The workshop held at Florida State University's Center for Advanced Power Systems on December 4-5, 2018 convened Navy, industry, and academic partners to generate dialogue and advance commonality in thinking about flexibility for unknown future requirements. The goal to achieve a common, definitional understanding about the concept of flexibility in future navy ship design and operation. This intent was scoped to include bounding the problem with initial lexicon as well as generating design considerations, areas of focus, and possible approaches to flexibility. The result was a structured facilitation approach with a generative workshop design.
The group also had a stretch goal of developing a path forward for building flexibility into Naval Power and Energy Systems. However, the discussion about lexicon continued for a more significant portion of the Day 2 agenda, resulting in clearer agreement about common attributes of flexibility as a power and energy system concept but forgoing the road mapping activity in the initial workshop design.
Preparatory sessions with the workshop team were integral in correctly scoping the focus of the workshop and defining its intended objectives. These objectives are the basis for the final workshop plan and facilitation design.
This semi-annual report summarizes the progress on each research project for the period from August 2016 to March 2018. Research results for the most recent six-month reporting period from October 2017 to March 2018 have been highlighted red in this report.
Advanced single-input/single-output and multi-input/multi-output modeling techniques, such as the Volterra Series are highly applicable to nonlinear systems modeling and identification. Consequently, a methodology in which parts of the simulation/modeling data can be identified by an available experimental setup will be beneficial to analyze system performance under more realistic scenarios. Our methods are focused on the kernel measurement and simulation of the developed model without assuming a model structure. This effort will develop the Volterra Series technique into a comprehensive toolset that can provide a mathematically and physically rigorous and acceptable method to analyze nonlinear system classes, including high-power converters, with the added benefit of model portability across other platforms and greater transparency with regard to model detail. In addition, the toolset can be utilized with IMUs in order to create nonlinear models by extracting the terminal behavior of devices.
The ship service converter module regulates the in-zone bus voltage. The topology of the converter module is shown in Figure 1. Voltage regulation is achieved through a combination of the feedback and feed forward control paths that are shown in Figure 2. In addition, a droop setting is used to regulate the sharing between converter modules within each zone. Also implemented is a stabilizing filter that acts to counteract the destabilizing influence of constant power loads . The output of the regulator is a commanded inductor current that is used for hysteresis-based switch-level control.
The Office of Naval Research is developing science and technology for advanced electric ships that utilize an integrated power system. This project was motivated by the success and feasibility of impedance measurements and impedance-based controls at the low voltage level. An extension of impedance measurement units (IMU) to the medium voltage (MV), megawatt-class converter levels would provide significant benefits to the U.S. Navy. The primary objective of this project was to evaluate the suitability of such a novel instrument for use of frequency domain characteri-zation of megawatt scale equipment, which will eventually be used for system integration studies. This project was the first test and use of an IMU at these voltage and power levels, following the design and preliminary testing of the MV IMU. The technical objectives included demonstration of the IMU design concept and impedance measurement capabilities within both AC- and DC-systems.
The testing approach was derived in coordination between the Center for Advanced Power Sys-tems (CAPS) at Florida State University and the Center for Power Electronics Systems (CPES) at Virginia Tech. The IMU's power stage design is based on the PEBB (Power Electronic Building Block) concept, and individual stages were evaluated before operating the unit as an impedance measurement device. Test applications feasible at CAPS concerned 3.3 kV/60 Hz, and 4.16 kV/60 Hz, and 4 kV DC-systems. Guided by modeling and simulation efforts in the related ESRDC Impedance-based Controls task, commissioning and test plans were established. The pre-testing work addressed issues of experiment selection and design. One critical aspect was the pro-tection of experiments due to the uniqueness of the proposed tests. The system-based tests were conducted with the help of a Real Time Simulator (RTS) to facilitate Control Hardware-in-the-Loop simulations and control of the surrounding power system components.
facility's controller hardware–in–the–loop (CHIL) simulation model of the VVS and initiates the need for a more diligent model verification and validation (V&V) process.
The MVDC architecture with 12 kV DC distribution represents a shift from traditional 60 Hz AC shipboard power distribution system and has the potential to provide superior power density, power quality while being affordable. The report here in provides information on 'the two zone MVDC shipboard power system model'.
The main contribution of this report is the development of shipboard power system model in digital real-time simulator (DRTS), RTDSTM. The model is based on the zonal integrated power distribution system architecture proposed by N. Doerry in . The purpose of the model described in this report is to aid the investigation of fault management (fault identification, localization and recovery) in MVDC shipboard power systems.
The individual modules implemented for model will allow the user to comprehensively test different methods of fault detection algorithms while providing useful insight into behavior of different modules. The two model versions described herein feature two distinctly different types of power generation modules (PGMs): a modular multi-level converter (MMC) based PGM and a thyristor controlled rectifier based PGM. Technical data for various modules modeled in the report have been provided along with simulation results depicting the performance of the two versions of the models.
The shipboard power system model provided in this report acts as a first pass for simulation assisted studies involving fault management in MVDC systems. The outcomes from the simulation could be useful in understanding and paving a path for controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) and power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) testing.
While extensive research in the area of energy storage has been conducted with the focus on a) the storage media and b) the power system interface of individual storage devices the focus of this task is optimal and rapid utilization of energy storage distributed throughout the ship power system.
In order to quantify the availability of distributed energy storage embedded in the ship power systems to the mission loads this task will develop a probabilistic approach to allow objective comparisons between centralized energy storage allocations and mission load centric energy storage to support dynamic mission load profiles. An analysis framework will be developed along with supporting software tools which takes into account the controllability of localized energy storage via the supervisory control approach and interface characteristics.
The characteristic of the rotating machines, which normally dominate the system behavior under fault conditions in AC systems, can be completely decoupled from the MVDC distribution system if certain converter topologies such as full bridge modular multi cell (MMC) converters or "active power distribution nodes" are employed. Note, that while SCR-type converters can interrupt fault currents at the next zero crossing of the AC current significant transients remain on the DC side. Moreover, fast interruption may not leave enough time to identify the fault location in meshed systems. However, employing converters which limit the fault current on the DC side to levels around nominal current values open up the opportunity to essentially eliminate the impact of high transient fault currents on the MVDC side. This in turn is expected to have substantial impact on the overall MVDC system design (no DC breakers, substantially reduced bracing against dynamic forces, etc.). Therefore, building upon work conducted previously at USC, this subtask seeks to develop and demonstrate a complete "fault current free" MVDC system.
implemented for HTS cables for Navy MVDC system applications. This task will review the ongoing development to assess the relevance to the Navy of various design features of the superconducting components and cryogenic system components and collecting and maintaining the data necessary to create electrical models.
S-parameters are needed when one is attempting to characterize/measure the wide-bandwidth behavior of power systems, including switching-induced electromagnetic fields, and the behavior of the system in response to faults. This promising approach has been investigated on a very limited set of components. This task will expand the work into the realm of MW scale equipment by analyzing such devices already existing in ESRDC labs. Power electronics converters of the megawatt class need to be characterized regarding their capacitive, inductive, resistive and radiative coupling to the ground plane. This will be accomplished by S-parameter measurement using a vector network analyzer (VNA). The main converters of interest are the 5-MW variable voltage source inverter at CAPS, the MVDC converters to be installed at CAPS before the end of 2013, various medium scale converters also available at CAPS, and the converters of the 750-V testbed at Purdue University. These converters are ungrounded by design. However, they do have a parasitic impedance to ground that can be measured by VNA measurements while not energized and by fault tests when in operation. Additional impedances to ground can be added for calibration purposes.
10. Iterate until total ship mission effectiveness requirements are met.
change has helped achieve superior capability.
But Moore's Law growth has ended. In a purely technological level, we can still double the density of the components on a processor chip, but it does not lead to sufficient system improvement to warrant the investment. So, the Department of Defense, as well as companies needing a competitive advantage, must find other solutions.
challenges being addressed by the IEEE, the leading global technical organization in the field of electrotechnology.
The ESRDC was early in recognizing the issue because the development of future ships that are efficient, effective, and employ emerging technology requires exhaustive simulation before and after their construction. Today, however, it is not possible to conduct the required simulations of large shipboard models due to the length of time required to complete the solution when using commercial software and desktop computers.
research tool, but it will not be widely adopted within the Navy and the shipbuilding industry.
exploring this technology in general, but the anticipated progress was expected to be too slow to support ship design. Furthermore, some of the issues cited for special purpose computers would likely prevail with the FPGA alternative.
efficiency on such systems. For adaption to ship power system design, the major challenge was automated model partitioning and parallelization into subsystems of less computational burden to facilitate the use of legacy systems. The ESRDC has made a significant contribution to solving this problem.
and thus overall costs. The ESRDC approach meets this need by Simulink as the user interface.
are underway to next open the link to research projects at the U.S. Naval Academy after the system is sufficiently robust to be used by less experienced users.
The next step would be to transfer the capability to NAVSEA and to the shipyards. Those implementations must be even more robust, however, as much of the information they process is classified. That is, moving from research to production, the penalty for failure is higher.
The US Navy continues to support applied research on the design, development, and simulation of their future fleet of all-electric ships (AES). Central to the Navy's vision is the use of electricity as the primary energy transport means for the majority of ship systems. For example, ship propulsion has historically been handled by dedicated gas turbines connected directly to reduction gears, which drive a propeller. In the AES concept, prime movers are connected directly to generators, from which electrical power is sent to propulsors (via motor drives), and also to other ship systems.
The motivation behind this design approach is threefold. First, a future surface ship must be robust and reconfigurable; with an optimal power distribution grid, ship sectors damaged during combat can be isolated from the rest of the grid, thus minimizing damage and prolonging the ship's operability. Second, with a standard modular power grid, maintenance and cost of repair to ship power systems would be more efficient and cost-effective. Finally, the Navy expects to integrate various high-energy weapons and radar systems in future warships. An optimized power distribution grid would allow the ship to employ large pulses of energy required to implement these advanced systems. However, the introduction of advanced electronics and pulsed-energy systems on a surface ship is not without consequences. From a heat generation point of view, the AES will produce significant thermal side effects that have the potential to produce catastrophic failures at both the system and component level. Thermal management is considered an enabler for the technologies likely to appear on an AES.
Currently, the Arleigh Burke DDG-51 class destroyer employs five 200-ton marine chiller units to handle active cooling of ship systems and components. Every shipboard component, from the smallest processor chip to the largest gas turbine, contributes dynamically to this thermal management challenge due to the generation of "waste heat" that must be managed. It has been estimated  that, on average, approximately 681 tons of waste heat is rejected from an Arleigh Burke class warship. However, this average value does not capture the magnitude of peak waste heat during transient situations. On a highly dynamic, controls-oriented ship, such as the notional AES, steady-state values provide little utility from a reconfiguration or system failure perspective. When a fully capable AES is deployed, shipboard cooling requirements are predicted to have increased by as much as 700% . However, this steady-state value does not include the integrated effects of dynamic power buildup and adaptive grid response following the introduction of high-energy weapons and sensors. It is the objective of the research reported in this paper to simulate shipboard thermal load management from a dynamic, controls-based, system-level perspective.
This paper explores various power cable challenges for notional electric ship applications including future technology trends for shipboard power cables. To meet the demands of an "all electric ship," the cabling requirements of the design are not a trivial issue which can result in significant error in estimating final size, weight, and cost at time of construction along with costly failures and early repairs that impact lifecycle cost. This paper provides information on the development of a design tool known as a "Generic Cable Calculator" to estimate parameters such as impedances, weights, and bending radii for ship power cabling. Analysis of actual experience in designing ship cabling suggests improvements in early design tools needed to capture additional requirements in terms of grounding, shielding, and satisfying current standards for cables used in the variable frequency drive train. Also addressed are results specific to future trends of cable insulation and future standards.
This paper presents a model to simulate electrical trees in dielectric materials. The model accounts for the characteristic tree patterns and the partial discharges associated with the propagation of trees. This simulation model is used as basis to develop a diagnostic tool to determine the remaining life of insulation materials by relating the fractal dimension of the tree to the supply voltage and material properties. Simulation results are presented to show the performance of the prognosis method.
The research presented in this thesis has been performed at the Center for Advanced Power Systems of Florida State University in 2012. Topic of research is the concept for the future All-electric ship of the United States Navy.
Primary focus of this thesis is on a novel approach on modeling and simulation of electrical power system components using scattering parameters for the analysis of different system grounding architectures.
In chapter 1 and 2 a short introduction to the All-electric ship concept and the topic of grounding of direct current power system operated at medium voltage level is given, while in chapter 3 the modeling approach based on S-parameters is presented. This approach allows the modeling of power system components such as cables, bus bars, machines, power electronic converters and the ship hull based on generated or measured S-parameters for the development of simulation models. These models can be used to perform simulation studies.
The S-parameter approach is a novelty in the field of power simulations. Available simulation software packages for power system modeling such as PSCAD/EMTDC or MATLAB/Simulink usually do not allow the direct integration of linear network blocks characterized by S-parameters. A generic N-port block has been developed which allows to embed models of subsystems based on their S-parameter in power systems software packages in the manner of linear time invariant networks.
The model implementation is presented and validation studies have been performed which show very good modeling performance. As a result of the research, investigations can now be performed for studying the experimental power system setup of Purdue University to support the research for All-electric ship.
We continue the development of an overall architectural model for an all-electric ship using a physics-based simulation environment to perform fully-integrated simulation of electrical, hydrodynamic, thermal, and structural components of the ship operating in a seaway. The goal of this architectural model is to develop an early-stage design tool capable of performing tradeoff studies on concepts such as AC vs. DC distribution, frequency and voltage level, inclusion of reduction gears, energy and power management options, and effect of arrangements and topology. The results of the studies will be presented in standard metrics including cost, weight, volume, efficiency/fuel consumption, reliability and vulnerability. We will specifically look at the hull, mechanical and electrical (HM&E) systems that support the ship and its missions; specifically, the electrical generation and distribution system, propulsion equipment, fresh- and saltwater pumping and distribution, control systems, and structural components.
We have previously created a basic design tool which uses hullform, drive train particulars, and operational employment of the vessel to determine resistance, powering and fuel usage. This report details the specification of the notional ship and modeling thereof in Paramarine, the analysis and prioritization of the electrical load on the notional ship, the initial modeling of in-zone power conversion equipment, and the development of pertinent metrics, especially the vulnerability metric.
The Electric Ship Research and Development Consortium (ESRDC) objectives have been to develop and apply methodologies for the design and operation of the all-electric ship (AES), taking into account the multiscale, multi-domain, and multi-disciplinary aspects of the problem. This project will provide methods, algorithms and corresponding software tools for design, especially early design. It is a fundamental tenet of complex system design that early decisions have very serious consequences, both in the later stages of design and development, and in the operation of the ship. ESRDC is accelerating the development and demonstration of technologies, modeling, and simulation tools to provide critical design and operational capabilities of AES program. The consortium continues to address the national shortage of electrical power engineers.
The work under this program addressed a broad spectrum of issues, related to the development of electric ship systems including methods and models for design and simulation of highly-integrated multidisciplinary ship systems, methods for power routing and control, methods for characterizing and understanding the performance of the electric plant, and methods for controlling the plant. It is impossible to capture the full breadth and depth of the research in this one report, so instead the report content has been developed to provide a detailed insight into some of the achievements in illustrative areas. The reader is then encouraged to review the list of publications at the end of this report to comprehend the full breadth of the achievements and to refer to the appropriate publications where this report provides insufficient information. Broadly speaking, the topics of this team"s investigations can be classified into the categories of Simulation Tools, Power Systems, and Control Systems. Highlights in each of these areas are mentioned next.
A simple equivalent circuit model for EC capacitors can be established based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The circuit consists of an ohmic resistor and a finitelength Warburg Element in series. The EC capacitor's performance including the transient/pulse response and energy density as a function of power density (Ragone plot) can be stimulated by the equivalent circuit model with three useful parameters including an ohmic resistance, total ionic resistance and total capacitance of the electrodes.
The synchronous machine and excitation system is illustrated in Figure 1. In this system, the voltage regulator has two parts; a control algorithm to determine the field current of the brushless exciter, and a power converter which achieves this command. The brushless exciter machine rotor voltage is rectified – which in turn supplies the field current to the synchronous machine.
The PS consists of a transformer, a 3-phase controlled rectifier, and a low pass filter to reduce the noise on the output depicted in Fig. 1. In the case of a 3-phase controlled rectifier, the thyristors conduct whenever they are forward biased and the gating signal, delayed by firing angle , is present. The purpose of delaying the gating signal is to regulate the dc voltage level.
The inverter module is a DC/AC converter that provides clean 3-phase AC power to a variety of loads. . Figure 1 depicts the power converter topology used to implement the inverter module. As shown, this component consists of an input capacitor, a 3-phase fully controlled bridge converter, an output LC filter, and the control algorithms. The LC filter, illustrated in Figure 2, is used to filter the switching frequency component harmonics from the output in order to provide clean ac power to its loads.
The overall control of the inverter module contains a voltage control loop and a synchronous current regulator (SCR). A diagram of the voltage control loop is shown in Figure 3. The voltage control loop drives the error in the output voltage to zero by generating a current command through the use of a PI regulator with decoupling and feed-forward control. The voltage control loop takes as inputs the desired output voltage and the desired output frequency. A synchronous current regulator shown in Figure 4, uses the current command from the voltage control loop and actively regulates the fundamental component of the current so the command is exactly achieved. A hysteretic/delta modulator regulates the current in the output filter inductors to the SCR commanded value. It generates the switching commands for the power semiconductors.
The power load (CPL) consists of a buck converter and a switching control that is designed to dissipate a constant power for a given input voltage range. Figure 1 shows the constant power load configuration. The commanded inductor current is obtained from the ratio of the commanded power to the output voltage.
The employed constant power load controller generates commanded inductor current. The commanded inductor current is used in the hysteresis modulator to produce switching signal for the buck converter to achieve the desired output power level.
The freshwater cooling loop circulates freshwater between the "cold plate" component heat exchanger and the fluid heat exchanger. The component heat exchanger removes waste heat from heat producing devices and the freshwater to seawater exchanger dumps the waste heat from the freshwater loop to seawater which is then discharged overboard.
Power component heat dissipation is removed through conduction from the power components to a "cold plate" heat sink. This cold plate is then cooled via convective heat transfer to a cooling fluid as illustrated in the figure 1. Typically the cooling fluid is saltwater (seawater), freshwater, or chilled water.
The freshwater to seawater heat exchanger cools the freshwater cooling loop fluid using seawater which is then discharged overboard.
Heat transfer from the freshwater to the seawater occurs through the freshwater tube wall as depicted in figure 1.
Neglecting the spatial component of the transient fluid thermodynamics along the interior of the heat exchanger produces lumped parameter fluid models.
The propulsion drive model consists of an uncontrolled rectifier model connected to an induction motor with a control algorithm. The system structure is very similar to that of the induction motor and the employed control algorithm is also very close to that used in the motor controller.
The motor controller, shown in Figure 1 is used to represent the system-level effects of machine/drive units. The controls of the inverter have been developed to provide a means to control the speed or torque of a standard 3-phase induction machine.
The model uses two thermal nature ports and is represented schematically by a cooling fin. The port located at the icon's center is the input node (port 0) and the output node (port 1) located near the bottom is connected to either a temperature source/sink or it can be linked to another thermal port on a separate model. It is not necessary to adhere to this input/output guideline as long as the user understands that all state data follows this convention. For instance, Temperature0 is the temperature of port 0.
The driving force behind developing the convection model was to remove the user burden of specifying the convective coefficient, historically a difficult and computationally intensive task. This procedure is aided through the use of empirical and experimental correlations that have been documented extensively in the literature. Although such correlations have, at best, 10-20% accuracy, they provide basic understanding of how a system may respond given user identifiable parameters such as geometric attributes, free stream velocities, and surface orientation relative to the flow field. Such attributes are conveyed to the user through a custom dialog window. Convection parameters can be accessed and changed before and during run time, providing a parametric approach to system behavior. The complete list of correlations and the steps required to determine the correct correlations are presented in the Appendix.
Use of convective correlations requires intrinsic thermo-physical property data, such as density, specific heat, kinematic viscosity, thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, etc. Property values are computed at each time step using curve-fitted equations derived from published tables. If the user chooses to use a specified heat transfer coefficient, thermo-physical properties are no longer required and this solve block is not called by the solver.
flow, torque, ect.), resistive, or power load.
controlling signal dependent source models.
The model reads values directly off the Excel spread sheet rather than from a saved data file.
The model represents an ideal CCVS with gain factor.
The model represents an ideal CCCS with gain factor.
server and the client parts with the same endpoint value represent one connection.
using a pipe (a section of shared memory that processes use for communication).
distributed only on two parts.
circuit is considered without magnetic saturation and dissertation.
VTB-Matlab interface uses and requires a registered copy of Matlab to be loaded onto the host computer.
specify the sampling time of the Matlab function.
emitter recombination and junction capacitance.
with practically linear speed-torque characteristic.
machines operate as generators and their design depends on the rotational speed required.
servo systems up to 100 kW.
minimize the eddy currents induced by the rotating flux. (figure 1).
temperatures) and allow high magnetic flux densities.
inductance respectively. The model for the electrical part is shown in figure 3.
the circuit. The connection is a signal coupling done by modified nodal analysis.
dimensions are such that when the rotor turns by on radian the rack moves by one meter.
This model represents Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT).
between the VTB system and the ACSL model.
and inductance matrix, and takes into account the mutual inductances among the line conductors.
The breaker is always initialized in the closed state. In this state, it behaves as an ideal resistor of a user specified value.
The breaker state changes from closed to arcing, when the RMS current through it exceeds its current rating. The RMS current is evaluated as the average of the square of the breaker current over a user specified time interval.
While in the arcing state, the breaker is modeled as a constant voltage source. The voltage magnitude is user specified (arcing voltage parameter). The polarity of the voltage is the same as the current flow direction.
The breaker finally switches from arcing to open state, when the current falls below the extinction current.
While in the open state, the breaker is modeled as an ideal resistor (Off-Conductance).
The Electric Ship Research and Development Consortium (ESRDC) has created a notional ship for use as a test case in developing research to advance the state of the art in electric ship concepts. The notional ship is a nominal 100MW, 10,000 ton displacement surface combatant, using data compiled from open source documentation. This document provides data relative to the ship, for use by ESRDC researchers.
A model of the ship was created in the Smart Ship Systems Design (S3D) design environment, to include electrical, piping and mechanical schematics along with three-dimensional placement of equipment on a ship hull in a naval architecture view.
Please note that this ship was designed by ESRDC researchers and is not intended to meet or represent any current or future Navy designed vessel. It is merely a somewhat realistic representative example for testing electrical and thermal system concepts.
The systems delineated in this document are a single, baseline reference ship. It is intended that alternative designs can be tested against this design; these alternatives may make adjustments such as replacing single pieces or classes of equipment, rearranging equipment using different topology and connectivity, or replacing entire support systems with systems using a different paradigm entirely.
This document will be updated as additional information becomes available, and the revision history will be tabulated above. Please make changes in the Word version of this document using track changes. When sufficient recommendations for change are made, they will be incorporated and a new revision will be released.
This document will be stored on the ESRDC website in .pdf format, along with a Word format and an Excel spreadsheet containing the data.
This content will be a rolling release of documentation to provide a continuously improving set of snapshots of the technical history of the ESRDC. As new documents become available, they will be appended to this post. Check back regularly to see if new content has been added.
As the push for advanced shipboard power systems leads to incorporation of power-electronics based converter systems, system integration concepts that preserve stability has become a major research thrust. To this end, low voltage and power impedance measurement units (IMU) have been developed that allow determine salient input and output impedance characteristics of the deployed components, including the converters. The measures impedance characteristics support determining the stability related system properties. This project report details approaches and results of testing the first medium voltage, megawatt-power level IMU. The IMU was developed by the Center for Power Electronics Systems (CPES) at Virginia Tech, and tested in a relevant system environment at the Center for Advanced Power Systems (CAPS) at Florida State University.
Designs were compared for changes in weight, volume, number of components, and range. Additionally, a notional time-based mission consisting of three mission segments was developed to compare the performance of each design variant against an operational vignette; selected results are presented in the report. In addition to developing notional designs for the 10,000 ton surface combatant, the ship design project provided important feedback to the S3D software development team. The project led to several enhancements of the design tool including new equipment library components, e.g., bus nodes and IPNCs, as well as new functionality, e.g. the mission alignment comparison tool. Recommendations for future enhancements to S3D as a result of this exercise include semi-automated design assistance; review of the role of margins, allowances, uncertainty and risk, treatment of aggregated loads and assemblies; verification and validation of models and an expanded model library; expansion of the catalog of scalable models; inclusion of high-level controls for mission analysis; and improvements to the individual discipline-specific design tools.
Existence of adequate power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) interface algorithms is important to ensure accuracy and stability of PHIL experiments. Developing and testing of such algorithms is even more important at higher power levels since a) inherent latencies in high power PHIL amplifiers are significantly higher than latencies in low power amplifiers and b) risks and cost of damages to devices under test or amplifier due to instabilities caused by inadequate PHIL are higher at higher power levels. This particular effort focused on assessment of accuracy and stability of HIL interface algorithms applied PHIL testing of an inductive type superconducting fault current limiter (FCL) using the 5 MW PHIL test bed at CAPS. A number of interface algorithms have been identified in the literature, such as those described in , for example. As preliminary simulations indicated stability issues using the Ideal Transformer Method (ITM), variants of the Damping Impedance Method (DIM) algorithm were explored for application. Thus, this work focused on PHIL testing of the FCL with multiple surrounding systems, operating conditions, and using several different variations of the DIM interface algorithm. As the modified DIM approach seemed to show improvement in performance over the classical DIM approach, it is believed that this may hold the potential for improved accuracy in many cases. However, it was also noted that stability may be an issue with this approach. Filtering of the feedback impedance was used to attempt to develop a compromise between stability and performance. In general, future work should explore ways to better optimize the tradeoff between stability and performance for a given application.
This work on interface algorithms for PHIL is an addition to the submitted ESRDC report in .
The software infrastructure for operation and control of the 5 MW variable voltage source at CAPS had to be upgraded to ensure continued support and improved controls development and implementation environment. The upgrade included the corresponding CHIL setup, and furthermore, actually used the CHIL in the upgrade process to reduce the risks involved. The upgrade process was successfully completed and the PHIL facility has already been used for experiments including power conversion module testing and superconducting fault current limiters. While the upgrade process described here is specific to CAPS' facility, the advantage of using CHIL in testing the newly implemented tools is of value to any institution or company faced with the same need. Concurrent with this upgrade, a new study of the applicable power electronics models was initiated and reported here. A CHIL interface for an MVDC simulation was also initiated.
Aid efforts to enhance decision support by tapping into the data-rich FMEA resources.
The emphasis is laid on a F-FMEA which serves as the most appropriate method to start analysing failure cause and effects in a novel system such as the zonal shipboard power distribution architecture studied. The F-FMEA will be shown in a tabular format in the report.
This report explains the F-FMEA process applied to a notional MVDC ship system model already available on the Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) at CAPS. The relevant outputs are highlighted along with future directions for this particular research. Observing the merits of beginning at a more superficial F-FMEA are evident, mainly in the fact that the current research is centered around modeled representative systems with more generic than specific hardware information. F-FMEA is a logical start to understanding system and subsystem level risks and studying ways to mitigate their effects with accurate diagnostics.
Even though an F-FMEA is relatively less exhaustive than an H-FMEA, its outcomes form the driving force behind further research and eventually aid H-FMEA by narrowing down critical sections and devices. This in turn aids focusing and informing further research. While applying FMEA to a relatively detailed point design such as the notional MVDC ship system model represented on the RTDS explored and demonstrated the approach it will be of particular importance to incorporate FMEA into the ESRDC's early stage design environment S3D as soon as possible.
assumptions leading to results which are no more indicative of actual performance than a highly simplified simulation. The second reason for the creation of highly simplified model is for the sake of computational speed, so that system simulations based on the component models will run at speeds compatible with the needs imposed by exploring the system behavior under a large variety of conditions.
The types of model simplifications used are three-fold. First, throughout this report average-value models are used. In particular, the switching of the power semiconductors is only represented on an average-value basis. Secondly, reduced-order models are typically used. Thus, high-frequency dynamics have been neglected. Simulation based on these models cannot be used to predict behaviors such as the initial response to a fault. In general, temporal predictions of features on a time scale of ~100 ms or less will not be reliable. The third simplification that has been made is that many components are represented in the abstract based on the operation goals of the component rather than on the details of what might physically be present.
synchronous machine based ac generators, generator paralleling controls, rectified wound-rotor synchronous machine based dc generation systems, ac input permanent magnet synchronous machine based propulsion drives, dc input permanent magnet synchronous machine based propulsion drives, hydrodynamic models, ac and dc pulsed load models, isolated dc/dc conversion models, dc loads, non-isolated dc/ac inverter modules, ac loads, active zonal rectifiers, circuit breakers and controls, as well as a variety of supporting components.
For the purposes of brevity and because of the resources available, model validation results are not presented herein. However, comments on model maturity have been included with each component to provide the reader with a sense of the degree of model confidence for each component.
Finally, the reader should be aware that a follow-on report will be delivered in the January 2014 time frame. This report will include an update of the models presented herein, but also include examples of their application in the simulation of notional medium voltage ac, highfrequency ac, and dc shipboard power distribution systems.
The objective of this report is to set forth a group of time-domain models for the early-stage design study of shipboard power systems, and to demonstrate their use on various system architectures. The effort stemmed out of an earlier effort in which waveform-level models of three notional architectures – a Medium Voltage AC System, a High-Frequency AC System, and a Medium Voltage DC System were partially developed. Unfortunately, these codes were extremely computationally intense, limiting their usefulness for early design studies in which large numbers of runs, and a degree of user interactiveness, is required.
This effort again considered three systems - a Medium Voltage AC System, a High-Frequency AC System, and a Medium Voltage DC System. However, this effort was focused on simplified models to serve the needs of interactive early stage design. Within this context, this work focused on two distinct aspects. The first aspect was the development of a set of component models in mathematical form. Such a description is advantageous in that it is language independent. The second aspect of this effort was the use of the component models to study the three aforementioned systems.
With regard to the first aspect of this work, that is the component modeling, fundamental component models (in mathematical form) were defined in sufficient detail to represent a notional system using the three aforementioned architectures. The component models are highly simplified abstractions of shipboard power system components. The motivation for the simplification is two-fold. First, at an early design stage it is doubtful if the parameters needed for a more detailed system representation would be available. A highly detailed simulation would be based on many assumptions leading to results which are no more indicative of actual performance than a highly simplified simulation. The second reason for the creation of highly simplified model is for the sake of computational speed, so that system simulations based on the component models will run at speeds compatible with the needs of exploring the system behavior under a large variety of conditions.
The set of models provided herein is fairly extensive and adequate to serve as a basis for studying a variety of power system architectures. The models set forth include: turbines, turbine governors, wound-rotor synchronous machine based ac generators, generator paralleling controls, rectified wound-rotor synchronous machine based dc generation systems, ac input permanent magnet synchronous machine based propulsion drives, dc input permanent magnet synchronous machine based propulsion drives, hydrodynamic models, ac and dc pulsed load models, isolated dc/dc conversion models, dc loads, non-isolated dc/ac inverter modules, ac loads, active zonal rectifiers, circuit breakers and controls, as well as a variety of supporting components.
The component models developed under this effort were set forth in a previous report, "Notional System Report," but are included again herein in Appendix A. The remainder of this effort focused on applying the component models in Appendix A to MVAC, HFAC, and MVDC instantiations of a notional architecture. Unfortunately, this aspect of the effort was only partially successful. It is demonstrated herein that the models developed are computationally effective; however, in the case of all three systems either only partial system models are used or there are remaining simulation issues to be resolved.
The primary reason for this failure to completely model the systems was related to the choice of simulation engine. In particular, Simscape was used. This proved to be rather trying on the part of the simulationists involved in this effort. The reason that Simscape was chosen were the results of a study of a small notional system also considered by the group, and set forth in . Therein, it was shown that Simscape yielded superior performance over a number of simulation implementations. Unfortunately, as the system scope grew, this language proved problematic. In retrospect, it is recommended that Simulink be used instead, preferably with a user defined solver of the network interconnection equations, also as described in . Such an approach should be much more robust, and more open to modification if needed.


In a small bowl, mix the mayonnaise, lime and sriracha. Set aside.
In a large mixing bowl, mix together turkey, ginger, garlic, soy sauce, salt and pepper.
Form into patties - should make about six.
In a large pan, heat the olive oil at medium-high heat. Place patties in pan once heated.
Cook 5-7 minutes each side or until cooked through.
Serve immediately. We like to serve on wheat buns with a dab of the mayo mix, spinach, tomatos and avacado! Enjoy!
Slice sweet potatoes into fries. We like ours nice and thin!
In large mixing bowl, combine the sweet potato slices with the olive oil, salt, pepper, paprika, garlic powder and rosemary. Mix until the fries are coated.
On a baking tray lined with parchment paper, spread the fries in a single layer.
Bake for 20–30 minutes (depending on the thickness of the potato slices.) Turn occasionally and keep an eye out so they don't burn! Serve immediately and enjoy.


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AkzoNobel and Black Bear team up to make powder coatings from old tyres
Tyres that have reached the end of the road are being harvested for carbon black and used to produce powder coatings in a new cooperation between AkzoNobel and Dutch company Black Bear.
The Cradle-to-CradleTM certified carbon black supplied by Black Bear – which is obtained from end-of-life tyres – is being used as pigment in the eco-premium products developed by AkzoNobel's Powder Coatings business. With this cooperation AkzoNobel not only uses carbon black, traditionally obtained from fossil fuels, with a vastly lower CO2 footprint, but also helps to solve the global waste tyre problem.
"This partnership is a great example of how the supply chain can contribute to CO2 savings," said André Veneman, AkzoNobel's Director of Sustainability. "We encourage more suppliers to work with us and collectively contribute to develop more sustainable product solutions."
Added CEO of Black Bear, Martijn Lopes Cardozo: "We are proud to have partnered with AkzoNobel, who are clearly recognized as the leader in sustainable paints and coatings."
Powder coatings are an inherently sustainable product as they contain no volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and produce virtually no waste. The majority of products supplied through AkzoNobel's market-leading Interpon brand also qualify as eco-premium.
"We are pleased to have partnered with an innovative company like Black Bear," said Klaas Kruithof, AkzoNobel's Chief Technology Officer for Paints and Coatings. "We selected their product based on technical performance and environmental footprint, in line with our own Planet Possible agenda of doing more with less."
In addition to announcing the agreement, the two companies will also work together to find additional applications for Black Bear's certified carbon black.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The year 2008 marked the 30 year anniversary of Primary Health Care, the health policy of all member nations of the WHO. Community participation was one of the key principles of this policy. This article reviews the experiences of and lessons learned by policy makers, planners and programme managers in attempting to integrate community participation into their health programmes. The lessons, identified in an earlier article by the author, are still relevant today. They help to identify three reasons why integrating community participation into health programmes is so difficult. These reasons are: (1) the dominance of the bio-medical paradigm as the main planning tool for programmes, leading to the view of community participation as an intervention; (2) the lack of in-depth analysis of the perceptions of community members regarding the use of community health workers; and (3) the propensity to use a framework that limits investigation into what works, why and how in community participation in health programmes. Despite these challenges, evidence suggests that community participation has contributed to health improvements at the local level, particularly in poor communities, and will continue to be relevant to programme professionals.


A rare opportunity to purchase a 3 bedroomed end terraced house (of 3), tucked away at the head of a cul-de-sac, well placed for village amenities. In need of refurbishment, this property would make an excellent permanent home, weekend retreat or holiday let. With oil fired central heating and sealed unit double glazing, the Reception Hall, with understair storage cupboard, provides access to a Cloakroom/WC, with low level wc. The focal point of the Lounge is a lovely open fireplace with Adam style surround. The spacious Breakfasting Kitchen has a range of wall and base units, sink unit, split level oven, 4 ring ceramic hob and door to the rear. Stairs lead from the hall to the first Floor Landing, with access to the loft. Bedroom 1 has a range of fitted wardrobes and a storage cupboard and is to the front. Bedroom 2 is to the rear and has fitted double wardrobes with storage cupboards over. Bedroom 3 has a range of built in wardrobes and cupboard housing the insulated hot water cylinder and is to the rear. The Bathroom is fitted with a pedestal wash basin and panelled bath with electric shower over and there is a separate WC with low level suite.
Externally, a path leads to the front door. There is a Rear Yard with shed, and Conservatory which overlooks the Side Garden, with patio and lawn.
Mayfield is a desirable road with direct pedestrian access to Main Street. Along with the harbour, there is a good choice of pubs and restaurants and variety of shops. There is also an good primary school.
Seahouses is a charming fishing village within the North Northumberland heritage coastline, a Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The area is renowned for its castles and beautiful sandy beaches. There are a number of golf courses close at hand and boat trips to the Farne Islands. Seahouses is easily accessible via the A1 from Newcastle and Edinburgh, with the historic market towns of Alnwick and Berwick closer to hand.


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Central Jersey is the central region of the U.S. state of New Jersey. The designation of Central New Jersey is a distinct administrative toponym.

Geographic area and descriptions

While the State of New Jersey is often divided into North and South Jersey some residents, including the governor recognize Central Jersey as a distinct entity.

All descriptions of Central Jersey include Middlesex County, the center of population of New Jersey, and tend to include much of nearby Monmouth, Mercer, Somerset, and Hunterdon counties. The inclusion of adjacent areas of Union, and Ocean counties is subjective and a source of debate. In 2015, New Jersey Business magazine, a publication of the New Jersey Business & Industry Association, defined Central Jersey more narrowly as the five counties of Hunterdon, Mercer, Middlesex, Monmouth and Somerset.

In 2022, legislation was proposed in the New Jersey Legislature to establish distinct geographic categories for tourism in the state of New Jersey. Bill A4711 is sponsored by Assemblymembers Roy Freiman, Sadaf Jaffer, and Anthony Verrelli in the New Jersey General Assembly (the lower house in the New Jersey Legislature). This would include an official designation of the region of Central Jersey, in which this legislation defines more broadly as the seven counties of Hunterdon, Mercer, Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Somerset, and Union Counties. The four bills within this legislation went into a joint meeting of the Assembly Agriculture and Food Security Committee and the Assembly Tourism, Gaming and the Arts Committee. As of February 17, 2023, the bills have been cleared by these committees and will now advance to a vote in the General Assembly. The New Jersey Senate version of this legislation has yet to have advanced to a vote.

The intersection of the two busiest highways in New Jersey, namely the New Jersey Turnpike and the Garden State Parkway, is located in Woodbridge, Middlesex County.

Trenton, the seat of Mercer County, is the state capital of New Jersey. New Jersey's geographic center is located in Hamilton Township, Mercer County. In 2011, the population center of the state was alongside Nenninger Lane in the western portion of East Brunswick, which is also known as the "Heart of Middlesex County". There are other related, overlapping areas that include counties in the midsection of the state.

The region lies roughly at the geographic heart of the Northeast Megalopolis. It is wholly within the New York metropolitan area and elements are sometimes defined as parts of smaller metropolitan statistical areas of New Jersey.

The Delaware Valley is another area that is associated with some parts of Central Jersey, specifically Mercer County. Yet despite the County's close geographic proximity to Philadelphia's combined statistical area, Mercer County is considered part of the New York Combined Metropolitan Statistical Area as defined by the United States Census Bureau. Some parts of Hunterdon County associate themselves with the Delaware Valley and the Philadelphia Area, although Hunterdon County isn't geographically defined in this area.

The New Jersey Department of Tourism places Middlesex and Union in the Gateway Region and Mercer in the Delaware Valley. Monmouth and Ocean counties are considered part of the Jersey Shore, while Somerset and Hunterdon counties are part of Skylands Region.

The Raritan Valley is the region along the middle reaches of the Raritan River and its North Branch and South Branch. The Raritan Valley includes the communities of Branchburg, Bridgewater, Somerville, Raritan, Hillsborough, Franklin, Green Brook, North Plainfield, Bound Brook, and South Bound Brook, all in Somerset County; Dunellen, Middlesex, Piscataway, South Plainfield, Highland Park, New Brunswick, East Brunswick, Edison, and Metuchen, all in the northern and central portions of Middlesex County; and Plainfield in southwestern Union County.

The Raritan Bayshore is used to describe the region in Middlesex and Monmouth Counties, located along the coastline of the Raritan Bay, from the mouth of the Raritan River in the west to the barrier island of Sandy Hook bordering the Atlantic Ocean in the east. The Raritan Bayshore includes the communities of Sayreville, Woodbridge, Perth Amboy, South Amboy, and Old Bridge, all in northeastern Middlesex County; Aberdeen, Matawan, Keyport, Union Beach, Hazlet, Keansburg, Holmdel, Middletown, Atlantic Highlands, and Highlands, all in northern Monmouth County.

The telephone area codes 732 and 848 includes Middlesex, Monmouth, Somerset, Union, and northern Ocean counties.

At least two counties in Central Jersey carry official nicknames: Mercer County is known as "The Capital County" and Middlesex County carries the nickname "The Greatest County in the Land".

Colonial era

Between 1674 and 1702, in the early part of New Jersey's colonial period, the border between West Jersey and East Jersey ran diagonally across the middle part of the state. The Keith Line, as the demarcation is known, ran through the center of what is now Mercer County. This border remained important in determining ownership and political boundaries until 1745. Remnants of that division are seen today, notably as the Hunterdon-Somerset, Ocean-Burlington, and Monmouth-Burlington county lines. The division of the two provinces was cultural as well as geographical.

New Jersey's position between the major cities of New York and Philadelphia led Benjamin Franklin to call the state "a barrel tapped at both ends". Travel between the two cities originally included a ferry crossing. Due to the obstacles created by the Meadowlands and the Hudson Palisades, passengers from New York would cross the North River (Hudson River) and the Upper New York Bay by boat and then transfer to stagecoaches to travel overland through what is now Central Jersey. One route from Elizabethtown to Lambertville was known as Old York Road. Another route, from Perth Amboy through Kingston to Burlington, ran along a portion of the Kings Highway, These roads followed Lenape paths known respectively as the Naritcong Trail and the Assunpink Trail.

Raritan Landing, across from New Brunswick in today's Piscataway, became an important inland port and commercial hub for the region. Two of the nine Colonial Colleges, founded before the American Revolution, were the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), and Queens College (now Rutgers University).

Population

Economy

All of the region's counties are ranked among the highest income counties in the United States, as measured by median household income. It has been called the state's "wealth belt".

Manufacturing
For decades, Central Jersey was a hub for manufacturing in the eastern United States. Many industrial companies had major production facilities in and around the area, including Edison Assembly, Ford Motor Company's production plant for Rangers, Mustangs, Pintos, Mercurys, and Lincolns. Other notable companies include General Motors in Linden, Frigidaire's air-conditioner plant in Edison, Hess Corporation in Woodbridge, Siemens in Edison, and ExxonMobil Chemical.

Starting in the 2000s, manufacturing began to leave Central Jersey, and many facilities had closed and moved overseas.

Telecommunications and high technology
The Bell Labs Holmdel Complex has been the site of many innovations in telecommunications and is experiencing a renaissance as a business incubator for high-tech startup companies. Today Verizon Wireless, AT&T Communications, Vonage, Avaya, and Bell Labs are located in the region.

Healthcare and pharmaceuticals

New Brunswick is known as "the Healthcare City", due to the concentration of medical facilities in Central Jersey, including Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital and Saint Peter's University Hospital, as well as the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. University Medical Center of Princeton is located in Plainsboro. The campuses of the major pharmaceutical corporations Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Johnson & Johnson, Merck and Sanofi-Aventis are located in the region, as are major operations of Dr. Reddy's Laboratories and Aurobindo Pharma. Princeton University's Frist Campus Center is used for the aerial views of Princeton‑Plainsboro Teaching Hospital seen in the television series House.

Shopping malls

Major shopping centers include the Freehold Raceway Mall, Woodbridge Center, Menlo Park Mall, Bridgewater Commons, The Grove at Shrewsbury, Monmouth Mall, Brunswick Square Mall, Forrestal Village, Quaker Bridge Mall, Princeton Market Fair, Ocean County Mall, Jackson Premium Outlets, and Jersey Shore Premium Outlets.

Academia
Rutgers-New Brunswick, Monmouth University, Princeton University, Princeton Theological Seminary, Rider University, New Brunswick Theological Seminary, and The College of New Jersey are located in Central Jersey. Each county maintains its own county college, with the exception of Hunterdon County - whose residents may attend either Raritan Valley Community College (located in Somerset County) or Mercer County Community College (located in Mercer County) at no additional cost. Monmouth County's residents have the choice of attending Brookdale Community College which was recently listed as one of the top three community colleges in the state. Thomas Edison State College in Trenton provides extensive on-line and adult education. Kean University is in Union County.

Tourism and cultural attractions

Popular tourist attractions in Central New Jersey include Six Flags Great Adventure, Gateway National Recreation Area, Monmouth Park Racetrack, Freehold Raceway, and the many boardwalks along the northern Jersey Shore, in Monmouth County and northern Ocean County.

The New Brunswick music scene has produced many successful indie bands. The city also is home to the New Jersey Folk Festival. In an early era, the Stone Pony  and Asbury Park Convention Hall were important venues on the rock scene. Major music and theater venues in the region include PNC Bank Arts Center, the Trenton War Memorial, CURE Insurance Arena, the McCarter Theater, the Count Basie Theater, the George Street Playhouse and the Starland Ballroom.

East Jersey Olde Towne Village, the Road Up Raritan Historic District as well as those in Trenton, Lawrence, and Princeton recall the colonial era. The region saw a lot of action during the American Revolution due to the region's strategic importance between Philadelphia and New York City. As such, many important battles took place here. These battle sites have been converted into state parks, offering historic preservation of the important structures contingent to their respected battles. State parks include Washington Crossing State Park, Princeton Battlefield State Park, and Monmouth Battlefield State Park. Ocean Grove is one of the largest national historic sites in the United States.

Media markets and national sports
Depending on the location, different parts of Central Jersey fall into overlapping spheres of influence from New York media market and Philadelphia media market. Portions of Mercer, Monmouth, Ocean, and Middlesex counties are located within both the New York City and the Philadelphia television markets, while the rest of the region belongs wholly to the New York market.

While The Star-Ledger has the largest circulation of all newspapers in New Jersey, four Central Jersey newspapers, Asbury Park Press, Home News Tribune, and two Trenton dailies, The Trentonian and The Times and several local papers are published in Central Jersey. New Jersey On-Line, CentralJersey.com and MyCentralJersey.com are web based news services.  During statewide political events like Gubernatorial or Senatorial election debates often held in Trenton, partner stations from both the New York and Philadelphia markets pool resources together to co-host the events and bring them to New Jersey homes.

Identification with sports teams is also affected by the region's location, and it is not uncommon to find fans of major sports teams of either city. For example, while residents of northern New Jersey root for New York teams, those in the southern part of the state root for Philadelphia teams. The distinction is less clear in Central Jersey. Central Jersey Riptide was a short-lived professional soccer club.

Transportation

The New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) operates three divisions in the state: North, South, and Central, which encompasses Hunterdon, Mercer, Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, and Somerset counties and portions of Warren County. (Routes 22, 122, 173, 78 and including south of Route 57). Apart from Mercer County, which comes under the auspices of the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission, all counties in the region are part of the North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority, a government partner which approves transportation projects for the state.

The United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company traversed the region in 1830, eventually becoming the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR). NJT's Northeast Corridor Line and the North Jersey Coast were once part of the PRR, as was Amtrak which serves the commuter hub at Metropark, New Brunswick, and the Trenton Transit Center. The Central Railroad of New Jersey once connected Jersey City (with connecting ferries to Manhattan) and many Central Jersey towns. Much of that system is now included in New Jersey Transit rail operations to the Raritan Valley. New Brunswick is known as the Hub City, and at one time was a regional transportation hub for streetcars which converged in the city. The Monmouth Ocean Middlesex Line has been proposed for the region.

The Garden State Parkway, New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95), Interstate 287, U.S. Route 1, U.S. Route 9, New Jersey Route 18, and New Jersey Route 35 are major automobile routes through Central Jersey that pass over the Raritan River at Perth Amboy and New Brunswick. Interstate 195 travels through Central Jersey (hence the name "Central Jersey Expressway") from the Trenton area towards Belmar.

From the Raritan Bayshore, SeaStreak catamarans travel to Pier 11 at Wall Street and East 34th Street Ferry Landing. NY Waterway ferries travel to Paulus Hook Ferry Terminal in Jersey City, Battery Park City Ferry Terminal, and West Midtown Ferry Terminal. As of 2018, there are plans to create ferry service from Carteret in Middlesex County.

Trenton-Mercer Airport is the only airport in Central New Jersey providing long-distance commercial service. Monmouth Executive Airport, formerly known as Allaire Airport, is a public-use airport located near Allaire State Park. Central Jersey Regional Airport is a privately owned, public airport in Somerset County. Linden Airport is a small general aviation airport located along U.S. Route 1&9 in Union County.

The Route 9 BBS, the New Brunswick BRT, and the Central Jersey Route 1 Corridor are projects in the region intended to expand the use of bus rapid transit in New Jersey.

Asian American population

Asian Indian population

Central New Jersey, particularly Edison and surrounding Middlesex County, is prominently known for its significant concentration of Asian Indians. The world's largest Hindu temple was inaugurated in Robbinsville in 2014, a BAPS temple. The growing Little India is a South Asian-focused commercial strip in Middlesex County, the U.S. county with the highest concentration of Asian Indians, at nearly 20% as of 2020. The Oak Tree Road strip runs for about one-and-a-half miles through Edison and neighboring Iselin in Woodbridge Township, near the area's sprawling Chinatown and Koreatown, running along New Jersey Route 27. It is the largest and most diverse South Asian cultural hub in the United States. Monroe Township (nicknamed Edison South), in Middlesex County, has experienced a particularly rapid growth rate in its Indian American population, with an estimated 5,943 (13.6%) as of 2017, which was 23 times the 256 (0.9%) counted as of the 2000 Census; and Diwali is celebrated by the township as a Hindu holiday. Carteret's Punjabi Sikh community, variously estimated at upwards of 3,000, constitutes the largest concentration of Sikhs in the state. In Middlesex County, election ballots are printed in English, Spanish, Gujarati, Hindi, and Punjabi.

Indian pharmaceutical and technology companies are coming to Central New Jersey to gain a foothold in the United States. Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, based in Hyderabad, set up its U.S. headquarters in Princeton, Mercer County. Pharmaceutical company Aurobindo, also headquartered in Hyderabad, has established its U.S. headquarters in the Dayton section of South Brunswick, Middlesex County, and has implemented a multimillion-dollar expansion of these Central New Jersey operations. In March 2023, Bengaluru-based technology services and consulting company Wipro opened its American international headquarters in East Brunswick, Middlesex, County.

Taiwanese population

Starting in the 2000s, highly educated suburbs in northern and central New Jersey, have received a large influx of Taiwanese immigrants. Many Taiwanese American families send their children to Mandarin language schools in Edison. Some of these private schools include Edison Chinese School, located at John Adams Middle School, or Tzu Chi, located at Woodrow Wilson Middle School, both of which teach in Traditional Chinese. The Taiwanese airline China Airlines provides private bus service to John F. Kennedy International Airport from the Kam Man Food location in Edison to feed its flight to Taipei, Taiwan.

See also
 North Jersey
 South Jersey

References

External links

New Jersey culture
Regions of New Jersey

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Headache is one of the most common health trouble faced by the people. Due to hectic schedules and lifestyles, people are getting more and more stressed which in turn causes headaches.
There are various reasons why people end up having this problem, some of them are stated below so that proper care can be taken.
The above stated reasons are really common and that is why they should be avoided to every extent. Also, unless and until it is really important, don't use the medicines too frequently. Once you get addicted to them, your headache won't subside till you eat them. A normal headache can have really adverse effects on your body and that is why it is important to know natural home remedies for headaches.
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Q: Wordpress 403 error when moved site to another host I restored my files and database to new hosting. But when I try to access my blog I get the following error:
Forbidden

You don't have permission to access / on this server.

Additionally, a 403 Forbidden error was encountered while trying to use an ErrorDocument to handle the request.

Its been 6 days now I have been trying to fix this issue. Please help.

A: For me it was this line in .htaccess (it selects the php version to be used):
AddType application/x-httpd-php54 .php

I just comment it out and it worked after that.

A: Look in your wp-config.php file.  Make sure that everything points to the new hosting addresses and logins and nothing refers to the old hosting.
Also be sure that there are no cached files you're transferring over through FTP.
Lastly once the site resolves the 403, be sure your CSS files (depending on what plugins you're using) all point to the proper path of your new hosting.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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KTM Management
LTBA
MobileQubes
On Scene Services
Camp Bow Wow, an Inc. 5000 company, is the largest pet care franchise in North America, providing doggy daycare and boarding services.
Founded in 2000, the company now has over 175 Camps throughout North America. In 2014, Camp Bow Wow was acquired by VCA Inc., a leading animal healthcare company, and now both entities are wholly owned subsidiaries of Mars Inc.
project brief
In 2018, LookFar Labs was approached by a multi-franchise owner of Camp Bow Wows in Louisiana and Alabama.
His facilities book between 100-200 dogs per day, and his staff was struggling to stay on top of Camper (dogs) details and events such as baths, feedings, and medication. In addition to achieving greater efficiency, he wanted to create a tracking system to have greater visibility into where each dog is at any given moment through the use of beacons attached to the dogs' collars.
Solutions Architecture
Through site visits and interviews with staff members at Camp Bow Wow Mid-City, we gained an intimate understanding of current processes and existing software solutions.
For the dog tracking functionality, we spent time researching and testing Accuware's Bluetooth Low Energy devices. Once we understood how they operated and completed our Technical Analysis of both existing systems and new technology, we began architecting a solution to seamlessly fit into Camp Bow Wow's day-to-day.
We built a web-app and corresponding API backend that pulls information from Camp Bow Wow Corporate's Reservation system.
This automatically creates grooming and other care tasks, such as medication delivery, inside the app. Utilizing Accuware's Bluetooth Low Energy devices for tracking the dogs, the system uses multilateration to pinpoint and track the movements of each dog in real-time.
We made every task achievable within less than 4 clicks, making it easy to get back to the Camp dashboard. In an effort to provide a new tool that would immediately feel familiar to Camp Counselors, our visual design was largely influenced by Corporate's reservation system and a physical white board used to manage Camper logistics.
The app has streamlined Camp Bow Wow's operations, increased their bottom line, improved customer service, and provided a differentiator for them in the marketplace.
The reduction of human error has bought back time for the staff to do their jobs even better.
2831 St. Claude Ave. Ste. 203
build@lookfarlabs.com
LookFar Family
Ada Lovelace Awards
Southern Startup Report
Club Discovery
LookFar Ventures
Nuggets Blog
Developed with support from Louisiana Economic Development's Office of Entertainment Industry Development
Copyright © 2021 LookFar Labs. All rights reserved.


Rescue workers move one of two bodies of a couple who was killed by family members outside the hospital morgue in Karachi on November 27.
Police in the southern port city of Karachi said on November 27 that the couple was killed by relatives last week on the orders of a tribal council, known as a tribal "jirga."
They said the victims, identified as 24-year-old Abdul Hadi and Hasina Bibi, 20, hailed from the northern Kohistan district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, and married in Karachi about 1 1/2 months ago.
Officer Qasim Hameed said Hadi's father and other relatives were arrested after the couple's bodies were found in a Karachi graveyard on November 26.
The men confessed to murdering the couple with knives upon the orders of a jirga for dishonoring their Pashtun culture, Hameed said.
Sindh Chief Minister Murad Ali Shah expressed anger over the killings, saying: "This is Karachi, not a tribal area. How was a jirga held here?"
Hundreds of "honor killings" are reported in Pakistan every year.
In September, police said they were searching for dozens of members of a tribal council who ordered a teenage couple to be electrocuted by their families after they eloped.
The couple -- a 17-year-old boy and a 15-year-old girl -- were said to be ethnic Pashtuns from Karachi.
Police said the fathers and two uncles of the couple had been arrested in the case.
And in June, a 12-year-old girl from the northwestern tribal district of Khyber was killed by her family after she eloped with a boy.
Local official Niaz Muhammad told RFE/RL that the alleged killers -- one of the girl's uncles and his son -- were detained along with two members of the boy's family.


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Kevin Frayer—Getty Images
A young woman poses in front of a large decorative flower arrangement after the official flag-raising ceremony at Tiananmen Square to mark the 66th National Day, in Beijing, October 1, 2015.
A Chinese Mayor-to-Be Tells His Story
An Excerpt from 'Young China: How the Restless Generation Will Change Their Country and the World'
by Zak Dychtwald
Zak Dychtwald
Zak Dychtwald is the author of Young China: How the Restless Generation Will Change Their Country and the World (St. Martin's Press). He moved to China after graduating from Columbia University, but...
Adapted from Young China: How the Restless Generation Will Change Their Country and the World, by Zak Dychtwald. Copyright © 2018 by the author and reprinted with permission of St. Martin's Press, LLC.
When I lived with Tom in the city of Chengdu in 2015 and into 2016, he was a 23-year-old probationary member of the Chinese Communist Party, on his way to joining the organization's nearly 90 million full members. He wanted to embark on a career in government because he believed he could be a fair, considerate, thoughtful, and intelligent leader for his people and his country. By academic achievement, he ranked as one of the better minds of his generation, at the top of his class at Sichuan University, the best university in western China. (Tom and I decided not to use his Chinese name to reduce the risk of hurting his political career. He chose the English name Tom when he was a kid because "it was better than Jerry.") Tom's ultimate goal was to serve as mayor of a "small or large town" with a population of one to 14 million. Power also motivated him; politics was a way to be somebody. It was too early to tell if he was on track, but those were his ambitions.
Tom's story—his hopes, fears, and mixed bag of experiences on the way to working for China's government—reflects the evolving role of the Party in the lives of China's young people. Government cadres experience reduced power and prominence in Chinese society today, largely because of Chinese Communist Party Secretary Xi Jinping's voluble and popular anti-corruption campaign. For Tom, who saw the campaign as both a power play at the top but also a legitimate effort to stymy what had been rampant corruption at the local level, it complicates his aspirations to help his government push China towards becoming a wealthier and more powerful country.
Young China
St. Martin's Press: The author of Young China: How the Restless Generation Will Change Their Country and the World, who is in his twenties and fluent in Chinese, examines the future of China through the lens of the jiu ling hou, the generation born after 1990.{node, 45751}A close-up look at the Chinese generation born after 1990 exploring through personal encounters how young Chinese feel about everything from money and sex to their government, the West, and China's shifting role in the world―not to mention their love affair with food, karaoke, and travel. Set primarily in the eastern second-tier city of Suzhou and the budding western metropolis of Chengdu, the book charts the touchstone issues this young generation faces. From single-child pressure to test-taking madness and the frenzy to buy an apartment as a prerequisite to marriage, from one-night-stands to an evolving understanding of family, Young China offers a fascinating portrait of the generation who will define what it means to be Chinese in the modern era.
One evening in May, three years before Xi abolished term limits, paving the way for him to potentially rule China indefinitely, Tom and I sat on two overstuffed couches in the old apartment we shared just outside the south gate of Sichuan University and discussed his ambition for a career in politics. A bottle of baijiu rested on the glass table between us. Tom reached over and poured the clear liquor into two white porcelain teacups. "Drunkenness reveals," he intoned with mock severity, "what sobriety conceals"—a well-known business idiom. We clinked glasses. Also on the table sat a Taiwanese history textbook, prohibited in mainland China. I had smuggled it through customs when I returned from a trip to that politically contentious island. Tom and I had spent much of the afternoon comparing the Taiwanese textbook with a history primer used in a mainland Chinese high school. Before he dived into the divergent narratives, Tom had turned off our phones. "Just in case," Tom had said. "Of what?" I asked. "Big Brother," he whispered, referencing George Orwell's dystopian 1984. Smiling, Tom then unplugged our Internet modem.
The major difference in the coverage between the two history books was in quantity, not quality: the Taiwanese history book devoted two-and-a-half pages to the June 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre, the Chinese primer only a couple of paragraphs. When I asked about the difference, he shrugged. "It isn't so surprising. I imagine your high school history account of the Thanksgiving story would look a lot different from Native Americans', right?"
In many ways,Tom was a typical Chinese nerd. He stood five-foot-seven, and, like most Chinese university students, needed glasses. He had a network of friends in Chengdu, and a larger network of young people scattered around the country, whom he spoke to through Internet forums. Like those who formed connections over sports or swapping bitcoin intel, Tom's Internet buddies organized around the common desire to pursue a career in government. Tom was probably more comfortable opposite a screen than a person, a more capable conversationalist over WeChat than a table. He had had one girlfriend in college. They dated for more than a year, but, as he freely shared, they never had sex. He had also never visited a prostitute; he was waiting for a real relationship, but it had not come along. He was not an extrovert, nor was he tall, rich, or handsome, which is what one of China's most notorious Internet forums jokes Chinese women are looking for in a partner. But he was ambitious, growing up with the conviction that, like his grandparents and parents, he could change his fate.
Tom's dad owned a bakery, where he and Tom's grandfather baked a pastry from an old and secret family recipe. The pastry had a flaky crust with a sweet and savory filling. The trace of huājiāo, the peppercorn spice that creates a numbing sensation in one's mouth and is Chengdu's signature style of heat, kept the crowds coming back. The happiest I saw his grandfather was when I visited the bakery and, unable to help myself, ate six of his signature pastries.
On the strength of that recipe, Tom's family had become, in the parlance of the Party, "moderately prosperous." Those baked goods paid for Tom's high school education at a boarding school in Chengdu, a 45-minute bus ride away from their hometown, and the family's middle-class life. They lived in a new apartment complex with a large high-definition flat-screen TV, an at-home soymilk machine, and an automatic soup maker that allowed bone broth to simmer safely overnight. Their water filtration system and heater provided 10 different temperatures for various strains of tea. Their new microwave looked like it could lift off the counter and blast off into space.
And yet, Tom's parents discouraged him from entering politics. His mom worked in government, as an administrator in the headquarters of a nearby city. The corruption dismayed her. She spoke of relatives seeking her "help" to evade the bribery necessary to win government building contracts or licenses to open businesses.She liked the idea of her son's being a respected academic. Indeed, some of China's top universities had considered Tom for a graduate school scholarship in philosophy.
Tom's father wanted him to ride the startup wave that they'd heard so much about, particularly with the government initiative "Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation" (dàzhòng chuàngyè, wànzhǒng chuàngxīn, 大众创业, 万众创新), which offered some early-stage entrepreneurs reduced or free rent and minimal taxes. Whereas before government contracts and working with state-owned enterprises might be the ticket to wealth, Tom's parents had seen kids of their neighbors get rich from China's increasingly active venture capital scene, which saw an estimated U.S.$27.4 billion pumped into Chinese startups in 2015. "Why can't you just start your own business?" Tom's father asked.
Tom had weighed his parents' considerations carefully and remained resolved to try to make his way in government, certain he could make a positive impact.
One of Tom's mentors, a well-respected philosophy professor and long-time Party member at Sichuan University, arranged for us to meet in late 2015 with the regional head of development for the Party in Chengdu to discuss the process of selecting prospective government cadres from the many young hopefuls like Tom. Though under the pretense of discussing the Party with a foreign "scholar"—i.e., me, the 26-year-old foreign roommate—it was a big deal for Tom. This man managed the government's industry investment in what the think tank Milken ranked as the "best-performing" city economy in China in 2015 and 2017.
Tom was nervous; though it wasn't explicitly about him or his future, this man still had the power to make or break his career. We met in a Japanese teahouse near the cadre's apartment. The cadre, who asked that his name not be used, lived in a new development in the southern part of Chengdu, just south of the New Century Global Center, the largest single building in the world, in an area far enough south of the city center as to not yet be served by the subway system. But Chengdu was expanding southward, toward the regional head's apartment complex. At the time, real estate professionals considered his area the best investment in Chengdu due to the area's budding high-tech zone and plans for extending the subway line. Now, the subway lets off nearly at the cadre's door.
The cadre had a doctoral degree in philosophy. When Tom asked about whether the nature of his degree was a factor in entering government, the cadre said, "No, they just like to see if you can think and reason." He was intelligent and relaxed, almost informal. Normally forthcoming, Tom clammed up once the conversation picked up steam. He became the underling, pouring tea for the cadre and me. And the cadre overlooked Tom. When the cadre spoke, he rarely looked at Tom, directing his answers towards me. When Tom did ask a question or chime in, the cadre would sometimes interrupt him; moreover, he did not acknowledge Tom for pouring the tea. The power dynamic was clear. The cadre knew Tom wanted to work in government, and treated him as someone on the bottom of that food chain.
I asked the official to name the most important characteristic for a cadre who aspires to leadership positions in the Party. "Relationships," he said without hesitation. "The ability to work well with other people and within the Party." Wordlessly accepting another pour of tea from Tom, he continued, "To be a government official is not as easy as everyone imagines—a man reading the paper with a big mug of tea at his desk. You have to be good with people, understand relationships."
Relationships (guānxì), and the ability to navigate the internal politics of the Party, not just the politics of a city or even national politics, rank highest among key skills for young leadership candidates, the cadre seemed to be saying. "What about merit and hard work?" I asked. He shrugged. "Emotional intelligence and the ability to manage relationships is the most important part."
Tom was frustrated when we left the meeting. "He means ass kissing. It is the same old bureaucracy." Despite all the noise about catching tigers and flies, Tom believed the government had not changed enough, and he wanted to help put that change in motion.
Politics, Society
Excerpts, Youth, Chinese Communist Party, Jobs, Chengdu, Family, Anti-Corruption


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Join us at our new home, The Legionnaire Saloon, on April 19th for our special '4.20 RECORD STORE DAY' edition with two legendary DJs/vinyl pushers from the Bay Area, DJs B-Cause of '4onefunk/ Groove Merchant Records' & King I-Vier of 'Jah Warrior Shelter Hi-Fi' and former owner of Wisdom Records. Classic rap/hip-hop VS classic reggae dancehall/rocksteady all night. We are also launching our collaboration with the legendary BEAT SWAP MEET and will have our first round of vendors ready to go night of — join us for a night of heavy heavy music as we celebrate Record Store Day in true 45s fashion!
…and DJ Flow. Bring cash to buy and get ready to get those fingers dirty — space is limited so there will be nothing but quality pieces available. No filler! Early arrival also strongly suggested if you want the good stuff. Don't sleep!


text:
Titans Split Home-and-Home Series with Rebels
by cvetrano
by Richie Todd – Titans Media Department
MIDDLETOWN, New Jersey.- The New Jersey Titans won the second game of the home-and home series against the Aston Rebels, 3-1, on Saturday night at the Middletown Sports Complex. The Titans are now six points behind the league leading, and division leading Rebels with their victory tonight.
After allowing 31 shots on goal to the Rebels the previous night, the Titans allowed only 18 shots on goal tonight and had allowed only eight shots on goal after the first two periods of play. New Jersey captain and defenseman Will Riedell played a big part in the victory tonight with a third period goal. Riedell was also a contributing factor to a solid Titans defense that seemed bolstered with energy after losing to the Rebels the night before.
"We definitely had some spark and we came out with some jump and that really helps us every night. We were ready to get back after it," said Riedell.
The Titans and Rebels battled each other in a physical and defensive 1-1 game throughout the first two periods. The tie was broken in the third period when forward Todd Goehring scored the go-ahead goal for the Titans that gave them a 2-1 lead. It was only Goehring's fourth goal this season, but it may have been his most important one thus far.
"It was pretty special. I mean all the boys were grinding tonight and we happened to have a good face-off from set play, off that draw. [Jordan] Kaplan was able to kick it back to me, I got it on net, and it happened to find the back of the net, so that was huge for our team," said Goehring, in regards to his game-deciding goal.
When Titans' head coach Craig Doremus was asked about the win, he emphasized how it's important that his team knows that they can compete with the best competition in the league.
"For our guys, it's not so much proving to me or the coaching staff, it's proving to themselves that they can compete with the top echelon teams in this league on a day-to-day basis, and I thought they proved that in leaps and bounds over the last 48-hours," said Doremus.
The Titans won the first game of their six-game homestand that will continue at the Middletown Sports Complex on Wednesday afternoon at 12:45 P.M. against the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Knights.
For further information about game updates and more, follow the Titans on Twitter at @NAHLTitans or visit njtitansnahl.com.
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Ten years ago, Northshore Community Church partnered with Overlake Christian Church to organize volunteers to help beautify two schools on the east side of Seattle. They called it Community Serve Day. The two churches organized volunteers, who spent an afternoon painting, scrubbing, and cleaning to help the schools shine before students arrived. The following year, they continued their efforts but also brought on additional partners and schools. Now, ten years later, over 2,500 volunteers from 20 church partners and organizations in the community gather together to beautify 26 schools in the Northshore and Lake Washington areas.
Over these ten years, the churches have been able to establish strong, trusting partnerships with both the Northshore and Lake Washington school districts, while volunteers spend thousands of hours changing the appearance and atmosphere at their local schools. Community Serve Day has enabled Christians to be welcomed to serve in our local schools beyond that day, working with staff and students, and the event has also helped create new large-scale-ministry opportunities, such as Toy Shop and Care Day. This special event has demonstrated the unity of the local body of Christ as dozens of local churches, across denominations, partner to serve the community together in Jesus' name.
We will celebrate Community Serve Day this year on Sunday, August 26. We will take a break from our worship together at Northshore Community Church to, instead, spread out across our community to live out our beliefs and serve others at neighborhood schools. As we organize classrooms, landscape playgrounds, and paint walls, we aim to demonstrate our love for our neighbors and community in a tangible and meaningful way. We want them to know that we take seriously Jesus' command to "Love our neighbors as ourselves." We will show our love and concern in practical and appreciated ways that will have a positive impact.