text:
Q: Spring - Hibernate Multitenancy Issue I am trying to implement the multitenancy SCHEMA approach (Separate schema for each tenant) for my SAAS product, I tried to Autowire datasource bean in my MultiTenantConnectionProviderImpl, but its giving me null pointer exception. Below is my code.
Spring Conf File :-
<bean id="dataSource" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource"
    destroy-method="close" p:driverClassName="${app.jdbc.driverClassName}"
    p:url="${app.jdbc.databaseurl}" p:username="${app.jdbc.username}"
    p:password="${app.jdbc.password}"/>

<bean id="sessionFactory"
    class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.LocalSessionFactoryBean">
    <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" />
    <property name="configLocation">
        <value>classpath:hibernate.applicationDB.cfg.xml</value>
    </property>
    <property name="hibernateProperties">
        <props>
            <prop key="hibernate.dialect">${app.jdbc.dialect}</prop>
            <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">true</prop>
            <prop key="hibernate.connection.autoReconnect">true</prop>
            <prop key="connection.autoReconnectForPools">true</prop>
            <prop key="connection.is-connection-validation-required">true</prop>
            <prop key="hibernate.c3p0.minPoolSize">5</prop>
            <prop key="hibernate.c3p0.maxPoolSize">100</prop>
            <prop key="hibernate.c3p0.timeout">1800</prop>
            <prop key="hibernate.c3p0.max_statement">55</prop>
            <prop key="hibernate.c3p0.idle_test_period">2000</prop>
            <prop key="hibernate.c3p0.numHelperThreads">20</prop>
            <prop key="hibernate.multiTenancy">SCHEMA</prop>
            <prop key="hibernate.tenant_identifier_resolver">com.elecnor.ecosystem.hibernate.CurrentTenantIdentifierResolverImpl</prop>
            <prop key="hibernate.multi_tenant_connection_provider">com.elecnor.ecosystem.hibernate.MultiTenantConnectionProviderImpl</prop>
        </props>
    </property>
</bean>

<bean id="currentTenantIdentifierResolverImpl"
      class="com.elecnor.ecosystem.hibernate.CurrentTenantIdentifierResolverImpl" scope="request">
    <aop:scoped-proxy/>
</bean>

<bean id="multiTenantConnectionProviderImpl" class="com.elecnor.ecosystem.hibernate.MultiTenantConnectionProviderImpl">
    <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
</bean>

MultiTenantConnectionProviderImpl Code :-
@Component
public class MultiTenantConnectionProviderImpl implements MultiTenantConnectionProvider{

@Autowired
@Qualifier("dataSource")
DataSource dataSource;

@Override
public boolean isUnwrappableAs(Class arg0) {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    return false;
}

@Override
public <T> T unwrap(Class<T> arg0) {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    return null;
}

@Override
public Connection getAnyConnection() throws SQLException {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    System.out.println("=== Get any connetion === ");
    // Start
    //BasicDataSource dataSource = new BasicDataSource();

    // End
    try {
        if(dataSource==null)
            System.out.println("dataSource null.. ");
        else
            System.out.println("dataSource not null.. ");

        System.out.println(dataSource.getConnection().createStatement().executeQuery("select 1 from dual").toString());
    } catch (Exception e) {
        // TODO Auto-generated catch block
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    return dataSource.getConnection();
}

@Override
public Connection getConnection(String tenantId) throws SQLException {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    System.out.println("=== Get connetion === ");
    return dataSource.getConnection();
}

@Override
public void releaseAnyConnection(Connection arg0) throws SQLException {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub

}

@Override
public void releaseConnection(String arg0, Connection arg1)
        throws SQLException {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub

}

@Override
public boolean supportsAggressiveRelease() {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    return false;
}

/**
 * @return the dataSource
 */
public DataSource getDataSource() {
    return dataSource;
}

/**
 * @param dataSource the dataSource to set
 */
public void setDataSource(DataSource dataSource) {
    this.dataSource = dataSource;
}

}
Below is the exception i am getting, Can someone please help me to resolve this issues.
dataSource null..
java.lang.NullPointerException
at com.elecnor.ecosystem.hibernate.MultiTenantConnectionProviderImpl.getAnyConnection(MultiTenantConnectionProviderImpl.java:57)
at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.internal.JdbcServicesImpl$MultiTenantConnectionProviderJdbcConnectionAccess.obtainConnection(JdbcServicesImpl.java:265)
at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.internal.JdbcServicesImpl.configure(JdbcServicesImpl.java:117)
at org.hibernate.service.internal.StandardServiceRegistryImpl.configureService(StandardServiceRegistryImpl.java:76)
at org.hibernate.service.internal.AbstractServiceRegistryImpl.initializeService(AbstractServiceRegistryImpl.java:160)
at org.hibernate.service.internal.AbstractServiceRegistryImpl.getService(AbstractServiceRegistryImpl.java:132)
at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration.buildTypeRegistrations(Configuration.java:1825)
at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration.buildSessionFactory(Configuration.java:1783)
at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration.buildSessionFactory(Configuration.java:1868)
at org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.LocalSessionFactoryBuilder.buildSessionFactory(LocalSessionFactoryBuilder.java:339)
at org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.LocalSessionFactoryBean.buildSessionFactory(LocalSessionFactoryBean.java:427)
at org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.LocalSessionFactoryBean.afterPropertiesSet(LocalSessionFactoryBean.java:412)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.invokeInitMethods(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1612)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.initializeBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1549)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:539)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:475)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:304)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:228)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:300)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:195)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.findAutowireCandidates(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1014)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:957)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:855)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:480)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:87)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:289)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1185)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:537)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:475)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:304)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:228)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:300)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:195)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.findAutowireCandidates(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1014)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:957)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:855)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:480)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:87)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:289)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1185)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:537)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:475)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:304)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:228)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:300)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:195)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:700)
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:760)
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:482)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:643)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.createWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:606)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.createWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:657)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.initWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:525)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.initServletBean(FrameworkServlet.java:466)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.HttpServletBean.init(HttpServletBean.java:136)
at javax.servlet.GenericServlet.init(GenericServlet.java:158)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.initServlet(StandardWrapper.java:1284)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.loadServlet(StandardWrapper.java:1197)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.load(StandardWrapper.java:1087)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.loadOnStartup(StandardContext.java:5229)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.startInternal(StandardContext.java:5516)
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:150)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase$StartChild.call(ContainerBase.java:1575)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase$StartChild.call(ContainerBase.java:1565)
at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:262)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1145)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:615)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)
May 05, 2015 12:07:17 PM org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log
SEVERE: StandardWrapper.Throwable
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'addressDetailsController': Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: com.elecnor.ecosystem.dao.AddressDetailsDAO com.elecnor.ecosystem.controller.AddressDetailsController.addressDetailsDAO; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'addressDetailsDAOImpl': Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: org.hibernate.SessionFactory com.elecnor.ecosystem.daoimpl.AddressDetailsDAOImpl.sessionFactory; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'sessionFactory' defined in ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/spring-servlet.xml]: Invocation of init method failed; nested exception is java.lang.NullPointerException
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:292)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1185)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:537)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:475)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:304)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:228)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:300)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:195)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:700)
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:760)
at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:482)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:643)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.createWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:606)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.createWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:657)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.initWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:525)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.initServletBean(FrameworkServlet.java:466)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.HttpServletBean.init(HttpServletBean.java:136)
at javax.servlet.GenericServlet.init(GenericServlet.java:158)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.initServlet(StandardWrapper.java:1284)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.loadServlet(StandardWrapper.java:1197)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.load(StandardWrapper.java:1087)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.loadOnStartup(StandardContext.java:5229)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.startInternal(StandardContext.java:5516)
at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:150)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase$StartChild.call(ContainerBase.java:1575)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase$StartChild.call(ContainerBase.java:1565)
at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:262)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1145)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:615)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: com.elecnor.ecosystem.dao.AddressDetailsDAO com.elecnor.ecosystem.controller.AddressDetailsController.addressDetailsDAO; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'addressDetailsDAOImpl': Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: org.hibernate.SessionFactory com.elecnor.ecosystem.daoimpl.AddressDetailsDAOImpl.sessionFactory; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'sessionFactory' defined in ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/spring-servlet.xml]: Invocation of init method failed; nested exception is java.lang.NullPointerException
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:508)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:87)
at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:289)
... 29 more

A: I dig into this issue more and found that Current Version of spring doesn't manage the multitenant implementation class that's why dataSource was not injected to the implementation class. Se the below link :-
https://jira.spring.io/browse/SPR-10823#comment-94855
I injected the datasorce to this class using Hibernate Service registry. See the code below :-
    public class MultiTenantConnectionProviderImpl implements MultiTenantConnectionProvider, ServiceRegistryAwareService{
DataSource dataSource;

@Override
public void injectServices(ServiceRegistryImplementor serviceRegistry) {
    Map lSettings = serviceRegistry.getService(ConfigurationService.class).getSettings();
    System.out.println("  ********************** " + Environment.DATASOURCE );
    System.out.println("  ********************** " + lSettings.get( Environment.DATASOURCE ) );
    dataSource = (DataSource) lSettings.get( Environment.DATASOURCE );

}

@Override
public boolean isUnwrappableAs(Class unwrapType) {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    return ConnectionProvider.class.equals( unwrapType )
            ||  MultiTenantConnectionProvider.class.equals( unwrapType )
            || MultiTenantConnectionProviderImpl.class.isAssignableFrom( unwrapType );
}

@Override
public <T> T unwrap(Class<T> unwrapType) {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    if ( isUnwrappableAs( unwrapType ) ) {
        return (T) this;
    }
    else {
        throw new UnknownUnwrapTypeException( unwrapType );
    }
}

@Override
public Connection getAnyConnection() throws SQLException {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    System.out.println("=== Get any connetion === ");
    try {
        dataSource.getConnection();
    } catch (Exception e) {
        // TODO Auto-generated catch block
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    return dataSource.getConnection();
}

@Override
public Connection getConnection(String tenantId) throws SQLException {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    System.out.println("=== Get connetion === ");
    System.out.println("=== Tenant ID = "+tenantId);
    return getAnyConnection();
}

@Override
public void releaseAnyConnection(Connection connection) throws SQLException {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    System.out.println("=== releaseAnyConnection=== ");
    try {
        connection.close();
    }catch (SQLException e) {
        // TODO Auto-generated catch block
        e.printStackTrace();
    }

}

@Override
public void releaseConnection(String tenantId, Connection connection)
        throws SQLException {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    System.out.println("=== releaseConnection=== ");
     try {
            this.releaseAnyConnection(connection);
     }catch (SQLException e) {
            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

}

@Override
public boolean supportsAggressiveRelease() {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    System.out.println("=== supportsAggressiveRelease=== ");
    return false;
}

}


text:
Q: Is there a difference between MsgBox and MessageBox.Show? Is there a difference between the following two?
 msgbox()
 messagebox.show()

Some tutorials use msgbox(), and some use the other, messagebox.show()---I see that both can have an editable style, but I was wondering: Why are there two?
Is it to accommodate older programmers (who have learnt on an older version of Visual Basic)?
So in that case, which one should I use in Visual Basic 2010 (Visual Studio 2010)?

A: Here is the source code for Msgbox. As you can see it doesn't do anything particularly interesting before calling MessageBox.Show.
<MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining), HostProtection(SecurityAction.LinkDemand, Resources:=HostProtectionResource.UI)> _
Public Shared Function MsgBox(ByVal Prompt As Object, ByVal Optional Buttons As MsgBoxStyle = 0, ByVal Optional Title As Object = new Object()) As MsgBoxResult
    Dim owner As IWin32Window = Nothing
    Dim text As String = Nothing
    Dim titleFromAssembly As String
    Dim vBHost As IVbHost = HostServices.VBHost
    If (Not vBHost Is Nothing) Then
        owner = vBHost.GetParentWindow
    End If
    If ((((Buttons And 15) > MsgBoxStyle.RetryCancel) OrElse ((Buttons And 240) > MsgBoxStyle.Information)) OrElse ((Buttons And &HF00) > MsgBoxStyle.DefaultButton3)) Then
        Buttons = MsgBoxStyle.OkOnly
    End If
    Try
        If (Not Prompt Is Nothing) Then
            [text] = CStr(Conversions.ChangeType(Prompt, GetType(String)))
        End If
    Catch exception As StackOverflowException
        Throw exception
    Catch exception2 As OutOfMemoryException
        Throw exception2
    Catch exception3 As ThreadAbortException
        Throw exception3
    Catch exception9 As Exception
        Throw New ArgumentException(Utils.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidValueType2", New String() { "Prompt", "String" }))
    End Try
    Try
        If (Title Is Nothing) Then
            If (vBHost Is Nothing) Then
                titleFromAssembly = Interaction.GetTitleFromAssembly(Assembly.GetCallingAssembly)
            Else
                titleFromAssembly = vBHost.GetWindowTitle
            End If
        Else
            titleFromAssembly = Conversions.ToString(Title)
        End If
    Catch exception4 As StackOverflowException
        Throw exception4
    Catch exception5 As OutOfMemoryException
        Throw exception5
    Catch exception6 As ThreadAbortException
        Throw exception6
    Catch exception13 As Exception
        Throw New ArgumentException(Utils.GetResourceString("Argument_InvalidValueType2", New String() { "Title", "String" }))
    End Try
    Return DirectCast(MessageBox.Show(owner, [text], titleFromAssembly, (DirectCast(Buttons, MessageBoxButtons) And DirectCast(15, MessageBoxButtons)), (DirectCast(Buttons, MessageBoxIcon) And DirectCast(240, MessageBoxIcon)), (DirectCast(Buttons, MessageBoxDefaultButton) And DirectCast(&HF00, MessageBoxDefaultButton)), (DirectCast(Buttons, MessageBoxOptions) And DirectCast(-4096, MessageBoxOptions))), MsgBoxResult)
End Function

A: There is a difference when you are attempting to mix icons with different buttons.  MsgBox has predefined styles (there may be a way to create new styles).
For example:
MsgBox("Do you wish to save changes?", MsgBoxStyle.YesNoCancel, "Save Changes")

^ This will display a box with Yes, No and Cancel buttons without an icon.

MsgBox("Do you wish to save changes?", MsgBoxStyle.Question, "Save Changes")

^ This will display a box with a Question mark icon but with ONLY an OK button.

MessageBox.Show("Do you wish to save changes?", "Save Changes", MessageBoxButtons.YesNoCancel, MessageBoxIcon.Question)

^ This will display a box with Yes, No and Cancel buttons AND a Question mark icon.

As you can see, using MessageBox.Show enables you to have any buttons you want with any icon.

A: But the really nice thing about MsgBox is that it can be SystemModal e.g. If MsgBox("There is a new Quick Message!" & Environment.NewLine & "Do you want to read it now?", MsgBoxStyle.Information + MsgBoxStyle.YesNo + MsgBoxStyle.SystemModal, "Quick Message") = MsgBoxResult.Yes Then...
I couldn't find a simple way of making If MessageBox.Show(... to be SystemModal.
My messages now get full prominence on screen. Yippee.

A: According to this site and the answers so far to my own question (see remark), as well my  inability to display a specific help file using the msgbox function, I'd have to say use messagebox rather than msgbox if you want to show help. The msgbox function displays a help button, but apparently there is no way to put a helpfile in it! I'm showing the code I played around with below, and there is also a good code sample on the first link.
Imports Microsoft.visualbasic 'have to have this namespace to use msgbox
Public Class Form1
Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
    Dim Helpfilepath As String = "C:\Windows\Help\mui\0409\aclui.chm"
    Dim msgresult As Byte
    'BTW, Must use 0 for BLANK PARAMETER. Using messageboxoptions.defaultdesktoponly errors out with help btn.
    msgresult = MessageBox.Show("Text", "Messagebox", 0, _
            0, 0, 0, Helpfilepath)

    'displays help button, but how do you display the help file?
    msgresult = MsgBox("Text", MsgBoxStyle.MsgBoxHelp, "msgbox")
    'BTW, must use dialogresult rather than messageboxresult with windows forms
    If msgresult = DialogResult.Yes Then
        'etc
    End If
End Sub
End Class

A: MsgBox() is the same as Messagebox.Show().
It exists for VB6 programmers who are used to it.
There are no rules on which one to use, but since MsgBox simply ends up delegating to MessageBox, I personally would go directly with MessageBox.

A: The message box created using MsgBox() has a title of the form which created it, whereas the message box window created by MessageBox.Show() does not have any title.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Transport in Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia, consists of several interlinking modes. Melbourne is a hub for intercity, intracity and regional travel. Road-based transport accounts for most trips across many parts of the city, facilitated by Australia's largest freeway network. Public transport, including the world's largest tram network, trains and buses, also forms a key part of the transport system. Other dominant modes include walking, cycling and commercial-passenger vehicle services such as taxis.

Melbourne is a busy regional transport hub for the statewide passenger rail network, coaches and interstate rail services to New South Wales and South Australia. Freight transport also makes up a significant proportion of trips made on the network from the Port of Melbourne, Melbourne Airport and industrial areas across the city.

According to the 2016 Australian census, Melbourne has the second-highest rate of public transport usage among Australian capital cities for travel to work at 19 percent, second to Sydney's 27 percent. In 2017-2018, 565 million passenger trips were made on Melbourne's metropolitan public transport network.

Melbourne has the most road space per capita of any Australian city, with its freeway network being comparable to Los Angeles and Atlanta in terms of its size and scale. Much of Australia's automotive industry was located in Melbourne until all manufacturing ceased at the end of 2017. The state government, as part of the release of the Melbourne 2030 planning strategy in 2002, set a target for modal share of cars to decrease to 80 percent by 2020. However, increases in car usage since this target was set has not shown the decline that was initially predicted.

Timeline
1837: The Hoddle Grid, Melbourne's first street system, is laid out.
1844: Princes Bridge on St Kilda Road, a toll bridge and the first over the Yarra River, opens.
1849: Melbourne's main streets are paved.
1850: Tolls are removed from Princes Bridge.
1854: Flinders Street railway station and the first rail line to Sandridge (Port Melbourne) open.
1858: The Spencer Street station is built, connecting Melbourne to the rest of Victoria.
1885: First cable tram to Hawthorn
1889: First electric tram between Doncaster and Box Hill
1890: Doncaster railway line first proposed.
1891: Flinders Street Viaduct opens as a single, then double track link between Flinders Street and Spencer Street stations.
1910: Present Flinders Street station opens as the main suburban railway terminus.
1919: Electrification of the suburban rail network commences, continuing to this day
1920s: Flinders Street station declared the world's busiest station several times.
1940: The Ashworth Improvement Plan details proposed improvements to suburban rail in the inner city.
1966: St Kilda Junction remodelled and Queens Way underpass created for new highways at Dandenong Road and Punt Road.
1969: Melbourne Transportation Plan released planning numerous freeways and railways.
1970: The West Gate Bridge collapses, and the Melbourne Underground Rail Loop Authority is established.
1971: The Melbourne Underground Rail Loop project begins.
1977: First section of Eastern Freeway opens, with land reserved for a Doncaster railway line. The $202 million toll West Gate Bridge opens. Hoddle Highway is created from a four-lane widening of Hoddle Street and the demolition of buildings on the east side of Hoddle Street.
1980: The Lonie Report recommends replacing half the tram system with buses, as well as several railway lines in Melbourne and Victoria to be closed, but no tram routes were closed, and only 2 rail lines were closed to be replaced by trams.
1981: First stage of the Melbourne Underground Rail Loop opens.
1982: A transport bill is introduced in the Victorian Parliament.
1983: Transport Act 1983 receives royal assent on 23 June and becomes effective on 1 July. The act creates the State Transport Authority, the Metropolitan Transit Authority, the Road Construction Authority and the Road Traffic Authority. Victorian Railways, the Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board and the Country Roads Board are abolished.
1985: Tolls removed from the West Gate Bridge.
1987: St Kilda and Port Melbourne railway lines replaced by trams.
1989: Construction of the $631 million Western Ring Road begins. The Public Transport Corporation and VicRoads replace the State Transport Authority, Metropolitan Transit Authority, Road Construction Authority and Road Traffic Authority on 1 July.
1992: A new government is elected in October under Premier Jeff Kennett. Alan Brown is appointed Minister for Public Transport and Bill Baxter Minister for Roads and Ports. The Ministry of Transport is replaced by the Department of Transport, and transport administration functions are transferred from the Public Transport Corporation to the secretary of the Department of Transport.
1994: Free City Circle Tram begins.
1995: The Dandenong to Cranbourne rail electrification opens, reinstating passenger service after several years, and the Public Transport Competition Act is passed by Parliament.
1996: Construction of the $2 billion CityLink tollway begins, and the Rail Corporations Act is passed by Parliament.
1997: Design of the franchising of the public transport network begins.
1998: Legislation establishes the Director of Public Transport to manage public transport service and VicTrack, to own public-transport land and assets.
1999: The Western Ring Road and the Bolte Bridge, the second major road over the Yarra River, open. The state government commissions the Linking Victoria study. The Director of Public Transport, VicTrack and the franchising of services begin.
2002: Transport Minister Peter Batchelor announces that the airport rail link to Tullamarine would not viable for another 10 years, and commits to upgrading SkyBus service to the airport. The state government commissions a Melbourne 2030 planning report, aimed at addressing population growth of up to a million new residents. With recommendations for transport, including the expansion of major activity centres (such as Dandenong and Camberwell) with access to public transport and tripling of the Dandenong line, the document aimed for 20% of trips in Melbourne to be made by public transport by 2020.
2003: The $23 million Box Hill tram-light rail extension opens.
2004: The Linking Melbourne: Metropolitan Transport Plan summarised findings of the Inner West Integrated Transport Study, North East Integrated Transport Study, Outer Western Suburbs Transport Strategy, Whittlesea Strategic Transport Infrastructure Study and Northern Central City Corridor Strategy, recommending $1.5 billion in investment. The Southern Cross Station redevelopment (which ran late and over budget), Docklands light-rail extension and the Regional Fast Train system were planned for the Commonwealth Games. The $30.5 million Vermont South tram extension begins.

2005: The $2.5 billion EastLink Freeway project begins.
2006: The state government releases Meeting our Transport Challenges, a $10 billion plan to improve public transport and roads. It includes a "Think Tram" project to reduce tram travel times and recommendations for a (delayed) SmartBus system for the eastern suburbs. The Rail Safety Act, Victoria's first rail-safety statute, becomes effective on 1 August. New transport-ticketing regulations begin. The state's first independent rail and bus safety regulator and rail, bus and marine safety investigator begin on 1 August.
2007: Myki, a new public-transport ticketing system which was delayed and over budget, is scheduled to be introduced. The state government commissions an east-west transport plan. Public-transport ticketing zone 3 is abolished. An accreditation scheme for taxi, bus and other commercial passenger-vehicle drivers and for taxi-industry licence-holders, operators and network-service providers begins on 1 July. Australia's first "Copenhagen style" cycleways are implemented in Swanston Street, Carlton; Tim Pallas rejects a Melbourne City Council plan for a Copenhagen-style cycleway on St Kilda Road. The Accident Towing Services Act is passed by Parliament.
2008: The Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project, a dredging project to deepen Melbourne's shipping channels, begins. The $18 billion Eddington Transport Report, aimed at reducing traffic congestion, focuses on East-West routes and includes a controversial 18-kilometre road tunnel and 17-kilometre rail tunnel and a new rail line from Werribee to Deer Park, Victoria but does not address greenhouse emissions. Eastlink opens, and the Monash-CityLink-West Gate freeway upgrade begins. The Department of Transport (Victoria, 2008–13) replaces the Department of Infrastructure. The Australian Greens Victoria transport plan is released. Public Transport Minister Lynne Kosky postpones an airport link 20 years. The Victorian Transport Plan, the state government's fourth "long-term" transport statement since 2002, is released. New Melbourne Lord Mayor Robert Doyle proposes returning vehicle traffic to Swanston Street.
2009: The Accident Towing Services Act mandates new standards for tow-truck operations (including licence holders and drivers) on 1 January. The Transport Integration Bill (later the Transport Integration Act) is introduced in the Victorian Parliament on 10 December. Myki is introduced in late December on suburban trains. The Major Transport Projects Facilitation Act 2009, speeding planning consents and delivery of rail, road and port projects, is passed by Parliament and begins on 1 September.
2010: A Fair Fines package begins on 1 February as part of Transport (Infringements) Regulations 2010, with infringement penalties for minors reduced by two-thirds and a graduated-penalties programme eliminated. The Transport Integration Act is passed by the Victorian Parliament in February, and becomes law on 1 July. Melbourne Bike Share, a public bicycle-hire service, is planned for mid-year. The Transport Act 1983 is renamed the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983 on 1 July. Public-transport and marine-safety regulators merge to create the Director, Transport Safety on 1 July after the merger of Director, Public Transport Safety (Public Transport Safety Victoria) and Director, Marine Safety (Marine Safety Victoria). The Victorian Regional Channels Authority and the Port of Hastings Corporation are merged with the Port of Melbourne Corporation on 1 September. The new state government, elected on 27 November under Premier Ted Baillieu with Terry Mulder as Minister for Public Transport and Minister for Roads, Denis Napthine as Minister for Ports and Edward O'Donoghue as Parliamentary Secretary for Transport, promises to create the Victorian Public Transport Development Authority to plan and manage public transport in Victoria and Melbourne. The Tourist and Heritage Railways Act and the Marine Safety Act 2010 are passed by the Victorian Parliament. The Bus Safety Act begins on 31 December.
2011: Terry Mulder announces the government's intention in March to hold a Taxi Industry Inquiry, which begins in late May headed by Allan Fels. The Transport Legislation Amendment (Taxi Services Reform and Other Matters) Act 2011 passes the Victorian Parliament on 29 June, empowering the Taxi Industry Inquiry and creating the Taxi Services Commission (which begins operations on 19 July). The Transport Legislation Amendment (Port of Hastings Development Authority) Act 2011 passes the Victorian Parliament on 16 August, creating the Port of Hastings Development Authority. The Tourist and Heritage Railways Act and the Tourist and Heritage Railways Regulations 2011 become effective on 1 October. the Transport Legislation Amendment (Public Transport Development Authority) Act 2011 passes the Victorian Parliament on 27 October, empowering Public Transport Victoria (which begins operations on 15 December). The Port Management Amendment (Port of Melbourne Licence Fee) Bill 2011, introduced in the Victorian Parliament in early December, proposes a $75 million annual fee to be paid by the Port of Melbourne Corporation to the Victorian government.
2012: The Port of Hastings Development Authority begins operations on 1 January, reversing the merger of the former Port of Hastings Corporation and the Port of Melbourne Corporation. The Public Transport Development Authority (now known as Public Transport Victoria) takes over train, tram and bus service in Victoria on 2 April, in accordance with the Transport Legislation Amendment (Public Transport Development Authority) Act 2011. The extension of the Epping railway line to South Morang is completed in April. The Port of Melbourne Corporation becomes liable on 1 July for a $75 million licence fee to the government, in accordance with the Port Management Amendment (Port of Melbourne Licence Fee) Act 2012. The Marine Safety Act 2010 begins on 1 July, setting new standards for commercial and recreational vessels; the Marine Act 1988 is repealed. Strict drug controls (for anyone in charge of a vessel) and zero blood-alcohol controls introduced for commercial vessel operators are introduced by the Transport Legislation Amendment (Drug and Alcohol Controls and Other Matters) Act 2012 on 1 December. The federal government approves plans for Avalon Airport to become Melbourne's second international airport. The Metcard ticketing system ends in December, leaving Myki Melbourne's sole public-transport ticketing system. Laws are enacted late in the year to support the opening and operation of the Peninsula Link freeway.
2013: The Peninsula Link freeway opens in January. A$78 million "handover area" building project begins at train stations. The Director of Public Transport and the Transport Ticketing Authority are abolished on 1 July, and their functions become part of Public Transport Victoria. The Taxi Services Commission becomes the state's taxi and hire-car regulator on 1 July, replacing the Victorian Taxi Directorate (which was abolished).
2015: The Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources (DEDJTR) replaces the Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure as the department responsible for transport policy.
2015: The Regional Rail Link opens in June, separating regional Ballarat, Bendigo and Geelong service from the suburban service. Two new stations are built, at Tarneit and Wyndham Vale.
2016: The government began removing level crossings and running the rail under or over the roads. Along the Cranbourne-Pakenham line from Caulfield to Dandenong the rail was elevated the entire length.
2017: Work began on Metro Tunnel which would increase the capacity on the City Loop.
2017: Transport for Victoria is formed within DEDJTR by an amendment to the Transport Integration Act, to plan and coordinate the transport network.
2018: The federal and state governments announced that they would be funding a connection to the airport as part of the existing rail network.
2018: The state government announces plans for the Suburban Rail Loop, a new heavy rail line to connect existing train corridors in non-CBD locations to facilitate cross-suburban travel.
2019: The Department of Transport is separated from DEDJTR as the department responsible for transport policy.

Mode share and patronage

Public transport
Melbourne's public transport system includes rail, tram and bus services. Its tram network is the largest in the world. Almost 300 bus routes and 16 rail lines serve Greater Melbourne.

Since World War II Melbourne has become a dispersed, car-oriented city, leading to a decline in public transport use. The original transport patterns of urban development are still reflected Melbourne's prewar areas. The operation of Melbourne's public transport system was privatised by the government in 1999. Under this arrangement, rail and tram operations are contracted to private companies while the infrastructure remained under government control. Several operators have been awarded contracts since its commencement, including Connex Melbourne, M>Train and Keolis Downer. Despite initial plans that government subsidies would decrease to zero by 2015, payments to private companies have instead increased significantly.

Since the mid-2000s patronage has grown steadily on Melbourne's public transport system, particularly the metropolitan train and tram networks, leading to significant investment in the system and a number of major infrastructure projects. According to the 2018 Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel & Activity, Melbourne's public transport accounted for 8.5% of all trips within Greater Melbourne and Geelong, with 19% of journeys to work within Melbourne occurring on public transport across the three main modes.

Bus

The bus network consists of about 50 bus companies under a franchise agreement with the state Government. Approximately 300 routes are in operation, including twenty-one night bus routes that operate on Friday and Saturday nights. Bus patronage is low compared to similar cities around Australia, which some experts have attributed to the presence of the tram network servicing many trips that would normally be taken by bus. Several 'SmartBus' routes were introduced in the late 2000s in an attempt to improve parts of the system with improved bus priority and frequencies and span of service hours better than most other bus routes at the time. Despite its success at significantly increasing bus patronage, the service has not been expanded and some bus lanes were removed.

Although all Melbourne buses use the myki ticketing system, the SkyBus between Melbourne Airport and Southern Cross railway station is a non-myki bus service. Several local government councils also operate free community bus services in their local areas including Port Phillip, Nillumbik and
Darebin

Tram

Melbourne has the world's largest tram network, consisting of  of double track, nearly 500 trams on 24 routes, and 1,763 tram stops. It is operated by Yarra Trams. Two partial light rail routes are also part of the network. Most of the remaining track is mixed with vehicle traffic, which makes it one of the slowest tram networks in the world. Trams operate mostly in the inner suburbs and generally provide for short to medium-length trips. Trams are free to ride within the central business district. Heritage trams operate on the free City Circle route around the CBD.

Metropolitan rail

Melbourne has a 16 line urban heavy rail network operated by Metro Trains Melbourne and serviced by a fleet of 326 EMU trains. With the exception of the Stony Point line, the entire urban rail network is electrified. The metropolitan network is considered to be a hybrid commuter and rapid transit system, serving both the inner city and outer commuter suburbs with high frequencies in peak periods but lower frequencies at other times. Flinders Street railway station is the city's main metropolitan station while Southern Cross railway station is the main interchange station for regional and interstate railway services.

Regional rail

Melbourne is the centre of a statewide railway network consisting of lines used for freight and passenger service. Intrastate passenger services are operated by the government-owned V/Line corporation, with a fleet of locomotive-hauled trains and diesel multiple units. Seven passenger railway lines connect Melbourne to towns and cities in Victoria. Portions of lines which are part of the V/Line network and cover the metropolitan area are also covered by myki tickets.

The city is also connected to Sydney by the NSW TrainLink XPT, and to Adelaide by Great Southern Rail's The Overland.

Fares
Melbourne has a fully integrated ticketing system across all modes of public transport in the metropolitan area through the Myki contactless smart card system. This requires passengers to touch the card to a reader at each entry and exit point. Myki's rollout began on 29 December 2009 on the rail network. It was then progressively rolled out to trams, buses and regional rail. It completely replaced the old magnetic stripe card Metcard system on 30 June 2013.

Melbourne's public-transport system is divided into two zones, in addition to the free tram zone in the central business district and some surrounding areas. Myki has two forms of tickets: myki money (in which money is loaded on a myki and the system selects the "best fare") and the myki-pass, where commuters pre-purchase tickets (or passes).

Rail freight

The Port of Melbourne is Australia's largest container and general cargo port, handling 33 percent of Australia's container trade. Shipping lines operate to about 300 cities around the world, and 3,200 ships visit the port each year. The port is in Melbourne's inner west, near the junction of the Maribyrnong and Yarra Rivers.

Melbourne has an extensive network of railway lines and yards to serve freight traffic. The lines have two gauges –  broad gauge and  standard gauge – and are not electrified. Freight trains have their own lines in the city's inner western suburbs, but in other areas trains are required to share the tracks with Metro Trains Melbourne and V/Line passenger service. Most freight terminals are in the inner suburbs near the port between Melbourne's central business district and Footscray. A number of suburban stations had their own goods yards, with freight trains running on the suburban network until the 1980s.

Airports

Melbourne Airport, located in the north-western suburb of Tullamarine, is Australia's second-busiest airport. It serves over 30 airlines and 22 million international and domestic passengers annually. The airport is a hub for passenger airlines Qantas, Jetstar and Virgin Australia, and cargo airlines Qantas Freight and Toll Priority.

Melbourne's second major passenger airport, Avalon Airport (Melbourne Avalon), is south-west of the city and north-east of Geelong. Avalon Airport, primarily used by Jetstar, operates flights to Brisbane, Sydney and Perth. AirAsia X began low-cost flights from Avalon to Kuala Lumpur in December 2018, giving Melbourne a second international airport (unique among Australia's capital cities).

The city's first major airport, Essendon Airport, is no longer used for scheduled international flights. Although a small number of regional airlines operate from there, it is primarily used for general aviation and is also home to Victoria's air ambulance.

Moorabbin Airport, south of Melbourne, is primarily used for recreational flying and flying lessons. It has some regional-airline service, notably to King Island, Tasmania. Moorabbin is a Class D airport, and its ICAO airport code is YMMB.
RAAF Williams, Point Cook, where the Royal Australian Air Force originated, is located near Melbourne's south-western limits.

Roads

Melbourne is one of the world's most car-dependent cities, with 74 percent of all trips to and from work or education being done by car. Its freeway network is the largest in Australia, with an extensive grid of arterial roads dating back to Melbourne's initial surveying. The city's total road length is .

The freeway network began with the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan, which included a grid of freeways which would cover the metropolitan area. The plans were reviewed four years later and many inner-city projects were cancelled. Freeways built during the 1960s and 1970s include the South Eastern Arterial (now part of the Monash Freeway), the Tullamarine Freeway, the Lower Yarra Freeway (now the West Gate Freeway) and the Eastern Freeway.

Expansion took place over the next thirty years, with the Monash Freeway, CityLink and the Western Ring Road all being constructed during this time. The period also saw freeway expansion into the suburbs with the Mornington Peninsula Freeway, an extension of the Eastern Freeway and the South Gippsland Freeway. In 2008, the EastLink toll freeway opened and existing freeways were further extended.

Despite government figures indicating slowed growth in road travel since 2006 (zero growth in 2008–09) and the government's goal to reduce road use to 80 percent of all motorised trips, the State Government have announced several large-scale road infrastructure investments to complete many projects from the original 1969 Plan, including Peninsula Link, East West Link and North East Link). This road construction has continued to increase the use of cars and direct investment away from other transport projects.

Bicycles

Melbourne has an extensive network of bicycle paths and bike lanes, which are used for recreation and commuting. Five of Australia's top 10 suburbs for bicycle mode share for journeys to work are located in Melbourne. A series of major off-road paths shared with pedestrians caters for bike riders in the inner suburbs, but infrastructure tends to be less extensive further away into surrounding suburbs. In 2020, the City of Melbourne Council sought to add 40km of new protected cycling lanes for the inner-city as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Inner Melbourne currently has a dock-less e-bike and e-scooter sharing program provided by private company Lime, and an e-scooter sharing program provided by Neuron.

Melbourne previously had a government-owned bicycle-sharing system called Melbourne Bike Share that ran from 2010 to 2019 and was ended due to low ridership. Singaporean bike-sharing company oBike briefly entered the Melbourne market in mid-2017, but abandoned its program in 2018 following extensive complaints and issues with its business practices.

Taxis

Taxis in Melbourne have since 1 July 2013 been regulated by the Taxi Services Commission, which began operation on 19 July. The Taxi Industry Inquiry resulted in major reforms to Victoria's taxi industry, significantly impacting taxi service in Melbourne. Taxis were required to be painted canary yellow until this requirement was abolished in 2013. Melbourne has 4,660 licensed, metered taxis, including 443 wheelchair-accessible cabs.

Vehicle for hire companies such as Uber, DiDi, Shofer, Taxify, GoCatch, Shebah, and Ola Cabs, also operate in Melbourne.

Ferries
Public Transport Victoria oversees three ferry services in Victoria: the Westgate Punt (between Spotswood and Fishermans Bend), the French Island Ferry, which operates between the Stony Point railway station, French Island and Cowes on Phillip Island and Port Phillip Ferries which operates between Docklands, Geelong and Portarlington.

Cruise ships and ferries (including the Spirit of Tasmania, which crosses Bass Strait to Tasmania) dock at Station Pier on Port Phillip Bay. Privately run ferries and other vessels also travel from Southbank along the Yarra River, to Williamstown, and across Port Phillip Bay.

Legislation and regulation

Transport Integration Act
The main transport statute in Victoria is the Transport Integration Act 2010, which establishes and sets the charters of the state agencies charged with providing transport and managing the state's transport system. The Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources is responsible for the integration and coordination of Victoria's transport system. However, other departments and agencies also have a coordination and implementation role in transport. Other key state agencies are:
 Transport for Victoria
 Public Transport Victoria
 VicRoads
 V/Line
 VicTrack

Governing bodies
There are several agencies and organisations tasked with coordinating and delivering transport in Victoria. Many fall within the purview of Transport for Victoria, but others are run from other departments or are independent government organisations.

Public Transport Victoria
In 2010, the state government resolved to create a new independent agency to coordinate and oversee all aspects of the state's public transport.
According to the government, the authority would plan, co-ordinate, manage and administer metropolitan trams and metropolitan and regional buses and trains, replacing the previous structure of multiple agencies. The authority was established in late 2011, and was expected to be fully operational by mid-2012. Public Transport Victoria assumed the rail, tram and bus responsibilities of the former Director of Public Transport and the activities of the Transport Ticketing Authority and MetLink, which were abolished.

Transport for Victoria
In 2016, the state government established a new coordinating agency for transport in the state. It serves as an umbrella agency, overseeing the activities of several other transport organisations and agencies across multiple modes of transport. This includes VicRoads, Public Transport Victoria and V/Line. The agency was established in 2017 and operates under the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources.

Taxi Services Commission
The government announced a Taxi Industry Inquiry and the establishment of a Taxi Services Commission (TSC) in early 2011. The inquiry, headed by Allan Fels, was conducted by the TSC. The government introduced the Transport Legislation Amendment (Taxi Services Reform and Other Matters) Act 2011, which was enacted in late June 2011 to empower the inquiry. The TSC, established on 19 July 2011, became the state's taxi and hire-car regulator on 1 July 2013.

Port of Hastings Development Authority
The government reversed the late-2010 merger of the Port of Melbourne Corporation (PMC) and the Port of Hastings Corporation by establishing the new Port of Hastings Development Authority to oversee development of a new port in Hastings. The Transport Legislation Amendment (Port of Hastings Development Authority) Bill 2011 was passed by the Parliament of Victoria in late 2011, and the authority began operations on 1 January 2012.

Safety regulation and investigation
The safety of rail operations in Melbourne is regulated by the 2006 Rail Safety Act, which applies to commercial passenger and freight operations and tourist and heritage railways. The act created a framework of safety requirements for all rail-industry participants, and requires rail operators who manage infrastructure and rolling stock to obtain accreditation before commencing operations. Accredited rail operators are required to have a safety-management system to guide their operations. Sanctions for violations of the safety requirements established by the Rail Safety Act are outlined in the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983.

Safety regulation of the bus and marine sectors is overseen by the Director, Transport Safety under the 2009 Bus Safety Act and the Marine Act 1988, respectively. The sectors are subject to a no-fault safety-investigation plan conducted by the Chief Investigator, Transport Safety. The safety regulator for Melbourne's rail, bus and marine systems is Transport Safety Victoria, established under the Transport Integration Act 2010.

Rail, bus and marine operators in Victoria can be subjected to no-fault investigations by the Chief Investigator, Transport Safety or the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB). The chief investigator is charged by Part 7 of the Transport Integration Act 2010 with investigating rail, bus and marine safety matters, including incidents. The ATSB has jurisdiction over rail matters (on a designated interstate rail network), marine matters (if the ship(s) is under Australian or AMSA regulation) and bus-safety matters (by invitation of a jurisdiction).

Ticketing and conduct requirements
Ticketing requirements for rail, tram and bus service in Victoria are primarily contained in Transport (Ticketing) Regulations 2006 and the Victorian Fares and Ticketing Manual. Rules about safe and fair behaviour on trains and trams in Victoria are generally contained in the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983 and Transport (Conduct) Regulations 2005. Conduct requirements for buses are set out in that act and Transport (Passenger Vehicles) Regulations 2005.

See also

Transportation in Australia

References

Further reading

External links

 Victorian Department of Transport
 Transport for Melbourne - An advocacy alliance for improved public transport planning in Melbourne that publicly launched in 2016.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Text: Not a real update per se, but we want to thank everyone for the valuable feedback provided, bug reports and proposed improvements. We've assembled a large list of things to implement and fix and will do that in the course of the next weeks.
So, in the meantime, we've been working on getting some things fixed. For example, Timberwolf now displays a splash screen while starting up to give some additional feedback during launch. We also fixed a few minor bugs, like the program crashing when the zip window gadget is clicked.
Our current work is replacing the file requester with an Amiga standard requester. So in essence, the next version should solve the problems with downloads not working.
We're also looking into the issues with bookmarks not working for some of you.
Look out for a new beta appearing somewhere in the near future.


How questions can be used in training... I've always thought of questions as being a very important tool for learning and especially useful to facilitate others' learning experience. Not only you can pose questions that learners need to answer but you can encourate learners to ask themselves questions. They will usually come up with questions that are most relevant to them in connecting existing knowledge to new knowledge.


Work life can actually be so annoying. Not only do most people have confrontations with at least one co-worker a year, there is also that aspect of having to force fake conversations and friendships.
Now, we will admit work isn't all bad. Some people actually enjoy their jobs and can't wait to get up in the morning and greet the day with a big smile. However, some people enjoy going to work because it is their only opportunity to get away with some petty AF behavior.
It's hard to be petty around friends and family because they aren't afraid to call you out. At work, you can leave notes, walk around and whisper shady stuff and just to avoid confrontation — some people won't say anything.
But, you can always count on that one person to show no remorse when they are and gleefully bask in the pettiness they exude. Here are 15 of those people.
There is nothing worse than coming in to work seeing a sugary donut box, opening it up and being completely annoyed. This may have been an April Fools joke but it isn't funny. One has to wonder which co-worker did this crap and lived to tell about it.
It's never okay to joke around about food. Some people live for it and we have fools out here being passive aggressive about sugar. This is actually one of the oldest tricks in the book so — ha — you haven't surprised anybody. You just pissed a bunch of people off that were hoping to get away with eating junk food at work.
Another prank gone wrong. Whoever had the time and effort to put into this is so petty. Like come on think of the amount of time that had to go into this. They probably had to put in unpaid overtime, get permission from the box, find all the supplies — which by the looks of things is a lot of crap.
One may even be safe to assume that whoever did this had to put their own personal funds into it. Needless to say, this co-worker looks both baffled and relieved. Relieved that he might not have to stay and work that day seeing as he has no work space.
Brent is clearly mad at his co-workers and hates his job. He took to social media to express his petty hatred which is actually kind of funny. If he has an introduction like this for every co-worker that walks in the door he may have enough material for a funny AF book. The best part is that he is mad at the six dollars that he clearly so painfully needs.
Who doesn't love a petty co-worker that has a little sass? He is clearly a funny person and truthfully, he probably cracks the entire office up. However, there is no doubt that he is petty at its finest.
Oh. My. Gosh. That they even have to put a sign up like this is sheer embarrassment. There must be a bunch of horny co-workers at that place. The sign is so blunt and DETAILED, besides this being petty it's beyond funny. All the different ways that someone can "poke a hole" in the plastic is displayed. Hopefully, no one there takes offence easily.
Okay, okay we get it coffee is a serious subject; some people can't start their day without one or two, maybe three cups. However, this situation is beyond petty. They started a coffee club, put a coffee machine in the kitchen, then toldl co-workers who didn't want to join that they cant have any coffee?
Not only can they not drink the coffee you brewed — fair enough, it's your money — but they can't even brew their own coffee in the machine? Well damn, that may be at the top of the petty food chain.
The fact that this cliquey high school-like crew had the time to put a monetary value on the scoops of coffee used is going a little too far. That's an easy way to become the most hated co-worker ever.
Things break people, this doesn't give you a license to be passive aggressive. Right off the bat, one has to assume that this is a workplace that has a lot of problems. For someone to have the gall to post a note like this after management or office maintenance had the decency to warn them of a malfunction is crazy.
To be this mad that you went out of your way to make your own note on the office computer, no doubt means that you probably aren't busy enough. To their defence though, this looks like a lunch room sink. Not being able to run a little water on your dishes after lunch or even wash your hands after eating is all kinds of messed up.
9. Just Spit In It, Why Not?
Is it wrong to say that we side with this person? It's hard enough having to bring your own specialized food to work but then having someone steal it is annoying AF. You know what's even more annoying? When the jerk that is clearly using your stuff has the audacity to make a note on your note.
If you're going to do that at least have the balls to sign your name to it and not hide behind a note. If you need salad dressing that bad, why not just bring your own?
What's the big deal? Maybe they just get kicks out of eating other peoples stuff? Bottom line, if you're eating other people's stuff, don't be ridiculous and comment when they call you out. Humble yourself.
This is a move done out of spite. No one just eats, first of all, a half a piece of pizza SLICE. And second, eating it from the back forward. Then they just leave it there as if the person it was originally intended for is still going to want it.
Thankfully, this person stuck up for themselves and left a well-deserved note. Which makes you wonder: why didn't they just eat the whole slice? Can we please acknowledge that whoever did this actually left the germ-filled slice in an entire box of pizza. Like come on, just put it in a plate to the side.
According to the staff at this office there is such a thing as a stupid question. Apparently, this is what happens at this office when someone asks a question that is deemed stupid or makes a bad joke. But can we all acknowledge the first negative thing about this photo? This is clearly work abuse.
Who doesn't feel bad for the person who carried this to work? This lunch is sad enough so the fact that someone actually took a photo and shared it on the Internet is all kinds of messed up. What kind of co-worker does this? Either they are really bored or just complete A-holes.
The macaroni pasta is burnt beyond belief. It doesn't even look edible at this point. You can count how many pieces of pasta there are. Does it even count as a lunch? And four slivers of a hot dog? This is clearly a case of someone running late and grabbing whatever they had on hand. They should consider taking a cooking class though.
Ahem, we have to admit this is clever. A basic AF parting gift but clever nonetheless. Coke making bottles with names on it is probably one of the best inventions ever. If only for little jokes like this. Hopefully, this person got more than a petty bottle of coke. Is it even a two litre?
Couldn't they have at least gotten a fun little glittery sticker or made a cute sign using the now retired Word Paint application? Instead, she got a sharpie and a post it note. What a great parting gift. She will surely be missed. One can assume this is a joke but what if it was really just an extremely petty co-worker?
Just looking at these is making us nauseous. Mustard on a sweet cupcake? Come on, that's such a waste of food. Think how many people out there would kill for a plain cupcake.
Because someone is in a petty, pranky mood they are ruining fresh baked goods. Okay, maybe we are getting too personal but come on! CUPCAKES! At least they are using French's brand. Can you imagine how nasty those are going to look once the mustard settles into them and soaks into the very top of the cupcake?
And you know there is about to be that one co-worker who eats the cupcakes and acts like it's not that nasty.
Whoops, it looks like someone done pissed off the wrong co-worker. This person wasn't having it at all, their drink is gone so everybody has to suffer. Truthfully, its funny AF who wouldn't be mad going to the break room to grab their drink and seeing it in the garbage bin?
However, it's low key crazy that they would spend all that time just sifting through the contents of the fridge and throwing out every co-worker's drink. Truthfully, it looks like they just lined it up on the counter and swept everything off with their hand. You can tell how pissed they were by all the swearing in the caption.
Nothing like giving a co-worker a cake to tell them just how you feel. Especially at their retirement party. A passive-aggressive cake may actually be one of the most endearing gifts you can give someone. Knowing that you can joke around with them and they won't take offence is one of the best feelings ever.
However, going out of your way to say goodbye to someone who got a better job with a rude AF cake that wishes them failure is, well the icing on the cake. It's hilarious that they went out of there way to get a cake made with fondant and special writing on it.
Don't you just love catching your co-workers in the act of social media posting? People do anything for the gram that includes inappropriately shoving an entire banana down their throat in a workplace setting. The first question we need to know the answer to is why couldn't she have waited till she got home from work to do this? What was the rush?
Does she not have any more bananas at home? Can she not afford another bunch? This is the problem with people who work in cubicles they refuse to believe that they don't have four walls. They just end up making themselves look ridiculous.


text:
Royal Mail deliver a blow for Hanworth Villa
Stalwart keeper has his postie shifts changed - but should be back for FA Vase tie
Hanworth Villa keeper Terry Buss.jpg
Royal Mail are often blamed for losing everything from letters to parcels – and now Hanworth Villa have lost their number one keeper to them.
Terry Buss, who has played more than 500 games for the club, works as a postman, but has had his shifts changed by his employers, ruling him out of most Saturday games.
The good news for Villa is that Buss will be back between the sticks for Saturday's crucial FA Vase fourth round tie at home to Eastbourne United.
With his replacement, former Staines Lammas keeper Josh Richardson, cup tied, Buss has taken some holiday leave especially to reclaim his old jersey for the big game.
Villa secretary Dave Brown said: "It is a real shame for Terry, but Josh has been excellent since he came in. If we make further progress in the Vase, Terry will probably take some more holiday leave to play in the later rounds too. He might still be able to play the odd league game, but he best we can hope for is he is there for the Vase games."
Indeed, the Vase is fast becoming the focus for the Rectory Meadow side's season as they have fallen out of the Combined Counties Premier title race.
Having been as high up the table as third, a run of five league games without a win has seen then slip down to 11 place, 21 points off leaders South Park.
Brown said: "We're not exactly pulling up trees in the league, and whereas you would not write off a title challenge, there is a significant gap now, and South Park are in a strong position.
"But we are where we wanted to be when we made our five year plan four years ago, and in the summer we will sit down and talk about where we want to go in the next five years."
For a club who have made a name for themselves as cup giant-killers in recent years, and who knocked last year's finalists out in the last round of the Vase, Villa will, for once, not be the underdogs on Saturday.
Eastbourne, despite being an Isthmian League side in the 1980s, now ply their trade in Division Two of the Sussex County League – a level below Villa – but Brown warned that they still have pedigree.
He added: "They have already knocked South Park out of this year's Vase, along with another Combined Counties Premier side in Chessington & Hook, so they will fancy their chances. They are also top of their league – but then so were East Grinstead when we played them."
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A housing downturn may be imminent, say economists and real estate investors alike — presenting problems for many people, but opportunities for others.
You've probably heard about the coming slowdown in the housing market for a very long time. Real estate is cyclical, and in the United States it has been in an upswing for at least five or six years, which is how long housing prices have exceeded the rate of inflation, says Susan Wachter, professor of real estate finance at The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. That means it's only a matter of time before we experience a downturn.
It's hard to believe a downturn is really here. On March 1, the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) announced that average U.S. home prices climbed 12.95 percent in 2005, despite rising mortgage rates in the second half of the year. That's about double the historical average of 6.4 percent, according to Bankrate Inc.
But while the housing market is still appreciating, it's appreciating more slowly. The Commerce Department announced on March 23 that new home sales tumbled 10.5 percent in February to an annualized rate of 1.08 million units, the biggest one-month drop in nine years.
That means properties are sitting on the market for much longer than they used to. You might expect that in California, where Bruce Norris of the Norris Group, a California-based real estate investment firm, says "we've gone from a three-month supply to almost a seven-month supply." But examples are pouring in from all parts of the country. In Miami, at the Jade Residences at Brickell Bay, 117 of the building's 352 units are reportedly on the market. And in Manhattan, at Donald Trump's 120 Riverside Boulevard condos, more than 20 percent of the building's 250 units are up for resale, according to The New York Times.
And increasing supply almost always leads to falling prices, says Norris. For the first time since the third quarter of 2003, one of the regions in the much-followed OFHEO index showed a four-quarter price decline: Prices in Burlington, North Carolina, fell about 1 percent between the fourth quarter of 2004 and the fourth quarter of 2005.
The slowdown will affect anyone who's buying and selling property, of course. But real estate speculators — individuals who buy property with the intention of re-selling quickly, or flipping it, for a profit — are likely to suffer the most. That's because they could be paying mortgages and maintenance costs on properties they can't sell and can't rent out for enough money to cover their costs. According to Redbrick Partners, a New-York real estate investing firm specializing in single-family homes, half of the rent an investor can potentially collect does not flow to the bottom line, because it gets eaten up by vacancies, taxes, maintenance, etc. And as supply has increased over the past decade, demand has decreased. Today, Redbrick Partners says rental yields on single-family homes have declined from 7 percent in 1976 to under 5 percent today. And Norris says that in areas of California, a $500,000 house would rent for just $1,400 per month.
There is some good news, however. First, the housing market often fluctuates in different geographical locations. Miami, Florida, is an often-cited example: The number of condos worth $500,000 or more for sale in Miami is reportedly twice what it is in Los Angeles, where the population is four times as large. "If you ask me if the housing marketing is going to experience a downturn, I have to ask you 'Where?'" says Norris.
As for specific areas that are likely to experience downturns, on December 16, CNNMoney.com reported that Las Vegas property values will fall by 7.9 percent in 2006 and another 5 percent in 2007; San Diego property values will fall by 3.4 percent in 2006 and another 5.7 percent in 2007; and Santa Ana/Irvine property values will fall 3.1 percent in 2006 and another 6.1 percent in 2007.
Second, wherever the housing market does cool, it isn't likely to do so overnight, so sellers needn't get desperate. Some individuals, of course, will have to sell — those who need to move because of a new job, or a divorce, for example. But others can take some time, as a softening or declining market often takes years.
Finally, it's also important to remember that one man's troubles are another man's opportunity. Some of the best real estate investors buy when everyone else is selling. The theory: As prices decline, it becomes easier for investors to buy properties that create cash flow. They can take their time and negotiate lower prices; they don't have to waive contingencies, such as appraisals and home inspections; and the income they can realize from renting the property is greater than what they're paying for it.
In fact, for some investors, like Jonas Lee of Redbrick Partners, buying in a downturn is a way of business. Lee says in a January 22 CNNMoney.com article that his company has succeeded since 1993 by employing this strategy. The typical single-family home the company buys — usually in the downtown residential areas of rust-belt cities such as Baltimore and Philadelphia — costs just $80,000. He hopes a downturn in the housing market will give him even more opportunities to buy low.
Experienced real estate investors offer two pieces of advice, which vary depending on your plans for the property.
If you're buying to rent, Redbrick Partners suggests looking at urban single-family housing. According to the firm's research, nationwide single-family housing returns have averaged 12 percent since 1976, and volatility has been low, with not a single year returning less than 6 percent. The key to success for small residential landlords trying to calculate the yield for a property costing $250,000 or less, according to Redbrick Partners co-founder Tom Skinner in an October 2, 2005, Chicago Tribune article, is "rent divided by two divided by price." Typically, that gives landlords their yearly rental profit on a property to within 1 percent. It doesn't account for any estimate of future appreciation or depreciation, but it is a pretty accurate measure for someone trying to determine if he or she will be make any money by buying a house and renting it out.
Many people avoid investing in properties due to the amount of time and energy it takes. After researching and purchasing a potential property you need to actively care for your investment either by becoming a landlord or managing the property. Real estate investment can be time consuming and limiting, how many properties can on person manage at one time? This is why investors who are looking at diversifying with real estate participate in passive real estate investing.
Passive real estate investing removes these headaches for investors who don't want to deal with the day to day issues of property management. There are many different ways you can do this, each with their own benefits and disadvantages.
You can form a partnership, either general or limited and have the partner take the responsibility of managing the property(s) your partnership purchases. Real estate is an expensive venture that often cannot be achieved without obtaining financing. Pooling resources in a partnership allows participants to purchase more expensive properties with less outside funding. However you need to be able to trust your partner to take care of the properties and your best interests, and if neither of you are experienced in real estate investing problems can occur and you can fall prey to bad deals where income is lost. You can form a corporation which has more income pooling abilities and financial resources, but again you have to make sure at least some participants have knowledge in this type of investing.
Real estate investment trusts (REIT) are corporations that are formed to purchase investment in properties. These specially created companies are federally regulated to make sure they use their funds to invest in properties and distribute the profits among shareholders through dividends. These publicly traded companies provide benefits similar to owning stocks and help with a diversified portfolio. But the income they provide is taxable and cut into profits earned in this venture so that must be weighed carefully with the benefits.
Real estate investing forums can be a great way to locate new business partners and stay abreast of current market trends. Whether a newbie investor or seasoned pro, participating in social networking provides opportunities to learn new strategies and share ideas with like-minded people.
When joining real estate investing forums it is best to learn how the forum works before engaging in conversation. Read through the terms of service to determine how information should be provided. Many investment forums allow members to include a forum signature with a link to their website. Others prohibit the inclusion of sales pitches or affiliate marketing schemes.
It is a good idea to network with forum moderators and group leaders. Take time to connect with other investors and offer helpful information when possible. It is also a good idea to learn how to spot a professional investor from a scam artist. Unfortunately, many scammers lurk in social forums, so never give out personal information or buy products from those you have not developed a strong relationship with.
It is best to stick with reputable and well-established investing forums. The Internet can provide results on the top investor groups. Many types of online investing forums exist. Some focus on buying and selling distressed properties such as foreclosures and bank owned homes. Others focus on creative finance strategies or earning profits with cash flow notes and land contracts.
As a private investor, I participate in several investing forums. I recommend joining one or two groups to get a feel for how things work. Find the most knowledgeable investors and build relationships with them by asking questions or commenting on their forum posts. Share information and resources you have.
CREOnline is a good place for newbies to start their learning journey. This forum covers a wide range of topics including: creative financing strategies; locating discounted properties for sale; Section 8 landlord certification; managing cash flow when multiple properties are owned; and real estate and landlord tenant laws. Membership is required to participate in forums, but is offered at no charge.
REI Club offers a wealth of investing advice and information. The forum includes topics ranging from how to become a real estate investor to protecting investment properties. REI Club offers an extensive section dedicated to real estate marketing. Investors can learn the process for buying bank owned foreclosures and discover numerous seller-financing options.
Bigger Pockets has earned the reputation as the premier real estate investing forum. Featured on CBS News, U.S. News, and Newsday, along with receiving positive PR in several print publications, Bigger Pockets offers a wealth of information and resources to investors at all stages of their career.
Real estate prices are governed by a huge number of factors. Therefore, real estate investing advice is not like a sure shot prescription about how you should invest. Rather, it is a broad set of guidelines that will help form your own thumb-rules. The most important real estate investing advice is that investment in real estate should never be confused with speculation. Here are a few aspects that you might want to consider before you put your money into real estate.
Real estate investment is like any other investment. It is more like investing in Treasury Bonds or Mutual Funds. You get returns on it even when you continue to hold on to your investment. In property/real estate investing, the gain could be two-fold. If the property you hold is in a sought-after neighborhood, it would most likely fetch you a good rent. While you keep getting the rent, the prices could rise and give you the added return.
A typical property estate investor has the financial muscle and staying power. Such an investor does not get carried away by small, short term gains and instead concentrates on the big picture. An annual return of 6 to 8 percent of the invested amount is considered decent. Anything above 10 percent is a big bonus.
In the case of speculation, you enter when the price is low and exit at a higher price. The assumption is that prices will continue to rise, and that is not always the case. In fact, the last decade has seen a big slump of over 70 percent in many of the otherwise booming economies. The best bet in the case of speculation is being able to spot developing neighborhoods, especially residential, and to invest early.
In addition to the property estate investment and speculation discussed above, there is an interesting alternative. The real estate investor buys property that is not in the best of conditions, does it up in line with the current trends and then sells it for a substantially higher price. The unique selling point in this case is that the new buyer does not have to spend time, effort and money in getting it done. In one sense, this is an investment because you will still command a good rent till you get a buyer.
In the case of commercial property estate, the returns are naturally much higher. However, there are two points that need to be considered. Number one, the investment required is huge, depending of course on the size of the property and its location. The other important factor is that movement can be pretty slow. Do not expect businesses to relocate every other year. So, while the income in the form of rent is likely to be fairly high, the prospect of earning money through price appreciation can easily be years away.


Over the last several years, researchers have slowly but surely reached the consensus that high intensity interval training (HIIT), which is characterized by relatively short bursts of intense exercise followed by periods of rest, far outperforms conventional aerobic endurance type exercises.
Perhaps best of all, HIIT requires only minutes, compared to hours, each week.
You have three different types of muscle fibers: slow, fast, and super-fast. Only ONE of these muscles, the super-fast fibers, will impact your production of human growth hormone (HGH), which is KEY for strength, health, and longevity. The vast majority of people, including many athletes such as marathon runners, only train using their slow muscle fibers. In fact, neither traditionally performed aerobic cardio nor strength training will work anything but your slow muscles. These are the red muscles, which are filled with capillaries and mitochondria, and hence a lot of oxygen. Power training, or plyometric burst-type exercises, will engage these fast muscles and they're 10 times faster than slow fibers, activating them is the key to producing growth hormone!
- Some studies have shown that HIIT burns up to nine times more fat than traditional cardiovascular exercise and keeps your metabolism elevated for more than 24 hours afterwards. This means you are going to keep burning calories long after you have finished exercising.
Make sure the "work" portion is at your highest exertion level possible.
Work-to-Rest Ratios: The ideal work-to-recovery ratio for interval training is to rest for 50% of the working time frame as outlined in the advanced option. If doing this correctly its very difficult, you can try one of the other programs with slightly longer recovery times.
Try it Post-Workout: There is an added benefit to doing these intervals after your resistance training. This deeply depletes your carbohydrate stores to put your body into fat burning mode faster. Remember this workout is for your lean phase to get ripped quick, not for your bulking phase where you are trying to maximize size. I wouldn't recommend this workout after a hard leg session.


An interesting phenomenon is currently happening in the Asian dating scene. Instead of searching for viable partners for marriage, Asian ladies are setting their eyes on doing other things. For this reason, Asian date girls are precious and have become hard to come by nowadays.
Understand that marriage, in the past, was considered the ultimate goal for many Asian ladies. This goal was the basis for how the dating culture was. Now that things have changed, the dating dynamics (or the lack thereof) have also changed. So what, exactly, are Asian girls up to? What's more important to them than marriage?
For those who are saying that Asian women are uneducated, you couldn't be more wrong. Education in the Asian culture is crucial. To most Asian ladies getting a degree may not be enough. They're setting their eyes on higher education to better the quality of their lives.
Asian date ladies are go-getters. In the past, some women may have relied on a partner to provide for them, keep them safe, and keep them financially secure. This scenario is no longer ideal for an independent Asian woman. Why would you rely on a partner when you can depend on yourself? That's what these women are thinking NOW.
Relationships can be complicated and messy – exciting for most, but for Asian ladies, it is something that they can do without. Because Asian women have set higher bars for themselves, drama is an unnecessary distraction. Dating dilemmas are also avoided. They view it as inconvenient and, probably, a waste of their time.
Asian women would rather just focus on themselves which is likely to be the gist of this entire phenomenon. Self-development, self-improvement, travelling, education, career – all those things become easier because the Asian lady only has to think about herself.
Don't be discouraged about all of this. There's still hope with online dating. Because of the circumstances, many Asian women find online dating more convenient. That's why you'll find a lot of Asian date girls on dating sites. For those who want to date Asian ladies, go for the online approach. More dating tips about Asian beauties here.