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Astronomy7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe how the objects in our solar system are identified, explored, and characterized
Describe the types of small bodies in our solar system, their locations, and how they formed
Model the solar system with distances from everyday life to better comprehend distances in space
The solar system1 consists of the Sun and many smaller objects: the planets, their moons and rings, and such "debris" as asteroids, comets, and dust. Decades of observation and spacecraft exploration have revealed that most of these objects formed together with the Sun about 4.5 billion years ago. They represent clumps of material that condensed from an enormous cloud of gas and dust. The central part of this cloud became the Sun, and a small fraction of the material in the outer parts eventually formed the other objects.
During the past 50 years, we have learned more about the solar system than anyone imagined before the space age. In addition to gathering information with powerful new telescopes, we have sent spacecraft directly to many members of the planetary system. (Planetary astronomy is the only branch of our science in which we can, at least vicariously, travel to the objects we want to study.) With evocative names such as Voyager, Pioneer, Curiosity, and Pathfinder, our robot explorers have flown past, orbited, or landed on every planet, returning images and data that have dazzled both astronomers and the public. In the process, we have also investigated two dwarf planets, hundreds of fascinating moons, four ring systems, a dozen asteroids, and several comets (smaller members of our solar system that we will discuss later).
Our probes have penetrated the atmosphere of Jupiter and landed on the surfaces of Venus, Mars, our Moon, Saturn's moon Titan, the asteroids Eros and Itokawa, and the Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko (usually referred to as 67P). Humans have set foot on the Moon and returned samples of its surface soil for laboratory analysis (Figure 7.2). We have even discovered other places in our solar system that might be able to support some kind of life.
Figure 7.2 Astronauts on the Moon. The lunar lander and surface rover from the Apollo 15 mission are seen in this view of the one place beyond Earth that has been explored directly by humans. (credit: modification of work by David R. Scott, NASA)
Link to Learning
View this gallery of NASA images that trace the history of the Apollo mission.
An Inventory
The Sun, a star that is brighter than about 80% of the stars in the Galaxy, is by far the most massive member of the solar system, as shown in Table 7.1. It is an enormous ball about 1.4 million kilometers in diameter, with surface layers of incandescent gas and an interior temperature of millions of degrees. The Sun will be discussed in later chapters as our first, and best-studied, example of a star.
Mass of Members of the Solar System
Percentage of Total Mass of Solar System
Sun 99.80
Jupiter 0.10
Comets 0.0005–0.03 (estimate)
All other planets and dwarf planets 0.04
Moons and rings 0.00005
Asteroids 0.000002 (estimate)
Cosmic dust 0.0000001 (estimate)
Table 7.1 also shows that most of the material of the planets is actually concentrated in the largest one, Jupiter, which is more massive than all the rest of the planets combined. Astronomers were able to determine the masses of the planets centuries ago using Kepler's laws of planetary motion and Newton's law of gravity to measure the planets' gravitational effects on one another or on moons that orbit them (see Orbits and Gravity). Today, we make even more precise measurements of their masses by tracking their gravitational effects on the motion of spacecraft that pass near them.
Beside Earth, five other planets were known to the ancients—Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn—and two were discovered after the invention of the telescope: Uranus and Neptune. The eight planets all revolve in the same direction around the Sun. They orbit in approximately the same plane, like cars traveling on concentric tracks on a giant, flat racecourse. Each planet stays in its own "traffic lane," following a nearly circular orbit about the Sun and obeying the "traffic" laws discovered by Galileo, Kepler, and Newton. Besides these planets, we have also been discovering smaller worlds beyond Neptune that are called trans-Neptunian objects or TNOs (see Figure 7.3). The first to be found, in 1930, was Pluto, but others have been discovered during the twenty-first century. One of them, Eris, is about the same size as Pluto and has at least one moon (Pluto has five known moons.) The largest TNOs are also classed as dwarf planets, as is the largest asteroid, Ceres. (Dwarf planets will be discussed further in the chapter on Rings, Moons, and Pluto). To date, more than 1750 of these TNOs have been discovered.
Figure 7.3 Orbits of the Planets. All eight major planets orbit the Sun in roughly the same plane. The five currently known dwarf planets are also shown: Eris, Haumea, Pluto, Ceres, and Makemake. Note that Pluto's orbit is not in the plane of the planets.
Each of the planets and dwarf planets also rotates (spins) about an axis running through it, and in most cases the direction of rotation is the same as the direction of revolution about the Sun. The exceptions are Venus, which rotates backward very slowly (that is, in a retrograde direction), and Uranus and Pluto, which also have strange rotations, each spinning about an axis tipped nearly on its side. We do not yet know the spin orientations of Eris, Haumea, and Makemake.
The four planets closest to the Sun (Mercury through Mars) are called the inner or terrestrial planets. Often, the Moon is also discussed as a part of this group, bringing the total of terrestrial objects to five. (We generally call Earth's satellite "the Moon," with a capital M, and the other satellites "moons," with lowercase m's.) The terrestrial planets are relatively small worlds, composed primarily of rock and metal. All of them have solid surfaces that bear the records of their geological history in the forms of craters, mountains, and volcanoes (Figure 7.4).
Figure 7.4 Surface of Mercury. The pockmarked face of the terrestrial world of Mercury is more typical of the inner planets than the watery surface of Earth. This black-and-white image, taken with the Mariner 10 spacecraft, shows a region more than 400 kilometers wide. (credit: modification of work by NASA/John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington)
The next four planets (Jupiter through Neptune) are much larger and are composed primarily of lighter ices, liquids, and gases. We call these four the jovian planets (after "Jove," another name for Jupiter in mythology) or giant planets—a name they richly deserve (Figure 7.5). About 1,300 Earths could fit inside Jupiter, for example. These planets do not have solid surfaces on which future explorers might land. They are more like vast, spherical oceans with much smaller, dense cores.
Figure 7.5 The Four Giant Planets. This montage shows the four giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Below them, Earth is shown to scale. (credit: modification of work by NASA, Solar System Exploration)
Near the outer edge of the system lies Pluto, which was the first of the distant icy worlds to be discovered beyond Neptune (Pluto was visited by a spacecraft, the NASA New Horizons mission, in 2015 [see Figure 7.6]). Table 7.2 summarizes some of the main facts about the planets.
Figure 7.6 Pluto Close-up. This intriguing image from the New Horizons spacecraft, taken when it flew by the dwarf planet in July 2015, shows some of its complex surface features. The rounded white area is called the Sputnik Plain, after humanity's first spacecraft. (credit: modification of work by NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)
Distance from Sun
(AU)2
Revolution Period
(km)
(1023 kg)
(g/cm3)3
Mercury 0.39 0.24 4,878 3.3 5.4
Venus 0.72 0.62 12,120 48.7 5.2
Earth 1.00 1.00 12,756 59.8 5.5
Mars 1.52 1.88 6,787 6.4 3.9
Jupiter 5.20 11.86 142,984 18,991 1.3
Saturn 9.54 29.46 120,536 5686 0.7
Uranus 19.18 84.07 51,118 866 1.3
Neptune 30.06 164.82 49,660 1030 1.6
Comparing Densities
Let's compare the densities of several members of the solar system. The density of an object equals its mass divided by its volume. The volume (V) of a sphere (like a planet) is calculated using the equation
V=43πR3V=43πR3
where π (the Greek letter pi) has a value of approximately 3.14. Although planets are not perfect spheres, this equation works well enough. The masses and diameters of the planets are given in Table 7.2. For data on selected moons, see Appendix G. Let's use Saturn's moon Mimas as our example, with a mass of 4 × 1019 kg and a diameter of approximately 400 km (radius, 200 km = 2 × 105 m).
The volume of Mimas is
43×3.14×(2×105m)3=3.3×1016m3.43×3.14×(2×105m)3=3.3×1016m3.
Density is mass divided by volume:
4×1019kg3.3×1016m3=1.2×103kg/m3.4×1019kg3.3×1016m3=1.2×103kg/m3.
Note that the density of water in these units is 1000 kg/m3, so Mimas must be made mainly of ice, not rock. (Note that the density of Mimas given in Appendix G is 1.2, but the units used there are different. In that table, we give density in units of
g/cm3, for which the density of water equals 1. Can you show, by converting units, that 1 g/cm3 is the same as 1000 kg/m3?)
Check Your Learning
Calculate the average density of our own planet, Earth. Show your work. How does it compare to the density of an ice moon like Mimas? See Table 7.2 for data.
For a sphere,
density=mass(43πR3)kg/m3.density=mass(43πR3)kg/m3.
For Earth, then,
density=6×1024kg4.2×2.6×1020m3=5.5×103kg/m3.density=6×1024kg4.2×2.6×1020m3=5.5×103kg/m3.
This density is four to five times greater than Mimas'. In fact, Earth is the densest of the planets.
Learn more about NASA's mission to Pluto and see high-resolution images of Pluto's moon Charon.
Smaller Members of the Solar System
Most of the planets are accompanied by one or more moons; only Mercury and Venus move through space alone. There are more than 180 known moons orbiting planets and dwarf planets (see Appendix G for a listing of the larger ones), and undoubtedly many other small ones remain undiscovered. The largest of the moons are as big as small planets and just as interesting. In addition to our Moon, they include the four largest moons of Jupiter (called the Galilean moons, after their discoverer) and the largest moons of Saturn and Neptune (confusingly named Titan and Triton).
Each of the giant planets also has rings made up of countless small bodies ranging in size from mountains to mere grains of dust, all in orbit about the equator of the planet. The bright rings of Saturn are, by far, the easiest to see. They are among the most beautiful sights in the solar system (Figure 7.7). But, all four ring systems are interesting to scientists because of their complicated forms, influenced by the pull of the moons that also orbit these giant planets.
Figure 7.7 Saturn and Its Rings. This 2007 Cassini image shows Saturn and its complex system of rings, taken from a distance of about 1.2 million kilometers. This natural-color image is a composite of 36 images taken over the course of 2.5 hours. (credit: modification of work by NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute)
The solar system has many other less-conspicuous members. Another group is the asteroids, rocky bodies that orbit the Sun like miniature planets, mostly in the space between Mars and Jupiter (although some do cross the orbits of planets like Earth—see Figure 7.8). Most asteroids are remnants of the initial population of the solar system that existed before the planets themselves formed. Some of the smallest moons of the planets, such as the moons of Mars, are very likely captured asteroids.
Figure 7.8 Asteroid Eros. This small Earth-crossing asteroid image was taken by the NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft from an altitude of about 100 kilometers. This view of the heavily cratered surface is about 10 kilometers wide. The spacecraft orbited Eros for a year before landing gently on its surface. (credit: modification of work by NASA/JHUAPL)
Another class of small bodies is composed mostly of ice, made of frozen gases such as water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide; these objects are called comets (see Figure 7.9). Comets also are remnants from the formation of the solar system, but they were formed and continue (with rare exceptions) to orbit the Sun in distant, cooler regions—stored in a sort of cosmic deep freeze. This is also the realm of the larger icy worlds, called dwarf planets.
Figure 7.9 Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P). This image shows Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko, also known as 67P, near its closest approach to the Sun in 2015, as seen from the Rosetta spacecraft. Note the jets of gas escaping from the solid surface. (credit: modification of work by ESA/Rosetta/NAVACAM, CC BY-SA IGO 3.0)
Finally, there are countless grains of broken rock, which we call cosmic dust, scattered throughout the solar system. When these particles enter Earth's atmosphere (as millions do each day) they burn up, producing a brief flash of light in the night sky known as a meteor (meteors are often referred to as shooting stars). Occasionally, some larger chunk of rocky or metallic material survives its passage through the atmosphere and lands on Earth. Any piece that strikes the ground is known as a meteorite. (You can see meteorites on display in many natural history museums and can sometimes even purchase pieces of them from gem and mineral dealers.)
Voyagers in Astronomy
Carl Sagan: Solar System Advocate
The best-known astronomer in the world during the 1970s and 1980s, Carl Sagan devoted most of his professional career to studying the planets and considerable energy to raising public awareness of what we can learn from exploring the solar system (see Figure 7.10). Born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1934, Sagan became interested in astronomy as a youngster; he also credits science fiction stories for sustaining his fascination with what's out in the universe.
Figure 7.10 Carl Sagan (1934–1996) and Neil deGrasse Tyson. Sagan was Tyson's inspiration to become a scientist. (credit "Sagan": modification of work by NASA, JPL; credit "Tyson": modification of work by Bruce F. Press)
In the early 1960s, when many scientists still thought Venus might turn out to be a hospitable place, Sagan calculated that the thick atmosphere of Venus could act like a giant greenhouse, keeping the heat in and raising the temperature enormously. He showed that the seasonal changes astronomers had seen on Mars were caused, not by vegetation, but by wind-blown dust. He was a member of the scientific teams for many of the robotic missions that explored the solar system and was instrumental in getting NASA to put a message-bearing plaque aboard the Pioneer spacecraft, as well as audio-video records on the Voyager spacecraft—all of them destined to leave our solar system entirely and send these little bits of Earth technology out among the stars.
To encourage public interest and public support of planetary exploration, Sagan helped found The Planetary Society, now the largest space-interest organization in the world. He was a tireless and eloquent advocate of the need to study the solar system close-up and the value of learning about other worlds in order to take better care of our own.
Sagan simulated conditions on early Earth to demonstrate how some of life's fundamental building blocks might have formed from the "primordial soup" of natural compounds on our planet. In addition, he and his colleagues developed computer models showing the consequences of nuclear war for Earth would be even more devastating than anyone had thought (this is now called the nuclear winter hypothesis) and demonstrating some of the serious consequences of continued pollution of our atmosphere.
Sagan was perhaps best known, however, as a brilliant popularizer of astronomy and the author of many books on science, including the best-selling Cosmos, and several evocative tributes to solar system exploration such as The Cosmic Connection and Pale Blue Dot. His book The Demon Haunted World, completed just before his death in 1996, is perhaps the best antidote to fuzzy thinking about pseudo-science and irrationality in print today. An intriguing science fiction novel he wrote, titled Contact, which became a successful film as well, is still recommended by many science instructors as a scenario for making contact with life elsewhere that is much more reasonable than most science fiction.
Sagan was a master, too, of the television medium. His 13-part public television series, Cosmos, was seen by an estimated 500 million people in 60 countries and has become one of the most-watched series in the history of public broadcasting. A few astronomers scoffed at a scientist who spent so much time in the public eye, but it is probably fair to say that Sagan's enthusiasm and skill as an explainer won more friends for the science of astronomy than anyone or anything else in the second half of the twentieth century.
In the two decades since Sagan's death, no other scientist has achieved the same level of public recognition. Perhaps closest is the director of the Hayden Planetarium, Neil deGrasse Tyson, who followed in Sagan's footsteps by making an updated version of the Cosmos program in 2014. Tyson is quick to point out that Sagan was his inspiration to become a scientist, telling how Sagan invited him to visit for a day at Cornell when he was a high school student looking for a career. However, the media environment has fragmented a great deal since Sagan's time. It is interesting to speculate whether Sagan could have adapted his communication style to the world of cable television, Twitter, Facebook, and podcasts.
Two imaginative videos provide a tour of the solar system objects we have been discussing. Shane Gellert's I Need Some Space uses NASA photography and models to show the various worlds with which we share our system. In the more science fiction-oriented Wanderers video, we see some of the planets and moons as tourist destinations for future explorers, with commentary taken from recordings by Carl Sagan.
A Scale Model of the Solar System
Astronomy often deals with dimensions and distances that far exceed our ordinary experience. What does 1.4 billion kilometers—the distance from the Sun to Saturn—really mean to anyone? It can be helpful to visualize such large systems in terms of a scale model.
In our imaginations, let us build a scale model of the solar system, adopting a scale factor of 1 billion (109)—that is, reducing the actual solar system by dividing every dimension by a factor of 109. Earth, then, has a diameter of 1.3 centimeters, about the size of a grape. The Moon is a pea orbiting this at a distance of 40 centimeters, or a little more than a foot away. The Earth-Moon system fits into a standard backpack.
In this model, the Sun is nearly 1.5 meters in diameter, about the average height of an adult, and our Earth is at a distance of 150 meters—about one city block—from the Sun. Jupiter is five blocks away from the Sun, and its diameter is 15 centimeters, about the size of a very large grapefruit. Saturn is 10 blocks from the Sun; Uranus, 20 blocks; and Neptune, 30 blocks. Pluto, with a distance that varies quite a bit during its 249-year orbit, is currently just beyond 30 blocks and getting farther with time. Most of the moons of the outer solar system are the sizes of various kinds of seeds orbiting the grapefruit, oranges, and lemons that represent the outer planets.
In our scale model, a human is reduced to the dimensions of a single atom, and cars and spacecraft to the size of molecules. Sending the Voyager spacecraft to Neptune involves navigating a single molecule from the Earth–grape toward a lemon 5 kilometers away with an accuracy equivalent to the width of a thread in a spider's web.
If that model represents the solar system, where would the nearest stars be? If we keep the same scale, the closest stars would be tens of thousands of kilometers away. If you built this scale model in the city where you live, you would have to place the representations of these stars on the other side of Earth or beyond.
By the way, model solar systems like the one we just presented have been built in cities throughout the world. In Sweden, for example, Stockholm's huge Globe Arena has become a model for the Sun, and Pluto is represented by a 12-centimeter sculpture in the small town of Delsbo, 300 kilometers away. Another model solar system is in Washington on the Mall between the White House and Congress (perhaps proving they are worlds apart?).
Names in the Solar System
We humans just don't feel comfortable until something has a name. Types of butterflies, new elements, and the mountains of Venus all need names for us to feel we are acquainted with them. How do we give names to objects and features in the solar system?
Planets and moons are named after gods and heroes in Greek and Roman mythology (with a few exceptions among the moons of Uranus, which have names drawn from English literature). When William Herschel, a German immigrant to England, first discovered the planet we now call Uranus, he wanted to name it Georgium Sidus (George's star) after King George III of his adopted country. This caused such an outcry among astronomers in other nations, however, that the classic tradition was upheld—and has been maintained ever since. Luckily, there were a lot of minor gods in the ancient pantheon, so plenty of names are left for the many small moons we are discovering around the giant planets. (Appendix G lists the larger moons).
Comets are often named after their discoverers (offering an extra incentive to comet hunters). Asteroids are named by their discoverers after just about anyone or anything they want. Recently, asteroid names have been used to recognize people who have made significant contributions to astronomy, including the three original authors of this book.
That was pretty much all the naming that was needed while our study of the solar system was confined to Earth. But now, our spacecraft have surveyed and photographed many worlds in great detail, and each world has a host of features that also need names. To make sure that naming things in space remains multinational, rational, and somewhat dignified, astronomers have given the responsibility of approving names to a special committee of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), the body that includes scientists from every country that does astronomy.
This IAU committee has developed a set of rules for naming features on other worlds. For example, craters on Venus are named for women who have made significant contributions to human knowledge and welfare. Volcanic features on Jupiter's moon Io, which is in a constant state of volcanic activity, are named after gods of fire and thunder from the mythologies of many cultures. Craters on Mercury commemorate famous novelists, playwrights, artists, and composers. On Saturn's moon Tethys, all the features are named after characters and places in Homer's great epic poem, The Odyssey. As we explore further, it may well turn out that more places in the solar system need names than Earth history can provide. Perhaps by then, explorers and settlers on these worlds will be ready to develop their own names for the places they may (if but for a while) call home.
You may be surprised to know that the meaning of the word planet has recently become controversial because we have discovered many other planetary systems that don't look very much like our own. Even within our solar system, the planets differ greatly in size and chemical properties. The biggest dispute concerns Pluto, which is much smaller than the other eight major planets. The category of dwarf planet was invented to include Pluto and similar icy objects beyond Neptune. But is a dwarf planet also a planet? Logically, it should be, but even this simple issue of grammar has been the subject of heated debate among both astronomers and the general public.
1The generic term for a group of planets and other bodies circling a star is planetary system. Ours is called the solar system because our Sun is sometimes called Sol. Strictly speaking, then, there is only one solar system; planets orbiting other stars are in planetary systems.
2An AU (or astronomical unit) is the distance from Earth to the Sun.
3We give densities in units where the density of water is 1 g/cm3. To get densities in units of kg/m3, multiply the given value by 1000.
Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/astronomy/pages/7-1-overview-of-our-planetary-system


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Crossing the Threshold
Management Council & Staff
Green Building Boss Takes Helm At Infrastructure Australia
The appointment of Romilly Madew as the new chief executive of Infrastructure Australia comes after an eight-month search following the sudden departure of former CEO Phillip Davis last May. Davis resigned following only one three-year term after deciding not to seek renewal for a second term.
As previous chief executive officer of the Green Building Council of Australia, Madew is highly respected for her work in sustainable construction, the advancement of women in business, and well-designed infrastructure and cities.
Her various current roles include being a member of the Federal Government's Cities Reference Group, the Australian Sustainable Built Environment Council, the National Sustainable Development Council, and board memberships of the Surf Life Saving Foundation and the Sydney Olympic Park Authority.
Her activity extends to the field of public engagement, as she is a member of Chief Executive Women and a joint founder of the Minerva network, which supports women in the business of sport. In 2017, she received the World Green Building Council Chairman's Award for her contribution to the sustainable built environment.
Madew joins Infrastructure Australia as they prepare to release the latest infrastructure audit and begin work on the next infrastructure plan. She will ascend to the role in April of this year.
"I look forward to growing the organization's focus on delivering better outcomes for individual users across transport, energy, telecommunications, water and social infrastructure," Madew said.
GBCA Board of Directors Rod Fehring thanked Madew for her work, noting the growth in the number of Green Star rated projects from just a handful when she started in 2006 to more than 2,250 today.
"Behind these statistics and recognition lie Romilly's incredible level of dedication, passion and enthusiasm for the built environment, and for a better Australia."
Sarah-Jane Kavanagh2019-07-05T06:52:30+11:00
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Il registro di protocollo (o semplicemente "il protocollo") è il libro dove vengono registrati progressivamente gli estremi di documenti e atti ricevuti o spediti da un determinato soggetto o ente (pubblico o privato). Questa registrazione, se condotta a norma di legge, ha carattere di pubblica e riconosciuta certezza, cioè "fa fede" in caso di controversia giuridica (validità probatoria).

Il termine protocollo ha un significato piuttosto ampio, che si identifica con la procedura, con l'ufficio deputato e con il registro stesso. Per estensione "protocollo" significa anche un iter per raggiungere un determinato obiettivo ("seguire il protocollo").

Storia
L'istituzione del protocollo in Italia e in gran parte dell'Europa continentale risale all'epoca di Napoleone Bonaparte, quando i funzionari svilupparono e applicarono a tutto l'Impero questo procedimento, che snelliva notevolmente le procedure per registrare i movimenti di documentazione in entrata e uscita dalle cancellerie e dai vari soggetti, soprattutto pubblici. Gli scopi dell'introduzione del protocollo erano sia di ordine razionale e di semplificazione, ma anche di controllo sullo svolgimento delle pratiche burocratiche: registrando il momento di arrivo di una richiesta e di uscita di una risposta si poteva controllare il tempo impiegato e valutare l'efficienza.

Prima di allora i criteri erano più macchinosi e complessi, come le burocratiche procedure per inviare documentazione in uscita, che veniva trascritta integralmente su appositi registri detti copialettere; la documentazione in entrata invece veniva gestita separatamente, con criteri disparati e non uniformi, a seconda delle zone: uno dei pochi metodi che conservava l'ordine di ricezione era l'infilzatura in una specifica asticella metallica, dove però non veniva registrato il giorno esatto di ricezione.

Il protocollo semplificò estremamente queste procedure predisponendo un unico registro dove registrare tutto il materiale in entrata e in uscita. Ciascun elemento scritto riceveva un numero progressivo, unico e crescente, che rispecchiava l'ordine di arrivo; sul registro veniva poi annotato, accanto a ciascun numero, la data di ricezione o invio (negli esemplari più accurati anche l'ora), il mittente o il destinatario (a seconda se il documento era in entrata o in uscita) e un breve riassunto dell'argomento. A questi elementi base si aggiunsero poi altri, che permettevano di rintracciare con estrema precisione e relativa velocità tutto lo sviluppo di una corrispondenza e tenere precisa memoria dell'attività del soggetto.

L'innovazione ebbe un immediato successo e venne mantenuta fino ai giorni nostri, sia pur con momenti di maggiore attenzione e altri di applicazione più scarsa. Dopo l'Unità d'Italia si dovette aspettare il 1º gennaio 1866 per avere una riforma amministrativa della nuova pubblica amministrazione. In  il protocollo era poco considerato, e rientrava tra le iniziative facoltative, a discrezione personale. Nel 1897 la Circolare Astengo stabilì invece la necessità di un ufficio di protocollo e di un registro in tutti i comuni italiani, dettando regole basilari sostanzialmente arrivate fino ai giorni nostri. L'applicazione non fu immediata: nelle zone più restie ad adottare la nuova regolamentazione si dovette aspettare anche fino al 1940.

Oggi il registro di protocollo è uno strumento fondamentale con un importante valore giuridico, tra gli strumenti base per la creazione di un archivio corrente. L'ultimo riconoscimento significativo in Italia si è avuto con il DPR 428 del 20 ottobre 1998, che ha stabilito la validità del protocollo anche nella gestione informatica.

Gestione del protocollo
La gestione del protocollo è di solito affidata a un apposito ufficio. Esso riceve il materiale documentario del soggetto produttore in uscita e in entrata (sono esclusi i documenti interni) e lo annota nel registro. La registrazione nel protocollo deve contenere dati certi e non sono accettabili numeri lasciati in bianco, cancellazioni e correzioni: in caso di errori serve la vidimazione. Nel caso di protocollo elettronico è necessario che i campi non siano modificabili.

La registrazione ha quattro elementi necessari per legge che sono:
 Numero progressivo per ciascun elemento: sia esso in entrata che in uscita cioè in arrivo o in partenza
 Data di ricezione (anche ora e minuti quando richiesto ad esempio durante le procedure di gare d'appalto)
 Mittente o destinatario
 Regesto, ovvero breve sunto del contenuto

Il registro, cartaceo o informatico, ha in genere due pagine: su una si registra la documentazione in entrata, sull'altra quella in uscita. In ogni caso il numero progressivo deve essere assegnato a crescere contando sia i documenti in arrivo che in partenza ed ogni numero deve corrispondere a un unico documento, anche nel caso di repliche a stretto giro su un medesimo argomento o affare.

A questi elementi si aggiungono altri accessori: il numero degli allegati, l'ufficio di competenza, il numero della categoria (o titolo), il numero della sezione e, nel caso di corrispondenze, il numero progressivo del documento di riferimento precedente e quello della risposta successiva.

Una volta fatta la registrazione (cartacea) si appongono i quattro elementi necessari e almeno il numero di classificazione sul documento assieme al timbro dell'ente e la firma del protocollista.
Il protocollo informatico invece, dopo aver scansionato il documento nel sistema con un'apposita periferica (come ad esempio uno scanner protocollatore), assegna un codice a barre con tutte le informazioni, che si allega al materiale.

Quando la consegna dei documenti da recapitare agli uffici avviene a mano, l'ufficio del protocollo rilascia al depositante una ricevuta col numero di protocollo.

Terminate queste operazioni di registrazione si assegnano i documenti ai singoli uffici competenti per materia.

Il titolario di classificazione

Il titolario di classificazione è il quinto elemento nel registro di protocollo: non è necessario per i fini amministrativi e giuridici (la sua mancanza o errata disposizione non inficia il registro), ma è ormai indispensabile per assolvere agli obblighi di archiviazione.

Tramite il titolario, che è un elenco delle "categorie" o "titoli" di un ente (cioè dei vari rami dell'attività che svolge) a sua volta suddivise in "classi" o "sezioni" (le varie tipologia di documenti per ciascuna funzione), si smista la documentazione e la si ricompone durante la chiusura dell'archivio corrente.

Chiusura del protocollo
Finito l'anno civile il registro di protocollo deve essere chiuso: vengono sbarrate le caselle e le pagine bianche, timbrate e firmate dal protocollista e, nel caso di un Comune, dal sindaco e dal segretario comunale. Per i protocolli di tipo elettronico la chiusura avviene automaticamente. Con il nuovo anno civile la numerazione ricomincia da 1.

Non è consentito, e potrebbe esporre gli operatori a responsabilità penale, lasciare caselle in bianco per completarle oltre il 31 dicembre in relazione ad atti o documenti formati o pervenuti entro tale data.

Ricercare sul protocollo
La gestione elettronica del protocollo ha semplificato notevolmente le operazioni di ricerca, permettendo di effettuare in breve tempo una query per campi. Nel caso di registri cartacei la ricerca è più macchinosa, ma esistono alcuni strumenti per facilitarla. Uno di questi è il registro delle rubriche per nome e per oggetto. Queste venivano predisposte anno per anno elencando alfabeticamente tutti i soggetti coi quali si erano avuti rapporti e indicando accanto tutti i numeri progressivi che li riguardavano. Ad esempio se si cercava un documento mandato al signor Rossi, bastava trovare "Rossi" alla R della rubrica e poi controllare uno per uno i numeri di protocollo relativi. Lo stesso veniva fatto per oggetto della documentazione (ad esempio "A" di "Anagrafe", ecc.).

Il protocollo riservato
Il registro di protocollo è un atto pubblico. Per tutti quei documenti che abbiano un carattere di particolare riservatezza, alcuni enti hanno predisposto anche un registro detto "protocollo riservato", che viene gestito direttamente dalle sfere più alte dell'ente, senza passare dall'Ufficio Protocollo e da altri dipendenti a meno che non siano specificatamente autorizzati. Ad esempio in un comune ha accesso al protocollo riservato solo il sindaco ed eventualmente gli assessori, in una prefettura solo il prefetto, e così via. L'accessibilità è stabilita dal regolamento.

Vengono di solito registrati nel protocollo riservato i documenti di natura personale, come le lettere disciplinari indirizzate ai dipendenti, o documenti contenenti altri dati di natura sensibile, ovvero protetti da segreto d'ufficio. Il protocollo riservato segue una propria numerazione.

Valenza giuridica del protocollo
Ogni soggetto deve avere un solo protocollo (fatta eccezione per il registro riservato), poiché esso è il raccordo fondamentale dove transita la sua memoria via via che si forma.

Il protocollo gode di validità giuridica ed è obbligatorio per legge in tutti gli enti pubblici. È necessario che siano presenti tutti e quattro gli elementi necessari alla protocollazione (progressivo, data, mittente o destinatario, regesto) e che venga chiuso e aperto con regolarità e precisione all'inizio del nuovo anno solare. Se queste regole vengono rispettate il protocollo assume la caratteristica di atto pubblico di fede privilegiata: può cioè essere usato non solo per esigenze pratiche o amministrative, ma anche in qualsiasi necessità probatoria in campo giudiziario, ed ha validità assoluta ("fa fede" come prova), tranne quando venga esplicitamente provata la falsificazione.

La protezione che il protocollo assicura in sede giudiziaria ha fatto sì che anche alcuni soggetti privati si dotassero di un ufficio protocollo, del tutto analogo a quello dei soggetti pubblici.

Riferimenti normativi
 Artt. 50-57 del Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 28 dicembre 2000, n. 445 - Testo unico delle disposizioni legislative e regolamentari in materia di documentazione amministrativa. (Testo A).

Note

Bibliografia
 Antonio Romiti, Archivistica Generale, primi elementi, Civita Editoriale, Lucca 2008. ISBN 978-88-902649-2-4
 Roberto Guarasci, Protocollo, classificazione e archivio nelle pubbliche amministrazioni, in Il Protocollo nella Pubblica Amministrazione, Università degli Studi della Calabria Centro editoriale e librario, 2003.

Voci correlate
 Numero di protocollo
 Protocollo informatico
 Archivio corrente
 Archivistica
 Titolario di classificazione
 Scanner protocollatore

Collegamenti esterni

Archivistica
Documenti

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


One of the many things I love about digital scrapbooking is blending.
You can blend several background papers together using different blending modes to give you a whole different looking paper.
And another very cool blending idea is to blend your photo into the background for a really funky look.
1. Open a new Scrapbook layout file and drag onto it the background paper of your choice.
2. Now drag your photo on and position/resize to suit your layout. Remember you're going to remove a lot of the area around your focal subject so you may need to make the photo a bit larger than you otherwise would.
3. Select the Eraser tool from your tool bar and choose a grungy style brush from the drop down list in the top menu bar.
4. Now reduce the opacity of the brush in the menu bar. Probably 10-30% is a good range. If you don't like it you can always back out of what you've done with the Undo button or Ctrl+Z keys.
5. Increase the size of the brush using the slider in the top menu bar or by pressing the ] key on your keyboard.
6. Now, with your photo layer selected, start dabbing around your photo with the Eraser brush. Start at the outside and work inwards. Don't be too fussed on being precise, the effect you're looking for is not one of precision. You'll probably want to go over the outside edges several times so that you lose the hard edge of the photo. You can remove however much or little of the background as you like to give you the effect that you want.
7. Finally you can reduce the opacity of the photo a little to let it blend even more with the background. Just play with the opacity slider in your layers palette until you get the result that you like.
If you think this tutorial was useful please let me know in the comments below, otherwise I don't know if I'm just talking to myself or not.
superb tutorial as usual! Thank you Karen, keep up the great work – I don't always respond BUT I DO make sure I read all of your wonderful tutorials.
Thank you so much Donna. I really appreciate you taking the time to comment.
Thank you so much cant wait to do my first layout with it..
Cant wait to read some more of your tutorials..
You are very welcome Julia. Videos work for some people and text works for others so i try to provide a mix on Scraps of mind. For those who prefer videos there is a link to the video version of a tutorial on blending backgrounds at the end of the post. And of course the Step by Step Tutorial ($4.50) shows you all the techniques used to make the layout in this tutorial.
Thank you for this TUT!! I have been trying to find out how to do this for months. It was just great to see how to do this and easily explained.


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Books, News & Commentary
In Praise of Andrew McGahan
By Rosemary Sorensen | November 27, 2018 |
Andrew McGahan's first book, the disturbingly comic Praise, defined him as a Queensland writer, and that stuck. Even though he has written books set in Sydney and Canberra, even though he has lived in Melbourne for decades, the sultry indolence of Brisbane in that Vogel-Award winner back in 1992 perfectly matched the tone and delivery of McGahan's novel. Gordon, the writer's alter-ego, gave us an updated view of the Brisbane so vividly evoked in David Malouf's Johnno, and, like that magnificent book, there was a heart-wrenching pathos to the story.
McGahan's own story now is close to its end, as he succumbs to pancreatic cancer, aged just 52. A report in the Brisbane Courier-Mail last week suggests there may be one final book, if time permits, to add to the ten completed. He has never been a swift writer: there were six years between Praise and 1988, which was a prequel once again using elements of his own life story to create an adventure for Gordon in a Northern Territory lighthouse.
Last Drinks came next, a superbly confident and shrewd crime fiction set all-too-realistically in seedy, sordid Brisbane. It should be compulsory reading for all Australians, not just Queenslanders – except that would suggest it's serious and requires discipline when, in fact, it's a page-turner. That one only took him two years; once he saw the potential in that tawdry, outrageously corrupt era, and once he had his central character (a jaded journalist who'd rather not be a hero), he must have relished creating his story.
It may be a critical nervousness, a lack of confidence in our own sense of literary worth, that leans Australians towards praising the ponderous ahead of the lithe.
Even when McGahan's books are really ambitious, like his Miles Franklin winner White Earth (2004) and the fantastical Wonders of a Godless World (2009), there is a fluency to the writing. I suspect that is part of the reason he has not garnered as weighty a reputation as some other Australian writers. It may be a critical nervousness, a lack of confidence in our own sense of literary worth, that leans us towards praising the ponderous ahead of the lithe.
He has also been ruthlessly political, fuelled by anger at injustice, but again, he is less well known for this than Tim Winton, say, or Richard Flanagan. His most scathing political satire, Underground, is quick-witted, inventive and wickedly funny – a terrorist plot to blow up the Gabba, for heaven's sake! Outrageous! It hit the mark with such precision it was called out as the work of an "unhinged propagandist" by an unhinged propagandist. Ah, those were the days.
McGahan once said he wanted to give every genre a go, which is why we got the (anti)bildungsroman Praise, the road-trip-cum-marooned novel 1988, crime story Last Drinks, Gothic tragedy White Earth, political satire Underground, then that Eco-esque fantasy, Wonders of a Godless World. When he turned to fantasy for younger readers, he plotted a series (but of course) and created four seafaring novels about the Ship Kings. The final one was The Ocean of the Dead.
He must have felt he was writing himself out of his Queensland roots with White Earth, which not only marks out the territory around Dalby, west of Brisbane, where McGahan grew up, but also features a dilapidated grand house based on a real property with a colourful colonial history. Dalby is inland, so when McGahan first creates an island in his mind (in Wonders of a Godless World) then oceans for his stories, in his Ship Kings series, it was as though he was setting sail and leaving that landscape behind.
How Praise, the story of Gordon, with his asthma, his lethargy, his dithering, his resignation to failure, could still seem – despite the grunge and pathos – sweet and endearing is very much the power of his writing.
Obsessions can sometimes bog writers down, and it's clear McGahan has the obsessive mind of a dedicated writer. He never bogs down, however, because that serious and obsessive side is always tempered by an ability to see the absurd, a need to laugh when things are dire, and that bountiful imagination.
A quality that infuses all very good novels is, perhaps, prescience. Never one to pontificate, shy and reticent in public, McGahan has been, indeed, prescient. Now there is currency in the idea that we must tend the land's soul, in the critical importance for humanity to insert ourselves into the natural world rather than continuing to subdue and dominate it, and in listening carefully and with respect. McGahan had it there in his 2004 White Earth, Jim telling his nephew that, to "own" a piece of land, you have to know where it fits in history. "Every stretch of earth has its own story," he tells the boy. You have to listen, and understand how it connects with other stories. Stories that involve the whole country in the end."
2 responses to "In Praise of Andrew McGahan"
Thanks for this reminder of McGahan's work. I was a huge fan of his after Praise, but in recent years my memory of reading him has faded. Really sorry to hear about his illness.
Chris Pye says:
Think he was one of Australia's best writers. Praise and 1988 were seminal texts for me. Gordon was a smart but deeply flawed character; an outsider, a social furtive figure – a shadowy counterpoint to McGahen's version of complacent, contented Brisbane. Last Orders just took me to the moral decay of Skase era, the Australia's evocation of Reagan and Thatcher; the greed is good era. And I loved Underworld – the dystopian absurdity a vehicle for a stinging rebuke of Howard's Australia. I thank you for those concise sentences that rung with the truth. May he rest in peace.


text:
Pentila ueleensis är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Henry Stempffer och Bennett 1961. Pentila ueleensis ingår i släktet Pentila och familjen juvelvingar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Juvelvingar
ueleensis


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text:
Jaskinia Kozłowskiego (lub Jaskinia na Krzyżniku) – nieistniejąca obecnie jaskinia krasowa, utworzona w soczewie marmuru na górze Krzyżnik w Masywie Śnieżnika, w okolicy Stronia Śląskiego (Sudety Południowo-Wschodnie).

Historia
Jaskinia została odkryta podczas eksploatacji kamieniołomu w górnej jego części jeszcze przed I wojną światową. Po przebadaniu w latach 50. XX w. została ona zniszczona w trakcie eksploatacji złoża marmuru w kwietniu 1957 r. W polskich publikacjach została opisana po raz pierwszy w 1952 r. przez Stefana Kozłowskiego i stąd pochodzi jej nazwa.

Opis jaskini
Przez sztuczny otwór wchodziło się do sali o wydłużonym kształcie oraz długości ok. 10 m i szerokości od 2 do 4 m, która odchodziła w kierunku W-E. Dno jaskini pokrywały kamienie, glina i formy naciekowe. Również na stropie znajdowała się gruba warstwa nacieków. Na wprost otworu wejściowego znajdował się, w odległości ok. 1,5 m, próg, a dalej wąski korytarz o długości ok. 13 m, który kończył się wąską, wklinowującą się szczeliną niemożliwą do przebycia przez człowieka. Dno korytarza, ściany i strop pokrywała znaczna warstwa nacieków w formie kaskad, nacieków nerkowatych oraz z eliptycznych i kulistych w kształcie, skorupowatych płyt płaskich stalagmitów. Jaskinia w końcowej części był ciemna. Sala i korytarz pozostawały wilgotne, a na końcu sali znajdowała się kałuża o zmieniającej się głębokości.

Zdaniem S. Kozłowskiego jaskinia powstała na skrzyżowaniu szczelin tworzących się w dwóch kierunkach: N-E i N-W, co jest cechą charakterystyczną dla tektoniki Sudetów w otoczeniu Kotliny Kłodzkiej.

Po odstrzeleniu jaskini, w ścianie kamieniołomu, odsłonięta została rura krasowa ok. 6 m poniżej jej poziomu, a także szczeliny krasowe wypełnione osadami – silnie scementowanymi brekcjami.

Flora i fauna
Nie stwierdzono w jaskini obecności flory poza otworem wejściowym. W głębi jaskini zaobserwowano owady troglokseniczne.

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Jan Trumpus Jaskinia Kozłowskiego w: Jaskinie Sudetów, zb. pod red. Mariana Puliny, Polskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk o Ziemi, Warszawa 1996,

Linki zewnętrzne

Kozłowskiego, Jaskinia
Stronie Śląskie (gmina Stronie Śląskie)
Masyw Śnieżnika


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Mütiilation > Remains of a Ruined, Dead, Cursed Soul > Reviews > we hope you die
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Remains of a Ruined, Dead, Cursed Soul
Mütiilation
View all reviews for Mütiilation - Remains of a Ruined, Dead, Cursed Soul
European Vampirism - 90%
we hope you die, February 5th, 2019
Just as for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, so it is that for every Dimmu Borgir, there was a step further towards obscurity almost beyond human comprehension, deep in the bowls of the underground.
France's Mutiilation is the brainchild of one Meyhna'ch. He was a member of a small group of bands known as Les Legions Noires, France's answer to the Norwegian black circle. But a heroin addiction saw him eventually ejected from this circle, and whatever benefits that entailed were suspended (I'm assuming some sort of points card that gives you money off fuel had to be handed in). Now, before I go on I must make one thing clear: French black metal is not entry level. Vlad Tepes, Belketre, Black Murder, these artists produced some of the most unlistenable music possible, even by black metal's incredibly high bar. I tell you this, so that when I say that Mutiilation were one of the more accessible artists of Les Legions Noires, you understand that Mutiilation's music is still kissing the edge of the sonic abyss.
After a series of demos and EPs came 1995's LP 'Vampires of Black Imperial Blood', something of a cult classic among fans of lo-fi, obscure metal. Yet more EPs and demos followed, leaving fans of the long-form release to wait until 1999 for 'Remains of a Ruined, Dead, Cursed Soul'. But the wait was well rewarded. There is something about this release that stands out in French black metal, and black metal in general. This is the dawn of depressive black metal. A much maligned subgenre, but if played with conviction it can offer much intrigue.
Drums sound like they are being played underwater, with very simple beats underpinning razor sharp distorted guitars and non-existent bass. The riffs are made up of simple minor scale runs, played either funereally slow or at a more galloping pace. Occasionally they are all but drowned out by vocals of such melodramatic despair that it simply engulfs the entire music in its pained screeches and howls. But this is more than just an over-the-top rumination on existence. The compositions unfold with more maturity than any other Mutiilation release.
They evolve like a simple symphony. Motifs are presented to the listener before the music meanders into a new set of simple but well thought out chord progressions, and then the music returns to the original motif. But the listener sees this original motif in a new light having lived through the whole composition. Context is not a myth. The music that has gone before sheds new light and meaning on the opening riff once it is revisited. This works like poetry. The beginning of a sentence changes meaning based on how it ends. And in a longer form this is how narrative structures work. ROARDCS may be a relatively simple example of this compositional method, but it is still exemplary at what sets out to achieve.
Simple solos or (as I prefer to call them) screeching leads, lend drama and tension to this music from the bowls of human despair. This is not the music of strength, nor of the boundlessness of nature. This is suicidal and depressive black metal at its best. Admittedly the competition in this subgenre is universally weak, but this album's appeal as a piece of art in its own right should resonate well beyond the obscure rock under which Les Legions Noires resided. Of course, it's not for everyone, and one could be forgiven for discarding it as worthless noise.
I would sincerely recommend both this album. But with a few caveats. This ain't entry level black metal. And not because it's 'heavier'. But because it is more abrasive in every way. The shitty production, the odd compositional choices, the overbearing vocals. It is not simply harder to get into, it is harder to take seriously. But 'Remains of a Ruined, Dead, Cursed Soul', is recognisable as music, so make sure you pass through the likes of Mutiilation before moving on to other Les Legions Noires metal. Xasthur and Leviathan fans may be in for a shock otherwise.
Originally published at Hate Meditations


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Back to English Comments
Life - September 23, 2018 | 08:31 pm GMT+7
Mid-Autumn Festival: when my soul warmed up and danced
I have to start with a cliché. It was a magical time.
As a child, there were so many things that I loved about this day, the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month, but the heart of it all was the colorful lantern.
Star lanterns, the heart of Vietnam's Mid-Autumn Festival. Photo by Ngoi Sao
I am talking about the traditional red cellophane lantern, not the plastic ones, or the "fancy" ones that rule the market today.
My soul warmed as the candle was placed inside the lantern and it gave off this warm, orange light. The glow was within, too.
If it did not rain, all the children in the neighborhood would get out and walk in an impromptu lantern parade, compare their lanterns and take turns to "play" with many of them.
Today's lanterns are multicolored and some are even battery operated, giving off these mechanical noises.
Nothing to beat the candle-lit red lantern, I would say.
Then there were the mooncakes. I loved the traditional baked ones though I have no complaint about the new flavors. I'm not a big fan of the animal shaped ones, or the white sticky rice ones, which I always begged my parents to buy, since they looked so cute.
As its name suggests, the Mid-Autumn Festival (Tết Trung Thu in Vietnamese) happens in the middle of autumn when the moon was at its fullest. Hence this festival is also called the Full Moon Festival or the Children's Tet.
This year, the festival falls on September 24, which is Monday, so the celebrations will be prolonged, extending over the weekend.
I harked back to my childhood this year. It was the first Mid-Autumn festival I could experience in five to six years, owing to my being away from Vietnam, and I was no longer a child, but I made it to the Lantern town in Luong Nhu Hoc – Nguyen Anh streets in Ho Chi Minh City's District 5.
Dung (L) prepares to take photos for a boy taken to Luong Nhu Hoc lantern street in District 5, Ho Chi Minh City. Photo by Phong Vinh
It was a nostalgic experience. I imagined myself as a child wanting this and that, and parents indulging me. It was a bit too crowded and noisy, but I was glad to see that children were still excited about the festival. I felt at home again, listening to the usual mid-autumn songs that I used to listen to at this time of the year.
It is to be expected that as we become modern, things change, but I find the sheer diversity of the mooncakes in the market staggering.
Traditionally, there are two types of mooncakes, one that is baked and the other made with sticky rice. The traditional filling for the baked ones involved lotus seed paste, green bean paste, and five kernels, and to balance its sweetness, 1-2 salted egg yolk. Now, there are many different, more international fillings including match green tea filling, tiramisu, coffee and so on.
A traditional baked mooncake with seeds and egg yolk in the fillings. Photo by Linh Nguyen
The fancy packaging and pricing of some mooncakes I saw this year was also surprising, but I guess this is normal too.
All this made me remember something. When I was young, one of my neighbors sold mooncakes, so we kids got to see them cleaning the eggs in a big bucket. We loved watching the eggs swirl in the water without breaking.
Did she pee?
Another thing that I just loved about mid-Autumn festival was watching all the plays about Chu Cuoi.
There were several versions, and I wanted to watch all of them.
Basically, the story goes like this: Chu Cuoi, a lumberjack, finds a magical banyan tree whose leaves can cure the sick, and even revive the dead. He digs it up and takes it home. On his way home, he uses the leaves to revive a dead man, who tells hims that the tree is very sacred and should only be nurtured with the purest water or it will fly into the sky. With the tree, Cuoi helps save many people, including his future wife.
However, in one incident, his wife accidentally waters the tree with dirty water and the tree begins to fly into the sky. Cuoi comes home just at that moment. He runs after the tree and tries to pull it down with his axe. But Cuoi is not heavy enough, so the tree carries him to the moon, forming the dark shadows we can see on it today.
This story was interpreted in different ways when it was staged to entertain both kids and adults those days. For instance, one version had it that the wife peed on the tree. Some versions made it a comedy, some added chi Hang (Lady of the Moon), and the story would have Chi Hang and Cuoi visit children during the festival.
Other live performances during the festival, lion dances or unicorn dances with Ong Dia (The Spirit of Earth), a round-bellied man with an easy going nature is always happy, added to the gaiety of the day.
Children get close with a "lion" during a Mid-Autumn Festival lion dance in Hanoi. Photo by Le Bich
Ong Dia is believed to have the power to control the unicorns, and thus usually takes the lead in clearing the path for them. He also acts as a counter force to balance out their feral nature. The comical appearance of Ong Dia always adds to the festive cheer and merry-making during the dance.
A bit sad, but happy
Today, it is only in small villages and communities that people can walk along streets without worrying about the traffic, and for me, that charm is missing in big cities like Saigon.
But there seemed to be no shortage of family-friendly entertainment, given the number of stages set up all around for the festival.
I also like the northern tradition that I know of, but have never experienced - "phá cỗ"(rough translation is "dig in"). Families prepare a special tray containing a variety of foods, including mooncakes and fruits, put it outside as an offering to the moon. After rituals are done, children come and stand around the tray, waiting for the adults to yell "Phá cỗ" so that they can dig in. For children, there is excitement in the waiting, and adults, it's a time to sit down, relax and enjoy the beauty of the moon in nice cool weather.
A Mid-Autumn Festival feast laid out for children to dig in. Photo by VnExpress
Just the glimpses I've had of the festival preparations this year, the lanterns, the music and other things, evoked some sadness for the magical days that would never return.
But, along with this wistfulness, I also felt peace.
Linh Nguyen
Correct inaccurate portrayal of Vietnamese soldiers in TV serial: Defense Ministry
Hanoi's old quarter, now and then
Vietnam sends movie to Oscars
London Symphony Orchestra to perform at Hanoi open-air venue


not feeling; devoid of feeling; insensible or insensate.
unsympathetic; callous: an intelligent but unfeeling man.
1. numb. 2. hardhearted. See hard.
A number of clearly partisan studies have suggested that cats are unfeeling and sociopathic.
Question those taking on the mantle of victimhood and you are immediately cast as some kind of aggressive, unfeeling oppressor.
Romney spoke about it in a way that struck Prouty as disingenuous and unfeeling, and he got mad.
Some looked out through dull eyes, humbled and brow-beaten and unfeeling.
"It is unfeeling of you to want to play with your Noah's ark to-day, Orion," said Apollo.
They had the power, and they gloried in its unfeeling and most outrageous abuse.
They are unfeeling to their workmen, for the money-lender is unfeeling to them.
late Old English, "having no sensation," from un- (1) "not" + feeling (see feel (v.)). Meaning "devoid of kindly or tender feelings" is recorded from 1590s. Related: Unfeelingly.


Beekeeper Design Studio is a Full service Web design Company in Chennai. We are a Small team of passionate people who are constantly growing with the market need. We Love What We Do!
All the Designs we create here in our Beekeeper Design Studio are solely from scratch. We do look at some wonderful designs to get the inspirations. We believe every design is unique and has life on its own.


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The Bedford Hours is a French late medieval book of hours. It dates to the early fifteenth century (c. 1410–30); some of its  miniatures, including the portraits of the Duke and Duchess of Bedford, have been attributed to the Bedford Master and his workshop in Paris. The Duke and Duchess of Bedford gave the book to their nephew Henry VI in 1430. It is in the British Library, catalogued as Add MS 18850.

History

The manuscript was produced over several stages, including new material that was added as the manuscript passed from owner to owner.  The origins of the manuscript are not known with certainty, nor is there agreement on its initial patron.  The inclusion of certain heraldic symbols in its decorative programme may suggest an original patronage in the French royal family, perhaps the dauphin, Louis of Guyenne (d. 1415). Or this first stage in production might have taken place later, after Louis's death, the heraldic symbols having no immediate reference to patronage, but simply being part of the standard iconographic programme of the workshop.

In the early 1420s the manuscript was in the possession of John of Lancaster, the Duke of Bedford and regent of France on behalf of his nephew Henry VI from 1422 until his death in 1435. In 1423 he gave the manuscript to his wife Anne of Burgundy as a wedding present. Personalizing additions to the manuscript's illumination that commemorate its ownership by the Duke and Duchess of Bedford include two large portrait miniatures (ff. 256v and 257v), showing John kneeling before St George and Anne of Burgundy kneeling before St Anne.

In 1430 Anne gave the manuscript as a Christmas present to the nine-year-old Henry VI, who was staying with the Bedfords in Rouen before his coronation as king of France. This gift was memorialized in the manuscript itself, on f. 256r, in an inscription made at the duke's request, written by John Somerset, Henry's tutor and personal physician. It is possible that it was in preparing the book as a gift to Henry that the portrait miniatures of the Bedfords were added, along with other additions to the programme of illumination.

Later owners include King Henry II of France and his wife Catherine de' Medici (identifiable by their coats of arms, added to the manuscript), and Frances Worsley (1673-1750), wife of Sir Robert Worsley, 4th baronet of Appuldurcombe. Edward Harley probably purchased the manuscript from Frances Worsley, but he did not will it to his widow with the rest of the Harley collection, instead bequeathing it directly to his daughter, Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of Portland.

After the Duchess's death, the Bedford Hours was sold in 1786 to James Edwards, a private collector who outbid the king. George Spencer-Churchill, 5th Duke of Marlborough bought the manuscript, along with the rest of Edwards's library. Then from the sale of the Duke's library, Sir John Tobin bought it: and in 1838 he gave it to his son, the Rev. John Tobin, who sold it in 1851 to the bookseller William Boone. The manuscript was purchased by the British Museum in 1852, and now forms part of the British Library's collection of Additional manuscripts.

Contents

The contents of the Bedford Hours can be divided into several major sections of content normal for a conventional book of hours, with the later addition of three smaller sections of supplementary material, mostly miniatures.  These contents are:

Calendar (ff. 1r-12v): decorated with the Labours of the Months and the symbols of the Zodiac
(minor insertion) Genesis miniatures (ff. 13v-18v): includes full-page miniatures of the story of Adam and Eve, Noah's Ark and the Tower of Babel
Gospel excerpts and prayers to the Virgin (ff. 19r-31v): includes large miniatures of the four Evangelists
Hours of the Virgin (ff. 32r-95v): includes large miniatures of the Annunciation, Visitation, Nativity, Annunciation to the shepherds, Adoration of the Magi, Presentation in the Temple, Flight into Egypt, and Death and Coronation of the Virgin.
Penitential Psalms, Litany, and Hours specific to the days of the week (ff. 96r-156v): includes large miniatures of David and Bathsheba, the Trinity, a performance of the Office of the Dead, the Coronation of the Virgin, Pentecost, the Last Supper, the Crucifixion, and the Virgin as the Virgin of Mercy
Office of the Dead (ff. 157r-99r): introduced by a large miniature of the Last Judgement
French prayers (ff. 199v-207v): includes large miniatures of the Madonna and Child and the Trinity
Hours of the Passion (ff. 208r-55v): includes miniatures of the Agony in the Garden, the Arrest of Christ, Christ before Pilate, the Flagellation, Christ carrying the cross, the Crucifixion, the Deposition from the cross, and the Entombment
(minor insertion) prayers and portraits of John, Duke of Bedford and his wife Anne, Duchess of Bedford (ff. 256r-59v): includes also the inscription by John Somerset, recording the gift of the manuscript to Henry VI
Suffrages to the saints, commemorations of saints, special masses (ff. 260r-87v)
(minor insertion) full-page miniature depicting the legend of the Fleurs-de-lis and its presentation to King Clovis (ff. 288r-89v)

Illumination

The programme of decoration in the Bedford Hours is an outstanding example of late medieval illumination. The artists responsible for the manuscript have not been identified with certainty, but are collectively known as the "Bedford Workshop", and the head artist is likewise known as the "Bedford Master".

The hands of the Bedford Master and the Bedford Workshop have been identified in other manuscripts from this period, including the Salisbury Breviary (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS.lat. 17294), also owned by the Duke of Bedford. The illumination of the Bedford Hours is also related to that of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (Chantilly, Musée Condé MS 65), illuminated by the Limbourg brothers. It is possible that some of the Bedford Hours miniatures were based on images in the Très Riches Heures.

Other products of the Bedford Workshop include:

the Lamoignon Hours (Lisbon, Gulbenkian Foundation, MS LA 237): made c. 1420 and owned by Isabella of Brittany
Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek cod. 1855: made c. 1422-1425 for Charles VII of France
the Sobieski Hours (Royal Collection, Windsor Castle): made c. 1420-1425, probably for Margaret of Burgundy, Dauphine of France, and wife of Louis of Guyenne.

Notes

References
Add MS 18850 Overview (and images of all pages) on The British Library's Digitised manuscripts website. Retrieved 30 October 2012

External links

1410s books
Illuminated books of hours
British Library additional manuscripts
Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve
15th-century Latin books


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As you come across items you want, click "Add to Cart" to save them. If you're undecided, add it anyway and you can always take it out of the cart later. When you're done, click the "Cart" button at the top of any Amazon page and select "Proceed to Checkout." Your first purchase includes creating an account. When Amazon prompts you to log in, enter your email address, choose "I Am a New Customer" and fill in your personal info. You'll also need to enter a credit card to complete your purchase. If you haven't shopped online before, the prospect of giving out your card number might seem intimidating, but online stores use encryption to prevent hackers from stealing your information. To stay safe on Amazon, just as with any other site, never give out your password, keep up-to-date anti-virus software on your computer and watch your bill for unexpected charges. Some credit card companies also provide one-time use numbers for shopping online -- check your card company's website to see if it offers this feature.
Jump up ^ "Pitch Perfect". On The Media. January 1, 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-01-09. Retrieved 2010-01-16. He figured out that he could build brand recognition by blanketing the airwaves with cheap direct-to-consumer commercials, and then take the product into retail stores where he slapped an "As Seen On TV" logo on them, which he designed himself. It's a very lucrative formula, he told me, so that's what he's been doing ever since.
Whether you're cleaning the garage or cleaning yourself, preparing for work or preparing a snack, you'll enjoy using brilliant items from HSN. Find a great present for a friendly coworker or a personal and thoughtful item for your close family member. Browse these highly-rated items today and discover gifts of many styles and sizes for all the important people in your life.
Categories: Companies in the NASDAQ-100 IndexCompanies listed on NASDAQAmazon (company)1994 establishments in Washington (state)3D publishingAmerican companies established in 1994Android (operating system) softwareArts and crafts retailersBookstores of the United StatesCloud computing providersE-book suppliersInternet properties established in 1994IOS softwareMobile phone manufacturersMultinational companies headquartered in the United StatesOnline music storesOnline retailers of the United StatesRetail companies established in 1994Review websitesSelf-publishing companiesSoftware companies based in SeattleSoftware companies established in 1994Technology companies established in 1994TvOS softwareUniversal Windows Platform appsWebby Award winners
Amazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the product on a rating scale from one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers which indicate the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or which indicate that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. Customers may comment or vote on the reviews, indicating whether they found a review helpful to them. If a review is given enough "helpful" hits, it appears on the front page of the product. In 2010, Amazon was reported as being the largest single source of Internet consumer reviews.[123]
Amazon Studios, which was founded in 2010 to compete with Hulu and Netflix in original programming, has become a powerhouse in Hollywood, taking home both Emmys and Oscars and growing into a staple of the modern entertainment diet of many Americans. Rounding out its position in digital media is the FireTV streaming device, which Amazon first launched in 2014 to compete with Apple, Roku, and other set-top box makers. The product has since been shrunk into a skinny HDMI stick — Amazon still sells the box and now also a small, square-shaped Fire TV Cube — and it remains one of the best-selling consumer electronics devices on Amazon.com.
Amazon's home page provides three methods to start finding and buying items. The front page itself shows off featured items, and once the site starts learning your tastes, it will display products based on your history. To find a specific item, type in the search bar at the top of the page. Press "Enter" to search the entire catalog, or select from the drop-down menu set automatically to "All" to search a specific category, which also enables the "Refine" capability for more specific results. If you'd rather just window shop, click "Shop by Department," to pick a section to browse.
On the logistics side, Amazon has for years been building out a network of delivery workers, fulfillment centers, trucks, cargo planes, and freighters to move products from manufacturers to customers at speeds once thought impossible. The company is now facilitating sea freight shipments, leasing Boeing cargo planes, building a $1.5 billion air cargo hub in Kentucky, and expanding its own UPS and FedEx competitor called Shipping with Amazon, or SWA. All of this is an effort to establish a global logistics network that no one company will be able to compete with.
In July 1995, the company began service as an online bookstore.[31] The first book sold on Amazon.com was Douglas Hofstadter's Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought.[32] In the first two months of business, Amazon sold to all 50 states and over 45 countries. Within two months, Amazon's sales were up to $20,000/week.[33] In October 1995, the company announced itself to the public.[34] In 1996, it was reincorporated in Delaware. Amazon issued its initial public offering of stock on May 15, 1997, at $18 per share, trading under the NASDAQ stock exchange symbol AMZN.[35]
Compare prices and availability by typing in your search, scanning a barcode or an image with your camera, or using your voice. Never miss a deal with easy access to Lightning Deals and the Deal of the Day. You can also sign-up for shipment notifications to know when your order ships and arrives. You have full access to your Shopping Cart, Wish Lists, payment and Prime shipping options, Subscribe & Save order history, and 1-Click settings, just like on the full Amazon.com site. All Amazon Shopping app purchases are routed through Amazon's secure servers to encrypt and safeguard your personal information.
Goodreads is a "social cataloging" website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Chandler. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their own groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members and over 10 million books had been added. Amazon bought the company in March 2013.[100]
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The domain amazon.com attracted at least 615 million visitors annually by 2008.[119] Amazon attracts over 130 million customers to its US website per month by the start of 2016.[120] The company has also invested heavily on a massive amount of server capacity for its website, especially to handle the excessive traffic during the December Christmas holiday season.[121]
At first I thought, why do I need amazon on my tv? But then, I thought, of course I need amazon on my tv! It's actually pretty handy, and I'm not talking about just ordering shows or movies. If you just want to look at something quickly, there's no need to fire up the computer or tablet or look for your phone (which I can never find quickly). If you want to show someone a product, poof, it's on the tv which is so much easier to look at than my tiny phone screen! Also, if you use your alexa voice control, it's all hand free. Admittedly, mine often has to be told a couple of times and the transition isn't seemless by any means, but in all, it works out pretty well when I remember it's available!
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Amazon first entered the media industry as a major online retailer in the late '90s. The company began by selling CDs and DVDs to a burgeoning market of online shoppers who began turning to the internet for music and movies, before the technical feasibility of streaming and the advent of the iPod. But it wasn't until 2005, with the initial launch of Amazon Prime, that the company began laying the ground work for a future digital media ecosystem that integrated directly into its online store.
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When it comes to TV sales personalities, none are more famous and revered than the late Billy Mays. Mays ran commercials for dozens of different products, but perhaps the most popular of those products was OxiClean, which is an easy to use, non-toxic, and remarkably effective cleaning detergent that can take care of dishes, polish silver, and clean virtually anything else. Billy Mays put his trademark enthusiasm behind the product, and its quality is known worldwide.


text:
Dead Black Market Hummingbirds
Inside the Black Market Hummingbird Love Charm Trade
By Rene Ebersole
There's a witch in San Diego who casts spells to "trap a man" and "dominate him" so "he'll always come back." She has a shop on San Ysidro Boulevard, one mile from the busiest Mexico border crossing in the United States, near a pawnshop, a liquor store, a furniture market, and the Smokenjoy Hookah Lounge, where DJ music thumps on Friday nights.
But you don't need to go to her shop for magic—you can join the tens of thousands watching her on YouTube. Like a wicked Martha Stewart creating potions instead of potpourri, she provides step-by-step instructions for her spells.
"This is the honey jar," she tells viewers while introducing the ingredients on her workbench: photographs of two would-be lovers, a piece of paper with their names written on it three times, a small glass jar—and a dead hummingbird. She rolls the tiny animal inside the photographs and wraps the cigar-shaped bundle with hot-pink yarn nearly the same shade as her long, fake fingernails.
Showing only her arms and lower body on camera, she shields her identity as she swaddles the package in a sarcophagus of tacky flypaper, dips it in cinnamon spice, squeezes it into the jar, and spritzes it with perfumes and oils—pheromones—"so he'll stay sexually attracted." Restless balm "so he'll be like, 'Oh my God, I need to call her.'" Sleep oil "so he'll be like a zombie." Attraction oil "so he'll be like, 'Goddamn, you so beautiful, you so fine.'" Dominating oil "so you dominate his thoughts."
Finally she fills the jar with a thick pour of golden honey and tops it with a sprinkle of rose petals. "I love this," she says. "I'm already getting a really good vibe."
[ click to continue reading at Nat Geo ]


text:
Test Drive Unlimited 2 Trophy Guide
December 15, 2017 trophyhunter_y680mu
Test Drive Unlimited 2 Trophy Guide. Difficulty: *** An open-world racing game and the tenth installment in the Test Drive series. The game demands good racing skills and plenty of time, while the online trophies are challenging to unlock without boosting.
Test Drive Unlimited 2 *** 48 Eden Games France 36 8 3 14 10
Test Drive Unlimited 2 is an open-world racing game, and the tenth installment in the Test Drive series which began on the PC in 1987, and a sequel to the 2006 Test Drive Unlimited. The game takes place on Ibiza, an island off the coast of Spain, and on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. Players select vehicles from four categories: asphalt cars, SUVs, classic cars, and motorcycles. The unnamed player-character competes in a series of tournaments, with the hope of ultimately winning the Solar Crown. The game also includes both co-op and competitive online multiplayer.
Test Drive Unlimited 2 received lukewarm reviews, with an average score of 70%, praised for its online play, open-world free roam, and overall fun, though criticized by some for its story, vehicle handling, and bugs.
This is a high 3-star rating, as it's extremely difficult to unlock many of the online trophies legitimately. However, if you able to organize some boosting partners, the difficulty rating could be brought down to a low 3-star, though will still require a fair bit of time and skill. Some of the offline trophies can be quite challenging, such as claiming the licenses. Also, reaching level 60 will take up a fair bit of time.
Expect roughly 130-150 hours to reach the Platinum with boosting, and far longer if you're attempting the online trophies legitimately.
The roadmap for Test Drive Unlimited 2 can essentially be broken into four stages: completing Ibiza, completing Oahu, completing the online trophies, and mop-up.
We recommend starting in Ibiza and unlocking all access to everything for completing the championships. This means start by driving down every road, completing all the missions, finding all the wrecks, and all 20 viewpoints. Then, work on earning all the licenses. And finally, complete all the events, which means championships, duels, and finally the cup.
Once Ibiza is done, you can head over to Oahu, where we'll rinse and repeat the process. Unlock all access to everything, get your licenses, and complete all the events.
With that done, you can head into online and unlock the 14 online trophies. These aren't particularly difficult if boosted, though can be a real pain if you're attempting to do this legitimately. Check out the boosting forums under our Links tab if you're shy of online players.
With all the online trophies unlocked, you can return to offline and mop-up any trophies you may still be missing. Most likely, this will include the Level 60 trophy.
A set of video Walkthroughs by nicksugden:
http://www.ign.com/faqs/2011/test-drive-unlimited-2-walkthrough-1184751
AstroFlibble and Godchild1020 have a great Trophy Guide here, which includes the DLC:
http://www.playstationtrophies.org/game/test-drive-unlimited-2/guide/
And a great Trophy Guide here, created by trophybot:
http://ps3trophies.com/forums/showwiki.php?title=PS3-Trophy-Guides:Test-Drive-Unlimited-2-Trophy-Guide
X_RaceKing_X has a useful Trophy Guide here:
http://psnprofiles.com/guide/1985-Test-Drive-Unlimited-2-Trophy-Guide
Here's a Boosting Forum on PlaystationTrophies:
http://www.playstationtrophies.org/forum/test-drive-unlimited-2-a/92965-trophy-boosting-thread-read-first-post.html
And a Boosting Forum on PS3Trophies:
http://ps3trophies.com/forums/test-drive-unlimited-2/6045-official-test-drive-unlimited-2-boosting-thread.html
Here's a Car List by futureops:
http://www.gamefaqs.com/ps3/990993-test-drive-unlimited-2/faqs/67726
http://psnprofiles.com/trophies/763-Test-Drive-Unlimited-2
Categories: PS3 DatabaseTags: Eden Games, Test Drive, Test Drive Unlimited 2


A trader buys 5,000 BTCUSD contracts at 6,409.50 USD on 50x leverage.
The picture below reflects the liquidation price for this position. For liquidation price calculation, please click here.
When mark price reaches liquidation price, it means the margin level of your position has fallen below the required maintenance margin level. Your position will be liquidated, all your active orders and relevant exit strategies (Take Profit/Stop Loss/Trailing Stop) will be cancelled. From the example, once the mark price reaches the liquidation price of 6,315 USD, the position will have an unrealized loss of 0.0117 BTC (0.0156 - 0.0039), causing liquidation to occur as there would no longer be enough margin to maintain this position.
Traders will lose all the initial margin that they've placed for this position. In other words, the position will be closed at Bankruptcy Price and traders will be able to review this under the "Trade History" section after liquidation.
To avoid the liquidation of a position in such a scenario, traders may enable a function known as Auto-Margin Replenishment (AMR). For more details on Auto-Margin Replenishment (AMR), click here.
Bybit's liquidation engine will always attempt to close the position with a limit order at bankruptcy price. If the system is able to close the position at a price better than the bankruptcy price, the excess margin from the position would be contributed to the insurance fund. Should it be unable to close the position at a price better than bankruptcy price and the insurance fund is insufficient to cover the contract loss, the Auto Deleveraging (ADL) system automatically takes over the process. For more information on how the Auto Deleveraging (ADL) system works, click here.


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Andermatt Responsible
Everything you need to know about Andermatt Responsible
Skiing and winter sports are our passion and our business. To keep it that way, we need nature to remain unspoiled. With Andermatt Responsible, we are committed to climate-friendly, sustainable tourism. But what exactly does this mean? Here are the most important questions and answers.
What is Andermatt Responsible?
Andermatt Responsible is the initiative for sustainable tourism in the Andermatt region. It is intended to help implement sustainability and climate protection projects, to network the players involved, and to inform guests, the population and suppliers about this and to raise their awareness. This is because we are convinced that it is in the interest of all of us to protect Switzerland's mountain environment. Our goal is to reduce CO2 emissions from tourism and make it as sustainable as possible.
Who is behind Andermatt Responsible?
Andermatt Responsible was initiated by the key players from the Andermatt region and the surrounding areas. They include Andermatt Swiss Alps AG, the ski region Andermatt+Sedrun+Disentis, and the NGO Protect Our Winters Switzerland (POW). Andermatt Swiss Alps operates the Andermatt Reuss holiday village, The Chedi Andermatt and Radisson Blu Reussen hotels, and the SkiArena Andermatt-Sedrun. The SkiArena Andermatt-Sedrun and POW Switzerland have been implementing environmental and climate protection measures in an exclusive partnership since the winter of 2018/19, which are now being extended and expanded.
What is POW?
Protect Our Winters Switzerland is the voice of the outdoor community for climate protection in Switzerland. POW is a community of athletes, activists and committed companies who are working on solutions to bring about change in society, business and politics.
The non-profit organisation POW was founded in the USA in 2007 by professional snowboarder Jeremy Jones and has been active in Switzerland since 2017. POW is now represented in over 15 countries worldwide.
POW informs and raises awareness among members of the outdoor community and provides them with tools to reduce their ecological footprint. The organisation helps companies, associations and organisations to develop a sustainable business model. It advocates an ambitious Swiss climate policy that respects the commitments of the Paris Agreement.
What is Andermatt Swiss Alps AG?
Andermatt Swiss Alps AG is an unlisted limited company with registered office in Andermatt. Orascom Development Holding AG holds 49% of the shares, with the remaining 51% being held directly and indirectly by the tourism entrepreneur Samih Sawiris.
In recent years, Andermatt has developed into a year-round destination: It features apartment buildings, hotels and chalets, a golf course, and the SkiArena that is connected with the ski area of Disentis. Andermatt+Sedrun+Disentis is not only one of the most modern ski areas in Switzerland but also the largest in Central Switzerland, with slopes from Andermatt to Sedrun and Disentis in the canton of Grisons. Further apartment buildings and hotels will be built in the coming years.
Show larger image: Several ski slopes, a chairlift, and a gondola, in the background a snow-covered mountain range.
What is Andermatt+Sedrun+Disentis
Andermatt+Sedrun+Disentis is the ski area around the Oberalp Pass in the cantons of Uri and Grisons. Bergbahnen Disentis AG and the SkiArena Andermatt-Sedrun together offer over 180 km of pistes. The ski area with assured snow cover reaches up to an altitude of 3,000 metres above sea level. The ski season lasts for seven months, from November to May.
The SkiArena Andermatt-Sedrun also operates 13 mountain catering operations and, in the village of Andermatt, a hotel, two restaurants, and a bakery, as well as the Snowsports School Andermatt. The SkiArena is a subsidiary of Andermatt Swiss Alps, which in turn rents out around 1,200 beds in all categories and operates the golf course in Andermatt.
Bergbahnen Disentis operates the entire mountain catering service in the Disentis area, as well as the two specialist ski and bike shops there. In addition, Bergbahnen Disentis rents out over 800 beds in all categories, both in holiday apartments and hotels.
Which areas does Andermatt Responsible cover?
Andermatt Responsible covers the five areas of Mobility, Gastronomy, Real Estate, Energy and Outdoor. In concrete terms, this means:
Mobility: The offering of options for travelling to, from, and in Andermatt helps to reduce CO2.
Gastronomy: The catering operations of Andermatt Swiss Alps avoid food waste and plastic waste and consciously use regional and local products. PET bottles and plastic are avoided wherever possible.
Real Estate: Andermatt Swiss Alps attaches great importance to sustainability in its construction, and all buildings are built to the Minergie standard. Heat is supplied by Heizwerk Gotthard AG in a climate-neutral manner. Heat from this wood-chip-fired power plant and waste heat from armasuisse are used to heat parts of Andermatt and Göschenen, including all buildings of Andermatt Swiss Alps, in a heat network.
Energy: The Andermatt Swiss Alps properties are powered with 100% renewable energy from the Gotthard region.
Outdoor: The winter sports facilities of the SkiArena operate using 100% electricity from renewable energy sources. Guests in the SkiArena and in Andermatt are informed about the measures with the aim of raising their awareness of the issue, as well as about the possibilities for contributing to CO2 reduction during their stay in Andermatt.
What has Andermatt Responsible achieved so far?
In the first year of the partnership, the SkiArena and POW developed solutions for travel to the ski area that save resources. They also implemented measures relating to catering operations on the mountain and to imparting knowledge to guests. The focus on the areas of mobility and food is due to the fact that these are the second and third largest sources of CO2 emissions in Switzerland.
What measures to impart knowledge have been implemented so far?
We use brochures and flyers to impart knowledge about climate change to our guests and to give them pointers on how to ski more sustainably. Flyers with climate tips are available at all ticket offices, and these tips can also be found on posters throughout the entire ski area.
How has the commitment to CO2 reduction in tourism been perceived so far?
In the spring of 2019, POW Switzerland was awarded the CIPRA Switzerland Prize for Sustainability in Tourism for the measures implemented in partnership with the SkiArena.
Useful links
Where can I find more information about Andermatt Responsible?
In addition to the information provided here on the website, you can find out more about us on social media:
SkiArena Andermatt-Sedrun Facebook
SkiArena Andermatt-Sedrun Instagram
Andermatt Swiss Alps Facebook
Andermatt Swiss Alps Instagram
Protect Our Winters Switzerland Facebook
Protect Our Winters Switzerland Instagram
POW Switzerland
The Paris Agreement
Protecting the climate with buildings? Engineer Christoph Langenberg explains how
Andermatt Responsible · February 5, 2020
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Andermatt Responsible · January 22, 2020