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Four years after the conclusion of the Civil War, the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad established a permanent link between the East and West coasts. This connection created new markets for the goods being produced as a result of industrialization. It also signaled the beginning of tremendous economic growth spurred on by big business especially in production of steel, oil, and the building of more railroads.
While some gained extreme wealth during this time period, not everyone in this period enjoyed the privileges that this wealth provided. It is often asserted that the real movers and shakers of the period were not the men in the White House or Congress but "the captains of industry" or, as some have called them, "the robber barons."
As industrialization exploded, workers experienced harsh and unsafe labor conditions. Children were often forced to work in factories as families struggled to eke out a living. Finally, immigration was at a height due to the unrest in Eastern and Southern Europe. This influx of new immigrants faced a multitude of social and economic problems.
Politics in the period was dominated by political machines especially in the urban areas. While these machines did provide some relief for the conditions many faced, they also led to corruption and greed.
William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925)
William Jennings Bryan was born in Illinois and moved to Nebraska in 1887 where he practiced law. Running on a populist platform, he was the first Democrat elected from Nebraska to the House of Representatives. He lost his bid for the Senate in 1894 and became editor of the Democratic newspaper, the Omaha World-Herald.
Bryan became an advocate of "Free Silver" policy, delivering his "Cross of Gold" speech at the 1896 Democratic National Convention. His charisma impressed many of the delegates. He ran unsuccessfully for president 3 times, taking progressive and anti-imperialist stances. He supported President Woodrow Wilson, who appointed Bryan Secretary of State. He served for 2 years but resigned in protest when Wilson led the country into World War I.
In his later life, Bryan worked to secure prohibition and women's suffrage. He became concerned about the teaching of evolution, calling it "consummately dangerous." He argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible and in opposition to the teaching of evolution against Clarence Darrow in what became known as the Scopes Monkey Trial. He died five days after that trial ended.
Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)
Andrew Carnegie's rags-to-riches story is one of perseverance, initiative, and resourcefulness. Born in 1835 to a working-class Scottish family, Carnegie came to the U.S. with his family when he was thirteen years old. In 1853 he took a job at a railroad corporation. He quickly advanced at the company. In 1889, he founded the Carnegie Steel Company. This business combined with others to create U.S. Steel. U.S. Steel helped meet the country's great demand for steel—used in railroads, skyscrapers, and other examples of great technological achievements.
Concerned with the growing power of monopolies and their impact on economic rights, the federal government tried to break up the U.S. Steel Company under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. At the time, U.S. Steel provided two-thirds of all steel produced in the country. However, the government was unable to show any misconduct on the part of the company and the case was dismissed.
Later in life, Andrew Carnegie dedicated his life to philanthropy, and he advocated an idea he called the Gospel of Wealth in which he encouraged the wealthy to give away their fortunes to worthy causes. He used his fortune to found the Carnegie Corporation of New York, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.
Thomas Edison (1847 – 1931)
Born in Ohio in 1847, Edison had little schooling, and was completely deaf in one ear from a young age. Despite these circumstances, he saw every obstacle as an opportunity. He pursued his interests with industry and passion. He loved science and mechanics and was driven to invent. By 1868, Edison had improved the telegraph and the typewriter. He made an electric vote recorder and a stock ticker. Two years later at the age of twenty-three, he had enough money to open his first "invention factory."
He and his team of engineers and scientists prided themselves on their perseverance, thinking of every failed experiment as one that would bring them closer to success. They also cherished their economic rights, protecting their hard work by registering patents with the federal government. Within five years, he and his team had perfected the telephone and created the phonograph. Next, they became famous for the incandescent light bulb. Later, they worked on the motion picture camera, "talking" movies, a car battery, and an x-ray machine. In his lifetime, Edison registered 1,093 patents.
Henry Ford (1863-1947)
Even though he was born on a farm, Henry Ford showed more interest in mechanical things than in agricultural work. Early on, he alternated from working as an apprentice on steam engines to working on his father's farm tools to occasionally working in the fields. By 1891, he decided to become an engineer full time. Even though he was not the first to build a self-propelled vehicle with a gasoline engine, he became the most significant person in the development of the U.S. automobile industry, creating Ford Motor Company in 1903. In 1908 the Model-T was introduced as an affordable, reliable, and efficient auto for everyone. By 1918, half of the cars in the United States were Model-T's. To meet the demand, Ford installed a mass production system using standardized and interchangeable parts, a division of labor, and assembly lines. This totally revolutionized the industry and made his company the largest automobile manufacturer in the world during his lifetime. In 1918 he lost a bid for a seat in the U.S. Senate.
Frances Willard (1839-1898)
Frances Willard, born in 1839, was an influential reformer in the early part of the 19th century. She was the founder of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, a group concerned about the destructive effects of alcohol. During this time, women would meet in churches and then march to saloons to try to get owners to close their establishments. In 1882, she was instrumental in organizing the Prohibition Party. This party advocated the passage of the 18th amendment which prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. As a writer, she would become the first woman dean at Northwestern University and the first woman to be represented in Statuary Hall in the U.S. Capitol.
Wilbur and Orville Wright's industry and perseverance changed a nation—and the world. Many had tried but no one had been able to perfect a machine that could be controlled in flight. The Wright brothers observed birds, studied wings and engines, physics and dynamics. They conducted wind tunnel tests on more than 200 kinds of wings. They continued in their research and experiments over several years, during which time they suffered some disappointing failures. In 1900, they traveled to Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, a location they selected after extensive study of weather data. Its ocean breezes and soft landing sites would be perfect. On December 17, 1903, they succeeded. Their engine-powered airplane flew 120 feet, landing twelve seconds after takeoff.
The Wright brothers knew that citizens had the ability to protect their inventions through patents. They patented their invention as a "flying machine," and almost immediately had to begin defending their work from rival inventors. Wilbur spent much of the last years of his life in this endeavor, traveling to consult with lawyers and testifying in court. He saw it as his responsibility to defend not only his own economic rights, but those of other citizens. Orville persevered in the legal battle until the case was decided in the Wrights' favor in 1914.
Documents/Supreme Court Cases
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
For many years in the nation's early history, few, if any, Asians immigrated to the United States. However, beginning in the 1840s, natural disasters, economic hardship, and political unrest in China, together with developments in the western United States, namely the California Gold Rush, caused a large number of Chinese males to immigrate to the United States. By 1850, there were over 20,000 Chinese in the U. S., most living in California. Construction of the Transcontinental Railroad in the late 1850s and early 1860s brought more Chinese who were used as cheap labor. By 1870, there were a little over 63,000 Chinese in the U. S., and by 1880, a little over 105,000. Over 90 percent were on the West Coast. By the early 1870s, the Chinese made up a large number of the individuals laboring in farming, fishing, factories, and businesses such as laundries. As the U. S. economy faltered after the Civil War, the national economic depression of the 1870s, along with other factors, led to growing resentment against the Chinese on the West Coast. Some California citizens began to resent the Chinese laborers whom, they felt, were "culturally and racially inferior" and, in addition, a threat to wage levels and working conditions. Some anti-Chinese critics began speaking of what they called "the yellow peril" because they were "taking jobs from American citizens." Anti-Chinese feeling in California was strong. In 1858, the California Legislature passed a law making it illegal for any person "of the Chinese or Mongolian races" to enter California. This law was later struck down by the California Supreme Court. As time passed, violence aimed at the Chinese broke out in several California cities. In 1878, the U. S. Congress passed a law excluding Chinese from entering the United States, but President Rutherford B. Hayes vetoed it. In 1879, California adopted a new state constitution which, among other provisions, authorized the state government to determine what persons could live in the state and banned corporations and state or local governments from hiring Chinese. Senator John F. Miller, a Republican serving his first term in the U. S. Senate introduced what eventually became the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. It quickly passed the Senate and then the House of Representatives and was signed into law by President Chester Alan Arthur. It provided an absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration and required the few non-laborers seeking entry to obtain certification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate. It also placed new requirements on those Chinese who were already in the U. S. by providing that if they left the U. S., they had to obtain certifications to re-enter. Finally, the law specifically denied state and federal courts the power to grant citizenship to Chinese resident aliens. When the law expired in 1892, Congress extended it for 10 more years in the form of the Geary Act. That extension was made permanent in 1902 with the additional restriction that each Chinese resident had to register and obtain a certificate of residence without which he or she could be deported. The law, of course, had long-term consequences for U. S. relations with China. In 1905, the Chinese government, in an unsuccessful effort to persuade the U. S. to alter its anti-Chinese immigration policy, placed a boycott on American goods. The Chinese Exclusion Act marked the end of free immigration in American history. It was the first major legislation restricting immigration. Never before had the U. S. restricted immigration by a specific ethnic group. It remained law until 1943 when Congress repealed it after the U. S. and China became allies in the World War II fight with Japan.
Pendleton Act (1883)
In the United States, "the spoils system" is a term used to describe the practice of awarding individuals with government positions based on their political loyalties rather than on their merit or ability. This system developed early in the political history of the U. S. under its new U. S. Constitution with the rise of two competing political groups: the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. While it was a practice followed to some extent at the national government level by all of the nation's early Presidents, many historians associate the term most directly with the administration of President Andrew Jackson. In fact, the origin of the term itself is frequently attributed to New York Senator William Marcy who, referencing the victory by Andrew Jackson and his fellow Democrats in 1828, said "to the victor goes the spoils." Jackson and his successors seem to have utilized "the spoils system" so much more than before, that by the late 1860s there was some talk about reforming the system. In 1871, Congress authorized the President to set regulations for admission to public service and to appoint members of a Civil Service Commission to oversee the process. However, the commission was rendered useless in 1875 when Congress failed to appropriate funds for its operation. After the assassination in 1881 of President James Garfield by a disappointed office-seeker, the movement for reform of "the spoils system" gained momentum. In the early part of 1882, Senator George Hunt Pendleton of Ohio drafted a bill to reform the government's hiring system, which became known as the Pendleton Act. This act provides for the selection of federal government employees through performance on competitive exams. It also makes it illegal to fire or demote those covered by the law for political reasons and forbids requiring these employees to perform political services or to make political contributions. The Pendleton Act transformed the public service. Before the act, new officials inundated government offices after every election, bringing chaos and inexperience to federal service. With the new system, the government was better able to rely on the experience and skills of its workers and to ensure adequate preparation for their jobs.
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
After the Civil War, railroads were privately owned and completely unregulated by the government. They had become increasingly important in the American economy. In areas of the country where only they operated they held a monopoly. They set prices and controlled the market. They discriminated by providing rebates or refunds to large shippers or buyers. These practices were especially harmful to farmers who lacked volume needed to receive more favorable rates. The U. S. Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 under the authority given it in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution "to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states." The Act created the Interstate Commerce Commission, the first of many regulatory agencies of the national government. Railroads thus became the first industry to be regulated by the U. S. government. The Interstate Commerce Act changed the laissez faire or hands-off philosophy which had previously dominated the American economy by establishing the government's clear power to regulate private companies engaged in interstate commerce. The Act banned secret rebates and required that railroad rates be openly published. It required railroad rates to be "reasonable and just." It prohibited special rates or rebates for individual shippers, preferential rates for certain localities, shippers, or products, and unfairly charging more for a short haul than a long haul.
The law was largely ineffective until later legislation provided the means for its enforcement, but the ICC did become the model for other government regulatory agencies.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
In the decades following the Civil War, the American economy came to be characterized by the growth of large corporations and monopolistic business practices. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act passed by Congress in 1890, using the power given it in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution "to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states," was Congress' first attempt to limit monopolies. It was named for Senator John Sherman of Ohio who was Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and a former Secretary of the Treasury under President Rutherford B. Hayes. The law gave Congress the power to investigate and dissolve contracts or business combinations (mergers) that restrained interstate or foreign trade or commerce. Specifically, the law authorized the U. S. government to act against any "combination in the form of trusts or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade." For about the first ten years of the law's existence, more actions were brought against labor unions for restraining trade than against large corporations which wasn't the original intent of the law. Only rarely was the law employed against monopolies and then without success. Part of the reason was that the law did not carefully define key terms such as "combination," "conspiracy," "monopoly," or "trust." Also working against the law were narrow judicial interpretations as to what constituted trade or commerce among the states. For example, in 1895 the U. S. Supreme Court in U. S. v E. C. Knight struck a blow against the law. In that case, the American Sugar Refining Company had purchased four independent operations, thus giving it control of 98% of the nation's sugar production. The Supreme Court ruled that acquiring refineries and businesses that manufactured sugar within a state had no direct relation to interstate commerce and thus was not a violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
The first major example of the law being used successfully to break up a trust occurred in 1904 during Theodore Roosevelt's presidency when the law was used to break up the Northern Securities Corporation: a railroad trust formed in 1901 by E. H. Harriman, James P. Hill, J. P. Morgan, and John D. Rockefeller which controlled all the principal railroad lines from Chicago to the Pacific Northwest. The law was also later used in 1911 during the presidency of William Howard Taft against the Standard Oil trust and the American Tobacco Company.
Omaha Platform (1892)
The People's Party (popularly known as the Populist Party) had its origins in the 1870s and 1880s among farmers in the South, Midwest, and West who were experiencing difficult times. One of the farmers' problem s was the high rates which railroads charged to transport the farmers' products. Another was the high tariff in place at the time on certain imports to the United States which meant that these farmers had to pay large amounts of money for imported goods which they required while the items that they produced were undervalued. Banks and other loan institutions were also foreclosing on farmers who were struggling to meet their financial obligations. In general, the farmers felt that neither of the country's two major political parties were concerned with the farmers' interests or those of "the common man."
The founding convention of the Populist party occurred in Omaha, Nebraska, in July,1892. At this convention, the Populists adopted what came to be called the Omaha Platform." The Preamble to this platform was written by Ignatius Donnelly, a Minnesota lawyer, farmer, and politician. In its Omaha Platform the Populists adopted a number of ideas which many Americans at the time considered radical: (1) a graduated income tax; (2) a secret ballot; (3) the direct, popular election of U. S. Senators; (4) an eight-hour work day; (5) government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, and telephone: (6) free, unlimited coinage of gold and silver; (7) limiting state and national revenue to necessary expenses of government, to keep as much money as possible in the people's hands; and (8) government reclamation of land held by railroads and other corporations in excess of their actual needs and land held by aliens. Some of their proposals later became law in the Progressive and New Deal eras of American history.
William Jennings Bryan Cross of Gold (1896)
Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution gives Congress the power "to coin money and regulate the value thereof." In 1791, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton proposed bimetallism or in other words, that the nation's new currency would be equal to a given amount of gold or a larger amount of silver. During Abraham Lincoln's presidency, the Congress passed the Legal Tender Act which authorized the issuance of paper money called greenbacks to finance the Civil War. Greenbacks were unable to be converted into gold or silver. That ended longstanding U. S. policy of using only gold or silver in transactions. In 1873 however, the nation went exclusively on the gold standard by ending silver coinage and bimetallism. This limited the money supply but eased trade with other nations. For the next twenty years, the nation became divided over the nation's monetary standard. Many people once more had come to believe that bimetallism, making gold and silver legal tender, was necessary. Most Republicans wanted every dollar printed to be backed only by gold known as the gold standard. Many Democrats argued that silver, which was more plentiful, should also be used to back every dollar which would make it easier for Midwestern farmers to pay their debts.
William Jennings Bryan was a Democrat and a former two-term member of the U. S House of Representatives from Nebraska. He was an advocate for bimetallism or abandoning the gold standard and allowing the nation's currency to be backed by silver as well. Bryan spoke on this topic in 1896 at the Democratic Party's national convention in what came to be called his Cross of Gold speech. In a speech filled with religious imagery and righteous indignation, Bryan thundered, "having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold."
At the start of the 1896 Democratic National Convention, Bryan was a "dark horse" candidate with little support for the party's presidential nomination. This Cross of Gold speech is largely credited with winning him the party's nomination. He lost the election to Republican William McKinley, and in 1900, the U. S. formally adopted the gold standard. Bryan later also lost races for the presidency in 1900 and 1908.
United States v. E.C. Knight Company (1895)
In 1890 Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act which made it illegal for businesses to contract, combine, or conspire to create a trust or monopoly for the purpose of restraining free trade and monopolizing interstate or foreign commerce. The American Sugar Refining Company, which already controlled a majority of the sugar-refining companies in the U. S., purchased stock in and sought to control four other companies, including E. C. Knight. As a result, the American Sugar Refining Company would then control over 98 % of the nation's sugar refining. The U. S. Department of Justice sought a court order forbidding the sale as a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. A lower federal court denied the Justice Department's request. The lower court held that the companies were engaged in manufacturing, not interstate commerce, and thus were not subject to the Sherman Antitrust Act.
By an 8-1 vote, with only Justice John Marshall Harlan I dissenting, the Supreme Court, while conceding that this was a monopoly, ruled that Congress had exceeded its power under the commerce clause. The Court held that the manufacture of an item was done entirely within a state and therefore was properly a matter of intrastate commerce. While the sugar was intended eventually to move in interstate commerce, until it did so the power to regulate its manufacture was within the state's police power. The majority held that any effect on interstate commerce was "indirect" and Congress could only regulate those activities that had a "direct effect" on interstate commerce.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
In 1890, the Louisiana legislature passed the Separate Car Act which required railroads "to provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races" in order to protect the safety and comfort of all passengers. In 1891, a group of African Americans and Creoles formed the "Citizens Committee to Test the Constitutionality of the Separate Car Law." The Committee chose Homer Plessy, who was one-eighth African American, to test the law by violating it. He bought a first-class ticket on the East Louisiana Railway that traveled from New Orleans to Covington, Louisiana. He boarded the train, walked past the coach clearly marked "For Coloreds Only," and took a seat in the coach clearly marked "For Whites Only." When the train conductor asked Plessy to move to the other coach, he refused, was arrested, and charged with violation of the Separate Car Act. Tried in a Orleans Parish court, Plessy was found guilty and sentenced to jail. After his conviction was upheld by the Louisiana Supreme Court, he appealed to the U. S. Supreme Court.
By a 7-1 vote, with only Justice John Marshall Harlan I dissenting, the Supreme Court upheld the Louisiana law and Plessy's conviction. The majority concluded that the Louisiana law requiring "separate but equal" facilities for African Americans and whites did not violate either the Privileges and Immunities Clause or the Equal Protection of the laws Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The law mandating racial segregation, the majority reasoned, was in line with "the established usages, customs and traditions of the people, and with a view to the promotion of their comfort, and the preservation of the public peace and good order." In his powerful solo dissent, Justice Harlan I wrote: "In view of the Constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in this country no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens. There is no caste here. Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens."
The Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v Ferguson upholding racial segregation by law under the so-called "separate but equal rule" led more states to enact such laws. Plessy remained the law until the Supreme Court overruled the decision in 1954 in the case of Brown v Board of Education.
Insular Cases (1901)
Scholars who have written about the so-called Insular Cases identify between three and thirty-five Supreme Court decisions between 1901 and 1922. The cases developed after the United States acquired certain territory as a result of the outcome of the Spanish-American War. Three important questions involving the U. S. Constitution and laws of Congress were involved in these cases: (1) Can the government of the U. S. acquire territory by treaty? (2) Do certain congressional laws apply to American territories? and (3) Does the Bill of Rights apply to U. S. territories? or, put another way, Does "the Constitution follow the flag"?
The Supreme Court in 1901 in one of the earliest Insular Cases ruled that the U. S. did have the power to acquire territory by treaty. In other Insular Cases, a very divided Supreme Court ruled that American territories were of two types: "incorporated" and "unincorporated." "Incorporated" territories were those which were supposedly destined for eventual statehood while "unincorporated" territories were those which were not destined for statehood. A majority of the Court determined that in the so-called "incorporated" territories, all the rights and privileges of the Constitution apply except those clearly available only to state citizens. In the so-called "unincorporated" territories, on the other hand, a majority of the Court concluded that only certain "fundamental" rights are guaranteed. Since Congress' admission of Alaska and Hawaii to the union as states in the 1950s, there are no "incorporated" territories.
Northern Securities Company v. United States (1904)
By the end of the nineteenth century, the Supreme Court had begun to provide some support for enforcement of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. However, it was not until President Theodore Roosevelt sought to use the law to break up the Northern Securities Company that the question arose whether the law reached stock ownership. The Northern Securities Company had acquired the stock of three major railroads: the Great Northern Railway, the Northern Pacific Railway, and the Burlington Railroad. This gave Northern Securities a monopoly over the routes that the three had previously competed for as separate companies. At Roosevelt's urging, the U. S. government sought to prevent the merger by invoking the Sherman Antitrust Act. The Act forbids actions that will result in a loss of competition. In a victory for the government and Congress' 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act, the Court held that the merger did result in a restraint of trade in violation of the Act. The Court's decision in the Northern Securities case breathed new life into the Sherman Antitrust Act. Prior to this case, the government had not enthusiastically enforced the law, and when the government had attempted to do so, the Supreme Court had not provided great support for the government's action.
Lochner v. New York (1905)
In 1895 the New York legislature passed the Bakeshop Act that limited the number of hours bakers could work to 10 per day and 60 per week. The law was championed as a health measure because breathing flour dust for long periods of time could result in numerous lung-related diseases. Joseph Lochner owned a bakeshop in Utica, New York. He was charged by the state with having allowed an employee to work more than 60 hours per week, tried, convicted, and fined $50. He appealed to higher New York state courts which upheld his conviction, and he then appealed to the U. S. Supreme Court. Lochner challenged the constitutionality of the law by asserting that it violated the due process of law clause of the Fourteenth Amendment in that it infringed upon the "liberty of contract." In essence, Lochner argued that the law infringed upon the right of both the employer and the employee to negotiate the terms of the latter's employment. Lochner's position was based on the premise that employer and employee were "equals" in the negotiation of hours and wages. By a 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court struck down the New York law and thus ruled in Lochner's favor. The Court's decision was widely criticized for creating a "substantive" right to contract when no such right to contract exists in the Constitution. It was also seen as a setback for progressive labor laws that tried to protect the rights of workers.
Muller v. Oregon (1908)
In 1903, the state legislature of Oregon passed a law limiting to a maximum of ten hours per day that women could work in factories and laundries in the state. Curt Muller's Grand Laundry in Portland, Oregon, required a female employee to work more than ten hours. Previously, in 1905 in Lochner v. New York, the Supreme Court had ruled that a state law restricting the number of hours bakers could be employed per day and per week was an unconstitutional violation of the "liberty of contract" of the due process of law clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In Lochner the Supreme Court reasoned that employers and employees should be free to contract for wages and labor free of state interference. However, in Muller v Oregon, the Court unanimously upheld the Oregon law. The Court reasoned that women were not as capable of negotiating terms of employment as were men and that the state had a valid interest in protecting women from harsh labor conditions. The Court's decision was an example of the patronizing attitude which courts had at this time toward women.
Apparently of great influence on the Court's decision in Muller was a brief filed by a well-known attorney (and future Supreme Court justice) named Louis Brandeis who argued the case for Oregon before the Supreme Court. Brandeis utilized a very innovative strategy that became known as "the Brandeis Brief" and led to significant changes in future legal analysis and Supreme Court litigation. Brandeis devoted only two pages to his discussion of the legal issues. In the over one-hundred pages of the remainder of his brief, Brandeis presented evidence of the harmful effects of long hours of labor on the health, safety, morals, and welfare of women. He included evidence from a great variety of sources such as medical reports, psychological and sociological writings, and statistical reports which he used to show that there was basis for the Oregon law.
The federal government subsidized the growth of the railroad industry by providing land grants to railroad companies between 1850 and 1870. Among others, Chinese immigrants and Irish Civil War vets worked on the railroads, which at times led to tension among the laborers. Although the Civil War slowed construction of the first transcontinental railroad, the race to complete it ended in 1869 when the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads met in Utah, completing the route from Nebraska to California. This provided faster transportation between the east and west coasts. The ability to move goods, resources, and people had a significant effect on the economy. Demand for goods spurred the growth of factories and businesses, creating jobs and putting more people to work. By 1883, refrigerated railroad cars carried meat and farm products to eastern urban markets, while manufactured goods headed west. Mass-produced factory items were available in urban department stores or through mail-order catalogs such as Sears and Roebuck for those living in rural areas. Western settlement and business-friendly government policies like land grants to railroads, protective tariffs, low corporate taxes and the lack of industry regulation helped create a national economy.
Farmers organized under the Grange Movement to demand help from state and the federal government over high railroad rates and unfair practices by grain elevator operators that limited farmers' profits. They established farmer-owned co-ops where they graded, packed, shipped and sold their own crops, sharing the profits among themselves. In addition to organizing to fight unfair treatment as a result of having less power or influence than bigger industries, the Grange created opportunities for farmers to learn about new agricultural methods and the latest political events that might affect them. It also provided a place for wives and families to gather and socialize.
Invention of the Telephone
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, providing an opportunity for individuals to communicate with one another across long distances. This invention brought people closer together and led to innovative technological developments in communication. As individuals sought new ways to communicate, the free-enterprise system allowed the telecommunications industry to develop innovations to meet consumers' needs. The first cordless phones were introduced in the 1970s. By 1983, the first cell phone small enough to carry entered the market. Developments like the 2007 iPhone revolutionized access to information by providing the power of a computer in a hand-held device. Satellite technology enables GPS to operate in our phones as well.
Invention of Electricity
The development of electric power by Thomas Edison in 1879 changed the way people lived and worked. The light bulb led to longer workdays because laborers were no longer limited to working during daylight hours. By 1900, industries began to use electricity to run machines. This led to an increase in the number of factories and the growth of cities as people left their farms seeking factory work. Electric streetlights made the streets safer and were much more efficient than lamplighters lighting individual gas lamps nightly. Electric streetcars made travel easier in cities. Electricity powered appliances such as washing machines, toasters, electric irons, and vacuum cleaners, making life easier for women who did most of the domestic work.
Tammany Hall
Political machines consisted of small groups of insiders who controlled the affairs of the local government without actually being elected to public office. Political bosses led the political machines. Although they often made infrastructure repairs and provided much needed services for immigrants and the economically disadvantaged, machines traded these services for votes in the local elections. Boss Tweed controlled Tammany Hall, the most infamous political machine in New York City. While Boss Tweed controlled the local NYC government, over $200 million taxpayer dollars were funneled to Tweed and his friends. The graft—political corruption that misdirects public funds—was finally exposed by Harper's Weekly cartoonist, Thomas Nast. Although the Tammany Hall machine continued after Boss Tweed was arrested, tried, and sent to prison, it slowly began to lose power and influence over New York politics.
With the rise of big business in steel and railroads, workers joined together into labor unions to protect their interests regarding pay and working conditions. The major weapon the Union used to make their protests known was to "strike" by refusing to work until negotiations took place between the employer and the employees. The largest labor union was the American Federation of Labor founded in 1881. It began as a federation of skilled workers from various trades, rather than an organization of workers in the same trade. The founder of the American Federation of Labor hoped to secure higher pay, an 8-hour work day, and improved working conditions for all members of the union. Opposition to labor unions intensified because many people believed that demands for higher wages would increase the price of goods. The most notable strikes included the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Haymarket Riot in 1886, the Homestead Strike in 1892, and the Pullman Strike of 1894. Sometimes labor strikes ended in violence. Following the death of workers during the Pullman Strike, President Cleveland attempted to improve relations with the labor unions. One of the outcomes of this effort was the creation of a federal holiday known as Labor Day to celebrate the contributions and achievements of American workers. Labor Day is traditionally observed on the first Monday in September.
Manufacturing steel using the Bessemer process was much more efficient than previous methods. Steel played a critical step in the industrialization of the United States as steel was used to manufacture equipment, tools, and railroads. In 1883 workers completed the Brooklyn Bridge across the East River, connecting Manhattan to Brooklyn. At the time, it was the longest steel-wire suspension bridge in the world. Skyscrapers built with a steel frame soon followed. Both changed the landscape of the nation.
Battle of Wounded Knee
The Indian Wars began at the end of the Civil War as more people moved west looking for opportunities to mine, farm, and ranch. There they encountered indigenous tribes who had lived on the Great Plains since they were removed from the eastern United States in the 1830s by President Andrew Jackson. Prior to the final conflict at Wounded Knee in 1890, the Lakota put up one final effort to halt expansion of the Americans moving west, known as the Ghost Dance. The Battle of Wounded Knee in 1890, in which more than 250 Lakota people on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation were massacred, marked the end of the Indian Wars and the defeat of the Lakota Sioux tribe.
Klondike Gold Rush
Between 1896 and 1899 approximately 100,000 prospectors rushed to the Klondike region of northwestern Canada after hearing reports by local miners of gold being discovered. A few of these prospectors did find gold and became wealthy, but most were unsuccessful. However, the economies of Seattle and San Francisco flourished because both cities were located where prospectors began their trips to the Yukon territory. The Klondike gold rush came to an end for several reasons. First, most prospectors did not find gold and lost their savings. Second, the Spanish-American War broke out in 1898. Eventually, gold and silver were discovered in the United States, including Colorado, the Black Hills of North Dakota, and the territory of Alaska.


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Home » Business, Policy & Funding » Business News » Broad Institute Refutes Claims in Leaked Email Suggesting CRISPR Patent Malfeasance
Broad Institute Refutes Claims in Leaked Email Suggesting CRISPR Patent Malfeasance
NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) – The Broad Institute has denied claims made in an email that surfaced earlier this week alleging that vanguard CRISPR researcher Feng Zhang obtained patents on the technology by piggybacking on the research of Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna and misleading the US Patent and Trademark Office.
The email, sent in 2015 by a Chinese scientist who temporarily worked in Zhang's lab and who is listed as a co-inventor on at least one Broad-held CRISPR patent, is an exhibit in the patent interference between parties led by the Broad and the University of California.
The Broad Institute, where Zhang is a core faculty member, issued a statement on its website refuting the claims. It also called into question the reliability of the email's author.
"Abundant evidence already shows that the student's claims are false," the Broad Institute wrote on its website addressing developments in the CRISPR interference proceedings.
As reported by MIT Technology Review, in early 2015 Shuailiang Lin, a visiting student from China who has worked at several Broad-affiliated labs, sent Doudna, a professor at UC Berkeley, an email suggesting he had evidence that Zhang did not deserve patents on CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. Lin also asked Doudna for employment (he is now a postdoc at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine).
It's one of several eye-opening revelations in recent weeks related to the interference.
In its recently released second quarter financial results, Editas Medicine said it has spent $8.7 million on legal fees related to patent protection so far in Fiscal Year 2016. And the Broad has also raised a possible conflict of interest in the case, due to the involvement of Fenwick & West in retaining expert witnesses for UC. Several years ago, the firm advised the Broad on patent protection for transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), another genome-engineering technology Zhang developed in his lab.
"Based on the careful inspection of the Patent Application Information Retrieval of Broad's patent files, I found Feng [Zhang] is not only unfair to me, but also to the science history," Lin wrote. "The 15-page declaration of his and Le Cong's luciferase data is mis- and overstated to change the [patent] examiner's decision, which seems to be a joke."
Lin also said he could supply his own laboratory notebooks as evidence that Zhang's success in CRISPR editing came after a pivotal 2012 publication authored by Charpentier and Doudna.
"The whole lab except me focused on TALEN projects," Lin wrote. Lin said he worked on CRISPR from the time he joined the lab in October 2011 until he went back to China in June 2012 for personal reasons. Two months later, Doudna and Charpentier published a study showing the ability to program CRISPR/Cas9 to cut DNA in vitro. Lin added that Zhang and another scientist in the lab, upon seeing the paper, "quickly jumped to the project without letting me know."
In addition to the email to Doudna, an email exchange between Lin and Zhang from January 2012 discussing CRISPR experiments has been released in the interference.
The Broad Institute said that there was ample evidence that disputed Lin's version of events, including the January 2012 email exchange between him and Zhang. The Broad said the emails showed that Zhang was actively guiding Lin's research and possessed crucial knowledge on how CRISPR systems worked at that time. A grant application to the National Institutes of Health from early 2012 shows that Zhang was at least interested in finding the "minimal set of genes and RNA elements that will effectively reconstitute a functional CRISPR system in mammalian cells."
The University of California pointed to Lin's 2015 email in a filing opposing the Broad Institute's early move to shut down the interference. Broad is claiming its patents covering the use of CRISPR in eukaryotic cells is something separately patentable; UC is trying to prove they were derived from Charpentier and Doudna's work.
"Although the rotation student's email makes several claims, the Opposition Document does not include any evidence to support them," the Broad Institute said.
"There are numerous other examples that make clear that beginning in 2011, Zhang and other members of his lab were actively and successfully engineering a unique CRISPR/Cas9 eukaryotic genome-editing system prior to and independent of what was later published [by Charpentier and Doudna]," the Broad said. "Indeed, contrary to [Lin's] own current claim that there was no invention prior to [the August 2012 Science publication], the individual has previously asserted — in legal documents — that he had made contributions to an invention prior to June 2012. This is inconsistent with his current claim."
But the email re-raises an allegation, initially put forth by UC's lawyers, that Zhang and the Broad Institute were able to obtain a patent because they misrepresented evidence in a document accompanying a patent application.
Early in the interference proceeding, UC asked the USPTO for the opportunity to make this case; however, the panel of judges said such an argument would be premature. Both UC and Lin have referenced the so-called "Zhang Declaration," a document filed along with a patent application. The Zhang Declaration has not yet surfaced, but allegedly contains data on CRISPR/Cas9's ability to modify luciferase expression.
The Broad Institute said the allegation of misrepresenting data to the USPTO was also false. While it did not provide a copy of the Zhang Declaration or instructions on how to find it among the patent interference filings, it said the document was publicly available.
Adaptive Biotechnologies Announces Preliminary FY19 Revenue Increase, $257M Stock Offering
Glaucoma Polygenic Risk Score Emerges From Multi-Trait Analysis in UK Biobank Participants
OncoHost, RayBiotech Win $1M From BIRD Foundation
Urinary Metabolite GWAS Leads to Risk Variants, Potential Markers of Kidney Disease
Novigenix-led Collaboration Receives €1M European Funding for Colorectal Cancer Multi-Omics Research
Top Five Articles on GenomeWeb Last Week: Illumina, JP Morgan Healthcare Conference, and More
Researchers have sequenced the genome of the depth-dwelling giant squid.
Not the Research Topic
Prosecutors have charged a former Drexel University professor with theft for allegedly spending federal grant money on adult entertainment and other unrelated expenses, according to the Philadelphia Inquirer.
Prison in Insider Trading Case
Chris Collins, a former US representative, has been sentenced to more than two years in prison in an insider trading case involving an Australian biotechnology firm, the New York Times reports.
PNAS Papers on Trypanosoma brucei Transcripts, Inherited Retinal Disease, Gut Microbiome Development
In PNAS this week: Trypanosoma brucei transcripts, estimate of people at risk of inherited retinal disease, and more.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Model holds up skincare products and does a little hand reveal with her other hand.
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Shot of model in front of a mirror, as she applies red lipstick and starts to smile and twist around.
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(same location)Model can hold an apple (green) in one hand and one or two products in the other holding the products in front of the camera. Stock footage of a doctor in the lab dealing with chemicals.
Stock footage of Dandelions, maybe a girl sliding her hand against the dandelions as she walks through the field.
all of fragrances are from essential oils and products are packed with vitamins, nutrients, hyaluronic acid, peptides & so much more!
Top down shot of model applying and rubbing the product on her other hand, in the background we can have blueberries, blackberries, and raspberries with dandelion petals scattered across the table.
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Emphasizing on the different products + showing more of the product.


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2 dead, 9 wounded in city shootings, including 12-year-old boy
By Deanese Williams-Harris and Madeline Buckley
Police investigate outside of a Humboldt Park bar after two men were shot, one fatally, on Jan. 27, 2018. (Madeline Buckley / Chicago Tribune)
One man was killed and another wounded in a shooting in Humboldt Park early Saturday, Chicago police said.
The men were among 11 shot, 2 fatally, throughout the city Friday and early Saturday, including a 12-year-old boy who was injured in a self-inflicted shooting.
In the double shooting, a 38-year-old man was pronounced dead on the scene, and a 28-year-old man was rushed to Stroger Hospital in serious condition with a gunshot wound to the hip, police said.
The Cook County medical examiner's office identified the man killed as Antonio Reyes of the 1200 block of North Campbell Avenue. He was pronounced dead at 1:09 a.m.
The men were shot while they were in an argument with another man around 12:20 a.m. Saturday in the 2500 block of West Division Street on the West Side, according to police.
The crime scene tape surrounded the Mas o Menos Lounge at 2539 W. Division St., and cordoned off Division Street for about a block.
About a dozen people remained inside the bar as officers spoke to patrons and searched cars parked outside, as well as an empty lot next to the bar.
Two men were detained at the scene. Police said investigators are questioning two persons of interest.
Officers walked a man out of the bar and questioned him while handcuffing him.
"I ran back inside," the man told police. "I was scared."
The officers led him into a police vehicle.
In the city's earlier homicide, a man was shot several times around 9:50 a.m. Friday in the Englewood neighborhood on the South Side. He was in the 7000 block of South Vincennes Avenue when one or more people got out of a car and opened fire, police said.
The man, 26, suffered wounds to the leg, face and torso. He was taken to Stroger Hospital, where he was pronounced dead.
Late Friday, a 12-year-old boy shot himself in the leg around 10:15 p.m. in the 1800 block of South Avers Avenue in the Lawndale neighborhood on the West Side, Chicago police said.
Police initially reported that the boy was shot by someone in a maroon Pontiac in the 1400 block of South Hamlin Avenue.
He is in good condition at Mount Sinai Hospital.
In other shootings:
• A 26-year-old woman was shot in the face by someone in a vehicle around 5:20 a.m. Saturday while she was sitting in a vehicle in the 12000 block of South Eggleston Avenue in the Far South Side's West Pullman neighborhood, police said. She took herself to Little Company of Mary Hospital and Health Care Centers, where she was listed in critical condition.
• Around 3:30 a.m., a 30-year-old man was shot by someone in a vehicle when he was sitting in an SUV in the 1800 block of West 36th Street in the McKinley Park neighborhood on the South Side, police said. The man was taken to Stroger Hospital in unknown condition.
• A 26-year-old man was shot around 2:30 a.m. in the 2500 block of South Spaulding Avenue in the Little Village neighborhood on the West Side, police said. He was taken to Mount Sinai Hospital where he was stabilized with a gunshot wound to the shoulder.
• A 19-year-old man was shot in the foot around 7:35 p.m. Friday in the 1300 block of East 76th Street in the South Side's Grand Crossing neighborhood, police said. He took himself to Jackson Park Hospital and was listed in good condition.
• About 4:55 p.m., a 21-year-old man was shot in the leg in the 5400 block of South Winchester Avenue in the Back of the Yards neighborhood on the South Side, and taken to Holy Cross Hospital in good condition, police said.
• Two men were shot around 1:45 p.m. in the 1800 block of North Luna Avenue in the North Austin neighborhood on the Northwest Side. The men were walking when they were approached by people who opened fire, police said. A 20-year-old man was shot in the head and a 26-year-old man suffered two wounds to the arm. The eldest victim got on a CTA bus, and the driver called the paramedics. Both were taken to Loyola University Medical Center in Maywood, where they were listed in serious condition, police said.


When you have a Silhouette machine (or a Cricut), pretty much anything is possible! Especially when it comes to Rae Dunn.
It's a piece of cake to make your own Rae Dunn inspired anything, like these cute Easter eggs that I've dubbed "Resurrection" eggs because of the words I chose to include.
I've received a lot of questions about how I made these, so much so I decided I'd include a quick tutorial.
Open your Silhouette Studio or Cricut Software and type the words that you want to use. I have found that The Skinny font is a very close replica to the Rae Dunn large letters font. I made my words about 1.25" tall.
Cut words out onto black craft vinyl.
Transfer paper is absolutely essential in transferring your words to the eggs!! If you don't use it, you'll be trying to line up each individual letter and that can be extremely tricky!
I shared detailed instructions for adhering a word onto a rounded object in this post. Please refer to that now, it is the very same process for the Easter eggs. Trust me, those snips will make this project so easy and your words will be straight and lined up properly!
I love these Easter eggs tucked into moss, but I'm sure you'll have great display ideas!
I used additional eggs in my repurposed craft cabinet in the kitchen.
I think they're a perfect accompaniment to my Rae Dunn mugs, and they fit right in with my modern farmhouse home!
Let me know if you decide to make Rae Dunn inspired Easter eggs! And if you missed my Spring home tour, you can catch up here.
Please feel free to PIN this image and share with your Rae-Dunn-loving friends!
Later this week you'll find an epic giveaway right here peeps! Hope to see you then!
These are so cute! I just bought a Cricut and am excited to use it! Thanks for the inspiration!
Thanks Michele, they are fun to make!
I love these, and yours turned out beautifully. Thanks for sharing.
I have a question and not necessarily about the eggs. when using this font and trying to enlarge the width the font loses it's look. is there a trick that I'm missing. I'm new to this.
You can bold it. Or just make sure when enlarging to grab the corner of the text box and pull from there... otherwise you can get a wonky look! Hope that helps!


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Eco-Conscious Neo-Bank Aspiration Acquires Startup to Help Track Companies' Carbon Footprints
DotLA	January 12, 2022
L.A. fintech firm Aspiration, which offers an eco-friendly digital spin on consumer banking, has purchased Carbon Insights, a Denver-based startup that uses APIs to help financial institutions track carbon footprints.
The acquisition is Marina del Rey-based Aspiration's first-ever since it launched in 2015. Financial terms of the deal were not disclosed. As part of the acquisition, Carbon Insights co-founders Chad Hunter and Ally Kadel have joined Aspiration.
Aspiration will deploy Carbon Insights' technology to enhance its scoring system for tracking the sustainability impact of its customers' spending habits, Aspiration co-founder and CEO Andrei Cherny told dot.LA. Carbon Insights relies on a combination of business attributes and operational data—like energy consumption and corporate expenditures—to estimate a company's carbon footprint, Cherny explained.
The technology will allow Aspiration to better provide "a sustainability score for our customers based on where they are shopping and spending," Cherny explained.
Aspiration is currently in the process of becoming a publicly traded company and is eying an initial public offering by the end of March. The neo-bank is expected to be valued at $2.3 billion after it merges with InterPrivate III Financial Partners Inc., a special purpose acquisition company, or SPAC.
SPAC mergers have become an increasingly common way for companies to go public. Local companies to recently pursue the route include West Hollywood-based neo-bank Dave, Culver City-based clinical research firm Science 37, and Santa Monica-based fitness brand The Beachbody Company.
The Carbon Insights purchase could be the first in a string of possible mergers and acquisitions that offer "sustainable solutions" for Aspiration, according to Cherny. He declined to identify potential targets.
"I wouldn't speculate on the timing, in terms of whether it will be before or after we go public," Cherny said. "But there certainly is more M&A down the road for us."
Last month, the fintech startup received $315 million in financing from Los Angeles Clippers owner Steve Ballmer and Downtown-based private equity giant Oaktree Capital Management in advance of the SPAC deal. Oaktree initially began talks to invest in Aspiration in early 2020, before the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the global economy and threw talks off course, Cherny said. Aspiration also sealed a 23-year, $300 million sponsorship deal with Ballmer's Clippers last fall.
Including the financing from Oaktree and Ballmer's affiliates, Aspiration is poised to have more than $700 million in proceeds after it goes public.
Aspiration has sought to tackle climate change through its services, which offer its nearly 2 million customers a range of tools to prioritize sustainability through their spending and investing. Its "Plant Your Change" feature, for instance, allows consumers to round up credit or debit card purchases to the nearest dollar and directs the spare change toward planting trees.
Aspiration counts actors Leonardo DiCaprio, Robert Downey Jr., and Orlando Bloom, as well as Canadian rapper Drake, among its celebrity investors.
Tagged: Aspiration, Climate technology, dot.la, Fintech


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Illustration, Ucak Logo alias Bazoka Logo during the trial in Jayapura District Court Class 1A, Monday (9/12/2019). – Jubi/Hengky Yeimo
Witnesses not able to confirm who's the perpetrator of destruction towards Horison Hotel
Jayapura, Jubi – Jayapura District Court resumed the trial against defendants Elo Huby Ary Asso and Urbanus Tambonop on Monday (9/12/2019) regarding mass riot on 29 August 2019 in Jayapura City. In the hearing, Public Prosecutor Andreas Tomana presented two witnesses who are staffs of Horison Hotel, Kota Raja, Jayapura.
The two witnesses were doing their shift at the hotel when a mob passed throwing stones to the hotel. However, a witness, with initial A, stated he could not determine who the perpetrators are.
The witness further said he had checked the CCTV recording. "To be more certain, the operator of CCTV showed the recording, but it couldn't tell us about the perpetrators," he said to the panel of judges chaired by Maria Sitanggang.
Moreover, witness A said so many people involved in the incident of stone-throwing. Therefore he could not recognise the perpetrator. "Of the two defendants, we did not see them in CCTV, because many people passed the street at that time," he said.
In the meantime, the public prosecutor said he would present another witness for the next hearing on Wednesday. He also mentioned that several witnesses refused to come in the trial today because they were afraid and still trauma.
"Victims did not come to witness because of fear. But they have given information to the police which already recorded in the police investigation report. We would try to present other witnesses in the next hearing on Wednesday," he said.
Another trial against Dorothy Kawena also held on Monday to examine witnesses. The hearing would continue on Wednesday to question the offender. At the same day, the witnesses hearing would also resume in the case against the defendant Ferius Entamon.
For a meantime, the trial against the defendant Pandra Wenda was suspended until Wednesday this week because the public prosecutor was not able to present a witness. Concerning this issue, the judges demanded the state prosecutor to be more cautious in arranging witnesses in the trial. Judges also ordered the prosecutor to present three witnesses in the case against Ronal Wandik, Mikha Asso, Persiapan Kogoya, Jhonny Weya. Meanwhile, the hearing against the defendant Yusuf Marthen Bonay would start to examine on Wednesday next week. (*)
Reporter: Hengky Yeimo
Editor: Pipit Maizier


Cool, comfy and absolutely adorable, this hat features our favorite wide-brim look with cute hollow flower design!
Bounce to the moon and back, all in a days worth of playtime. Theres so much for baby to discover with rainforest pals on this Jumperoo - music, lights and exciting sounds reward baby with every jump! A rotating seat gives baby 360° access to toys, activities and friends all around, including soft monkeys overhead, clickers, a bead bar, mirror and so much more, all within babys reach. Baby can reach, grasp, move, groove, and jump so high - all things that give developing motor skills a helpful boost. And its easy-peasy to fold for storage and portability. Music, lights & sounds reward and encourage every bounce & jump. Seat spins 360 degrees so baby can discover all around. Sturdy, free-standing steel frame lets baby jump safely - no doorway required. Easily adjusts to three different heights as baby growsSoft spring covers keep little fingers safe. Colourful toys.
Music plays a crucial role in 'wiring' your baby's brain for learning.


Explore Valerie Occhipinti's board" CHRISTMAS PARTIES& DECOR" on. Decorate your simple chocolate cupcakes into cute little Christmas trees with help.
holiday accents from HomeGoods transformed this neutral living room into a cozy. Your speakers blast this music as you decorate your house for the Christmas Party. You're the host this year which means you'll have to provide for almost everything.
This tradition of yours started during your college years. 15 Easy and Elegant Christmas Decorating Ideas. If red and green aren't part of your decorating color scheme, lean on tones that complement your existing décor. Your speakers blast this music as you decorate your house for the Christmas Party. You're the host this year which means you'll have to provide for almost everything. This tradition of yours started during your college years. The Christmas tree is just the start. Make every room look as festive as possible with these glittering, shiny and jolly ideas.
Split logs look even homier when they're stored in, well, a house. Discover personalized Christmas party decorations, tableware, gift ideas, and. Christmas Tree Vegetable Platter ~ A broccoli and tomato" tree" with a pretzel".
. 6 Super Easy& OH-SO Pretty Holiday Decor DIYs This year my house will. Christmas party decorations for the home can include wreaths, garland, ornaments and holiday props. Create a multi-level buffet party table with advice from. Set the mood for Christmas festivities with our creative ideas for parties, including recipes, decorations, prep tips, and more.
Start your party planning with our fun. Aug 13, 2018. Host a festive Christmas party with these expert entertaining tricks. You can always get creative and find items around the house that you can use to make your own decorations. decorate. If your party has a specific theme, you can. Bring cheer to your house this Holiday season with our freshest Christmas decorating ideas.
16 Inexpensive Ways to Decorate Your House for Christmas. In fact, much of your seasonal decor can be made using items that you might already have lying around! 18 Party Ideas For Your Christmas Party Hop. Make sure the mistletoe is hung where you can see. Get every inch of your house into the holiday spirit with these creative ways to deck the halls. Whether you prefer traditional decor or something a bit more out there, we guarantee you'll find something on this list.
And when you're ready to trim your tree, we've got you covered with ideas, too. Aug 22, 2018. Decorating your living room for the holidays doesn't have to be a massive undertaking.
The Christmas decor in this room from A Burst of Beautiful is. Plan a Christmas Celebration for Kids With Carols, Crafts, and More. Skip the flammable cotton snow and use inverted bowls to lend a little alpine lift to your Christmas village. A swag of greenery creates a perfect border to showcase the display.
A swag of greenery creates a perfect border to showcase the display. From the planning to the food and activities, let HGTV help plan the perfect Christmas party.
Leaving the house in a Christmas mood is great, but the real reason for the party should never be forgotten, and as I read somewhere, if you do not have it in your heart, you will not find it under the tree. How To Decorate For A Party: Cocktail Party Decoration Ideas Decorations, props, and surprises are the extras that can make your cocktail party memorable. 27 Best Holiday Decorating Ideas For Small Spaces. or storage cabinets throughout the house.
guests will all gather around at a Christmas party. Learn How to decorate your house for a Christmas party. Ideas to decorate tables, rooms, tree, fireplace, door and living room to impress your friends& family. A simple decorative buffet may be the only party decor you need, or do like this party planner in the photo and showcase the dessert table.
On a tight budget? Forgo fancy (and expensive! ) dishes and craft your own. Check out the pedestal bowls in the photo. They are made from melamine bowls glued to spray-painted candlesticks. Set a festive holiday mood throughout your house with our simple Christmas decorating ideas.
Every room can use a Christmas touch, and we cover all your. These party decorating ideas and inspiring pictures of party decorations can help you decorate for a party while staying on a tight budget. These party decorating ideas and inspiring pictures of party decorations can help you decorate for a party while staying on a tight budget.
Christmas Crafts 10 Creative Ways to Wrap Presents Without. Salute Christmas spirit: Print letters spelling out BELIEVE in mega type to make this banner. Print the individual letters in BELIEVE in 430-point Bodoni font on white paper; cut each into a 4 1/2" square with letter centered.
Adhere each letter onto a 5 1/2" square of patterned scrapbook paper. Christmas is a wonder event of sharing happiness with friends and family, where you call them to your home for dinner and to spent time together recalling the thoughts that strengthens your relationships. Decorating your house several weeks before the Christmas Eve to feel the spirit of the event.
Apr 04, 2010 · Christmas party decorations for the home can include wreaths, garland, ornaments and holiday props. Create a multi-level buffet party table with advice from.
Set a festive holiday mood throughout your house with our simple Christmas decorating ideas. Every room can use a Christmas touch, and we cover all your indoor spaces with our classic Christmas inspiration. Whether you have a traditional home or prefer a more contemporary Christmas look in your living room, kitchen, and entry, our holiday ideas.
Forget a pet-friendly party — this one is completely pet-focused. Pamper your favorite dogs this holiday season with a party guaranteed to make their tails wag. Get step-by-step instructions and printables to throw this party. Perhaps this list of ways to have a more old fashioned family Christmas will inspire you to put the joy back into your Christmas celebrations.
Decorate Your Home. White House Christmas Decorating Tips 16 Photos How to Throw a Chrismukkah Party 15 Photos Forget Red + Green: 22 Homes to Inspire Your New Christmas. However, there are many alternative ways to decorate with Christmas lights both in and out of the holiday season. Check out these 23 unique DIY ways you can use Christmas lights to spice up your home! Aug 6, 2018. Get every inch of your home into the holiday spirit with these creative Christmas decorating ideas.
Every room can use a Christmas touch, and we cover all your indoor spaces with our classic Christmas inspiration. Whether you have a traditional home or prefer a more contemporary Christmas look in your living room, kitchen, and entry, our holiday ideas will inspire you. If your fireplace deserves a little focus, check out our festive Christmas mantel ideas, which include garlands, simple wreaths, and twinkling Christmas lights.
Decorate several small trees with candy canes, strings of popcorn and scatter them around the house. This will give a feel as if they are made of snow for the Christmas party. For a centerpiece, decorate a small tree with individually wrapped candy of. Nov 22, 2017 · How to Decorate Your House at Christmas Three Methods: Traditional Decorations Outdoor Decorations Unique Touches Community Q& A Decorating a house in anticipation of Christmas is almost as fun as opening presents on Christmas morning.
20 Super Easy Decor Ideas for Christmas. Just fill a bottle with some Christmas lights! Idea via Decorate for the Holiday. Click to see more at House of Smiths. One example of this company Christmas party idea is to hold an open house with a purpose, such as raising and decorating a tree. Dealcoholize your Christmas party. Then there's the alcohol dilemma. Plan a Memorable Christmas Party Add Some Fresh Ideas to Your Entertaining.
10 Ideas for Decorating the House and Getting in the Christmas Spirit Christmas These Christmas party ideas will put all of your guests in a very merry mood! View Gallery 17 Photos 1 of 17. Cooking Classy. Holiday Bake-Off Oh the weather outside is frightful, but the smells in the kitchen are so delightful! Whip up your own. Gingerbread House Decorating Contest Forget a pet-friendly party — this one is completely pet-focused.
Pamper your favorite dogs this holiday season with a party guaranteed to make their tails wag. Get step-by-step instructions and printables to throw this party. Sep 26, 2009 · How to decorate your house for a christmas party? I know its close to october but my mom and me are going to have a big christmas party at my house, and i want it to be the best christmas party that no one will forget. How to Decorate Your House at Christmas.
Decorating a house in anticipation of Christmas is almost as fun as opening presents on Christmas morning. Whether you're having guests over for a holiday party or you want to make your house feel. Get every inch of your house into the holiday spirit with these creative ways to deck the halls. Whether you prefer traditional decor or something a bit more out there, we guarantee you'll find something on this list.
And when you're ready to trim your tree, we've got you covered with ideas, too. Get this season started with these festive Christmas party theme ideas. Deck the halls (and just about everywhere else) with these cheerful projects.
6 Best Christmas Themes for Your Most. Find easy and unique Christmas decorating ideas featuring wreaths. Dinner Party Ideas. A Woodland Christmas at Martha's House; 110 Best-Ever Christmas Decorating Ideas for a Holly-Jolly Home. Deck the halls (and every single room in your house) with our ultimate Christmas decorating guide.
Don't reserve your best Christmas decor for the living room, let the festivities overflow into every part of the house. This entryway in Lucy Atkins' home makes sure you get in the holiday spirit the second you walk in the door, with evergreen clippings, pine cones, and a cozy hanging blanket.


Learn to slow down, savor and tune into to your body's natural cues! There is absolutely no entrance fee to participate, but we will kindly be COLLECTING CASH DONATIONS for the Leukemia Lymphoma Society of Canada (LLS). Energie EnCorps has been a proud sponsor of the LLS and has raised over $95,000 to support this cause over the last 7 years.
"Food Freedom - Healthy at Every Size"
Have you heard about the Health at Every Size (HAES®) movement? Despite what the media and some health professionals may tell you, losing weight is not the answer to health, as health is not defined by body size or shape. We are born with a natural instinct to feed our body what it needs – following diets or "food rules" only teaches us to go against this instinct. No diet out there knows your unique requirements. Join nutritionist me and learn how to let go of restriction and tune in to your true nutritional needs."
"Finding Balance: Nutrition for the Body & Soul"
Finding Balance...Nutrition for the Body & Soul. Healthy eating should never involve restriction or deprivation. This is why diets do not work! True health means finding the right balance between giving your body the right amount of nutrients it needs and loving what we eat.
''Finding Balance'' is designed for anyone looking to improve their health or body image, better their eating habits, improve their relationship with food, or who simply wants to have a better understanding of how food and nutrition affects them. This 8-week course will empower you with accurate, up-to-date nutritional advice, and will provide you with the support and motivation needed to make healthy eating and living a permanent part of your life.


Today was a perfect example of how slowing down helps to embrace some of life's precious moments. When putting my 3 year old daughter down for her rest time, I stopped. And really listened. And really paid attention. And focused on her big brown eyes. And let her talk. For a long time. And you know what kinds of things she said and did? She loved on me, and complimented me, and touched my face, and hugged me close, and kissed me and ate up every moment of my attention. She talked about God and Heaven and Love. She poured out what was on her heart and mind. And you know what? It was nothing short of amazing.
I am too often guilty of focusing on the task at hand and letting my mind go to the one next on the list. Living life this way day-in and day-out causes me to miss out on so many wonderful opportunities I have with her. I want my daughter to grow up knowing that she is more important than the things of this life, the daily grind.
I am blown away at how God uses our children to speak volumes to us and teach us what it is like in our relationship with Him. He is always there, listening, delighting in us, pouring His love over us. I am so grateful to know Him and be loved by Him. And I am thankful that He gave me Annabelle.


On Mallory: Thrifted JCrew sweater, thrifted denim shirt/thrifted jeans, honey & hive boots, thrifted Coach satchel.
We're so sorry for being such bad bloggers! Midterms round two is heading our way, so we've been pretty busy. We promise to be better at this after all of it is over!
We have been crazy busy so haven't been able to update much, but we have a couple of cool announcements. Firstly, and most importantly, Whitney FINALLY turned 21! We went out to dinner at delicious La Note, and Whitney, a creature of habit, ordered the same thing she ate last year on her birthday haha. Secondly, if anybody wants to learn more about us (we are so interesting, after all), check out our interview at FashionBloggerRevealed. And finally, we are happy to share a discount code from Jewelmint offering 50% off your first purchase (just enter BOCT50)! You get to take a style quiz in the beginning so that they can make tailored recommendations for you, which is fun.
Mallory has to stand on her toes to look normal height next to Whitney in her shoes.
Mallory would like to point out that the shoes WHITNEY is wearing are the ones that MALLORY had showed Whitney while they were online shopping as something she wanted to buy. WHITNEY bought them. grr.
Whitney would like to point out that Mallory already owns shoes similar to them.
While the weather had been amazing just a couple days ago (as you can tell from our previous post), it became gloomy and rainy the last two days. At least we got to finally layer up, we had been waiting for this moment!
Two girls who giggle too much to take serious photos.
A blog about fashion and friendship from the San Francisco Bay.


text:
Associate Professor Kate Mitchell
PhD (literary studies) from University of Melbourne; BA (hons) from ANU
E: kate.mitchell@anu.edu.au
Jump to: Biography|Researcher's projects|Student projects|Publications
Literary Studies 2005
British And Irish Literature 200503
Literary Theory 200525
Australian Literature (Excl. Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Literature) 200502
Neo-Victorian fiction
Historical fiction, especially contemporary British and Australian
19th and 20th century literary and cultural history
Theory and philosophy of History
Teaching interests:
ENGL2074 Jane Austen History and Fiction
ENGL2067 Adaptation: from text to screen
ENGL3036 Victorian Literature
ENGL8019 The Victorian Novel Then and Now
Kate Mitchell is Associate Professor, Literary Studies, and is currently Head of the School of Literature, Languages and Linguistics. She holds a BA (hons) from ANU and a PhD in literary studies from the University of Melbourne. Her research is focused on nineteenth- and twentieth - century literary and cultural history with a particular interest in neo-Victorian fiction and historical recollection in fictional narratives. She is author of History and Cultural Memory in Neo-Victorian Fiction: Victorian Afterimages (Palgrave Macmillan in 2010) and co-editor, with Dr Nicola Parson, of Reading Historical Fiction: the revenant and remembered past (Palgrave 2013). Her articles on historical fiction have appeared in journals including Neo-Victorian Studies and Victoriographies, and in a number of edited collections.
Researcher's projects
Nineteenth-Century Australia Then and Now: Remembering Australia's Past in Neo-Victorian Fiction
The historical novel is a highly popular and critically-significant genre among contemporary Australian novelists and readers alike, with examples dominating bestseller and literary award lists. Among these historical novels, the nineteenth century recurs with an insistence that identifies, or indeed, constructs, the period as central to the Australian historical imaginary.
This project explores how we remember the past in Australia in today. It provides new ways of understanding the operation of literature as a form of cultural memory, opening up the critical debate beyond whether novels constitute 'good' or 'bad' history to consider how they function in relation to a range of discourses about the past and how it is remembered today.
Current student projects
Primary Supervisor:
Ashely Orr, 'Breaking the Mould: Neo-Victorian Fiction, Female Corporeality, and the Politics of Resistance.'
Kate Oakes. 'Altruism and Agriculture: The Ethics of the Farmyard in Thomas Hardy's Novels.'
Supervisory Panel Member:
Chung-Yen Yu, '"The House of Waiting": An Epistolary Novel and Dissertation.'
Kathryn Hind, 'Ugly Feelings and Passive States in the Works of Gabriel Tallent and Anne Enright.'
Luisa Moore, Textual Critique Through the Artist's Eye: John Austen's Illustrated Hamlet.'
Meredith Trinko, 'A Well-Lived Death: Taxidermy in Victorian Material Culture 1850-1900.'
Louisa Kirk, 'Through stories and secrets': Female friendship as displaced intimacy.'
PhD Projects:
Kathryne Ford, 'I lost courage and burned the rest': Biofiction, Legacy, and the Hero-Protagonist Split in Charles Dickens's Life-Writing Novels. 2018.
Jessica Hewenn, 'Unsettling: Settler-Colonial Environments in Neo-Victorian Fiction.' 2018.
Matthew Thompson, 'The figure of Jack the Ripper in Victorian and Neo-Victorian Fiction.' 2017.
Tania Evans, 'Cripples and Bastards and Broken Things: Masculinity, Violence, and Abjection in A Song of Ice and Fire and Game of Thrones.' 2019.
Suzanne Faigan, An Annotated Bibliography of Maria Yakovlevna Frumkina (Esther). 2019.
Stephanie Kizimchuk, Mizrahi Memoirs: History, Memory, and Identity in Displacement.
Rebecca Clode, 'Critical Celebrations: Metatheatre in Australian Drama of the Late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Centuries.' 2014.
Lucy Neave, Who We Were: A Novel and Dissertation by Publication. Dissertation title: 'Writing Process: Writers' Practices, Mystique and Pedagogy.' 2013.
Hamish Dalley, 'Contemporary Historical Fiction in Nigeria, Australia and New Zealand.' 2011.
Fourth-Year Honours Projects:
Music in Jane Austen's Emma. 2019.
Representations of the figure of the psychopath in gothic fiction. 2019.
Reimagining Agnes: Burial Rites as a Restorative Literary Act. 2018.
Subjectivity and Self in the Victorian Novel: Focusing on the Boundary. 2016.
Romancing the Environment in Thomas Hardy's Far from the Madding Crowd. 2015.
Transitioning Gender in Vampire Fiction from the nineteenth century to the present. 2015.
Illness and the Gothic in Wuthering Heights. 2015.
Adventuring with Austen. 2013.
Neo-Victorian Graphic Novels: Alan Moore's The Lost Girls. 2012.
Weather in the (Neo)Victorian Novel. 2012.
The Preface in the Victorian Novel (M.A.). 2012.
Victorian Masculinities: The Experienced Hero. 2012.
The Outsider and the Orphan: Educators and Motherless Heroines in the Victorian home. 2011.
Preservation and the Historical Imagination in The Remains of the Day and Atonement. 2010.
Mitchell K. 2011. Review: Susan K. Martin and Kylie Mirmohamadi. Sensational Melbourne: Reading Sensation Fiction and Lady Audley�??s Secret in the Victorian Metropolis. Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature 11:2


Bottle vases are a whimsical and practical way to display flowers and greenery. With their elegant simplicity and clean lines, these vases allow the flowers to take center stage. This quilt is the perfect way to have fresh florals all year long, without ever having to water a thing.
For this collection, we incorporated neutral base and frame fabrics along with bold colored threads in order to make the blossoms pop. Each quilt block contains a different selection of flowers and foliage, accompanied by a vinyl accent to give the appearance of glass vases. Each of the Bottle Vase quilt blocks comes in six sizes and is part of our "Mix and Match" quilt line which can be combined with other designs for versatility.


"It got pretty wild", Davis said.
Davis' impending divorce from the Pelicans has been a fiasco since he requested a trade weeks before the deadline in February, so it's completely believable that a Pelicans staff member left that in his locker for his final home game.
Considered by many to be one of the NBA's top talents, Davis is keen to ensure that he is able to secure a move in the summer, but admitted that he could end up being forced to wait another year until he is a free agent. Dell Demps was sacked in February after his handling of the Davis situation, and Danny Ferry has been the interim general manager. "I know that it's a possibility that next year I could be here as well, so I can't be mad if I'm here next year". "It's something that I will definitely hold in my heart forever, but the next step is waiting on the Pelicans to fill the GM job". New Orleans, however, failed repeatedly to build anything around him and failed to ever make it past the first round of the playoffs since drafting Davis in 2012. With so many rumors connecting Davis and the Los Angeles Lakers during the season, it was inevitable that he'd be asked about Magic Johnson's sudden resignation. "But it's something that I'll go back and look at and reflect on". "Well, I heard some stuff actually". In 56 games this year, the center averaged 25.9 points, 12.0 rebounds and 3.9 assists.


This entry was posted in public transit news, worth checking out by DART. Bookmark the permalink.
I signed the petition because I work with the aging population. Many could not get to the senior meal site or out for grocery shopping if it weren't for public transportation. As our US population ages, it will become even more important to have public transportation options. Driving just isn't safe as eye sight and stamina diminish. Not being able to go where one wants to go, adds to feelings of isolation and depression.


text:
Американская ассоциация наблюдателей переменных звезд (American Association of Variable Star Observers, AAVSO) была основана в 1911 году астрономом Эдуардом Пикерингом для осуществления координации работы наблюдателей переменных звезд, сбора, оценки, анализа, публикации и хранения данных о поведении переменных звёзд, собранных в значительной степени астрономами-любителями и обеспечения доступа к данным для профессиональных астрономов, исследователей и педагогов.

Так как профессиональные астрономы не имеют времени или ресурсов для мониторинга каждой переменной звезды, астрономия является одной из немногих наук, где любители могут внести реальный вклад в научные исследования. Международная база данных AAVSO в настоящее время насчитывает более 18 миллионов переменных звезд, данные о которых начали собираться 100 лет назад. Ежегодно в базу данных вносится более 500 тысяч записей от почти 2000 профессиональных и самодеятельных наблюдателей, а данные регулярно цитируется в научных журналах. По состоянию на 2017 год Международная база данных AAVSO насчитывает более 33 миллионов отчетов наблюдений переменных звезд.

AAVSO также весьма активна в сфере образования и связей с общественностью. Ассоциация регулярно проводит учебные семинары для любителей науки и публикует статьи с любителями, как соавторами. В 2009 году Национальный научный фонд США выделил AAVSO трехлетний грант, на финансирование проекта, разработанного для изучения затмения в системе Эпсилон Возничего в 2009—2011 гг. Проект, названный Любительское небо (Citizen Sky), организует наблюдения затмения и возможность сообщить о полученных сведениях в центральную базу данных.

AAVSO первоначально (1911—1956 гг.) находилась на территории обсерватории Гарвардского колледжа, а затем переехала в отдельное помещение расположенное там же в Кембридже. В 2007 году AAVSO приобрела и переехала в недавно освободившиеся помещения журнала Sky & Telescope.

AAVSO в настоящее время насчитывает более 2000 членов и наблюдателей, причем примерно половина из них из-за пределов Соединенных Штатов.

Примечания

Ссылки
 AAVSO веб сайт
 История AAVSO

Гарвардский университет
Астрономические общества
Переменные звёзды
Организации, основанные в 1911 году

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
#include "NewtonImpactRollingFrictionNSL.hpp"

#include <iostream>

// Default (private)
NewtonImpactRollingFrictionNSL::NewtonImpactRollingFrictionNSL():
  NonSmoothLaw(), _en(0.0), _et(0.0), _mu(0.0), _muR(0.0)
{}

NewtonImpactRollingFrictionNSL::NewtonImpactRollingFrictionNSL(unsigned int size):
  NonSmoothLaw(size), _en(0.0), _et(0.0), _mu(0.0), _muR(0.0)
{}

NewtonImpactRollingFrictionNSL::NewtonImpactRollingFrictionNSL(double newEn, double newEt, double newMu, double newMuR, unsigned int newSize):
  NonSmoothLaw(newSize), _en(newEn), _et(newEt), _mu(newMu), _muR(newMuR)
{}

NewtonImpactRollingFrictionNSL::~NewtonImpactRollingFrictionNSL()
{}

bool NewtonImpactRollingFrictionNSL::isVerified() const
{
  bool res = false;
  // to do
  THROW_EXCEPTION("NewtonImpactRollingFrictionNSL:: isVerified, not yet implemented!");
  return res;
}

void NewtonImpactRollingFrictionNSL::display() const
{
  std::cout << "=== Newton impact-friction non-smooth law data display ===" <<std::endl;
  std::cout << " Normal Newton coefficient of restitution: " << _en <<std::endl;
  std::cout << " Tangential Newton coefficient of restitution: " << _et <<std::endl;
  std::cout << "Friction coefficient: " << _mu <<std::endl;
  std::cout << "Rolling friction coefficient: " << _muR <<std::endl;
  std::cout << "==========================================================" <<std::endl;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Sustainability at SIUE Facebook page.
The Natural Step Framework is a foundation for many sustainability programs in the United States and around the world. This science-based process has been tested and proven by forward thinking organizations for nearly two decades.
The mission of 350.org is "to inspire the world to rise to the challenge of the climate crisis-to create a new sense of urgency and of possibility for our planet." Oct. 24 is International Climate Day of Action.
Madison County Transit Bikeway, with more than 100 miles of trails, travels through the SIUE campus.
Higher Education Associations Sustainability Consortium (HEASC) is an informal network of higher education associations with a commitment to advancing sustainability within their constituencies and within the system of higher education itself.
Second Nature's mission is to accelerate movement toward a sustainable future by serving and supporting senior college and university leaders in making healthy, just, and sustainable living the foundation of all learning and practice in higher education.
The Ponderosa Project at Northern Arizona University (NAU) is an interdisciplinary faculty group effort to incorporate environmental sustainability issues into university courses, with the ultimate goal of providing future citizens the education and skills necessary to achieve sustainable communities and societies. Environmental sustainability is defined as the wise and just use of natural resources to maintain Earth's natural cycles while meeting human basic needs and protecting resources for future generations.
The Sustainable Campus is a website dedicated to promoting sustainable campuses throughout the world.
"Learning How to Die in the Anthropocene," New York Times Opinionator, by Roy Scranton.
Worldwatch Institute, according to its website, "...focuses on the 21st-century challenges of climate change, resource degradation, population growth, and poverty by developing and disseminating solid data and innovative strategies for achieving a sustainable society."
New American Dream "The Center for a New American Dream helps Americans consume responsibly to protect the environment, enhance quality of life, and promote social justice."
The Post Growth Institute "Creating global prosperity without economic growth."


I am currently traveling to YOUR home to teach within the south Florida area. I have many students from Fort Lauderdale to West Palm and in between.
I want to hear from you! Please contact me with any questions and to schedule an initial lesson. You may contact me directly at (516) 527 - 7937, or email me by clicking "contact" on the top of this page.
I am accepting students from age 6 to 96! Occasionally there will be an exceptional 5 year old that will be ready. An initial lesson will determine lesson readiness. Lessons are adapted to each individual student's goals and ability.
I come to your home or business to teach!


The Hindu Senior Secondary School, Adyar Started in the year 1978, The Hindu Senior Secondary School, Indira Nagar, is one of the three schools run by The Hindu Educational Organisation. Currently it is headed by Shri. B.S. Raghavan, I.A,S. Retd., and the managing committee consisting of notable persons from different walks of life. They mentor and manage the functioning of the school with spotlight on providing value based quality education.The Hindu Educational Organisation started educational institutions one after the other, representing their commitment to the imperial cause of education.
Procedure: Admission are open for class LKG from Feb 8 2019, for the academic year 2019-20.
Higher Class Procedure: School will start issue the application forms for UKG to class XI form Feb 5th to Feb 10, 2018 for the academic year 2018-19. Submit the Fillin Application forms by Feb 12, 2018.
Admission are open for class LKG from Feb 8 2019, for the academic year 2019-20.
School will start issue the application forms for LKG from Feb 5th&6th, 2018 from 9.30 A.M to 12.00 P.M or the academic year 2018-19.
Check the school website in the month of Feb, 2017 for admission to the next academic year 2017-18.


text:
Marie Teresa Portela
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Obituary of Marie Teresa Portela
Please share a memory of Marie to include in a keepsake book for family and friends.
Marie Teresa Raab Portela Feb 26, 1927- Dec 5, 2022 Marie lived a long, happy life full of love, family, faith, great friends, travel, and all the good things that her fulfilled life had to offer. She lived in Merrick for 45 years with her husband Thomas (deceased) followed by adventures in Freeport for over 20 years. She was blessed with three children; Thomas (deceased), Jane (Richard) and Patricia (Patrick), and a grandson, Brendan, her pride and joy. She was a loving Aunt to her nieces and nephews. With her family, she made beautiful memories at their summer home at Huletts Landing on Lake George. Marie loved the beach, reading books, music, dancing, Broadway and her "proper cocktail hours" with all she welcomed into her home. She was very generous with her time; volunteering at Cure of Ars in the CYO, Parish Outreach Program and The Over 50 Club. For many years she was a volunteer at the INN and participated as a Board Member at the Merrick Library. Marie enjoyed a successful 20 year career working as an Executive Assistant for the Catholic Cemeteries of Long Island. Most importantly, the legacy of Marie's infectious smile, her laughter and love will live on forever in the hearts of all that were privileged to know her. In lieu of flowers, donations can be made in her name to: The Lake George Association (LGA) https://www.lakegeorgeassociation.org Or: Good Shepherd Hospice https://www.chsli.org/good-shepherd-hospice/donate
To send flowers to the family or plant a tree in memory of Marie Portela, please visit Tribute Store
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Marie Portela