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Liquid Biopsies
Single Cell Genomics
long read sequencing
Toward the Human Pan Genome with Adam Phillippy, NHGRI
Submitted by Ayanna Monteverdi on Thu, 05/23/2019 - 09:18
Storylines repeat in genome science every decade or so. The human genome is complete. No. Now it's complete. Or, in the 90's, it was first announced that the first chromosome was sequenced. We have the same story for you today--breaking news from a paper that has not even been published yet: the first "complete" assembly of a human chromosome, end to end, telomere to telomere.
So what's going on?
As every bioinformatician will tell you: There are levels of completeness. It is these levels of completeness that have kept folks busy at the NHGRI for many years and will for years to come. For in some of the incomplete areas, the "holes", lurk compelling secrets.
"These genome assemblies come out of very complex software, and they often contain numerous errors. And so it's key to go back into the wet lab and validate in any way that we can that our reconstruction is accurate."
That's today's guest, Adam Phillippy, who has been at the forefront of bioinformatics for over a decade at the NHGRI and has been an important contributor to the problems of genome assembly. He is the head of the Genome Informatics Section, which he founded.
We jumped at the chance to talk to Adam about his upcoming paper on the now complete X chromosome and the chance to hear his thoughts on the "completeness" of the human reference genome. Adam goes on to tell us that the energy at NHGRI is now shifting toward the Human Pan Genome, an attempt to represent all variations of humanity into the reference genome.
What are the challenges for such a project? And hey Adam, while we have you on, please give us your thoughts on sequencing technologies in 2019 as only a bioinformatician can.
Read more about Toward the Human Pan Genome with Adam Phillippy, NHGRI
Illumina Concedes on Long Reads, Buys PacBio
At 1:02 pm today, there was a tremor in the world of genomics as it was announced that the two leaders in the field of sequencing have become one company. Goliath has opted to pick David up and put him on his shoulders. Upon first reaction, I'd say three things. 1. High quality long reads are the future of sequencing. Disrupting a standard carried for years in the drive toward the $1,000 genome of quantity over quality, PacBio stepped in and raised the bar for the technology of DNA sequencing.
Read more about Illumina Concedes on Long Reads, Buys PacBio
Nanopore Sequencing and the Future of Cancer Research with Chia-Lin Wei, JAX
Submitted by Ayanna Monteverdi on Wed, 04/18/2018 - 09:11
We can all recognize that PacBio has laid down the railroad tracks in the frontier of long read sequencing. What many are asking is just how close on their caboose is Oxford Nanopore? And just what exactly will be the differences between the two technologies?
Chia-Lin Wei is the Director of Genome Technologies at the Jackson Laboratories. When we called her up for today's interview to talk about how she is using nanopore sequencing, she said, "I've been using nanopore for years, why the interest this year by the media?"
Well, there are the milestones of first her own lab's recent paper out on structural variation which shows nanopore sequencing doing what no other technology can. Then there is the Nature paper out earlier this year demonstrating the sequencing of a human genome using only nanopore technology.
But hey, wait a minute. Aren't we supposed to be asking the questions?
She chuckles and then gives today's interview covering her lab's paper and peeking into the future of cancer research and clinical diagnostics. Coming in at 23 minutes, the show ends with her describing the 4D Nucleome Center at JAX.
Read more about Nanopore Sequencing and the Future of Cancer Research with Chia-Lin Wei, JAX
A New Method for Long Reads: Hanlee Ji of Stanford on Cancer Genomics Tech 2018
Submitted by Ayanna Monteverdi on Mon, 04/09/2018 - 20:39
Hanlee Ji is the Senior Associate Director of the Stanford Genome Technology Center as well as an oncologist at Stanford. He's also a clinical geneticist. In other words, he doesn't need to take off his glasses and spin around in a phone booth to be able to do about everything.
"I was in fellowship for a long time," he says in todays interview.
Long reads have been an important theme in the genomics community of late, and Hanlee's lab recently developed a new method for isolating long fragments of DNA that rivals the long reads of PacBio and Oxford Nanopore. The new method is the first we've featured that uses 10X Genomics' linked reads. The new method also uses CRISPR and CATCH (a new sample prep system from Sage Science), and because it's done with digital PCR, it offers the nice advantage of only requiring very small sample sizes.
Applications? Hanlee says he's most excited to use it to identify 're-arrangements' such as those in congenital disorders or oncogenic drivers.
Hanlee's lab is also involved in a new clinical trial using precision cancer vaccines that is pulling him headlong into the immuno therapy space.
With a foot deep in the world of genomic technologies and another foot in the clinic, what does Hanlee the oncologist want to tell the technologists? And what does Hanlee the technologist want to tell his colleagues, the cancer docs?
It's some big questions, and he takes around 27 min to get around them. Enjoy.
Read more about A New Method for Long Reads: Hanlee Ji of Stanford on Cancer Genomics Tech 2018
State of Sequencing 2018 with Keith Robison, Omics! Omics! Blogger
Submitted by Ayanna Monteverdi on Tue, 02/20/2018 - 10:01
Sequencing geeks are fresh off the trail from AGBT, and it's time for our annual look at the sequencing tools space. This year we sit down with the longtime Omics! Omics! blogger, Keith Robison, who not only can answer all your questions about the topic, he even knows which sequencer you're using right now, and in which department.
Keith jauntily runs through the Big 3--Illumina, Pac-Bio, and Oxford Nanopore--and has a few odds and ends to say about the "niche developers."
We finish by asking Keith what new trends and new instruments he's looking at. He says his son is a senior in high school where Keith has offered to go in and demonstrate the MinIon nanopore sequencer.
"Imagine if the next generation of kids all learns sequencing on this little device. It starts becoming a practical reality where kids in high school--even middle school--learn sequencing and then learn data analysis."
The Flongle Generation, anyone?
Read more about State of Sequencing 2018 with Keith Robison, Omics! Omics! Blogger
Direct RNA-Seq Project Shows Nanopore Sequencing Can Reveal New Insights into Basic Biology: Winston Timp, JHU
Nanopore sequencing has arrived. Passing test after test this past year--including one we discuss today--this technology which was being hyped decades ago is delivering on its promise.
Winston Timp joins us today. He's an assistant professor at Johns Hopkins and one of the leaders on a recent large scale project to directly sequence RNA on an array of nanopores. Winston's is the first in a series of shows we've lined up with users of Oxford Nanopore's technology.
Why RNA-seq? Hasn't this been done for years?
Yes, says Winston, but in the past no one has been looking at the RNA itself. They're usually making cDNA from the RNA and sequencing that.
"One of the big advantages to nanopore sequencing, is that you can characterize any polymer you can put in the pore."
Nanopore sequencing is polymer agnostic.
So what good does it do to look at the RNA directly? Ever heard of epitranscriptomics? Winston has worked for a while on DNA methylation in his lab. Now he's looking at RNA methylation. Not only is he seeing basic biology that we've never seen before (unique isoforms, exon connectivity that has been imputed by informatics but never seen directly), he's coming up with new translational questions for health and disease.
When we started Mendelspod seven years ago, the next gen sequencing race was in full swing. It was all about the push to bring down the price of sequencing. The lower cost brought an excitement to the world of biology with all the new projects it made possible. But we found out there were was a major limitation to the technology. Read length. Over the past couple years, PacBio paved a whole new world with their long reads that enabled many new genomic projects. BioNano gave us the big picture with their optical mapping. Today users of nanopore sequencing are generating reads of 1 megabase and the versatility of the nanopore is giving scientists even newer views of biological activity. The race is still very much on.
Read more about Direct RNA-Seq Project Shows Nanopore Sequencing Can Reveal New Insights into Basic Biology: Winston Timp, JHU
January 2018 Review Show with Nathan and Laura: CRISPR vs The Immune System, Biotech Math, and MinION's Big Test
Some stocks are up on news of big biotech mergers, but others are down on hearing of the latest difficulties of gene therapy. One thing's for sure—blood diseases are where it's at.
Speaking of the latest difficulties, we start our January review by going back to that paper out of Stanford about a new obstacle to using CRISPR as a new drug platform. It's called the human immune system. Major roadblock or small warning light?
"Smart people have been thinking about the wrinkles in CRISPR and Cas9 for a long time. This is one of them, and it's not going to stop the technology from being used well in people in the long run," says Nathan.
Neither of our commenters are happy with Luxturna's pricing of $425,000 per eye. But who is happy with drug pricing these days? How are drug companies supposed to recoup their investment on roughly 2,000 patients?
"We're gonna have to price these drugs based on the whole platform, but also we'll have to look at creative things like . . . how successful it is," says Laura.
Last, but not least, we finish up with the new paper out in Nature showing the sequencing of a reference genome using the MinION handheld nanopore sequencer. Laura says it's a snooze, but then she comes around.
Read more about January 2018 Review Show with Nathan and Laura: CRISPR vs The Immune System, Biotech Math, and MinION's Big Test
Sharon Begley of STAT News on the Best of 2017
Sharon Begley joins us for our last show of the year to look back over some of the year's top stories. She's the senior science writer at STAT News where she covers genetics, cancer, neuroscience and other fields of biomedical research. Prior to joining STAT, Sharon was the senior health and science correspondent at Reuters, the science columnist at the Wall Street Journal, and the science editor at Newsweek.
If you're in genomics, you've no doubt found yourself reading one of Sharon's columns. Her range is astonishing, her depth shows years of insider knowledge, and her output prodigious. She managed to write an article on George Church this year that no one had written before. Not easy.
Sharon says her audience has a big industry component and certainly includes people with special interest in the life sciences but it's also for "ordinary human beings . . . people who go to doctors, who's friends and loved ones get sick." That Sharon's articles can be read by anyone, but are of interest to insiders, makes her a great guest here on the program to see how many of our stories make it out to a larger audience. For instance, in this year when 23andMe's test rivaled the InstantPot for top seller at Amazon, what does the average person think of genomics in 2017?
In answer, Sharon says that the typical American tends to be a genetic determinist, gullible for any genetic association that comes along--this despite being overwhelmingly religious. Does that mean she proactively takes on the role of pushing back with skepticism?
Read more about Sharon Begley of STAT News on the Best of 2017
A New "Middle Way" for Genomics, with Physical Chemist, Yuval Ebenstein
"I love low tech," says today's guest.
It's not your typical catch phrase for 2017. But then today's guest is not your typical genome scientist.
A professor in the Department of Chemical Physics at Tel Aviv University in Israel where he runs the NanoBioPhotonix Lab, Yuval Ebenstein came to the genome from an unusual direction. As a physical chemist he started working with DNA as "just a material."
The low tech is the method of visualizing genomes with microscopy, such as the old FISH or cytogenetic experiments. However, with the advances in imaging and single molecule analysis, he can now go far beyond these dated methodologies and "take dense chromosomes and stretch them out and read information along them in a very sensitive and informative way that is not accessible to other established genomics techniques."
"I love low tech and then giving it a little twist and turning it into high tech," he adds.
Yuval calls the twist a new "middle way" in genomics, between the large structural cytogenomics of the past and all the specific base calling going on now with next gen sequencing. Will his lab's work turn into a new instrument able to be commercialized?
He says that PacBio, Oxford Nanopore, and BioNano are making headway in filling in this third or middle way, but that yes, there are new techniques that everyone should be able to use.
One specific paper Yuval's group has recently preprinted is a method for isolating and cloning very long fragments of DNA using Cas9, or what his group calls CATCH (Cas Assisted Targeting of Chromosome Segments).
"This is a nice demonstration of taking low tech and reviving it," he says.
It's also an example of what Yuval says is the problem today with NGS, which is too much data.
To look at certain regions of the genome, such as BRCA, one does whole genome sequencing, or exome sequencing and ends up with a confusing amount of data. With CATCH, he suggests one can take advantage of CRISPR to isolate just the target DNA one is looking for. As our audience will know, most of the methods we use today, say in cancer diagnostics, are looking "under the lamppost," using templates of known mutations rather than being able to discover what's actually there.
"You could PCR out large pieces of the genome, but it's hard and tedious, because you need a lot of primer sets. If it's a very variable region like BRCA, you may have problems with your primer design, which won't fit. This is another, hopefully more elegant way of taking out the intact region of interest of the genome and analyzing it very deeply," he says.
Yuval's lab is one to keep on our radar.
Read more about A New "Middle Way" for Genomics, with Physical Chemist, Yuval Ebenstein
Huh? 30 Million Americans Have a Rare Disease? Howard Jacob on the State of Clinical Sequencing
Here's a title for you. Chief Genomics Officer. Today's guest is also the VP of Genomic Medicine and a faculty investigator at the HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology.
He launched the world's first genomic medicine program becoming the first person in history to use genome sequencing to diagnose, treat, and cure a patient. Few people exude the sheer force and vision for the future of genomic medicine that comes from Howard Jacob. We're very pleased to have him on Mendelspod for the first time to talk about progress with rare disease, sequencing technology, and how he would teach genomic medicine to young people today . . . And of course, that genomic age old question: the exome or the whole genome?
Read more about Huh? 30 Million Americans Have a Rare Disease? Howard Jacob on the State of Clinical Sequencing
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It goes without saying that I'm obsessed with the culture of the bee. It is utterly enlightening to observe, from a privileged perspective, a microcosmic social system seemingly as complex as our own. Although I enjoy anthropomorphizing the little buzzers, I believe that the pleasure I derive from their presence in my life exemplifies an essential difference between humans and bees. Bees are all work, no play. Humans, on the other hand, are capable of both. Interestingly, humans dressed as bees are incapable of work (unless that work involves drinking mead and waggle dancing,) and achieve greater pleasure than humans not dressed as bees.
We didn't let those dreary skies get us down!
The Beekeepers' Ball kicked off the first day of Pollinator Week, organized by Just Food. Beekeepers, bee lovers, urban gardeners and costume enthusiasts gathered at the South Street Water Taxi Beach last night to raise awareness about the importance of honeybees. Beekeeping is illegal in NYC for stupid reasons. (Read: stupid people.) Pretty much every major city in the US has legalized beekeeping because residents understand the important role pollination plays in our environment. Somehow, New York is still living in the dark ages, fining beekeepers for contributing to the health and diversity of our ecosystem. As I mentioned in an earlier post, honeybees are gentle, like fuzzy puppies who fly. If you haven't already, please sign the petition to legalize beekeeping in the city!
People often ask me how/why I got into beekeeping. My best answer has been this: a whim collided with an opportunity. Last night, as I posed for photos in full-on bee camo in front of delighted tourists at South Street Seaport, I was reminded how strange, fortuitous, and sweet these last few months have been.
I lost my job as an English Teacher at a public, bilingual high school in the Bronx in March, due to "budget cuts." According to my evil principal, my 9th graders could do without English Language Arts, (think Lord of the Flies, Of Mice and Men, etc.) because they had ESL (think I am, you are, etc.). Although this logic continues to baffle me, I was forced to accept my situation and make the most of it. Beekeeping has introduced me to an entirely different way of life: slower, with less stress and more joy. I've returned to the things that I love: writing, nature, learning, activism... I've met incredible people. I'm happier than I've been in a long time.
In his awesome, beautifully written, informative book The Queen Must Die, writer and beekeeper William Longgood ruminates, "How many of us would be other than we are if not for chance, because some small cog slipped in here when it could as easily have gone in there?" One of my cogs, (a very expensive cog,) fell into grad school, another cog subsequently slipped into teaching, which ultimately led to a surprise cog being forcefully jammed into unemployment. Somewhere along the way I changed my entire idea of what my life might look like. I cannot congratulate myself for this newfound perspective, as Longgood so eloquently reminds me: "Any credit or blame that we take for what befalls us must be shared with the capricious god of chance."
There's a great article about the Ball (and photo of the costume winners) in the Dining blog of the New York Times! Read!


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Today marks 126 years since the Eiffel Tower in Paris was opened to the public for the first time. There is a lovely 'google doodle' and you can read all about the Tower's history and see the doodle here.
In England it is a really blustery and dull day but I went outside to take this photo of Jane's heart buttons on some Darjeeling Tea before making a pot of this very special brew.
And now a little peep at one of the pop-a-bobbin shuttles in the process of being made, it is rather bare without its bobbin but has a lovely colouration.
It is made from spalted beech. The spalting is purely mild rot working its way through parts of the graining. It does not affect the durability of the wood.
What you probably don't know is that 'im in the garage' is interested in windmills and watermills. Over 20 years ago he helped restore Burseldon Windmill which you can read about here. So I made a request to Jane for a tatted windmill and she came up with this pattern. It was really fun to tat and I can see me making many more, perhaps for some of those who belong to 'Hampshire Mills Group' of which 'im in the garage' is a member.
The restoration work he carried out was not on the outside but making some mill furniture. What you see in this picture is a hopper and chute. All this was made in the garage, it was his first big project since moving to our current house, since then of course the garage has never had room for a car!
Six more pop-a-bobbin shuttles have been delivered to Jane and she will be putting them into her shop soon.
Today is Mothering Sunday in England, also known as Refreshment Sunday, it is always on the 4th Sunday in Lent, therefore the day varies depending when Easter falls.
The Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century led to people increasingly working and living a significant distance from home and family, and the Refreshment Sunday tradition was kept by many as a day to return to worship in their home community. In the nineteenth century those who were working in domestic service, who would be working through Easter, were allowed to return to their own communities on Mothering Sunday. The tradition was to pick flowers on their way home to give to their mother.
Sadly today is cold, damp and miserable, but I have spoken to my son and daughter-in-law in Singapore, my other son was too ill to make the journey from London to see me and 'Im in the garage' is with his mother, so I am 'home alone'.
I decided to make these button hearts as they make lovely giveaways . Here is the pattern, obviously one of Janes!
My son bought his grandmother a lovely bunch of flowers the other week and I was really taken with the colour of these roses.


Next week, part 7, will be the very last chapter.
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Cheryl L. West, Lisa Peterson, E. Faye Butler, and Christine Sumption on Pullman Porter Blues
Posted by Holly L. Derr under Interview, Theater | Tags: Arena Stage, Cheryl L. West, Christine Sumption, E. Faye Butler, Lisa Peterson, Pullman Porter Blues |
A conversation about the new play Pullman Porter Blues with playwright Cheryl L. West, director Lisa Peterson, actor E. Faye Butler, and dramaturg Christine Sumption. Read the full article at Ms.
The Ms. Magazine Blog: What would you say Pullman Porter Blues is about?
West: The entire play really is about how do you survive: How do you survive in your family, how do you survive against economic oppression, how do you survive alone? How do you survive when there's so little to go around? And how do you survive your own choices in life? I think that this story really resonates today because I think we are also in a time in our country when so many people are fighting to survive, and that doesn't always bring out the pretty in us.
Peterson: I think the story is about a generation of men working on the train and how they try to pass down from one generation to the next the best part of themselves, to make the future better than the past. It's a play about the generations joining forces to make a better future.
I understand the play was inspired somewhat by memories of West's grandfather?
West: I don't remember his specific stories, but I do remember how much it changed him and that when he would tell them he would so romanticize that time in his life, the ability to travel, the ability to see the country, to have a good job for a black at that time. I remember more his expression than anything else.
Most people have a train story, some nostalgia about the train, and so it just seems to resonate with all kinds of people. A lot of times trains lull you into reflection and to think deeply about things, to see the world passing you by literally out the window makes you reflect on your world.
Sumption: [Cheryl told me] she remembers taking the train down to go back and visit family in Mississippi. And she remembered that her grandmother, who was a bit of a flirt, every time a porter walked by she would just lift her skirt up just a little bit. And Cheryl was always trying to figure out what was the attraction to these men? She remembers they were so clean, they were so pressed, and she was just intrigued by what made these men smile all the time. She had no idea about the kind of professional armor they had to wear. And as we got talking we realized a lot of different people, their uncles, their grandfathers were porters.
What are the different ideas represented by these men of one family and three generations?
West: Monroe is such a character of a man who really believes in the family. He really believes in protecting them. The strain throughout his story is that he wants to protect the generations and protect their history. He wants them to know it because he believes that history is what's going to be their veil of protection so that they can survive the next generation. Because if you don't know where you came from it's hard to know where you're going and how you arrived where you are at the present.
That second generation, that Sylvester character, is always so angry. You learn as the play goes on that this is a man looking for redemption. I mean he has some things to be angry about, he has some things to feel like a failure about. And the way he's learned to cope in his life, the way that he's learned to survive is this sort of combustible kind of anger.
His son, Cephas, has the benefit of a few years past slavery, his son has education, some sense of his own manhood, because he has been able to go to a school, he has had privileges. And he's been so sheltered and protected in a way that he doesn't know that it's a danger out there just because of the color of his skin. He has both of them there sheltering and protecting so a lot of the ugliness of the world has been kept from him. In a way the grandfather put him on this train to teach him in a way that just telling him would not.
Most people don't know the details of the history behind the Pullman porters. Tell us more about them.
Sumption: [Cheryl] knew she was going to writing something about the porters, and did an extensive examination of the history trying to decide where we wanted to place the play historically. She chose 1937 specifically because that was the year that the Pullman company recognized the union and signed a collective bargaining agreement with them. It was also the year that Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship and so we chose to set it on that night. But the Brotherhood was first formed in about 1925 and Pullman was fiercely anti-union. Particularly they did not want African American men unionizing. They hired them specifically right out of slavery; the company was getting started and all the slaves had just been emancipated and were looking for jobs. And this was a way of not only – in the benevolent view, providing employment for this group of black workers – but also advertising to white people that they would get the service that was the equivalent to having slaves. And so they are definitely playing both sides of the coin here.
The union struggled for many years; they had to remain underground. Asa Philip Randolph was the head of the union and he fought all kinds of dirty tricks. It took them ten years to get the charter from the American Federation of Labor and up until that time, all the unions had been white. By 1928 or 29 the union had 10,000 members. I mean it was huge. Then the stock market crashed, the economy went into a tailspin, and the union also really suffered during that time. But they were fiercely determined organizers.
West: You know there were maids on this train. Then after a certain amount of years, there were no maids any more. I think in 1925 they really starting organizing the union, it took them 12 years to get the Pullman Company to sign a collective bargaining agreement. So from where this play takes place in a few months they're gonna finally get recognized as a union. It took them twelve long years.
Christine: And although the union, which is famous for being the first African American labor union, was initially called The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids, in 1929 when they developed a new constitution they dropped the "and maids" from the title. So even in the world of their union they were excluded.
West: The maids did most of the tending to the elderly and the white women: Their hair, their nails, if they needed help with bathing, they did all that kind of work for the white women because you know the porters weren't supposed to deal with white women. They didn't do as well as the porters, they didn't make as much money. And a lot of time they were on there taking care of the white women's babies while their babies were at home. So they did have to sacrifice to be on there. But it was a job. You could earn some tip money. And you could see some of the country as well. But they worked really hard and were not treated well at all.
Christine: One of the challenging things was the maids were frequently the only women on the train. There would be a maid and there would be a lot of porters and conductors and brakemen and so on. Eventually – particularly as women's fashions changed and women on the train no longer needed help lacing up their corsets – the maids began to become smaller and smaller in number on the trains. Then they were encouraged within the union to move from being actual union activists with membership to the women's auxiliaries. But they were an important part of the history and have been largely relegated to the margins.
You the say the maids were often the only women on the trains. Were some of them raped, as Juba was?
Sumption: Certainly there was sexual harassment. There are some accounts of maids on the train being harassed particularly by conductors. It's not heavily documented but we did do a certain amount of thinking about how common harassment and rape are among women in our time and how little that has been spoken of and used that as an imaginative leaping off point.
What are some of the men's issues in the play?
West: Sylvester has a sense of feeling emasculated, and emasculation leads to a lot of problems. Not being able to provide in a certain way, not being able to protect – those are assumed roles for men. And then when that is cut off or the man is inept or the man is incapable of or prevented from providing, then what do you do with that? And you see sometimes outbursts of violence, turning it on the woman as if it's her fault that I feel less than a man, you know, as opposed to what is the real source here. But the real source is, as Juba says, is you can't say that to a white man.
Christine: I think there is an effort on Cheryl's part to reclaim an image of black manhood that is so denigrated in a lot of culture, that view of black men that they're gangsters, they don't take care of their children, they're criminals. So she's really looking at, "What about the man who is responsible for his children? The one who does care about what happens to the next generation, who is really struggling to meet his responsibility?"
What's it like collaborating interracially on a play about African American experience?
Peterson: As a director, I always feel like I'm going into a culture and a world I have to learn about, even if it's ethnically similar to me it's always about investigating myself, so it doesn't feel that different to me. It's an exploratory and educational process for me in some ways, but the job feels the same to me, which is to tell the story in an exciting way, looking for clarity and contrast and finding a way to fluidly give it physical life. That's my job no matter what. … The world of the Pullman porters is a very important part of American history but not something that people know a lot about and so I think for all of us, it's still kind of a world that we need to investigate.
Butler: There are times it's extremely challenging. I will not lie. I know a lot of people like to say,"Oh it's no different working with a white director." It is different. There are times that you have to talk them off the ledge. I think Lisa understands human emotion a great deal, and I think there were times that she would say certain things to me and I would be like, "Mmm, I understand from a woman's standpoint from you, but African American women don't respond that way about that." I had to show her a lot. I had to say, "I don't think she would be as angry as you think she would be." I said, "Juba can't spend the rest of her life being angry with him as much as she is disappointed in him." Because to be angry like that all the time, that means I consider myself a victim. She will play a man. African American women will play a man to the end of their lives, more than we would go, "Oh I just really miss you." Huh-uh. I might be thinking that, but I'm not going to say it.
Lisa asked a lot of questions of Cheryl, and I think she's very good at allowing us to come to the process and we are learning from her and her putting us in good places on stage but her also learning historically some of the things that African Americans go through that she couldn't get to. She couldn't get to it because it's an experience. You can't learn it, you live it. So there's some things she can't help me with. She can ask me about it and I try to talk her through it so she understands it so that when she's directing me she keeps me on the straight and narrow of that and we don't get off track. But it is very very different dealing with a white director on a black piece. You do have to be more sensitive to them, you do have to explain a little bit more what's going on. I've worked with lots of white directors on a black piece and as long as they're open the process is good.
Who is Juba?
Butler: Juba is a woman that lives in the moment. She's learned to live in the moment because of things that have happened to her in her life. The few women who were extremely prominent during that period had a lot of power and men worked for them. So she's strong, she's ballsy, she's glamorous, and she's got a lot of tenderness in her but she's got to cover it up because if not she'll continue to get stepped on. She has to cover it up because if not she'll get hurt again and again and again. But she's really full of life. She's totally in the moment. She has to live in the moment.
Her past made her who she is, though. Juba is not really her name. She used to work as a maid on the train, and this is the first time she's been back on that train and she's coming back as a big star. It's not a ride she wants to take, it's a ride she has to take. And so she protects herself on this ride. And it's quite a ride for her.
Sumption: She was one of the first characters that Cheryl envisioned. She knew she wanted to write about the porters, she knew it would be a generational play because she wanted to depict how different men in different points in time look at race relations and family and responsibility and so on. And she always knew she wanted to have a blues singer on that train, partly influenced of course by the fact that Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith were these towering figures of the blues. Bessie Smith famously had her own railroad car so that she was really traveling in style. So Cheryl wanted to give some sense of what that was like.
Butler: She gets on the train only focused on the fact that I've got to get to New Orleans on this particular train and that I do not want to be on. She's got her band with her, she's a major star, it's the same night as the heavyweight fight with Joe Louis. She thinking maybe I'll just get on this train, stay a little under the radar and people will leave me alone. It just so happens that her porter happens to be the man that helped save her life, which takes her back to a place that she never expected to go.
Sumption: Angela Davis's Blues Legacies was one of the things that really influenced my thinking about Juba as a figure. She talks about how there's this prevailing image of the black woman of the period being this tragic figure and she does this breakdown of the lyrics and talks about how they are defiant bordering on violent and just claiming their independence and strength in the world.
Butler: Juba is going for it. She's going to rise above it no matter what. She'd love to take you along for the ride and she's ready to go. But if not, that's okay.
Talk about her relationship with Sylvester.
Sumption: One of the great conflicts of the play is 26-years later he is still absolutely wrapped up in what he didn't do and how he didn't help her and she's long since gone. She hasn't forgotten it, but his inability to move on from that is kind of why she rejects him. She needs to be seen as her own human being who found ways to survive and thrive despite what men did. And in a way to her at this point the men are irrelevant. They're there, but she knows that's it's on her to live.
Butler: He always talks about everything but what he should be talking to her about. He's trying to talk about the union, and she's like excuse me? You want to talk about the Pullman Porter union? Get out of my face. Why do you keep talking to me about something I don't care about? If you want to talk to me and you want me to respond to you in a positive way, you got to start out better. She doesn't care about that. So he kind of shoots himself in the foot because he never just says "I'm sorry." He never talks about the elephant in the middle of the room.
African American women don't have time to sit around and wait on men to call us crying in your spoiled milk about what you woulda coulda shoulda done. I was the one that suffered and now you want me to feel sorry for you? Get away from me. You really want me to feel sorry for you when it happened to me? I don't think so. I don't think that's the way it's going to work. So that's why every time they meet she just kind of stomps off or she gets angry, and it's that thing that a lot of black men will say to us: "Why are you angry all the time?" Really? Why am I angry all the time? Really? If I have to tell you, it isn't worth talking about.
What's the relationship between trains and the blues?
Sumption: I think the primary thing that we were looking at was the notion that when the Emancipation Proclamation happened was also the time when the railroads were booming. You've got people traveling north as part of the Great Migration, and people who were moving to Chicago were bringing the blues with them and finding ways to transform the art form. So it was a boom time that the music was carried by the trains. And it spread African American culture in this really profound way. And so many of the songs of the period are about trains. Frequently the blues is not so much about what is said but how it's said: You've got singers' voices and instruments that replicate either the moan of the train whistle or the sound of the train running down the tracks and that sense of restlessness and seeking home.
And really people reinventing their lives. Juba does it literally in the sense of making a new human being. That maid is dead and gone. She's remade herself as this fabulous singer. People moving north as part of the Great Migration were transforming their lives and really figuring out anew what they could do.
Is it just me, or is there some significance to the fact that the trip in the play is the reverse of the Great Migration?
Sumption: One of the things that the Porters are famous for is distributing the African American newspapers, particularly the Chicago Defender, moving those newspapers south and really carrying word of the opportunities that were available up North to people in the South. But also Cheryl really wanted to dig into that notion of what happens when you go back, either literally going back to where you come from or those of us now going back in history and recognizing the contributions of those who came before us, the people who made it possible for us to do what we are able to do now and recognizing that sacrifice, facing up to the pain that our ancestors experienced and celebrating what they accomplished.
Photos (from top) of Cheryl West by Nate Watters, and Lisa Peterson courtesy Arena Stage.
Interview, Theater
Tags: Arena Stage, Cheryl L. West, Christine Sumption, E. Faye Butler, Lisa Peterson, Pullman Porter Blues

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Postal identification of the commune which is not based anymore on INSEE City code but on a 6-digit LA POSTE code. This code becomes the postal mention ID.
So-called places replacement by a special postal indication related to the official commune.
Optimization of namesake streets management.
Otherwise, waiting for the AFNOR decision, the 32-character is still a standard.
You can get more information about the changes and data sheet of the new version NOV 2011 in the Aide page of the Customer Area on AMABIS website.


text:
Online Library → G. Brown (George Brown) Goode → The fisheries and fishery industries of the United States (Volume 1:1) → online text (page 121 of 146)
Convenient.
In the foregoing description wo have described the method of obtaining the spawn only from
the side of the animal exposed in opening the shell. A little exi>erience will enable one to lift up
the head end of the animal and throw it back over the great adductor muscle, expose the opening
of the reproductive organ on the left side, or whatever the case may be, and also express the
spawn from that side, thus as effectually obtaining all of the ripe eggs or milt as is possible in the
process <>t taking the same from fishes.
It is remarkable to note the success attending this method, since almost every egg is perfect
and uninjured, the percentage of ova which are impregnated is much larger than by the old
method, reaching, I should say, quite ninety per cent, of all that are takeii when the products are
perfectly ripe. It is also found that the products are not so readily removed by my process if they
are not perfectly mature, which is also to a certain extent a safeguard against getting poor or
immature spawn. In the course of an hour after the products of the two sexes have beeu mingled
together it will be found that nearly every egg has assumed a globular form, has extruded a polar
cell, lost the distinct germinative vesicle and spot in the center, and begun to develop.
It is noteworthy that our practice as herein described has completely vindicated the state-
ment made by the distinguished French anatomist and embryologist, M. Lacaze-Duthiers, that
there is but a single generative opening on each side of the visceral mass of the Oyster, and that,
as we have stated, it is found to open just below the great adductor muscle.
We have also discovered, since the foregoing was written, that the use of an excessive amount
of milt is of no advantage. The water in which the eggs are to be impregnated only requires to
be rendered slightly milky : a very few drops of good milt is sufficient to make the impregnation
a success. Too much milt causes the eggs to be covered by too large a number of spermatozoa ;
thousands more than are required if too much is used. These superfluous spermatozoa simply
become the cause of a putrescent action which is injurious to the healthy development of the eggs.
A drop of milt to twenty drops of eggs is quite sufficient.
Immediately after the ova have been fertilized it is best to put them into clean sea-water at
once, using water of the same density as that in which the adults grew. If the attempt is made
to impregnate the eggs in water much denser than that in which the adults lived, it is probablo
that the milt will be killed at once. This singular fact, which was accidentally discovered by
Colonel McDonald and myself, shows how very careful we should be to take into consideration
every variation in the conditions affecting a biological experiment. If sufficient water is used no
trouble will be experienced from the pollution of the water by dangerous micro-organisms which
are able to destroy the oyster embryos. From fifty to two hundred volumes of fresh, clean water
may be added to the volume in which the eggs were first fertilized. This may be added gradually
during the first twenty- four hours, so as to assist aeration and prevent the suffocation of the
embryos.
214. RATE OF GROWTH OF OSTREA VIRGHflCA.
SIZE OP THE EGG. The egg of the American Oyster, according to Brooks, is approximately
3^ inch, being very nearly perfectly spherical after the extrusion of the polar or direction cells
(RichtungsbUischen of the German embrvologist*). This accords with what the writer has observed
in our species, and in the Portuguese Oy-ter, probably 0. angulata Lain., the size of the egg
appears to be about the same, judging from specimens of the latter examined by me in March
last. Judging from the figures and the stated amplifications given in the papers of M. Davainc,
the egg of Ostrea edulis is ^^ inch in diameter. Estimates based on the figures of M. Lacaze-
Dnthiers give dimensions of - 2 -}^ inch. These discrepancies I think are probably too great, and
may be due to imperfect micrometric methods. If they are real it would indicate a specific
difference of some importance between 0. edulia and O. virginica.
The actual volume of the egg of the American Oyster would accordingly be a little more
than ^^iroioAot cubic inch, a solid so minute that we are unable to frame any adequate con-
ception of its diminutiveness. Under the best conditions, as seen against a dark back-ground,
it is visible as a grayish-white speck ; almost an optical point. It is from this diminutive spherical
mass of living matter that the young Oyster is developed. The development of the embryo
proceeds, as far as I can make out, according to the accounts given by Uavaiue, Brooks, Horst,
and others, similarly to that of other lamellibrauchs. To Hatschek 1 we are indebted for the most
secure foundation for our future embryological investigations upon this difficult group of mollusks;
and we must not forget to mention the very important researches of Ray Lankester (Phil. Trans.,
1875), principally upon Pisidium. I have not been able to observe the development of the larval
Oyster beyond the size attained by it after the complete segmentation of the egg, the develop-
ment of the shell, the velum, and alimentary tract. In fact, no embryos which I have attempted
to rear from artificially impregnated eggs have ever lived long after the time when they began
to take food, which is immediately after they acquire the velum, permanent mouth, and vent,
and are almost or altogether covered on either side by the very symmetrical larval shells, which
consist of carbonate of lime laid down in a matrix of conchioline. The isolation of the conchioline
is readily effected by the use of acetic acid, the acid dissolving out the lime entirely. I find
that Brooks and Dr. Horst" have tried a similar experiment with similar results. The latter
writer has also been able to watch the development of the naturally impregnated ova of Ostrea
edulia until a pretty advanced stage was reached. He disagrees with Brooks in his interpretation
of the gastrula stage, and thinks that the invagination regarded by the American investigator
as the blastopore must be considered to represent simply the first rudiment of the shell-gland.
In assuming this position, from what I have been able to gather in the course of my own investi-
gation of the development of the American species, I think we are bound to accept Dr. Horst's
determination of the homology of the shell-gland of the Oyster with that of other lamellibrau-
chiate and cephalophorpus mollusks.
EARLY STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT. The oral invagination, according to Dr. Horst, originates
on the opposite or ventral side of the embryo and has no connection with the dorsal pallial
invagination or shell-gland. The early stages of the American and European species, like the
later ones, appear to present no marked differences, except that the latter appears, on the evidence
of Dr. Horst, Mobius, and others, to carry the ova and embryo in the mantle cavity, from which
the first-named author obtained his material for study, by breaking a hole through the shell near
the margin, so as to enable him to introduce a pipette into the pallial chamber. This method of
getting embryos is impossible in our native species, which has wholly different breeding habits, as
is proved by the investigations of Brooks, Winslow, Rice, and myself. How much further than
heretofore Messrs. Brooks and Wiuslow have been enabled to carry the development of our native
Oyster during the past season at Beaufort, North Carolina, I have not been able to learn, nor do I
know anything more definitely as to how much success has been attained in the artificial produc-
tion of Ostrea edulis from artificially-impregnated eggs at the hands of Mr. Littlewood, of England,
'Ueber EntwickelungsResohichte von Teredo. Arbeiten aus dem Zool. Inst. Wien., Bd. iil.
'BijdragetotdeKennisvandeOntwikkelingsgeschiedcnis vau do (Jester (Ostrea edulis L.). door Dr. It. Hoist. Tiidschr.
d. Ned. Dierk. Vereen, Deel, vi, 1882.
LARVAL 0\>TLUS. 727
who h;is d limed that lie li.nl succeeded in rearing them to the age of five months, .specimens uf
which it is said were shown at the Fi.sheiv i:\liibition recently held in Kdinhurgh.
Kxi'i:i:iMi:vis \r SUM .1 I.UOMK'S CUKKK. Our experiments m:ide at Saint Jerome's Creek
d u rin t: the pa>t siiiumer gave the most contradictory results, and the interval of development
lietweeii that of our oldest embryo with itw diminutive Pisidium like valves measuring al>out t foj
inch in diameter, and that of the embryo when its valves first begin to lose their embryonic form,
still remains unbridled. The dimensions of the embryo or "fry," as we may more properly call it
when it becomes tixcd, are between vV and -fa inch according as the measurement is made longi-
tudinally or transversely. The difference in magnitude between the oldest artificially incubated
fry seen by me and that of the youngest fixed embryos which I collected is very small, amounting
only to 1 ^,' 1 , 1 inch, or a little more than T fo inch. To determine the relative volumes of these
stages, and consequently the amount of food which has been taken in and converted into the
structure of the more advanced stage in addition to the original bulk of the egg, we need only
take the cubes of their respective diameters and compare them. Taking the diameter of the egg,
or .,,', inch, as the diameter of the most advanced embryo seen by me, which we will consider
unity, and comparing it with ^ inch, or the transverse diameter of the newly fixed fry, we find,
alter having reduced the last quantity to its simplest form as compared with 1, or the diameter of
the egg, that we have 5.1+. The diameters then of the first and last embryonic or truly larval
slaves are to each other as 1 is to 5.1-f, and consequently their volumes will be to each other as
the cubes of these numbers, or as 1 is to 132.651 + . The difference between these two quantities,
or 131.051+ times 1, will give us approximately the amount of food material which has been taken
up by the embryo in passing from the condition when it was first able to feed until it fixed itself,
showing that the process of growth has been going on vigorously in order to augment the volume
of the young creature at the enormous rate indicated by our figures. We have, however, been
Mealing not with absolute but with relative or compared volumes only; if the egg contains
rsotioooo cubic inch of protoplasmic matter approximately, the newly-fixed fry, which we will
assume to be globular, and contains, as shown above, over 132 times as much material, the
absolute bulk of the latter will be ai)oi<nnre cubic inch multiplied by 132, or jjjjMJbiro cubic
inch, which, in its simplest form, is therefore -uriivrs cubic inch, or the absolute volume of the
newly fixed fry. Ninety cubed, or 729,000 young Oysters could therefore be contained in a cubic
inch of space, if taken at the stage at which they begin to be transformed into spat. This large
number is, of course, small when compared with 125,000,000, the number of eggs which might be
contained by the same extent of space.
THE LARVAL, CHARACTER OF THE YOUNG OYSTER. The proof of the larval character of
the youngest fixed stage of the Oyster rests upon the three following well-ascertained facts:
1st. The perfect symmetry and great convexity of the valves; 2d. The entirely different shajM-
of the shell as compared with those of the spat and adult; 3d. Its wholly different micro-
scopic structure when compared with the later and full-grown stages. The form of the shell, at
the time the animal is about to begin to develop the spat shell, is suborbicular, very thin, ven-
tricose, resembling in many respects the shell of Cyclas or Puidium, having the symmetry of
those genera, with umbones of about the same form and prominence. These features mark the
larval shell of the Oyster so unmistakably that its valves may always be very readily recogni/ed
at the tips of the valves of spat under a year old. The larval \alves lie on the tips of the vah.-s
of the spat like small hemispherical caps, but cau usually not be found after the young Oyster
enters upon its second year, as its umbones, together with the larval shells which surmount them.
have been eroded by the action of the carbonic dioxide in solution in the sea-water. The
presence of the larval shells in an unimpaired condition on the umboues of the valves of Oysters
is therefore an indication that such specimens are young, probably under a year old.
The third character, alluded to above, which distinguishes the larval shell of the Oyster is
the perfect homogeneity of the calcareous matter. Unlike the valves of the spat or translucid
flakes from the shell of the adult, they exhibit no prismatic arrangement of the calcic carbonate
in a matrix of conchioline. In the valves of the adult and spat, on the other hand, the calcic
carbonate tends to assume a prismatic arrangement vertical or at right angles to the plane of
the length and breadth of the shell. This distinction is so marked that in very young individuals
which have only lately become fixed one may very readily determine with the aid of the micro-
scope the line of demarkation along which the formation of the larval shell ceased and where the
prismatic calcareous structure of the valves of the spat began to be developed.
CHAEACTEES OF THE LARVAL SHELL. The only characters of structure which the larval
shell has in common with that of the spat and adult are the lines of growth visible in all three.
This shows that the valves grow in extent at all stages by the addition of lime to the edges of
the valves, each layer of mineral matter and organic matrix extending over successively greater
and greater areas, as in the growth of the shells of mollusks in general, the umbones being
the points from which the valves grow in an eccentric manner in consequence of the gradually
increasing extent of the mantle the shell-secreting organ as the growth of the animal
proceeds. Having clearly denned the nature of the larval shell of the Oyster, up to the time
when it is ready to begin to build or secrete the shell of the spat, we may next discuss the
character of the transition from the one to the other.
The transition is apparently an abrupt one. The excessive convexity of the valves of the fry
contrast strongly with the almost flat lower valve and feebly convex upper one of the spat. At
the free edges of the larval shells where they pass directly into the structure of the valves of the
spat there is a marked offset or angle marking very distinctly the difference of convexity between
the two stages of shell development.
FOOD OF THE YOUNG OYSTER. As already remarked, I have seen food in the intestine
of the young Oyster on the second day of development, but how long it may take before the
young embryo of this stage of growth shall have taken and appropriated one hundred and
thirty-two times its own volume of food material, I am not able to say. This it must do
before it can have attained to the size of the larva which is transformed into spat. The food
is propelled through the alimentary canal by the action of innumerable vibratory filaments
which clothe the inside of the throat, stomach, and intestine as in the adult ; the intestine,
stomach, and liver are not, however, as complex as in the full-grown animal.
Of the method of fixation 1 have as yet learned nothing of value. That this is accomplished
by some sort of byssus I have no doubt. The fact that it is the left valve which is always the
lowermost and attached one would indicate that the method of fixation was not capricious or
haphazard in its nature.
I would infer from what we learn from the study of other animals that it may require quite a
week before an embryo reaches the dimensions of one-eightieth of an inch, but we have no data
upon which to base any conclusions of value. Of the later stage of development we know some-
thing definitely. The main fact which we have so far decided is the size of the larval shell.
RATE OF GROWTH. After fixation the growth of spat is very rapid, as may be inferred
from the fact that I have found spat upon collectors which had not been placed in position
FOOD OF TOE OYSTER. 729
more than a week to ten days, upon which I detected spat one-fourth of an inch across. In
other cases the following were the observed dimensions: On a collector which had been placed
near a bed of spawning Oysters for twenty days I obtained a specimen of spat seven-sixteenths
of an inch across; from another collector immersed for forty-four days I obtained specimens
tliii icon-sixteenths of an inch in diameter; from another out forty-eight days a specimen
measuring about one inch. Another set of collectors which had been out for seventy-nine days
had spat attached which measured one and three-fourths inches across. Some still larger spat
oillri-trd l>y me was not over eighty-two days old, and measured nearly two inches in length
from the hinge to the distal margin of the valves. Still larger specimens have been observed
by the writer, which bore every evidence of having affixed themselves during the same
If we contrast the above measurements with those given by Mobius of the spat of 0. ,<liiti*
of known age, I conclude that the American Oyster prows three or four times as rapidly as the
former. For instance, Mobius figures a European Oyster twelve to fifteen months old, which
measures only one and one-fourth inches in diameter. Contrasting this with the size of the
American at seventy-nine to eighty-two days old, and measuring, from one and three-fourths to
nearly two inches in diameter, we see how greatly our species surpasses that of Europe in vigor
and rapidity of growth.
Of the rate of growth beyond the ages given above I have only a few data, based on the spat
which was caught on collectors put out in Saint Jerome's Creek in July and August, 1880. In the
following autumn the collectors which had been put out into the creek were taken up and the spat
removed from them. This was then put into a box, through wh ; oh the water could circulate
freely, and put back into the creek, in order that we might be enabled to learn how much growth
these young Oysters would make during the winter and next season. I did not have an opportu-
nity to examine them, howerar, until the 10th of July, 1882. From the time of their fixation in
July and August, 1880, to the time when I made my last examination of these specimens, a
period of about twenty-three months had accordingly elapsed. One of the largest specimens
examined by me measured three and three eighths inches in length and two and five-eighths
inches in width. Another smaller specimen measured two and a half inches long and two
and a quarter inches in width. They were about the size of Oysters available for planting, and I
have no doubt that in the course of two or three years more, if placed under favorable conditions,
they would reach a marketable size. The inference, therefore, is that it takes at least four to five
years for an Oyster to grow large enough, starting from the egg, to be available for market.
In order that an Oyster may grow to attain the great size of certain single individuals which
I have seen, it may take even ten years. I should think it would take at least that length of time
for an Oyster to grow until Us valves would measure nine inches in length, a few of which I have
seen of this enormous size. These, it must be remembered, were not " Raccoon Oysters" or "Cat's-
tongues," as the narrow, elongate individuals are called which grow so densely crowded together
upon the banks as to be abnormally lengthened. Under favorable conditions, I do not think
it improbable that an Oyster may live to the age of twenty years, attaining corresponding
215. THE FOOD OF THE OYSTER.
OBSERVATIONS AT SAINT JEROME'S CREEK. The following extracts, taken mainly from
my report for 1880 to the Fish Commissioner of Maryland, will give some idea of the kinds of
organisms usually encountered on oyster banks and beds. Theae observations were made at
Saint Jerome's Creek, a few miles north of the mouth of the Potomac, during the months of July,
August, September, and October:
"The food of this mollusk, as is well known, consists entirely of microscopic beings and
fragments of organic matter, which are carried by currents from the palps and gills, which have
been already described, to the large mouth of the animal at the hinge end of the shell. The inside
of the gullet and stomach, like some other parts of the body, are covered with cilia, so that food
once fairly in the mouth will be carried by their action down to the cavity of the stomach, where
it is carried into the folds and deep pouches in its walls, and even into the openings of the bile
ducts, to undergo digestion or solution, so as to be fitted in its passage through the intestine to
be taken into the circulation, and finally disposed of in building up the structures of the body.
"Along with the food which is taken, a very large amount of indigestible dirt, or inorganic
matter, is carried in, which, in a great measure, fills up the intestine, together with the refuse or
waste from the body. This material, when examined, reveals the fact that the Oyster subsists
largely on diatoms, a low type of moving plants which swim about in the water, incased in minute
sandstone cases, or boxes, of the most delicate beauty of workmanship. These, when found in
the intestine, have usually had their living contents dissolved out by the action of the digestive
juices of the stomach. I have found in our own species of Oyster the shells of three different
genera of diatoms, viz: Campylodiscus, Coscinodiscm, and Navicula. The first is a singularly bent
form; the second is discoidal; and the last boat-shaped, and all are beautifully marked. Of
these three types, I saw a number of species, especially of the latter, but as I was not an authority
upon the systematic history of any of them I had to neglect the determination of the species. No
doubt many more forms are taken as food by the Oyster, since I saw other forms in which the
living matter inside the siliceous cases was brown, the same as in most of the preceding forms
which I have indicated. Some of these brown forms were so plentiful as to color a considerable
surface whereon they grew of the same tint as themselves.
"Besides the diatoms and the spores of algse, the larvae or young of many animals, such as
sponges, bryozoa, bydroids, worms, mollusks, are small enough to be taken in as aliment by
the Oyster, though their bodies in most cases being soft and without a skeleton, it is impossible
to find any traces, either in the stomach or intestine, of their remains, to indicate that they have
formed a part of the bill of fare of the animal. What, however, demonstrates that such small
larval organisms do help to feed the Oyster is the fact that at the heads of the small inlets or
creeks along the Chesapeake, where the water is but little affected by the tides and is somewhat
brackish and inclined to be stagnant, there always appears to be a relatively greater development
of a somewhat characteristic surface or shallow water fauna of minute forms.
"In Saint Jerome's Creek the microscopic fauna of its headwaters is entirely different from
that of the body of the creek; two minute forms inhabit in vast numbers the former, while I
sought in vain for them in the more open and changeable waters of the main body of the inlet,
which are brought into active movement twice a day by the action of the tides. One of these
forms, an infusorian, 1 one twenty-fifth of an inch in length, was found covering every available,
surface of attachment, so that countless multitudes of the naked young would be swimming about
in the water previous to building the curious spiral tubes which they inhabit admirably fitted in
this state as food for the Oyster. Besides the type referred to, there were a number of other
infusorians, which in their HO called swarming stages of development would become available
as Oyster food. Of such types I noticed four diftV-rent species, either belonging or very nearly
' On the occurrence of JVcio produda, Wright, in the Chesapeake Buy. Am. A'aluratist, 1880, pp. 810, 811.
LOCATION OF OYSTKK BEDS. 731
related to tin- genus Cotlinniia ; all of the forms built tubes tor themselves. I also nuiK-ed


RALEIGH, North Carolina (AP) — A carnival ride operator facing assault charges over injuries from a ride at the North Carolina State Fair made his first appearance in court Monday, with a prosecutor saying there are still unanswered questions about what happened.
Timothy Dwayne Tutterrow, 46, of Quitman, Georgia, faces three counts of assault with a deadly weapon, inflicting serious injury. Each count is punishable by up to eight years in prison.
Wake County District Court Judge Keith O. Gregory declined a request during the brief hearing to lower Tutterrow's $225,000 bond. The defendant, dressed in an orange and white striped jumpsuit, was taken back to jail in handcuffs.
Wake Sheriff Donnie Harrison said investigators determined the ride had been intentionally tampered with to bypass critical safety devices, though authorities have provided no details of the evidence against Tutterrow.
The "Vortex" ride jolted into motion Thursday evening as people were exiting, dropping riders from heights eyewitnesses estimated at up to 30 feet (nine meters).
Three people remained hospitalized on Monday with serious injuries, including a 14-year-old. Two others were treated and released.
Wake County District Attorney Colon Willoughby said in court he would personally handle Tutterrow's prosecution and that more charges could come as the investigation moves forward.
Tutterrow's lawyer, Roger W. Smith Jr., said Sunday that his client is a loving husband and father.
The Vortex had at least one other technical problem at the North Carolina fair. A safety switch that keeps the ride from operating unless seat restraints are engaged malfunctioned on Oct. 21, four days before the problem that injured five.
The ride was temporarily idled as workers replaced the switch, but it reopened that night after being tested, state inspectors said.
The Vortex that Tutterrow was operating was supplied by Family Attractions Amusement Co. LLC of Valdosta, Georgia. Smith said Tutterrow had worked for the company for several years.


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<NonScheduled_Enum xmlns="http://www.opentravel.org/OTM/Common/v1">ChartersOnly</NonScheduled_Enum>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
est une station du métro de Sapporo au Japon. Elle est située dans l'arrondissement de Minami à Sapporo.

Situation sur le réseau

La station Jieitai Mae est située au point kilométrique (PK) 12,6 de la ligne Namboku entre la station Minami Hiragishi, en direction du terminus nord Asabu, et la station Makomanai, le terminus sud.

Histoire
La station a été inaugurée le .

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil
La station est ouverte tous les jours.

Desserte
 Ligne Namboku :
 voie 1 : direction Makomanai
 voie 2 : direction Asabu

Intermodalité

À proximité

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Sapporo

Lien externe
  La station Jieitai Mae  sur le site du métro de Sapporo

Station du métro de Sapporo
Station de métro mise en service en 1971

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
David Flood v. Feed Commodities Inc. Opinion No. 09C-16WC
Do not choose
David Flood v. Feed Commodities, Inc. Opinion No. 09C-16WC
By: Phyllis Phillips, Esq.
State File No. GG-00758
RULING ON DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO STRIKE AND FOR CLARIFICATION
By Motion dated July 14, 2016 Defendant moves to strike from the Commissioner's June
28, 2016 Opinion and Order "any implication that Defendant is making or made any allegations
of fraud involving Claimant's family members." The Commissioner made two such references –
first in her procedural ruling on reconsideration of Defendant's Motion Regarding Claimed
Attorney-Client Privilege, Opinion and Order at p. 3, and again in explaining the basis for her
conclusion that Defendant's version of events was implausible, Opinion and Order at
Conclusion of Law No. 12.
I acknowledge that Defendant has not pursued specific legal action against Claimant's
family members for fraud or misrepresentation, either under 21 V.S.A. §708(a) or otherwise.
Nevertheless, it remains a fair interpretation of its defense in this claim that both Claimant and
his family members acted in concert to concoct a false account of the circumstances surrounding
his January 19, 2015 injury. For that reason, I see no basis for striking either of the statements
referenced above.
Defendant's Motion to Strike is hereby DENIED.
Defendant also moves for clarification of the Commissioner's Order, specifically the
award of interest under 21 V.S.A. §664. That section requires that an award include "the date on
which the employer's obligation to pay compensation under this chapter began." Admittedly,
the Order in this case did not do so.
Pursuant to 21 V.S.A. §650(e), "Interest shall accrue and be paid on benefits that are
found to be compensable during the period of nonpayment." In this case, interest shall accrue
beginning on the first day of Claimant's temporary total disability.1
1 Assuming that Claimant received full wages for his work on January 19, 2015, I anticipate that this likely will be
January 20, 2015, the day following his injury. See 21 V.S.A. §642.
The Commissioner's Order is hereby AMENDED as follows:
Based on the foregoing findings of facts and conclusions of law, Defendant is hereby
ORDERED to pay:
All workers' compensation benefits to which Claimant proves his entitlement as
causally related to his January 19, 2015 work injury, with interest as provided in 21
V.S.A. §664 beginning on the first day of his temporary total disability; and
Costs totaling $1,650.00, paralegal fees totaling $125.00 and attorney fees totaling
$28,789.00, in accordance with 21 V.S.A. §678.
DATED at Montpelier, Vermont this _____ day of August 2016.
Phyllis G. Phillips, Esq.
SEG 1.0 in Vermont City Marathon.
All SEG Attorneys Listed in Best Lawyers in America
"Courage is not the absence of fear, but rather the judgment that something else is more important than fear."
- Ambrose Redmoon


Wet Yellow Rose is a photograph by Robert Gebbie which was uploaded on October 7th, 2010.
A freshly sprayed bouquet of roses. A yellow rose is centered and the water beads on the petals.
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With the official summer season rapidly approaching, you're undoubtedly busy plotting and planning (or at least fantasizing about) all the trips you'll be making in your Jeep.
If you're like me, after months of winter inactivity you're eager to get outside and ride.
In addition to mapping out fun trips, now is a great time to be thinking about add-ons to your rugged ride to maximize your summer riding.
Following are my top 3 picks for summertime aftermarket products for your Jeep.
A summer top (also called a bikini, safari, brief, or bimini top) is a soft-covered top that gives you and your Jeep partial or full protection from the elements.
Whether you choose a solid or mesh fabric, a summer Jeep top gives you protection from the heat and wind — while still giving you that open-air experience of riding with the top off.
A summer soft top is also infinitely cooler (in both the literal and figurative sense) than a hard top, making it a must-have product in particularly warm climates.
TIP: Be sure to test putting the summer top on and off your Jeep before you buy one! Ease of use and installation are key — because you will be taking the top on and off frequently, depending on your outing… or the weather. (I learned this the hard way. The first summer top I purchased for my CJ-7 had snaps that were cumbersome.) Also, many summer tops require a windshield channel for installation, so be sure to check ahead of time.
If you purchase a summer top, then a windjammer is a no-brainer to go along with it.
A windjammer is essentially a windscreen that reduces the wind in the front cab of your Jeep. So, a summer top and windjammer combined will give you both sun and wind protection!
Although having the wind whip through your hair is a thrilling Jeep experience, it can be a real nuisance at high speeds or during periods of prolonged travel.
I've found a windjammer to be particularly effective at reducing the wind whipping against the back of my head. It also makes it a lot easier to hear when you're driving — which is essential for safe Jeeping or when you have a passenger with you.
TIP: In addition to working in conjunction with a summer top, a windjammer works quite effectively on its own as well. Simply connect it to your top rollbar to hang behind your 2 front seats for the same front-cab protection.
All in all, a windscreen is a versatile add-on that is well worth the money.
Living in the rainy Pacific Northwest, tinting the windows in my CJ-7 never crossed my mind. Heck, I don't even need sunglasses for the better part of the year.
However, the summers can be surprisingly sunny here — and for long stretches at a time, to boot. Plus, when I'm riding with the top off, I've found that tinted windows give me just the right amount of added protection from glare and overall brightness.
Fortunately, there are a lot of window tinting products out there so you can convert your Jeep's windows easily and affordably. I've seen everything from spray-on film tinting to laser tinting.
I'm partial to precut window tinting kits, which come with step-by-step instructions.
TIP: It's a relatively easy DIY project. Here's how to apply precut window tint cutouts yourself.
You may want to consult your dealer or local Jeep enthusiasts on what has worked best for them and what would be the best option for your model.
Whether you pick up this one add-on — or all 3 Jeep add ons — your summertime Jeeping will be much more enjoyable!


Kaduce Tire serves the new tire and tire service needs of customers in Mapleton, Good Thunder, and Wells, MN, as well as surrounding areas.
Kaduce Tire is located at 408 State Highway 22 South in Mapleton, MN as a tire dealer and tire service center. We have spent the last eight years delivering quality tires and services to satisfied customers. Come see us in person, or schedule an appointment online today from the comfort of your couch.
With more than 10 years of automotive industry experience, Caleb Kaduce decided to create Kaduce Tire in 2007. We're a TIA-certified tire dealership.
Our business is committed to providing high-quality customer service to every person who walks through the door. Our facility is equipped with the latest in tire-servicing equipment for an unprecedented level of service. Browse a list of our tire brands and tire services available at Kaduce Tire, schedule an appointment, or visit us during business hours.


text:
The consideration of trees in rights of light cases Part 2
Defoe, Peter S. (2018) The consideration of trees in rights of light cases Part 2. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 36 (3). pp. 318-332. ISSN 2398-4708
Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-11-2017-0054
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to continue the research set out in the consideration of trees in rights of light cases Part 1. To consider whether it is possible to measure a tree with sufficient accuracy that the impact on daylight within a building can be predicted in a way that can be applied in rights to light cases. Design/methodology/approach: By reading published research on tree growth rates, crown transparency and theoretical modelling it is intended to determine the available methodologies for predicting light transmission through tree crowns. Then by inspecting common oak trees in all parts of the country, it is intended to review whether the available methodologies are capable of producing a relatively accurate result using manual methods or whether it is necessary to devise a software solution. Findings: The research found that whilst theoretical methods exist for predicting light obstruction by trees, these could not be used in practice and that manual methodologies would not provide sufficient accuracy. However, survey techniques such as 3D Point Cloud can be taken further with the development of a software solution that uses an algorithm to predict branch size and location where these are not visible in a survey. Research limitations/implications: This research concentrates on the theoretical aspect of assessing trees in rights to light cases. It is usually necessary for a live legal case to occur before research into software takes place. It will be necessary to develop the software and then test survey a tree in full leaf and in the absence of foliage to determine whether the algorithm is sufficiently accurate and this will take time. Practical implications: This research concentrates on the theoretical aspect of assessing trees in rights to light cases. It is usually necessary for a live legal case to occur before research into software takes place and the conclusion reached was that it will be necessary to develop the software and then test survey a tree in full leaf and in the absence of foliage to determine whether an algorithm is sufficiently accurate and this will take time. It has also been demonstrated that trees may be considered as existing obstructions in rights to light cases and that once software has been developed and tested then it will enable developers to show that their proposals have less impact on the daylight within an adjoining property than would be the case if trees are ignored. Social implications: In many instances, the economic development of a site, especially social housing, is limited by the rights to light of adjoining owners. Where it can be shown that the light levels enjoyed by those owners are already impaired by existing trees then this may assist the developer. Originality/value: At this point no one else has researched this subject to the extent contained in this paper.
Software, Rights to light, Measurement of trees, Point cloud, Crown transparency
SWORD Depositor:
Symplectic User


text:
The Supreme Court Tells the Government to Get a Warrant
A highly watched case ends in a 5–4 ruling in which Chief Justice John Roberts and the high court's liberals inch ever closer to stricter privacy standards.
Garrett Epps
Jonathan Ernst/Reuters
The Supreme Court can't dodge 'em all. So, on Friday, it actually decided Carpenter v. United States, a closely watched case testing how federal law-enforcement agents could legally obtain four months' worth of cellphone location records as part of an investigation of a rash of bank robberies in Michigan.
The government had not argued that it could simply demand the location records from a cellular service provider; it had argued that a federal statute, the Stored Communications Act, gave it the authority to get the records by showing a federal magistrate that there were "reasonable grounds to believe" that they were "relevant and material to an ongoing criminal investigation." In response, the Court did not hold that the government couldn't get cellphone location records; it said it can—providing it gets a search warrant. A warrant requires "probable cause," a higher standard than that set by the act.
The records involved stored information of which cellphone towers a cellphone user has "pinged" by making calls, sending or receiving texts, checking email, or using the web. Those pings, over a long enough period of time, can produce a comprehensive picture of the owner's movements, life, work—and, of course, possible crimes. That's exactly what happened in Carpenter; the government obtained more than four months' worth of locations, and used that evidence to convict defendant Timothy Carpenter of six counts of bank robbery and six of use of a weapon in violent crime. He was sentenced to serve more than 100 years in prison.
The cellphone data fits awkwardly into existing Fourth Amendment doctrine, because until recently there has been really nothing like it. It is, as Chief Justice John Roberts wrote in his majority opinion, "detailed, encyclopedic, and effortlessly compiled"—a powerful tool for law enforcement.
Here's an opinion by Justice Samuel Alito arguing that new technology requires new Fourth Amendment doctrines:
Society's expectation has been that law enforcement agents and others would not—and indeed, in the main, simply could not—secretly monitor and catalogue every single movement of an individual's car for a very long period. In this case, for four weeks, law enforcement agents tracked every movement that respondent made in the vehicle he was driving. We need not identify with precision the point at which the tracking of this vehicle became a search, for the line was surely crossed before the 4-week mark.
Alito wrote those words in a 2011 case, United States v. Jones, in which he concurred as the Court held that a GPS tracker attached to a suspect's car for one month constituted a "search" for which a warrant was required. Friday, however, Alito dissented—arguing that a four-month use of cellphone data was not a search and did not require a warrant. My first reaction (and I suspect that of some others) was, "Who are you and what have you done with Samuel Alito?"
Alito, as we will see, had reasons for his apparent flip; and Carpenter on Friday jumbled the Court's usual ideological categories. The vote count was 5–4; the opinion was written by Roberts, with the votes of the four moderate liberals—Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Elena Kagan, and Sonia Sotomayor. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote an angry dissent, as did each of the other three conservatives, Alito and Justices Clarence Thomas and Neil Gorsuch.
The real issue in Carpenter was whether the Court would or should recognize the changed technological universe Americans live in, or would insist on deciding 21st-century issues with 20th-century doctrines. The case jumbled two venerable lines of Fourth Amendment precedent. One, set out in a case called Katz v. United States, asks whether an individual has a "reasonable expectation of privacy" in a given location or activity, whether inside the home or nominally in public. The Katz Court held that there was such an "expectation" in a public phone booth (younger readers see one here). The other line of cases, called the "third-party doctrine," states that individuals have no "expectation of privacy" in materials—such as bank records or lists of phone numbers they call—that they turn over to businesses instead of keeping themselves.
Obviously the cellphone records (the technical term is "cell-site location information," or CSLI) are kept by the phone companies; users don't own them and ordinarily never see them. Their utility to law enforcement is glaringly obvious—phone providers keep them for five years, and police can use them to determine weeks, months, or years of a suspect's movements.
In 2014, Roberts wrote the majority opinion in Riley v. California, which held that authorities need a warrant to download data on a cellphone even after a lawful arrest of its owner. In that opinion, and in Friday's, Roberts tried to turn the Court's attention to the changed world of digital and cellular communications, and its potential to give government an "intimate window into a person's life, revealing not only his particular movements, but through them his 'familial, political, professional, religious, and sexual associations.'" For this reason, Roberts argued, the Court should extend the "reasonable expectation" test for the first time to information held by a third party.
Unlike most "third party" materials, he noted, the CSLIs are not "truly 'shared' as one normally understands the term. … [A] cell phone logs a cell-site record by dint of its operation, without any affirmative act on the part of the user beyond powering up." The extension of the "expectation" has implications for future cases involving, say, emails, texts, or other digital information.
Roberts was at pains to claim that the "decision today is a narrow one." The records obtained in this case—one company turned over 127 days' worth, the other, which had been used when the suspect was "roaming," was asked for seven but only had two—were excessive. Shorter-term requests (as, for example, asking for all numbers near a specific robbery site at a specific time) might not require a warrant; neither might national-security cases, nor "exigencies" such as "the need to pursue a fleeing suspect, protect individuals who are threatened with imminent harm, or prevent the imminent destruction of evidence." But except in such cases, he wrote, "We decline to grant the state unrestricted access to a wireless carrier's database of physical location information."
Each of the four conservatives wrote his own dissent; Kennedy (joined by Thomas and Alito) argued that the majority had invented a new doctrine that "puts needed, reasonable, accepted, lawful, and congressionally authorized criminal investigations at serious risk in serious cases." Carpenter did not own the records the government seized; and, Kennedy noted, Congress, in the Stored Communications Act, had provided a real, if lesser, standard of protection by requiring police to get an order from a magistrate based on "specific and articulable facts" suggesting that the records are "relevant and material" to an investigation. Thomas wrote a classic dissent suggesting that all the caselaw beginning with Katz ought to be scrapped, with courts protecting only individuals' true property interests. Gorsuch wrote a separate dissent proposing a different property-based set of doctrines of his own invention.
There have always been, on privacy questions, two Alitos—the present-day Alito, who has seldom met a "guilty" verdict or a criminal sentence that he didn't want to uphold, and the Alito of the Future, who has long worried about the exposure of private information to government and the public through computer and internet technology.
Future Alito had written in Jones, the GPS case; but Carpenter seems to be Days of Future Past, this dissent written by Lock-'Em-Up Sam. The two cases are not precisely the same: In Jones, the government acted without a warrant and denied that the placement of the tracker was any kind of search at all; in Carpenter, the government relied on a statute in which Congress made a judgment about what level of protection to provide. "If the American people now think that the Act is inadequate or needs updating, they can turn to their elected representatives to adopt more protective provisions," Alito wrote. He cited the work of Orin Kerr, a top Fourth Amendment expert at the University of Southern California law school and used it to argue that "[i]n circumstances involving dramatic technological change, the best solution to privacy concerns may be legislative. A legislative body is well situated to gauge changing public attitudes, to draw detailed lines, and to balance privacy and public safety in a comprehensive way."
The best argument I have heard for the government—one that is cited in Kennedy's dissent—also comes from Kerr. Cellphones make their users easier to track, he says; they also make it easier for the users to commit and conceal crimes, by allowing fast communication among, say, a gang of bank robbers like the ones at issue in Carpenter.
In Jones, the GPS case, the government was arguing for an unlimited right to track anyone without any kind of warrant or order. In Friday's case, the legislative body had assessed some aspects at least of the new technology. There was a case for leaving that judgment undisturbed; the Court decided otherwise, however, and future cases will now develop the scope of its ruling.
Garrett Epps is a contributing editor for The Atlantic. He teaches constitutional law and creative writing for law students at the University of Baltimore. His latest book is American Justice 2014: Nine Clashing Visions on the Supreme Court.