text:
Shuttle–Mir Program
The Shuttle-Mir insignia
Part of a series of articles on the
Space policy of the United States
Apollo program
US manned space programs
Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (joint)
Shuttle–Mir (joint)
ISS (joint)
Manned Venus Flyby
Manned Orbiting Laboratory
Space Transportation System
US space probes
Lunar Orbiter
Expendable launch vehicles
Juno I
Mercury-Redstone
Mercury-Atlas
Gemini-Titan II
Atlas-Agena
Apollo-Saturn
Atlas-Centaur
Atlas V
Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicle
Ares I
Space Launch System
Notable figures
Robert Goddard
Wehrner von Braun
James E. Webb
Robert Gilruth
George Low
George Mueller
Maxime Faget
Kurt Debus
Rocco Petrone
Christopher C. Kraft Jr.
Gene Kranz
Guenter Wendt
Alan Shepard
The Mercury Seven
Gemini/Apollo astronauts
NASA Astronaut Corps
Soviet manned lunar programs
Luna programme
Soviet manned space programs
Salyut
Zond (lunar Soyuz 7K-L1)
N1-L3 (Moon landing)
TMK (Mars flyby)
Almaz / TKS
Energia / Buran
USSR space probes
Sputnik program
Molniya
Zond program
Lunokhod programme
Mars program
Phobos program
Marsnik program
Astron (spacecraft)
Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories
RELIKT-1
Vega program
Kosmos-3M
Molniya-M
Polyot
Soyuz/Vostok
Tsyklon
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Friedrich Zander
Mstislav Keldysh
Sergei Korolev
Alexei Leonov
Konstantin Feoktistov
Mikhail Tikhonravov
Mikhail Yangel
Valentin Glushko
Vladimir Chelomey
Kerim Kerimov
Vasily Mishin
Boris Chertok
List of Soviet and Russian cosmonauts
The Shuttle–Mir Program was a collaborative space program between Russia and the United States, which involved American Space Shuttles visiting the Russian space station Mir, Russian cosmonauts flying on the shuttle, and an American astronaut flying aboard a Soyuz spacecraft to engage in long-duration expeditions aboard Mir.
The project, sometimes called "Phase One", was intended to allow the United States to learn from Russian experience with long-duration spaceflight and to foster a spirit of cooperation between the two nations and their space agencies, the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roskosmos). The project helped to prepare the way for further cooperative space ventures; specifically, "Phase Two" of the joint project, the construction of the International Space Station (ISS). The program was announced in 1993, the first mission started in 1994 and the project continued until its scheduled completion in 1998. Eleven Space Shuttle missions, a joint Soyuz flight and almost 1000 cumulative days in space for American astronauts occurred over the course of seven long-duration expeditions.
During the four-year program, many firsts in spaceflight were achieved by the two nations, including the first American astronaut to launch aboard a Soyuz spacecraft, the largest spacecraft ever to have been assembled at that time in history, and the first American spacewalk using a Russian Orlan spacesuit.
The program was marred by various concerns, notably the safety of Mir following a fire and a collision, financial issues with the cash-strapped Russian Space Program and worries from astronauts about the attitudes of the program administrators. Nevertheless, a large amount of science, expertise in space station construction and knowledge in working in a cooperative space venture was gained from the combined operations, allowing the construction of the ISS to proceed much more smoothly than would have otherwise been the case.
Following the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a "Shuttle-Salyut" program was proposed in the 1970s, yet never realized. This graphical rendering depicts a Space Shuttle docked to a second generation Salyut space station, with a Soyuz spacecraft docked to Salyut's aft port.
The origins of the Shuttle–Mir Program can be traced back to the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, that resulted in a joint US/Soviet mission during the détente period of the Cold War and the docking between a US Apollo spacecraft and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft in 1975. This was followed by the talks between NASA and Intercosmos in the 1970s about a "Shuttle-Salyut" program to fly Space Shuttle missions to a Salyut space station, with later talks in the 1980s even considering flights of the future Soviet shuttles from the Buran programme to a future US space station – this "Shuttle-Salyut" program never materialized however during the existence of the Soviet Intercosmos program.[1]
This changed after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union: the end of Cold War and Space Race resulted in funding for the US modular space station (originally named Freedom), which was planned since the early 1980s, being slashed.[2] Similar budgetary difficulties were being faced by other nations with space station projects, prompting American government officials to start negotiations with partners in Europe, Russia, Japan, and Canada in the early 1990s to begin a collaborative, multi-national, space station project.[2] In the Russian Federation, as the successor to much of the Soviet Union and its space program, the deteriorating economic situation in the post-Soviet economic chaos lead to growing financial problems of the now Russian space station program. The construction of the Mir-2 space station as a replacement for the aging Mir became illusionary, though only after its base block, DOS-8, had been built.[2] These developments resulted in bringing the former adversaries together with the Shuttle–Mir Program, which would pave the way to the International Space Station, a joint project with several international partners.
Space Shuttle Atlantis docked to Mir on STS-71
In June 1992, American President George H. W. Bush and Russian president Boris Yeltsin agreed to co-operate on space exploration by signing the Agreement between the United States of America and the Russian Federation Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes. This agreement called for setting up a short, joint space project, during which one American astronaut would board the Russian space station Mir and two Russian cosmonauts would board a Space Shuttle.[2]
In September 1993, American Vice-President Al Gore, Jr., and Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin announced plans for a new space station, which eventually became the International Space Station.[3] They also agreed, in preparation for this new project, that the United States would be heavily involved in the Mir project in the years ahead, under the code name "Phase One" (the construction of the ISS being "Phase Two").[4]
The first Space Shuttle flight to Mir was a rendezvous mission without docking on STS-63. This was followed during the course of the project by a total of 9 Shuttle-Mir docking missions, from STS-71 to STS-91. The Shuttle rotated crews and delivered supplies, and one mission, STS-74, carried a docking module and a pair of solar arrays to Mir. Various scientific experiments were also conducted, both on shuttle flights and long-term aboard the station. The project also saw the launch of two new modules, Spektr and Priroda, to Mir, which were used by American astronauts as living quarters and laboratories to conduct the majority of their science aboard the station. These missions allowed NASA and the Roskosmos to learn a great deal about how best to work with international partners in space and how to minimize the risks associated with assembling a large space station in orbit, as would have to be done with the ISS.[5][6]
The project also served as a political ruse on the part of the American government, providing a diplomatic channel for NASA to take part in the funding of the cripplingly under-funded Russian space program. This in turn allowed the newly fledged Russian government to keep Mir operating, in addition to the Russian space program as a whole, ensuring the Russian government remained (and remains) friendly towards the United States.[7][8]
The seven American astronauts who carried out long-duration Increments on Mir
In addition to the flights of the Shuttle to Mir, Phase One also featured seven "Increments" aboard the station, long-duration flights aboard Mir by American astronauts. The seven astronauts who took part in the Increments, Norman Thagard, Shannon Lucid, John Blaha, Jerry Linenger, Michael Foale, David Wolf and Andrew Thomas, were each flown in turn to Star City, Russia, to undergo training in various aspects of the operation of Mir and the Soyuz spacecraft used for transport to and from the Station. The astronauts also received practice in carrying out spacewalks outside Mir and lessons in the Russian language, which would be used throughout their missions to talk with the other cosmonauts aboard the station and Mission Control in Russia, the TsUP.[8]
During their expeditions aboard Mir, the astronauts carried out various experiments, including growth of crops and crystals, and took hundreds of photographs of the Earth spinning serenely beneath them. They also assisted in the maintenance and repair of the aging station, following various incidents with fires, collisions, power losses, uncontrolled spins and toxic leaks. In all, the American astronauts would spend almost a thousand days aboard Mir, allowing NASA to learn a great deal about long-duration spaceflight, particularly in the areas of astronaut psychology and how best to arrange experiment schedules for crews aboard space stations.[7][8]
The view of Mir from Space Shuttle Discovery as it left the station during STS-91
Main article: Mir
Mir was constructed between 1986 and 1996 and was the world's first modular space station. It was the first consistently inhabited long-term research station in space, and previously held the record for longest continuous human presence in space, at eight days short of ten years. Mir's purpose was to provide a large and habitable scientific laboratory in space, and, through a number of collaborations, including Intercosmos and Shuttle-Mir, was made internationally accessible to cosmonauts and astronauts of many different countries. The station existed until March 23, 2001, at which point it was deliberately deorbited, and broke apart during atmospheric re-entry.[2]
Mir was based upon the Salyut series of space stations previously launched by the Soviet Union (seven Salyut space stations had been launched since 1971), and was mainly serviced by Russian-manned Soyuz spacecraft and Progress cargo ships. The Buran space shuttle was anticipated to visit Mir, but its program was canceled after its first unmanned spaceflight. Visiting US Space Shuttles used an Androgynous Peripheral Attach System docking collar originally designed for Buran, mounted on a bracket originally designed for use with the American Space Station Freedom.[2]
With the Space Shuttle docked to Mir, the temporary enlargements of living and working areas amounted to a complex that was the world's largest spacecraft at that time, with a combined mass of 250 metric tons (250 long tons; 280 short tons).[2][9]
An overhead view of Atlantis as it sits atop the Mobile Launcher Platform (MLP) before STS-79
Main article: Space Shuttle
NASA's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System (STS), is the United States government's most recent manned launch vehicle. A total of five usable orbiters were built, of which three were in use until the program's retirement in 2011. The winged shuttle Orbiter is launched vertically, usually carrying five to seven astronauts (although eight have been carried and eleven could be accommodated in an emergency) along with up to 50,000 pounds (23,000 kg) of payload into low earth orbit. When its mission is complete, it fires its manoeuvring thrusters to drop out of orbit and re-enters the Earth's atmosphere. During the descent and landing, the shuttle Orbiter acts as a glider and makes a completely unpowered landing.[10][11]
The Shuttle is the first orbital spacecraft designed for partial reusability. It carries large payloads to various orbits, and, during the Shuttle–Mir and ISS programs, provides crew rotation and carries various supplies, modules and pieces of equipment to the stations. Each Shuttle was designed for a projected lifespan of 100 launches or 10 years' operational life.[10][11]
In total 9 docking missions were flown to Mir, from 1995 to 1997 during "Phase One": Space Shuttle Atlantis docked 7 times to Mir, with Discovery and Endeavour each flying one docking mission to Mir. As Space Shuttle Columbia was the oldest and heaviest of the fleet, it was not suited for efficient operations at Mir's (and later the ISS's) 51.6-degree inclination – Columbia was therefore not retrofitted with the necessary external airlock and Orbital Docking System, and never flew to a space station.[12][13][14]
The Shuttle–Mir program begins—Discovery launches on STS-60, the first flight of the program.
New cooperation begins (1994)
Phase One of the Shuttle–Mir Program began on February 3, 1994, with the launch of Space Shuttle Discovery on its 18th mission, STS-60. The eight-day mission was the first shuttle flight of that year, the first flight of a Russian Cosmonaut, Sergei Krikalev, aboard the American shuttle, and marked the start of increased cooperation in space for the two nations, 37 years after the Space Race began.[15] Part of an international agreement on human space flight, the mission was the second flight of the Spacehab pressurized module and marked the hundredth "Getaway Special" payload to fly in space. The primary payload for the mission was the Wake Shield Facility (or WSF), a device designed to generate new semiconductor films for advanced electronics. The WSF was flown at the end of Discovery's robotic arm over the course of the flight. During the mission, the astronauts aboard Discovery also carried out various experiments aboard the Spacehab module in the Orbiter's payload bay, and took part in a live bi-directional audio and downlink video hookup between themselves and the three Cosmonauts on board Mir, Valeri Polyakov, Viktor Afanasyev and Yury Usachev (flying Mir expeditions LD-4 and EO-15).[12][16][17]
A view of Mir following Atlantis's undocking at the end of STS-71
America arrives at Mir (1995)
1995 began with the launch of the Space Shuttle Discovery on February 3. Discovery's mission, STS-63, was the second Space Shuttle flight in the program and the first flight of the shuttle with a female pilot, Eileen Collins. Referred to as the "near-Mir" mission, the eight-day flight saw the first rendezvous of a Space Shuttle with Mir, as Russian Cosmonaut Vladimir Titov and the rest of Discovery's crew approached within 37 feet (11 m) of Mir. Following the rendezvous, Collins performed a flyaround of the station. The mission, a dress rehearsal for the first docked mission in the program, STS-71, also carried out testing of various techniques and pieces of equipment that would be used during the docking missions that followed.[16][18][19]
Five weeks after Discovery's flight, the March 14 launch of Soyuz TM-21 carried expedition EO-18 to Mir. The crew consisted of Cosmonauts Vladimir Dezhurov and Gennady Strekalov and NASA Astronaut Norman Thagard, who became the first American to fly into space aboard the Soyuz spacecraft. During the course of their 115-day expedition, the Spektr science module (which served as living and working space for American astronauts) was launched aboard a Proton rocket and docked to Mir. Spektr carried more than 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of research equipment from America and other nations. The expedition's crew returned to Earth aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis following the first Shuttle–Mir docking during mission STS-71.[2][7][20]
The Mir Docking Module, positioned in Atlantis's payload bay on STS-74, ready to be docked to Kristall
The primary objectives of STS-71, launched on June 27, called for the Space Shuttle Atlantis to rendezvous and perform the first docking between an American Space Shuttle and the station. On June 29, Atlantis successfully docked with Mir, becoming the first US spacecraft to dock with a Russian spacecraft since the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975.[21] Atlantis delivered Cosmonauts Anatoly Solovyev and Nikolai Budarin, who would form the expedition EO-19 crew, and retrieved Astronaut Norman Thagard and Cosmonauts Vladimir Dezhurov and Gennady Strekalov of the expedition EO-18 crew. Atlantis also carried out on-orbit joint US-Russian life sciences investigations aboard a Spacelab module and performed a logistical resupply of the station.[16][22][23]
The final Shuttle flight of 1995, STS-74, began with the November 12 launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis, and delivered the Russian-built Docking Module to Mir, along with a new pair of solar arrays and other hardware upgrades for the station. The Docking Module was designed to provide more clearance for Shuttles in order to prevent any collisions with Mir's solar arrays during docking, a problem which had been overcome during STS-71 by relocating the station's Kristall module to a different location on the station. The module, attached to Kristall's docking port, prevented the need for this procedure on further missions. During the course of the flight, nearly 1,000 pounds (450 kg) of water were transferred to Mir and experiment samples including blood, urine and saliva were moved to Atlantis for return to Earth.[16][24][25][26]
A view of the Travers RADAR antenna on the newly launched Priroda module during STS-79
Priroda (1996)
Continuous US presence aboard Mir started in 1996 with the March 22 launch of Atlantis on mission STS-76, when the Second Increment astronaut Shannon Lucid was transferred to the station. STS-76 was the third docking mission to Mir, which also demonstrated logistics capabilities through deployment of a Spacehab module, and placed experiment packages aboard Mir's docking module, which marked the first spacewalk which occurred around docked vehicles. The spacewalks, carried out from Atlantis's crew cabin, provided valuable experience for astronauts in order to prepare for later assembly missions to the International Space Station.[27]
Lucid became the first American woman to live on station, and, following a six-week extension to her Increment due to issues with Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters, her 188-day mission set the US single spaceflight record. During Lucid's time aboard Mir, the Priroda module, with about 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg) of US science hardware, was docked to Mir. Lucid made use of both Priroda and Spektr to carry out 28 different science experiments and as living quarters.[16][28]
Space Shuttle Atlantis docked to Mir during STS-81. The crew compartment, nose and a portion of the payload bay of Atlantis are visible, behind Mir's Kristall and Docking Modules.
Her stay aboard Mir ended with the flight of Atlantis on STS-79, which launched on September 16. STS-79 was the first Shuttle mission to carry a double Spacehab module. More than 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) of supplies were transferred to Mir, including water generated by Atlantis's fuel cells, and experiments that included investigations into superconductors, cartilage development, and other biology studies. About 2,000 pounds (910 kg) of experiment samples and equipment were also transferred back from Mir to Atlantis, making the total transfer the most extensive yet.[29]
This, the fourth docking, also saw John Blaha transferring onto Mir to take his place as resident Increment astronaut. His stay on the station improved operations in several areas, including transfer procedures for a docked space shuttle, "hand-over" procedures for long duration American crew members and "Ham" amateur radio communications.
Two spacewalks were carried out during his time aboard. Their aim was to remove electrical power connectors from a 12-year-old solar power array on the base block and reconnect the cables to the more efficient new solar power arrays. In all, Blaha spent four months with the Mir-22 Cosmonaut crew conducting material science, fluid science, and life science research, before returning to Earth the next year aboard Atlantis on STS-81.[16][30]
Fire and collision (1997)
A charred panel onboard Mir following the fire
In 1997 STS-81 replaced Increment astronaut John Blaha with Jerry Linenger, after Blaha's 118-day stay aboard Mir. During this fifth shuttle docking, the crew of Atlantis moved supplies to the station and returned to Earth the first plants to complete a life cycle in space; a crop of wheat planted by Shannon Lucid. During five days of mated operations, the crews transferred nearly 6,000 pounds (2,700 kg) of logistics to Mir, and transferred 2,400 pounds (1,100 kg) of materials back to Atlantis (the most materials transferred between the two spacecraft to that date).[31]
The STS-81 crew also tested the Shuttle Treadmill Vibration Isolation and Stabilization System (TVIS), designed for use in the Zvezda module of the International Space Station. The shuttle's small vernier jet thrusters were fired during the mated operations to gather engineering data for "reboosting" the ISS. After undocking, Atlantis performed a fly-around of Mir, leaving Linenger aboard the station.[16][31]
Picture of the damage caused by the collision with Progress M-34, taken by Atlantis during STS-86
During his Increment, Linenger became the first American to conduct a spacewalk from a foreign space station and the first to test the Russian-built Orlan-M spacesuit alongside Russian cosmonaut Vasili Tsibliyev. All three crewmembers of expedition EO-23 performed a "fly-around" in the Soyuz spacecraft, first undocking from one docking port of the station, then manually flying to and redocking the capsule at a different location. This made Linenger the first American to undock from a space station aboard two different spacecraft (Space Shuttle and Soyuz).[20]
Linenger and his Russian crewmates Vasili Tsibliyev and Aleksandr Lazutkin faced several difficulties during the mission. These included the most severe fire aboard an orbiting spacecraft (caused by a backup oxygen-generating device), failures of various on board systems, a near collision with a Progress resupply cargo ship during a long-distance manual docking system test and a total loss of station electrical power. The power failure also caused a loss of attitude control, which led to an uncontrolled "tumble" through space.[2][7][8][16]
The next NASA astronaut to stay on Mir was Michael Foale. Foale and Russian mission specialist Elena Kondakova boarded Mir from Atlantis on mission STS-84. The STS-84 crew transferred 249 items between the two spacecraft, along with water, experiment samples, supplies and hardware. One of the first items transferred to Mir was an Elektron oxygen-generating unit. Atlantis was stopped three times while backing away during the undocking sequence on May 21. The aim was to collect data from a European sensor device designed for future rendezvous of ESA's Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) with the International Space Station.[16][32]
Damaged solar arrays on Mir's Spektr module following a collision with an unmanned Progress spacecraft in September 1997
Foale's Increment proceeded fairly normally until June 25, when a resupply ship collided with solar arrays on the Spektr module during the second test of the Progress manual docking system, TORU. The module's outer shell was hit and holed, which caused the station to lose pressure. This was the first on-orbit depressurization in the history of spaceflight. The crew quickly cut cables leading to the module and closed Spektr's hatch in order to prevent the need to abandon the station in their Soyuz lifeboat. Their efforts stabilized the station's air pressure, whilst the pressure in Spektr, containing many of Foale's experiments and personal effects, dropped to a vacuum. Fortunately, food, water and other vital supplies were stored in other modules, and salvage and replanning effort by Foale and the science community minimized the loss of research data and capability.[7][16]
In an effort to restore some of the power and systems lost following the isolation of Spektr and to attempt to locate the leak, Mir's new commander Anatoly Solovyev and flight engineer Pavel Vinogradov carried out a salvage operation later in the mission. They entered the empty module during a so-called "IVA" spacewalk, inspecting the condition of hardware and running cables through a special hatch from Spektr's systems to the rest of the station. Following these first investigations, Foale and Solovyev conducted a 6-hour EVA on the surface of Spektr to inspect the damaged module.[16][33]
A view of Mir from Atlantis's window, showing several of the station's modules and the docked Soyuz capsule
After these incidents, the US Congress and NASA considered whether to abandon the program out of concern for astronauts' safety but NASA administrator Daniel Goldin decided to continue the program.[8] The next flight to Mir, STS-86, brought Increment astronaut David Wolf to the station.
STS-86 performed the seventh Shuttle–Mir docking, the last of 1997. During Atlantis's stay crew members Titov and Parazynski conducted the first joint US–Russian extravehicular activity during a Shuttle mission, and the first in which a Russian wore a US spacesuit. During the five-hour spacewalk, the pair affixed a 121-pound (55 kg) Solar Array Cap to the Docking Module, for a future attempt by crew members to seal off the leak in Spektr's hull. The mission returned Foale to Earth, along with samples, hardware, and an old Elektron oxygen generator, and dropped Wolf off on the Station ready for his 128-day Increment. Wolf had originally been scheduled to be the final Mir astronaut, but was chosen to go on the Increment instead of astronaut Wendy Lawrence. Lawrence was deemed ineligible for flight because of a change in Russian requirements after the Progress supply vehicle collision. The new rules required that all Mir crew members should be trained and ready for spacewalks, but a Russian spacesuit could not be prepared for Lawrence in time for launch.[16][34]
Space Shuttle Discovery lands at the end of STS-91, bringing the Shuttle–Mir program to a close.
Phase One closes down (1998)
The final year of Phase One began with the flight of Space Shuttle Endeavour on STS-89. The mission delivered Cosmonaut Salizhan Sharipov to Mir and replaced David Wolf with Andy Thomas, following Wolf's 119-day Increment.[16][35]
During his Increment, the last of the program, Thomas worked on 27 science investigations into areas of advanced technology, Earth sciences, human life sciences, microgravity research, and ISS risk mitigation. His stay on Mir, considered the smoothest of the entire Phase One program, featured weekly "Letters from the Outpost" from Thomas and passed two milestones for length of spaceflight—815 consecutive days in space by American astronauts since the launch of Shannon Lucid on the STS-76 mission in March 1996, and 907 days of Mir occupancy by American astronauts dating back to Norman Thagard's trip to Mir in March 1995.[16][36]
Thomas returned to Earth on the final Shuttle–Mir mission, STS-91. The mission closed out Phase One, with the EO-25 and STS-91 crews transferring water to Mir and exchanging almost 4,700 pounds (2,100 kg) of cargo experiments and supplies between the two spacecraft. Long-term American experiments that had been on board Mir were also moved into Discovery. Hatches were closed for undocking at 9:07 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) on June 8 and the spacecraft separated at 12:01 p.m. EDT that day.[16][37][38]
Mir's legacy—the core modules of the International Space Station, Phase Two of the ISS program
Phases Two and Three: ISS (1998–2024)
Main article: International Space Station
With the landing of Discovery on June 12, 1998, the Phase One program concluded. Techniques and equipment developed during the program assisted the development of Phase Two: initial assembly of the International Space Station (ISS). The arrival of the Destiny Laboratory Module in 2001 marked the end of Phase Two and the start of Phase Three, the final outfitting of the station, completed in 2012.[39] In 2015, a reconfiguration of the American segment was completed to allow its docking ports to accommodate NASA-sponsored commercial crew vehicles, that are expected to start visiting the ISS in 2017.[40]
As of June 2015, the ISS has a pressurized volume of 915 cubic metres (32,300 cu ft), and its pressurized modules total 51 metres (167 ft) in length, plus a large truss structure that spans 109 metres (358 ft), making it the largest spacecraft ever assembled.[41] The completed station consists of five laboratories and is able to support six crew members. With over 332 cubic metres (11,700 cu ft) of habitable volume and a mass of 400,000 kilograms (880,000 lb) the completed station is almost twice the size of the combined Shuttle–Mir spacecraft.[41]
Phases Two and Three are intended to continue both international cooperation in space and zero-gravity scientific research, particularly regarding long-duration spaceflight. By spring 2015, Roscosmos, NASA, and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) have agreed to extend the ISS's mission from 2020 to 2024.[42] The results of this research will provide considerable information for long-duration expeditions to the Moon and flights to Mars.[43]
Following the intentional deorbiting of Mir on 23 March 2001, the ISS became the only space station in orbit around Earth.[44] It retained that distinction until the launch of Chinese Tiangong-1 space laboratory on 29 September 2011.[45] Mir's legacy lives on in the station, bringing together five space agencies in the cause of exploration and allowing those space agencies to prepare for their next leap into space, to the Moon, Mars and beyond.[46]
Astronaut Jerry Linenger wearing a respirator mask following the 1997 fire aboard Mir
Safety and scientific return
Criticism of the program was primarily concerned with the safety of the aging Mir, particularly following the fire aboard the station and collision with the Progress supply vessel in 1997.[8]
The fire, caused by the malfunction of a backup solid-fuel oxygen generator (SFOG), burned for, according to various sources, between 90 seconds and 14 minutes, and produced large amounts of toxic smoke that filled the station for around 45 minutes. This forced the crew to don respirators, but some of the respirator masks initially worn were broken. Fire extinguishers mounted on the walls of the modules were immovable. The fire occurred during a crew rotation, and as such there were six men aboard the station rather than the usual three. Access to one of the docked Soyuz lifeboats was blocked, which would have prevented escape by half of the crew. A similar incident had occurred on an earlier Mir expedition, although in that case the SFOG burned for only a few seconds.[7][8]
The near-miss and collision incidents presented further safety issues. Both were caused by failure of the same piece of equipment, the TORU manual docking system, which was undergoing tests at the time. The tests were called in order to gauge the performance of long-distance docking in order to enable the cash-strapped Russians to remove the expensive Kurs automatic docking system from the Progress ships.
The accidents also added to the increasingly vocal criticism of the aging station's reliability. Astronaut Blaine Hammond claimed that his safety concerns about Mir were ignored by NASA officials, and that records of safety meetings "disappeared from a locked vault".[47] Mir was originally designed to fly for five years but eventually flew for three times that length of time. During Phase One and afterward, the station was showing her age—constant computer crashes, loss of power, uncontrolled tumbles through space and leaking pipes were an ever-present concern for crews. Various breakdowns of Mir's Elektron oxygen-generating system were also a concern. These breakdowns led crews to become increasingly reliant on the SFOG systems that caused the fire in 1997. SFOG systems continue to be a problem aboard the ISS.[7]
Another issue of controversy was the scale of its actual scientific return, particularly following the loss of the Spektr science module. Astronauts, managers and various members of the press all complained that the benefits of the program were outweighed by the risks associated with it, especially considering the fact that most of the US science experiments had been contained within the holed module. As such, a large amount of American research was inaccessible, reducing the science that could be performed.[48] The safety issues caused NASA to reconsider the future of the program at various times. The agency eventually decided to continue and came under fire from various areas of the press regarding that decision.[49]
Attitudes of the Russian space program and NASA towards Phase One were also of concern to the astronauts involved. Because of Russia's financial issues, many workers at the TsUP felt that the mission hardware and continuation of Mir was more important than the lives of the cosmonauts aboard the station. As such the program was run very differently compared to American programs: cosmonauts had their days being planned for them to the minute, actions (such as docking) which would be performed manually by shuttle pilots were all carried out automatically, and cosmonauts had their pay docked if they made any errors during their flights. Americans learned aboard Skylab and earlier space missions that this level of control was not productive and had since made mission plans more flexible. The Russians, however, would not budge, and many felt that significant work time was lost because of this.[7][50]
Following the two accidents in 1997, astronaut Jerry Linenger felt that the Russian authorities attempted a cover-up to downplay the significance of the incidents, fearing that the Americans would back out of the partnership. A large part of this "cover-up" was the seeming impression that the American astronauts were not in fact "partners" aboard the station, but were instead "guests". NASA staff did not find out for several hours about the fire and collision and found themselves kept out of decision-making processes. NASA became more involved when Russian mission controllers intended to place blame for the accident entirely on Vasily Tsibliyev. It was only after the application of significant pressure from NASA that this stance was changed.[7][8]
At various times during the program, NASA managers and personnel found themselves limited in terms of resources and manpower, particularly as Phase Two geared up, and had a hard time getting anywhere with NASA administration. One particular area of contention was with crew assignments to missions. Many astronauts allege that the method of selection prevented the most skilled people from performing roles they were best-suited for.[7][8][51]
Since the breakup of the Soviet Union a few years earlier, the Russian economy had been slowly collapsing and the budget for space exploration was reduced by around 80%. Before and after Phase One, a great deal of Russia's space finances came from flights of astronauts from Europe and other countries, with one Japanese TV station paying $9.5 million to have one of their reporters, Toyohiro Akiyama, flown aboard Mir.[7] By the start of Phase One, cosmonauts regularly found their missions extended to save money on launchers, the six-yearly flights of the Progress had been reduced to three, and there was a distinct possibility of Mir being sold for around $500 million.[7]
Critics argued that the $325 million contract NASA had with Russia was the only thing keeping the Russian space program alive, and only the Space Shuttle was keeping Mir aloft. NASA also had to pay hefty fees for training manuals and equipment used by astronauts training at Star City.[8] Problems came to a head when ABC's Nightline revealed that there was a distinct possibility of embezzlement of American finances by the Russian authorities in order to build a suite of new cosmonaut houses in Moscow, or else that the building projects were being funded by the Russian Mafia. NASA administrator Goldin was invited onto Nightline to defend the homes but he refused to comment. NASA's office for external affairs was quoted as saying that "What Russia does with its own money is their business."[7][52]
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
↑ Wikisource:Mir Hardware Heritage/Part 2 - Almaz, Salyut, and Mir#2.1.6 Shuttle-Salyut .281973-1978.3B 1980s.29
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 David Harland (November 30, 2004). The Story of Space Station Mir. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. ISBN 978-0-387-23011-5.
↑ Donna Heivilin (June 21, 1994). "Space Station: Impact of the Expanded Russian Role on Funding and Research" (PDF). Government Accountability Office. Retrieved November 3, 2006.
↑ Kim Dismukes (April 4, 2004). "Shuttle–Mir History/Background/How "Phase 1" Started". NASA. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
↑ Kim Dismukes (April 4, 2004). "Shuttle–Mir History/Welcome/Goals". NASA. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
↑ George C. Nield & Pavel Mikhailovich Vorobiev (January 1999). "Phase One Program Joint Report" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved March 30, 2007.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Bryan Burrough (January 7, 1998). Dragonfly: NASA and the Crisis Aboard Mir. London, UK: Fourth Estate Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84115-087-1.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Linenger, Jerry (January 1, 2001). Off the Planet: Surviving Five Perilous Months Aboard the Space Station Mir. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-137230-5.
↑ David S. F. Portree (March 1995). "Mir Hardware Heritage" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved March 30, 2007.
1 2 Jim Wilson (March 5, 2006). "Shuttle Basics". NASA. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
1 2 David M. Harland (July 5, 2004). The Story of the Space Shuttle. Springer-Praxis. ISBN 978-1-85233-793-3.
1 2 Sue McDonald (December 1998). "Mir Mission Chronicle" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved March 30, 2007.
↑ Kim Dismukes (April 4, 2004). "Shuttle–Mir History/Spacecraft/Space Shuttle Orbiter". NASA. Retrieved March 30, 2007.
↑ Justin Ray (April 14, 2000). "Columbia Weight Loss Plan". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved October 29, 2009.
↑ William Harwood (February 4, 1994). "Space Shuttle Launch Begins Era of US-Russian Cooperation". Washington Post. Retrieved March 9, 2007 from NewsBank. p. a3.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Shuttle–Mir History/Shuttle Flights and Mir Increments". NASA. Retrieved March 30, 2007.
↑ Jim Dumoulin (June 29, 2001). "STS-60 Mission Summary". NASA. Retrieved March 30, 2007.
↑ Kathy Sawyer (January 29, 1995). "US & Russia Find Common Ground in Space – Nations Overcome Hurdles in Ambitious Partnership". Washington Post. Retrieved March 9, 2007 from NewsBank. p. a1.
1 2 List of Mir Expeditions
↑ Scott, David; Leonov, Alexei (April 30, 2005). Two Sides of the Moon. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-7434-5067-6.
↑ Nick Nuttall (June 29, 1995). "Shuttle homes in for Mir docking". The Times. Retrieved March 9, 2007 from NewsBank.
↑ "CSA – STS-74 – Daily Reports". Canadian Space Agency. October 30, 1999. Retrieved September 17, 2009.
↑ William Harwood (November 15, 1995). "Space Shuttle docks with Mir – Atlantis uses manoeuvres similar to those needed for construction". Washington Post. Retrieved March 9, 2007 from NewsBank. p. a3.
↑ William Harwood (March 28, 1996). "Shuttle becomes hard-hat area; spacewalking astronauts practice tasks necessary to build station". Washington Post. Retrieved March 9, 2007 from NewsBank. p. a3.
↑ William Harwood (September 20, 1996). "Lucid transfers from Mir to Space Shuttle". Washington Post. Retrieved March 9, 2007 from NewsBank. p. a3.
1 2 Jim Dumoulin (June 29, 2001). "STS-81 Mission Summary". NASA. Retrieved March 30, 2007.
↑ David Hoffman (August 22, 1997). "Crucial Mir spacewalk carries high hopes – continued Western support could hinge on mission's success". Washington Post. Retrieved March 9, 2007 from NewsBank. p. a1.
↑ Thomas, Andrew (September 2001). "Letters from the Outpost". NASA. Retrieved April 15, 2007.
↑ William Harwood (June 13, 1998). "Final American returns from Mir". Washington Post. Retrieved March 9, 2007 from NewsBank. p. a12.
↑ Esquivel, Gerald (23 March 2003). "ISS Phases I, II and III". NASA. Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
↑ Harding, Pete (26 May 2015). "ISS relocates PMM in reconfiguration for future crew vehicles". NASA Spaceflight.com. Archived from the original on 2015-06-13. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
1 2 Garcia, Mark (30 April 2015). "ISS Facts and Figures". International Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on 2015-06-13. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
↑ Clark, Stephen (24 February 2015). "Russian Space Agency Endorses ISS Until 2024". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 2015-06-14. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
↑ Garcia, Mark (30 April 2015). "International Cooperation". International Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on 2015-06-13. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
↑ Boyle, Alan (23 March 2001). "Russia bids farewell to Mir". NBC News. New York. Archived from the original on 2015-06-13. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
↑ Malik, Tariq (29 September 2011). "China's Tiangong 1 Space Lab: Questions & Answers". Space.com. Archived from the original on 2015-06-13. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
↑ Cabbage, Michael (31 July 2005). "NASA outlines plans for Moon and Mars". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on 2007-03-12. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
↑ Alan Levin (February 6, 2003). "Some question NASA experts' objectivity". USA Today.
↑ James Oberg (September 28, 1997). "NASA's 'Can-Do' style is clouding its vision of Mir". Washington Post. Retrieved March 9, 2007 from NewsBank. p. C1.
↑ Mark Prigg (April 20, 1997). "Row between Nasa and the Russian Space Agency – Innovation". The Sunday Times. Retrieved March 9, 2007 from NewsBank. Sport 20.
↑ Leland F. Belew (1977). "9 The Third Manned Period". SP-400 Skylab, Our First Space Station. NASA. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
↑ Ben Evans (2007). Space Shuttle Challenger: Ten Journeys into the Unknown. Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Springer-Praxis. ISBN 978-0-387-46355-1.
↑ "SpaceViews Update 97 May 15: Policy". Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. May 15, 1997. Archived from the original on March 12, 2005. Retrieved April 5, 2007.
History of Shuttle–Mir (NASA)
Diary of Linenger Increment (NASA)
Shuttle-Mir Program
Main articles
Soyuz TM-21
Thagard
Linenger
Foale
Soviet modules
Kvant-1
Russian/American modules
Docking module
Other subsystems
Lyappa arm
Strela crane
APAS-89
Luch satellites
Mir Environmental Effects Payload
Visiting spacecraft
Progress (VBK-Raduga)
Shuttle-Mir programme
Deorbit of Mir
MirCorp
List of human spaceflights to Mir
List of unmanned spaceflights to Mir
List of Mir expeditions
List of Mir spacewalks
List of Mir visitors
Human spaceflights to Mir
Soyuz T-15
Soyuz TM-2
NASA Space Shuttle (STS)
Orbiter Vehicle (OV)
Solid Rocket Booster (SRB)
External Tank (ET)
Main Engine (SSME)
Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS)
Reaction control system (RCS)
Thermal protection system
Booster separation motor
Orbiters
Spacelab (ESA)
RMS (CSA)
Extended Duration Orbiter
Remote Controlled Orbiter
Spacehab
MPLM
Kennedy Space Center LC-39
Vandenberg SLC-6
Landing sites (Abort Landing Sites)
Missions (canceled)
Abort modes
Rendezvous pitch maneuver
Pathfinder (simulator)
MPTA
MPTA-ET
Approach and Landing Tests
Challenger disaster (report)
Columbia disaster (report)
Crawler-transporter
Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
Orbiter Processing Facility
NASA recovery ship
Shuttle Training Aircraft
Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL)
Mate-Demate Device
Deutschland-1
Getaway Special
Teacher in Space Project
Shuttle-Mir
Saturn-Shuttle (canceled)
Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicle (SDLV)
Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle (HLLV)
Shuttle-C
Space Launch System (SLS)
Space Shuttle design process
Inertial Upper Stage
Payload Assist Module
Space Shuttle retirement
Conroy Virtus
Criticism of the Space Shuttle program
Soviet and Russian government manned space programs
Russian Orbital Segment
OPSEK
Almaz (incorporated into Salyut program) / TKS
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (joint)
Shuttle-Mir programme (joint)
Zond (7K-L1) (Moon flyby)
LK-700 (alternate Moon landing)
Zvezda (moonbase)
TMK (Mars/Venus flyby)
Kliper
List of Soyuz missions
List of Soviet manned space missions
List of Russian manned space missions
United States human spaceflight programs
Orion (in development)
X-15 (suborbital)
Apollo-Soyuz (with USSR)
Shuttle-Mir (with Russia)
Orion (nuclear)
Dyna-Soar
National Aero-Space Plane
Space Station Freedom (now ISS)
Orbital Space Plane
Project Constellation
Policy and history
NACA (1915)
National Aeronautics and Space Act (1958)
Space Task Group (1958)
Paine (1986)
Rogers (1986)
Space Exploration Initiative (1989)
Augustine (1990)
U.S. National Space Policy (1996)
CFUSAI (2002)
CAIB (2003)
Vision for Space Exploration (2004)
Aldridge (2004)
Administrator and Deputy Administrator
Astronaut Corps
Spin-off technologies
NASA Social
Launch Services Program
Launch Complex 39
Launch Control Center
Johnson Space Center
Lunar Sample Laboratory
Robotic programs
Mariner Mark II
Mars Surveyor '98
Planetary Observer
Project Prometheus
Mars Scout
Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
Earth Observing System
Great Observatories program
Small explorer
Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (with USSR)
Shuttle–Mir (with Russia)
Space Shuttle program
Constellation program
International Space Station program
Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS)
Commercial Crew Development (CCDev)
Individual featured
(human and robotic)
COBE
Mercury-Atlas 6
Pioneer 10/11
GALEX
LADEE
RHESSI
Curiosity rover
Opportunity rover
GOES 14
Van Allen Probes
Mars Science Laboratory
NuSTAR
Voyager 1/2
JPSS
WFIRST
Asteroid Redirect Mission
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
Europa Multiple-Flyby Mission
and Navigation
Space Network
Near Earth Network
Deep Space Network (Goldstone
Space Flight Operations Facility)
NASA lists
List of astronauts by name
Apollo astronauts
List of NASA aircraft
List of NASA missions
unmanned missions
List of NASA contractors
List of United States rockets
List of NASA cancellations
List of NASA websites
List of Space Shuttle missions
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/16/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.


text:
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Details /
A combination of Mediterranean Cyprus flake sea salt and activated coconut shell charcoal. Light and delicate flavor, dissolves quickly and can easily be crumbled to desired consistency. Use as garnish or finishing salt on fresh fruit, vegetables, seafood, fine meats and pastries.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Volkswagen Museum in Wolfsburg, Germany, Located just outside the original VW factory (factory still produces water pumpers).
The Private Museum of Karmann in Osnabruck, Germany Located inside the Karmann factory where the Karmann Ghia was first designed and produced. This is a private museum and I had to have an invitation to get in.
This was a traveling Museum I saw in Rosenheim, Germany. Called Kafer: der ErFolkswagen.This museum was an unexpected surprise for me. I saw a poster hanging in the subway and decided I had to go.
This website is not affiliated with or sponsored by Volkswagen of America, Inc. ("VWoA"), Volkswagen AG or their authorized dealers and distributors." VWoA is a wholly-owned subsidiary and exclusive U.S. importer of cars manufactured by Volkswagen AG "Volkswagen" and Audi AG.


text:
Misdefending the Realm
When, early in 1940, an important Soviet defector provided hints to British Intelligence about spies within the country's institutions, MI5's report was intercepted by a Soviet agent in the Home Office...
She alerted her lover, Isaiah Berlin, and Berlin's friend, Guy Burgess, whereupon the pair initiated a rapid counter-attack. Burgess contrived a reason for the two of them to visit the Soviet Union, which was then an ally of Nazi Germany, in order to alert his bosses of the threat and protect the infamous 'Cambridge Spies'.
The story of this extraordinary escapade, hitherto ignored by the historians, lies at the heart of a thorough and scholarly expose of MI5's constitutional inability to resist communist infiltration of Britain's corridors of power and its later attempt to cover up its negligence.
This book will be of interest to all students of history, international relations, espionage and civil, national and international security.


BATMAN , this is one of the best part of Chilhood . Still remember, How i get my first comics of Batman and the joker theory . I really miss the joker . At that time i all time discuss this . Now as i work in Generic Drugs Dropshipper , There is very less time . But your location of all comic heroes and theories , i luv it . Keep Posting!!
Today is Sisters Day! Few relationships are as strong as the bond between two sisters. Sisters are more than just siblings to us- they are the most loyal and special friends that we could ask for.
Sisters are truly special and unique. Sure, we may argue and fight. But, when it comes right down to it, sisters are the best, the very best.
Crayola and Hallmark are pretty big companies. When they write something on their websites, you take it for fact. Crayola.com reports this day as August 5th. Hallmark.com records Sister's Day as August 7th. Other sites show this special day on varying dates, usually in the first week of August. Who is right?
Julya Samantha Graham wrote and told us that there is an Asian Indian tradition of a Sister's Day. It recognizes the love between sisters.
Box office collection Dangal full film.
wajah tum ho full film.
heloo admin hower you what,s up?
Time is of of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their authors' minds ages ago.


Today and forever we celebrate the life of Andrew Mensah. Child of God, Husband, Son, Father, Brother, Friend and Mentor.
Anyone who knows Andrew has experienced his unconditional love, generosity, encouragement, and enduring friendship. You'll never meet anyone like Andrew. The hole that he has left is deeply felt because of the profound imprint he's left on the hearts of people all over the world. Many who hardly knew Andrew felt the radiance of his pure heart and were drawn to his kind spirit. You couldn't help but want to be like him.
Andrew, Natashia and their 4 amazing kids have been on a difficult and exhausting journey over the last few years as Andrew was fighting off unwelcomed cancer in his body. Even though he's no longer with us physically, we know that he still wins and lives forever in the fullness of joy and liberty.
The impact Andrew has made in the lives of people everywhere is bubbling up in their hearts during this difficult time and Natashia and the kids have been flooded with friends and family wanting to support and help them through the journey ahead. The gratitude Natashia feels for the overwhelming generosity everyone has desired to show has come at a time when it's needed the most.
These came up in the last few days of Andrews time with us.
Due to Andrew and Natashia being in the USA during this unexpected turn, the family is working with a funeral home in the USA and in Canada to get everything sorted for the days to come.
These have accumulated over the past few years of this difficult medical journey.
Once things settle down for Natashia and the kids, they will need to get away for a break and to be together as a family.
We thank God that through the pain and sorrow of Andrew no longer being with us, that the God of all comfort helps us by His goodness and mercy in the time we need it most.
Your continued prayers, love and support is so appreciated by Natashia and the family.


An auction property can be purchased prior to the start of the auction by placing a Pre-Auction Offer to purchase the property. This follows the normal purchase processes of a traditional property sale.
You must be logged in to your user account to place a pre-auction property offer, and your user account must be enabled as a buyer/bidder or broker/agent.
If the offer to purchase is accepted by the seller or broker/agent, the property listing will be removed from the upcoming auction event.


"… the franchise is actually slightly ahead of the ambitious capacity plan laid out early this year. Much of this success is attributed to [your] actions in both [franchises]. As we are literally talking about 100's of millions in potential sale dollars…this is a critical target for the division."
"… Coda worked to integrate solutions that were best for us…providing knowledgeable people that worked side by side with our teams to get assignments done. They were an extension of our Team, providing industry leading experience that supplemented our abilities. A great partner!"
"…We received great feedback from all levels throughout the organization on the knowledge and depth of Coda's understanding in the area of quality systems, quality assurance and control, and regulatory compliance…"
"Your team is doing a terrific job. The progress that they have made on the aggressive trough revalidation schedule has been phenomenal... [Colleague] commented yesterday that [division] is starting to pull work, rather than waiting for the team to push it to them. That is certainly where we want to be and a model for some of the other support groups. Thanks for all your help!"
"…if all goes as planned, next year we should upgrade everything to a new system, and I wouldn't think of using anybody but you guys…Thanks for everything!!"
"… I would like to thank you for the professional manner in which the [global URS] meeting was conducted and I felt that it was very productive. …the outcome easily exceeded my expectations. I look forward to working with [Coda] on this project going forward."
"…Thank you very much for helping Stiefel and myself over the past few months. I appreciate everything that you have done, and I am quite pleased with the results Coda has provided. You have helped us on short notice and within a short timeframe, and for that I am grateful… I also have enjoyed working with you and would recommend Coda to others."
"… I would also like to thank you for the impact you made to our team and all others you worked with personally. I believe your presence has not only changed the work ethics, but also the culture between the multiple groups we've worked with …"
"… The outcome was evident at the end of the year when the project plan [Coda] managed was complete 3 weeks early, the PLI was a success, and there were no major repeat observations in [facility] area. Perhaps more importantly, all the team members were eager to work together again despite how difficult many stages had been."
"…[Coda] was great to work with … took the time to listen to issues and worked with the team to reach resolution … recommendations were clear and to the point which will make implementation easier … is very knowledgeable and this was evident during the interviews and during discussions with senior leadership."
…"Thank you for the outstanding work you've done on behalf of the [franchise] department and for the [division] project."
"…I also want to take this opportunity to thank you for a job well done!! You have far exceeded even my expectations and … it just shows what you can accomplish when there is a good foundation or plan laid out for you to work from!!! Thanks again for all the hard work and excellent service,"
Customer service is Coda's highest priority. We are proud to share feedback from some of our many satisfied clients.


text:
Giveaway: Mamma Mia at The 5th Avenue Theatre!
Unleash your inner "Dancing Queen" with The 5th Avenue Theatre's production of "Mamma Mia!" This Seattle production features a jaw-dropping talented cast, including the incredible Sarah Rudinoff and Lisa Estridge. I can already sense the feel-good shivers and pure joy we'll experience during the show as we hear these two alongside the fabulous Kendra Kassebaum, who plays the lead. Yes, Seattle has seen this show before but it's NEVER seen it like this. The direction is bound to be amazing and the sneak peeks of the production are so much fun. (Check out this video of one of their very early rehearsals together.) If you like the musical (or even just the songs of ABBA), GO.
To enter, simply:
RSVP "Interested" or "Going" on the Facebook Event Page
Tag a friend and write a comment on my Facebook Giveaway Post (be sure we're Facebook friends or you're "following" me on Facebook at fb.com/keridwyn).
That's it! Buy tickets here.
PS You love the songs of ABBA! That's fantastic! Please stick to mouthing along silently to the songs instead of singing along (unless the cast directs you to do differently, as they likely will during the curtain call or encore). Your fellow audience members paid to hear the actors on stage and they can't do that if you're singing from your seat. Yes, you're adorable! Yes, the songs are fabulous. So THANKS in advance for being respectful by waiting until after the show to belt the songs at karaoke!
Giveaway ends 11:59pm Pacific Time 2/3/18. Prize is two tickets to see Mamma Mia on February 6, 7, or 8, 2018.
« Review: "Peerless" at ArtsWest through 2/11 inspired by Macbeth
Giveaway: Seattle Wine & Food Experience Grand Tasting in February »
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Recently, I conducted a Twitter poll to ask my school PR colleagues to weigh in on whether using social media, in the context of communication planning, is a strategy, a tactic or both. With 37 votes, 11 per cent said a strategy, 22 per cent said a tactic and 66 per cent said it was both.
The poll sparked a lively discussion from colleagues.
As a communication professional, knowing whether using social media is a tactic or a strategy and knowing when to use it are among the concepts and application of communications planning.
Each day, we're tasked with leading the public relations function. We're expected to have the knowledge, skills and abilities to move our organizations forward, connecting to a differentiated audience.
Can you conduct the necessary research to identify your audiences, goals and objectives?
Can you inform your superintendent about the best strategies and tactics to maximize outcomes?
Do you have the evaluation tools to measure the success of your communications efforts?
If you can answer these questions with confidence and have a minimum of five years' experience in the profession, then you're ready to pursue your accreditation in public relations.
Join Naomi Hunter and me in July at the NSPRA Seminar in Anaheim, California, for the pre-seminar workshop that prepares school PR colleagues for their APR journey.
We'll reinforce the benefits of the four-step process (RPIE – research, planning, implementation and evaluation) and give you time to build your portfolio. We'll discuss managing relationships, applying ethics and managing crisis communications, among other topics.
Start your journey with this course to fuel your growth. Make a commitment to yourself. Begin your professional development journey towards becoming accredited in Public Relations.
Social media is as easy as a quick post, but we all know it #TakesAPRo.
Previous PostPrevious The Social Media Revolution Can Be Televised!


text:
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    echo "Usage: ${0} [--ci-mode]"

    exit 0
fi

if [ "${GIT_BRANCH}" = '' ]; then
    GIT_BRANCH=$(git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD)
fi

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    #if [ "${SYSTEM}" = Linux ]; then
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


For decades, the Florida Keys & Key West have enjoyed a great reputation for being a fun getaway destination to soak in the sun, go boating, diving, snorkeling, fishing, shopping, relax in spas, etc. But a lot of people don't realize just what an Arts & Culture hub the Keys really are.
While driving down Card Sound Road toward the Keys, art and nature enthusiasts will encounter such marvels as the Kona Kai Resort, Gallery & Botanic Gardens, featuring the most sophisticated art galleries and world-renowned artists in South Florida, as well as the 15-acre Key West Tropical Forest & Botanical Garden, home of 35 butterfly species and more than 270 migratory bird species. And this is just the beginning. Currently, the Florida Keys is attracting an international market of visitors interested in experiencing the cultural flavor first hand and participating in the myriad of arts events the community has to offer. Whether it's theater, galleries, museums, festivals, music, or dance, the Florida Keys offers something for everyone. With this in mind, AroundTown has selected some Arts & Culture highlights, conveniently listed by category, to better help our readers plan their next visit to the Florida Keys and live artfully!
Fringe Theater is where actors, audiences, writers, directors, designers, students and the community come together to think about, create, educate, entertain, and enjoy classic and innovative intimate theater. The eclectic Key West Fringe Theater presents a lively season with "immersion" performances in various non-theater settings chosen to complement each production, such as Key West's Custom House Museum, and the historic San Carlos Institute.
The Red Barn Theatre has become a cultural cornerstone in Key West, spending the last thirty-two years committed to nurturing artistic excellence within the local and national arts community. Jimmy Buffett, Philip Burton, Terrence McNally, Jerry Herman, and Tennessee Williams have all made the Red Barn a part of their cultural experiences in Key West. Whether premiering new scripts or working with the classics, Red Barn Theatre is a highlight of the theater scene that shouldn't be missed.
The Marathon Community Theater began as a small community group in 1944 and garners its performers from a talented pool of local residents. Dedicated to contributing to and enhancing the cultural life of the Middle Keys community, the up-and-coming Marathon Community Theatre provides an informal setting and a local atmosphere for its performances.
Student, faculty and local artists contribute to rotating exhibits in a beautiful college library setting. Mon-Thurs 8:30-9:00, Fri. 8:30-6:00, Sun. 12:30-6:00. Summer & holiday hours vary.
Vibrant co-op of artists working in the Lower Keys offering fine art in sculpture, painting, photography, glass & fine crafts. Emphasis on tropical themed work in this colorful gallery. Custom Frame Shop. Next to the Library in Winn Dixie Shopping Plaza, Daily 10-6.
Visiting and resident art lovers in the Middle Keys can explore and express their own creativity at The Art Studio. Offerings include workshops to learn painting in oil, watercolors and acrylic, as well as sculpting and painting pottery. Among the subjects taught in workshops and classes are throwing clay, fusing glass, creating jewelry and painting and glazing self-selected ceramics.
Key West is a gathering place for every kind of artist and art enthusiast. The Island has quite a history of writers, painters, actors, potters, and poets. Every first Friday of the month, there is a local Art stroll on upper Duval that starts at 6pm and usually goes to 9pm (depending on the location even later). The best way to experience this night is to park right off of Truman and make your way to Dog Tired Studio and Gallery on the corner of Whitehead and Julia. Right across the street is the Rock House Gallery. You can then make your way down Julia Street and stop in and see all the other galleries on upper Duval, like Frangipanni, Cocco and Salem, Key West Pottery, and Gingerbread Gallery. Each gallery usually has a new featured artist that kicks off that night, and offers beverages, food, and music. It is a great way to spend the night before or after dinner, enjoying beautiful artwork and meeting the artists that create it.
The Studios was founded with the vision of bringing world-class artists to the island, connecting them with local audiences and artists, and offering space for both to explore their creativity. The Studio has hosted Pulitzer prize winners, world renowned artists and musicians, and introduced thousands of students to different ways of seeing and working.
Tucked away in Marathon is a 63-acre tropical oasis that is one of the most important historical and archaeological sites in the Keys. Crane Point Museum and Nature Center contains evidence of prehistoric Indian artifacts and was once the site of a Bahamian village. Highlights include the Museum of Natural History; a gift shop; nature trails; Adderley House, one of the oldest homes in the Keys outside of Key West; the Marathon Wild Bird Center; a butterfly garden and flight habitat.
Towering over Mallory's historic seaport, the Custom House is as stunning a sight to visitors today as it was when it opened in 1891. Originally home to the island's customs office, postal service, and district courts, this four-story architectural marvel was built to keep pace with the increasing population and wealth accumulating from Key West's lucrative trade routes and maritime industries. The imposing structure is a tremendous exemplar of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture, which was typical for Federal building projects near the end of the 19th century.
A registered national historic landmark, the Hemingway Home and Museum offers guided tours of the author's home, writing studio and Key West's first swimming pool. The six-toe cats, which roam the grounds, are descendants of Hemingway's pets.
This annual December event features live music, original Island art and a wide array of crafts, all just in time for holiday gift-giving. Free admission and parking.
Held every January, take a much needed break after the holidays and journey to the tropical Florida Keys. Great Live Celtic Bands, Highland Athletics, Pipes & Drums, Celtic Food, Beer and Celtic Merchandise vendors! Children's Glen with activities for the wee ones!
Every October, Fantasy Fest put on an outrageous, 10-day celebration featuring costume competitions, promenades, street fairs and a grand parade with marching groups and lavish floats. Fantasy Fest has grown every year since its inception and is now the wildest extravaganza around! Fun-loving revelers from around the globe bring their creativity and imaginations as they descend upon Key West each year for 10 days filled with costuming, parades, libations, and excitement! The theme for the 2016 Fantasy Fest is "Political Voodoo & Ballot Box Barbarians and will be held on October 21-30.
Art, food, live music, classic cars and much more will mark the 25th anniversary of Florida Keys Island Fest on April 9 and April 10. The annual rite of spring, organized by the Islamorada Chamber of Commerce, will take place from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. both days at Founders Park, mile marker 87 bayside.
This association has grown into an annual tradition of musical excellence and philanthropy, including seasonal concerts annually in the upper and middle Keys. Past performances have included the Glenn Miller Orchestra, one of the most popular big bands in today's music world, the renowned Moscow Chamber Orchestra and several other nationally and internationally acclaimed artists.
The symphony offers a unique gathering of professional symphonic musicians from around the United States, and began as the Key West Symphony. It is guided by nationally recognized conductor and Key West native Sebrina Maria Alfonso. Complimenting the orchestra members' talents are soloists chosen to enhance each musical program.
One of the more comprehensive resources for dance performances in the Keys, Dance Key West presents original, evening-length shows for the stages of Key West. The troupe performs at local theaters, parks and event venues, as well as coordinates a community outreach dance program in which company members go into the schools to teach, inspire and perform with and for the children of Key West.


Matt Johnson kindly invited his leading character Robert Findlay if he would be interested in taking time out from his SAS and MI5 work and tell us all about where he's from and the landscapes which have shaped him into the man he is today….
Land of dragons, land of our fathers. Land of mountains, land of legends and mysteries. Shaped by the last Ice Age, some ten thousand years ago, Wales is possessed of a rugged beauty and evocative quality that has inspired painters, poets and authors alike.
It is also a land where you are never very far from the sea and where nearly 20% of the population speak a language not heard in other parts of the British Isles.
The final part of the Wicked Game trilogy – End Game – is set, to a very large extent, in London. As with the book's predecessors though, Robert Finlay finds himself in remote parts of the country where, as a young soldier, he learned the skills he is called to draw upon in the tale of his struggle to overcome adversity.
The bloody story of Wales begins with the Celts and continues through their battles to repel Roman armies, the Saxons and the Norman invaders. It was only as recently as 1536 that Wales became politically united with England when the first Act of Union was passed. Only then did Cymru – the land of the Celts – become subject to English law.
In 784, Offa, the King of Mercia, built a dyke as the first permanent boundary between the Welsh and English people and it is to this incredible landmark that Finlay heads to search a property when seeking answers to who is behind the deaths of his former friends. Alone in the Black Mountains, Finlay watches a sparrowhawk hunt as he takes in the views of mountains with such names a Skirrid, Penyfan and Sugar Loaf. It is said locally that JRR Tolkien was inspired by this scene to describe the misty mountains of Middle Earth when staying at nearby Buckland Hall.
Offa's dyke is an earthwork that covers a distance of more than eighty miles from the shores of the Dee estuary in the north to Severn Estuary near Chepstow in the south. It is, arguably, Europe's longest ancient earthwork. It's also quite unusual, in that so much of it still survives today.
Wales is a country where you don't have to travel far to be off the beaten track, away from civilisation and isolated. It's for reasons such as this that our Armed Services choose mountainous areas such as the Brecon Beacons to test, select and train its soldiers. It is to one such place that Finlay travels in search of his friend, Kevin Jones. Jones is on the run, hunted by the police and desperate to buy the time to prove his innocence.
Finlay travels to Moel Prysgau, to a bothy where his friend is holed up. It's a place familiar to them both, a safe place where they can meet and make plans.
Equipped with just the basic necessities for sustaining human life, the real Moel Prysgau can be found nestling in the Cambrian Mountains in West Wales, not too far from the town of Tregaron. Even in Summer, this can be an inhospitable place, devoid of shelter and warmth. The bothy has saved lives and is a welcome source of freedom from those seeking a simpler form of life.
The landscape of Wales has been my saviour. Walk these hills and mountains and you will understand how the blue skies, green hills and the sheer sense of quiet can heal a troubled mind. Wales is a place to unwind, to think and to recharge. When I moved here from London the 'hillside welcome' knew exactly what I needed and it did its job. As I sit here now, gazing at the horizon, across the fields with snow-capped mountains in the distance, I simply cannot imagine a more wonderful place.
Wow thank you Matt for a very inspiring and fascinating insight into your literary landscape!


Buenos días chicas! Hoy tenía pensado compartir con vosotros mi primer look desde París pero hemos tenido un pequeño (gran) percance en el hotel y por el momento he perdido todas las fotos que he estado haciendo estos días… las intentaré recuperar cueste lo que cueste :(. Mientras esto sucede os dejo con las fotos de street style que capturamos ayer a la salida de los desfiles de Kenzo, Céline y Chloé, ¿con quién te quedas?
Good morning babes! Today I planned to share with you my first outfit from Paris Fashion Week but we had a small (big) problem in the hotel and for the moment I lost all the pics I've been taking these days … I'm really sad about that, hope find them!. while this happens I leave you with street style pics we captured yesterday outside Kenzo, Céline and Chloé, who is your favorite?
Tags: Dree Hemingway, Emmanuelle Alt, Geraldine Saglio, Leandra Medine, Miroslava Duma, Natasha Goldenberg, Olivia Palermo, Paris Fashion Week, PFW, Say Cheese, Yasmin Sewell.


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TxDOT Cautiously Re-Opens Damaged Bell Street Bridge
Bell St. Overpass Damaged by Oversized Load. Matt Trammell Photo
By Joe Hyde | May. 15, 2019 12:08 pm
SAN ANGELO, TX — After an inspection Monday by a structural engineer, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) announced this morning that the Bell Street Bridge would safely re-open today at least to one lane each way. The Bell Street Bridge, or overpass, carries north-south traffic over the Houston Harte Expressway, or U.S. 67 on the northeast side of San Angelo.
An oversized load carrying a component for a windmill tower traveling through town westbound on the Houston Harte Expressway slammed into the overpass May 12. The damage to one of several steel beams holding up the bridge was very visible. TxDOT closed the overpass and diverted traffic off the expressway onto the service road s a safety precaution, preventing all vehicles from traveling underneath the overpass. Overhead, the bridge was closed pending the outcome of the engineering assessment conducted Monday.
The overpass was built in 2000.
Above: A closeup of the damage to the Bell Street Bridge (Contributed/Donnie Hall)
TxDOT said this morning the Bell Street Bridge will need damaged parts underneath it removed and replaced. In the meantime, the two center lanes of the 4-lane bridge can re-open. Only one of the two westbound lanes on the Houston Harte that traverse under the bridge will re-open, TxDOT said.
"The left lane will be open for travel," TxDOT stated in a release.
The entrance ramp at Smith Blvd. will remain closed until after repairs are complete.
"Periodic adjustments to traffic flow will be required in the coming months as the demolition of the damaged areas progresses," said TxDOT.


Even as institutions continue to wrap their arms around competency-based education (CBE)—what it means, how one should think about it, and how it can transform the learning process—this innovative learning model is emerging as a viable way to deliver a true outcomes-based approach to higher education. It's also meeting the needs of an ever-changing student population who, more than ever, heavily contemplate technology, cost, and employability as part of their overall educational experience.
The opportunity to leverage current teaching methods while easing into competency-based education can be a win for schools and a win for students.
As with most emerging models, CBE isn't something to be casually adopted. While it has the ability to significantly alter the entire education process as we know it, it requires careful planning, implementation, and, most importantly, continuous improvement along the way.
At my company, we view CBE as the merging of three important elements —instructional content, assessments, and outcomes.
Students engage with content in a self-paced, self-directed environment that relies on their own aptitude to advance through coursework based on the application of their knowledge and demonstrated competencies. Curriculum builds on itself, driving and enhancing a student's ability to learn, while de-emphasizing the amount of time it takes to complete traditional requirements necessary to proceed to subsequent lessons. The result is a highly customized learning experience that can boost outcomes such as completion, retention, and graduation rates.
Whether schools are already starting to implement a CBE model, testing the waters, or simply considering its benefits, there are several key things that will make the process more efficient and effective.
Don't underestimate the complexity, time, and effort required to design and build a CBE program. Dedicate enough time to conduct a thorough evaluation of the institution's objectives, its willingness to change, use of technology (how it engages students, how interactive it is, how it tracks student performance), as well as an analysis of course structure, content development, student support, and faculty involvement.
We believe in the philosophy of starting small and growing steadily. The opportunity to leverage current teaching methods while easing into competency-based education can be a win for schools and a win for students.
The transition to a CBE model isn't necessarily an easy one, so it is essential to engage a good project manager. From the transition itself, to content development, delivery, platforms, and support, there are a lot of pieces to the CBE puzzle, and those pieces rely on each other in order to ensure the overall quality of the student experience and the cohesiveness of the program.
It is important to recognize that CBE impacts the processes and procedures currently in place. Administrators and faculty will need time to adjust and be trained on the new approach. Being open-minded to recognize when something is working and when adjustments are needed is also key. Collecting and analyzing data will help schools continually improve the CBE experience.
Organizational buy-in is critical. Sharing objectives, status, and timelines on a regular basis with all key stakeholders (presidents, deans, directors of online learning, faculty, coaches, instructional designers, and more) gives everyone a sense of ownership, responsibility, and pride in what the school is accomplishing.
A well-thought-out CBE strategy can help institutions increase student success, lower costs, better serve new student populations, and continually improve the education experience. Through this differentiated, customized, and meaningful approach to learning, schools and students alike can experience improved outcomes and optimize the cost of graduation.
Posted on June 9, 2014.


With the release of VMware NSX 6.3.0 back in February 2017, we saw the introduction of the Application Rule Manager (ARM). The Application Rule Manager allows us to a) simplify the process of creating grouping objects and distributed firewall rules for the micro-segmentation of existing workloads, and b) deploy applications within a zero-trust environment with greater speed and efficiency.
Micro-segmenting applications is not always a straight forward exercise, due mainly to a lack of application and security dependencies (aka – solid documentation). In the past, I've requested such information from a number of established vendors/software houses, only to be presented with vague information at best. Software development partners/teams don't generally think about the infrastructure/networking stack (and why would they?), so security is not normally something on their list.
So, how exactly are us infrastructure and networking guys supposed to micro-segment these workloads with limited/no information? Hello, Application Rule Manager!
Simply put, the Application Rule Manager utilises flow monitoring to collect data across applications and systems. Once collected, we can analyse the output to create a true model of the application dependencies and firewalling requirements, and create the required NSX Distributed Firewall rules to enable traffic to flow unhindered between the solution endpoints.
Each new application brought into service at my employer utilises VXLAN and Logical Switches, and are secured and micro-segmented via the NSX Distributed Firewall. We have worked hard to create a culture of zero-trust and, as such, I use the Application Rule Manager often, and the speed at which I am able to identify application dependencies, create grouping objects and apply these to NSX Distributed Firewall rules is impressive. We are no longer in the dark, held hostage by a lack of application documentation. The Application Rule Manager enables us to deploy and secure applications and systems at speed.
Create a monitoring session to monitor data flows between all application endpoints.
Manual intervention and customisation of source/destination traffic and services.
Creation and publication of distributed firewall rules directly from the Application Rule Manager.
Web Server (101-10-WEB-01) – Runs Apache and hosts the WordPress application.
Database server (101-30-MYSQL-01) – Runs MySQL.
Each VM in the solution has been migrated from traditional VLAN to VXLAN and, as such, is now housed on it's own dedicated network segment via NSX Logical Switch.
We know frontend access to the solution is successful via HTTP 80.
We have no information detailing the MySQL configuration. Let's say, in our scenario's example, the team who implemented the solution has since left the organisation. Documentation for the solution does not exist. So, in our scenario, we have no idea what port MySQL has been configured to utilise.
We have enough information to lock-down access to the frontend web server, so we can implement a Distributed Firewall rule to this effect.
Locking-down access to the frontend web server.
MySQL access is our issue as, as you can see from the below screenshot, the frontend web server is unable to communicate with the MySQL server, resulting in a downed application. To combat this, let's create a new Application Rule Manager capture session to visualise what's going on within (and around) the application.
Please note, this environment utilises VMware vSphere 6.7 Update 1 and VMware NSX Data Centre 6.4.3.
1. Browse to Networking and Security > Security > Application Rule Manager and click + Start Session.
2. Give your session a Name and select the required Objects (in our case VMs 101-10-WEB-01 and 101-30-MYSQL-01). When ready click Start.
3. Allow the session to begin its data collection.
4. After a while (you'll notice my session has been running for 16 minutes), a number of flows will have been identified. To see the flows live, simply click the name of your session.
5. You will now be presented with the live flow table.
Note, TCP ports 80 and 3306 (HTTP and MySQL respectively) have been identified (looks like MySQL had been configured with the default port). When you believe you have captured the appropriate information, click Stop.
6. Confirm the session termination by clicking Stop.
Now we have collected the session data, let's look at the analysis.
1. To begin analysing the flows, click Analyze.
2. When prompted, choose which option you'd like to base your rule recommendations on (in this instance I will choose Object). When ready, click Analyze.
4. …and after a short while, will complete.
With the flow analysis complete, we are now ready to begin interrogating the results in readiness for the Distributed Firewall rules.
Let's take a look at the flow analysis (see below screenshot). Straight away, the traffic between web and database servers is clearly visible. So we're ready to begin the firewall rule creation process.
Note, analysis of a real world, multi-tiered application isn't always as straight forward. I have analysed numerous applications (again, without any documentation) which have had so many unknown dependencies, it's hurt my brain. The key? A long data collection process, followed by an analysis, and numerous cups of tea while an attempt is made to decipher said dependencies. There's no trick here, simply data collection, analysis, and discussions with your vendors and/or software development teams. Communication is key.
Once your flows have been identified, select it/them and click Create Rule.
1. With our rule now starting to take shape, we simply need to 'tune' it a little before we are ready to publish.
Note, from the below screenshot you'll note more than just the 'MySQL' service is listed in the Service column. In this column you'll find all Services and Service Groups predefined within NSX which include TCP port 3306. You can opt to include them all, however, I would advise you to ONLY include the specific service you require. For example, the Service 'Win – RPC, DCOM, EPM…' shown below includes a dynamic port range of 1025-65535. For security reasons, this is a range you would not want to include in an 'allow' firewall rule unnecessarily.
2. Once you have assigned an appropriate Name, and have sanity-checked the included Service(s), and confirmed the rule application, click OK.
Note, in the below screenshot, I have chosen to apply the rule to both Distributed Firewall and upstream NSX Edge Distributed Logical Router; as the two VMs are housed on two separate networks they require routing (via NSX Distributed Logical Router, LB-101).
3. Confirm successful creation of the rule template as per below.
4. Browse to Rule Planning and, when ready, click Publish to Firewall.
5. Finally, give your new rule a Section Name, and choose where to insert said Section. When ready, click OK.
6. Confirm successful publication of the rule template as per below.
7. Browse to Firewall and confirm successful publication of the new rule.
8. Last, but not least, ensure the new rule brings your application back online. In the below screenshot, traffic between our frontend WordPress application and back-end MySQL server is successful.
Okay, in our scenario we had a very basic, two-tier application. The Application Rule Manager was able to identify an unseen port requirement between front and back-end servers quickly and easily, and we were able to publish the required NSX Distributed Firewall rule as a result.
The Application Rule Manager is a saviour for Infrastructure teams, Network teams, and support teams. You know, "it's not the application, it's the network…". Sometimes it is, sometimes it isn't, but the Application Rule Manager can help in your evidence, troubleshooting, and (if it comes to it) defence.
If the application isn't working and the Application Rule Manager doesn't display any traffic flows between the dependencies…well, your serve application.


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Antonio Pasqualino
UNESCO Accreditation
On the occasion of the fifth session of the General Assembly of the State Parties to the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangibile Cultural Heritage held in Paris from 2 to 5 June 2014, the Associazione per la conservazione delle tradizioni popolari (Association for the Conservation of Folk Traditions) was accredited as a non-governmental organization to provide advisory services to the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangibile Cultural Heritage – registration number NGO-90316 – by virtue of its recognized competence in the field of research and study of the intangible cultural heritage. The Association is thus among a few Italian NGOs which are a privileged spokesman of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
«This important recognition rewards the work which has being done since more than fifty years by the Associazione per la conservazione delle tradizioni popolari for the safeguarding, documentation, research, promotion, transmission and revitalization of Sicilian cultural heritage in all its expressions, and in collaboration with prestigious national and international organizations: from oral tradition to performing arts; from social practices to rites and festive events; from traditional craftsmanship to puppet theatre», underlines the President of the Associazione, Marianne Vibaek.
«A recognition which underlines, on an international level, the Associazione's leading role in the promotion of activities for the safeguarding and dissemination of Sicilian traditions. A role which has been being played in collaboration with the people who are the depositories of traditional knowledge related to Sicilian culture, and in constant dialogue with international contexts, as well as with experts, museums, theatres, cultural and educational institutions which are internationally relevant. A good omen for a new support from local and national entities, from citizenship and operators in the field of intangible heritage» continues Rosario Perricone, Manager of the Associazione and the Museum. He goes on: «we hope that this recognition, which is not ours but concerns to the whole Sicilian culture, will be followed by a suitable support from the Regione Siciliana (regional governement) and the Comune di Palermo (city's government), which should be our natural institutional partners. In fact, the Pasqualino Museum is a museum of the city of Palermo and an organisation which feeds new dynamics of social and cultural aggregation».
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"Antonio Pasqualino" International Puppet Museum
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Crafting an essay in this style really limits your audience and may not be a very good fit for the constraints of assignment (very cutting edge, as we talked about it in class but you will probably draw inspiration from :kogonadas distinct, recognizable style, as well.What makes a good video essay?
me and eventually find their way into my main video essay project of this year, Transformers: The Premake ( m/premake/ ). On THE career OF paul thomas anderson IN five shots. Lee have built careers around their well-crafted video essays. However, Ive found that theres a huge difference between the ones with accompanying narration and/or text and the ones without. Work With the Highest Quality Footage. Film critics and bloggers like. Camtasia also allows you to capture any high-quality video playing on your desktop without licensing restrictions. Vimeo is another resource to consider because of its quality. Where to find video and how to capture it About fair use. Swinney and, kevin,. Evan Puschak, The Nerdwriter Nerdwriter is a great example the diversity of topics a video essay can be used to craft an argument about. Lee, chief video essayist at Fandor, recently did an interesting experiment on how sound and music play into how video essays are perceived. As the video essay continues to emerge as an entirely new form of commentary, this particular issue where can i buy papyrus paper raises questions about authorship and intention. . How often is the audience thinking about/noticing production in that process? I suggest converting things into.mkv before putting them into your video editor, regardless of where you get the material from. However, the video essay wasnt quite as well received by all. Kevin previously served as supervising producer of Roger Ebert Presents At the Movies, and has written on film for Sight Sound, the Chicago Sun-Times, Time Out and Cineaste. Finally, how much creative leeway can a video essayist take with a filmmakers work without being disrespectful or misrepresentative? PCL Media Lab (same hours as PCL) what are they? Unless youre working with film reels, the highest quality available to an average consumer would be from. Frames Cinema Journal piece, I came away with a desire for video essays that could free themselves from the conventional dependence on voiceover narration, and fulfill Farockis stated vision of images commenting on images. As a relatively new media form, video essays have yet to conform to any structural guidelines, although theyve been around long enough for define patterns to emerge: the supercut and the fan tribute, for example. Jonathan Miller, president of Icarus Films, No Home Movie.S. Lee s experimental/artistic pitch for video essays Kevin. At this time I had been making video essays for five years, mostly amounting to cinephile appreciations of different aspects of canonical films and filmmakers. If youre looking for some more examples, check out our post on Todays Top Video Essay Creators. It explores and experiments and is designed just as much to inspire as to convince Eric Faddens A Manifesto for Critical Media Adam Westbrooks The Web- Video Problem: Why Its Time to Rethinking Visual Storytelling from the Bottom Up Video essayists and venues Matt Zoller. Adam Westbrook, Adam Westbrook is part of an emerging group of professional video essayists and is his version of a visual podcast. To import the video and audio from your DVD or video file into your video editing software (like Premiere you will first need to use a software to convert it.mkv. Hes a decent editor, but I feel his essays tend to run long, and I feel rushed by his narration at times. By that logic, the more thinking on a subject that can be discerned in a video, the more it can qualify as a video essay. Filmmaker Magazine reached out to a select group of video essayists to weigh in on the question. 3) which played into the films theme.
And editing all work together to promote a ethos through a nearmonotone. Fandor a month prior to the Anderson was ist populismus ein essay video and which. Mapping was clearly a simple and intuitive approach for accounting for the cinematographic artistry of these films. Necessitating a more critical regard for images as the embodiments. Miklós Jancsó, which Ill affectionately dub the Daria narratorial ethos. Im not sure how much creative leeway you need.
Moving Image Source A highbrow publication for video essays. A critical homage to Harun Farocki titled. The Premake I can say aufsätze handrührgerät that Ive at least given myself a solid signpost to point me further in the direction I think. Last shots that is such an area of obsession for the essayist that the piece itself becomes something they have to express and that feeling of urgency communicates itself in the drive of the piece. And it may be a little faster and easier than Camtasia. I was more decisive, this is a new practice beyond traditional scholarship.
Both teach us something about the subject of their videos, but while one has an overt lesson with evidence and research and bullet points, the other simply has a series of images and leaves it up to the viewer to take from it what they.Agnes Vardas Search for Meaning from Fandor Keyframe on Vimeo. Every week, Puschak publishes an episode on science, art, and culture. Look to Tony as an example of aggressive and precise editing and arrangement.