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Richard Carrier's Deeply Flawed Argument To Show God Is Unlikely
by Dr. William M. Briggs
Filed under The Existence of God
In the comment section to an earlier piece of mine on Strange Notions, Richard Carrier invited me to "interact" with him through his article "Neither Life nor the Universe Appears Intelligently Designed", found in The End of Christianity, edited by John W. Loftus. This article is the "interaction" Carrier requested. I apologize for its delay.
Richard Carrier's argument to show that God probably didn't create the universe, and therefore He probably doesn't exist, in Carrier's "Neither Life nor the Universe Appears Intelligently Designed", like many attempts to use probability in defense of atheism or theism, is invalid and unsound, and based on fundamental misunderstandings of who God is and of the proper role of probability.
It is also a maddening, rambling screed, little more than bluff, bluster, and bullying, as well as an endless source of egotistical phrases, pace "critics know (and when honest, admit)", "what any rational person would conclude", "everyone else who's rational and sane", and "no rational person can honestly believe". Nevertheless, let us "set aside ignoramuses who don't know what they're talking about and don't even try to know" and analyze his main errors (it would take a monograph to examine every mistake).
His argument, repeated in different contexts, is essentially this. If God did not exist, life, the universe, and everything in it (including our minds) would look just the way they do. But if God exists, He could have created life, the universe, and everything in innumerable ways and, Carrier conjectures, surely not in the fractured, imperfect, pain-guaranteeing way we see. Therefore, because "the probability that a 'designing' god exists but never intelligently designed anything is likewise virtually zero, since by definition that's also not how such a god behaves" and for other reasons Carrier creates, it is likely God does not exist.
The first and last parts are pure bluff. We have no idea what a "designing god" would do for a living, nor what the universe would look like had God not created it. To say we do assumes we have (absent God) an explanation of why there is something rather than nothing, which we do not have. Note carefully that "something" includes quantum fields, the "laws" of the universe, mathematics, anything you can think of. To say we know what the universe would look like had God not created it, is to claim one knows precisely why whatever physical, mathematical, mental, and philosophical foundations exist, exist the way they do, without circularly drawing on those foundations for their explanation. And that is impossible.
The second part is bluster. Call it the Carrier-as-God thesis, which essentially reads like this: "If I, Carrier the god, were to design the universe, it would be pink and happy with 'bodies free of needless imperfections'. Since the Christian God obviously did not create this delightful world, he must not exist." But how can Carrier presume to know why God did what He did? Carrier never explains.
The last part is bullying, probabilistic persiflage. Carrier thinks that by thumping the reader with (unnecessary, as it turns out) mathematics that science is happening, and thus nothing else need be said.
Carrier's Main Argument
Carrier first defines "nonterrestrial intelligent design":
"By 'intelligent design,' I mean design that is not the product of blind natural processes (such as some combination of chance and necessity), and by 'nonterrestrial,' I mean neither made by man (or woman) nor any other known life-form."
Anything that happens by necessity must happen; necessary events are determined, i.e. caused, to happen in the way they did.
But nothing happens because of chance: chance is measure of knowledge and not a cause; it is not an ontological force and thus cannot direct events. Chance cannot be creative, though necessity, which implies design, is creative by definition. "Natural processes" cannot therefore be "blind."
God is not a "life-form". He nowhere takes up physical residence, nor does He live amorphously in some outer reach of the universe. God is not a creature, nor is He the same as the universe. In his inadequately described "designing god", it's clear Carrier doesn't understand he is rejecting a god classical theologians also reject. Carrier's god is not the ground of being, He whose name is I Am, existence itself, a necessary being who sustains all creation in each and every moment. Carrier's god is instead a smart, long-lived creature possessed of fancy toys, perhaps made of pasta, who occasionally likes to tinker with bits and pieces of the universe but who is subject to the wiles and rules of the universe like other beings, though perhaps not to the same extent, an extent which Carrier always left vague.
Bayes' Theorem
Carrier then introduces Bayes' probability theorem, but only as a club to frighten his enemies and not as a legitimate tool to understand uncertainty. Bayes' theorem is a simple means to update the probability of a hypothesis when considering new information. If the information comes all at once, the theorem isn't especially needed, because there is no updating to be done. Nowhere does Carrier actually need Bayes and, anyway, probabilistic arguments are never as convincing as definitive proof, which is what we seek when asking whether God exists.
Here's a simple illustration. Suppose we accept the prior evidence (a proposition) "A standard deck of 52-playing cards, from which only one card will be pulled, and only one of which is labeled eight-of-clubs" and we later learn that "Jack removed the Jack-of-hearts from the deck." Conditional on these facts, we want the probability of the proposition, "I pull out an eight-of-clubs." This probability is obviously 1/51 whether we start with the first proposition and update with the second using Bayes, or just take both propositions simultaneously. Incidentally, this example highlights the crucial distinction that all probability is conditional on evidence which is specifically stated (there is no such thing as unconditional probability).
The problem is that Carrier artificially invents for himself various sets of "prior" information which he later tries to update using Bayes. Just like in the cards example, nowhere did he actually need Bayes for any of his arguments. Carrier further shows he misunderstands his subject when he says, "Probability measures frequency". This is false: probability measures information, though information is sometimes in the form of frequencies, as in our card example. Suppose our proposition is, "Just two-thirds of Martians wear hats, and George is a Martian." Given that specific evidence, the probability "George wears a hat" is 2/3, but there can be no frequency because, of course, there are no hat-wearing Martians.
Probability Errors
There is more than ample evidence Carrier is confused about the difference between probabilistic and philosophical argument. Here are some examples.
In order to form his priors, Carrier says the frequency of observed designed universes "is exactly zero." A statement which, of course, assumes what he wants to prove, a classic error in logic, an error he duplicates when he insists he knows "full well" that intelligent extraterrestrials must, somewhere or at some time, exist. In both places, Carrier has substituted his desire for proof.
Again, "Yet any alien civilization selected at random will statistically be millions or billions of years more advanced [at designing life than we are]." Which alien civilizations are we selecting "at random"? What proof beyond conjecture and desire is there that (a) any other alien civilization exists and (b) that if any does exist it will be technologically and "statistically" more advanced than we, and that (c) even if they are more advanced, they would want to use their technological prowess to build lifeforms? This statement is nothing but an unproven science-fiction argument from desire. There is no set of premises which all can agree on that would allow us to deduce a probability here.
Carrier then writes:
"You cannot deduce from 'God exists' that the only way he would ever make a universe is that way. There must surely be some probability that he might do it another way. Indeed, the probability must be quite high, simply because it's weird for an intelligent agent of means to go the most inefficient and unnecessary route to obtain his goals, and 'weird' means by definition 'rare,' which means 'infrequent.' which means 'improbable.'"
Carrier constantly assumes he knows not only what God would do, but what various lesser gods would do. His case would have been infinitely strengthened had he given the evidence for these beliefs, rather than merely stating them.
He continues:
"Conversely, the probability that a 'designing' god exists but never intelligently designed anything is likewise virtually zero, since by definition that's also not how such a god behaves."
Who says? Has Carrier conducted a survey among deistical gods and their designing proclivities? Or is he merely assuming, without proof, that the gods must need design (maybe it scratches some intergalactic itch)? Anyway, Carrier's god can't create a universe (defined as everything that exists). That level of heft requires the God of infinite ability, the only way to get something from nothing.
"Hence it's precisely the fact that God never does things like that in our observation that makes positing God as a causal explanation of other things so implausible."
So much for miracles, then; and a rather dogmatic dismissal at that.
Design and Intelligence
Carrier misunderstands other aspects of probability, too. He appears to believe, like many, that evolution occurs "randomly" and is a "product of chance". That's impossible. Nothing is caused by "chance" or occurs "randomly" because chance is not a cause and neither is randomness. Chance and randomness are measures of our ignorance of causes, and are not themselves ontological realities. It is always a bluff to say that "randomness" or "chance" caused some effect. You either know the cause or you do not. If you know it, state it. If you do not, then admit it (using probability).
Intelligent design enthusiasts make the same mistake, and when they do, Carrier is there to show us, to his credit: "Michael Behe's claim that the flagellar propulsion system of the E. coli bacterium is irreducibly complex and thus cannot have evolved". The system's evolution, to Behe, was completely "improbable." Yet improbability arguments don't work for or against evolution. If a thing has happened—and the propulsion system happened—it was caused. That we don't know of the cause is where probability enters, but only as a measure of our ignorance of the cause. Whether we know or don't know of the cause, there is still a cause. Things don't "just happen." That's why when we see that organisms have evolved, which is indisputable, we know there must be some thing or things causing those changes.
What about the start of all life, i.e. biogenesis? Carrier says, "by definition the origin of life must be a random accident." Thus does hope replace reality. Life could not have sprung up "randomly", for randomness isn't a cause. As it is, there is no direct evidence of how life arose, a gap which Carrier replaces with bluster, a science-of-the-gaps theory. I have no idea how life got here. God might have done it directly, or merely designed the system so that it had to arise. But something caused it. To say "I don't know what the cause was" is not proof that "God was not the cause".
How about the start of the universe? Carrier says:
"Suppose in a thousand years we develop computers capable of simulating the outcome of every possible universe, with every possible arrangement of physical constants, and these simulations tell us which of those universes will produce arrangements that make conscious observers (as an inevitable undesigned by-product). It follows that in none of those universes are the conscious observers intelligently designed (they are merely inevitable by-products), and none of those universes are intelligently designed (they are all of them constructed purely at random)...
Our universe looks exactly like random chance would produce, but not exactly like intelligent design would produce."
Unfortunately, this isn't even wrong. It is impossible—as in not possible, no matter what—for "random chance" to create even a mote on the speck of a quark let alone an entire universe. Anyway, how would Carrier or anybody know what a designed universe looks like? Again, no guidebook exists. To say this one isn't designed is stunningly bold, a belief without evidence of any kind—except the desire that it not be so.
Perhaps the following sentences reveal how Carrier so easily fooled himself: "Hence I have demonstrated with logical certainty that the truth of Christianity is very improbable on these facts. And what is very improbable should not be believed. When enough people realize this, Christianity will come to an end." And, contradicting himself in the matter of certainty of Christianity, he later says, "Christianity is fully disconfirmed by the evidence of life and the universe."
Carrier nowhere in the body of his argument spoke of Christianity, but only vaguely of ETs, gods, and some curious ideas of what God would act like if He were Richard Carrier. Strange, then, that he should be so confident he has destroyed all of Christianity.
And no other religion.
(Image credit: Daily Kos)
Bayes Theorem Proves Jesus Existed (And That He Didn't)
Why Paul's Writings Do Not Support Mythicism
The Power and Danger of Bayes' Theorem
Why the Resurrection Was Not a Conspiracy
Four Reasons to Believe in Jesus: A Reply to Richard Carrier
Written by Dr. William M. Briggs
Dr. William M. Briggs is an Adjunct Professor of Statistics at Cornell University, where he acquired both an M.S. in Atmospheric Science and a Ph.D. in Statistics. In addition to teaching, William works as a consultant with specialties in medicine, the environment, and the philosophy of, and over-certainty in, science. He blogs at wmbriggs.com.
Tags: Bayes Theorem, richard carrier
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So, I've some rather big NFS servers with a some TBs of data sitting in some VMDKs.
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You are here: Articles / News / Raffles Sentosa Resort & Spa Singapore will have 61 villas and they look amazing!
Raffles Sentosa Resort & Spa Singapore will have 61 villas and they look amazing!
by Domenica Tan
— 27 Jun 2019 17:51
There will be a second Raffles Hotel that will open in Singapore in 2022. Raffles Sentosa Resort & Spa Singapore will be located just a stone's throw from Sofitel Singapore Sentosa Resort & Spa.
Accor, in partnership with Royal Group, is working with global design studio Yabu Pushelberg to create an all-villa hotel that will be housed among 100,000 square metres of gardens, accompanied by views of the South China Sea.
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Browse: Home / On Hiatus / The Flash / Season One / Pilot
The FlashReturns October 8 (The CW)
Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns
Story By: Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg and
Discuss this Episode
After an encounter with a particle accelerator Barry Allen awakes from a nine-month coma to discover that he has become the fastest man alive, and takes on a dangerous bank robber who has the ability to control the weather.
THE FASTEST MAN ALIVE IS BORN
Barry Allen (Grant Gustin) was just 11 years old when his mother was killed in a bizarre and terrifying incident and his father (John Wesley Shipp) was falsely convicted of the murder. With his life changed forever by the tragedy, Barry was taken in and raised by Detective Joe West (Jesse L. Martin), the father of Barry's best friend, Iris (Candice Patton). Now, Barry has become a brilliant, driven and endearingly geeky CSI investigator, whose determination to uncover the truth about his mother's strange death leads him to follow up on every unexplained urban legend and scientific advancement that comes along. Barry's latest obsession is a cutting edge particle accelerator, created by visionary physicist Harrison Wells (Tom Cavanagh) and his S.T.A.R. Labs team members, Caitlin Snow (Danielle Panabaker) and Cisco Ramon (Carlos Valdes), who claim that this invention will bring about unimaginable advancements in power and medicine. However, something goes horribly wrong during the public unveiling, and when the devastating explosion causes a freak storm, many lives are lost and Barry is struck by lightning.
After nine months in a coma, Barry awakens to find his life has changed once again - the accident has given him the power of super speed. Thrilled with his new powers, Barry learns how to control them with the help of Dr. Wells and his team. However, keeping his secret from his best friend Iris (Candice Patton) is proving to be harder than he thought, especially when Joe's new partner, Eddie Thawne (Rick Cosnett), catches her eye. When another meta-human attacks the city, it's time to put Barry's new powers, and himself, to the test.
Fastest Man Alive
Things You Can't Outrun
Flash vs. Arrow
Tricksters
Grodd Lives


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The order calls for "the best available science." Critics say it does the opposite.
National parks, endangered species, and public lands will rely on a narrower range of published scientific studies for their protection — putting some long-established environmental research at a disadvantage — according to a new order from the US Department of Interior.
The order quietly issued last week directed staff to prioritize "publicly available, reproducible, peer-reviewed" science for making decisions. The move follows similar past Trump administration efforts to limit scientific results relying on private data or expert knowledge from playing a role in environmental rulemaking.
The "Promoting Open Science" order, signed by Interior Deputy Secretary David Bernhardt on Sept. 28, is meant to boost the agency's reliance on "the best available science," according to its announcement.
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"This order came about in response to perennial concerns that the Department has not been providing sufficient information to the public to explain how and why it reaches certain conclusions, or that it is cherry picking science to support pre-determined outcomes," Heather Swift, an agency spokesperson, told BuzzFeed News in an email.
This new order echoes a similar, controversial rule proposed in April by the Environmental Protection Agency that would restrict the science used for environmental and public health rules. Newly released internal emails show the EPA's own scientists were not involved in the drafting of the rule, which has been vocally opposed by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Public Health Association, and more than 60 other science, medical, and academic groups.
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The Interior directive is not as restrictive as the EPA one, giving staff an opportunity to use whatever science they deem appropriate as long as they explain their reasoning.
"Any decision based on scientific conclusions that are not supported by publicly available raw data, analysis, or methodology, have not been peer reviewed, or are not readily reproducible should include an explanation of why such science is the best available information," the order reads.
The Interior Department order is the first step to a future Interior rulemaking, and a public comment period, on the issue.


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Dutch City
Magazine October 5, 2009, Issue
About Richard Brookhiser
I live in a historical anomaly — an American city not founded by Anglos. As you move south and west, you find others — New Orleans, former Spanish missions in Florida and the southwest. But in America's eastern hearth, New York stands out for beginning life as New Amsterdam.
This year marks the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's voyage of discovery, and the city has modestly celebrated his feat. A model of his ship, the Half Moon, sits in City Hall Park, and some restaurants are offering Dutch fare. (One of the Dutch boats NR cruised on served a Dutch meal one night; wouldn't gin be more enticing?) The hoopla, or hoop-lite, prompts the question that anniversaries often do: Did the events being commemorated matter? Do they still?
The Dutch were slow to capitalize on Hudson's discovery. They came to trade for furs, not to settle. They did not buy Manhattan until 1626, and its growth was leisurely. England took their colony in 1664. The Dutch took it back in 1673, but for less than a year, after which it returned to the Anglosphere. By 1787 and the Federalist Papers, John Jay could write, in full ethno-triumphalist mode, that Providence had given "this one connected country to one united people . . . descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion . . . very similar in their manners and customs."
Jay of all people should have known better. His maternal grandfather was Jacobus van Cortlandt, a New Amsterdamer born and bred. It was said of him that he could "scarce speak English." So much, in early New York at any rate, for a common language. Dutch families kept the old tongue as a household heirloom for centuries. Theodore Roosevelt was taught a Dutch nursery rhyme; when he went big-game hunting in South Africa, he noted that the local Boers also knew it. Today Dutch lingers only in place names — Kill Van Kull, Spuyten Duyvil — and in a handful of surnames — De Witt, Schoonmaker, Hornbeck — in Hudson Valley phone books. Did the Dutch have more effect on "manners and customs"? Santa Claus is sprung from the Dutch St. Nicholas, but he is about as authentic as Kwanzaa. He was reimagined by Washington Irving, set to jingling rhyme by Clement Clarke Moore, and depicted with his robe, white beard, and sack by Thomas Nast — all in the 19th century. Irving created two other great myths, the Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle. Both have Dutch characters. Brom Van Brunt is a winner; he scares off his Yankee rival, Ichabod Crane, and gets the girl. Rip Van Winkle is more poignant: He sleeps through the American Revolution, and when he awakes as an old man is nearly arrested as a Tory.
The Dutch had a more consequential effect on New York's, and America's, religion. Jay said we all professed a "common" one. New Amsterdam had an established one — the Dutch Reformed Church. But like the home country, Holland, the colony allowed a proliferation of sects, including Jews (New Amsterdam's first Jews were fleeing the Inquisition in Brazil). The noblest expression of this ethos is the Flushing Remonstrance. Flushing (named after Vlissingen, a village in Holland) is now a neighborhood in Queens. In the mid-17th century it was an outlying hamlet. In 1657 its inhabitants were ordered by the governor of the colony to shut their doors to Quakers. In response they wrote their governor a lecture on God's ways to man, and men's toward one another:
The law of love, peace and liberty . . . extending to Jews, Turks and Egyptians, as they are considered sons of Adam . . . is the glory of the outward state of Holland; so love, peace and liberty, extending to all in Christ Jesus, condemns hatred, war and bondage. And because our Savior sayeth it is impossible but that offences will come, but woe unto him by whom they cometh, our desire is not to offend one of his little ones, in whatsoever form, name or title he appears in, whether Presbyterian, Independent, Baptist or Quaker, but [we] shall be glad to see anything of God in any of them, desiring to do unto all men as we desire all men should do unto us, which is the true law both of Church and State; for our Savior sayeth this is the law and the prophets.
Today the ACLU would not permit this statement to be read on public property (whose Savior, pal?), yet they would agree with its conclusions. Thirty-one men signed it, though six of them could do so only by making their marks. They could not write, but they could think, and they laid down a marker.
Ironies surround the episode. The signatories were Englishmen, lured to the Dutch colony by, among other things, the promise of religious freedom. Their letter, appealing to Dutch law, challenged the Dutch governor. Peter Stuyvesant, a one-legged soldier, was an effective administrator, but had no patience for non-conformity. He arrested four of the signers, and compelled them to recant. Ultimately his bosses in Holland yanked his chain, and made him behave himself. When the English took over the colony they established their own church, the Anglican. But the genie was already out of the bottle. One early English governor mused that New York had "singing Quakers, ranting Quakers, Sabbatarians; anti-Sabbatarians; some Anabaptists, some Independents; some Jews; in short of all sorts of opinions there are some, and the most part [are] of none at all."
It's that last sly observation — that most New Yorkers were faithless — that alarms critics of the city and the great free-for-all it represents. If everybody does his thing, soon nothing will get done. Experience argues otherwise. We are the capital of atheism and vice, but you can find plenty of faith here, if you lift your nose up from the Times. The Dutch may not have intended this state of things — what are pelt futures trading at, they would ask? — but they left it for us.
Historian Richard Brookhiser is a senior editor of National Review and a senior fellow at the National Review Institute.
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Dizziness is the feeling of being lightheaded, unbalanced, or woozy. It affects our sensory organs, particularly the eyes and ears, and it can often cause fainting because of this. Dizziness itself is not a disease, rather it is a symptom of one.
Some people may get dizziness mixed up with vertigo or disequilibrium. Vertigo is the sensation you or the things around you are spinning, as if the room is moving. It can also feel like you are leaning to one side or have a similar sensation to motion sickness. Disequilibrium is a loss of balance. However, when we are speaking of true dizziness, this means the feeling of lightheadedness or nearly fainting.
Cyber Dizziness — What Is It?
Do you ever begin to feel a little off when you are watching a movie with a lot of computer-generated action scenes or when you are quickly scrolling through your smartphone? Do you get a dull headache, nausea, and lightheadedness? Are you wondering if you might be getting sick or maybe you shouldn't have eaten that last taco?
Chances are, that is not the problem. It is probably due to the same thing afflicting a lot of us who make use of technology on a daily basis. It is an odd side effect of the 21st century called digital motion sickness or cybersickness. It is becoming more and more common according to medical and media experts. It can cause you to feel woozy, as if you were on a boat churning about in the high waves at sea. The source of this feeling is moving digital content.
Why Does Digital Motion Sickness Happen?
Medical professionals refer to this as visually induced motion sickness. It occurs because of a basic mismatch between sensory inputs, as stated by Steven Rauch, medical director of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Balance and Vestibular Center. He continues to relate how our sense of balance has a lot of inputs, more than from other senses. When those inputs don't agree, we feel nausea and dizziness.
When you are on a cruise, in your cabin, and you begin to feel seasick, it is because your inputs are not matching up. Therefore, if you go up on deck and focus on the horizon line, you begin to feel better. Everything from your muscles and joints to the delicate structures of your inner ear is feeling movement, but you are not seeing it. However, when you are dealing with cyber dizziness, it is the opposite. You are seeing movement, such as the video game car chase or the twists and turns in a movie, but you are not feeling it in your muscles and joints. This is what causes you to feel dizzy and sick to your stomach.
This happens to everyone, even those who do not usually get motion sickness easily. In fact, recent studies indicate it occurs in as many as 50 to 80 percent of people. Women are more susceptible to cyber dizziness than men. In addition, those prone to getting migraines or who have had a concussion in the past may experience this more often. Interestingly, those with Type A or perfectionist personality traits are also more at risk. The theory behind it is that these people tend to be more alert and reactive to sensory inputs. That has been proven true in those with migraines.
Even the military has been aware of cyber dizziness for a long time. Seasoned pilots often experience it when in flight simulators. As simulators have gotten more advanced and now use 3D imagery, the problem of cyber dizziness has also increased.
If this type of technology results in feeling bad, why do companies promote it? It is the idea of getting audiences to feel like they are part of the action on the screen rather than outside observes. And, obviously, the audiences love the technology more than they hate experiencing dizziness. There is even a website that rates movies as to how sick they make you feel.
Experts agree that repeated exposure to this type of thing can cause you to get used to it after a while. But, is it really a good thing? Is it safe to train your brain to ignore conflicting sensory stimuli? What happens when we need our senses in the real world? Can we rely on them then? In fact, the military grounds their pilots for up to 12 hours after doing flight simulator sessions because there are real, and often dangerous, aftereffects.
Some people have a serious issue with dizziness that is not related to cyber dizziness and may be due to a misaligned bone in the top of the neck. Upper cervical chiropractors are specially trained to care for misalignments in this area of the neck. A misalignment here can put the brainstem under stress and cause it to send improper signals to the brain. If the brainstem tells the brain that the body is moving when it is not, dizziness can be an end result.
Using a very gentle and precise method that does not require popping or cracking of the spine, we are able to coax the bones to naturally realign themselves back into place. This often helps those experiencing dizziness to keep their feet firm on the ground.


Engineers have to evaluate several factors when designing drainage systems. One very important consideration is how quickly storm water runoff accumulates upstream and the rate it flows into streets.
Calculating water flow rate lets engineers understand which kind of street gutters are needed for open channel flow, as well as the types of inlets needed. Inlets help to collect debris from entering the system.
Storm drainage systems play an integral role in our daily lives. The design involves creating a network of pipes to transport excess water to a point of discharge. Countless mathematical equations are calculated to assess anticipated rainfall and determine how to successfully manage water flow to minimize flooding.
Excess water that comes from rooftops, streets, and parking lots is often contaminated with petroleum-based products, environmental pollutants, and debris. Storm water pollution is a growing problem that is constantly being monitored by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Storm water drainage system designs must meet EPA regulations of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, and the Clean Water Act when water is being discharged into the nation's waterways.
Storm water management practices are vital for safeguarding water health and monitoring the type and amount of pollutants discharged into the environment. In most states, the Department of Transportation governs catch basin management, while state EPA offices oversee the management of completed drainage systems.
In some situations, water is transported to a retention pond where it is held prior to release into the ground or watershed. Retention ponds can be either dry or wet. Dry ponds are used to hold excess water, while wet ponds are used as a quasi-treatment plant.
Storm water detention ponds are regulate the flow rate to outlet pipes to make certain discharged water does not leave an undesirable impact on property situated downstream of the drainage system.
Storm drainage systems consist of minor and major systems that collectively gather and convey water runoff to the discharge location. Minor systems are necessary for storm water removal and transport runoff through street gutters, subsurface pipes, swales and channels. When water levels are more than minor systems can manage the major system takes over to convey water at a faster rate.
It is advantageous to work with pipeline construction companies such as Kana Pipeline, to be certain projects abide by Best Management Practices developed by the EPA and American Society of General Engineers in 1996.
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Our friendly and knowledgeable staff is happy to answer questions you may have or prepare a proposal for storm water drainage system projects. We are available Monday through Friday, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. PST.


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When a pet owner and a veterinarian decide that a pet's health is failing and their quality of life is poor, the possibility of putting them to sleep (also called "euthanasia") may be considered. Whether this is a decision arrived at gradually as a pet's health declines with age, or suddenly in the event of catastrophic injury or illness, the choice is never an easy one to make. Our goal is to help you understand how, when, and why we may consider euthanasia when it is beyond our ability to keep an animal comfortable and feeling well.
1. "Three Favorite Things" – What were your pet's three favorite things to do when they were well and in optimal health? Can they still do at least one or two of these things? If not, their quality of life is in decline, and it may be appropriate to consider euthanasia.
2. Basic Needs – When a pet can no longer urinate and defecate easily, if they cannot easily access food or water when they need it, if breathing is difficult with minor exertion, and if they cannot rest comfortably, these are serious factors to consider when evaluating their quality of life. Not all pets will necessarily stop eating when they are very ill, but a complete loss of appetite would be a strong indication that the pet is uncomfortable. Furthermore, if a pet seems to be losing interest in what is going on around them, their quality of life is declining.
3. Your Ability to Provide Care – An owner who is retired and can spend all day tending to the needs of a sick or elderly pet is in a very different situation than a person who works ten-hour days and cannot assure their pet is comfortable and well attended-to at home. While some owners hesitate to consider their own needs when deciding what is best for a pet, it is appropriate to consider what you will be able to practically handle at home.
When facing a stressful situation, it often helps to know what to expect. Some owners make an appointment to discuss their pet's quality of life with a doctor as they begin to consider putting an animal to sleep. Others are already certain that euthanasia is the best course of action in their situation. In either case, a pet owner will have the opportunity to speak to the veterinarian before making a final decision.
Different veterinarians and different veterinary practices may have slightly different protocols and preferences in terms of which medications are administered for euthanasia. Sometimes, an initial medication dose is given to help an animal feel calm and relaxed, or even completely asleep, before the euthanasia drug is given. This drug which directly causes death is a barbituate given at a high dose (at a low dose, a barbituate would cause sedation). In simple terms, this drug causes the pet to fall asleep and then stops function of the heart and lungs. The veterinarian will give this drug via a needle or catheter into a vein, wait a few moments, then listen to check that the pet's heart has stopped. Sometimes an animal will take a few last deep breaths or experience some muscle twitching after they have passed away. These are just the effects of the body's cells losing oxygen after death, they are not anything the pet feels or is aware of.
When a pet is deceased, the owner may choose to have them cremated or take their remains home for burial. Bolton Veterinary Hospital works with a reputable pet cremation service, Inserv. A pet's cremated remains may be returned to the owner, or alternatively left with Inserv (the company scatters the ashes in an environmentally friendly manner on a Long Island property). An owner who chooses to have their pet's ashes returned to them may also choose to have a clay imprint of their pet's paw made as a keepsake.
All of us in the veterinary profession have been in the position of having to decide whether it is time to say goodbye to a pet whose health is failing. We know how difficult this decision is, no matter the circumstances. It is quite normal for a pet owner, and even other pets in the household, to experience a grieving process after the loss of a pet. We have provided a series of resources for grieving pet owners below.
You may have heard of the concept of pet insurance and wondered if it is worthwhile for your pet… you might also have begun looking into it and become overwhelmed by all the companies offering it, and the lists of different plans and options. We're here to help – and we'll begin by telling you that this is an unbiased review of pet insurance. We promise you that any product or service we review in this blog is completely impartial, not influenced by sponsorship or advertising, and presented exclusively to help you decide what is best for your pet.
1. Pet insurance is like any other insurance: There is a monthly or yearly basic cost, and a co-pay and/or deductible paid per-event.
Just as your own insurance costs you "X" dollars per year and if you see the doctor there is a co-pay, pet insurance requires a basic monthly cost as well as a co-pay and/or deductible for a vet visit. These costs vary depending on your pet's age and breed, what area of the country you live in, and what kind of policy you choose. It is also possible that an annual or lifetime limit on payouts may be applied. Most companies have a website that can readily provide you with a price quote.
2. There are two basic types of pet insurance: Indemnity and Major Medical. Not all companies offer both.
Most pet insurance is meant to help a pet owner cover "indemnities" – the sudden and unexpected expenses of illnesses or injuries. Pet indemnity insurance is a lot like car insurance: if something goes wrong, a large portion of your bill is covered, but basic necessities are not accounted for. For a car, basic necessities are things like gas, oil changes, and routine maintenance. For a pet, basic necessities are things like annual wellness exams, vaccines, and flea control products.
Major medical insurance for pets is much like human medical insurance. Whether you go to the people-doctor or the doggie-doctor for an annual physical or because you are sick, a large portion of the cost is covered by your insurance. Because major medical insurance covers more of your expenses, it generally costs more per month and/or has a higher deductible.
US-based companies that offer each type of insurance are listed at the end of this article.
3. Unlike human insurance, you will pay up-front and then be reimbursed by your insurer.
With human insurance, we are accustomed to walking out the door after paying a small co-pay. Pet insurance generally does not work this way. If your pet is hospitalized at a cost of $800, you will need to pay your veterinarian this amount at the time of hospitalization. Your veterinarian will then help you submit a claim form, and a little while later, your pet insurance company should reimburse you some portion (or all) of this cost. How much is reimbursed will vary with each company, and some have more straightforward rules than others.
4. There is NO pet insurance company that covers pre-existing conditions.
It makes sense, after all – You couldn't crash your car into a ditch and then try to buy insurance to get it repaired the day after. Pet insurance is no different. If your vet finds out your pet has a heart murmur and recommends he be evaluated for heart disease, you cannot buy insurance to cover diagnostics and treatment after the murmur is discovered.
Some companies will also exclude certain conditions based upon breed. For example, bulldogs are prone to develop breathing problems due to the shape of their head and face. Given the high likelihood of any bulldog having breathing problems, a pet insurance company may exclude coverage of this type of condition for all bulldogs. Different insurance companies may have very different coverage as far as hereditary (breed-related) conditions – be sure to research this (or adopt a mutt!).
5. You can use any veterinarian with any insurance.
Veterinarians have no silly rules about which pet insurance they will accept. It's all fine with us! It helps, though, if you bring a copy of your claim form with you so your veterinarian doesn't have to puzzle out what kind of paperwork you need (they're all different).
6. Your pet's lifestyle may affect their likelihood of illness or injury, and therefore the type of insurance your pet should have (if any).
An indoor-only cat doesn't lead a very treacherous lifestyle; by keeping your cat safely indoors, you've ruled out scores of illness and injuries that might otherwise affect her. On the other hand, a labrador puppy is a furball of trouble on four legs, and you should probably plan for a lifetime of sock eating, ear infections, torn toenails, wildlife encounters, and maybe even a little jaunt out playing in traffic somewhere along the way (it happens!).
Some companies also offer coverage for exotic pets. Again, consider your pet's lifestyle: Are they likely to be injured? An adventurous parrot whose flight feathers are not clipped can find himself in quite a lot of trouble, whereas a hamster's life is generally far less perilous. Would the cost of treatment for an exotic pet affect your willingness to bring them to the vet if they become seriously ill?
7. You might be better served by saving up an "emergency fund" and skipping the insurance.
If you are a person who can stick with a budget and is generally responsible about your finances, the best course of action is to save up an emergency fund BEFORE you adopt a pet, so that you can proceed confidently knowing you are ready for anything. An emergency fund of $1000 – $2000 is a reasonable goal, and with over $3000 you can comfortably cover the initial cost of just about any trouble your pet may run into. Do these amounts sound terribly high? If that is the case, pet insurance may be a good choice for you, taking down your expenses to something along the lines of $20 – $50 per month. But hey – if you saved that $50 per month, you'd have a generous emergency fund all set in a few years.
If this all sounds entirely out of reach, we hope you will honestly consider whether now is the right time for you to adopt a pet. When you adopt a pet, you take on a responsibility for their care, no matter what life brings. As veterinarians, we wish the question of money was never an issue, but for many pet owners, it becomes a deciding factor. We hope you never find yourself in that terribly difficult situation, because it's one we don't want to face either!
Call, email, or visit your vet – they can help you decide the best course of action. You may also find the links below helpful.
PetPlan – The world's largest pet insurance provider. Offers indemnity and major medical insurance. Hereditary conditions are covered.
Healthy Paws Insurance – Offers indemnity insurance only. Hereditary conditions are covered, except hip dysplasia in dogs who enroll after age six. No payout limits apply.
Pets Best – Offers indemnity and major medical insurance. Hereditary conditions are covered.
Trupanion – Offers indemnity insurance only. Hereditary conditions are covered. Hip dysplasia is covered. No payout limits apply.
AKC Pet HealthCare – Offers indemnity and major medical insurance. Hereditary conditions are not covered.
Embrace – Offers indemnity and major medical insurance. Hereditary conditions may be covered.
PetFirst Healthcare – Offers indemnity and major medical insurance. Hereditary conditions may be covered. Addition of the chronic coverage rider is recommended.
VPI – The first and largest US-based pet insurance provider. Offers indemnity and major medical insurance. Hereditary conditions may be covered.
24 PetWatch – Offers indemnity insurance only. Hereditary conditions may be covered.
PurinaCare – Offers indemnity and major medical insurance.
ASPCA Pet Health Insurance – Offers indemnity and major medical insurance. Hereditary conditions may be covered.
Protect Your Bubble – Offers indemnity and major medical insurance. Hereditary conditions may be covered.
Pet Premium – Offers indemnity and major medical insurance. Hereditary conditions may be covered.


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Guests visiting in the winter can enjoy the perfect balance between invigorating exercise and relaxing tranquility at The Ranch at Rock Creek. Whether you are a novice or accomplished powder hound, you will find your personal paradise at Discovery Ski Area, just a short drive from the ranch. You can make it into a deep workout in the snow, or just go for a leisurely stroll on one of our snowshoe specific trails. Head out on our sleigh for a tour of the ranch, or sit aside one of the ranch horses resplendent in their warm winter coat. There is nothing like riding through fresh powder and experiencing the hush of snow that muffles hoofbeats as you explore the ranch horseback. Kids and adults can take on the sledding hills, build a snowman or initiate a snowball fight. Or indulge in a game of hockey or ice skate on one of the frozen ponds. Later in the day, enjoy a Rock Creek hot stone massage or body wrap in our state-of-the-art spa by one of our talented therapists. Or, simply relax by the crackling fire at the Granite Lodge while reading a book.
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Authorities charged a black man with arson Monday after he spray-painted "KKK" on church property and set an office chair ablaze to throw off investigators.
Documents filed in Federal court Monday allege that Nathaniel D. Nelson, an employee of the majority black Concord Fortress of Hope Church in Kansas City, Mo., defaced the church with racist graffiti, including a racial slur against black people, and set fire to a chair inside a church office Sunday to conceal his initial crime of stealing money from the church to buy crack cocaine, according to The Kansas City Star. Nelson worked as a maintenance man for the church, and allegedly broke into a vending machine and the church financial office, according to KSHB-TV.
"An attack on a church and an attack on a congregation is really an attack on everyone," the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) investigator John Ham told KSHB-TV.
The ATF determined the graffiti and the arson did not constitute a hate crime and initially offered a $5,000 reward to the public for information about the perpetrator. An official with the Kansas City Police and member of the church identified Nelson on video recorded by a church surveillance system.
Nelson allegedly disconnected one surveillance system in the church but was unaware there was a second one. The affidavit filed in court also alleged Nelson confessed to the crimes of breaking and entering and theft. He meant to divert the attention of investigators with the arson and graffiti, the ATF investigators determined.
Nelson has prior convictions of second degree arson, burglary, theft, and forgery, among other financial crimes, according to the local newspaper. A federal judge ordered Monday that Nelson be kept in custody.
A detention hearing will be held later in the week.


Welcome to advance-roofing.com! Here you'll find todays latest roofing industry trends and cutting-edge advancements in products, materials, software and systems. From roofing contracting gadgets and gizmos to the latest and most advanced software systems companies are using. You'll find it all here.
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Q: Logic in Laravel components I have a laravel component

{{ $heading }}

{{ $subheading }}

{{ $copy }}

           {{ $slot }}

I render in blade template
 @component('components.section',  ['classes' => 'lightgrey'])
      @slot('heading')
      The best thing ever....
      @endslot
       @slot('subheading')

      @endslot
      @slot('copy')
      Lots of interesting words go here
      @endslot
@endcomponent

Sometime I only have an H1. How can I remove the markup if I do not have a sub heading?

A: From the Laravel docs:  https://laravel.com/docs/5.5/blade
The @isset and @empty directives may be used as convenient shortcuts for their respective PHP functions:
@isset($records)
    // $records is defined and is not null...
@endisset

@empty($records)
    // $records is "empty"...
@endempty

I'm thinking that this would probably work:
@isset($subheading)
    @slot('subheading')

    @endslot
@endisset

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Alibaba.com offers 73 wire braided ss corrugated stainless steel hose products. About 21% of these are stainless steel pipes, 12% are plastic tubes. A wide variety of wire braided ss corrugated stainless steel hose options are available to you, such as astm, jis, and gb.


text:
"use strict";
/**
 * Generate Release
 * Written by Kevin Gravier <kevin@mrkmg.com>
 * MIT License 2018
 */
Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
var inquirer_1 = require("inquirer");
function askReleaseType() {
    var args = {
        choices: ["patch", "minor", "major"],
        default: "patch",
        message: "Release Type",
        name: "release",
        type: "list",
    };
    return inquirer_1.prompt(args).then(function (result) { return result.release; });
}
exports.askReleaseType = askReleaseType;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Elinor Crawley (born 8 November 1991) is a Welsh actress. She is best known for her role as Thyri in the television series Vikings and for portraying Cecily of York in The White Queen.

Early life and education
Crawley was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes when she was nine years old. She attended Whitchurch High School and trained at The Workshop, a film and television performance training project that is based in Cardiff.

Personal life
She is a supporter of the charity Diabetes UK. Her sister is a paediatrician.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

 Curtis Brown

1991 births
Living people
21st-century Welsh actresses
Welsh actresses
Actresses from Cardiff
Welsh television actresses
Welsh film actresses
People with type 1 diabetes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
You are viewing all posts for tags: 4wd limited
Used Ford Explorer Butler NJ 07405
Ford Explorer Limited
Get excited about the 2016 Ford Explorer. A 3.5 liter V-6 engine pairs with a sophisticated 6 speed automatic transmission, providing a smooth and predictable driving experience. Four wheel drive allows you to go places you've only imagined…
Load your family into the 2014 Ford Explorer. A 3.5 liter V-6 engine pairs with a sophisticated 6 speed automatic transmission, and for added security, dynamic Stability Control supplements the drivetrain. Four wheel drive allows you to go places…
Come test drive this 2016 Ford Explorer. A 3.5 liter V-6 engine pairs with a sophisticated 6 speed automatic transmission, and for added security, dynamic Stability Control supplements the drivetrain. Four wheel drive allows you to go places you…
Familiarize yourself with the 2016 Ford Explorer. With just over 30,000 miles on the odometer, this 4 door sport utility vehicle prioritizes comfort, safety and convenience. Smooth gearshifts are achieved thanks to the 2.3 liter 4 cylinder engine…
Used Ford Expedition EL Butler NJ 07405
Ford Expedition EL Limited
Load your family into the 2016 Ford Expedition EL. It features an automatic transmission, 4-wheel drive, and a 3.5 liter 6 cylinder engine. A turbocharger further enhances performance, while also preserving fuel economy. All of the premium…
Used Ford Expedition Butler NJ 07405
Ford Expedition Limited
Sensibility and practicality define the 2016 Ford Expedition. Under the hood you'll find a 6 cylinder engine with more than 300 horsepower, and for added security, dynamic Stability Control supplements the drivetrain. Four wheel drive allows you to go…
Take command of the road in the 2016 Ford Explorer. Under the hood you'll find a 4 cylinder engine with more than 200 horsepower, and for added security, dynamic Stability Control supplements the drivetrain. Four wheel drive allows you…
Familiarize yourself with the 2016 Ford Explorer. It features an automatic transmission, 4-wheel drive, and a 3.5 liter 6 cylinder engine. Ford prioritized fit and finish as evidenced by: delay-off headlights, 1-touch window functionality, an automatic dimming rear-view mirror…
Load your family into the 2016 Ford Explorer. With fewer than 35,000 miles on the odometer, this 4 door sport utility vehicle prioritizes comfort, safety and convenience. Smooth gearshifts are achieved thanks to the refined 6 cylinder engine, and for added security, dynamic Stability Control supplements the drivetrain. Four wheel drive allows you to go places you've only imagined. Top features include power…
The 2016 Ford Explorer. Under the hood you'll find a 4 cylinder engine with more than 200 horsepower, providing a smooth and predictable driving experience. Four wheel drive allows you to go places you've only imagined. Turbocharger technology…


Jens Lapidus is the man behind the most talked about Swedish first novel in a decade: Easy Money – the first of the internationally bestselling Stockholm Trilogy - is a dark and brutal account of the Stockholm underworld. A young and highly successful criminal defense lawyer, Lapidus' professional experience of representing some of the most notorious criminals in the country has given him unique insights into a world that most people would rather not acknowledge. Jens Lapidus lives in Stockholm with his wife.


Power Metal Anthem by Matthias Young is a free guitar lesson that will teach you a rhythm part for a fast power metal anthem. This original arrangement combines a single note riff along with power chords. Matthias will take you note by note through the song and explain techniques like alternate picking and left hand position shifting. Practice along with the video, tab, and jam track below to work on your timing.


Happy New Year! As we usher in 2019, California is welcoming a new governor and state superintendent. Both Governor Newsom and Superintendent Thurmond inherit a great responsibility to ensure that the state's 6.2 million students, 295,000 teachers, and 10,000 schools have the resources needed to achieve success.
This past Saturday, educators and supporters of public education took part in a rally in Oakland to send a message to the state's leadership about the need for increased funding for our public schools. I'm proud that HUSD community members raised their own voices by participating in that event.
California ranks 41st in per-pupil funding, 45th in student-teacher ratios, and 48th in pupil-staff ratio. This is unacceptable. Administrators, teachers, and board members across the state are calling on the legislature to increase funding to the national average by 2020 and show that they value our children's future.
The dedicated staff and supportive parents of HUSD work collaboratively to build strong school communities, and we are proud of the engaging educational environment we've created together. However, our ability to support Hayward students and families is limited if our schools are among the lowest funded schools in the nation.
I am optimistic that the state's newly elected leaders will stand with California public schools and secure "full and fair funding." I urge you to join in the chorus of voices who believe that our students deserve better. Please consider signing the petition created by the California School Boards Association intended to send a message to the California Legislature.
Thank you for all you do to support Hayward students. I look forward to a wonderful remainder of the 2018-19 school year.


Although having enjoyed six successive Premier League seasons now, Wigan fans will want to see their club avoid a relegation fight, finishing somewhere mid table. Roberto Martinez has money to spend and will be looking for players who fit in with his mould of neat attacking football.
Here you can subscribe to a free iCal-based calendar with all the fixtures for Wigan Athletic's 2012-2013 season.
This entry was posted in Barclays Premier League, Wigan Athletic and tagged Barclays Premier League, Fixtures for 2012-2013, Football, Latics, Wigan Athletic by dradicke. Bookmark the permalink.


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The Mesh
Why the Future of Business is Sharing
By Lisa Gansky
Narrated by Lisa Gansky / 4 hours 30 minutes
"The Mesh is reshaping how we go to market, who we partner with, and how we invite participation and engage new customers. . . . If you embrace the Mesh you'll discover how your business can inspire customers in a world where access trumps ownership." —lisa gansky Traditional businesses follow a simple formula: create a product or service, sell it, collect money. But in the last few years a fundamentally different model has taken root—one in which consumers have more choices, more tools, more information, and more peer-to-peer power. Pioneering entrepreneur Lisa Gansky calls it the Mesh and reveals why it will dominate the future of business. Mesh companies use social media, wireless networks, and data crunched from every available source to provide people with goods and services at the exact moment they need them, without the burden and expense of owning them outright. Gansky reveals how there is real money to be made and trusted brands and strong communities to be built in helping your customers buy less but use more. Consider the explosive growth of Zipcar. By exploiting the latest technology and making it easy and affordable to have a car whenever you need one, this young company is helping to redefine personal transportation. And deeply worrying its established competitors. Gansky shows how the same pattern is playing out with less famous Mesh companies that are reinventing an enormous range of industries: • thredUP enables mail-in kids'-clothing swaps. One year after launching, it has 10,000 members exchanging more than 14,000 items per month. • Kickstarter connects artists who need funding with small donors who want to support them. The firm has helped hundreds of projects raise as much as $200,000 without the usual angst of fundraising. • Groupon harnesses collective buying power to offer daily discounts to its 5 million subscribers. Sixteen months after inception, it has raised over $170 million in venture capital. In the tradition of The Long Tail, The Mesh illustrates a huge opportunity that's already driving new businesses and renewing old ones. It's your essential guide to the next wave of information-enabled commerce that's also improving our communities and our planet.
Author Lisa Gansky
Narrator Lisa Gansky
Publication Date November 8, 2010
Genre Rank #806 in Technology