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Posted on March 27, 2019 by arch
by Steven Langdon
One of the most important initiatives in development economics in the last 40 years has been the rejection of economic growth rates as the central focus in understanding and overcoming the high poverty levels in many poorer countries of the world, from Asia to Latin America to Africa (the continent which now has greater poverty rates than anywhere.)
In the article below, Professor Frances Stewart from Oxford University outlines the process by which this change in perspective took place, then evaluates the Human Development Index that has emerged as one of the key concepts replacing the focus on economic growth rates. The HDI incorporates health and education factors into measurements of development, based around the notion of achieving the human capacity for choice.
As well as analyzing the HDI's components, Stewart's article considers the varied experiences of different groups of countries over the past 25 years. Some have stayed caught in a vicious circle where poorer HDI levels have contributed to poorer economic growth records — that have in turn contributed to poorer HDI levels. Others have seen a continuing virtuous cycle of better HDI achievements helping shape better economic growth and in turn ongoing HDI improvement. The most interesting part of the article is Stewart's analysis of why these continuing differences exist.
The final part of the review considers what areas the HDI misses in its various approaches. The most important of these, she says, is the lack of attention to environmental pressures — especially given the increases in global warming and their impact on human lives.
The Human Development Approach: An Overview
Frances Stewart
Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
The human development (HD) approach puts the improvement of people's
lives as the central objective of development. This paper provides
an overview of major aspects of the approach. It shows how it emerged
with the evolution of development thought and a widening of development
objectives The paper explores the two-way relationship between
HD and the rival objective, economic growth, is explored and broad
characteristics of countries that have been exceptionally successful or
unsuccessful , countries with three country cases considered in greater
depth. The paper identifies major dimensions of HD, beyond the three
elements included in the Human Development Index (HDI) and shows
they are poorly captured by the HDI. An overview of global change on
HD dimensions from 1980 to 2015 gives a mixed picture with progress
on basic HD, uneven trends in some areas, and notable worsening on the
environmental dimension. In conclusion, the paper discusses some outstanding
issues which need more attention.
Africa is rising, not just economically, but also in terms of popular culture across the world. This is evident not just in blockbuster movies like "Black Panther" but also in the rise of "Nollywood," the burgeoning movie industry in Nigeria.
Now Netflix is catching the current. "The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind" is set in Malawi, stars African actors, and conveys many of the complexities of both African education and the impact of climate change. And now Netflix is taking these themes global, as the following story by a Ugandan journalist recounts.
After watching the movie, I underline many of the points made in this article. Climate change is a core element of the plot, and the constraints on African education emerge strongly, particularly for the daughter who is unable to go to university despite her abilities. Beyond these points, this is also a beautifully rendered exploration of family relationships in the context of economic pressures.
https://qz.com/africa/1569653/netflixs-the-boy-who-harnessed-the-wind-is-a-true-african-story/
Our African Economic Development course, and its textbook (African Economic Development by Langdon, Ritter and Samy, published in 2018 by Routledge,) focus on growing inequalities in Sub-Saharan Africa and on the rapid spread of urban conglomerates in many parts of the region.
One example of these trends can be found in the spreading city of Luanda in Angola. Large oil revenues spurred this growth, and decreases in oil prices have added to the pressures toward marked social inequalities.
A photo essay from the Guardian newspaper in the UK conveys the texture of these ongoing changes in dramatic fashion. Please keep in mind that Luanda is only one of a series of expanding megacities in Africa.
https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jan/22/after-the-oil-boom-luanda-faces-stark-inequality-photo-essay
Posted on January 4, 2019 by arch
From Chapter 3, p. 197, Box 3.1 | Sub-Saharan Africa: Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Extremes,
Sub-Saharan Africa has experienced the dramatic consequences of climate extremes becoming more frequent and more intense over the past decades (Paeth et al., 2010; Taylor et al., 2017).
In order to join international efforts to reduce climate change, all African countries signed the Paris Agreement. In particular, through their nationally determined contributions (NDCs), they committed to contribute to the global effort to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with the aim to constrain global temperature increases to 'well below 2°C' and to pursue efforts to limit warming to '1.5°C above pre-industrial levels'. The target of limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels is useful for conveying the urgency of the situation. However, it focuses the climate change debate on a temperature threshold (Section 3.3.2), while the potential impacts of these global warming levels on key sectors at local to regional scales, such as agriculture, energy and health, remain uncertain in most regions and counries of Africa (Sections 3.3.3, 3.3.4, 3.3.5 and 3.3.6).
Weber et al. (2018) found that at regional scales, temperature increases in sub-Saharan Africa are projected to be higher than the global mean temperature increase (at global warming of 1.5°C and at 2°C; see Section 3.3.2 for further background and analyses of climate model projections).
Even if the mean global temperature anomaly is kept below 1.5°C, regions between 15°S and 15°N are projected to experience an increase in hot nights, as well as longer and more frequent heatwaves (e.g., Kharin et al., 2018). Increases would be even larger if the global mean temperature were to reach 2°C of global warming, with significant changes in the occurrence and intensity of temperature extremes in all sub-Saharan regions (Sections 3.3.1 and 3.3.2; Figures 3.4, 3.5 and 3.8).
West and Central Africa are projected to display particularly large increases in the number of hot days, both at 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming (Section 3.3.2). This is due to the relatively small interannual present-day variability in this region, which implies that climate-change signals can be detected earlier there (Section 3.3.2; Mahlstein et al., 2011).
Projected changes in total precipitation exhibit uncertainties, mainly in the Sahel (Section 3.3.3 and Figure 3.8; Diedhiou et al., 2018). In the Guinea Coast and Central Africa, only a small change in total precipitation is projected, although most models (70%) indicate a decrease in the length of wet periods and a slight increase in heavy rainfall. Western Sahel is projected by most models (80%) to experience the strongest drying, with a significant increase in the maximum length of dry spells (Diedhiou et al., 2018). Above 2°C, this region could become more vulnerable to drought and could face serious food security issues (Cross-Chapter Box 6 and Section 3.4.6 in this chapter; Salem et al., 2017; Parkes et al., 2018). West Africa has thus been identified as a climate-change hotspot with negative impacts from climate change on crop yields and production (Cross-Chapter Box 6 and Section 3.4.6; Sultan and Gaetani, 2016; Palazzo et al., 2017). Despite uncertainty in projections for precipitation in West Africa, which is essential for rain-fed agriculture, robust evidence of yield loss might emerge. This yield loss is expected to be mainly driven by increased mean temperature, while potential wetter or drier conditions – as well as elevated CO2 concentrations – could modulate this effect (Roudier et al., 2011; see also Cross-Chapter Box 6 and Section 3.4.6).
Using Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)8.5 Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) scenarios from 25 regional climate models (RCMs) forced with different general circulation models (GCMs), Klutse et al. (2018) noted a decrease in mean rainfall over West Africa in models with stronger warming for this region at 1.5°C of global warming (Section 3.3.4). Mba et al. (2018) used a similar approach and found a lack of consensus in the changes in precipitation over Central Africa (Figure 3.8 and Section 3.3.4), although there was a tendency towards a decrease in the maximum number of consecutive wet days (CWD) and a significant increase in the maximum number of consecutive dry days (CDD).Over southern Africa, models agree on a positive sign of change for temperature, with temperature rising faster at 2°C (1.5°C–2.5°C) as compared to 1.5°C (0.5°C–1.5°C) of global warming.
Areas in the south-western region, especially in South Africa and parts of Namibia and Botswana, are expected to experience the largest increases in temperature (Section 3.3.2; Engelbrecht et al., 2015; Maúre et al., 2018). The western part of southern Africa is projected to become drier with increasing drought frequency and number of heatwaves towards the end of the 21st century (Section 3.3.4; Engelbrecht et al., 2015; Dosio, 2017; Maúre et al., 2018). At 1.5°C, a robust signal of precipitation reduction is found over the Limpopo basin and smaller areas of the Zambezi basin in Zambia, as well as over parts of Western Cape in South Africa, while an increase is projected over central and western South Africa, as well as in southern Namibia (Section 3.3.4). At 2°C, the region is projected to face robust precipitation decreases of about 10–20% and increases in the number of CDD, with longer dry spells projected over Namibia, Botswana, northern Zimbabwe and southern Zambia. Conversely, the number of CWD is projected to decrease, with robust signals over Western Cape Maúre et al., 2018). Projected reductions in stream flow of 5–10% in the Zambezi River basin have been associated with increased evaporation and transpiration rates resulting from a rise in temperature ( Section 3.3.5; Kling et al., 2014), with issues for hydroelectric power across the region of southern Africa.
For Eastern Africa, Osima et al. (2018) found that annual rainfall projections show a robust increase in precipitation over Somalia and a less robust decrease over central and northern Ethiopia (Section 3.3.3). The number of CDD and CWD are projected to increase and decrease, respectively (Section 3.3.4). These projected changes could impact the agricultural and water sectors in the region (Cross-Chapter Box 6 in this chapter and Section 3.4.6).
Posted in Featured	| Tagged Climate Change, Environment	| Leave a comment
Posted on December 6, 2018 by arch
Analysis of global warming and climate change makes it clear that Africa will be particularly seriously affected by rising temperatures and more volatile rainfall patterns. Present trends, suggests the most recent 2014 comprehensive review from the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,) would result in average African temperature increases higher than the world level and would widen drought and flooding dangers in many parts of the continent.
The pressures on African agriculture, the sector where most Africans make their living, will be increased by these climate changes. At the same time, though, African agriculture is showing resilience and capacities for adaptation.
This provides hopeful signs for the African future, despite global warming and more volatile rainfall. Individual farmers in Kenya outline in the attached set of videos the ways in which they are adapting to climate change in that country. Note especially the changes in crops and the role of tree-planting. These are factors that we have noted in our blog for other parts of Africa as well.
https://www.irinnews.org/video/2017/12/24/films-climate-change-front-line
There has been controversy for some years over the "Poverty Line" approach of the World Bank to analyzing poverty levels in poorer countries. Some critics have argued that many items included in the basket of goods/services measured to assess income levels country-by-country are not consumed by the poor — and that poverty line changes should be based on prices of only those goods that the poor do consume. Other critics have stressed that such public goods as basic education are left out of comparative consumption measures.
Dhiraj Sharma has now written an article for the Brookings Institute in the U.S. that reviews such critiques and explains how the World Bank has been broadening and deepening its statistical analysis of poverty reduction. ("Why the World Bank is taking a wide-angle view of poverty," November 14, 2018, brookings.edu)
While the Bank's conventional approach suggests 10% of the world's population lives below the poverty line (with particularly high levels in Sub-Saharan Africa,) including educational and health public goods in the analysis would increase the level to over 18%, Sharma notes. At the same time, the Bank has been developing a measure of relative poverty — and that would suggest one third of the world's population is poor.
As noted in a previous post, the Bank has developed a Human Capital Index to capture educational and health conditions amongst countries and how they contribute to poorer economic prospects for children born in countries with lower Index numbers. The 2019 World Development Report has just been issued by the Bank and outlines this analytic approach in detail.
For further information see the following:
Why the World Bank is taking a wide-angle view of poverty
http://worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2019
Posted on October 15, 2018 by arch
There has been widespread debate and analysis about poverty in Africa, reflecting the fact that most parts of the world saw marked poverty reduction during the 2000-2015 United Nations Millennium Development Goals period but sub-Saharan Africa saw persistence of high poverty rates for large numbers of people in most countries. Different measures of poverty have been consistent in showing this African poverty persistence, including the World Bank Poverty Line approach and the broader Human Development Index (HDI) and its associated Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI.)
One of the countries where poverty has continued to be high, despite its petroleum wealth, has been Nigeria. This has been particularly significant given that Nigeria's population is the highest in Africa and expanding quickly.
This has made the country a particular focus of poverty research, making use of a wide variety of measures to track social conditions besides the traditional approaches. A new Commitment to Reducing Inequality (CRI) Index measures three factors crucial to reducing gaps between the rich and poor — social spending, tax policies and labour rights. Nigeria ranks last out of 157 countries analyzed.
The World Bank has also launched a new indicator, the Human Capital Index (HCI,) suggesting the future social situations of a country's population, based on chances of a child reaching age five, healthy growth, expected years of schooling, quality of learning available and the adult survival rate. Again, Nigeria's ranking is very low — 152nd out of 157 nations.
If Africa is to succeed in marked poverty reduction in the context of the 2015-2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) effort, it is clear that socio-economic policy and its implementation in Nigeria must improve in a major way. I have worked with the World Bank in Nigeria and know that the governance challenges in the country are great. But the critical needs of millions of poorer Nigerians will have to lead to new urgency and commitment to counter poverty in the largest nation on the continent.
For more on poverty measures in Nigeria and their implications, please see the attached.
https://qz.com/africa/1421543/nigerias-poverty-crisis-is-worsening-oxfam-world-bank-data/
Posted on October 3, 2018 by arch
There are challenges to relying on official statistics in parts of Africa, as we discuss in our recent book (African Economic Development, by Langdon, Ritter and Samy — published by Routledge in 2018.)
Recent evidence from Benin suggests these challenges may be particularly great in measuring trade flows between individual African countries, with much trade being carried out informally by small-scale traders without being calculated numerically at border posts. Three researchers (Jarreau, Mitaritonna and Bensassi) have undertaken a large scale survey of informal traders crossing the Benin-Nigeria border, asking them the extent of their import and export of goods — then comparing this with official trade statistics for the same 171 border points.
The results were dramatic. Some 85% of exports were not recorded and 50% of imports. The goods involved are not just agricultural products, but include a diverse range, including textiles and transportation equipment.
As the researchers conclude, "this confirms that trade statistics on the continent suffer from a serious blind spot." Given the importance African countries are giving to initiatives for continental free trade, the gaps in existing trade measurement are especially problematic. This blind spot on trade statistics also underlines the wider need to improve official statistics in other areas to contribute to better African economic policy-making.
For more details on this Benin research, please see the attached link.
https://qz.com/africa/1402733/trade-between-african-countries-has-been-underestimated-by-economists/
Posted on September 25, 2018 by arch
In our recent book (Langdon/Ritter/Samy, African Economic Development, Routledge, 2018,) we discuss how various African countries have begun to diversify their international financial sources, using bond issues, for instance, so as not to depend as much on direct foreign investment.
Now further diversification is becoming evident in the form of sukuk bonds from Islamic sources. This is lending in which interest payments are not allowed, with agreed levels of profit sharing from project results. Over US$2.3 billion in such financing has taken place in Africa since 2014, with the Ivory Coast and South Africa as the largest recipients (and Muslim Asian and Gulf States countries as the main source of the funds.)
It is important for Africa to broaden it's sources of capital for development, so this trend is a significant plus — as the World Bank and other international agencies have recognized. For more details, see the attached link.
https://qz.com/africa/1395596/islamic-finance-in-africa-grows-in-mali-ivory-coast-togo/
Posted on September 7, 2018 by arch
Farmers in Niger and other parts of arid Africa are making their own "green revolution" — by expanding the cultivation of "gao" trees, also known as "winter thorn." Faced with drought and high prices for fertilizer, farmers have grown over 200 million "gao" trees in Niger, providing nutrition to the soil and retaining water from the scarce rainfall.
We provide a detailed discussion of this remarkable success in the agriculture chapter of our new book, "African Economic Development," published this year by Routledge. Now the Guardian newspaper in the UK has published an update on recent developments, along with illustrations of "gao" trees and their output. The article emphasizes as well the contribution of the trees to countering climate change pressures.
Please see the attached article:
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/16/regreening-niger-how-magical-gaos-transformed-land?CMP=share_btn_link


Vishnu Pendyala is a Senior Member of IEEE and of the Computer Society of India (CSI), with over two decades of software experience with industry leaders such as Cisco, Synopsys, Informix (now IBM), and Electronics Corporation of India Limited. He is on the executive council of CSI, a member of the Special Interest Group on Big Data Analytics, and is the founding editor of its flagship publication, Visleshana. He recently taught a short-term course on "Big Data Analytics for Humanitarian Causes," which was sponsored by the Ministry of Human Resources, Government of India under the GIAN scheme, and he delivered multiple keynote presentations at IEEE-sponsored international conferences. Vishnu has been living and working in the Silicon Valley for over two decades.


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← Sunday 4.10.2016 New York Times Digest
Prince (1958–2016) →
Sunday 4.17.2016 New York Times Digest
1. A New Map for America
"America is increasingly divided not between red states and blue states, but between connected hubs and disconnected backwaters."
2. 272 Slaves Were Sold to Save Georgetown. What Does It Owe Their Descendants?
"At Georgetown, slavery and scholarship were inextricably linked. The college relied on Jesuit plantations in Maryland to help finance its operations, university officials say. (Slaves were often donated by prosperous parishioners.) And the 1838 sale — worth about $3.3 million in today's dollars — was organized by two of Georgetown's early presidents, both Jesuit priests."
3. Stephen Curry's 3-Point Record in Context: Off the Charts
"The record is an outlier that defies most comparisons, but here is one: It is the equivalent of hitting 103 home runs in a Major League Baseball season."
4. Keurig's New K-Cup Coffee Is Recyclable, but Hardly Green
"Making coffee wasn't something that needed to be reinvented."
5. The Other Side of Merle Haggard
"By '69 the deceptively sophisticated chord structures of Haggard songs like 'I'm a Lonesome Fugitive,' 'Mama Tried' and 'Silver Wings' were not lost on me. To my ear they had more in common with the work of John Lennon and Paul McCartney (you can imagine the early Beatles playing 'Mama Tried') or Paul Simon than anything else I heard on the country radio stations."
6. A Conversation With Whales
"Fabrice Schnöller, a French engineer with a degree in biology, was leading the dive. For the past six years, he has traveled the world's oceans seeking out these face-to-face encounters. His goal is to record close-up audio and video data of sperm whales passing one another coda clicks, which he believes contain coded information, possibly a language."
7. Plenty of Passengers, but Where Are the Pilots?
"A dearth of qualified pilots is disrupting, reducing and even eliminating flights."
8. Sorry, You Can't Speed Read
"It's extremely unlikely you can greatly improve your reading speed without missing out on a lot of meaning."
9. Is That Even a Thing?
"Calling something 'a thing' is, in this sense, itself a thing."
10. An Artist at 100, Thinking Big but Starting Small
"When you don't have much, anything will do."
11. Mary Beard and Her 'Battle Cry' Against Internet Trolling
"When she began making more-regular TV appearances, on popular documentaries on ancient themes and talking-head political programs, she encountered the response that awaits many women with the temerity to venture into the public arena: 'trolling' or online abuse. As she did with Mr. Gill's review, she responded, battling back her antagonists and becoming something of a folk hero in the process."
12. The Right to Privacy for Children Online
"There is still something disconcerting about seeing celebrities enlist their children in service of their brands"
13. At the Existentialist Café, by Sarah Bakewell
"Around the early 1930s, the story divides, like a novel by George Eliot or Tolstoy, between the characters who, despite missteps and delusions, eventually, like Beauvoir, come out more or less right, and the ones who come out wrong, like Heidegger and his followers. What divides these two sets of characters are their attitudes toward power and toward other people. Those who got things right were the ones who cared most about equal relations among people and cultures and about everyone's personal uniqueness, and who had little or no appetite for power."
14. Ghetto, by Mitchell Duneier
"Origin stories are revealing. This one makes clear that ghettos are physical places that are perpetuated by vicious cycles of inequality and are justified by ideologies of cultural or racial pathology. No reference to 'ghetto,' as place or modifier, can escape this history."
15. How 'Empowerment' Became Something for Women to Buy
"Enter the highly marketable 'women's empowerment,' neither practice nor praxis, nor really theory, but a glossy, dizzying product instead. Women's empowerment borrows the virtuous window-dressing of the social worker's doctrine and kicks its substance to the side. It's about pleasure, not power; it's individualistic and subjective, tailored to insecurity and desire. The new empowerment doesn't increase potential so much as it assures you that your potential is just fine. Even when the thing being described as 'empowering' is personal and mildly defiant (not shaving, not breast-feeding, not listening to men, et cetera), what's being marketed is a certain identity. And no matter what, the intent of this new empowerment is always to sell."
16. Bernienomics Might Not Be Feasible — But It's Useful
"Sanders believes that raising the minimum wage, spending a trillion dollars on infrastructure and offering free college will fundamentally shift the structure of our economy toward the poor and middle class. It will inspire such enthusiasm and determination that more people will work harder and invest more, and the country will easily generate the tax income to pay for it. Hence, Sanders's plans won't cost money; they'll raise money."
17. Donald Trump, American Preacher
"Politicians have long borrowed from religion the passion and the righteousness, but no other major modern figure has channeled the tension that makes Scripture endure, the desire, the wanting that gives rise to the closest analogue to Trumpism: the prosperity gospel, the American religion of winning."
18. The Minecraft Generation
"The game encourages kids to regard logic and if-then statements as fun things to mess around with. It teaches them what computer coders know and wrestle with every day, which is that programs rarely function at first: The work isn't so much in writing a piece of software but in debugging it, figuring out what you did wrong and coming up with a fix."
19. The Looming Threat of Avian Flu
"Among the poultry farmers who endured the flu, and others watching elsewhere in the country, there is a pervasive uneasiness, because after a year of scrutiny, federal and academic scientists still cannot say for sure how their properties became infected. Despite their own efforts to harden their defenses, and new federal plans to help them, it is possible that poultry farmers are not equipped for the flu to return among the United States' billions of chickens; and that ranchers and pork producers might be equally unprepared if an unfamiliar disease detonated among the country's 92 million beef and dairy cattle or 68 million pigs. Planning for epidemics, animal or human, is to a large extent based on what a disease did the last time. It is much more difficult to predict what a disease will do next."
20. Is Staying In the New Going Out?
"Why risk a restaurant when you can order Seamless or sauté premade gnocchi from Blue Apron? Why go to a bar when you can swipe right? Why go to a reading when you can download a podcast? Why pay $15 to see a boneheaded Marvel rehash in theaters when the world of premium streaming content is at your fingertips? Food, entertainment, romance: The traditional weekend staples are now available entirely on demand. The centripetal force of our homes has never been stronger."
21. Behind the Scenes at the Met
"At first glance, these areas are functional: places to stack boxes of Met shopping bags, store unused shipping crates and transfer vats of chicken salad between the public and staff cafeterias. But it is also the domain of heroes who are largely unseen and unsung: custodians and 'maintainers'; security officers and kitchen workers; art handlers, wall painters and climate-control technicians — a small town's worth of every trade and task."
22. Google and Apple: the High-Tech Hippies of Silicon Valley
"They, like the companies they will house, point to the future — the future, that is, as it looked in the 1960s."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


BOULDER, Colo. – Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have just completed a multiyear study to identify the "best" candidates for future use as air conditioning refrigerants that will have the lowest impact on the climate.
In other words, the NIST study found no ideal refrigerant that combined low "global warming potential" (GWP)—a measure of how much heat a gas will trap if released into the atmosphere— with other desirable performance and safety features such as being both nonflammable and nontoxic. The results appear in Nature Communications.
To help reduce global warming, nearly 200 nations, including the United States, in October 2016 agreed to amend the Montreal Protocol to phase down by mid-century the refrigerants used in most air conditioning (AC) systems. The partial phase down, rather than a complete phaseout, recognized the complicated choices that will need to be made to select replacements. Fortunately, valuable new data are now available to support those decisions.
Current refrigerants are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are "greenhouse gases" with high GWPs. Although their contribution to climate change is now small, it is expected to rapidly increase along with the use of air conditioning around the world. The Montreal Protocol, the treaty that regulates substances that deplete Earth's protective ozone layer, originally spurred the introduction of HFCs as replacements for ozone-depleting compounds previously used.
U.S. regulators already recognize the difficulty of choosing new refrigerants. The Environmental Protection Agency has not set specific GWP limits, but rather has conducted comparative risk analyses for each refrigerant and end use. The criteria include atmospheric effects and related health and environmental effects, ecosystem risks, consumer risks, flammability, cost and availability.
To help U.S. policymakers and industry understand the limits and tradeoffs involved in a phase-down of the HFCs, NIST undertook a comprehensive, four-year search for the best single-component, low-GWP replacement fluids. GWP is defined as the warming potential of one kilogram of a gas relative to one kilogram of carbon dioxide.
The NIST study focused on possible replacement fluids for small AC systems typical for homes and small businesses. A blend of HFCs called R-410A is now the most popular refrigerant in such systems. These AC units are sealed, meaning they should not release HFCs into the atmosphere. However, the systems can leak, and when they are serviced or discarded, refrigerant may escape and not be recovered and recycled, McLinden said.
The study screened a database of more than 60 million chemicals, estimating the properties based solely on their molecular structure. This built upon a computational method previously developed at NIST.
Screening for energy properties corresponding to fluids usable in small AC systems and GWP of less than 1,000 (conventionally understood to be the effects over a 100-year timespan) yielded 138 fluids. The researchers then simulated the performance of these 138 compounds in air conditioners. A co-author at The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., helped develop the simulation model and evaluate the results. Further screening to rule out chemically unstable or very toxic compounds or those with low energy efficiency resulted in the final list of 27 low-GWP fluids.
Propane has a GWP of 3, much lower than R-410A's value of 1,924. Potential refrigerants with the lowest GWPs include ammonia, commonly used in large industrial refrigeration systems but toxic and slightly flammable, and dimethylether, a propellant and potential fuel that is only slightly less flammable than propane. Carbon dioxide has a GWP of 1 and is nonflammable, but it would require a different type of refrigeration cycle operating at very high pressures. Other low-GWP compounds include hydrofluoroolefins, a current focus of industry research but slightly flammable.
NIST's list may offer new ideas because it includes many refrigerants that are not yet on the EPA list of acceptable substitutes. The refrigeration industry has been actively developing new fluids that are slightly flammable, and the results of the present study support this course, McLinden said. Looking forward, the NIST study's conclusions indicate the need to recognize and deal with tradeoffs in planning for the future, he said.
For example, how should safety codes be changed to ensure that flammable refrigerants can be used safely? Blends of different refrigerants may offer a compromise between safety and GWP. For example, a low GWP but flammable fluid blended with a nonflammable but high-GWP fluid could result in a nonflammable fluid with a moderate value of GWP, McLinden noted.
This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.


Don't fret the cold! Plunging with friends makes it SO much fun. Strut or run into Nottingham Lake, the coldest Polar Plunge in Colorado, and possibly the country! Enjoy the pre-party and post-party all while knowing you are Freezin' for a Reason!The Special Olympics Polar Plunge presented by Westerra Credit Union is our signature event that motivates communities statewide to take a quick, fun, chilly dip to raise funds and awareness for the mission and athletes of Special Olympics.


Interesting facts from Forrester Research on mobile telecoms.
5 Billion are within range of a public cellular network.
80% of the world's population is covered by mobile networks.
25% of the world's population are mobile users.
Now that's a lot of mobilites!


Thread: Need help, need help!
We are looking for a surfacing technician that can train our technicians in the us of the surfacing software Rxpert.
i'm afraid it's not too late but i'm going to check with my boss.


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Religion among the Millennials
The blogs, Facebook, Twitter -- they're all talking about religion and the Millennial Generation. This is the generation born between 1981 and 1992 (more or less). It's the generation that envelopes my own son -- and the young adults in my church.
A new Pew Research Report suggests what many of us in church work already knew, young adults are increasingly unaffiliated, especially in relationship to earlier generations. Whereas at a comparable age, people of my generation (Boomer) saw maybe a 13% unaffiliated rate at a similar age, it's climbed to 26%. That's one out of four who feel that the church doesn't meet with their expectations of a community that sustains their faith. They decry the institutionalism of the church.
They believe in God at similar rates as earlier generations, but their understandings of God and social mores are different. To give a key difference. According to the poll, 78% of those born before 1928 say that homosexual relationships are always wrong, and 56% of my generation say the same, it drops to 43% among Millennials. Personally, I suspect that the last number might either be a bit high, or softer than one might think.
Now, as I contemplate these stats I know that a group of young adults gathered on their own to share in a study of scripture and to pray at the church. I had nothing to do with its planning or implementation. More importantly, the group gathered was comprised of young people beyond our congregation as well as young adults from within. To say the least, I'm excited about this. I'm also going to do all I can to keep my hands off it!
Christian Piatt, a Disciple young adult and husband of a Disciple pastor, has written a book, with his wife Amy, called Myspace to Sacred Space (Chalice), which tackles many of these questions, and according to his blog response to this report finds confirmation of what he discovered. He writes today:
Yes, there is still a need for communities of people offering one another love, wisdom, support and mutual accountability, to challenge people to put their faith into transformational action and to give them the tools to do so. And insomuch as institutional church can facilitate that, I believe there is a place for it in today's culture. But the degree to which the existing buildings, paid staff, boards of directors and bylaws will – or even should – be a part of that, I'm not so sure.
So, the question that faces us, as we contemplate this report, is: how does the church put itself at the service of those who seek God, but find the institution too constraining or just plain irrelevant?
Note, I grabbed the chart from the Pew site. There are other charts, so check it out.
Institutional Church Millennials Pew Forum Spirituality and Young Adults
I don't think an institution that modestly funds its operations is the issue with most younger people. Overly lavish adornments and expenses vs. outreach and giving to the community is probably on the way out for most anyway, including even the Catholic church. I won't go over all the reasons, they're too obvious.
There is too much judging and rule making and a sense maybe that average persons can't communicate honestly. There is a perception that the devout are dishonest in their convictions. Not enough consensus what spirit of God is telling us. Too much entrenched and irrelevant ideas about the "right" way to praise, live and silly dogma. This is their perception, and it's hard to argue against it when I look at ourselves from the outside, or even our scriptures.
When/ if one does choose a church, it feels like one judged all the others that differ. They are being true to their hearts. David Mc
This seems relevent for some reason. I'm not talking abount the "host". Hmm, we don't call it that, right?
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8536480.stm
David Mc
Living in the Kingdom: Sermon on the Lord's Praye...
Prayers for Chile (and Pacific Neighborhood)
The Church -- Not a Family?
Thy Kingdom Connected -- Review
A Summit on Health Care -- the Way forward
In Toyota We Trust -- Sightings
A Sad Day for a City
Four Years a Blogger!
Living into the Kingdom
God's Kingdom -- the Great Divine Clean up
Time to Vote for the Future of Troy, Michigan!
Thy Kingdom Come . . .
Sexuality -- Sightings
Grad students -- making bad life choices?
First Sermon audio "podcast" -- Worshiping the Ho...
Worshiping the Holy God -- The Lord's Prayer Serie...
Our Father -- One In Whom We can Trust
Calling God Father -- Meaning?
The Lord's Prayer in Song ("rock version")
The Lenten Promise
Reboot -- Review
Public Roles, Private Persons
Balancing Religion and Politics -- In America and ...
Looking back to Ash Wednesday -- Looking forward ....
Have Mercy on Me
An Ash Wednesday Prayer of Confession
Talking about the future of Troy, MI
Ash Wednesday's Message of Life's Transience
Fat Tuesday Considerations
Every Dayishness -- Sightings
Jesus Freak -- Review
We're You There? In the Beginning -- Sermon for E...
Building Bridges -- Celebrating Darwin's Birthday ...
The Common Good -- A Contest between Scarcity and ...
The Nature of Love -- A Guest Blog Post
Wesley Returns Home? A Methodist -- Church of Eng...
Abraham Lincoln and Charles Darwin -- Share anothe...
Resurrection Equals Insurrection
Sex in the Pulpit? Talk That Is!
The Liturgical Year -- Sr. Joan Chittister
Intelligent Design -- the Movement: A Failure?
Oh God, Oh God, Oh God! -- Review
Incarnation, Creation, and Kenosis
Honoring the Body -- the Human and the Churchly
Darwin Day/Evolution Weekend Resources -- Good Pla...
The Facts -- On Don't Ask, Don't Tell
Happy Birthday Chuck -- An Evolution Weekend Sermo...
When the Saints CAME Marching In
Cultural Disruption -- Sightings
Ending Don't Ask, Don't Tell-- The time has come
First Things First -- A Sermon
A Faith of Your Own -- A Review
Clayton Calls out Dennett
What Were they Thinking? The Case of the Mission ...
Practicing Our Faith -- Review
Week of Compassion Report on Haiti Relief
Obama speaks to National Prayer Breakfast -- Febru...
Keeping on the Sunny Side: Southern Traditionalis...
Genesis 1-3 -- What's the Point?
Called, Cleansed, and Sent -- A Lectionary Reflect...
Patched Together -- Review
A Conservative Case for Gay Marriage
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America, the State of the Union, and Economic Impe...
Jim Wallis on Morals and Values -- Sightings


Pritchett Farm is filled with mature trees, private backyards, and relaxing spaces surrounded by nature. There are many different types of homes scattered throughout the neighborhood, such as those with basements, third-story lofts spaces, open-floorplans, are more traditional styles. Many home also feature exterior stone detailing, quaint front porches, and tall ceilings. Other homes may also include three-car garages rather than two, while also having gourmet kitchens with large islands.
Pritchett Farm is a short drive from the Crossroads Plaza, a popular shopping district filled with restaurants and local retail shops. Cary is also known for its many nature parks and wonderful playgrounds. Residents are also not far from RDU International Airport or downtown Raleigh. Those that live in Pritchett Farm can enjoy community-style living, all the while being conveniently located within the Triangle.


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Q: Issue when submitting a param into controller This is something I cannot figure out for a while:
In my view I wrote like this:
@using(Html.BeginForm("PIndex","Home")){
    <select name ="particalview">
        <option value="1">option 1</option>
        <option value="2">option 2</option>
    </select>

The Controller behind it is:
[HttpPost]
        public ActionResult PIndex(string i) {
            if (i == "1")
                ViewBag.Page = 1;
            else if(i == "2")
                ViewBag.Page = 2;

            if(i == null)
                ViewBag.Page = 3;

            return View();
        }

Whatever I select, the controller fails to get the param of select list, Can anyone tell me where I missed?

A: Change the parameter in PIndex to particalview
[HttpPost]
        public ActionResult PIndex(string particalview) {
            if (particalview == "1")
                ViewBag.Page = 1;
            else if(particalview == "2")
                ViewBag.Page = 2;

            if(particalview == null)
                ViewBag.Page = 3;

            return View();
        }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Republican proposal to reinstate Oregon's Promise scholarship for college students gets full vote of Education Committee
Apr 13, 2021 | Press Releases
Bill to renew scholarship funding comes after Rep. Owens and Rep. Bonham's request that Governor Brown fulfill the program's funding for kids and families
SALEM, Ore. – In 2020, students who relied on the Oregon Promise Scholarship to pay for college lost out on these critical funds due to budget cuts. Now an amendment from Representative Mark Owens (R-Crane) would restore the promise of scholarship funding if the student requests it under certain guidelines.
The amendment follows a letter sent from Rep. Owens, Representative Daniel Bonham (R-Dalles) and Senator Lynn P. Findley (R-Vale) to the Governor, asking that Oregon keep the promise made to these kids and families by reinstating the scholarship.
In 2020, more than 2,000 students made plans based on this funding. 1,400 were listed as pending, while 1,070 were awarded the scholarship only to have it revoked. A -5 amendment would establish a special eligibility window for the 2,470 total students.
"Oregon made a promise to these students when we told them they could attend college with support," said Rep. Owens. "When this promise was broken in 2020, it dashed the dreams of these families who were depending on the scholarship to give their child new opportunities. I'm committed to making this right, and this amendment keeps the promise we made."
"I'm pleased that we are able to reinstate this program for young students aspiring to earn their college degree," said Rep. Bonham. "In the summer, we called on the Governor to make good on the commitment made with the Oregon Promise Scholarship because we knew how much it meant to the families that were counting on it."
HB 2093-5 was passed unanimously out of the House Committee on Education with bipartisan support. It now heads to Ways and Means.


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A multifactor ETF investing approach for mid-cap stocks
While U.S. mid-cap stocks have provided solid returns over the long term, some investors miss out because they underweight the asset class and focus more on large- and small-cap companies. A multifactor investing approach in an exchange-traded fund (ETF) structure may make sense for mid-cap exposure due to these stocks' unique characteristics, opportunities, and challenges.
Mid-cap stocks, which are roughly classified as those with a market capitalization of $2 billion to $20 billion, are often overlooked but have outperformed small- and large-cap stocks over the past 25 years. Superior earnings growth has provided a tailwind for mid caps.
A question of style
Investors trying to time their style exposure to mid-cap growth and value funds hurt their performance, based on money-weighted returns, capturing less of the category average return than investors who stuck with mid-cap blend strategies. Therefore, it could make sense for investors to simplify their allocations to mid caps. Money-weighted returns measure the performance of the average investor in the fund, based on net inflows and outflows of the fund.
Due to poor timing of buy and sell decisions, mid-cap growth and value fund investors captured only about 85% and 73% of the category return, respectively.
Yet, mid-cap blend fund investors fared the best with a 90% capture rate of category return. This is a key point. Style-timing decisions in mid caps reduced returns, which provides a strong case for moving away from targeted value and growth allocations and toward the center of the style box (blend).
Picking a consistently outperforming mid-cap manager is difficult
When deciding on an active or passive approach for individual asset classes, it may make sense to look at both the propensity of managers to outperform the index and the magnitude by which outperforming managers generate better results than the index.
Among the U.S. equity style boxes as defined by Morningstar, mid-cap blend and mid-cap value rank at the very bottom in terms of propensity to outperform, at just 27% and 29%, respectively, while less than half of mid-cap growth managers outperform, at 44%. Meanwhile, in terms of magnitude, outperforming managers beat the index by the smallest degree in mid cap, with the top third of managers actually underperforming in mid-cap value and blend.¹
Given that active manager selection is most difficult in mid caps, investors may benefit from alternative approaches such as smart beta.
Finding a more tax-efficient structure
Due to the strong performance of mid caps and embedded gains, fund investors can be hit with capital gains distributions even if they don't sell shares. Mid-cap funds overall had negative returns in 2018, yet over 90% of mid-cap funds distributed capital gains.²
The ETF structure can reduce the potential for capital gains, which are a drag on after-tax returns. The ETF wrapper can also help address capacity concerns, since many top-rated active mid-cap funds are closed because their asset bases have grown too large.
Putting it all together, an ETF that employs a multifactor approach may solve some of the challenges and capture the opportunities in U.S. mid-cap stocks. A multifactor ETF may be able to target a wide range of mid-cap stocks to access the breadth of the category's opportunities, while emphasizing factors such as smaller cap, lower relative price, and higher profitability that academic research has linked to higher expected returns.
FOR INVESTMENT PROFESSIONALS ONLY: Explore a broker fact sheet for John Hancock Multifactor Mid Cap ETF (JHMM).
1 Source: Morningstar, as of 12/31/18. 2 Source: Morningstar, as of 12/31/18.
The stock prices of midsize and small companies can change more frequently and dramatically than those of large companies. Diversification does not guarantee a profit or eliminate the risk of a loss. It is not possible to invest directly in an index. Past performance does not guarantee future results.
John Hancock ETFs are distributed by Foreside Fund Services, LLC in the United States, and are subadvised by Dimensional Fund Advisors LP in all markets.. Foreside is not affiliated with John Hancock Investment Management Distributors LLC or Dimensional Fund Advisors LP.
John Hancock Multifactor ETF shares are bought and sold through exchange trading at market price (not NAV), and are not individually redeemed from the fund. Shares may trade at a premium or discount to their NAV in the secondary market. Brokerage commissions will reduce returns.
Dimensional Fund Advisors LP receives compensation from John Hancock in connection with licensing rights to the John Hancock Dimensional indexes. Dimensional Fund Advisors LP does not sponsor, endorse or sell, and makes no representation as to the advisability of investing in, John Hancock Multifactor ETFs.
JHAN-2019-08-28-0475
Ryan W. Wellman, CFA
Multifactor investing
Related investments
JHMM Class
Multifactor Mid Cap ETF
Mid-Cap Blend
View fund
See more investments
U.S. mid-cap stocks are flourishing in the shadows
Mid-cap stocks typically combine the most attractive attributes of large and small companies, but they're often underrepresented in portfolios, despite a history of outperformance over the past 25 years, often with less risk.
Mid caps: the power of the mighty middle
Mid caps make up one of the most attractive segments of the U.S. equity market. We consider why smart beta ETFs can help you make the most of the opportunity.


WARSAW, Poland (AP) — In recent years, Poland has nurtured a hope that its large underground shale gas reserves could help ease its dependence on Russian energy imports — a costly and frustrating reliance for this former Soviet satellite.
But now it seems Poland will have to manage its expectations of becoming energy self-sufficient. A new report coming out Wednesday is expected to put the country's likely shale gas reserves at much less than initially thought.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration last year estimated that Poland might hold some 5.3 trillion cubic meters of shale gas, trapped deep below ground in porous rock. That would be enough to make the country self-reliant for centuries, even leaving some to spare for exports.
Polish officials, however, have warned lately that estimates in a new report, carried out by the State Geological Institute and the U.S. Geological Survey, will be a fraction of that.
Treasury Minister Mikolaj Budzanowski said last week the reserves may prove to be just 1 or 2 trillion cubic meters, though he wouldn't reveal the exact estimate.
Such reserves, while not enough to transform Poland into an energy powerhouse like Norway, would still make commercial production viable and go a long way to meeting the country's energy needs.
"We still have a chance to increase our own production, lower the prices and free ourselves from the main supplier," said Pawel Nierada, an energy expert with the Sobieski Institute think tank, referring to Russia.
Poland's hopes of energy independence had been encouraged by the huge success of the shale gas industry in the United States, where a decade of shale gas extraction has proved transformative. It has created gas independence — even allowing the U.S. to profit from exporting gas — while also bringing down gas prices and producing hundreds of thousands of new jobs.
Assured of its potential, Poland handed out licenses to almost 20 international and Polish companies to explore its vast shale rock layers with a view to commercial production.
Some other countries in Europe have also considered exploiting their own gas reserves after Russian deliveries have proven unpredictable in recent winters. In a few recent cases, Moscow has turned off the taps in price disputes with Ukraine, while this past winter it cut exports amid a bitter cold spell across Russia and much of Europe.
Yet across Europe, countries have lately held back on searching for shale gas due to environmental concerns.
France, for instance, has banned the extraction method called hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, which uses large quantities of water laced with chemicals and sand to break the porous shale rock thousands of meters (feet) below ground to release the gas.
Germany has also done some test projects but stopped them due to environment concerns. For that same reason, Bulgaria, which is almost totally dependent on Russian gas, recently canceled an exploration license held by U.S. company Chevron after nationwide protests by people fearing environmental risk.
Even in the U.S., President Barack Obama has called for a cautious approach to more oil and gas drilling.
But Poland is pushing ahead with its shale gas ambitions as its seeks energy independence. The strategy includes the ongoing construction of a liquefied natural gas terminal being built on the Baltic Sea coast that will be able to take gas from countries other than Russia. Poland also is planning to build its first nuclear power plants by 2025, and is also increasing investments in renewable energies like wind.
For now, though, about 70 percent of Poland's annual needs of 14.4 billion cubic meters of gas are covered by Russian imports.
Poland's state report will be based on research done on sample rock cores recovered from some 40 wells drilled by the geological institute for research and exploration between the 1950s and late 1980s.
It does not include findings from recent drilling, because that data belong to the exploring companies.
So far, results from some of the 13 wells drilled last year seem to be below expectations.
"We would have liked better results, better flow rates," said Kamlesh Parmar, Commercial Director for 3Legs Resources and the Poland country manager.
The company drilled two wells last year. It is considering further testing and is working on a plan for this year, including another well.
"I am optimistic," Parmar says.
Other companies, like U.S. Chevron or ExxonMobil, or Poland's PGNiG, say they are still analyzing rock samples taken from test wells.
The picture of Poland's possible shale gas reserves "will be corrected as data from the current drilling is made public," said Pawel Poprawa, a scientist with the State Geological Institute who helped prepare the report.
But Poprawa said he believes the new data coming in will confirm the picture in Wednesday's report — showing that Poland's reserves are large, but not as transformative as the country had once hoped.
AP writers Alison Mutler in Bucharest, Romania; Veselin Toshkov in Sofia, Bulgaria and Geir Moulson in Berlin contributed to this report.


The opportunity for Tim Legler to take the Middle Township High School girls' basketball coaching job came under unfortunate circumstances.
In June, the former coach, Gary Barber, was charged with aggravated sexual assault by a former player.
Barber, a biology teacher at the school who also has a landscaping business, had been a popular coach at Middle Township, winning more than 300 games in 21 seasons.
Barber, a 45-year-old husband and father of small children, was accused of having sexual relations this past summer by a woman who was 15 years old when the incidents allegedly took place during the 1989 basketball season.
The authorities said they did not know why the woman waited so long to raise the charges, but that she had been troubled about it for years and wanted to bring it out in the open.
There was no indication whether the sexual contact was consensual, the authorities said, although it is still a crime for someone to have sexual relations with a person under the age of 16 if the suspect is more than four years older.


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Пиова̀ Маса̀я (; , Пиова) е село и община в Северна Италия, провинция Асти, регион Пиемонт. Разположено е на 300 m надморска височина. Населението на общината е 684 души (към 2010 г.).

Източници

Външни препратки
 Уебсайт на общината

Асти (провинция)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Orotidin je organsko jedinjenje, koje sadrži 10 atoma ugljenika i ima molekulsku masu od 288,211 -{Da}-.

Osobine

Reference

Literatura

Spoljašnje veze

Алкохоли
Карбоксилне киселине
Ацетамиди
Лактами


Coming this December is a different kind of film from Walt Disney Pictures.
The studio has been known for its animated movies and blockbusters, but now they have a biographical drama called Saving Mr.Banks.
The movie will look into the life of the author P.L. Travers and how her collaboration with Walt Disney captured the hearts of children and audiences around the world.
There is certain to be more on the film in the months to come, but for the time being, we have the first pic from the film.
The new image features the film's stars: Emma Thompson, who will play author P.L. Travers, and Tom Hanks, who plays Walt Disney.
There's not anything real dramatic revealed in the images, but it captures the time as well as the leads' characters.
Along with Thompson and Hanks, this drama will also star Colin Farrell, Paul Giamatti, Jason Schwartzman, Bradley Whitford, Annie Rose Buckley, Ruth Wilson, B.J. Novak, Rachel Griffiths and Kathy Baker.
Saving Mr.Banks arrives in theaters December 13th.
Can this bio-pic live up to these cultural icons?
What are the dangers of Disney doing a film involving it's own founder?


Constitutional lawyer, Tunji Abayomi has dumped the All Progressives Congress, APC for Action Alliance, AA.
Abayomi, who was an APC stalwart in Ondo state, revealed that the decision was to enable him fulfill his ambition of representing his senatorial district at the National Assembly at the 2019 polls.
In a letter addressed to Ondo State Governor, Oluwarotimi Akeredolu, and titled "They Just Injured Our Collective Rights And Now I Must Find A Way Out", he informed the governor that the alleged role of the National Chairman of APC, Adams Oshiomhole and the party's National Working Committee, NWC during the primaries informed his decision to quit the APC in order to actualize his dream on the AA platform.
It would be recalled that Abayomi, who has been having a running battle with Oshiomhole over the emergence of the current Senator representing Ondo North Senatorial District, Prof. Ajayi Boroffice as the senatorial district's candidate at the 2019 polls, had accused the National Chairman of working against the wish of the people by giving "automatic tickets" to Boroffice and two other serving senators from the state.
According to the former APC senatorial aspirant, the term "automatic ticket" is unknown to the party's constitution which Oshiomhole used to "block" his chance.
The letter he wrote to Gov. Akeredolu which was obtained by DAILY POST reads, "In a democracy, eligible members of our party are expected to vote or agree through consensus who the candidate over them should be in any election. It is NEVER the leaders who at any rate are expected to be chosen by the people that impose Candidates in democracy.
"This is why the Constitution of APC defines Candidates as "Any person who has been nominated at a primary or party election to contest at a General Election". Nomination for elections is always the prerogative of the electors or the people. It is NEVER that of the leaders.
"I regret to inform you that the present leadership of APC at the National level has decided to take away your right to nominate Candidates as well as my right to be nominated by its unlawful "Automatic ticket" for all present Senators from Ondo State.
"The National Leadership has appointed its candidate but NOW our people in the North Senatorial Zone must have a chance to choose their candidate against Governor Adams Oshiomhole's appointed Candidates. We are Ondo State people, our character is to fight for our rights and insist on these rights.
Abayomi however assured the Governor to return to his camp after winning the Ondo North Senatorial seat under the platform of AA at next year's elections.
"My decision to detour this time has been difficult. Since 2003 I have been with you. Inspite of the many challenges we faced together I have not retreated. I have not equivocated. I have not moved an inch because there was always a chance at redemption. Today the chance is unconstitutionally totally blocked. In my interest and in your interest I must keep the chance open. After the next Senatorial election which I hope to win, I will return to you," he said.


I'm trying to simulate a 433 MHz wireless remote control but have been unable to do so.
Below are two Saleae screen grabs of two radio transmissions received on an ASK wireless receiver. The first is from the genuine remote transmitter while the second is from a 08M2 programmed to simulate the remote and connected to an ASK wireless transmitter.
In general the signal seems to consist of a header with a high of 6.5 mS followed by 15 bits (110101111010111) with the 1 having a width of 3.75 mS and a 0 being 1.7mS wide. The gap between bits is 1.55 mS wide. The pattern is repeated continuously while the remote button is depressed.
To my very untrained eye, the signals look identical but clearly there is something I'm missing going on here.
Has anyone got any ideas as to why my generated radio transmission is being ignored by my device?
They look the same to me too!
There is a small amount of shifting of part of the signal. If the real one is close to some timing limit, then the copy may be outside allowable tolerances.
The speed is not correct though. The transmitter on the second capture is sending the signals slower than the transmitter on the first capture.
One thing I have found is that the entire transmission path and choice of transmitter can alter pulse widths and their timing, but it's usually high or low pulses being shrunk or stretched, the overall timing consistent.
This seems to have divergence throughout. I'm wondering if that could be a result of your bit-banging timing being out, where code is placed in your program causing different timings as things get executed.
Case 1 : PauseUs ? : Low TX : PauseUs ?
Case 2 : PauseUs ? : Low TX : PauseUs ?
Case 3 : PauseUs ? : Low TX : PauseUs ?
Measure the individual high and low times as received from the genuine as accurately as you can and tweak the PICAXE output routine timing to match that regardless of what they actual values are.
I've only encountered one 434MHz OOK system where I was unable, with a PICaxe, to synthesise an acceptable waveform for the receiver. I concluded that its decoding relied on the very high (frequency) accuracy of crystal oscillators, i.e. using a long data packet with little or no resynchronising to the data transitions. Generally, the duty cycle (mark-space ratio) of the individual data bits is not too critical, because OOK is basically a low-bandwidth analogue system where variable propagation delays may occur (e.g. dependent on signal strength).
Do you have an analogue 'scope to check the "data eyes" of the received signal? A problem with the Saleae clones (and most Logic Analysers) is that they have a fixed slicing (data threshold) level which might not be the same as the receiver is using ("CMOS" inputs are usually 50% of Vdd, whilst "TTL" are lower and more constant, etc). Very often the received rise and fall times will be different (so the slicing level is significant), or with weaker signals the waveform may even "grow grass" (noise) from one of the logic baselines, which might not show up with a Logic Analyser.
In general the signal seems to consist of a header ... followed by 15 bits.
Thanks to everyone who has replied. I'll try to respond to all of the comments made.
Firstly, the device is an old (late 1970's) B&D Controll-a-door that was used to open a garage door so I would expect that the technology used then would be relatively unsophisticated.
As has been noted by a number of you, the transmission rate is likely to be the most critical requirement. I spent some time aligning the transmission rates and I think I've finally got them in good alignment. The transmission of 10 sequences of the 15 bit pattern takes 825.2 mSecs and my program takes 825.6. This difference of only 0.4 mSecs is only about a quarter of the narrow "0" pulse so shouldn't be a problem. Also I've confirmed that the genuine remote only needs to be depressed for 500 msecs for it to be accepted by the controll-a-door so in fact only about 6 sequences are required. I've also found that the transmission rate of the genuine remote varies slightly with battery voltage. The battery that was in it when I made my initial measurements was old and I later noted that its voltage dropped to below 8 volts when actually transmitting. When a new battery was installed, the transmission time for 10 sequences actually increased to 827.7 mSecs.
I've also thoroughly investigated the pulse width for the "1" and "0" and found that the variation in width of the 08M2 generated pulses is actually less than the genuine remote. Added to this, the width of both lots of pulses (ie from the genuine remote and the 08M2 controlled transmitter) widen significantly when the transmitter is brought closer to the receiver. So again, I'm pretty confident that the width of the generated pulses is not the reason for the controll-a-door not to respond to my simulated signal.
Alan, I do have a genuine Saleae but I don't think that that will make much difference in this case as I am doing all my timing measurements on a cheap Chinese receiver and not the actual receiver in the Controll-a-door. However, for the reasons given earlier, I don't think that pulse width is the problem for the old slow signal protocol that is used here.
I feel that there must be something else about this signal that is causing the problem but I can't imagine what that is, so I'd be grateful for any other suggestions on areas that I can investigate. One thing that I did spend some time on was that I noted that the first sequence after the button was pressed on the genuine remote had a header that was 10.6 mSecs long compared the normal 6.6 mSecs for later sequences and I even altered my code to roughly incorporate that but it made no difference. On later reflection, I expect that the wider header pulse width is probably caused by the very low voltage as the capacitor charges up just after the button is pressed.
Thanks to you too Hippy for providing your programs. I didn't actually use them as your second one was quite close to mine but I did re-arrange mine so that variable assignment was at the end of the program. Mind you, I still found it very frustrating actually "tuning" the timings and that changes to constants further down in the code often affected other timings whose values were set earlier in the code.
Again, thanks to everyone who offered suggestions and I still welcome more. Also, if someone knows of a commercial product that can be used with this old controll-a-door, please reply with the details.
I would also have expected the decoder to be quite tolerant of timing to cater for variations in transmitter voltage, temperature and whatnot.
Decoding of such data often seems based on pulse lengths being multiples of the gap period which makes it fairly easy to determine what a signal stream is with a wide tolerance.
I would expect the 10.6 ms pulse is quite important, is the actual 'start' header, the 6.5 ms being a 'repeat' header.
If sending out the 'same data' there's no reason the receiver shouldn't treat it as actual data. If it's not a matter of timing, it must be a matter of something else. Hard to tell though what that is.
I am doing all my timing measurements on a cheap Chinese receiver and not the actual receiver in the Controll-a-door. .
I'm still suspicious that the "digital" waveform which the actual decoder is "seeing" is in some way different to what the Logic Analyser shows. Of course this is difficult to identify if the "data slicer" is an unknown threshold detector buried within an Integrated Circuit. So I can only suggest that you try to work with "strong" (i.e. noise-free) radio signals, but not so strong that they might overload the receiver. Remember that the basic transmitter-receiver part of the system is ANALOGUE, so try a range of signal strengths (TX-RX range).
Again clutching at straws, have you checked that every data packet is (digitally) identical? I did encounter a similar signalling system which contained a "running sequence number" in part of each data packet. Not something I would have expected in a system of that vintage, does the encoder even use a microcontroller? Of course the better, modern systems use a pseudo-random rolling sequence (synchronised in transmitter and receiver), to prevent "recording" and spoofing of the signal.
Thanks Hippy & Alan for your further thoughts.
I'm still suspicious that the "digital" waveform which the actual decoder is "seeing" is in some way different to what the Logic Analyser shows. Of course this is difficult to identify if the "data slicer" is an unknown threshold detector buried within an Integrated Circuit.
I think that's right Alan. I have a hardware problem here that won't be fixed by software. I don't know what modulation system is being used by this old 1970's remote transmitter and its decoding by a modern OOK receiver may not properly represent its true configuration. Similarly, I don't know how the radio receiver in this controll-a door will decode the signal put out by a modern OOK transmitter and it could be far from what I expect or it may not extracts any signal at all.
I think I've gone as far as I can go with this.
I have a hardware problem here that won't be fixed by software.
I am not convinced that is the case. The protocol has to be tolerant to day-by-day variations in transmission rates so it shouldn't matter if your timing isn't absolutely accurate. And I would have thought that if they matched using a third-party receiver, they would match closely enough for the genuine receiver to be able to handle that.
More likely in my opinion is that it's not sending the start code, that transmissions from the genuine transmitter aren't the same every time, or it depends on some aspect of the transmission which hasn't been identified yet.
Having a rolling code or a changing sequence number wouldn't be that surprising given the application of garage door opener, which one would want to be immune to playback attacks. And effectively you are attempting a playback attack.
The first is from the genuine remote transmitter while the second is from a 08M2 programmed to simulate the remote and connected to an ASK wireless transmitter.
Reading your original post again, I think the issue might be more fundamental: Are you sure they're actually transmitting at the same frequency? The "nominal" frequency for this ISM band is usually 433.92 MHz, but the cheaper (most) systems can be off by hundreds of kHz. So the receivers often have a very wide reception bandwidth, sometimes 1MHz or more. It's only quite recently that "better" (integrated circuit) hardware has used frequency synthesiser technology and Superhet receivers, etc..
However, your "controll-a door" might precede the intermediate "cheap and nasty" phase. In the 70s, the "digital" hardware could have been relatively expensive so the designers might have spent proportionally more on the wireless link, for example a crystal-controlled transmitter and narrow-band receiver (not necessarily 433.92, but maybe 433.00 ?). The wireless protocol you've shown is quite narrow-band (~1 kHz ?) so the receiver could have a correspondingly narrow bandwidth, if the analogue hardware had been designed accordingly.
Are you sure they're actually transmitting at the same frequency?
That's a good point; you might not be seeing what the actual receiver is seeing. If you can tap into the genuine receiver that would be better.
I have seen similar effects to what AlleyCat describes with IR, where the PICAXE driven IR LED or carrier frequency doesn't match the genuine remote; with the genuine IR receiver showing differences to what a test IR receiver has shown.
Differences can usually be adjusted-out in PICAXE software but that may not be so effective or even possible for radio.
Hippy, I actually spent some time investigating this start code but I'm now convinced that it's not the problem. I don't think they had the ability to process anything as complicated as a rolling code back in the 70's. Security wasn't seen as much of a problem back then and their principal concern was to stop your neighbour's garage remote from opening your garage door and a 15 bit code would have been more than enough for that.
However I did investigate it and it was actually quite difficult to get a good look at that first sequence because it takes some time for the Chinese OOK receiver to wind down its AGC so most of the first sequence is lost in the noise you get when there is no RF. I ended up getting it by using a relay to trigger the remote and precede that with my own generated RF to keep the AGC down. When I got a clear signal to look at, I could see that not only was the initial start bit longer (wider) but also the first couple of code bits were also a bit wider but soon reduced so that they were back to normal after it had transmitted about 5 bits. So I'm convinced that it's just a transient caused by switching on the power to the remote.
Yes Alan, I think that's very likely. I have no idea what the actual transmission frequency of the remote is and I was somewhat surprised when I initially found that I could extract a signal from it using the Chinese receiver. I think there is a good chance that the controll-a-door receiver doesn't decode anything at all from the Chinese OOK transmitter.


When I got my Brother SE400, it had so many functions and features that I was a little bit overwhelmed. So I wanted to start with the easiest, simplest possible thing just to try out the embroidery.
I decided to start with one of the built-in designs – the large, fancy initial "A". A for Audrey, the name of my baby grandniece. I choose the easiest fabric I could think of – a medium weight, cotton twill – that would be easy to hoop, not too heavy and not stretchy. I used Sulky Soft 'n Sheer, cut-away lightweight stabilizer behind the fabric and hooped both of them.
This video of that first embroidery shows how to select the pattern and stitch it out. The embroidery came out very well. But there's a lot more to learn.
This is also my first video about my new Brother SE400 Sewing and Embroidery machine. I shot it with my iPhone 4s and edited it with iMovie on the iMac. Amazing how good the iPhone camera is now.
Reliable, feature-rich, and budget-friendly, the SE400 delivers both a full range of sewing features, and the ability to embellish home decor, clothing and gifts with its included 4 embroidery capabilities.
Reliable, feature-rich, and budget-friendly, the SE400 delivers both a full range of sewing features, and the ability to embellish home decor, clothing and gifts with its included 4″x4″ embroidery capabilities.
I can't seem to do a 3 initial monogram one letter at a time on my Brother SE400. Do you have tips on how to size each letter individually and still have a pretty 3 letter monogram? Is there a way on the Brother SE400 to do a 3 letter monogram in one file? Thank you!
Hello All, My problem is basic as it gets….I cannot seem to wind thread on the bobbin that comes with the machine. It keeps winding beneath the cutter. Any advice?
There is a facebook group called Brother SE400 for Beginners that you all could try out for answers.
I just got a SE400; the top thread won't pull through; I know the logical thing is that the upper thread is not properly threaded but I can see the take up lever and the thread is through it; there are no error messages; I can pull the thread through the needle manually. The piece of work looks perfect on the back side but the front looks thin and obviously is just the bobbin thread pulled through . Any ideas?
I have an se400 and the power went out. I was in the middle of the design I was working on. fortunately it was just finishing up one side of a butterfly. How do I continue with my design? It shows the design at the start of the design again.
Just got my SE400 for Christmas, very excited! My problem is, when attempting to monogram 3 letters, they seem to pull the cloth around them as if they are too tight, help?
try adjusting the tension, that should help. test it out on a scrap piece of material first.
HELP! I just bought an SE400. My problem is I can't figure out how to line things up, for example, I want to type 2 words on the same line. When I line the 2nd word up the carriage starts sewing somewhere else. I also have downloaded some design frames and I want to put initials inside the frame but I'm having a hard time trying to figure out how to fit the initials inside the frame. Thank you!!
I'm new at this. I'm making memory bears and pillows and would like to be able to embroidery a poem on my pillows and need to know how to do that I have an SE 400. I'm searching very hard on a tutorial on how to.
I do love to hear from you, and I'll answer your comments as quickly as I can. But if I'm traveling or otherwise away from the computer, it could take me a few days.


Topped with a unique Bacon Vinaigrette, this fire-grilled side is a hit every time.
Start by cleaning and oiling your grill. Then, heat it to 500 degrees F.
Add potatoes to a large pot of salted water and bring to a boil. Let them boil for 12-15 minutes or until cooked through.
Drain potatoes and allow water to fully evaporate from the skin. Once the potatoes are cool enough to handle, slightly press down on the potato to pop open and create a flat surface for the grill.
Gently drizzle both sides of the potatoes with olive oil, and season with salt and pepper. Then, place them on the preheated grill to get desired grill marks on both sides of the potatoes. Set them aside on a serving platter.
Cook bacon strips until crispy. Remove bacon from pan and save the bacon fat.
In a large mason jar (or similar container), combine all the ingredients for the dressing and shake until well combined.
Pour dressing over shingled potatoes and garnish with chopped bacon, blue cheese crumbles and sliced green onions. Then, dig in.


text:
package net.guerra24.infinity.client.graphics.shaders;

import net.guerra24.infinity.client.core.InfinityVariables;
import net.guerra24.infinity.client.util.Maths;
import net.guerra24.infinity.client.world.entities.Camera;
import net.guerra24.infinity.universal.util.vector.Matrix4f;
import net.guerra24.infinity.universal.util.vector.Vector3f;

/**
 * Skybox Shader
 *
 * @author Guerra24 <pablo230699@hotmail.com>
 * @category Rendering
 */
public class SkyboxShader extends ShaderProgram {
	/**
	 * Skybox Shader Data
	 */
	private int loc_projectionMatrix;
	private int loc_viewMatrix;
	private int loc_fogColour;
	private int loc_cubeMap;
	private int loc_cubeMap2;
	private int loc_blendFactor;
	private float rotation = 0;

	/**
	 * Constructor, Create a Skybox Shader
	 *
	 */
	public SkyboxShader() {
		super(InfinityVariables.VERTEX_FILE_SKYBOX, InfinityVariables.FRAGMENT_FILE_SKYBOX);
	}

	@Override
	protected void bindAttributes() {
		super.bindAttribute(0, "position");
	}

	@Override
	protected void getAllUniformLocations() {
		loc_projectionMatrix = super.getUniformLocation("projectionMatrix");
		loc_viewMatrix = super.getUniformLocation("viewMatrix");
		loc_fogColour = super.getUniformLocation("fogColour");
		loc_blendFactor = super.getUniformLocation("blendFactor");
		loc_cubeMap = super.getUniformLocation("cubeMap");
		loc_cubeMap2 = super.getUniformLocation("cubeMap2");
	}

	/**
	 * Loads a Projection Matrix
	 *
	 * @param matrix
	 *            Projection Matrix
	 */
	public void loadProjectionMatrix(Matrix4f matrix) {
		super.loadMatrix(loc_projectionMatrix, matrix);
	}

	/**
	 * Loads View Matrix
	 *
	 * @param camera
	 *            Camera
	 * @param delta
	 *            Delta
	 */
	public void loadViewMatrix(Camera camera, float delta) {
		Matrix4f matrix = Maths.createViewMatrix(camera);
		matrix.m30 = 0;
		matrix.m31 = 0;
		matrix.m32 = 0;
		rotation += InfinityVariables.ROTATE_SPEED * delta;
		Matrix4f.rotate((float) Math.toRadians(rotation), new Vector3f(0, 1, 0), matrix, matrix);
		super.loadMatrix(loc_viewMatrix, matrix);
	}

	/**
	 * Loads Fog Color
	 *
	 * @param r
	 *            Red Value
	 * @param g
	 *            Green Value
	 * @param b
	 *            Blue Value
	 */
	public void loadFog(float r, float g, float b) {
		super.loadVector(loc_fogColour, new Vector3f(r, g, b));
	}

	/**
	 * Loads Textures ID
	 *
	 */
	public void connectTextureUnits() {
		super.loadInt(loc_cubeMap, 0);
		super.loadInt(loc_cubeMap2, 1);
	}

	/**
	 * Loads Blend Factor
	 *
	 * @param blend
	 *            Value
	 */
	public void loadBlendFactor(float blend) {
		super.loadFloat(loc_blendFactor, blend);
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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The major step they made last year was the vastly improved camera using Leica dual lens technology to give you stunning images.
It is 15.5x7.5x.7cm and weighs 180grams.
Thin, smart, tough and well built, it even comes with silicon back and side cover to protect from the odd drop.
Silver grey front and sides and a 'mocha' brown back go to make up the smart look. It is as thin as any phone I have seen, it feels solid and there is certainly no flexibility and is nice to hold and use.
The right side has the volume up/down rocker and the on/off button. The base has the USB 'C' connection for charging or connection of an OTG device, my 64GB Kingston offering worked correctly other larger units may also work but I do not have any larger ones. The left side has entry point for SIM. The top has an excellent pin hole microphone. Finally the back has the twin lens of the excellent Leica camera that do protrude slightly as well as the LED flash and below this the finger print reader. The one minus point is there is no 3.5mm socket for headphones, so you will need a Bluetooth listening solution.
While the back is shiny it does seem to avoid noticeable finger prints. The face has a speaker above the screen surely a better place than the back chosen by so many. Under normal use the fingerprints do not show on the screen and as the screen surround is miniscule so marks are not noticeable there either.
The viewable screen is 6.9x13.7cm which gives the notional diagonal imperial measurement of 6inches.
A three second push on the on/off button produces a fourteen second boot, shutdown is eleven seconds but unlike most phones the screen does not blank until shutdown is completed.
The front screen shows two lines of five icons towards the base, above this the Google bar that you can type or speak to. At the top a small bar of icons and below this a larger digital clock with smaller date line underneath and to the right of the weather in your location. Flip left and you get up to thirty new icons with the second (lower) line from the front screen which are Phone, Contacts, Email, Chrome and Camera.
This unit comes with Kirin 970 AI processor stated to give faster, stronger and seamless experience. It has a 4000mAh battery that for most will give at least two days of use between charges.
The camera has a 20MP monochrome lens and a 12MP RGB offering the lens is f/1.6 aperture.
A lot more details about this excellent camera on the second link at the end.
The Huewei Mate 10 Pro is available on a range of tariffs which start at £48 and month with a £19 upfront payment and this gives you 16GB data and unlimited calls and texts. For another £6 a month you get double data as well as a 24 month subscription to Spotify or Sky Sports or Now TV, full details on link. It's also available SIM free from Amazon for £589.


Troop 282 families summer camp is just around the corner and with that our visit to Camp Parsons. If any of our scouts would like to submit a request for a campership to attend Camp Parsons, send an email to me at (do not reply to this email): baltmiller. Once I receive the email I will help you thru the next steps.


You can purchase information on OPTIMA NEW DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION & MARKETING LTD in 4 formats. Basic, detailed, and full reports are ready within 12 - 36 hours. Legal & bankruptcy searches take 3 - 4 business days.
OPTIMA NEW DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION & MARKETING LTD is an Israeli entity located in Yavne, Israel. IsraelBizReg can provide you with a report on OPTIMA NEW DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION & MARKETING LTD in several formats. The report on OPTIMA NEW DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION & MARKETING LTD (513636530) ready for you within 12 - 36 hours of your order. Legal & bankruptcy searches on OPTIMA NEW DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION & MARKETING LTD can take up to 3 - 4 business days depending on the amount of results. If you have any questions about the reports we offer, we are happy to answer any questions you have.


text:
Andre Alves Garzia for Little Webby Press
Little Webby Press MVP launched
#creativewriting #writingcommunity #ebooks #webapp
This appeared first on my own personal blog.
Today I'm launching the initial version of Little Webby Press, an online service to build eBooks and a website for the eBook. It allows the writer to go from a folder with manuscript files to a static website and eBook with a single click. Check the video below for a quick introduction, and to see it working:
The author creates a folder on their own machine and use a plain-text editor to create their manuscript files inside that folder. They create a book configuration file — usually in TOML, but YAML and JSON are also supported — that sets all the configuration options for the Little Webby Press workflow.
The folder is loaded into the Web Application and the author can then generate an eBook and a Website based on their manuscript. If they notice they want to change something, or they progressed in their writing and want to generate a new eBook, they can simply reload the web app, open the folder again, and use the action buttons to generate the deliverables. Every time there is a change to the manuscript folder, it needs to be reloaded. There is no way for Little Webby Press to monitor your disk files. Still reloading is as simple as just dragging and dropping the folder on the UI again.
Why does it exists?
Mostly because I wanted to build it. I have been publishing books for many years now, and decided it was time for me to be on control of my tools. Another important aspect is that I wanted to build something that worked purely on the client-side so that it could be offered for free and without user accounts.
There are many tools out there to generate eBooks and even more tools to generate static websites. They range from very simple to use SaaS such as Leanpub, to complex command-line tools such as Pandoc. There is a place for everyone and I wanted to create something that reduced friction between writing your book and actually getting something you can share.
You can write your manuscript files using Markdown, Asciidoctor, Textile, or raw HTML chunks. You can mix and match them in the same folder as long as you use the correct file extension for each format. I'm not aware of any other SaaS that allows you to write in all these formats.
The configuration file can be written in TOML, YAML, or JSON. Again providing the author with the flexibility to use whatever configuration format they're more comfortable with.
It supports custom templates—even though the documentation about them is not yet ready—allowing the author full control over the workflow. Basically, add a _theme folder inside the manuscript folder, and place your custom template inside it as it's own folder. For example, if your template is named custom, then the folder would be _theme/custom/ and the configuration would have a line theme = "custom". I will document that shortly.
Even though the feature above is not documented, Little Webby Press has extensive documentation that was written using Little Webby Press itself.
There is initial support for WebMonetization. I think that it is a great standard that could foster a sustainable Web that does not rely in Ads or selling user data.
I'm developer-curious, tell me about the source
The source-code is available at the Little Webby Press Github repository. The license for the source is MIT, so use it any way you want. There is no backend, everything is processed and assembled in the frontend. I need to be honest here and make a bit of a disclaimer:
This is a project that I started to make for myself, and then decided it was cool enough to be something I'd share with others. I got a grant from Grant For The Web to build it, and that is how I could afford to devote time to this project.
The source-code is a bit messy. There are two major functions, one to generate the epub and another to generate the website, it is basically waterfall-oriented. Waterfalls are pretty, sit down, enjoy the view.
Yep, I said it. The source is not the pristine webapp you're used to see when someone go public with a project. But, hey, I'm a writer first and a developer second. I'm happy with my source, and my results. That's enough for me.
The whole system is built with Rollup from Svelte components and some extra JS files. There is a fake filesystem in memory, courtesy of BrowserFS, that allows the waterfalls mentioned above to be coded as if we were dealing in NodeJS with a local disk filesystem. It is all a lie, there is no file system, but don't tell that to the routines, they're fragile already.
Once those waterfalls finish assembling everything on the in-memory filesystem, a zip file is created with JSZip and downloaded. You can host the deliverables in any server that supports static files.
This was just a simple post to make it real. I have been working in this for a while, and a lot of it was rushed because I lost one of my jobs just before the Pandemic hit. Both the Pandemic and that job loss caused an impact in my life, and it took me a while to recover and get this rolling. The grant was fundamental for allowing me the time to breath and the safety to spend time researching better workflows and test driving this with my own books.
There are lots of opportunities for improvement, and I'll keep working on this. Little Webby Press is a project I love and use, I think it can grow to be a wonderful alternative for authors everywhere. I hope you enjoy it too.
Andrzej Mazur
HTML5 Game Developer and Technical Evangelist, Enclave Games indie studio founder, js13kGames competition creator, Gamedev.js community firestarter and Gamedev.js Weekly newsletter publisher.
HTML5 Game Developer at Enclave Games
Sweet! Can't wait to use it myself.
Your Weekly Roundup!
Ayesha Ware - Jan 14
sharing cause it's so cool
Xander Jake de los Santos - Jan 5
OpenSpeaks — Interim Grant Report #1
Subhashish P. - Jan 14
Join Us! Grant for the Web January Community Call hosted by Kult
Little Webby Press
Frictionless publishing for writers


text:
André Georges Poplimont (Belgium, Antwerpen, 1893. április 18. –?) belga olimpikon, jégkorongozó, tőrvívó.

Az 1924. évi téli olimpiai játékokon a jégkorongtornán vett részt a belga csapatban. Első mérkőzésükön súlyos vereséget szenvedtek az amerikaiaktól 19–0-ra. Következő mérkőzésen szintén súlyos vereséget szenvendtek el a britektől, 19–3-ra kaptak ki. Utolsó csoport mérkőzésükön a franciáktól kaptak ki egy szoros mérkőzésen 7–5-re. Egy gólt ütött az utolsó mérkőzésen.

Az 1932. évi nyári olimpiai játékokon indult kettő vívás számban. Egyéni tőrvívásban és csapat tőrvívásban. Érmet nem nyert.

Az antwerpeni CPA volt a klubcsapata.

Jegyzetek

Források

Adatok

1893-ban született személyek
A 20. században elhunyt személyek
Belga olimpikonok
Belga jégkorongozók
Belga vívók


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