do exhibit anthropogenic modifications may imply they were cannibalised, although, there are also alternate explanations such as defleshing and excarnation.
Globally, the number of Palaeolithic cannibalism fossil sites remain relatively few5, further suporting the notion that the practice of hominin cannibalism may have been an exceptional activity. However, given the sparse nature of the hominin fossil record, the fact that we have evidence for cannibalism at all infers that the behaviour was perhaps more common within prehistoric populations7 than the number of archaeological sites suggests. Additional support for the possible widespread nature of prehistoric cannibalism comes from genetic studies of global patterns of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)8, which imply that prehistoric TSE polymorphisms were a routine feature of hominin life. Mead et al., for example, propose that the repeated exposure of hominins to the effects of TSEs (such as Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) resulting from cannibalistic activities, drove the polymorphism adaptation as a selective advantage within prehistoric populations8,9. These authors argue that such an adaptation would only be necessary if exposure to the neurodegenerative diseases (through the consumption of infected flesh) was a common feature in prehistoric hominin lifeways.
Our understanding of prehistoric cannibalism has increased exponentially over the last few years thanks to methodological advances and increasing interpretive rigour when examining and recognising anthropogenically modified hominin remains2,10,11,12. In the majority of studies, the interpretation is that cannibalism was practiced for nutritional reasons2,5,6,13 although there has never been a way to quantify how nutritional these episodes may be. For example, while varied practices of consumption have been identified amongst Neanderthal populations from Moula-Guercy (France)14, Cueva del Sidrón (Spain)15, Cueva del Boquete de Zafarraya (Spain)16, Padrelles (France)17,18, and Troisième caverne of Goyet (Belgium)11, all are broadly interpreted as nutritional. A small number of studies also invoke ritual motivations to, for example, the Upper Palaeolithic episodes of cannibalism associated with Homo sapiens at Gough's Cave (UK)9,10,19 and, less certainly, at the potential Homo erectus site of Caune de l'Argo (France)5,20. Some sites, such as Krapina (Croatia), Brillenhöhle (Germany) and Monte Cicero (Italy), have served as useful cautionary tales, with initial behavioural interpretations of cannibalism being overturned once additional analyses were carried out on the hominin remains21,22,23,24 (although the cases of Krapina and Brillenhöhle remain controversial in that they may well now be cannibalism sites25,26). Other specimens, such as those from Bodo27 and Herto7,28 (Ethiopia), illustrate how our hominin ancestors anthropogenically modified human remains through defleshing; however, it is not clear whether this defleshing was followed by the actual consumption of flesh.
Instances of prehistoric cannibalism have been distinguished within the archaeological record based on anthropogenic modification of hominin skeletal remains in relation to taphonomic processes. The key signatures of cannibalism1,2,11,14,19,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37 include: 1. lack of a cranial base (to get to the brain) on otherwise complete or near-complete skeletons; 2. virtual absence of vertebrae (due to crushing or boiling to get at bone marrow and grease); 3. cut- and chop-marks; 4. cutmark arrangement: position, number and placement; 5. long bone breakage (to access the marrow); 6. anvil abrasions; 7. comparable butchering techniques on human remains as in faunal (food) remains; 8. post-processing discard of hominin remains similar to faunal remains; 9. evidence of cooking in the form of burnt bone; 10. peeling: a roughened bone surface with parallel grooves or fibrous texture is produced when fresh bone is fractured and peeled apart; 11. percussion pits: the point of impact where a stone or any solid matter struck the bone cortex and scarred the surface; 12. human tooth marks; and 13. scraping marks.
Using a combination of these signatures, archaeologists have determined whether the cannibalism practiced at prehistoric sites was either 'nutritional' or 'ritual'. For example, if signatures 1–12 are present then nutritional cannibalism may be inferred. If 13 is present on cranial remains whilst the rest of the carcass displays 1–12, ritual cannibalism with a special treatment or focus on the crania may be inferred (such as at Gough's Cave and Caune de l'Argo). It should also be noted that a lack of cranial base could be related to the production of skull-cups10,38,39,40. Therefore, the use of the first signature in determining the motivation behind cannibalism acts within the archaeological record should be applied cautiously alongside a majority of signatures 2–12 to infer a motivation beyond ritual – if only signature 13 and/or 1 are present on a hominin carcass, then defleshing of the carcass for secondary burial or some other pre-depositional treatment of the dead (such as skull-cups), may be suggested. Recent work has further demonstrated that distinctions between cannibalism and the secondary treatment of human bodies can be inferred from the micromorphometric characteristics of cutmarks12, representing a significant methodological advance in allowing researchers to interpret the motivations behind the acts of prehistoric cannibalism.
Investigations at Atapuerca6,13 and Gough's Cave9 have demonstrated how Palaeolithic cannibalism interpretations can be extended beyond the broad labels of 'nutritional' or 'ritual' based on the series of cannibalistic signatures stated above. Indeed, these labels may be seen as somewhat ambiguous given that all types of cannibalism involve feeding on the tissues of individuals of the same species and are therefore inherently 'nutritional', regardless of secondary emotive drivers such as ceremony or ritual5. Saladié and Rodríguez-Hidalgo5 go further in highlighting the often confusing nature of labelling and interpreting episodes of prehistoric cannibalism, and rightly call for a more holistic approach including the use of taphonomy and demography alongside analyses of associated remains (e.g. stone tools), stratigraphy, DNA, isotopes and chronological series data.
This paper offers a new tool to be used in assessing episodes of cannibalism, by presenting for the first time a full nutritional template for the calorific value of the human body in comparison with the faunal record. The use of such a tool will allow researchers to determine how humans compare at a calorie level with other faunal species, and permit the assessment of whether the majority of prehistoric cannibalism claims were genuinely 'nutritional' in nature.
Results: A nutritional template for the human body
Prior to this study, only one published estimate of the nutritional value of the human body seems to have been made. Garn and Block41 claimed that a 50 kg male would yield 30 kg of edible muscle mass, which in turn would yield around 4.5 kg of protein or 18,000 calories. However, no information was supplied by which this estimate could be tested or assessed. The authors further suggested that this would serve one day's protein requirement for 60 people (averaging 60 kg in weight, working on the protein requirement principles that 1 gram of protein is needed per kilogram of body weight per day)41. If this were extended to a 'person a week' ration for a group of 60 people, then this would amount to 9 grams (36 calories) of quality protein per day. These calculations led the authors to conclude; "the nutritional value of cannibalism may therefore be viewed as questionable, unless a group is in a position to consume its own number in a year"41: 106.
To construct the human nutritional template in this study, the total average weights and calorie values (fat and protein) for each body part were combined from published chemical composition analyses of four male individuals42,43,44. The published materials used here are the only sources that shared the same original data format, in displaying the full body compositional data as percentages for body weight, fat and protein content. This in turn facilitated a clear comparison of data across the individual specimens. The results are summarised in Table 1, with full methods, calculations and detailed data tables given in Supplementary Information 1 (S1).
Table 1 Average weight and calorific values for parts of the human body.
Garn and Block's41 original estimations of the calorie value of protein within edible skeletal muscle mass (18,000 calories per 30 kg muscle mass) are not dissimilar to the results obtained from the nutritional template presented in this study (19,951 calories per 24.897 kg muscle mass – S1) although they do seem to have underestimated the overall potential calorie values of skeletal muscle mass. In addition, Garn and Block concentrated solely on skeletal muscle tissue, which is not the only edible component of the human body. From ethnographic and archaeological studies, other body parts are known to be eaten during episodes of cannibalism, including the lungs, liver, brain, heart, nervous tissue, bone marrow, genitalia and skin1,2,12,14,19,29,30,45. Table 1 therefore shows the full nutritional value of the human body (protein + fat) and highlights the nutritional value of those parts of the body that are most commonly consumed according to ethnographic and archaeological accounts (marked*).
There are some caveats to consider with the nutritional template presented in Table 1. First, the nutritional template represents only the potential nutritional value of an adult human male. Ideally, nutritional templates for females and a range of ages would be constructed, to represent the full nutritional potential of hominin social groups (see discussion). However, data for females and sub-adults are not available within the published literature, and the collection of primary data of this nature was outside the ethical (and legal) scope of this study. Given the proxy nature of the nutritional template, one solution to the age distribution problem is to calculate the weight percent ratio of male infant, child, juvenile, and adolescent to adult, and downscale the proxy calorie value accordingly (Table 2). Male weights were used to fit the parameters of the human nutritional template and taken from the United Kingdom Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health and World Health Organisation growth projection charts46,47. It should be kept in mind that as growth rates are not linear, the values represent a simplified reflection of reality in regards to calorie values. However, the average values presented within the broad age categories in Table 2 (infant, child, juvenile, adolescent and adult) match the age categories used in the archaeological sites under investigation (Table 3) and are therefore useful as a heuristic device when calculating the overall calorie values for episodes of Palaeolithic cannibalism.
Table 2 Estimated total calorie values for male adults, adolescents, juveniles and infants.
Table 3 Documented sites of Palaeolithic cannibalism.
A further consideration is that the nutritional values obtained only pertain to modern humans. It is unknown whether the data would change substantially for non-Homo sapiens species. In the case of Neanderthals, for example, it is probable that the values for skeletal muscle and related organs would increase given their greater muscle mass48. The estimates given in this study should therefore be taken as minimum values for non-Homo sapiens hominin species. A third caveat is the use of average values from a small base sample when calculating human calorie values. Due to the variable nature of each human individual this cannot be avoided without a substantially larger dataset (which was unavailable at the time of writing). Finally, the values in Tables 1 and 2 are for raw meat only. There has been much recent interest in how cooking can increase the calorie value retrieved from meat49,50,51. However, given the nature of this study, it was not possible to conduct analyses on cooked human flesh.
Discussion: Calorific values for episodes of Palaeolithic cannibalism
Having established baseline calorific values for the human body it is now possible to apply those values to a sample of Palaeolithic cannibalism episodes (Table 3). The sites chosen were those highlighted in a recent review on prehistoric cannibalism5 that did not have any ambiguity surrounding the interpretation of cannibalism as a behavioural act. Later Prehistoric sites were not included as the focus of this research falls within the Palaeolithic and understanding the motivations of our hominin ancestors for such acts. We know that Homo sapiens motivations for cannibalism are frequently context specific, including survival, warfare and symbolic cannibalism as discussed above5. Attempting to understand the possible range of motivations for cannibalism in other hominin species therefore forms a focal point of interest here. When estimating the calorific values of the selected cannibalism episodes, three values were assigned per Palaeolithic site (Table 4): (i) A total full body calorie value (using the Total value from Table 1), which can be seen as a maximum value for the episode, (ii) an intermediate value using only the body parts known to be consumed through the ethnographic and archaeological records (*), and (iii) a minimum value where only the skeletal muscle calorie values were applied.
Table 4 Calorific value of each episode of Palaeolithic cannibalism.
Given that the selected Palaeolithic episodes of cannibalism involved the consumption of individuals across the age spectrum (Table 3), Table 4 has used the age-corrected values (from Table 2) and therefore offers a more realistic calorific value that is used throughout the rest of this study. It should be noted that although the sites in Tables 3 and 4 exhibit anthropogenic modifications on more than 20% of the hominin remains5 (with some, such as Gough's Cave, at over 65% modification9), this level of published detail was not available for all sites within this study. To facilitate cross-site comparisons in regards to calories, each site is taken as 100% modification and therefore represents a maximum potential calorie value. In reality, the prehistoric episodes may well have produced less calories based on the degree of consumption and modification of the hominin skeletons.
From Table 4 we can see that there are a range of calorie values per site that correspond directly to the number of individuals being consumed. To assess the nutritional viability of the cannibalism episodes in their broader archaeological context, a comparison is needed with the nutritional value of other faunal species from sites where cannibalism is known to have occurred (Table 3). Table 5 shows the nutritional value of a human body based on skeletal muscle compared to the nutritional value for a number of anthropogenically modified fauna found in close association with hominin remains at the Palaeolithic sites.
Table 5 Average total weight values, average muscle weight and average calorie values for muscle weight of faunal and human species based on available data.
Previous studies52,53 have tended to focus on calorie values for the flesh of the Pleistocene fauna. However, as with the hominin remains, faunal remains are often exploited for additional resources (e.g. bone marrow). Skeletal muscle was used for the nutritional comparison due to a lack of data to facilitate a full body break down of nutritional values across all faunal species. Despite this limitation, the skeletal muscle values serve as a reasonable proxy to assess the calorie values of hominins and other faunal remains. While all the non-carnivorous species from Table 3 are represented in Table 5, there were limited data available (apart from bear) to represent the carnivore remains. Fish and birds are included to represent a scale of low calorie faunal remains that are frequently exploited by humans, even if not directly represented within the assemblages of the sites under study. As with the hominin sites above, the calorie values presented are based on the assumption that 100% of the flesh was consumed to facilitate a direct comparison between faunal and human species. Table 5 shows that when compared to most other fauna, human skeletal muscle has a nutritional value broadly in line with those that match our size and weight, but produce significantly fewer calories than most of the larger fauna such as mammoth, woolly rhino or deer species known to have been regularly consumed by past hominins.
When examining examples of prehistoric cannibalism through the archaeological record, it is difficult to ascertain whether the number of anthropogenically modified individuals represent single or multiple episodes of cannibalism. In this discussion, all episodes are treated as a single episode of cannibalism in line with many of the original site interpretations.
In order to enhance our understanding of the episodes of cannibalism beyond calorie counts, Table 6 shows the number of days a group of twenty-five modern males, Neanderthal males and Pleistocene Anatomically Modern Human males could survive from each Palaeolithic cannibalism episode compared against the faunal record. Males were used to fit the parameters of the nutritional template presented within this study and twenty-five is recognised as being the most desirable group size for mobile foraging populations in terms of reproductive viability and general adaptive significance to hunting and gathering societies54,55,56. In addition, twenty-five has successfully been applied previously to Palaeolithic hunting and gathering groups55,56,57. Average calorie values of 2,400 calories for an adult modern human male41; 4,070 calories for an adult Neanderthal male58; and 3,788.5 calories for a Pleistocene adult Anatomically Modern Human male58 were used to represent the amount of daily energy expenditure. The results in Table 6 should be seen as a heuristic device to aid the nutritional comparison between cannibalism episodes and individual faunal remains.
Table 6 Comparison of Palaeolithic cannibalism episodes versus faunal remains in regards to calorie content and potential number of days of food provision.
When Tables 5 and 6 are compared it can be seen that whole cannibalistic episodes hold the same calorific value or less than many individual large faunal species (for example: mammoth, rhinoceros, auroch, bison, cow, bear, horse, giant deer, red deer, musk-ox, deer, boar or reindeer). Therefore, it would seem that the large faunal record offers an overall better calorific return per individual than hominins in terms of energy return. Of course, past hominins also exploited the small faunal record (for example, birds, fish, hare, roe deer and saiga) as a part of their diet and all of which return a lower calorie rate than a hominin. However, the mental and physical effort to hunt a hominin would presumably be much greater than that required for small game given the hominins ability to fight, run and think their way out of the hunt and pursuit in a way that a saiga (for example) simply could not. This then leads to the question of why did hominins engage in the practice of cannibalism if the nutritional return (at an individual and group level) would appear to be significantly less than many individual faunal species that were regularly consumed by these Palaeolithic communities.
Recent studies of Palaeolithic cannibalism6,9,11,12,13,14,53 have done much to illustrate that the motivations and social contexts behind episodes of cannibalism go beyond the simplistic 'nutritional' or 'ritual' label. For Homo sapiens, the motivations for cannibalism are clearly wide-ranging, including nutritional cannibalism with ritual practices surrounding the special treatment of skulls9 and inter-group rivalries placed under stress during harsh climatic conditions53,59. In regards to Neanderthals there is an increasing body of evidence that suggests they may well have been as socially complex and varied on an intra- and inter-group level as modern humans in the treatment of their dead60,61,62 and within the symbolic realm63,64,65. The site of Caune de l'Argo highlights the intriguing possible nature of ritual cannibalism for Homo erectus where the post-cranial remains have been processed in a different fashion to the cranial remains, perhaps facilitating an interpretation not dissimilar to the Gough's Cave assemblage; although more work on this site is needed to confirm this.
This study demonstrates that on a nutritional level, hominins fall where expected, in terms of calorie content (Table 5), when compared to fauna of a similar body weight. However, when compared to large fauna often found in association with anthropogenically modified hominin remains (Table 3), the calorie returns of individuals and groups of hominins are significantly less than individual large fauna commonly exploited by hominins in the past. So, why cannibalise a member of your own species? Hominins may have been seen (rather functionally) as another source of food ("meat for meat's sake") and were cannibalised on an opportunistic basis (such as when a member of the group passed away) possibly as an easy alternative to going out and hunting. Or, perhaps hominins were actively hunted. Active hunting raises the interesting question of whether the relatively low calorific return for hominins would justify the energy expenditure in hunting an individual or group if the motivation was driven purely by balancing energy quotients. It is suggested here that this would not be the case, when a single large fauna individual returns many more calories without the difficulties of hunting groups of hominins that were as intelligent and resourceful as the hunters (in their ability to fight back and evade pursuit). Rather, given the apparent scarcity of cannibalistic behaviour in the archaeological record within individual hominin populations, coupled with a picture of increasing social complexity from hominins during the early Pleistocene onwards, it is more likely that the motivations for cannibalistic episodes lay within complex cultural systems involving both intra-and inter-group dynamics and competition6,13,20. Certainly, this conclusion would support interpretations from Gran Dolina relating to Homo antecessor6,13. The intriguing possibility of Homo erectus ritual cannibalism from l'Argo20 could further suggest that even the oldest episodes of cannibalism were social acts that had some cultural meaning for the consumers beyond an easy meal.
Undoubtedly, each episode of Palaeolithic cannibalism would have had its own specific cultural context and reason for consumption. In some instances, this may represent a more practical or opportunistic approach to food procurement, for example, the consumption of individuals who die of natural causes within the social group. Such an interpretation cannot be entirely dismissed given that the nutritional value of the human body is not particularly high, and hominins regularly exploited faunal remains that were lower in calories with no cultural influence. However, the similarity of demographics across Palaeolithic cannibalism episodes (adults to infants) may indicate that the motivations followed the inter- and intra-group dynamics involving resource and territory defence proposed at Gran Dolina TD613. If this is the case, it would suggest that pre-Homo sapiens Pleistocene hominin social structures and interactions within and between groups may have been far more complex than currently estimated. Recent palaeo-genetic studies66,67,68 have already hinted at a more explicit and active degree of social interaction between hominin species than was previously thought possible. In addition, the recognised complexity within Neanderthal societies with distinct cultural and symbolic traditions69,70,71 illustrates a hominin that is more behaviourally similar to our own species. We know that modern humans have a range of complex motivations for cannibalism that extend from ritual, aggressive, and survival to dietary reasons. Why then would a hominin species such as the Neanderthals, who seem to have had varying attitudes to the burial and treatment of their dead22,60,61,62,72, not have an equally complex attitude towards cannibalism? As such, social motivations behind acts of Palaeolithic cannibalism should not be readily discounted when examined within the broader behavioural context of the hominins under study.
The use of the human nutritional template presented here highlights that humans (and by inference hominins) fall within the expected range of calories for an animal of our average body weight. We are, however, significantly lower in calorie value when compared to single large fauna (such as mammoth, bison, cattle and horse) that have a much greater calorific return per individual than many of the groups of cannibalised human remains. This return must therefore question the viability of hunting and consuming hominins for strictly nutritional reasons. It is recommended that the data and methods presented here form part of a holistic approach to the definition of episodes of prehistoric cannibalism, with a stricter use of terminology when describing episodes of prehistoric cannibalism beyond the ambiguous and leading terms 'nutritional' or 'symbolic'.
The human nutritional template was constructed using previously published data relating to the chemical composition of the human body for four adult male human individuals42,43,44 and average limb muscle weights73,74. The chemical composition data sources shared the same original data format of displaying the chemical composition of body components as percentages of body weight, fat and protein. In order to obtain the calorie values for each body component, the percentage values had to be converted back to real weights (in grams). The calorie conversion was attained through the ratio 4:4:9, where 1 gram of protein equals 4 calories, 1 gram of carbohydrate equals 4 calories and 1 gram of fat equals 9 calories75,76. See Supplementary Information 1 for full calculations, data tables and figures.
How to cite this article: Cole, J. Assessing the calorific significance of episodes for human cannibalism in the Palaeolithic. Sci. Rep. 7, 44707; doi: 10.1038/srep44707 (2017).
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The author would like to thank John McNabb and Clive Gamble for the initial inspiration behind this research. Additional thanks must go to Roger Jacobi and Chris Stringer who were extremely helpful and generous with their time in early discussions on this topic over ten years ago. Further thanks to Chris Joyce and David Nash for comments relating to the direction and flow of the text. All errors or mistakes remain my own.
School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Lewes Road Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
James Cole
Correspondence to James Cole.
The author declares no competing financial interests.
Supplementary Information (PDF 3649 kb)
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Cole, J. Assessing the calorific significance of episodes of human cannibalism in the Palaeolithic. Sci Rep 7, 44707 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44707
Accepted: 13 February 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44707
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Ludovic Slimak
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Journal of Archaeological Science (2020)
The Eemian: Global warming, ecosystem upheaval, demographic collapse and cannibalism at Moula-Guercy. A reply to Slimak and Nicholson (2020)
Alban R. Defleur
, Emmanuel Desclaux
, Rebecca S. Jabbour
& Gary D. Richards
Impact of the last interglacial climate change on ecosystems and Neanderthals behavior at Baume Moula-Guercy, Ardèche, France
& Emmanuel Desclaux
The Psychopathological Profile of Cannibalism: A Review of Five Cases
Sophie Raymond
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& Ivan Gasman
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Cannibalism in northern China between 1470 and 1911
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Regional Environmental Change (2019)


How to check or change a blown electrical fuse or a faulty relay in a 4th generation 2013-2016 Nissan Pathfinder.
This automotive maintenance tutorial was specifically written to assist owners of the fourth generation (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and probably also the updated 2017 model year) Nissan Pathfinder SUV in checking or changing a blown fuse or a faulty relay in the electrical panels.
This 2016 Pathfinder SV was equipped with the relatively newer style of low profile mini blade fuses which can be purchased at any auto parts store, Walmart or online at Amazon.
A white plastic fuse puller tool should be included on the interior passenger compartment electrical panel.
The main electrical panel is the largest square black plastic box located just to the right of the engine air filter box and behind the 12V automotive battery.
There is a smaller electrical box in front of the primary panel with a rectangular shaped cover and a triangular shaped cover.
Gently press in the tab on the front of the smaller fuse box to release the cover. Lift the cover and turn it over to view the fuse location diagram.
To access the fuses and relays in the primary electrical box, gently pull back the four retaining clips. There are two clips on the left side and two on the right side.
Lift the electrical panel out of the box and turn it over to access the fuses.
There is another small rectangular shaped electrical box on the left (passenger) side of the engine just above the plastic engine cover and near the cowl (plastic below windshield).
Press in the release tab on the right side of the cover and pull it off.
There is a fuse and relay location diagram on the underside of the cover.
To access the interior passenger compartment electrical panel, move to the left side of the dashboard near where the driver's left knee would reside.
Insert your fingers in to the slot on the access cover and gently pull it out of the dashboard.
There is a fuse location diagram on the other side of the access panel.
Remove the white plastic fuse puller tool from the left side of the interior passenger compartment electrical block.
Place the tool over the fuse you'd like to check or change.
If the thin metal bar in the translucent plastic middle part of the old fuse appears to be burnt or broken, then it is most likely "blown" and should be replaced with a new one.
If the thin metal band or "strip" seems to be intact, then the old fuse is probably still good.
Since new fuses are so inexpensive, it should be replaced as part of your electrical problem troubleshooting process.
If you suspect that your issue is a faulty relay, you'll need to use a multi-meter tool to check it or you may find it easier to just swap in a new relay of the same amperage rating.
Push a new low profile mini blade fuse of the same amperage rating (e.g. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25A) straight in to the socket.
Replace the fuse puller tool on to the left side of the interior electrical block.
Line up the access cover and gently pop it back in to place on the dashboard.
Turn over the primary fuse block and push it down in to the box until the four retaining clips "click" securely in to place.
Replace the two smaller fuse box covers.
Check the electrical component you were having problems with such as the headlights, power windows, tail lights, horn, radio, windshield wipers, DVD entertainment system, A/C (air conditioning) system or the 12V power outlet.
If you are still having the same electrical issue, there might be a shorted wire somewhere or the component itself is faulty and will need to be replaced.


LIVERPOOL are trying to forget Luis Suarez's latest bite storm ever happened - by leaving it out of the match report on their official club website.
Uruguay star Suarez sank his teeth into Italy's Giorgio Chiellini after 80 minutes of their World Cup clash yesterday.
It's the THIRD time Suarez has bit someone on the pitch and he's set to be slapped with a monster ban.
But despite the huge uproar that ensued, the Reds didn't notice the incident ever happened.
The liverpoolfc.com report read: "Luis Suarez completed the 90 minutes as Uruguay booked their place in the last 16 of the World Cup with a hard-fought 1-0 victory over 10-man Italy."
But it fails to tell Kop fans he was at the centre of another biting row.
The match report was then removed from the website.
Suarez's side progressed through to the World Cup's last 16, but the Reds star could miss the rest of the tournament as FIFA can take retrospective action to punish him.
The governing body will study video evidence of the incident today but he is expected to receive a lengthy ban - in theory up to two years - that will certainly stretch a long way into next season.
What has Chelsea boss Maurizio Sarri been charged with by the FA after Burnley game?
OLE GUNNAR SOLSKJAER has taken a leaf out Sir Alex Ferguson's book ahead of Manchester United's showdown with Manchester City.
CHELSEA star Eden Hazard has to make the move to Real Madrid this summer or he probably never will.
Was this the sign Leeds players have resigned themselves to a play-off place?


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Thursday, 28 February 2019 By EP
"Last orders!"
Stephen Moss CBE, founder and Chairman of the Springboard Charity grew BCP into the country largest airport parking booking service. But it is his time as Director of his family's restaurant, Drakes at Pond Place, that Stephen helped change the face of hospitality.
Stephen was at the forefront of a movement, alongside other notable hospitality figures, that drove through a private members bill that became UK law. Impressive and so seldom achieved, it was a campaign driven by utter belief in doing what was best for the sector.
Stephen owned and ran Drakes at Pond Place in Chelsea from the late 1970s to 1988 and was then a director and shareholder with Antony Worrall-Thompson, Richard Shepherd and Roy Ackerman CBE in One Ninety Queen's Gate. It was during his time at the Michelin rated Drakes restaurant that Stephen realised that customers didn't want to eat throughout the day because they couldn't drink alcohol after 2pm. Wanting to extend the hours and increase the numbers, Stephen set about ensuring "Last orders!" was only called come end of the day.
"Last orders was 2pm back then and that meant our customers didn't want a late lunch at the restaurant if they couldn't drink any hooch. So, a few of us including Robert Carrier OBE, then Chairman of The Restaurant Association of Great Britain, and Roy Ackerman came together and decided to try and change the law. We looked at the pavement cafes of Europe and saw the advantages of extending drinking laws."
"So we rallied others to support the bill and join us on a march to 10 Downing Street."
The alcohol consumption laws at the time were an overhang from the First World War when Parliament believed mid afternoon drinking could interfere with the war effort. Under the Defence of the Realm Act drinking was allowed over luncheon and then again for supper; 6:30pm to 10:30pm.
Stephen, with his legal training knew they had more than a chance of success if they took a slightly different route to pushing a Private Member's Bill through.
"We went through the Lords to begin with and Viscount Montgomery of Alamein introduced the bill. Once it got through, we then had the young MP Robert Banks lined up to present the bill in the Commons. We had to wait for a day when a certain well-known teetotal MP was not sitting and then took our chance and it got through and became law."
It wasn't all easy for Stephen and his colleagues, it's very rare that Private Members' bills become law. He needed strong publicity around an issue to affect the legislation indirectly. This is exactly what they did.
"It was incredible watching the draftsman write up the bill specifically for the restaurant sector in that it would only permit alcohol to be served throughout the day with a meal. So we rallied others to support the bill and join us on a march to 10 Downing Street. Alongside many chefs and restauranteurs, we marched on 2nd April 1985 in our chef whites with Robert Carrier leading the way. We held up signs which read "The Victorians had more liberated drinking laws in their day!" and "Let's get into the 20th century before its over!" There were around 200 of us and it really was huge fun."
"It created a fundamental change which directly impacted on traditional split service shifts. No longer did the teams have to work lunch, take a long break and then work the evening again. There was much more flexibility all round. It paved the way for legislative change to remove the requirement for meals to be served with alcohol so that the pub sector could then benefit. If there was any fear over what the change would bring, we were the example that it was all positive. It also naturally increased profitability of restaurants. It was a exciting time and we really celebrated afterwards."
"I never cease to be amazed by the spark of light you see."
Stephen shares this story today with the same enthusiasm he had back then and its just one of the many fine examples of where he has achieved positive change for the hospitality industry. In 1990, following a request by the London Tourist Board to help address the hospitality skills shortage in London, he helped found and remains Chairman of Springboard, a charity which promotes careers in hospitality, leisure, travel and tourism.
In the 1980s Stephen was frustrated that English food wasn't celebrated and couldn't attract English front of house employees because they didn't find the sector exciting. It was therefore a natural alignment for him to help create the charity which was officially launched by then employment secretary Michael Howard in 1990 and held a central London location for for 21 years "on a peppercorn rent." Today Springboard goes into schools and colleges, develops skills and supports sustainable employment.
When asked what keeps driving him, Stephen simply says, "I never cease to be amazed by the spark of light you see when someone from a disadvantaged or unemployed background is given the chance to change their life around. Building or re-building confidence through skills training and then watching someone fly is so fulfilling."
This is clearly the fuel that makes Stephen continue to strive for greatness for the industry. He achieved real change by pushing through a law which has had reverberating positive impacts for the hospitality sector ever since. Stephen is a fine example of where someone, through sheer hard work and belief, can make real and powerful change.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Levitated Mass is the name given to the newest permanent art piece at Los Angeles County Museum of Art. It is the journey of a large rock that became an art legend and Olson Visual created all of the signs and graphics for this monumental occasion.
OV installed and printed the black and white large-scale images seen below. These are actually, the preliminary photographs that show the artist's process and how Levitated Mass was born.
On June 24, 2012 the ribbon was cut to inaugurate this 340-ton outdoor installation. The artwork was first conceived by Michael Heizer in 1969 as an illustration that is now housed in a collection in Berlin. It wasn't until many years later that the artist, Heizer, discovered the appropriate rock in Riverside, California.
During the celebration of this new $10 million dollar rock, was the appearance of the Mayor, Antonio R. Villaraigosa. This was an event that many Angelinos attended. Some were excited to see the unveiling while others questioned its high price tag and the validity of the art world.
Michael Heizer and Michael Govan take a moment to appreciate the photographs during installation.


PAUSE FEST, the annual creative business event is on again. Starts 6-8 February 2019, here in Melbourne. After nine years of growing, PAUSE founder George Hedon understands completely how disparate the creative community is in Australia. He wanted to inject global innovation and excitement into Australia's local tech culture. The goal was to create a new home for collaboration, ideas, relationships and, most importantly, for the future to take shape.
Today, PAUSE draws global luminaries from a huge range of industries and is the leading conference and festival of its kind in the world. There are different streams at PAUSE FEST, the Programming Matrix which is curated in three areas: Creative, Tech and Business. There are so many ways to benefit from going along (and taking part) in the PAUSE FEST, I have included a link to a PDF (below) which can help convince your boss.
While there are big ideas, the focus is on practical skills that can and should be working in the real world today. When deciding on who should present, the curators looked for ideas that could NOT be Googled. They were looking for people with Actionable Insights (70%); also looking for Future Trends hitting markets within 2 to 5 years (20%), and also ideas that will materialise after 10 to 20 years (10)%).
Sitting in their proven event venue of Federation Square in Melbourne, PAUSE has been described as "Australasia's SXSW" and as "Woodstock for digital natives". Last year, they had over 400 startups, 1200 businesses and over 35 media outlets from across Australia taking part.
Do you feel like Australia is too far away? PAUSE can arrange your travels, book your accommodation and greet you with the Leader ticket when you arrive in Melbourne. They're also running their Pause Retreat (which sold out in 2018) again, by application only.


For over 20 years, Bath Fitter has been providing the best in bath remodeling solutions. The company takes pride in supporting the community through their high-quality bath remodeling products and services, as well as through sponsorships and donations to local organizations and non-profits. Bath Fitter offers tub or shower liners and replacements, tub-to-shower conversions, and a wide array of accessories, with color and style options. Everything is custom-made, with installation in as little as one day. All of this under a lifetime warranty makes Bath Fitter the perfect fit for your bathroom remodeling project.


text:
You are previewing: Vincenzo De Michelis. Preludio Monodico Onnitonico op. 91 for solo flute
Vincenzo De Michelis. Preludio Monodico Onnitonico op. 91 for solo flute
Maurizio Bignardelli, Vincenzo De Michelis
Published Year
Maurizio Bignardelli,
Vincenzo De Michelis
Leonardo Vinci. Sonata in re maggiore per flauto e basso continuo
Four easy pieces for flute and piano
Sonata Appassionata for flute solo, op. 140
58 exercises for solo flute
9.20€ tax inc.
edited by Maurizio Bignardelli
The Onnitonic Monodic Prelude op. 91 is a powerful exercise of flaw warming, from unsuspected "beneficial" resources (such as the discovery of the harmonics), a tortuous path through all the flutist tones (between the six bemolli and the five sharp ones in key). Vincenzo De Michelis.
Vincenzo De Michelis. Preludio Monodico Onnitonico op. 91 for solo flute quantity
SKU: RS1003 Categories: Flute, Teaching
Maurizio Bignardelli
Maurizio Bignardelli began studying the flute at a very young age, graduating with honors at only twenty years at the Santa Cecilia Conservatory in Rome.
Winner of the National Young Concertists selection (Rome 1983), of the "Opera Barga" Competition (Lucca 1984), selected at the "Jean Pierre Rampal" International Flute Competition (Paris 1983), he begins a brilliant soloist and chamber music career at Associations, Concerts, International Festivals in Italy and abroad (Friends of the music "Giuseppe Verdi" Busseto (Parma), Festivals of Taormina, Strasbourg, Hanover, Camerata Musicale Bari, Accademia Filarmonica Messina, Concerts Station "Anton Dohrn" of Naples, Friends of the Music Catanzaro, Centro Reggino Classical Music, Society of the Conservatory Metz, Innsbruck, Schubert Saal Vienna). Winner of competitions and auditions for orchestral roles, he has collaborated for more than a decade as an orchestra conductor with the RAI Symphonic Orchestras, the National Orchestra of Santa Cecilia, the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, and the Cagliari Opera House. under the guidance of distinguished directors. As a soloist he performed accompanied by the symphonic orchestras of Mexico City and Guadalajara with programs by Italian authors (Vivaldi, Mercadante) reproposing rare repertoires (such as the "Gran Concerto for flute and military band", Op. 63 by Emanuele Krakamp (Messina 1813-Naples 1883) recorded in the premiere of the Week of Musical Heritage sponsored by the State Disco along with the Great Band of the Guardia di Finanza directed by Don Pablo Colino, has recorded numerous recitals for Vatican Radio.
Graduated in 1985 in Musicology at the University of Bologna, he published over a hundred reviews of rare authors of the eighteenth and eight hundred Italian and European, for famous music publishing houses (Zimmermann of Frankfurt, Ut Orpheus of Bologna, Flatus of Sion, Bèrben di Ancona). As a musicologist he has collaborated with RAI for numerous radio broadcasts of musicological character (Bicentenary of the French Revolution). He was invited as a soloist in the context of the "Flautissimo" International Flautist Festival (editions 1993, 1995, 1999, 2005).
The biographical information on Vincenzo De Michelis is very scarce, it is reported in full what he says Fortunato Sconzo in his The Flute and Flutists: "Valente flute concertist, held for years, with competence and decorum the place of the first flute at the Apollo Theater, and he was also a professor at the Accademia di Santa Cecilia in Rome, and he also attempted some improvements in the construction of the flute, and in 1874 he wrote a new method that particularly reflects the practical use of his constructive finds. flute and piano, and twenty-five further studies (Ed. Ricordi, Milan) ". The new flute system devised by De Michelis was a conical chamfer with 13 keys and 4 levers, and was made by the Roman manufacturer 'Fratelli Ricchi' and put into production by Agostino Rampone.
Serenata e tango
Claude Debussy. Sonata in sol minore L141 flute and piano
Duettino for two flutes and piano sur la soirée musicale di Rossini op.49
Gioachino Rossini, Rien de Reede
Rien de Reede, Sigfrid Karg-Elert
30 Capricci op. 107 for flute solo
Wolfang Amadeus Mozart. 6 Sonatas for flute and piano vol.II KV301-306


"It's quite simple really. If you want me to love you more, do more good deeds. But the less you do, the less I love you. Any questions?"
"You don't need to use words. Simply live the Christian life in front of people, and eventually they will say, 'Hey, there's something different about him.' It works every time."
The state of Texas has passed an incredible piece of legislation, which, among other things, bans abortions after 20 weeks. The bill also requires abortion "doctors" to have admitting privileges in hospitals, and since they are almost never real doctors, this puts most abortion providers out of work and closes most abortion clinics.
On the day of the vote jars of urine and feces and a host of feminine hygiene products were confiscated as women tried to enter the Capitol Building. Police were on the lookout for these items after receiving a tip that they were going to be used to throw at senators on the floor. That's right. Jars of urine and feces.
What was that they were saying about us trying to send America to the Stone Ages?
Think about it. Adults actually used jars to bottle their own waste, put them in their purses, and planned on throwing them at people who disagreed with them. They have redefined tolerance and classiness.
These females can be as crude as they want to; in fact, nothing is more crude than ripping a baby apart while he is only trying to develop. But somewhere among all the indecency that this side is showing, they have lost their support. Prenatal technology has certainly contributed to the turning tide, as more and more Americans are beginning to understand what we have said all along: these children are very much alive and need to be protected.
So thank you, Texas, for moving us another step closer towards ending the murder of our youngest, most vulnerable citizens. May God bless Texas.
To be fair, Trayvon was not murdered; a jury found that Zimmerman shot him in self-defense after Trayvon had Zimmerman on the ground, straddled him, and spent at least 45 seconds bashing his head into a sidewalk. A witness who called 911 corroborates the story, and Zimmerman's severely damaged (if not broken) nose and lacerations to the back of the head also add up. Zimmerman probably should have stayed in his car, but he never broke the law by getting out.
Trayvon has become the face of injustice committed towards black people. In my opinion, if you want real justice for Trayvon, if you want to end the senseless killing of black people, then we need to talk about abortion.
Did you know that abortion is the leading killer of black people? Since Roe v. Wade in 1973, AIDS has claimed the lives of approximately 203,700 black people in this country. 306,300 black people have died in violent crimes (93% of the time the killer was also black), while another 370,700 have died in accidents. Cancer has claimed the lives over 1 and a half million, and another 2 and a quarter million have died from heart disease.
Are you ready for this next one? 13 million black babies have been aborted since 1973; that is more than heart disease, cancer, violence, accidents, and AIDS COMBINED! In fact, all the others add up to just over 4 million, only a third of the number of aborted babies.
Like with Trayvon Martin, these babies have their whole lives ahead of them; we should be outraged that their short lives are snuffed out. We keep hearing that Trayvon was "minding his own business," but who is more innocent than the ones in the womb?
By ending abortion we would wipe out the leading cause of death for black people. Those 13 million are the ones I want justice for.
An Associate Pastor's wife has made headlines for referring to the Southern Baptist Convention as "Shiite Baptists" for opposing homosexuality and the Boy Scouts' decision to allow in homosexual scout leaders.
The Associate Pastor resigned in the wake of his wife's article (although he claims he was fired).
This has naturally sparked another round of debates about how Christians are to view homosexuality. For the record, the Bible repeatedly condemns it, a fact that many in the church have decided to ignore.
But how fair is it to compare Baptists to Shiite Muslims? Sure, both groups view homosexuality as a sin, but Muslims teach that homosexuals are to be executed, while Christians teach that they are to be loved.
So while the media is having its field day calling Christians hate-filled homophobic bigots, don't forget that they also champion Islam as being the religion of peace. Sure, one group kills homosexuals, and one group is called to love them, but the media has it totally backwards.
I will be the first to admit that there are sign-waving protestors who scream in the name of Christ, but as I have said so many times, that is not Christianity; that makes up an extremely small percentage of church goers.
All people, whether homosexual or heterosexual, must come to the Father the same way: through Jesus Christ. Any true Christian wants to convert, not kill, so please don't call me a Shiite.
Atheism has the power to stop wars? That's terrific news! So stop them.
The person who made this graphic is once again falling victim to the belief that Christians cause all wars. The graphic ignores the fact that Hitler, Marx, bin Laden, Hussein, and others like them were far from being Christian.
Related post: Are Christians Responsible for the World's Wars?


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text:
Q: pandas: records with lists to separate rows I have a Python Pandas DataFrame like this (UCSC schema for NCBI RefSeq):
chrom   exonStart     exonEnds      name
chr1    100,200,300   110,210,310   gen1
chr1    500,700       600,800       gen2
chr2    50,60,70,80   55,65,75,85   gen3

and I'd like to pair values from exonStarts and exonEnds and put them as separate rows (keeping the rest of corresponding information):
chrom   exonStart     exonEnds      name
chr1    100           110           gen1
chr1    200           210           gen1
chr1    300           310           gen1
chr1    500           600           gen2
chr1    700           800           gen2
chr2    50            55            gen3
chr2    60            65            gen3
chr2    70            75            gen3
chr2    80            85            gen3

I was thinking to use combinations of python/pandas functions as:

zip, split, melt, concat

but somehow it doesn't work for me

A: Use a zip and split within a comprehension
pd.DataFrame([
    [c, s, e, n]
    for c, S, E, n in df.itertuples(index=False)
    for s, e in zip(S.split(','), E.split(','))
], columns=df.columns)

  chrom exonStart exonEnds  name
0  chr1       100      110  gen1
1  chr1       200      210  gen1
2  chr1       300      310  gen1
3  chr1       500      600  gen2
4  chr1       700      800  gen2
5  chr2        50       55  gen3
6  chr2        60       65  gen3
7  chr2        70       75  gen3
8  chr2        80       85  gen3

A: This is one way using numpy and intertools.chain.
The idea is to first split your comma separated fields into lists. Then construct a results dataframe, repeating or chaining values were necessary.
import numpy as np
from itertools import chain

df['exonStart'] = df['exonStart'].str.split(',')
df['exonEnds'] = df['exonEnds'].str.split(',')

lens = list(map(len, df['exonStart']))

res = pd.DataFrame({'chrom': np.repeat(df['chrom'], lens),
                    'exonStart': list(chain.from_iterable(df['exonStart'])),
                    'exonEnds': list(chain.from_iterable(df['exonEnds'])),
                    'name': np.repeat(df['name'], lens)})

print(res)

#   chrom exonEnds exonStart  name
# 0  chr1      110       100  gen1
# 0  chr1      210       200  gen1
# 0  chr1      310       300  gen1
# 1  chr1      600       500  gen2
# 1  chr1      800       700  gen2
# 2  chr2       55        50  gen3
# 2  chr2       65        60  gen3
# 2  chr2       75        70  gen3
# 2  chr2       85        80  gen3

Note you may wish to convert your numeric columns to int at the end of this process.

A: I come up with this , by usingunstack and stack
df.set_index(['chrom','name']).apply(lambda x : x.str.split(','),1).\
   stack().apply(pd.Series).stack().unstack(-2).\
       reset_index().drop('level_2',1)
Out[1201]:
  chrom  name exonStart exonEnds
0  chr1  gen1       100      110
1  chr1  gen1       200      210
2  chr1  gen1       300      310
3  chr1  gen2       500      600
4  chr1  gen2       700      800
5  chr2  gen3        50       55
6  chr2  gen3        60       65
7  chr2  gen3        70       75
8  chr2  gen3        80       85

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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I'm the guy that started this whole thing so there's a good chance I'll be the one you talk to first. I love to get to know people because media is capturing a story. The better you know someone the more likely you can see their story as they see it.
Photography has been a passion of mine and I love to see the work that comes from Naturae Studio. When I'm not working I'm either trying to take some shots of my own or making sure this studio is using it's resources to the full extent of their ability.
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I'm your typical everyday college student. Well sorta… I can be a crazy guy sometimes. I love adventure and everything about it. I love to travel and see the different crazy things in life. I love to sit back and look at God's creation in amazement. I am a photographer some may say and I love video work. I follow my heart and do what's fun and necessary.


text:
Bill Jordan History
Academic Honesty Statement
420: Unit 2
Washington Intern Program
WIP Facts
556 Country Assignment 1
420 Midterm Essay '23
Discussing History
Helping Quieter Students
How to Cite Text
Historical Thinking
Writing History
Paper-Writing Guide
Evaluating Sources
Periodical sampling
Primary v. Secondary Sources
A good-enough research paper
Topic Selection
US History Readings
The historical significance of the 14th Amendment, radical reform to the American system that has largely failed to live up to its promise. LINK
A summary of Eric Nelson's analysis of the American Revolution and Constitution, The Royalist Revolution, which argues that the Constitution represented a triumph of monarchists over democrats, and that the American system of government is uniquely fragile and unstable. "This is a system that requires a particular set of political norms, " Nelson said, "and it can be very dangerous and dysfunctional where those norms are not present." An ominous statement in the age of Donald Trump. LINK
The former archivist of The Nation "explains how our political system, often described as rigged, has in fact been rigged from the start" to favor the wealthy over the working classes. LINK
A website for resources for classes looking at ratification of the Constitution by "Teaching American History." LINK
The Marbury v. Madison decision established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the final say on all legislation, all policies of the government. What if the court's opinions are out of sync with the public? This New York Times article reviews times when that was disastrously the case and argues that we are heading there again. In The Great Decision: Jefferson, Adams, Marshall, and the Battle for the Supreme Court, Cliff Stone offers a detailed history of the case.
The African American Freedom Struggle
In 1854, Elizabeth Jennings rode the streetcar of her choice, in an early civil rights protest that led to desegregating public transportation in NYC. LINK
Unsuccessful African American protests during the dark time of the "nadir" (1890s to 1940s), was an essential precursor to the eventual successes of the Civil Rights movement. LINK
A journalist's role in protecting a black student who was trying to integration Little Rock High School in 1957. LINK
Martin Luther King, Jr. was despised by liberals during the last years of his life. He was too radical for them. They saw him as an extremist. LINK
Did Canada burn down the White House? No. And not only that, the war was caused by a conflict over trade. And maybe, in the long run, that conflict was good for the US. LINK
Jacksonian America
If you're appalled by Donald Trump, take a look at Andrew Jackson, the "first great American populist. And Donald Trump couldn't polish his boots." LINK
In case you thought he was a lazy bum, think again: read about common misconceptions about Thoreau.
Slavery, Civil War and Reconstruction
Slave Voyages is a comprehensive database which traces the dispersal of Africans across the Atlantic world.
In the modern imagination, work is a source of pride, but early labor unions regarded hourly toil in industry as "wage slavery." Read More. And here is a conservative argument against the notion that working for wages was akin to slavery.
Who freed the slaves? We tend to credit Lincoln, "The Great Emancipator," but others played a role too. Adam Gopnick reviews a book that gives more of the credit to Congress and the Radical Republicans. The book is Congress at War: How Republican Reformers Fought the Civil War, Defied Lincoln, Ended Slavery, and Remade America, by Fergus M. Bordewich. Read the review here.
The New York Times ran a celebrated series of articles on slavery, upon the 400th anniversary of the arrival of the first African Americans in the British colonies of North America, in 1619. LINK. For and overview of the controversy, begin with this Wikipedia page. Critiques of the series appeared in various places, including the Times Letters to the Editor column by a group of historians, the Atlantic and the Wall Street Journal and Jacobin. But you can find lots more on the Wikipedia page.
Historian Steve Hahn argues that we should think of the Civil War as the largest slave revolt in history. LINK. Or watch this video of Prof. Hahn explaining his argument. This is one part of Slate's series on the history of American slavery featuring articles by leading historians. LINK.
New research suggests that a health crisis with massive casualties followed emancipation for the newly freed slaves. LINK
Monopolies, Trustbusting and the origins of the regulatory state
This Wall Street Journal article argues that trustbusting and corporate regulation in the Gilded Age and Progressive era did more harm than good. LINK
Immigration & Borderlands
Anglo-Americans stole an estimated 187,000 acres of land from people of Mexican descent in Texas between 1900 and 1910 according to this fascinating piece about border wars in the years leading up to World War I. LINK
How Italians Became 'White': LINK
Anti-immigrant nativism is nothing new. This article examines the historic echoes of President Trump's immigration ban. LINK
The author looks at how the Jewish religion evolved to adjust to the American context in the 19th century. The result is a dramatically different version of Judaism in the US than in Israel and one that tends to embrace a liberal politics. LINK
In Why the New Deal Matters, Eric Rauchway argues that FDR's goal in the New Deal was less to revive the economy and save capitalism than to save Democracy. The book is a rousing defense of the New Deal against it's detractors, including Democratic Rep. Jim Clyburn, who was largely responsible for Joe Biden's defeat of Bernie Sanders in the South Carolina Primary in 2020. NYT columnist Jamelle Bouie wrote in agreement with the book. In this interview with In These Times, Rauchway offers a defense of the New Deal against those who argue that it was bad for Black Americans. See also, Rauchway's interview on the Know your Enemy Podcast.
A very critical review of Ken Burns' Vietnam War film by my Grad school friend Michael Foley (who also has a new book out on Johnny Cash. LINK
LBJ knew Vietnam was unwinnable, but persecuted it nonetheless. Michael Beschloss presents excerpts from the transcripts of Johnson's taped conversations as he made key decisions to escalate America's involvement. LINK
The Kent State shootings inspired the creation of Devo, one of the oddest rock bands to emerge in the 1970s, and which has just been nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2019. BTW, I saw these guys live somewhere in the Boston area back then. LINK
George F. Will makes the case for the conservative candidacy of William Howard Taft in the election of 1912. LINK
The American Left
Historian, activist and Dissent editor Michael Kazan, discusses the prospects of contemporary left-wing movements like Democratic Socialists of American and the success of leftist political leaders like Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez in the context of the history of left movements like populism, the New Deal and the radical movements of the sixties. LINK
From Anita Hill to #MeToo, Sexual assault, sexual harassment, and partisan polarization. LINK
The history of the campaign against litter tells us a lot about corporate power and individual responsibility. LINK
Assessments of his approach: LINK. See also: Dissent Magazine left critique of Zinn. Critiques by the liberal magazine, The New Republic and the socialist periodical. In These Times show that Zinn's influence on the left has waned. Interestingly, though, the somewhat conservative Boston Globe columnist (and PEA alum) Alex Beam thinks Zinn still has something to offer students of US history. GLOBE LINK
Primary sources: Women's history: UMichigan archives
Materials related to the slave trade: https://slavevoyages.org/


The World as a Stage Eminent Lives. Language that appeals to the senses, representing things that can be seen, smelled, heard, tasted, or touched.
For further discussion of later interpretations of Shakespeare, see Sidebar: Unlike Shakespeare, however, Marlowe was university-educated.
Do yourself a favor and pick a topic that interests you. Shakespeare inwe thought it was time we offered our pick of the best books about William Shakespeare: The moor himself is still at sea.
I take it much unkindly That thou, Iago, who hast had my purse As if the strings were thine, shouldst know of this. All of the events and actions of the work. O thou dull Moor! Try to think outside the box. Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied a literary analysis of the tragedy in macbeth by william shakespeare Epics.
In Britain the movement came to be known as Cultural Materialism; it was a first cousin to American New Historicism, though often with a more class-conscious and Marxist ideology.
Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. For Goethe in Germany as well, Shakespeare was a bard, a mystical seer.
Direct references spoken by the characters make it clear to the audience, in the theater or at home with their texts, where a scene is taking place: As in any debate, you also need to make sure that you define all the necessary terms before you begin to argue your case.
His forthcoming book on will doubtless prove similarly compelling. It was woven by a year old prophet, using silk from sacred worms and die extracted from the hearts of mummified virgins.
Did a particular image, line, or scene linger in your mind for a long time? He holds me well; The better shall my purpose work on him. Macbeth is among the best known of William Shakespeare's plays, as well as his shortest surviving tragedy. Marlowes plan was to say he got cut by a drunk man as a self defence act at a party and he bled out from the wound.
One Michael Cassio, a Florentine A fellow almost damned in a fair wife That never set a squadron in the field, Nor the division of a battle knows More than a spinster—unless the bookish theoric, 3.Other Literary Forms William Shakespeare in World Literature Many of Shakespeare's plays exhibit an appreciation for the Aristotelean concept that virtuous action is a kind of golden.
Literary analysis involves examining all the parts of a novel, play, short story, or poem—elements such as character, setting, tone, and imagery—and thinking about how the author uses those elements to create certain effects.
Shakespeare's Influence on Literature Shakespeare's importance lies in his usage of the English language to individualize the characters in his plays. In this context, Shylock deserves special mention as Shakespeare's most interesting creation for his language was different from that of anybody else's.
Sir John Gilbert's painting: The Plays of Shakespeare, containing scenes and characters from several of William Shakespeare's plays. The plays written by English poet, playwright, and actor William Shakespeare have the reputation of being among the greatest in the English language and in Western literature.
Shakespeare's other history plays, King John (–96) and Henry VIII (), approach similar questions through material drawn from Foxe's Actes and Monuments. The early comedies As You Like It: Gielgud, John Jaques philosophizes "All the world's a stage" (As You Like It, Act II, scene 7, line ), performed by John Gielgud; from a recording made about The Macbeth Literary Analysis & Devices chapter of this Macbeth by William Shakespeare Study Guide course is the most efficient way to study the storyline of this play and the literary devices.


Overview Anyone who thinks of a Merlot as a natural fruit bomb should try this wine from northern Italy: there's not a fruit flavor in sight. Instead, the wine is earthy, vegetal, and even piney. It might take some getting used to (and we'd miss our fruit if this was all we drank), but it's certainly an interesting change from New World Merlot.
Nose There are vegetable notes (especially green pepper), and an aroma one blind taster compared to a pine tree.
Mouth It's distinctly rustic, with herbs, nuts, and more vegetal flavors.


text:
Oscars 2019 Looks to Avengers Reunion for Largest 'Endgame' Infomercial Ever
by Ray Flook
It's been a pretty rough "pre-season" for ABC and The Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), to say the least.
Even before the entire Kevin Hart/hosting debacle, AMPAS and the network had been dealing with serious backlash from all corners of filmdom when they attempted to add a new "popular film" category that many saw as a cheap ratings grab at the expense of the award's integrity. On top of that, AMPAS found itself in hot water when–in an effort to shorten the broadcast–it announced that some technical awards would be presented before airing. Those presentations would then air as an edited, pre-recorded package towards the end of the broadcast – leaving many in the technical fields feeling disrespected and unappreciated.
So now, AMPAS is going without a host–or hosts–forgoing the traditional format and instead having "A-list" presenters introduce a number of themed segments throughout the show. Variety reports the AMPAS is looking to keep at least part of the ceremony's presenting gigs in "The House of Mouse's'" backyard in a very big way.
Video can't be loaded because JavaScript is disabled: Marvel's The Avengers- Trailer (OFFICIAL) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOrNdBpGMv8)
In a move Bleeding Cool is convinced has nothing to do with Disney owning ABC (Oscar broadcaster) and owning Marvel Studios (which has Avengers: Endgame opening April 26), AMPAS is apparently looking to "reunite" as many big-names it can get its golden hands on from Marvel's Avengers franchise.*
For what it's worth, this wouldn't be the first time the "band's" gotten back together for the Oscars, with Robert Downey Jr. (Iron Man), Chris Evans (Captain America), Mark Ruffalo (Bruce Banner/The Hulk), Jeremy Renner (Hawkeye) and Samuel L. Jackson (Nick Fury) taking to the stage in 2013 after The Avengers premiered the previous year. With more actors/characters added to the franchise, an on-stage Oscars shindig could end up a pretty crowded affair–if ABC, AMPAS, and Disney's marketing division have their way.
At the time of this post, AMPAS has yet to comment on the reports –which may in large part have to do with additional reporting that the details on what exactly their roles would be during the show are currently being worked out.
Produced by Donna Gigliotti and co-produced and directed by Glenn Weiss, the 91st Academy Awards take place on Sunday, February 24, on ABC.
*Note: Are they really "reuniting" if most of them were working together only months ago, and will most likely see each other again during the press junket? Asking for a friend…
Posted in: Awards Shows, Trailer, TV | Tagged: 2019, academy awards, academy of motion pictures arts and sciences, ampas, avengers, bleeding cool, bruce banner, cable, captain america, chris evans, disney, films, hawkeye, iron man, jeremy renner, kevin hart, mark ruffalo, marvel, Marvel Studios, movies, nick fury, oscars, robert downey jr, samuel l jackson, streaming, television, the hulk, tv
About Ray Flook
Serving as Television Editor since 2018, Ray began five years earlier as a contributing writer/photographer before being brought onto the core BC team in 2017.
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