text:
Water clock
Title: Water clock
Subject: Chronological list of famous watchmakers, History of timekeeping devices, Ismail Al-Jazari, Time in physics, Hourglass
Collection: Horology, Time Measurement Systems, Water Clocks
A display of two outflow water clocks from the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens. The top is an original from the late 5th century BC. The bottom is a reconstruction of a clay original.
A water clock or clepsydra (Greek κλεψύδρα from κλέπτειν kleptein, 'to steal'; ὕδωρ hydor, 'water') is any timepiece in which time is measured by the regulated flow of liquid into (inflow type) or out from (outflow type) a vessel where the amount is then measured.
Water clocks, along with sundials, are likely to be the oldest time-measuring instruments, with the only exceptions being the vertical gnomon and the day-counting tally stick.[1] Where and when they were first invented is not known, and given their great antiquity it may never be. The bowl-shaped outflow is the simplest form of a water clock and is known to have existed in Babylon and in Egypt around the 16th century BC. Other regions of the world, including India and China, also have early evidence of water clocks, but the earliest dates are less certain. Some authors, however, claim that water clocks appeared in China as early as 4000 BC.[2]
Some modern timepieces are called "water clocks" but work differently from the ancient ones. Their timekeeping is governed by a pendulum, but they use water for other purposes, such as providing the power needed to drive the clock by using a water wheel or something similar, or by having water in their displays.
The Greeks and Romans advanced water clock design to include the inflow clepsydra with an early feedback system, gearing, and escapement mechanism, which were connected to fanciful automata and resulted in improved accuracy. Further advances were made in Byzantium, Syria and Mesopotamia, where increasingly accurate water clocks incorporated complex segmental and epicyclic gearing, water wheels, and programmability, advances which eventually made their way to Europe. Independently, the Chinese developed their own advanced water clocks, incorporating gears, escapement mechanisms, and water wheels, passing their ideas on to Korea and Japan .
Some water clock designs were developed independently and some knowledge was transferred through the spread of trade. These early water clocks were calibrated with a sundial. While never reaching a level of accuracy comparable to today's standards of timekeeping, the water clock was the most accurate and commonly used timekeeping device for millennia, until it was replaced by more accurate pendulum clocks in 17th-century Europe.
Regional development 1
Persia 1.1
Egypt 1.2
Babylon 1.3
India 1.4
China 1.5
Greco-Roman world 1.6
Medieval Islamic world 1.7
Korea 1.8
Modern water clock designs 2
Temperature, water viscosity, and clock accuracy 3
Ancient Persian clock
According to Callisthenes, the Persians were using water clocks in 328 BCE to ensure a just and exact distribution of water from qanats to their shareholders for agricultural irrigation. The use of water clocks in Iran, especially in Zeebad, dates back to 500BCE. Later they were also used to determine the exact holy days of pre-Islamic religions, such as the Nowruz, Chelah, or Yaldā - the shortest, longest, and equal-length days and nights of the years. The water clocks used in Iran were one of the most practical ancient tools for timing the yearly calendar.[3] The water clock, or fenjaan, was the most accurate and commonly used timekeeping device for calculating the amount or the time that a farmer must take water from a qanat or well for irrigation, until it was replaced by more accurate current clocks. Persian water clocks were a practical and useful tool for the qanat's shareholders to calculate the length of time they could divert water to their farm. The qanat was the only water source for agriculture and irrigation so a just and fair water distribution was very important. Therefore, a very fair and clever old person was elected to be the manager of the water clock(MirAab), and at least two full-time managers were needed to control and observe the number of fenjaans and announce the exact time during the days and nights.[4]
The fenjaan consisted of a large pot full of water and a bowl with a small hole in the center. When the bowl became full of water, it would sink into the pot, and the manager would empty the bowl and again put it on the top of the water in the pot. He would record the number of times the bowl sank by putting small stones into a jar.[4]
The place where the clock was situated, and its managers, were collectively known as khaneh fenjaan. Usually this would be the top floor of a public-house, with west- and east-facing windows to show the time of sunset and sunrise. There was also another time-keeping tool named a staryab or astrolabe, but it was mostly used for superstitious beliefs and was not practical for use as a farmers' calendar. The Zeebad Gonabad water clock was in use until 1965 when it was substituted by modern clocks.[3]
The oldest water clock of which there is physical evidence dates to c. 1417-1379 BCE, during the reign of Amenhotep III where it was used in the Temple of Amen-Re at Karnak.[5] The oldest documentation of the water clock is the tomb inscription of the 16th century BCE Egyptian court official Amenemhet, which identifies him as its inventor.[6][7] These simple water clocks, which were of the outflow type, were stone vessels with sloping sides that allowed water to drip at a nearly constant rate from a small hole near the bottom. There were twelve separate columns with consistently spaced markings on the inside to measure the passage of "hours" as the water level reached them. The columns were for each of the twelve months to allow for the variations of the seasonal hours. These clocks were used by priests to determine the time at night so that the temple rites and sacrifices could be performed at the correct hour.[8] These clocks may have been used in daylight as well.
Clay tablet
Water clock calculations by Nabû-apla-iddina.
H:8.2 cm (3.2 in)
W:11.8 cm (4.6 in)
D:2.5 cm (0.98 in)
cuneiform, Akkadian
600BC-500BC
Present location
Room 55, British Museum
In Babylon, water clocks were of the outflow type and were cylindrical in shape. Use of the water clock as an aid to astronomical calculations dates back to the Old Babylonian period (c. 2000 BCE–c. 1600 BCE).[9]
While there are no surviving water clocks from the Mesopotamian region, most evidence of their existence comes from writings on clay tablets. Two collections of tablets, for example, are the Enuma-Anu-Enlil (1600–1200 BCE) and the MUL.APIN (7th century BC).[10] In these tablets, water clocks are used in reference to payment of the night and day watches (guards).
These clocks were unique, as they did not have an indicator such as hands (as are typically used today) or grooved notches (as were used in Egypt). Instead, these clocks measured time "by the weight of water flowing from" it.[11] The volume was measured in capacity units called qa. The weight, mana (the Greek unit for about one pound), is the weight of water in a water clock.
It is important to note that during Babylonian times, time was measured with temporal hours. So, as seasons changed, so did the length of a day. "To define the length of a 'night watch' at the summer solstice, one had to pour two mana of water into a cylindrical clepsydra; its emptying indicated the end of the watch. One-sixth of a mana had to be added each succeeding half-month. At equinox, three mana had to be emptied in order to correspond to one watch, and four mana were emptied for each watch of the winter solstitial night."[11]
N. Kameswara Rao suggests that pots excavated from Mohenjo daro might have been used as water clocks; they are tapered at the bottom, have a hole on the side, and are similar to the utensil used to perform abhishekam (pour holy water) on shivalingam.[12] N. Narahari Achar[13] and Subhash Kak[14] suggest that the use of the water clock in ancient India is mentioned in the Atharvaveda from the 2nd millennium BCE. Ghati or Kapala (clepsydra or water clock) is referred to in Jyotisha Vedanga, where the amount of water that measures a nadika (24 minutes) is mentioned. A more developed form of the clepsydra is described in chapter xiii, 23 of the Suryasiddhanta.[15] At Nalanda, a Buddhist university, four hours a day and four hours at night were measured by a water clock, which consisted of a copper bowl holding two large floats in a larger bowl filled with water. The bowl was filled with water from a small hole at its bottom; it sank when completely filled and was marked by the beating of a drum at daytime. The amount of water added varied with the seasons and this clock was operated by the students of the university.[16] The description of a water clock in astrologer Varahimira's Pancasiddhantika (505) adds further detail to the account given in the Suryasiddhanta. The description given by mathematician Brahmagupta in his work Brahmasphutasiddhanta matches with that given in the Suryasiddhanta. Astronomer Lallacharya describes this instrument in detail.[17] In practice, the dimensions were determined by experiment.
The water-powered mechanism of Su Song's astronomical clock tower, featuring a clepsydra tank, waterwheel, escapement mechanism, and chain drive to power an armillary sphere and 113 striking clock jacks to sound the hours and to display informative plaques
In China, as well as throughout eastern Asia, water clocks were very important in the study of astronomy and astrology. The oldest reference dates the use of the water-clock in China to the 6th century BCE.[18] From about 200 BCE onwards, the outflow clepsydra was replaced almost everywhere in China by the inflow type with an indicator-rod borne on a float.[18]
Huan Tan (40 BCE – 30 CE), a Secretary at the Court in charge of clepsydrae, wrote that he had to compare clepsydrae with sundials because of how temperature and humidity affected their accuracy, demonstrating that the effects of evaporation, as well as of temperature on the speed at which water flows, were known at this time.[19] In 976, Zhang Sixun addressed the problem of the water in clepsydrae freezing in cold weather by using liquid mercury instead.[20] Again, instead of using water, the early Ming Dynasty engineer Zhan Xiyuan (c. 1360-1380) created a sand-driven wheel clock, improved upon by Zhou Shuxue (c. 1530-1558).[21]
The use of clepsydrae to drive mechanisms illustrating astronomical phenomena began with Zhang Heng (78-139) in 117, who also employed a waterwheel.[22] Zhang Heng was the first in China to add an extra compensating tank between the reservoir and the inflow vessel, which solved the problem of the falling pressure head in the reservoir tank.[18] Zhang's ingenuity led to the creation by Yi Xing (683–727) and Liang Lingzan in 725 of a clock driven by a waterwheel linkwork escapement mechanism.[23] The same mechanism would be used by Su Song (1020–1101) in 1088 to power his astronomical clock tower, as well as a chain drive.[24] Su Song's clock tower, over 30 feet (9.1 m) tall, possessed a bronze power-driven armillary sphere for observations, an automatically rotating celestial globe, and five front panels with doors that permitted the viewing of changing mannequins which rang bells or gongs, and held tablets indicating the hour or other special times of the day.
Today, in Beijing's Drum Tower an outflow clepsydra is operational and displayed for tourists. It is connected to automata so that every quarter-hour a small brass statue of a man claps his cymbals.[25]
Greco-Roman world
An early 19th-century illustration[26] of Ctesibius's (285–222 BC) clepsydra from the 3rd century BCE. The hour indicator ascends as water flows in. Also, a series of gears rotate a cylinder to correspond to the temporal hours.
In Greece, a water clock was known as a clepsydra (water thief). The Greeks considerably advanced the water clock by tackling the problem of the diminishing flow. They introduced several types of the inflow clepsydra, one of which included the earliest feedback control system.[27] Ctesibius invented an indicator system typical for later clocks such as the dial and pointer.[28] The Roman engineer Vitruvius described early alarm clocks, working with gongs or trumpets.[28]
A commonly used water clock was the simple outflow clepsydra. This small earthenware vessel had a hole in its side near the base. In both Greek and Roman times, this type of clepsydra was used in courts for allocating periods of time to speakers. In important cases, when a person's life was at stake for example, it was filled. But, for more minor cases, it was only partially filled. If proceedings were interrupted for any reason, such as to examine documents, the hole in the clepsydra was stopped with wax until the speaker was able to resume his pleading.[29]
In the 4th century BCE, the clepsydra is known to have been used as a stop-watch for imposing a time limit on clients' visits in Athenian brothels.[30] Slightly later, in the early 3rd century BCE, the Hellenistic physician Herophilos employed a portable clepsydra on his house visits in Alexandria for measuring his patients' pulse-beats. By comparing the rate by age group with empirically obtained data sets, he was able to determine the intensity of the disorder.[30]
Between 270 BCE and 500 CE, Hellenistic (Ctesibius, Hero of Alexandria, Archimedes) and Roman horologists and astronomers were developing more elaborate mechanized water clocks. The added complexity was aimed at regulating the flow and at providing fancier displays of the passage of time. For example, some water clocks rang bells and gongs, while others opened doors and windows to show figurines of people, or moved pointers, and dials. Some even displayed astrological models of the universe. The 3rd century BCE engineer Philo of Byzantium referred in his works to water clocks already fitted with an escapement mechanism, the earliest known of its kind.[31]
The biggest achievement of the invention of clepsydrae during this time, however, was by Ctesibius with his incorporation of gears and a dial indicator to automatically show the time as the lengths of the days changed throughout the year, because of the temporal timekeeping used during his day.
Also, a Greek astronomer, Andronicus of Cyrrhus, supervised the construction of his Horologion, known today as the Tower of the Winds, in the Athens marketplace (or agora) in the first half of the 1st century BCE. This octagonal clocktower showed scholars and shoppers both sundials and mechanical hour indicators. It featured a 24-hour mechanized clepsydra and indicators for the eight winds from which the tower got its name, and it displayed the seasons of the year and astrological dates and periods.
Medieval Islamic world
Al-Jazari's elephant water clock (1206).[32]
In the medieval Islamic world (632-1280), the use of water clocks has its roots from Archimedes during the rise of Alexandria in Egypt and continues on through Byzantium. The water clocks by Persian engineer Al-Jazari, however, are credited for going "well beyond anything" that had preceded them.
In al-Jazari's 1206 treatise, he describes one of his water clocks, the elephant clock. The clock recorded the passage of temporal hours, which meant that the rate of flow had to be changed daily to match the uneven length of days throughout the year. To accomplish this, the clock had two tanks, the top tank was connected to the time indicating mechanisms and the bottom was connected to the flow control regulator. Basically, at daybreak the tap was opened and water flowed from the top tank to the bottom tank via a float regulator that maintained a constant pressure in the receiving tank.[33]
Water-powered automatic castle clock of Al-Jazari, 12th century.
The most sophisticated water-powered astronomical clock was Al-Jazari's castle clock, considered by some to be an early example of a programmable analog computer, in 1206.[34] It was a complex device that was about 11 feet (3.4 m) high, and had multiple functions alongside timekeeping. It included a display of the zodiac and the solar and lunar orbits, and a pointer in the shape of the crescent moon which traveled across the top of a gateway, moved by a hidden cart and causing automatic doors to open, each revealing a mannequin, every hour.[35][36] It was possible to re-program the length of day and night in order to account for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year, and it also featured five musician automata who automatically play music when moved by levers operated by a hidden camshaft attached to a water wheel.[34] Other components of the castle clock included a main reservoir with a float, a float chamber and flow regulator, plate and valve trough, two pulleys, crescent disc displaying the zodiac, and two falcon automata dropping balls into vases.[37]
The first water clocks to employ complex segmental and epicyclic gearing was invented earlier by the Arab engineer Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi in Islamic Iberia c. 1000. His water clocks were driven by water wheels, as was also the case for several Chinese water clocks in the 11th century.[38] Comparable water clocks were built in Damascus and Fez. The latter (Dar al-Magana) remains until today and its mechanism has been reconstructed. The first European clock to employ these complex gears was the astronomical clock created by Giovanni de Dondi in c. 1365. Like the Chinese, Arab engineers at the time also developed an escapement mechanism which they employed in some of their water clocks. The escapement mechanism was in the form of a constant-head system, while heavy floats were used as weights.[38]
An incomplete scaled-down model of Jang Yeong-sil's self-striking water clock
In 1434 during the Choson (or Joseon) Dynasty, Chang Yongsil (or Jang Young Sil) (장영실 in Korean), Palace Guard and later Chief Court Engineer, constructed the Jagyeongnu (self-striking water clock or striking clepsydra) for King Sejong. What made the Jagyeongnu self-striking (or automatic) was the use of jack-work mechanisms, by which three wooden figures (jacks) struck objects to signal the time. This innovation no longer required the reliance of human workers, known as "rooster men", to constantly replenish it. By 1554, the water clock spread from Korea to Japan. Water clocks were used and improved upon throughout Asia well into the 15th century.
Modern water clock designs
Bernard Gitton's Time-Flow clock, showing a time of 4:06
Only a few modern water clocks exist today. In 1979, French scientist Bernard Gitton began creating his Time-Flow Clocks, which are a modern-day approach to the historical version. His unique glass tube designs can be found in over 30 locations throughout the world, including one at Europa-Center's The Clock of Flowing Time in Berlin, Centre Commercial Milenis in Guadeloupe, the Giant Water Clock at The Children's Museum of Indianapolis in Indianapolis, Indiana, and the Shopping Iguatemi in São Paulo and Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Gitton's design relies on gravity powering multiple siphons in same principle as the Pythagorean cup; for example, after the water level in the minute or hour display tubes is reached, an overflow tube starts to act as a siphon and thus empties the display tube. Actual time keeping is done by a calibrated pendulum powered by a water stream piped from the clock's reservoir. The pendulum has a carefully constructed container attached to it; this measures the water that is then poured into the display system.
There are other modern designs of water clocks, including the Colorado, the Woodgrove Mall in Nanaimo, British Columbia, in the Abbotsford Airport (formerly at Sevenoaks Shopping Centre) in Abbotsford, British Columbia, and the Hornsby Water Clock in Sydney, Australia.
Temperature, water viscosity, and clock accuracy
The rate at which a fluid passes through an orifice depends, other things being equal, on the viscosity of the fluid. Approximately, the flow rate is inversely proportional to the viscosity. The viscosity depends on the temperature. Liquids generally become less viscous as the temperature increases. The reverse is true of gases. In the case of water, the viscosity varies by a factor of about seven between zero and 100 degrees Celsius. Thus, a water clock would run about seven times faster at 100 °C than at 0 °C. Water is about 25 percent more viscous at 20 °C than at 30 °C, and a variation in temperature of one degree Celsius, in this "room temperature" range, produces a change of viscosity of about two percent.[39] Therefore, a water clock that keeps good time at some given temperature would gain or lose about half an hour per day if it were one degree Celsius warmer or cooler. To make it keep time within one minute per day would require its temperature to be controlled within 1⁄30°C (about 1⁄17° Fahrenheit). There is no evidence that this was done in antiquity, so ancient water clocks (unlike the modern pendulum-controlled one described above) cannot have been reliably accurate by modern standards.
^ Turner 1984, p. 1
^ Cowan 1958, p. 58
^ a b Conference of Qanat in Iran - water clock in Persia 1383, in Persian
^ a b water clock in persia [2] آAmordad
^ Cotterell, Brian; Kamminga, Johan (1990). Mechanics of pre-industrial technology: An introduction to the mechanics of ancient and traditional material culture. Cambridge University Press. , pp. 59–61
^ Cotterell & Kamminga 1990, pp. 59–61
^ Berlev, Oleg (1997). "Bureaucrats". In Donadoni, Sergio. The Egyptians. Trans. Bianchi, Robert et al. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 118.
^ Cotterell & Kamminga 1990
^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 15.
^ a b Neugebauer 1947, pp. 39–40
^ Rao, N. Kameswara (December 2005). "Aspects of prehistoric astronomy in India" (PDF). Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India 33 (4): 499–511.
^ Achar, N. Narahari (December 1998). "On the meaning of AV XIX. 53.3: Measurement of Time?". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ "A copper vessel (in the shape of the lower half of the water jar) which has a small hole in its bottom and being placed upon clean water in a basin sinks exactly 60 times in a day and at night." - chapter xiii, 23 of the Suryasiddhanta.
^ Scharfe, Hartmut (2002). Education in Ancient India. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 171.
^ "A copper vessel weighing 10 palas, 6 angulas in height and twice as much in breadth at the mouth--this vessel of the capacity of 60 palas of water and hemispherical in form is called a ghati." This copper vessel, which was bored with a needle and made of 3 1/8 masas of gold and 4 angulas long, gets filled in one nadika."
^ a b c Needham 2000, p. 479
^ Needham 1995, pp. 321–322
^ Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. Pages 510–511.
^ Needham 2000, pps. 30, 532
^ Needham 2000, pps. 471, 490, 532
^ Needham 2000, p. 462
^ This engraving is taken from "Rees's Clocks, Watches, and Chronometers 1819-20. The design of the illustration was modified from Claude Perrault's illustrations in his 1684 translation of Vitruvius's Les Dix Livres d'Architecture (1st century BCE), of which he describes Ctesibius's clepsydra in great length.
^ Goodenow, J., Orr, R., & Ross, D. "Mathematical Models of Water Clocks." Rochester Institute of Technology
^ a b John G. Landels: "Water-Clocks and Time Measurement in Classical Antiquity", "Endeavour", Vol. 3, No. 1 (1979), pp. 32-37 (35)
^ Hill 1981, p. 6
^ Lewis 2000, pp. 356f.
^ al-Hassan & Hill 1986, pp. 57–59
^ a b "Ancient Discoveries, Episode 11: Ancient Robots".
^ Howard R. Turner (1997), Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction, p. 184. University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-78149-0.
^ Routledge Hill, Donald, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", Scientific American, May 1991, pp. 64–69. (cf. Donald Routledge Hill, Mechanical Engineering)
^ Google book search
^ a b Ahmad Y Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering, History of Science and Technology in Islam
^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, page F-36
Overview of water clocks and other time instruments
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Bruton, Eric. The History of Clocks and Watches. 1979. ISBN 0-8478-0261-2
Cowan, Harrison J. (1958). "Time and Its Measurement: From the stone age to the nuclear age". Ohio: The World Publishing Company.
Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard (1996). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. Trans. Thomas Dunlap. The University of Chicago Press.
K. Higgins, D. Miner, C.N. Smith, D.B. Sullivan (2004), A Walk Through Time (version 1.2.1). [Online] Available: http://physics.nist.gov/time [2005, December 8]. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
Jespersen, James and Fitz-Randolph, Jane. "From Sundials to Atomic Clocks: Understanding Time and Frequency." Second Revised Edition, 1999. ISBN 0-486-40913-9
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Landes, D. Revolution in Time. Harvard University Press (1983).
McNown, J.S. "When Time Flowed: The Story of the Clepsydra." La Houille Blanche, 5, 1976, 347-353. ISSN 0018-6368
Milham, Willis I. Time & Timekeepers including The History, Construction, Care, and Accuracy of Clocks and Watches. The Macmillan Company, NY 1945.
Rees, Abraham. "Rees's Clocks, Watches, and Chronometers 1819-20." Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc. 1970.
Richards, E.G. "Mapping Time: The Calendar and Its History." Oxford University Press, 1998.
Toulmin, Stephen & Goodhead, J. The Discovery of Time. University of Chicago Press, 1999. ISBN 0-226-80842-4
Turner, Anthony J. (1984). The Time Museum. I: Time Measuring Instruments; Part 3: Water-clocks, Sand-glasses, Fire-clocks. Rockford, IL: The Museum.
Arabic & Islamic water clocks
Hill, Donald Routledge (ed. & trans.) (1976). Archimedes "On the Construction of Water-Clocks," Turner & Devereux, Paris.
Hill, Donald Routledge. "Studies in Medieval Islamic Technology: From Philo to Al-Jazari - from Alexandria to Diyar Bakr." (Collected Studies Series, 555)
King, D. Mikat. "Astronomical Timekeeping." The Encyclopaedia of Islam. 7, Brill, (1990) Reprinted as Chapter V in King, D. "Astronomy in the Service of Islam Variorum." (1993)
Babylonian water clocks
Englund, R.K. "Administrative Timekeeping in Ancient Mesopotamia." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, V. XXXI, 31 (1988) 121-185.
Fermor, John, & Steele, John M. "The design of Babylonian waterclocks: Astronomical and experimental evidence." Centaurus. International Journal of the History of Mathematics, Science, and Technology. Vol. 42 Issue 3, pp. 210–222. July 2000. Blackwell Publishing.
Høyrup, J., "A Note on Waterclocks and the Authority of Texts." Archiv für Orientforschung, 44/45 (1997/98), 192-194 (*).
Michel-Nozières, C. "Second Millennium Babylonian Water Clocks: a physical study." Centaurus, Vol. 42, Issue 3, pp. 180–209. July 2000.
. JSTOR link. Reprinted in Neugebauer (1983), pp. 239–245 (*).
Price, Derek deSolla. Science Since Babylon. Yale University Press, New Haven 1976.
Teresi, Dick. "Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science - from the Babylonians to the Maya." Simon & Schuster, NY 2002.
van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert, "Babylonian Astronomy: III. The Earliest Astronomical Computations." Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 10 (1951), 20-34 JSTOR link.
Chinese water clocks
Lorch, Richard P. "Al-Khazini's Balance-clock and the Chinese Steelyard Clepsydra." Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences, June 1981, 31: 183-189.
Needham, J., Ling, W., and de Solla Price, D.J. "Heavenly Clockwork: The Great Astronomical Clocks of Medieval China." 2nd Edition. 1986. ISBN 0-521-32276-6.
Quan, He Jun. "Research on scale and precision of the water clock in ancient China." History of Oriental Astronomy, pp. 57–61. (Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union Colloquium No. 91 held in New Delhi, November 13–16, 1985). Edited by G. Swarup, A. K. Bag and K. S. Shukla. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987. ISBN 0-521-34659-2.
Walsh, Jennifer Robin. "Ancient Chinese Astronomical Technologies." American Physical Society, Northwest Section. May, 2004. Meeting, 21–22 May 2004. Pullman, WA.
Egyptian water clocks
Clagett, Marshall. Ancient Egyptian Science, Volume II: Calendars, Clocks, and Astronomy. 1995. pp. 457–462. ISBN 0-87169-214-7
Cotterell, B., Dickson, F.P., and Kamminga, J. "Ancient Egyptian Water-clocks: A Reappraisal." Journal of Archaeological Science. Vol. 13, pp. 31–50. 1986.
Cotterell, Brian and Kamminga, Johan. "Mechanics of pre-industrial technology." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1990.
Fermor, John, "Timing the Sun in Egypt and Mesopotamia." Vistas in Astronomy, 41 (1997), pp. 157–167. Elsevier Science. doi:10.1016/S0083-6656(96)00069-4.
Neugebauer, Otto & Parker, Richard A. "Egyptian Astronomical Texts: Iii. Decans, Planets, Constellations, and Zodiacs."
Pogo, Alexander. "Egyptian water clocks", Isis, vol. 25, pp. 403–425, 1936. Reprinted in Philosophers and Machines, O. Mayr, editor, Science History Publications, 1976. ISSN 0021-1753
Sloley, R.W., "Ancient Clepsydrae", Ancient Egypt, 1924, pp. 43–50.
Sloley, R.W., "Primitive methods of measuring time", JEA 17, 1931, pp. 174–176.
European water clocks
Bedini, S.A. "The Compartmented Cylindrical Clepsydra." Technology and Culture 3(2):115-141. 1962. ISSN 0040-165X
Drover, C.B. "A Medieval Monastic Water Clock", Antiquarian Horology, Vol. I, No. 5 (1954), pp. 54–58.
Hill, Donald Routledge. "A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times." La Salle, Ill., Open Court Pub. 1996. ISBN 0-415-15291-7
Hill, D.R. "The Toledo Water-Clocks of c.1075." History of Technology, vol.16, 1994, pp. 62–71
Scattergood, John. "Writing the clock: the reconstruction of time in the late Middle Ages." European Review, Issue 4 (Oct, 2003), 11: pp. 453–474 Cambridge University Press (School of English, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland. jscatter@tcd.ie)
Greek and Alexandrian water clocks
Hill, D.R. (ed. & trans.) (1976). Archimedes "On the Construction of Water-Clocks," Turner & Devereux, Paris.
Lepschy, Antonio M. "Feedback Control in Ancient Water and Mechanical Clocks." IEEE Transactions on Education, Vol. 35, No. 1, February 1992.
Lewis, Michael (2000). "Theoretical Hydraulics, Automata, and Water Clocks". In
Noble, J.V. & de Solla Price, D. J. "The Water clock in the Tower of the Winds." American Journal of Archaeology, 72, 1968, pp. 345–355.
Woodcroft, Bennet (translator). "The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria." London, Taylor Walton and Maberly, 1851.
Vitruvius, P., The Ten Books on Architecture. (M.H. Morgan, translator) New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1960.
Indian water clocks
Achar, N. "On the Vedic origin of the ancient mathematical astronomy of India." Journal of Studies on Ancient India, vol 1, 95-108, 1998.
Fleet, J. F., "The ancient Indian water clock." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 213-230, 1915.
Kumar, Narendra "Science in Ancient India" (2004). ISBN 81-261-2056-8.
Pingree, D. "The Mesopotamian origin of early Indian mathematical astronomy." Journal of the History of Astronomy, vol. 4, 1-12, 1973.
Pingree, D. "The recovery of early Greek astronomy from India." Journal for the History of Astronomy, vol 7, 109-123, 1976.
Japanese water clocks
Kiyoyasu, Maruyma. "Hoken shakai to gijutsu - wadokei ni shuyaku sareta hoken gijutsu." Kagakushi kenkyu, September 1954, 31:16-22.
Korean water clocks
Hahn, Young-Ho and Nam, Moon-Hyon. "Reconstruction of the Armillary Spheres of Mid-Chosun: The Armillary Clocks of Yi Minchol." Hanguk Kwahaksa Hakhoeji (Journal of the Korean History of Science Society)19.1 (1997): 3-19. (in Korean)
Hahn, Young-Ho, et al. "Astronomical Clocks of Chosun Dynasty: King Sejong's Heumgyonggaknu. Kisulgwa Yoksa (Journal of the Korean Society for the History of Technology and Industry) 1.1 (2000): 99-140. (in Korean).
Hong, Sungook "Book Review: Korean Water-Clocks: "Chagyongnu", the Striking Clepsydra, and the History of Control and Instrumentation Engineering." Technology and Culture - Volume 39, Number 3, July 1998, pp. 553-555
Nam, Moon-Hyon. "Chagyongnu: The Automatic Striking Water clock." Korea Journal, 30.7 (1990): 9-21.
Nam, Moon-Hyon. Korean Water Clocks: Jagyongnu, The Striking Clepsydra and The History of Control and Instrumentation Engineering. Seoul: Konkuk University Press, 1995. (in Korean)
Nam, Moon-Hyon. On the BORUGAKGI of Kim Don—Principles and Structures of JAYEONGNU. Hanguksa Yeongu (Studies on Korean History),101 (1998): 75-114 (in Korean)
Nam, Moon-Hyon. Jang Yeong-Shil and Jagyeongnu - Reconstruction of Time Measuring History of Choseon Period. Seoul National University Press, 2002. (in Korean)
Nam, Moon-Hyon and Jeon San-Woon. "Timekeeping Systems of Early Choson Dynasty." Proceedings of First International Conference on Oriental Astronomy, From Guo Shoujing to King Sejong, Seoul, October 6–11, 1993, Seoul, Yonsei University Press, 1997. 305-324.
Needham, Joseph, Major, John S., & Gwei-Djen, Lu. "Hall of Heavenly Records: Korean Astronomical Instruments and Clocks, 1380-1780." Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-521-30368-0
Hyeonjong Shillock (Veritable Records of King Hyeonjong), 1669
Jungjong Shillok (Veritable Records of King Jungjong), 1536.
Sejong Shillock (Veritable Records of King Sejong), Chapter. 65, AD 1434 and Chapter. 80, AD 1438.
Mesopotamian water clocks
Brown, David R., Fermor, John, & Walker, Christopher B.F., "The Water Clock in Mesopotamia." Archiv für Orientforschung, 46/47 (1999/2000)
Chadwick, R. "The Origins of Astronomy and Astrology in Mesopotamia." Archaeoastronomy. BULL. CTR ARCH. V. 7:1-4, P. 89, 1984. KNUDSEN Bibliographic Code: 1984BuCAr...7...89C
Fermor, John, "Timing the Sun in Egypt and Mesopotamia." Vistas in Astronomy, 41 (1997), 157-167. Elsevier Science. doi:10.1016/S0083-6656(96)00069-4.
Walker, Christopher and Britton, John. "Astronomy and Astrology in Mesopotamia." BMP, 1996 (especially pp. 42–67)
Present-day water clocks
Gitton, Bernard. "Time, like an everflowing stream." Trans. Mlle. Annie Chadeyron. Ed. Anthony Randall. Horological Journal 131.12 (June 1989): 18-20.
Taylor, Robert. "Taiwan's Biggest Cuckoo Clock?: Recreating an Astronomical Timepiece". Sinorama Magazine. 3-15-2006
Xuan, Gao. "Principle Research and Reconstruction Experiment of the Astronomical Clock Tower in Ancient China." Proceeding of the 11th World Congress in Mechanism and machine Science. August 18–21, 2003. Tianjin, China.
Other topics on water clocks and related material
Goodenow, J., Orr, R., & Ross, D. "Mathematical Models of Water Clocks." Rochester Institute of Technology
Landels, John G. "Water-Clocks and Time Measurement in Classical Antiquity." Endeavour 3(1):32-37. 1979. ISSN 0160-9327
Mills, A.A. "Newton's Water Clocks and the Fluid Mechanics of Clepsydrae." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 37(1):35-61. 1982. ISSN 0035-9149
Sarma, S.R., "Setting up the Water Clock for Telling the Time of Marriage." in Studies in the History of the Exact Sciences in Honour of David Pingree, éd. Ch. Burnett, J.P. Hogendijk, K. Plofker, M. Yano, Leiden-Boston, 2004, pp. 302–330.
Snell, Daniel. "Life in the Ancient Near East, 3100-332 B.C.E." ISBN 0-300-07666-5.
Non-English resources
Bilfinger, Gustav, Die babylonische Doppelstunde: Eine chronologische Untersuchung (Wildt, Stuttgart, 1888).
Borchardt, Ludwig. 1920. "Die Altägyptische Zeitmessung." (Old Egyptian time measurement). Berlin/Leipzig.
Daressy, G., "Deux clepsydres antiques", BIE, serie 5, 9, 1915, pages 5–16
Ginzel, Friedrich Karl, "Die Wassermessungen der Babylonier und das Sexagesimalsystem", Klio: Beiträge zur alten Geschichte, 16 (1920), 234-241.
Planchon, "L'Heure Par Les Clepsydres." La Nature. pp. 55–59.
Thureau-Dangin, François, "La clepsydre chez les Babyloniens [Notes assyriologiques LXIX]", Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 29 (1932), 133-136.
Thureau-Dangin, François, "Clepsydre babylonienne et clepsydre égyptienne", Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 30 (1933), 51-52.
Thureau-Dangin, François, "Le clepsydre babylonienne", Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 34 (1937), 144.
The Clock of Flowing Time in Berlin
NIST: A Walk Through Time
Bernard Gitton's Time-Flow Clocks
Egypt's Water Clock
"Clepsydra".
A Brief History of Clocks: From Thales to Ptolemy
The Indianapolis Children's Museum Water Clock
Nanaimo, BC Water Clock
Shockwave-Applet: Ctesibius Waterclock
Rees's Universal Dictionary article on Clepsydra, 1819
The Royal Gorge Bridge Water Clock
The Mechanical Water Clock Of Ibn Al-Haytham
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We offer a range of different classes to suit all your fitness needs.
Whether you want to lose weight, tone up or increase your cardiovascular fitness, we have the class to achieve your goals.
Please call 01243 812936 to book your place.
Please note, payment must be made at the time of booking.
A very popular adaptation to your general fitness/circuit classes, mixing bag & pad work with pulse-raising & strength exercises to create a total body workout. Also develop your boxing skills with our ever developing punching drills.
A whole body toning class using lots of different equipment for a varied workout. All levels welcome as you can work at your own pace.
A fusion of different music & dance styles creates a great workout that burns loads of calories and is great fun!
Working on burning fat quickly and massively increasing your metabolism, the key to losing weight and looking good! All fitness levels are welcome and catered for. Exercises include: - circuits, interval training, Plyometrics, indoor cycling, striding/ sprints, core work, fitness testing and weekly challenges.
Heart raising cardio exercises mixed with full body core exercises, focused on shredding fat and gaining muscular definition.
This workout is an excellent way to burn calories. The class includes fun intervals to increase strength and endurance!
Bring your mind & body together. Improve your posture with controlled flowing movements and strengthen your core muscles that stabilise and support your spine.
A mindful flow practise that synchronises breath with movement. Focusing on flexibility and focusing the mind through a series of poses to help you move forward in your practise and daily life. Moving in the classic vinyasa style, leaving your mind feeling refreshed as well as your body.


As Kristaps Porzingis begins the long road back from last week's ACL tear, a star player from a division rival has begun an early recruitment.
Kyrie Irving revealed during All-Star weekend that he sent encouraging words to Porzingis on his recovery. And during the Knicks-Celtics October 24 meeting, he made it clear he'd love to play with the 7'3 Latvian.
KP and Irving were going to be teammates this All-Star weekend on LeBron's squad. The injury will keep Porzingis out into halfway through the 2018-2019 season.
So why should this be somewhat alarming? If you recall, Porzingis did a sit-down interview earlier this year with Rachel Nichols. He revealed that when the Phil Jackson drama went down about him possibly being traded, he received texts from many players wanting to play with him. The scary thing for Knicks fans is none of these urges to play with KP involved players coming to New York.
Some observers have argued that Irving, who becomes a free agent in 2019, might be willing to return to the Tri-State area (he's a Jersey native) to bring a championship back to the Garden. But here's the thing — Danny Ainge has shown to be on the most shrewd GMs in the league. The odds are that in two years Boston will still be a top team. At the very least, still ahead of NY when it comes to title hopes.
So why would Irving come here when it'd be easier to incorporate KP's versatility as a final piece into a title contender?
I'm far from a fear-monger, but there's a lot riding for the Knicks on this summer's draft pick and trade moves.


Even though video chatting has been a part of digital lives for years, some people are still not sure if it's for them.
Trust us, with the amount of ways to do it now, everyone should be chatting to their family on the other side of the world as easily as being in the same room. There are plenty of video chat apps out there now that mean you can have a digital catch up with anyone, anywhere, and all for free.
If you have the right hardware all you need to do is download one of many app options and you can enjoy high quality video pow-wows back and forth - plus, if you're on Wi-Fi you won't even have to pay for that connection.
We've collated some of the best apps out there right now and paired them with various hardware options for using them, so you can tell which setup is right for yo. From smartphones and tablets to laptops and TVs, there are plenty of ways to get you up and running, and here are five of the best.
One of the simplest ways to get chatting is found in Apple's Facetime. As you'd expect from this brand, the app is a minimal video chat platform that lets you simply tap to call and get talking.
If you have an iPad then the FaceTime app will already be installed ready for you to start using. From within there you can find contacts that are also using Apple hardware, and then it's a simple as tapping the video icon and the app will make a call to them.
As long as the person at the other end has FaceTime on their iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch or Mac then you can chat away easily, cross-platform.
Once connected you can chat away for as long as you need in FaceTime camera quality, which is generally 720p (so still HD).
A nice thing about this platform, other than the ease and fact it's free, is the ability to move around on your iPad to show the other person anything you need - ideal for family catch up time while Dad's away.
What better way to video chat than on the biggest screen in the house? Microsoft's ever-improving Skype app is now available on many smart TVs.
That means that if your TV is compatible and has a camera (either built-in or easily added on by you in new models through USB), then you'll be able to talk face to face with anyone using Skype from the comfort of your sofa.
Since Skype also lets you call normal phone numbers, for a charge, anyone is technically reachable. The only downside here is that if you want privacy you can't just take the TV with you to another room so you may need to hang up a "Stay Out" sign to the rest of the tribe before you get started.
With Apple and Microsoft offering video chat solutions, obviously Google has its own option too - and it comes in the form of Hangouts. This allows for calls and video chat from within a browser on your laptop or PC, so anyone else with Hangouts on a computer, phone or tablet can be contacted.
Hangouts lets you have multiple callers in one video chat too, intelligently spotting who's talking and making that video the main one on screen. The app also allows for messaging so you can share photos but - rather brilliantly - also allows for screen sharing.
This makes Hangouts a great work tool for sharing on-screen guidance with someone from anywhere in the world.
If you've got a smartphone (which you probably do) then you have more than likely already have downloaded WhatsApp - and if you haven't, then get involved as most of the people you know are already using it.
The Facebook owned app is immensely popular for typed messaging over a network connection but also offers calling and video chat too.
Since so many people already use WhatsApp it's a great way to video chat to anyone phone to phone - and it's perfect for making voice calls when the cell signal isn't up to scratch.
Just make sure you're on Wi-Fi or it could end up costing you in network data charges.
If you were part of the wave of gamers that bought a Kinect and have left it collecting dust ever since, get out your feather duster, as you can video chat using your Xbox and a Kinect.
Video Kinect - as it's unimaginatively called - works between Xbox consoles using Kinect as the camera (so, yes, the other person will also need an Xbox and Kinect, but that's more common than you'd think).
Ideal for a pre-gaming battle planning sessions with your online amigos, then.


Melody Gardot is some brave ad inspirational lady. I enjoyed listening with my morning coffee. Enjoy what is left of your SundayNatasaha.
Natasha, you definitely have shared another wonderful artist with me. Not only was I not aware of her story, but I had not heard of her at all. She is incredible.
Oh Natasha thank you so much for sharing this story! I'm sending a link to your blog to my youngest dd who is majoring in Music and wants to get her Masters in Music Therapy. What an inspiring story.
Melody Gardot's story is amazing. I love her music... very classy.
What a incredible story and beautiful music! Very inspiring to know that people still can make the best of their lives even when it seems like life has come to an end!
I loved her voice and her song. Thanks for sharing Natasha!
What an amazing story. It really puts things into perspective to hear of someone who has triumphed over so much!
What an incredible story. Absolutely inspirational.
Hey Natasha... I linked up on my way to rush my kids to school, and only got a chance to comment now. I'm loving the Sunday Song idea. Do you have a button??
Glad you brought my attention to Ms. Gardot for I had not heard of her before. I wonder if her real name is Melody - certainly could not have a more appropriate one.
I am so happy that you shared this ...her story is wonderful...as is her voice!
I tried to leave a sticky on your wall but never could get it to work...sorry...I'll try again later.
I to had never heard of her, but I now have a new artist to add to my playlist!
Beautiful music, and what an inspiring story of courage!
I found Melody Gardot accidentally on iTunes and fell instantly in love with her voice. The songs are insightful, cheery and just wonderful. I hope she becomes everyone's fave!!


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text:
namespace MathSite.Common.FileFormats
{
    public abstract class VendorFileFormatBase : BaseFileFormat
    {
        public override FileType FileType { get; } = FileType.Vendor;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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October 24, 2017 June 10, 2019
Request for Qualifications for General Contractor
Habitat for Humanity of the MS Gulf Coast
REQUEST FOR QUALIFICATIONS
Habitat for Humanity of the MS Gulf Coast (HFHMGC) is seeking certified contractors for the construction or rehabilitation of single family structures. Services shall be in accordance with applicable local, state and federal program rules and regulations under the Mississippi Development Authority (MDA) and Neighborhood Home Program (NHP) as well as compliance under the ICC Building Codes as adopted by the governing authority in which the properties are located.
Statement of Qualifications packets can be obtained at the HFHMGC office located at 2214 34th Street, Gulfport, MS 39501, Monday through Friday, between the hours of 9:00 am and 4:00 pm.
Statement of Qualifications must be submitted to the HFHMGC office located at 2214 34th Street, Gulfport, MS 39501, no later than 4:00 pm on November 1, 2017, after which time they will be delivered to the Selection Committee. Any proposal submitted after the date and time as noted will be returned unopened. Proposals submitted pursuant to this RFQ 890 shall be brief and to the point. An original and one (1) electronic copy of the provider's proposal are to be furnished.
Questions regarding this RFQ should be directed to the HFHMGC Director of Construction by email at smitchell@hfhmgc.org or facsimile at (228) 678-9111, not less than five (5) business days prior to the proposal due date. All questions must be submitted in writing, telephonic inquiries will not be considered.
HFHMGC reserves the right to reject all proposals or to waive any informality. HFHMGC is an equal opportunity affirmative action contractor. Each proposal will receive consideration without regard to race, color, religious creed, handicap, ancestry, age, sex or national origin.
Women Build 2020 Sign Up
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Central Michigan University students spend break volunteering on the Coast
original post can be found...
College Students from Central Michigan University Volunteer with Habitat for Humanity of the Mississippi Gulf Coast during their winter break
College Students from Central Michigan University Volunteer with Habitat for Humanity of the...
Habitat for Humanity of the Mississippi Gulf Coast and Chemours, Inc. participate in #GivingTuesday by giving back on the job site
Habitat for Humanity of the Mississippi Gulf Coast and Chemours, Inc. participate in #GivingTuesday...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


[Official Site](https://orchestra.fate-go.jp/) [VGMDB](https://vgmdb.net/album/82527) ![alt text](https://i.imgur.com/u4NWdhvl.jpg) Self-purchased and ripped. Share wherever you want. 2,500 JPY for 7 super short arrangements of soundtracks that were already orchestral in the first place, recorded in a chamber with the acoustic properties of a walk-in closet. Pre-order bonus print is smaller than Marie's chest. Ah, Delight Work is just a small indie company, after all.


Redmond Tennis Club offers classes for juniors of all ages, levels and aspirations, from those just starting the sport to those aiming to become Division-I college athletes.
This is our entry-level class that aims to lay a solid foundation by focusing on basic fundamentals on the court, including agility, balance and coordination. Students are encouraged to discover their talents through a variety of fun games and drills in this intro class.
This class starts to introduce players to the technical aspects of tennis, such as swing paths, volley technique, split steps and more. The main focus is on coordination and many of the drills are designed to improve footwork and hand-eye coordination.
Our Green Dot Class is for players who understand the basic fundamentals of tennis. This class consists mainly of live-ball drills in which students work to build and perfect form, technique and movement.
The next level up from Green Dot, our Dot Excellence class pays more attention to each student's technical skills. Students will learn how to hit the ball more consistently and incorporate those skills in point play, with the aim to play tournaments after a few months. Required attendance of at least two times per week.
Orange Excellence: Monday & Wednesday: 5:30-6:45 p.m.
Green Excellence: Monday/Wednesday/Thursday: 6:45-8:00 p.m.
Green Excellence: Thursday: 5:30-6:45 p.m.
Meant for talented players who are serious about improving their game, RTC's Premier Classes are the next step to achieving competitive success. Through a healthy, team-oriented environment that promotes leadership and camaraderie, RTC's Premier classes nurture players' competitive drives and work ethic while preparing them for tournament play.
RTC Premier Level 1 is for talented players age 10-18 who are serious about improving their game, with the aspiration of competing at the collegiate level or higher.
Monday – Friday: 4:15 – 6:15 p.m.
Saturday: 9:15 – 11:15 a.m.
RTC Premier Level 2 is for players ages 8-18 who are looking to take their game to an intermediate or advanced level through incorporating technical and strategic fundamentals into a live-ball, competitive practice.
Monday - Thursday: 6:15 - 8:00 p.m.
Saturday: 11:15 a.m. – 1:00 p.m.


one size fits all. If you haven't already accepted this free gift from God I encourage you to seek it this Christmas season.
His gift? Talk to them today.
Salvation is the perfect gift from someone who knows us better than we know ourselves.
I have acceptes my christmas gift years ago! I am aware of all the things HE can do. He has allowed me to be content if i receive the smallest christmas gift but has placed a giving heart inside of me to make my nephews and nieces christmas (and any other occasions) the best because of their living situations. Nice post and happy holidays!
This is an amazing post and the message is a vital one. Like you stated, God gave us a gift that is one of a kind and truly the best gift we will ever receive.
Thank you so much for sharing this powerful and inspiring message.
Thanks for reading! Just wanted to get the holiday message out!
Glad to hear you've got the right holiday spirit! Merry Christmas and God bless!


Here are the daily updates Jenna wrote during our recent Atlantic crossing from Las Palmas in the Canary Islands to Port Saint Charles in Barbados. I will be following up with a post discussing what worked and what broke during the trip.
We sailed over 2700 miles in 16 days, 7 hours. We averaged 7 knots. We only used our motors for spinnaker changes and to investigate a weak AIS signal we received in the middle of the Atlantic. We sailed straight downwind for over for 2,000 miles with no mainsail, relying on either the jib, parasailor, or spinnaker the entire time for downwind running. We caught 5 fish and had a wonderful time.
Our position at noon UTC +0:00 is 26°14'.158N 16°51'.474, having motorsailed through a wind shadow at the south end of Gran Canaria and sailed 143 nm in just over 20 hours.
We are currently on a beam reach with three reefs in the main and a reefed jib in 20-30 knot winds in 2.5m beam seas, going 7-10 knots. This is not our favorite sea state, so we've adjusted course south of the rhumb line to stay a little more comfortable until the wind shifts around and we can avoid bashing into the waves. Sophie feels very solid.
Richy cooked a fabulous spaghetti dinner last night and all except the kids did night watches under an almost full moon and beautiful stars. Today the guys spotted a sea turtle and a bird. We're all catching up on sleep and adjusting to our sea legs.
The weather forecast calls for the wind to shift more northeast over the next day, making our ride more comfortable and giving us a better angle for Barbados.
Our position at UTC +0:00 is 24°34'.548 N, 19°12'.796 W. Current VMG 7-9 knots. We made 163 nm in 24 hours and have less than 2400 remaining to Barbados.
Sophie is now west of Africa! We have passed another continent. Almost two years ago was our last day east of Africa, where celebrated Hazel's 8th birthday offshore between Somalia and Yemen as we entered the Gulf of Aden on our way to Egypt, over 4,000 nm east of our current position.
The past 24 hours have brought higher seas, but as predicted the wind slowly shifted direction overnight, giving us a better angle. We just switched to our parasailor, which makes our ride much more comfortable and is perfect for going directly downwind.
Last night Jamie cooked a fabulous dinner of ratatouille with sous vide chicken and rice. Richy served up bacon and vegetable scrambled eggs with toast for breakfast.
Later in the morning, a superpod of dolphins joined us and put on a spectacular hourlong show in the sunshine. And we finally put two fishing lines in the water. Life is good.
Our position at +0:00 UTC is 23°25'.637 N, 21°32'.085 W. We traveled 145 nm in 24 hours. Current VMG is ~7 knots.
We've had an eventful day. A few hours after raising the parasailor, an AIS position alarm went off, followed by a keyboard disconnected system failure. When we tried to reset we had further Raymarine issues, so Jamie proceeded to troubleshoot while I hand steered without instruments for a couple hours. (We have backup Navionics on phones and iPad.) We hand steered until just before sunset, as Jamie discovered at least four faults and we kept blowing fuses as soon as he replaced them. He succeeded getting the autopilot, chart plotter, AIS, keyboard, and radar running in the flybridge, so we dropped the parasailor and unfurled the jib for the night. This slowed us down, but we felt this was the safest option without wind speed instruments. Sophie sailed relatively fast through the night, and I ended up reefing the jib around 10pm when a small squall blew through that pushed boat speed up to 10 knots. Sophie ranged from 5-7 knots for the rest of the night.
This morning Jamie isolated the main problem to a faulty SeaTalk ng 5-Way Connector. Luckily we carry a spare so after replacing it, everything is working again except for the keyboard for the downstairs nav station (which we can easily live without). We assume all of these issues were caused by the first couple days of rough seas we encountered since all systems functioned normally for the first 48 hours of our voyage.
The parasailor is back up for the day, and we are cruising along at 7-8 knots in bright sunshine. Kids are back to Sophie School, and we're all having fun. Our biggest news of the morning is that Richy carved off the first slices of the Iberian ham leg so we are now taking bets on how long this 10kg will take us to eat.
No one expects it to last until Barbados. Sous vide pork tenderloin is planned for tonight's dinner menu. We're still figuring out side vegetables.
Our position at noon UTC +0:00 is 22°31'.905 N, 24°18'.939 W. We traveled 166nm in 24 hours. VMG ~7.5 knots. We're averaging more than 7 knots during the day, and slower at night.
The wind has settled into more consistent ENE over the last day so we have been able to make progress on the rhumb line to Barbados. We flew the parasailor into the night, but took it down around 10pm after the wind picked up and a few squalls blew through. Richy ended up with some rope burn during the sail change so we ran some drills to practice taking the chute down and hone this process to under 3 minutes in 20+ knot winds so now everyone feels more comfortable with it.
Today is another beautiful sunny day that started with rainbows and raising the parasailor again. The waves are under 3m and mostly following seas now, with rollers coming from the north so our ride is more comfortable with each passing day.
Hazel and Kate cooked magnificent apple pancakes with maple syrup and weißwurst for breakfast. The kids continue working hard at Sophie school. And we're looking forward to Mexican night for dinner. We're also two days into the Iberico ham and loving every bite. We feel so fortunate to have such a fabulous crew together for this crossing.
Our position at noon UTC +0:00 is 22°03.826' N, 27°10.957' W. That's 161nm in the past 24 uneventful hours.
We had a quiet night with full jib and put the parasailor up again just after dawn. A large pod of dolphins visited us before our breakfast of Spanish tortilla – one with onion and potatoes, one with spinach and potatoes. Jessica also taught Hazel how to play Skull King this morning, and it is quickly becoming an essential Sophie game.
Hazel wants to bake raspberry muffins after school and Katie is planning Thai fish curry for dinner using some of the mahi mahi we caught in the Med. We still have two lines in the water, but no new fish yet.
Thanks for all the love notes! We love hearing from you.
Our noon UTC+0:00 position is 21°44.390' N, 30°12.478' W. Sophie covered 170nm in 24 hours, averaging just over 7 knots.
We ran with a full jib overnight and raised the parasailor just before breakfast again. The team is really working well together and our process continues to improve with each sail change. Sea conditions are also better than our first few days. Everyone is comfortable and has their sea legs now. Confused seas continue to slow down our progress a little, but we notice a significant speed increase whenever we pass through a stretch of calmer water or waves come from only one direction.
Katie's Thai fish curry was an outstanding dinner last night. She is spoiling us with so many wonderful recipes this trip.
Hazel organized an early morning muffin baking party and convinced (tricked?) Jessica to wake up at 6:20am to get started on raspberry, apple, chocolate, and chocolate-raspberry muffins. They were delicious! Kate also cooked up fried eggs with tomatoes, cheese and avocado on toast for our hungry crew.
Less than 1,800 miles to go! Life is good.
Our position at noon UTC +0:00 is 20°56'.086 N, 33°03'.771 W, another 167nm in 24 hours.
Richy's fingers continue to improve. There is no sign of infection, no oozing of any kind. His skin has sealed nicely. He's airing out his hands for a few hours each day, and while bandaged he is able to do almost everything, although we're keeping him off sail wrangling, rope handling duties and cleaning dishes, etc. so he stays protected and dry. This morning, Richy cooked us omelettes for breakfast, and he's spending most of the day driving the boat while playing dj and entertaining us from the flybridge.
Last night was another uneventful starry night. We ate bacon, leek and cheese quiche for dinner after swapping from the parasailor to full jib for the night. With wind and waves behind us, we're just following the rhumb line.
This morning Jasmin, Kate, Jessica and Leo helped Jamie raise the parasailor at sunrise. The wind and waves have picked up a little more today, and we are zooming right along.
Our position at noon UTC +0:00 is 20°01'.913 N, 36°57'.694 W. We traveled 172 nm in 24 hours with an average speed of 7.166 knots.
The wind has picked up to 20-25 knots with stronger gusts so this morning we opted to leave the jib up for the day. Jessica introduced us to the wind angle setting on our autopilot so we are steering to a wind angle of 179° to port today. How have we not tried this before!? It's a very smooth ride and we look forward to using it with the parasailer tomorrow.
Jasmin cooked spaghetti aglio olio for dinner last night, and everyone is enjoying a later start this morning since we didn't have a sail change at sunrise. With the jib up we can also have more fishing lines in the water.
We are closing in on the halfway mark for our crossing, with plans to celebrate tonight with sous vide tenderloin steaks, mashed potatoes and stir fried leeks.
Richy's fingers continue to improve. He's keeping bandages off more during the day and even collected a flying fish that landed on the trampoline this morning with bare hands 😉 We have two poles and two hand lines in the water so hopefully more fish will follow.
We're halfway there! Barbados is now closer than Gran Canaria. Our position at noon UTC +0:00 is 19°03'.740 N, 38°40'.853 W. That's another 164 nm in 24 hours.
To celebrate, we feasted on steak, mashed potatoes, stir fried leeks, and lemon soda, with homemade apple pie for dessert. And the Patriots won! Hazel was up bright and early this morning to prepare French toast for breakfast with help from Katie and Uncle Richy.
We sailed with the jib all day yesterday and overnight. It felt like taking a vacation day without any sail changes and with the autopilot steering by the wind. We raised the parasailor again early this morning. It's a bit squirrelly right now with occasional +25 knot gusts in 2-3m swells, but the wind forecast calls for more moderate 15-20 knot easterlies this afternoon which should smooth out our ride.
Richy is planning to make a veggie lasagna for dinner. Overall, our fresh vegetable provisions have done well on this crossing. We have a few remaining eggplants and squash that need to be eaten soon and will go into tonight's lasagna. We still have fresh green beans, cabbage, red peppers, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, potatoes and onions, plus bananas, melon, pineapple, oranges and apples for this week. We also have a few bags of green veggies and a variety of berries in the freezer.
Jessica is guest teaching Sophie School today for Hazel, who of course is on her best behavior. Leo is also making progress on his offshore assignments for his new school.
We had some excitement in the middle of the night. Just before 1am, a 35-knot rain squall blew through, completely drenching Kate and Jessica near the end of their watch. Right afterwards, they smelled something that resembled burned plastic, so they woke up Jamie and began hunting for the source. I joined the search, and Richy and Jasmin were also up getting ready to begin their night watch. After we narrowed down the location to the genset compartment, Jamie ultimately discovered that our 10-year old Proficient Audio amp had burned out. Over the course of the trip, it had been splashed by water coming up through an air vent. Jamie also removed an old outlet that we never use that showed signs of corrosion. There is some more cleanup to do today to rewire outlets under the nav station and inside the computer cabinet that Jamie disconnected as part of the triage. Aside from this, all systems are working.
This morning marks another milestone. We've traveled the same distance and days traveled from Gran Canaria as our crossing from Thailand to the Maldives with Richy and Katie a couple years ago. We've gotten into a good offshore rhythm on this passage now for day and night watches, meals, school, and music.
The Sophie offshore feast continues. Richy cooked "vegetable" lasagna with more bacon and bechamel than veggies last night. This morning, Hazel made everyone coffee and mixed waffle batter for our waffle and weißwurst breakfast extravaganza. Katie has dubbed me the Waffle Angel since I manned the waffle iron today and served up hot, crispy deliciousness. We are debating which of our other sausages to cook later today and also whether to repeat Quiche Lorraine or make crepes next. Decisions, decisions.
The sun feels hotter each morning and we have bright blue skies with puffy clouds in the distance. We can feel a shift towards the tropics even though we still have a ways to go. Life is good.
Our position at noon UTC +0:00 is 17°35'.691 N, 44°26'.979 W. We traveled 173 NM, our fastest day of the crossing so far. The weather cooperated so we flew the parasailor nonstop for the past 24 hours and may leave it up for a few days straight now given the weather forecast. Less than 1,000 miles to go!
Fish!Fish!Fish! By far the most important event of yesterday is the 5 kg mahi mahi we caught. Jamie had rigged an alarm for the hand line using an empty can and it worked perfectly. Leo, Kate and Jessica worked together to pull in the line and Jamie gaffed the fish. We are looking forward to grilled mahi mahi for lunch today.
We're feeling the tropics approaching as the temperature and humidity increase each day. Sunblock and hats are out and we're starting to hide from the sun during the heat of midday. Air temperature 23°C. Water temperature 26°C. Wow, have we missed this!
We ate a spectacular German dinner of Nuernbergerwurst, potato salad and sauerkraut, and we'll make roasted pepper, bacon and goat cheese quiche for tonight's dinner as a follow on to our fish feast midday. We're starting to feel the pressure of only a handful of days remaining on the crossing. There are so many more dishes we want to prepare before we arrive. Maybe we'll need to move to four meals a day so everyone can cook their favorites this week.
Last night on watch Kate and Jessica had some excitement. A flying fish landed on the roof of the main cabin that sounded like "whispering elves wings," according to Jessica, as it bounced around on the deck. Kate saved flying fish Pete, as he has been affectionately named, just in time. He gave her a little wink in thanks before swimming off.
We hope you are enjoying your week as much as we are.
Our position at noon UTC +0:00 is 17°08'.591 N, 46°47'.217 W. In 24 hours we moved 145 NM. Yesterday and overnight we flew the parasailor, but given the light winds forecasted, this morning we switched to to spinnaker. We assume we will go about a knot faster in light air with the full spinnaker. The next couple days offer an opportunity for us to do some head to head comparisons of our downwind sails.
We had an exciting adventure yesterday afternoon. Richy, Kate and I were in the flybridge when we picked up a weak AIS signal about 3.5 NM from Sophie. We couldn't see a boat with the naked eye or through binoculars, which we thought was odd given the close range. The AIS screen showed the signal moving at .9 knots with the wind, but then the AIS signal dropped out after a few seconds. Jamie came up and we tried hailing on VHF with no answer, so he quickly decided we should drop the sail and motor towards the location just in case the signal was coming from a boat in distress, liferaft or someone in the water. We motored into 20 knot winds in the approximate direction of where we thought it would drift and eventually spotted a tiny boat that flashed us with a mirror as we got closer.
We were quite relieved to discover a French offshore rowboat with two gentlemen on board, Philippe and Gilles, who are rowing across the Atlantic. We talked via VHF and learned that they are 58 and 60, and one of them has Parkinson's Disease. They are rowing across the Atlantic to raise awareness that is possible to do almost anything with Parkinson's when you keep your body strong. Their website is http://quinquatlantic.fr They departed the Canary Islands on December 15 and expect it will take another 20 days for them to reach Martinique. We feel very fast by comparison and quite fortunate to have met up with them 900 miles from Barbados. They are the first boat we've seen in more than 10 days.
Unfortunately, when we were within hailing distance of the rowboat, we experienced an error on our engine shifter. This is a problem we first encountered in Madeira when the engine mounts failed. The cable between the ZF controller and the sail drive is still a little bent causing too much resistance and a subsequent error message. It's an easy adjustment and 20 minutes later we were sailing again with the parasailor past the rowboat, snapping many pictures of each other. We can't wait to swap pictures with them after they arrive to Martinique.
We had a fabulous grilled lemon mahi mahi feast with rice and ginger stir fried vegetables for lunch yesterday, followed by roasted pepper, bacon and goat cheese quiche for dinner. Jasmin has spoiled us again this morning with superb homemade kaiserschmarrn and apple mousse.
Hazel took her first night watch with Uncle Richy last night, and continues to grow more interested in learning to drive Sophie. She has also enlisted Jessica and Kate as guest teachers for most of her school subjects. They are doing a fabulous job teaching and I'm not really sure what to do with all of my new free time.
Life is good in the Atlantic.
Our position at noon UTC +0:00 is 16°19'.272 N, 49°44'.808 W. We traveled 169 NM in 24 hours flying the full spinnaker. 600 miles left to Barbados.
Leo and Hazel have a new cousin!!! Olivia Rogers, 7 lbs. 4 oz. was born at 2:31 EST January 18, 2018. Please join us in congratulating my sister Julie and her husband Silas on their beautiful girl. Welcome, Olivia! We love you so much and can't wait to meet you in person.
Yesterday was a good day for fish. We caught a 3.6 kg wahoo on the fishing pole. Richy, Kate, Jessica and I doused the spinnaker and lowered it to slow the boat so Jamie could reel in the wahoo. Grilled wahoo and artichoke risotto are next on the menu. Unfortunately we lost a big mahi mahi that was on one of the hand-lines at the same time the wahoo hit.
Later in the afternoon, Leo and Hazel spotted another fish on the line while I was sleeping. For the first time ever, Leo reeled in, cleaned, seasoned and baked the fish all by himself as a surprise appetizer for dinner. We don't know exactly what type of fish it was. Maybe a type of trevaly? Regardless, Leo is very proud of his accomplishment and the fish was tender and delicious.
Richy and Kate made stromboli roulades for dinner – stuffed rolled pizzas with a mix of salami, ham, cheese, tomato, roasted peppers and olives. To celebrate crossing the 2,000 mile mark of the passage, we watched the movie Battleship (because Rihanna) on the big screen. Who doesn't love Rihanna?
Hazel and Leo did their evening watch with Uncle Richy, which includes quizzes on the electronics, and then we enjoyed a starry and calm night.
We hope you all have a wonderful day.
Our position at noon UTC +0:00 is 15°35'.688 N, 52°19'.492 W. We traveled 155 NM in 24 hours, continuing to fly the full spinnaker day and night for 48 hours straight. We are 450 miles from Barbados.
Happy birthday, Stephen! We love you and hope you had a wonderful day.
Double take down! Leo and Kate executed a cousin double mahi mahi takedown on the hand lines. Each fish weighed 4 kg.
Leo cleaned and fileted the mahi mahi under Jamie's supervision. We vacuum sealed and froze all of it since we currently have a fresh fish backlog here on Sophie.
For lunch we ate pineapple fried rice and grilled marinated wahoo. This is our first wahoo since Southeast Asia and we had forgotten just how much we love wahoo. For dinner we cleared out our containers and did a leftover smorgasbord of fish, quiche, pizza rolls, cheese, prosciutto and more. Things are getting pretty serious now that we only have a few days of passage cooking left and so many dishes we still want to make. Risotto, carbonara, pork tenderloin with apples and onions, homemade baguettes, chicken tikka masala… we will run out of time.
Kate and Jessica treated Hazel to a special day of German style Sophie School, including a strict schedule, homework and sailing class with Uncle Richy. She had a blast.
It's a calm and relaxing ride as we tick off the miles and watch the waves. The boat systems are all working well. There is a lot of laughter on Sophie. Life is good.
Our position at noon UTC +0:00 is 14°46'.685 N, 55°02'.761 W. We traveled 165 NM in 24 hours, continuing to fly the full spinnaker day and night for 72 hours straight. We are under 300 miles from Barbados.
We're in the home stretch now and counting down the miles as we calculate our average speed and factor in a weather forecast that calls for 15-22 knot winds and slightly higher waves over the next 24 hours. We will change sails at some point as the wind increases, but we aren't sure yet when that will be and are thoroughly enjoying this spinnaker run for as long as it lasts.
Yesterday Hazel renamed Friday Family Movie Night to Friday Family Film Festival. We kicked off with a girls night viewing of Mama Mia and even did face masks. Spa treatments may continue with pedicures before we arrive.
We made artichoke risotto for dinner and had barbecued sous vide chicken with leftover rice for lunch. Fish tacos are planned for tonight.
We've noticed that we're running the generator more frequently on this passage than previous trips. There could be several reasons for this. Our autopilot could be drawing a lot more with the sensitivity set on high. Another possibility is that our refrigerators and freezer are working harder in the tropical heat. We are also charging more electronics than usual with 8 people on board.
There is a significant amount of seaweed floating in the water here. This started a couple days ago and has grown denser during the last day. We believe patches of it extend for hundreds of miles and we can see it from horizon to horizon. We wonder whether it's normal in this region, a remnant of hurricane season, or an impact of global warming. We ended up reeling in the fishing lines after repeatedly snagging plants all day yesterday and again this morning so we are on a fish break for now.
Sunshine, blue skies and warm wind. We couldn't ask for more.
Our position at noon UTC +0:00 is 13°42'.969 N, 58°12'.302 W. We traveled 194 NM in 24 hours.
It's been a rocket sleigh ride overnight. We finally swapped sails yesterday evening after 81 hours flying the full spinnaker, our longest stretch ever, and put the parasailor back up. We've averaged 20+ knot winds overnight with gusts into the 30s and boat speed of 8-12 knots with multiple rain squalls. We are now just 91 miles from our anchorage in Barbados and expect to arrive this evening, give or take a few hours.
Sophie is surfing down waves as short gusty rain squalls pass through the area today. It's speedy, but not particularly comfortable. Nobody slept much in the rolly seas overnight.
Hazel will complete her final day with Kate and Jessica as guest Sophie School teachers. She has loved every minute with them.
We will cook pasta carbonara – comfort food – for our final passage meal, and we are all looking forward to rounding the northern point of Barbados, completing the passage, dropping the anchor and getting a full night's sleep.
Hello Barbados! Sophie has arrived. We just dropped anchor at 7:21pm local time at 13°15'.666 N, 59°38'.766 W after 95 miles since 8am local today. Overall, the passage took 16 days and 7 hours, and we averaged just over 7 knots.
After a stormy morning, we had a beautiful warm sunny afternoon as we caught sight of land and approached over several hours. We flew the parasailor all day until we turned the corner at the north end of the island.
A pod of dolphins welcomed us to Barbados with a spectacular jumping and flipping show — one of the best we have ever seen.
After the dolphins left, we motored the final two miles as the last glimmer of twilight disappeared. It turns out we anchored right next to our friends on Ventus who just arrived earlier today.
We're so happy to be here, safe and sound. Now for some celebration and sleep.
Thanks for following along with our journey.
PS … Have we mentioned lately how lucky we are?
PPS … Have we mentioned what a great crew we had for this passage? We are extraordinarily thankful for their help and company.
Greetings from our anchorage at Isla Graciosa in the Canary Islands!
We have sailed 1,000 miles since our last update from Ibiza, with stops along the Spanish coast, Gibraltar, and Madeira on our way here. Sophie and her crew are very excited to be doing ocean passages again, and we think we will be ready for our big Atlantic crossing next month.
Here is what's going on with Sophie as we continue to get ready.
While we were in Gibraltar, we upgraded Sophie's mainsail and genoa. We think the new sails have added a knot of boat speed to Sophie, which is a big big deal for us.
Our old main and genoa came with the boat when we bought her almost 10 years ago. They've served us well during this time, propelling us 3/4 of the way around the globe without any major tears.
But over the years, these two babies became tired, baggy, and a little threadbare. Jenna and I were worried we would suffer a major blowout during our Atlantic crossing in January, so we decided earlier this year to replace them. After 10 years of service, these two sails had given us all they could give.
Taking them off one last time was a family affair. Sophie's sails are big suckers. The main alone is almost 1,000 square feet.
For our new sails, we worked with Phil Auger from Zoom Sails in Malaysia. We met Phil when we were in Langkawi a couple of years ago, and we are extremely happy with his work. He designed a new square-topped mainsail for us as a replacement for our big roach original main, and he did so in a way that enabled us to use our existing battcars and 5 of our 6 original battens.
The new main weighed 80 kilos and arrived in a box bigger than Hazel!
Phil used the same approach Lagoon uses for the top of the square-topped mainsails, with a length of Dyneema rope running through two ring bolts on the top battcar. This enables the sail to lie flat while in the bag and snug to the mast when raised, regardless of the reef. The result is a great shape with more power.
The new main has three reef points, just like the old one. We replaced the reef blocks and reef lines, and on our 270 mile run from Madeira to the Canaries we reefed multiple times with ease. There is much less friction than before.
The new genoa is the same basic size and shape as the original one. We opted to forgo the window this time because the old one kept tearing. We also went with a blue Sunbrella UV strip that matches the blue of the mainsail bag and bimini.
All in all we are very happy with this work. Both sails are made from high UV resistant dacron. They feel stiffer and stronger. Phil was able to do all of the design work remotely, and he was very responsive throughout the entire process. We are happy customers.
So why do we think we are a knot faster? It's mostly a gut feeling based on multiple moments on our Madeira-Canaries run this week. When we departed the Quinto Do Lorde Marina 3 days ago, we were immediately hit with 25-30 knot winds directly on the beam along with steep 2 meter seas. With 2 reefs in the main and 1/3 of the jib rolled in, we sailed at 9-10 knots. Later on that day with 15 knots of apparent wind on the beam with 1 reef in the main and a full jib, we sailed at 8 knots. A day later with 10 knots apparent wind @ 70° with full main and jib, we sailed at 7 knots. This all felt faster to me and Jenna and reminded us of how Sophie sailed when we first bought her. The sagginess of Sophie's old sails clearly affected her performance.
Sophie's sailplan is based on a very large mainsail and a smallish foretriangle for the genoa. Newer Lagoons use a more balanced design where the mast is located farther aft, reducing the relative size of the main compared to the foresails. I think the square-topped main adds more power to Sophie, especially when reefed. Since Jenna and I reef much more frequently than we did when we bought the boat, this added power actually translates to more speed with greater stability and safety in winds greater than 15 knots because that is when we start reefing.
Our exit from Gibraltar provided us with the perfect opportunity to test the new chute, and again Jenna and I were very happy with the results. The wind blew 20-30 knots in the Strait as Sophie sailed dead downwind into the Atlantic at 8-9 knots. With our big chute, these winds would give us white knuckles and heart palpitations while we constantly worry about when we should take it down. The new chute felt stable and controlled in this situation. It didn't jerk around in gusts, and the foil provided lift to Sophie's bows, giving us a bit of a surfing feel.
The wind died down after the first 50 miles, and we decided to leave the new spinnaker up overnight. This is the first time we've done this without additional crew on board. This sail is a great new option for us and will hopefully cut a day or two off our Atlantic crossing time next month.
By the time we reached Gibraltar, it had been 18 months since Sophie had sailed in the open ocean. Jenna and I wanted to make sure that the boat was once-again passage-ready, so we went through our usual series of pre-crossing checks.
For starters, we had local riggers Sean and James inspect our mast and rigging. They believed that our rig was tuned too tightly, resulting in some extra bend in the mast. They also discovered that some of the bolts that hold the mast to its supporting compression post in the cabin had come loose. Yikes!
There were no signs of cracks, water leaks, or structural damage in the area. We also contacted Lagoon, and they did not indicate it was a problem. So we tightened the bolts and re-tuned the rig with less mast bend.
Sean and James also discovered that one of our diamond stays – the steel cables that hold the mast in column – was showing signs of deterioration so they replaced it. They also machined some new bearings for the gooseneck on the boom. It now wiggles a lot less.
We replaced all of our running rigging – the ropes that we use as sheets, halyards, reef lines, guys, and traveller controls. We had some of these custom-made in England.
Finally – and one could argue most importantly – we had our liferaft inspected and recertified. It still looks brand new. Hope we never use it!
While we were in Gibraltar, we were able to carve out the time to for a 2-day visit to Cordoba and Seville. Other than that, we worked 10 hour-days getting Sophie ready for the Atlantic. Just getting the new sails off and on took 3 days! We were so busy we didn't even have time to climb The Rock, tour the tunnels, or see the monkeys. That's really sad, so we will have to come back.
We enjoyed an uneventful 600 mile/4 day run in the Atlantic Ocean from Gibraltar to Madeira. Other than the downwind sleigh ride in the Strait of Gibraltar, the highlight of this passage was a "double takedown" of two mahi mahi at the same time.
It was a funny catch. Leo was at the wheel when a fish hit our lighter pole. He stopped the boat, yelled FISH FISH FISH, and started reeling her in. I was below taking a nap and came up to reel in the line on our other pole. We do this so the lines don't become tangled. I soon realized that I had a fish on my line as well. Leo's fish was 4 pounds, and mine weighed 22 pounds. Ha!
They both tasted delicious. Leo is certainly getting big, isn't he?
We chose Madeira because my daughter Sara and her wife Julie had planned a big reunion there for November. Julie's father grew up in Madeira, and we had 8 people from the US fly in to join 20 cousins, aunts, and uncles who live in Madeira for two weeks of family meals and celebrations. We had an absolutely wonderful visit which we will hope to cover in another blog post.
So why the thunk thunk thunk?
Well, as part of the two week reunion we invited 25 souls to come join us for an outing on Sophie. It was a calm and sunny day, and we thought we'd go out for a bit of a sail, throw a couple of lines in the water, and maybe catch us some fish.
So once we had everyone on board, I fired up the engines and heard a loud, crumbly Thunk Thunk Thunk noise from the starboard side. It didn't sound right at all, so I killed the engines and went outside to see if a neighbour on a powerboat had started his loud, poorly-tuned diesel at the exact moment as I did. Nope. So I tried one more time and heard the exact same noise. I quickly killed the engine, went to examine it and found it was askew by 5 degrees. I knew immediately that it had jumped it's mounts, the steel and rubber "feet" that connect a diesel engine to the hull of a boat.
Brand new engine mounts look like this.
Sophie's starboard engine mounts on the afternoon of the party looked like this.
Believe it or not, it was a relatively easy repair. Jenna was heading to the States for a few days to attend her sister Julie's baby shower, and we made sure she returned with four new engine mounts. The local Yanmar dealer sent a couple of guys over – one of them was a big fella – and they simply used a lever to lift the engine up a few inches to get enough space to swap out the mounts. There was no damage to the sail drives or hulls.
All four of the old mounts looked like this.
Needless to say, we were ridiculously lucky that this happened to us while on a dock. The mounts had slowly rusted during the last 10 years, and at our dock in Madeira there was a strong, sharp sideways surge that, over the course of a week, slowly nudged that engine off it's mount. The mounts on the port engine were also completely shot, but that engine hadn't moved. If this failure had occurred at sea in rough weather, we could have experienced some significant damage.
The good news is that our afternoon outing on Sophie was still a complete success! I took everyone out for dinghy rides; people enjoyed the marina's salt water swimming pool; and we even had a bit of a dance party.
We had a wonderful visit to Madeira and made some lifelong friends. Jenna, Leo, Hazel, and I cannot begin to adequately express our gratitude for the wonderful hospitality this big beautiful family showed us. We'll be back. Many, many times.
Now we are on the northeast corner of the Canaries anchored by a beach in a marine reserve. There are ten other boats here, and I assume they will all be crossing the Atlantic in the next 6 weeks.
We also met here the rarest of rare commodities on our extended adventure: an American family with kids out cruising on a catamaran. The boat' s name is Ventus, the family is from the Midwest, and we all look forward to playing with them for the next few months. We even threw an impromptu dinner party last night with them and a French family boat. It was great to see packs of kids running around Sophie again.
So that's about all for now. We definitely feel like we are back in Adventure Cruise mode, and we definitely still feel lucky.
ps … here is a gratuitous photo of a pilot whale playing on our bow.