2009-05-22 Assigned to PRIORITY DISPATCH CORPORATION reassignment PRIORITY DISPATCH CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SAALSAA, RICHARD M.
A system and method assists an emergency medical dispatcher in responding to emergency calls by generating a determinant level code. A computer implemented method to determine Code Hierarchy Bias generates a determinant level sub-code that can be stored and analyzed with the determinant level code to determine the nature of Code Hierarchy Bias, to reveal hidden signs, symptoms, and conditions, to improve the accuracy and usefulness of determinant level codes, and to tailor emergency medical response structure for a more efficient use of emergency response personnel and resources.
This invention relates to computer systems and methods that provide medical protocol interrogation and instructions for emergency dispatch. More specifically, the invention is directed to systems and computer implemented methods to improve such emergency medical dispatch systems and methods.
FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of one embodiment of a system to identify code hierarchy bias in a medical priority dispatch system.
FIG. 1A depicts a block diagram of another embodiment of a system to identify code hierarchy bias in a medical priority dispatch system.
FIG. 2 depicts a display of one embodiment of a medical priority dispatch system.
FIGS. 3A-3C depict a display of another embodiment of a medical priority dispatch system and illustrate stack Code Hierarchy Bias.
FIGS. 4A-4C depict a display of the embodiment of a medical priority dispatch system of FIGS. 3A-3C and illustrate dual Code Hierarchy Bias.
FIG. 5 depicts a flowchart of one embodiment of a method to determine Code Hierarchy Bias in a medical priority dispatch system.
FIG. 6 depicts a flowchart of another embodiment of a method to determine Code Hierarchy Bias in a medical priority dispatch system.
FIG. 7 depicts a list of determinant level code and determinant level sub-code combinations that may be output by one embodiment of a method to identify Code Hierarchy Bias in a medical priority dispatch system.
Thousands of calls requesting emergency medical services are made every year. Many of these calls are not true medical emergencies and some medical emergencies have higher priority than others, so it is important to prioritize the calls in several ways. For example, true emergency calls with the highest priority should be dispatched first. Moreover, if a response agency has units with different capabilities, the more severe medical problems should receive the more advanced units. Finally, if lights-and-siren are not needed from a medical standpoint, they should not be used, thereby increasing the safety of all those on the road and in the emergency vehicles.
An automated medical priority dispatch system ("MPDS") may aid a call taker, or emergency medical dispatcher ("EMD"), in prioritizing the calls. The MPDS may follow a protocol comprising a logic tree that provides the EMD with pre-scripted inquiries or questions to be directed to a caller, that presents potential responses from the caller, and that provides the EMD with instructions for the caller based on the responses of the caller. The pre-scripted inquiries may ask or prompt the caller to report aspects of the emergency situation being reported. Aspects of the emergency situation may include but are not limited to signs, symptoms, and conditions. The aspects may relate to the patient, the circumstances at the time of the incident, and the circumstances present as the call is proceeding. As can be appreciated, symptoms may relate primarily to a patient, whereas signs and conditions may relate to a patient or to circumstances surrounding the incident.
The caller responses may route to subsequent pre-scripted inquiries and/or instructions to the caller. The caller responses may be processed by the MPDS according to predetermined logic to generate a consistent and predictable dispatch response. In this manner, the MPDS also aids the EMD to provide both the correct emergency medical dispatch response and the appropriate doctor-approved post-dispatch instructions to the caller before professional help arrives. Exemplary embodiments of such medical dispatch systems and protocols are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,857,966, 5,989,187, 6,004,266, 6,010,451, 6,053,864, 6,076,065, 6,078,894, 6,106,459, 6,607,481, 7,106,835, and 7,428,301, which are incorporated herein by reference.
The MPDS can aid the EMD in categorizing and prioritizing emergency calls by generating a determinant level code that categorizes the type and level of the incident. The determinant level code may include an emergency type descriptor for the type of incident or situation, an emergency level descriptor indicating priority, and a determinant value. For example, a determinant level code "6-D-1" comprises an emergency type descriptor '6,' an emergency level descriptor 'D', and a determinant value '1.' The emergency type 6 indicates breathing problems. The emergency level D indicates that the response level is Delta. Some examples of possible emergency levels are C (for lowest level emergencies requiring a response level of Charlie), D (for mid-level emergencies requiring a response level of Delta), and E (for highest level emergencies requiring a response level of Echo). An emergency level descriptor and determinant value may be referred to together as a determinant. The MPDS may include a determinant calculator to calculate a determinant from the caller's responses to protocol questions. The determinant calculator may calculate the determinant by assigning a value to each aspect of a situation that may be reported in a caller response according to the clinical criticality of the aspect. In another embodiment, a calculator may simply calculate the determinant value. In still another embodiment, a calculator may calculate the determinant level code by calculating the determinant and then combining the determinant with the emergency type descriptor.
The determinant level code enables the EMD to dispatch an appropriate emergency response agency, such as police, fire department, paramedics, etc., to the scene of the emergency. The determinant level code also may be communicated to the response agency to aid in anticipating the type of response and resources needed for the particular emergency at the scene. Because the questions asked and the recommendations made may deal directly with life and death decisions, it is important for the protocol and/or the EMD to determine the correct determinant level code.
A commonly recurring challenge to generating a correct determinant level code for a situation arises when a caller or patient reports more than one aspect of a given situation, each of which may be similarly critical. When multiple aspects are reported that are similarly critical, the EMD and/or the MPDS may then be forced to make a choice that can affect how the protocol of the MPDS proceeds. Although aspects may be similarly critical, the aspects may be ranked hierarchically according to their clinical importance. The clinical importance may be derived from how critical or life threatening the aspect is from a clinical standpoint. Accordingly, a choice to focus on one aspect of the situation likely may result in generation of a determinant level code that is different than would be generated by another choice.
When the caller reports multiple similarly critical aspects, the MPDS may be programmed to pick a choice, or prompt the EMD to make a choice, based on the aspect with the highest ranking criticality. Even if the MPDS were not programmed to pick or prompt for a choice, the EMD may make his or her own subjective comparison of the reported aspects and choose based on perceived criticality. The choice recommended by the MPDS and/or made by the EMD introduces what may be referred to as Code Hierarchy Bias. Code Hierarchy Bias can be described as the tendency of MPDS logic, or an EMD, to make a particular choice when presented with a set of similarly critical aspects of an emergency situation. The emergency dispatch system industry does not currently realize this bias exists, and presently there are no means for determining the nature of the bias or how the bias may affect emergency dispatch.
Understanding how Code Hierarchy Bias affects emergency dispatch requires understanding the nature of the bias. Stated differently, it requires understanding why MPDS logic and/or a human EMD may select a particular determinant level code when multiple similarly critical aspects, such as signs, symptoms, or conditions, are concurrently present. Unfortunately, understanding the 'why' is not easy because the choices made are not presently trackable. Multiple reported aspects can result in cloaking of one or more of the reported signs, symptoms, or conditions, no matter the specific choice made.
The nature of emergency dispatch simply does not lend itself to capturing every reported aspect. As an example, the MPDS protocol may be designed to identify the most critical situations, inherently keying on the most critical aspects reported. Keying on the critical aspects can lead to filtering and generalizing a situation rather than distinguishing and detailing the situation. In other words, a determinant level code may merely approximate or partially describe a clinical presentation in a given emergency situation. Furthermore, an EMD may be primarily focused on rapid processing of the call, more intent on achieving a rapid response than an providing an accurate response. These characteristics, inherent to emergency dispatch, result in failure to gather data that can be used to determine whether the MPDS protocol facilitates correct emergency responses and how the MPDS and underlying protocol can be improved.
The present disclosure attempts to address these challenges by providing methods and systems for capturing and revealing the multiple reported aspects of emergency situations that may be cloaked or hidden by present emergency call processing, and thereby reveal the nature of Code Hierarchy Bias. An automated computer-implemented method according to the present disclosure, operating in association with an MPDS, can facilitate revealing Code Hierarchy Bias. Revealing Code Hierarchy Bias can enhance the ability, through scientific studies, to unlock hidden or overlooked conditions, to improve the accuracy and usefulness of determinant level code descriptors, and to tailor the Emergency Medical System response structure.
Embodiments may also be provided as a computer program product including a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions that may be used to program a computer (or other electronic device) to perform processes described herein. The computer-readable storage medium may comprise a memory device, including but not limited to, hard drives, floppy diskettes, optical disks, USB drives, CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, solid-state memory devices, or other types of media/machine-readable medium suitable for storing electronic instructions. For example, instructions for performing described processes may be transferred from a remote computer (e.g., a server) to a requesting computer (e.g., a client) by way of data signals via a communication link (e.g., network connection).
Several aspects of the embodiments described will be illustrated as software modules or components. As used herein, a software module or component may include any type of computer instruction or computer-executable code located within a memory device and/or transmitted as electronic signals over a system bus or wired or wireless network. A software module may, for instance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions, which may be organized as a routine, program, object, component, data structure, etc., that performs one or more tasks or implements particular abstract data types.
FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of one embodiment of a computer system 100 to identify code hierarchy bias in an emergency medical dispatch system. The computer system 100 may comprise a computer 101 having a processor 102 coupled to input/output (I/O) and memory 106. The memory 106 may comprise a computer-readable storage medium. The memory 106 may include components of a medical priority dispatch system ("MPDS"), including a protocol module 108 to aid an emergency medical dispatcher (EMD) 126 in processing an emergency call, pre-scripted inquiries 110 and pre-scripted instructions 112 that the protocol module 108 can present to the EMD 126 by way of the computer monitor 124 or other display, and a determinant value calculator module 116 that determines an appropriate determinant value and/or determinant level code based on the caller responses 114 to the pre-scripted inquiries 110. The determinant value calculator module 116 of the memory 106 may further comprise a determinant level sub-code calculator to calculate a determinant level sub-code that can be used to identify Code Hierarchy Bias, as will be described in greater detail. The memory 106 may further include storage for caller responses 114 to the pre-scripted inquiries 110. The memory 106 may store pre-established determinant level codes 118 and determinant level sub-codes 120 from which the appropriate output coding 122 can be derived and stored. The determinant level codes 118 and the determinant level sub-codes may be stored as pairs, or otherwise associated together.
An emergency caller 130 can dial 9-1-1 to reach the local Emergency Medical System to seek assistance for an emergency situation involving a patient 134. The caller 130 can be connected to an EMD 126 over a voice communication network 132. The protocol module 108 is initiated to aid the EMD 126 in processing the call. The protocol module 108 can be initiated automatically by the MPDS as part of the call being received by the EMD 126. In another embodiment, the EMD 126 can initiate the protocol module 108, for example, by clicking a button on a graphical user interface displayed on the monitor 124. The protocol module 108 presents the EMD 126 with pre-scripted inquiries 110 and/or pre-scripted instructions 112 to be directed by the EMD 126 to the caller 130. The EMD 126 may read the pre-scripted questions 110 and/or instructions 112 to the caller 130 over the voice communication network 132.
The EMD 126 receives responses to the questions from the caller 130. The questions guide the caller 130 to gather information about the patient 134. As the caller responds to the questions, the information about the patient 134 is relayed by the caller 130 to the EMD 126 over the communication network 132. The EMD 126 inputs the caller responses into the MPDS using the keyboard 123 and/or a user interface displayed on the monitor 124. The caller responses 114 are stored in the memory 106. The processor 102 can process the caller responses to provide information that the protocol module 108 can use to determine how to proceed. The processor 102 can also process the responses to determine one or more candidate determinant level codes 118 and one or more determinant level sub-codes 120 that capture all the aspects of the situation reported by the caller 130 in the caller's responses 114 to the pre-scripted inquiries 110.
FIG. 1A depicts a block diagram of another embodiment of a computer system 150 to identify code hierarchy bias in an emergency medical dispatch system. The computer system 150 comprises a code hierarchy system 152, which may include a processor 154 and a memory 156. The memory may store determinant level sub-codes 158. The memory may further comprise a determinant level sub-code calculator 160 and storage for information received from an MPDS, such as caller responses 162 and determinant level codes 164. The code hierarchy system 152 interfaces with or is coupled to an MPDS 166. The MPDS may comprise a computer having a processor, input and output devices, and a memory having components such as a protocol module, pre-scripted inquiries, pre-scripted instructions, and a determinant value calculator module as described above with reference to FIG. 1. As can be appreciated, the embodiment of the computer system 150 of FIG. 2 may comprise a single computer. In another embodiment, the computer system 150 may comprise a first computer for the MPDS 166 and a second computer for the code hierarchy system 152 coupled together via a network.
An EMD 126 using the MPDS 166 can receive an emergency medical call from a caller 130, via a network 132, and can process the call according to a protocol of the MPDS 166. While the call is being processed, the MPDS 166 provides the EMD 126 with pre-scripted inquiries or questions and instructions for the caller 130, as previously described with reference to FIG. 1. The EMD 126 enters caller responses to the inquiries or questions about a patient 134 into the MPDS 166 and the MPDS 166 generates a determinant level code based on those caller responses.
The code hierarchy system 152 can receive the caller responses 162 and determinant level codes 164 from the MPDS 166. The caller responses 162 and determinant level codes 164 may be stored in the memory 156. The sub-code calculator module 160 can use the determinant level codes 164 and/or caller responses 162 to calculate a determinant level sub-code 158 to be output or stored. The determinant level codes and sub-codes can then be used to determine Code Hierarchy Bias.
FIG. 2 depicts a display of one embodiment of a display 200 of an MPDS traversing a protocol. The MPDS is at a point in the protocol where a determinant level code may be determined and selected. The display 200 is an output screen of a software program that implements a MPDS. The display 200 is shown when the MPDS is at a point in the protocol after multiple questions have been asked by the EMD and answered by the caller and a determinant level code is being determined by the EMD and/or the MPDS. The display 200 may comprise a clock 202 displaying the current time, a protocol indicator 204 signaling to an EMD the protocol the MPDS is currently following, an Answers pane 206, a determinant level code Send button 208, a display 210 on the Send button 208 to show the currently selected determinant level code, a Determinants pane 220, and a Response Level pane 118.
The protocol indicator 204, as shown in FIG. 2, indicates that the current protocol of the MPDS is Protocol 6, which guides an EMD in handling "Breathing Problems" related calls. Accordingly, the Determinants pane 220 displays a list of determinants 222 that can aid in categorizing and/or prioritizing the variations of breathing problems the patient may be experiencing. The determinants 222 comprise an emergency level descriptor and a determinant value. A brief description of what each determinant represents is also included in the Determinants pane 220.
The EMD directs inquiries or questions to the caller to identify the aspects of the patient's breathing problem. The caller's responses are entered into the MPDS to enable the MPDS to identify candidate determinants 222 to highlight in the Determinants pane 220. From the candidate determinants 222, the MPDS and/or the EMD can determine an appropriate determinant level code to send to the emergency response agency. The currently recommended (or EMD selected) determinant 222 may be highlighted by a selection cursor 223 in the Determinants pane 220. Other determinants 222 can match the symptoms, and thereby qualify as selection candidates that the EMD or the MPDS may select. These selection candidates can also be highlighted, for example in a different color, or otherwise indicated. In one embodiment, the EMD may select a candidate determinant 222 and thereby override a recommended MPDS selection.
The Answers pane 206 displays answers provided by the caller in response to questions generated by the MPDS protocol. The responses may be typed in by the EMD, or the field may be populated according to selections made by the EMD in another user interface. In one embodiment the Answers pane 206 may display all of the current caller's responses. In another embodiment, merely select caller responses may be displayed, such as those responses that trigger a higher determinant as a candidate. In still another embodiment, only the most recent caller responses are displayed. The caller responses may be numbered in the Answers pane 206. In FIG. 2, caller response 1 indicates the patient "is able to talk" and caller response 2 indicates the patient "is not changing color." Based on caller responses 1 and 2, the display 210 on the Send button 108 shows that the MPDS and/or the EMD has determined, thus far, that the proper determinant is "C-1 Abnormal breathing." A selection cursor 223 highlights the currently selected determinant in the Determinants pane 220.
In another embodiment, the lowest level determinant may be automatically selected as a default until a caller response triggers selecting a different determinant. The embodiment shown in FIG. 2 may be initially highlighting C-1 as a default determinant, although it may be the case that neither of the two responses received to this point would have triggered the C-1 determinant. In another embodiment, no determinant is selected until a caller response corresponds to a determinant.
The Response level for determinant C-1, as indicated in the Response Level pane 118, is Charlie. The Response level may be described as a higher level categorization of the situation, and may correspond to, and signal to the response agency, the level of emergency response needed. The response level can correspond to the emergency level descriptor of the corresponding determinant 222.
FIGS. 3A-4C aid in understanding Code Hierarchy Bias and the challenge addressed by the present invention. When multiple aspects of a situation are present and reported by a caller, the inherent nature of emergency medical dispatch introduces a potential for bias. The MPDS protocol generally may be designed and configured to identify the most critical situations by keying on the most critical aspects reported, and thereby filter and generalize emergency situations. Protocol 6, as depicted on the protocol indicator 304 in FIGS. 3A-3C and the protocol indicator 404 in FIGS. 4A-4C, is useful to demonstrate this filtering and generalizing, and the bias that may result.
FIGS. 3A-3C depict a display of another embodiment of a medical priority dispatch system. These figures illustrate a first type of bias, a stack bias, which is encountered when two or more aspects, including but not limited to signs, symptoms, or conditions, correspond to a defined determinant level code descriptor, as is the case with 6-D-1 Severe Respiratory Distress ("SRD"). Two aspects may trigger selection of the 6-D-1 SRD determinant level code: (1) the patient may be changing color, or (2) the patient may have difficulty speaking between breaths. If only the determinant level code is used and/or communicated, at times the actual nature of the problem being reported may be masked because it may be unclear which condition triggered the determinant. With two trigger aspects, there are three different medical situations covered by the 6-D-1 determinant level code descriptor, namely the patient may be suffering with either aspect, or with both aspects. More specifically, the patient could (i) be changing color, only, (ii) have difficulty speaking between breaths, only, or (iii) be changing color and have difficulty speaking between breaths. Thus, there is uncertainty as to which of the three is the exact situation when only the 6-D-1 code is communicated and/or recorded.
In FIG. 3A, the problem being reported is SRD due to 'difficulty speaking between breaths.' Based on responses 1-5 in the Answers pane 306, the display 310 on the Send button 308 in FIG. 3A shows that the MPDS and/or the EMD has determined the proper code to be sent is 6-D-1 for SRD. Specifically, response 2 in the Answers pane 306 indicates the EMD operating the MPDS is speaking to a caller that is reporting a patient manifesting difficulty speaking between breaths. The determinant D-1 is highlighted by the selection cursor 323 in the Determinants pane 320 to show it is currently selected. If only the determinant level code 6-D-1 is communicated to the emergency response agency, there is no way for the agency to determine that the response was triggered by "difficulty speaking between breaths" as opposed to "changing color." Further, if only 6-D-1 is recorded for subsequent research and analysis, there is no way to go back and determine which aspect(s) triggered the determinant. Even if the responses are also recorded, performing subsequent research and analysis on the data requires tediously reviewing each series of questions and caller responses and counting, or identifying the combination of, the aspects reported. Such tedious review is impractical and approaches impossible when the number of calls and cases to be analyzed is in the millions and when the total number of possible question and answer combinations currently exceeds 83 million.
In FIG. 3B, the problem being reported is also SRD, but this time the aspect being reported is that the patient is 'changing color' (rather than difficulty speaking between breaths). Based on responses 1-5 in the Answers pane 306, the display 310 on the Send button 308 in FIG. 3B shows that the MPDS and/or the EMD has determined the proper code to be sent is again 6-D-1 for SRD. Specifically, response 4 in the Answers pane 306 indicates the EMD operating the MPDS is speaking to a caller that is reporting a patient who is changing color, but who is not having difficulty speaking between breaths. The determinant D-1 is highlighted by the selection cursor 323 in the Determinants pane 320 to show it is currently selected. Again, if only the determinant level code 6-D-1 is communicated to the emergency response agency, or recorded for research purposes, there is no way to determine that the response was triggered by a patient who is changing color rather than who is having difficulty speaking between breaths.
In FIG. 3C, the problem being reported is again SRD, and this time both of the aspects of the determinant level code 6-D-1 are being reported. Based on the caller responses 1-5 in the Answers pane 306, the display 310 on the Send button 308 in FIG. 3C shows that the MPDS and/or the EMD has determined the proper determinant level code to be used is again 6-D-1 for SRD. Specifically, responses 2 and 4 in the Answers pane 306 indicate the EMD operating the MPDS is speaking to a caller that is reporting a patient manifesting both difficulty speaking between breaths and changing color. The determinant D-1 is highlighted by the selection cursor 323 in the Determinants pane 320 to show it is currently selected. Again, if only the determinant level code 6-D-1 is sent to the emergency response agency, or recorded for research purposes, there is no way to determine that the response was triggered by a patient who is manifesting both aspects included in the clinical definition of severe respiratory distress, rather than simply one or the other.
In FIG. 4A, the problem being reported is again severe respiratory distress. However, the aspect of being "not alert" (which can be a factor for selecting the "D-2 Not Alert" determinant) is present in addition to the aspect of changing color, which triggers the "D-1 SRD" determinant. Based on responses 1-5 in the Answers pane 406, the MPDS and/or the EMD may have determined the proper determinant level code to be sent is again "6-D-1 SRD." Specifically, responses 3 and 4 in the Answers pane 406 indicate the EMD operating the MPDS is speaking to a caller that is reporting a patient who is not alert and who is changing color. The determinant D-1 is highlighted by the selection cursor 423 in the Determinants pane 420 to show it is currently selected. Again, if only the determinant level code 6-D-1 is sent to the emergency response agency, or recorded for research purposes, there is no way for the agency to determine that the patient is also manifesting the aspect of not being alert that triggers the second determinant D-2. Thus, dual code bias is introduced.
The MPDS of FIGS. 4A-4C, however, implements one embodiment of a method of the present disclosure to aid in identifying both stack and dual code bias. Specifically, in one embodiment of the present disclosure, an automated computer system and/or computer-implemented method operate in association with the MPDS to generate a determinant level sub-code based on a caller's responses. The determinant level sub-code represents a combination of reported aspects. For example, in FIG. 4A the display 410 on the Send button 408 indicates the determinant level code, and appends a determinant level sub-code, in this case "t". The sub-code "t" represents the combination of aspects 'changing color' AND 'not alert.' Including the sub-code "t" allows quick identification of all the aspects that were reported. The emergency response agency has more information available. Moreover, if the sub-code is recorded with the determinant level code, analysis can subsequently be performed to identify Code Hierarchy Bias and to assess the accuracy and usefulness of the determinant level code in communicating different emergency situations.
In FIG. 4B, the problem being reported manifests the same aspects as FIG. 4A above, namely changing color and not alert. In this case the MPDS and/or the EMD may have determined the proper determinant level code to be sent is "6-D-2 Not Alert." In another embodiment, the EMD may have overridden the MPDS determination. The determinant level D-1 SRD is highlighted as a candidate, but not currently selected. Rather the determinant D-2 Not Alert is highlighted by the selection cursor 423 in the Determinants pane 420 to show it is currently selected. If only the code 6-D-2 is sent to the emergency response agency, or recorded for research purposes, there is no way to determine that the patient is also manifesting the aspect of changing color. Nor is there any way to go back and investigate why the EMD or MPDS may have selected 6-D-2, or why the EMD may have overridden the system recommendation of sending 6-D-1, because there would be no record of the reported aspect of changing color.
The methods of the present disclosure capture more information, and thereby enable discovery of the nature of the bias. In addition to the determinant level code 6-D-2, the determinant level sub-code "t" is appended. As before, the sub-code "t" represents the combination of both aspects reported, 'changing color' AND 'not alert.' The sub-code "t" provides more information for identifying Code Hierarchy Bias and for improving the system.
FIG. 4C depicts a final example. In FIG. 4C, the patient is manifesting the same aspects as FIG. 4A above (changing color and not alert) and is also "clammy." Based on responses 1-5 in the Answers pane 406, the display 410 on the Send button 408 in FIG. 4C shows that the MPDS and/or the EMD has determined the proper determinant level code to be sent is again 6-D-1. Specifically, responses 3, 4, and 5 in the Answers pane 406 indicate the EMD operating the MPDS is speaking to a caller that is reporting a patient who is not alert, changing color, and clammy. The determinant D-1 SRD is highlighted by the selection cursor 423 in the Determinants pane 420 to show it is currently selected. Again, if only the determinant level code 6-D-1 is sent to the emergency response agency, or recorded for research purposes, there is no way for the agency to determine that the patient is also manifesting the aspects of not being alert and clammy. However, the display 410 on the Send button 408 indicates both the determinant level code and a determinant level sub-code "z". The sub-code "z" represents the combination of aspects 'changing color' AND 'not alert' AND 'clammy.' By generating a determinant level sub-code, the methods of the present disclosure capture and reveal more information, and enable discovery of the nature of any Code Hierarchy Bias that may be present.
One of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that the determinant level sub-code may be generated a variety of ways. In one embodiment, the method of the present invention may generate the determinant level sub-code concurrently, while the MPDS proceeds through a protocol. In another embodiment, the method may store the caller responses and subsequently search and analyze the stored caller responses after the determinant level code is determined. In still another embodiment, the method may search and analyze the stored caller responses after the determinant level code has been sent to the emergency response agency.
FIG. 5 depicts a flow chart of one embodiment of a method 500 to determine Code Hierarchy Bias. The method 500 receives data from a MPDS, and generates a determinant level sub-code from the data received. The determinant level sub-code may be output. The method may start and may run concurrently while the MPDS traverses a protocol. Response data is collected 510 from caller responses to questions 52 generated by the MPDS protocol. The determinant level code 54 may also be received 512 from the MPDS protocol. The method 500 also may access 514 a file containing determinant level sub-codes 516. The determinant level sub-code can be calculated based on the caller response data received 510. The determinant level code and sub-code are combined and output 518 for transmission to the emergency response agency and/or storage. The method then ends. The output may be subsequently examined, analyzed, and/or compared with other output to similar cases to identify and reduce Code Hierarchy Bias and to improve the MPDS system or coding structure.
In another embodiment, the method 500 may run asynchronously with the MPDS, perhaps long after the MPDS has traversed the corresponding protocol. Response data is collected 510 from caller responses to questions 52 generated by the MPDS protocol. The responses may be collected 510 real-time from the MPDS, or may be retrieved from storage where they were previously recorded and fixed. Likewise, the determinant level code descriptor may be received real-time from the MPDS, or may be retrieved from storage where it was previously recorded and fixed. The output of the method 500 may be subsequently examined, analyzed, and/or compared with other output to similar cases to identify and reduce Code Hierarchy Bias and to improve the MPDS system or coding structure. For example, a determinant level code and determinant level sub-code pair may be compared to other determinant level code and determinant level sub-code pairs having the same determinant level sub-code. Because the determinant level sub-codes are identical, the same aspects were reported in each situation and the comparison can indicate the type of situations that are susceptible to Code Hierarchy Bias.
FIG. 6 depicts a flow chart of another embodiment of a method 600 to determine Code Hierarchy Bias. This method may comprise steps generally performed by an MPDS. For example, the method 600 may generate 608 key questions to display to an EMD according to a protocol. The responses to the questions are collected 610 and then, similar to an MPDS, the data may be used to generate 612 a determinant level code that can be used to determine an appropriate emergency response to dispatch 66. The determinant level code can also be sent 68 to an emergency response agency. With response data and a determinant level code descriptor, an appropriate determinant level sub-code may be determined 615 and then output 616 with the determinant level code. The determinant level sub-code can also be sent 68 with the determinant level code to the response agency. In another embodiment, the method 600 can be incorporated into an MPDS protocol.
FIG. 7 depicts a list of potential combinations 702 of a determinant level code 704 and determinant level sub-codes 706 that may be output by one embodiment of a method to determine Code Hierarchy Bias in a MPDS. A description 708 is included for convenience in interpreting the combinations 702. As is apparent, the sub-codes 706 allow for creation of variations of the determinant level code 704. In this case, the determinant level code 704 is 6-D-1 and the potential combinations created with varying sub-codes 706 are shown. The various combinations 702 convey information that may otherwise not be generated or conveyed without the present invention. The list demonstrates that there are at least 12 possible clinical situations that may be included in what may have previously been a single code, namely determinant level code 6-D-1. That there are at least 12 possible combinations 702 illustrates the risk that an MPDS is cloaking signs, symptoms, and/or conditions and suggests the difficulty of revealing Code Hierarchy Bias without the embodiments of present disclosure.
Various modifications, changes, and variations apparent to those of skill in the art may be made in the arrangement, operation, and details of the methods and systems of the disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Thus, it is to be understood that the embodiments described above have been presented by way of example, and not limitation, and that the invention is defined by the appended claims.
the computer outputting information resulting from the comparison of determinant level code and determinant level sub-code pairs that can be used to improve the clinical accuracy of the determinant level codes generated by the medical priority dispatch system.
2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the reported aspects include at least one of signs, symptoms, and conditions.
3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the computer system comparing further comprises comparing determinant level code and determinant level sub-code pairs having the same determinant level sub-code.
4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising storing the determinant level sub-code and the determinant level code in a computer-readable storage medium.
5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the determinant level sub-code is generated by selecting from a list of sub-codes a sub-code that represents a combination of the caller reported aspects, wherein the list of sub-codes comprises possible combinations of aspects that may be reported by the caller in responses to the protocol questions.
6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising storing the determinant level code and the corresponding reported aspects collected from the caller in a computer-readable storage medium, wherein the computer-system can retrieve the determinant level code and the corresponding reported aspects and generate the determinant level sub-code.
the medical priority dispatch system storing the determinant level sub-code in combination with the determinant level code in a computer-readable storage medium.
8. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, further comprising storing the caller responses in a computer-readable storage medium for subsequent examination to generate the determinant level sub-code.
9. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, further comprising the medical priority dispatch computer system comparing determinant level code and determinant level sub-code pairs to identify whether a combination of reported aspects in a given situation is susceptible to code hierarchy bias.
10. The computer-implemented method of claim 9, wherein the medical priority dispatch computer system comparing further comprises comparing determinant level code and determinant level sub-code pairs having the same determinant level sub-code.
11. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, further comprising the medical priority dispatch computer system performing statistical analysis on a plurality of stored determinant level code and sub-code combinations to determine situations that are susceptible to code hierarchy bias.
12. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, further comprising the medical priority dispatch computer system performing statistical analysis on a plurality of stored determinant level code and sub-code combinations to determine a clinical make-up of the determinant level code as it relates to specific situations and diagnoses and to ensure the determinant level codes are medically accurate.
the computer system communicating to an emergency response agency the determinant level code and determinant level sub-code.
14. The computer-implemented method of claim 13, further comprising the computer system storing the caller responses on a computer-readable storage medium for subsequent examination to generate the determinant level sub-code, wherein the computer system generates the determinant level sub-code by electronically searching and analyzing the caller responses to generate the determinant level sub-code.
15. The computer implemented method of claim 13, further comprising the computer system performing statistical analysis on stored determinant level code and sub-code data to determine situations that are susceptible to code hierarchy bias.
16. The computer implemented method of claim 13, further comprising the computer system performing statistical analysis on stored determinant level code and sub-code descriptor data to determine a clinical make-up of each determinant level code as it relates to specific situations and diagnoses and to ensure the determinant level codes are medically accurate.
wherein the computer system compares the determinant level code and determinant level sub-code pair to other determinant level code and determinant level sub-code pairs to identify whether a combination of reported aspects of a situation is susceptible to code hierarchy bias and outputs information resulting from the comparison of determinant level code and determinant level sub-code pairs that can be used to improve the clinical accuracy of the determinant level codes generated by the medical priority dispatch system.
18. The computer system of claim 17, wherein the computer system compares the determinant level code and determinant level sub-code pair to other pairs by performing statistical analysis to identify situations susceptible to code hierarchy bias.
19. The computer system of claim 17, wherein the medical priority dispatch system is on a first computer and the code hierarchy system is on a second computer, and wherein the computer system further comprises a network to enable communication between the first computer and the second computer.
a calculator module configured to determine a determinant level code and determinant level sub-code based on caller responses to the pre-scripted inquiries.
21. A computer system of claim 20, wherein the memory further comprises caller responses received from one or more callers responding to the pre-scripted inquiries, wherein the caller responses are stored on the memory to be subsequently searched and analyzed.
22. A computer system of claim 20, wherein the memory further comprises stored determinant level code and stored determinant level sub-codes.


text:
← Another changing tide? (#SFWApro)
Print fiction didn't bring its A-game to my house this week (#SFWApro) →
Angry Martians, a disappointing black film, TV and a play: reviews (#SFWApro)
THE ANGRY RED PLANET (1960) is by the same creators as the tedious The Time Travelers and equally uninteresting, except for one truly memorable monster, the absurd bat-rat-spider. An expedition to Mars encounters various Martian horrors before the Martians send them home and tell them not to come back, the end. Very, very talky in the drawing-room SF vein (even though most of the talk takes place in labs or on the ship). "Nothing I've seen contradicts the theory that basic matter is the same everywhere in the universe."
A PIECE OF THE ACTION (1976) was Bill Cosby and Sidney Poitier's third and final big-screen team-up (the first being Uptown Saturday Night) and easily the worst. Instead of blue-collar buddies, they're now master criminals (safe cracker and conman respectively) blackmailed by retired cop James Earl Jones into serving as mentors at a job center for troubled inner-city youth. I loved this the first time I saw it, but now I recognize how many shopworn tropes are in it — this could as easily have been Welcome Back Kotter or one of Warner Brothers' 1930s dramas about slum kids, coupled with the time-honored plot of Guy Becomes Teacher, Blossoms Into Decent Human Being and lots of stuff about how all the kids need is Confidence and a Good Attitude. Another problem is that there are two main plots, the crime drama (will the vengeful mobsters catch up with them?) and the kid stuff, and the film doesn't mesh them smoothly. "That's your first lesson — nobody gives you something for nothing."
DC LEGENDS OF TOMORROW had a much better season than its first, replacing Vandal Savage with the Legion of Doom ("I got the name from this cartoon I watched as a kid."), a trio of established villains who very much want to rewrite history to put wrong what once went right. This was just a really fun show and the final episode of the season was spectacular. "Why would a relic from the Crusades turn up in the Galapagos during the Reagan era?"
I recently discovered that the one nonsyndicated episode of THE TWILIGHT ZONE, The Encounter, was online at YouTube and so thought I'd give it a look. This story of Nisei George Takei and WW II veteran Neville Brand locking horns with each other is superbly acted — given it's a two-man show, they picked two great guys. Unfortunately the racial overtones are (as they say) problematic, staring with the Big Reveal that Takei's father was a Japanese spy working with the attackers at Pearl Harbor (there was no Japanese fifth column at Pearl Harbor). The rest of the arc seems to imply that Takei has something to atone for equivalent to Brand murdering a Japanese officer, or that he's still somehow a threat just because of his sinister Japanese-ness or something, which probably explains why it's not in syndication or on DVD. THE GRAND DUKE was Gilbert and Sullivan's last production and I wasn't optimistic about it given Utopia Limited and Princess Ida (the preceding creations) were hardly their A-game. Surprisingly this was very entertaining: a troupe of actors plotting to take over a small German principality get a lucky break due to an arcane rule of law that allows one of their number to legally assume the Grand Duke's role. However it turns out that includes the Grand Duke's responsibilities, such as marriage — or engagements — and it turns out the Duke's been kind of free with his proposals. Great fun, good looking and well performed; the duke is somewhat modeled on Trump, but that works fine.. "Be a violet — a crushed, despairing violet."
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Tagged as Twilight Zone
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Another interesting move from TEN programming will see the return of Blue Bloods soon -but curiously the show is getting an upgrade from ONE to TEN.
Season Three "Family Business" premieres 9:30pm Monday August 26th, just a month before Season Four premieres in the US.
A dangerous criminal from Danny's past comes back to seek revenge and kidnaps Jackie. Meanwhile, Jamie meets his new partner, and a young officer is shaken after he accidentally shoots an innocent man.
The series had a troubled run on TEN when it premiered in 2011, moving from Wednesdays to Fridays and eventually shuffled off to ONE.
It's rare indeed that a show gets an upgrade from a multichannel to primary channel –The Simpsons has been one case in point (although there have been suggestions it may head back to ELEVEN too).
TEN's 9:30pm Monday slot has been underperforming for too long, despite the excellent The Americans not getting a look in from most viewers (and I could write a whole other post on that topic). On the sluggish figures it has had it should have been moved weeks ago. Now that it is concluding and we see it replaced by a multichannel show from TEN's CBS output deal, the question really has to be asked: does TEN now at a point where it has nothing else in its cupboard?
With all the repeats of shows ch 10, 11 & One show, it would be great if they showed some of the early seasons of Blue Bloods. I missed a few eps when they were up against other shows and couldn't tape them.
Blue Bloods was rating less than 300k on Fridays when it was bumped to One two years. Ten will be hoping it appeals to Wanted viewers more than The Americans did.
Ten seem pretty much resigned to 4th place on Monday nights. They probably have nothing that would do well there where as Blue Bloods won't do better anywhere else so why not use it.
@glennc – I see your point. 500k is too ambitious! Although, shows such as police procedurals like Blue Bloods, are easy to watch and pick up on as there is a new story each time so a figure close to that may be possible. That's a Big Maybe. The only real problem TEN have is viewers forgetting the protagonists and their various relations. I suggest TEN screen a three-five minute 'Previously on Blue Bloods…' to appeal to viewers both new and old, with recaps dating back to key turning points in its first two seasons. A little bit of promotion wouldn't hurt either, not excessive, but a little here and there. It hasn't got much in the way of heavy viewing competition, so, I hope it can do an okay performance.
You're only asking that question now David? Have you been on sabbatical for the past few years or something?
Would put money on this being un-done again as soon as new eps of higher rating shows are available in September….
Monday is usually jam packed – at least it was when Americans debuted. Our house was committed to Revenge, Dexter & Breaking Bad. While it's less busy now, it's only a matter of time….
@Eliot Ten would be stoked if Blue Bloods rated 500k in this timeslot. Think a more practical target is 300k. 300k would be a 50% improvement on what The Americans is currently getting.
The Americans was launched on Monday night where Ten was struggling badly and The Biggest Loser provided a low and completely unsuitable lead-in. It was up against The Voice/Major Crimes and House Rules/Revenge.
People just figured they had enough to watch on Monday nights without bothering with it. It rated only 487k for the premiere at 8:30pm and once it moved to its regular 9:30pm rapidly dropped below 200k.
I have heard the Americans is good and my PVR has all the current eps. I refused to start watching until 10 had aired all of them.
Still burnt from White Collar (i know it is screening now, but too much mucking about left me reluctant to watch another US show on 10! SO the poor ratings from my perspective is they can blame themselves for developing a culture of mistrust with launching new US shows. The launch of Renovations to Riches will hurt Under the Dome further!! When will networks learn??
Where's The Devil wears Prada ?
This move isn't a wholly bad one, as this will definitely not rate as bad as The Americans in the timeslot. Yet, its numbers I feel won't be too great. Maximum 500,000 I expect.
since sows like Touch, Vegas, Medium and such have been axed or have ended I don't think Ten are in any rush to play them. and encoring The Project after 11pm doesn't help, they could air those shows there. couldn't they just encore The Project on One or Eleven? so we don't get behind on lower rated shows.
New Girl had repeats on 11 once, they should just keep it there with new eps in place of Rules of Engagement or Raising Hope.
don't gimme this 'they've run out of content' cause they have plenty to show all year around. they're just too stupid to think of anything.
oh, where's Sons of Anarchy Season 4?!?!
Great news, I was wondering what was going to replace The Americans. I'm baffled as to why it doesn't rate better here too. It is a massive hit in the US and has been renewed for another season.
I've been wondering what happened to New Girl too, it's been over a year since it was on here.
The networks have 3 channels to fill instead of 1, are cutting back on their output deals and fewer US shows are rating well. So yes they are running out of shows.
If a new show like the Americans is only going to rate 170k then something which a lot of people have enjoyed like Blue Bloods may do better than that on a primary channel where it gets flicked past more and is more likely to be spotted in the TV Guide.
Nikita was moved from Go! to NIne because they ran out of late night filler.
Hoping American Horror Story is on TEN not ELEVEN. Too cool to be overlooked.
I love this show, and hate to admit that lately there has been such a large amount of great programming on that I still have half a dozen episodes of season 2 on my PVR to watch. But I really hope that moving Blue Bloods back to TEN won't result in it being bumped if it doesn't rate and having to wait months before it reappears like happened last time.
@ James S – couldn't agree more. They moved The New Normal to ELEVEN but it has been replaced half a dozen episodes before the end with repeats of Rules of Engagement (with it originally being 1 new RoE and 1 new TNN, but ended up being double RoE from 3 weeks ago till this week with it now finished).
Why don't Ten move New Girl over to Eleven? The Sitcom has a Young-Skewing Audience.


text:
Jakovljev Jak-130 (NATO-ova oznaka Mitten) je podzvučni napredni trener / laki jurišnik (dvosjed) kojeg je razvio ruski dizajnerski ured Jakovljev. Razvoj zrakoplova započeo je 1991. dok je probni let proveden 26. travnja 1996. godine. Jak-130 je 2005. pobijedio na javnom natječaju kojeg je objavila ruska Vlada o uvođenju novog trenera u rusko ratno zrakoplovstvo, a u njega je uveden 2009.
Kao napredni trener, Jakovljev Jak-130 može ponoviti karakteristike lovaca generacije 4+ kao i lovca Suhoj T-50 iz 5. generacije. Avion može obavljati lake napade i operacije izviđanja prenoseći pritom borbeni komplet u težini od 3.000 kg.

Povijest
Početkom 1990-ih sovjetska Vlada je od vojnih industrija zatražila razvoj novog zrakoplova koji bi zamijenio postojeće čehoslovačke trenere Aero L-29 Delfín i Aero L-39 Albatros. Svoje prijedloge su iznijela četiri dizajnerska ureda. Suhoj je predstavio Suhoj S-54, Mjasišev M-200, Mikojan MiG-AT, a Jakovljev Jak-UTS. 1991. odbačene su ponude Mjasiševa i Suhoja dok su u daljnjem natjecanju ostali Mikojan-Gurevič i Jakovljev. 10. travnja 2002. objavljeno je da je Jak-130 postao pobjednik ruskog javnog natječaja o uvođenju trenera za osnovnu i naprednu obuku pilota u ruskim zračnim snagama.

Razvoj Jak-UTS započeo je 1991. godine, a njegov dizajn je dovršen u rujnu 1993. godine. Iste godine tvrtka Jakovljev je potpisala ugovor s talijanskim Aermacchijem na temelju kojeg su zajedno radili na razvoju novog aviona koji je tako postao Jak/AEM-130. Jak-130 je ponuđen ruskom, a Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master talijanskom tržištu.

Prvi let trenera Jak-130 pod registracijom RA-431130 izveden je 25. travnja 1996. u Žukovskom, a javnosti je predstavljen na pariškom aeromitingu u lipnju 2005. godine. Te godine su ruske zračne snage potpisale prvi ugovor s tvrtkom Jakovljev o kupnji 12 trenera. 30. travnja 2004. godine izveden je probni let prve predserije trenera sastavljenog u pogonu u Nižnji-Novgorodu. Nakon toga uslijedile su još tri predserije zrakoplova. U prosincu 2009. obavljena su posljednja testiranja nakon čega je Jak-130 uveden u rusko ratno zrakoplovstvo. Prvi serijski Jakovljev je dostavljen centru za obuku u Lipecku 19. veljače 2010. godine. Prva dostavljena serija ja obuhvaćala 12 aviona. Rusko zrakoplovstvo namjerava kupiti najmanje 72 trenera Jak-130 što je dovoljno za opremanje četiri pukovnije za obuku.

Dizajn

Jak-130 se koristi za osnovnu i naprednu obuku vojnih pilota, a njegov proizvođač procjenjuje da se njime može pokriti do 80% programa letne obuke. Osim za obuku, može se koristiti i kao laki jurišnik te za operacije izviđanja. Pritom može prenositi borbeni komplet u težini od 3.000 kg što može uključivati pomoćne spremnike za gorivo, navođene projektile, opremu za elektroničko ratovanje i elektroničke protumjere. Prema riječima Konstantina Popoviča, glavnog dizajnera Jak-130: "avion je testiran sa svim zračnim oružjem do 500 kg težine koje je u službi ruskog ratnog zrakoplovstva".

Izvorno je kao avionski motor odabran AI-25, no on je kasnije odbijen. Stoga Jak-130 pokreću dva modificirana motora Klimov RD-35M dok će izvozne inačice biti opremljene s motorima Ljuljka-Saturn AL-55 ako ih kupac odabere.
Odabirom metala i kompozita za glavni građevni materijal strukture aviona, predviđa se da je životni vijek Jakovljeva 15.000 radnih sati te 25.000 slijetanja.

Unutarnji spremnik goriva ima kapacitet od 2.060 litara dok dodatni spremnik ispod trupa zauzima 700 litara. Jedna od zanimljivosti zrakoplova tvrtke Jakovljev je niski tlak u gumama koji avionima omogućava slijetanje na neasfaltirane površine. U kokpitu se nalaze dva (u izvoznim inačicama tri) višefunkcionalna zaslona zajedno s kacigom za navigaciju i sustavom za upravljanje paljbom. Sjedala Zvijezda K-36 omogućuju katapultiranje pilota na nultoj točki, odnosno kada je avion prizemljen.
Jak-130 može koristiti široki raspon oružja, uključujući top i navođene projektile koji se mogu montirati na devet utora.

Borbena obuka uključuje primjenu bojnog i vježbovnoga oružja, npr. gađanje raketama zrak-zrak i zrak-zemlja, izbacivanje bombi, paljbu topom te uporabu samoobrambenih sustava.

Jak-130 je prvi ruski zrakoplov koji ima u potpunosti digitalnu avioniku. Zrakoplov je klimatiziran, a radni vijek aviona je oko 30 godina.

Inačice
Jakovljev Jak-130: osnovna dvosjedna inačica namijenjena osnovnom i naprednom treningu pilota te lakim napadima i izviđanju.
Jakovljev Jak-131, Jak-133 i Jak-135: višenamjenske inačice koje mogu poslužiti kao jurišnici jednosjedi ili za VIP-transport (četiri sjedala).

Korisnici

Postojeći korisnici
: primarni korisnik. Ruske zračne snage trenutno koriste 20 trenera dok se jedan avion srušio. Prva isporuka je obavljena krajem srpnja 2009. Rusija je dala zahtjev za kupnju između 72 - 200 zrakoplova. Ruske zračne snage naručile su 55 zrakoplova.
: zemlja je prvi strani kupac koji je 2006. potpisao ugovor o kupnji 16 trenera Jakovljev Jak-130. U kolovozu 2009. piloti alžirskog ratnog zrakoplovstva su obavili probne letove. U studenom 2011. su dostavljena prva tri trenera te se očekuje isporuka preostalih 13 zrakoplova.
: bangladeško ratno zrakoplovstvo je naručilo između 12 i 16 trenera koji bi zamijenili postojeći L-39 Albatros. Isporuka se očekuje 2014.
: bjeloruske zračne snage su naručile četiri trenera koji će se zemlji dostaviti 2015.
: naručeno je osam trenera Jak-130.

Embargo
: zemlja je naručila šest trenera Jak-130. Međutim, nakon rata u Libiji 2011. godine, te UN-ovog uvođenja embarga na uvoz i izvoz oružja u zemlju, ruski predsjednik Dmitrij Medvjedev je stavio embargo na vojnu prodaju u Libiji. U "normalnim neratnim uvjetima" isporuka bi se očekivala između 2011. i 2012.
: zemlja je najprije prema nekim izvorima počela pregovarati o kupnji zrakoplova Jak-130. U konačnici je ukupno naručeno 36 trenera ukupne vrijednosti 550 milijuna USD. Međutim, ugovor je suspendiran u srpnju 2012. godine zbog građanskog rata u Siriji.

Zračne nesreće i incidenti

29. svibnja 2010. godine se tokom testiranja srušio jedan zrakoplov u blizini Lipecka (oba pilota su se sigurno katapultirala).

{{Infookvir teh. karakteristike zrakoplova
 |izvori             =YAK.ru
 |inačica            =Jak-130
 |posada             =2
 |kapacitet          =
 |dužina             =11,49 m
 |raspon krila       =9,72 m
 |promjer rotora     =
 |površina krila     = 23,52 m²
 |strijela krila     =
 |visina             =4,76 m
 |širina trupa       =
 |aeroprofil         =
 |težina zrakoplova  =4.600 kg
 |maksimalna dozvoljena težina zrakoplova  =6.350 kg
 |maksimalna težina uzlijetanja  =6.500 kg
 |korisni teret      =
 |najveća brzina     =1.050 km/h (644 mph)
 |ekonomska brzina   =887 km/h (551 mph)
 |dolet              =2.546 km (1.582 milje)
 |borbeni dolet      =
 |brzina penjanja    =50 m/sek. (10.00 stopa/min.)
 |maksimalna visina leta =12.500 m
 |omjer potisak/težina=0,68
 |specifično opterećenje krila =276,4 kg/m²
 |motor              =2× turboventilatorska motora Klimov RD-35M2× turboventilatorska motora Ljuljka-Saturn AL-55 (izvozna inačica)
 |snaga motora       =21,58 kN potiska (po motoru)
 |propeler           =
 |naoružanje         =devet utora za montiranje svih vrsta ruskih i zapadnih raketa zrak-zrak i zrak-zemlja te glupih i pametnih bombi.
 |defanzivne mjere   =elektroničke protumjere
 }}

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Tehnologija Jak-130
Yak-130 Light attack and training aircraft (Combat Trainer Jet)
Bill Gunston: "Yakovlev Aircraft since 1924.", London, UK: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1997. .

Ruski vojni školski zrakoplovi

Jak-130

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


NBA Playgrounds is slated to arrive later next month from Sabre Interactive and today the full Pro roster for the game has been revealed. The 2-on-2 arcade basketball title will release on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, PC, and Nintendo Switch.
The announcement also reveals that the players listed below will not be everyone that's included in the game as there will be "hundreds more players to come after release," per a press release for the game. As you can tell from the list below, the NBA Playgrounds Launch Roster is a mix of current NBA players and NBA Legends.
All 30 NBA Teams are featured in the game. NBA Playgrounds will feature solo play, local multiplayer, and online multiplayer with online tournaments.
Before the rise of popularity in the hyper-realistic NBA simulators such in the 2K and Live games, arcade basketball video games were pretty popular. The most popular of course, was NBA Jam, which was an arcade sensation in the 90's. But there have been others, such as Arch Rivals — another arcade classic. More recently, the NBA Street series saw a more unrealistic take on the sports genre, offering high-flying acrobatic moves and spectacular dunks.
NBA Playground is definitely along those lines.
You can check out the trailer for the game below, as well as the full launch roster for the game.


text:
Resources > Latest News > Awa members national reform water management
AWA members call for national reform on water management
Sep 11, 2020 | 4 mins read by Cecilia Harris
When it comes to the delivery of water and wastewater services, there are clear benefits to be gained from greater levels of national collaboration and consistency through an independent and statutory reform agency.
This was the message delivered by Australian Water Association (AWA) members during two consultation periods as part of the Association's submission to the Productivity Commission's National Water Initiative (NWI) inquiry.
In developing the submission, AWA CEO Corinne Cheeseman said achieving better outcomes for stakeholders and the economy will require a return to more comprehensive collaboration between jurisdictions.
"The successful national reforms of the past have involved strong leadership, coordination and facilitation and this is required once again for all jurisdictions to work together to deliver better outcomes for constituents as well as the national economy," Cheeseman said.
The submission outlines four primary functions required of the proposed national reform agency:
the agency should be independent and statutory;
it should provide national leadership and direction to oversee a revised NWI, assess progress and shine a spotlight on reform deficiencies;
It should facilitate inter-jurisdictional collaboration in the development of nationally consistent regulatory frameworks, guidelines and governance arrangements; and
It should work to coordinate knowledge sharing across Australia's water sector in overcoming barriers to reform.
The consultation with AWA members was organised under six key themes, which AWA President Carmel Krogh said reflected areas in which national leadership is required.
"With a focus on stronger national leadership, coordination and facilitation, jurisdictions will be encouraged to progress in the key reform areas of urban water, rural water, groundwater management, community engagement in water management and planning and research and development," Krogh said.
Urban water
Urban water reform should focus on increasing water security standards cost-effectively, ensuring all options are assessed and used wherever possible.
"To establish reliable water security standards at the lowest expected cost across all urban water utilities, a diversity of supply and demand options is required with all options being on the table," the submission states.
"The development of additional centralised and/or decentralised water supply options is warranted, including recycled water, desalination, rainwater tanks, stormwater harvesting and water wastage programs, where appropriate."
The submission recommends greater investment in urban water supply system resilience, embedding sustainability principles within blue and green infrastructure projects, as well as a more collaborative approach to integrated water management and urban livability, and strengthening regional and remote water service providers.
"There is a need for increased investment for adaptive planning in the face of increased risks caused by greater extremes in drought, flood, fire and now the COVID-19 pandemic," the submission states.
"Greater resilience needs to be built into urban water supply systems including the proactive management of water networks through replacement of ageing infrastructure, reducing water wastage and ensuring coastal water assets are resilient to sea level rises."
Rural water
Rural water recommendations include increasing the transparency of monitoring, regulation, compliance and enforcement when it comes to water in the Murray-Darling Basin.
"Efforts to introduce real-time metering and measuring of the amount of water available and extracted across the Murray-Darling Basin has been slow and uneven. Therefore, transparent monitoring, regulation, compliance, and enforcement is needed," the submission states.
The submission also outlines the need for further investment in monitoring technology, a more adaptive approach to climate change response, as well as strengthening statutory planning and water access entitlement frameworks.
Groundwater management
"The management and accounting of groundwater and surface water resources are not well detailed within individual jurisdiction frameworks," the submission states.
Recommendations include establishing a monitoring system for the interaction between groundwater and surface water, as well as enabling sustainable groundwater extraction via managed aquifer recharge.
"There is a need for a system that allows for proper accounting of return flows and transfer of water volumes between different sources. Clearer details on groundwater provisions, allocations, entitlements and carryover is required also," the submission states.
Community engagement in water management and planning
The submission says there is a need to integrate bottom-up and community-based adaptation into improved water governance arrangements, which should involve Indigenous communities.
"Incorporating community inputs into water governance arrangements and enhancing the level of communications with community representatives will provide the community with greater confidence in the sustainable management of water resources," the submission states.
The submission also highlights the requirement of a First People's Water Council to ensure genuine engagement with Indigenous communities in water planning across each jurisdiction.
"There is a need for objectives or outcomes related to Indigenous access to water and greater Indigenous engagement on sustainable water management," the submission states.
"There has been no material increase in water allocation for Indigenous Peoples and their engagement in water planning over the past decade. All surface water and groundwater plans need to address environmental flows and cultural entitlements within their allocations."
Furthermore, strengthening water literacy and education about water within communities is also recommended.
Future water research and development needs to have a strong interdisciplinary focus in order to achieve innovative efficiencies.
"There is a need for sustained investment in research and development in multi-disciplinary areas of the water sector (policy, governance, social science, urban planning, rural development, water resources, health science, agriculture development and community engagement) to support greater innovation and efficiencies as well as adaptive responses to prevailing and emerging stresses," the submission states.
The submission also recommends focusing on the research and development pipeline, to ensure that information and knowledge generated from research activities makes its way through to the implementation phase, including more investment in the retention of water industry talent.
"Future research programs should have a clear strategy for implementation to ensure that research is market ready," it says.
"The pipeline is required to enable basic R&D within institutions to demonstration, application and then implementation of research with feedback provided from the end user through to the researcher."
National reform agenda
Finally, the submission recommends a refreshed National Water Initiative that is capable of responding to new and emerging risks and opportunities, which should include the establishment of a national agency to oversee the implementation of reforms.
"The AWA calls on the Australian Government to take a renewed leadership role in water policy and provide a clear line of sight for state governments, industry, both public and private sectors, R&D institutions as well as the Indigenous community to identify the opportunities for progress and continue the drive for effective and efficient reform under a nationally coordinated framework," the submission states.
The AWA calls on Australia's state and territory governments to work together to deliver better outcomes for their constituents as well as the national economy and considers the reformation of a national reform agency an important step in this journey."
Access the AWA's submission on behalf of its members here.
Carmel Krogh Groundwater Community Engagement Corinne Cheeseman Engagement Rural and Remote Communities Resilience Water Reform Indigenous Australians research and development National Water Initiative Urban Water
Turn off the taps: Water Night to focus Australian minds on water-use
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Australia's best water programs compete for national award
Australia's best water programs will compete for the national title of the 2019 Program Innovation Award in the Australian Water… Read Full Paper
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What Does the Abort Save Operation Do?
What does the option "Abort Save Operation on Tax Calculation Errors" do?
The "Abort Save Operation on Tax Calculation Errors" in the NetSuite AvaTax Bundle allows a user to stop billing if tax cannot be calculated.
Validate Origin and Destination address. if using Locations, verify Location address.
Using this feature, billing can be stopped, if tax cannot be calculated.
The "Abort Save Operation on Tax Calculation Errors" feature is available on the AvaTax Configuration Settings > Tax Calculation Settings tab.
What does the Tax column do in the Items section on Netsuite transactions?


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(-) Remove Experiments filter Experiments
Articles (9) Apply Articles filter
Displaying 1 - 10 of 10 items.
Thesis: How Purported Scientific Failures Have Led to Advancements in IVF
This thesis shows us the history of how some of the first attempts at IVF in humans using various options such as donated egg cells and cryopreserved embryos, often ended in early miscarriages. At that time, most members of the scientific community and general public responded to those trials by regarding them as insignificant. In 1998, the success rate of women under the age of 38 having children with the use of IVF was 22.1%. Over time, scientists began to acknowledge those published findings that detailed various "failed" human IVF experiments.
Format: Essays and Theses
Subject: Publications, Technologies, Experiments, Reproduction, Outreach
"Survival of Mouse Embryos Frozen to -196 ° and -269 °C" (1972), by David Whittingham, Stanley Leibo, and Peter Mazur
In 1972, David Whittingham, Stanley Leibo, and Peter Mazur published the paper, "Survival of Mouse Embryos Frozen to -196 ° and -269 °C," hereafter, "Survival of Mouse Embryos," in the journal Science. The study marked one of the first times that researchers had successfully cryopreserved, or preserved and stored by freezing, a mammalian embryo and later transferred that embryo to a live mouse who gave birth to viable offspring. Previously, scientists had only been successful cryopreserving single cells, like red blood cells.
"Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells without Myc from Mouse and Human Fibroblasts" (2007), by Masato Nakagawa et al.
In November 2007, Masato Nakagawa, along with a number of other researchers including Kazutoshi Takahashi, Keisuke Okita, and Shinya Yamanaka, published "Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells without Myc from Mouse and Human Fibroblasts" (abbreviated "Generation") in Nature. In "Generation," the authors point to dedifferentiation of somatic cells as an avenue for generating pluripotent stem cells useful for treating specific patients and diseases.
Subject: Publications, Experiments
A Series of YouTube Videos Detailing the "CRISPR Babies" Experiment (2018), by He Jiankui
In 2018, He Jiankui uploaded a series of videos to a YouTube channel titled "The He Lab" that detailed one of the first instances of a successful human birth after genome editing had been performed on an embryo using CRISPR-cas9. CRISPR-cas9 is a genome editing tool derived from bacteria that can be used to cut out and replace specific sequences of DNA. He genetically modified embryos at his lab in Shenzhen, China, to make them immune to contracting HIV through indirect perinatal transmission from their father, who was infected with the virus.
Subject: Publications, Experiments, Ethics
"CRISPR /Cas9-mediated Gene Editing in Human Tripronuclear Zygotes" (2015), by Junjiu Huang et al.
In 2015, Junjiu Huang and his colleagues reported their attempt to enable CRISPR/cas 9-mediated gene editing in nonviable human zygotes for the first time at Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangzhou, China. Their article, CRISPR /Cas9-mediated Gene Editing in Human Tripronuclear Zygotes, was published in Protein and Cell. Nonviable zygotes are sperm-fertilized eggs that cannot develop into a fetus. Researchers previously developed the CRISPR/cas 9 gene editing tool, which is a system that originated from bacteria as a defense mechanism against viruses.
Embryonic Sex Differentiation and Sex Hormones (1947), by Carl R. Moore
In 1947, Carl Richard Moore, a researcher at the University of Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois, wrote Embryonic Sex Differentiation and Sex Hormones, which was published in the same year as a first-edition monograph. In the book, Moore argues that regulation of sex differentiation in mammals is not controlled by sex hormones secreted by embryonic sex organs (gonads), but is controlled by non-hormonal genetic factors.
"Sex Limited Inheritance in Drosophila" (1910), by Thomas Hunt Morgan
In 1910, Thomas Hunt Morgan performed an experiment at Columbia University, in New York City, New York, that helped identify the role chromosomes play in heredity. That year, Morgan was breeding Drosophila, or fruit flies. After observing thousands of fruit fly offspring with red eyes, he obtained one that had white eyes. Morgan began breeding the white-eyed mutant fly and found that in one generation of flies, the trait was only present in males.
"Programmed Cell Death-II. Endocrine Potentiation of the Breakdown of the Intersegmental Muscles of Silkmoths" (1964), by Richard A. Lockshin and Carroll M. Williams
Richard A. Lockshin's 1963 PhD dissertation on cell death in insect metamorphosis was conducted under the supervision of Harvard insect physiologist Carroll M. Williams. Lockshin and Williams used this doctoral research as the basis for five articles, with the main title "Programmed Cell Death," that were published between 1964 and 1965 in the Journal of Insect Physiology. These articles examine the cytological processes, neuronal and endocrinal controls, and the influence of drugs on the mechanism of cell death observed in pupal muscle structures of the American silkmoth.
Infant Mortality: Results of a Field Study in Johnstown, PA., Based on Births in One Calendar Year (1915), by Emma Duke
The book Infant Mortality: Results of a Field Study in Johnstown, PA., Based on Births in One Calendar Year (1915), written by Emma Duke, detailed one of the first infant mortality field studies conducted by the US Children's Bureau. In the study, Duke and her colleagues collected information about over one thousand infants in the city of Johnstown, Pennsylvania. They used that information, along with interviews conducted with the families of the infants, to identify factors that affected infant mortality rates in the community.


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We, as inventors, create machines that make our lives easier. We as end-users expect machines to serve us. But what if a machine was created merely to toy with our human emotion?
Meet Closer: a playful robot that attracts your attention, but taunts and teases you with its evasive behavior.
A collaborative project between Melissa Clarke, Noah King, and Michelle Temple.
Part 1 – Concept Ideation
This project was done as an assignment in Dan O'Sullivan's Intro to Physical Computing course. The project intent was to create a physical interface that is used to manipulate media. During our first group meeting, we selected the direction of an interactive repulsive object. Each of us was fascinated by the attraction and repulsion of magnets, and felt that there was great potential to use this type of interaction to engage a user in a physical way.
Pushing the boundaries of the assignment, we were very excited to rethink the nature of a media controller. Rather than a user utilizing an interface to control their media, we wanted to transform the user to become the media and create a machine that manipulated the user. We desired to make a robot that acted like a cat: first it would attract people to it for personal attention and physical contact, but later it would become aggressive and evasive, leaving the person feeling deserted and defeated. As we embarked to create a human-robot interaction that was both emotionally complex and unconventional, the concept of Closer emerged.
Part 2 – Creating Movement
Our first step was to build a simple toy car and try to get it to move. We explored using gear motors, constructed a working model, and were successful in turning our enthusiasm into actual, measurable movement.
Sorry, your browser does not support this page's embedded video.
Part 3 – Remote Control
A two-wheeled mockup was built that cut the robot loose from the computer. A lightweight chassis was loaded up with the micro-controller, a battery pack, and the motor/wheel assembly. An accelerometer was attached to the micro-controller and a program was written so that tipping a spoon would control whether the bot moved forward, backward, or turned.
Part 4 – Evasion Algorithm
Processing was used to quickly test and develop an evasion algorithm for the robot. Employing a six-sensor array, the robot could sense objects from multiple directions. Because the robot was best at moving forward and backward or rotating, we designed the evasive behavior around this constraint. When an object was sensed, the robot would rotate itself until it's orientation parallel with the object, and then it would proceed to move itself further away from the object in a straight line. The Processing code was ported into Arduino and the updated robot was ready to test.
Part 5 – Working Prototypes
An initial cardboard model was used to mount the sensors to the chassis and test the robot's behavior. Next, 3d Solidworks models were built to design an elegant enclosure for the robot. Lasercut acrylic panels were assembled and a full-fledged prototype was buit.


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Machradż (arab. مخرج) – wieś w Syrii, w muhafazie Aleppo, w dystrykcie Ajn al-Arab. W 2004 roku liczyła 590 mieszkańców.

Przypisy

Miejscowości w muhafazie Aleppo


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Get access to Chai family records.Start a free trial
Chai Family History
Chai Name Meaning
Chinese : from the name of Gao Chai, a disciple of Confucius during the Spring and Autumn period (722–481 bc). His descendants adopted this character as their surname; it also means 'firewood'. Korean: variant of Chae.
Similar surnames: Hai, Chao, Chae, Cai, Chi, Cha, Han, Shan, Hao, Chan
13 thousand record(s) for Chai
551 Member Trees
Where is the Chai family from?
You can see how Chai families moved over time by selecting different census years. The Chai family name was found in the USA, and Canada between 1880 and 1920. The most Chai families were found in the USA in 1920. In 1880 there were 5 Chai families living in California. This was 100% of all the recorded Chai's in the USA. California had the highest population of Chai families in 1880.
Use census records and voter lists to see where families with the Chai surname lived. Within census records, you can often find information like name of household members, ages, birthplaces, residences, and occupations.
View Census Data for Chai
What did your Chai ancestors do for a living?
In 1940, Laborer was the top reported job for people in the US named Chai. 55% of Chai men worked as a Laborer.
View Census data for Chai | Data not to scale
What Chai family records will you find?
There are 1,000 census records available for the last name Chai. Like a window into their day-to-day life, Chai census records can tell you where and how your ancestors worked, their level of education, veteran status, and more.
Search US census records for Chai
There are 4,000 immigration records available for the last name Chai. Passenger lists are your ticket to knowing when your ancestors arrived in the USA, and how they made the journey - from the ship name to ports of arrival and departure.
View all Chai immigration records
There are 3,000 military records available for the last name Chai. For the veterans among your Chai ancestors, military collections provide insights into where and when they served, and even physical descriptions.
View all Chai military records
You've only scratched the surface of Chai family history.
What is the average Chai lifespan?
Between 1963 and 2004, in the United States, Chai life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1971, and highest in 1985. The average life expectancy for Chai in 1963 was 75, and 79 in 2004.
View Social Security Death Index (SSDI) for Chai
An unusually short lifespan might indicate that your Chai ancestors lived in harsh conditions. A short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family. The SSDI is a searchable database of more than 70 million names. You can find birthdates, death dates, addresses and more.
Discover the unique achievements of ancestors in the Chai family tree


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Jennifer Suchland (left) with two Beyond Guilt storytellers, Carin Madden (center) and Auria Morales (right)
Photo: Jennifer Suchland
Ohio State professor curates 'Beyond Guilt' exhibition
National museum exhibit examines over-sentencing of incarcerated individuals
Franny Lazarus
Ohio State News
lazarus.34@osu.edu
As she worked on the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center's "Beyond Guilt" exhibition, curator Jennifer Suchland came to understand multiple meanings for the title.
The first, said Suchland, also an associate professor in the Department of Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies at The Ohio State University, is a legal interpretation. It refers to the lawyers, the judges and the parole boards, all of whom need to see beyond an individual's guilt to ensure excessive punishment – which includes over-sentencing and over-punishment – does not occur.
The second refers to the individuals themselves, she said.
"This blew me away," Suchland said. "Through their stories, I learned that folks also wrestled with how to see themselves beyond their guilty charge. And they have to reckon with a criminal legal system that has over-sentenced or over-punished them."
In 2019, the Ohio Justice & Policy Center (OJPC) launched Beyond Guilt, a statewide program that advocates for the over-sentenced and over-punished. It seeks early release for individuals who have served significant portions of their sentences and can demonstrate rehabilitation. It also elevates the stories of those impacted by excessive punishment to educate the public about this problem.
This fall, thanks to a partnership between OJPC, Ohio State, the Mellon Foundation and the American Council of Learned Societies, Beyond Guilt is able to share the stories of six storytellers, the first released through the program, at the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center.
The "Beyond Guilt" exhibition, on display through Nov. 27, features photographs taken by Cincinnati-based artist and activist Harriet Kaufman. Each photo is accompanied by quotations from the photographed individual taken from hours of dialogues performed by Suchland's graduate assistant Jessica Tjiu, who said the experience was a remarkable one.
"Part of the experience was just to listen. I tried to really savor the moment, this intimate moment with someone I had met just that day," she said. "I was very honored that these individuals were willing to share their stories with me."
It was important to Tjiu and Suchland that the vignettes feature the full lives of the storytellers and not just the incarceration experience." "We don't want to put their experiences as formerly incarcerated up on a pedestal," Tjiu said. "I talked to them about how they see themselves, how they are making and remaking their own identity."
Both women described the sense of intimacy they felt with the project collaborators. Suchland in particular worried about the ethical questions this raised for her work.
"You have to listen for what they want to share," she said. "I can't let my own sentimentality dictate what we choose to include. I strove for a balance of opening myself up and listening to what's being said, not what I thought was most important."
Letting those impacted by excessive punishment speak for themselves is key to the exhibition, Suchland said.
"Excessive punishment is a problem, and we are trying to communicate that to the public," Suchland said. "But, it's not just a problem. It is a lived experience, and that personal experience should be the voice leading social change."
"Stories matter, multiple perspectives on an issue matter," Tjiu said. "Does this exhibit dispel misconceptions people may have? For me, it's all about listening and seeing people beyond their criminal record."
Suchland and Tjiu are adamant that this exhibition could not have happened without relationships across multiple institutions.
"Mariame Kaba, she's a famous activist, organizer, educator – her father told her once that everything worthwhile is done with other people. My engagement with this project is a materialization of that," Suchland said.
Beyond that, it is through relationships that we can right the wrongs of over-sentencing, she said.
"If we're not building relationships within and across communities, then the profound structural change we need is likely not going to happen."


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Destinations / Experiences
Guitiriz and corn cake
13 April, 2018 13 April, 2018 - Leave a Comment
When car trips were not as fast and comfortable as they are today and drivers had to face long journeys filled with curves and slow trucks, on many roads there were towns where serving travellers was a good supplement to their usual economic activity. Drivers knew exactly where to refuel, where to stop for a break, and also where to buy products you couldn't find anywhere else. Because of its history and attractions, Guitiriz is much more than that, but one of its gastronomic products is a must-have among the purchases of those who cross the old N-VI (or the current A-6) between Lugo and A Coruña: the corn cake.
It is a thick, heavy, spongy and very sweet cake, and can be purchased at bakeries in the centre of town (although lately it is also easy to find in supermarkets throughout Galicia). As with so many other unique gastronomic products, the exact recipe is a mystery known only to bakers, so it is advisable to taste it in situ. In any case, the use of cow's butter is the key to the final result.
Gutiriz corn cake is a perfectly valid excuse to visit a village that has been at the area's forefront for centuries. The municipality's very name proves its antiquity: place-names ending in -iz usually are of Germanic origin, and come from a time (fifth and sixth centuries) when the Suebi ruled over Galicia. In fact, its name probably refers to Suebi monarch Witerico, to whom the founding of the town is attributed. Although the truth is that, going back to the importance of communication routes in the town's history, it is known that the Roman road used to travel between Lucus Augusti and Brigantia passed through the area.
Subsidiary land to the monasteries of Monfero and Sobrado dos Monxe, Guitiriz was already designated a municipality at the beginning of the twentieth century. The place has several buildings that are worth visiting, such as the monumental Santa María de Lagostelle, built barely half a century ago but with an old temple at its base, in the town centre; or the pazos, or manors, of Pontella and Casanova.
Throughout the twentieth century, Guitiriz was a hot spot for people in the surrounding areas due to the popularity of its spa, which makes use of the spring called Fonte dos Santos or San Xoán de Lagostelle. The fame of its waters as a remedy for stomach and digestive ailments afforded it a time of splendour from the year 1908, when the spectacular hotel opened its doors, to the seventies, when it was finally closed. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the spa was renovated and a golf course was built around it, in the southern part of the village. Interesting fact: the building was used during the Civil War as a hospital for soldiers, and a small mosque was built inside the spa for Muslims. The temple, barely 50 square meters, is still there, hidden among the thick trees of the area.
Every August, the Pardiñas parish in Guitiriz hosts thousands of visitors who come to witness one of the longest-running folk music events of those organized in Galicia. The Feira e Festa da Música e da Arte, known as the Pardiñas Festival, has been held for almost forty years: it started in 1980 and brings together the great names of traditional Galician music as well as groups from other countries and latitudes.
TaggedGuitirizProvince of Lugo
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Q: Best way to cache an NSArray of text/dictionaries and have it useable across the entire app? I am making a request for an array of perhaps 10-100 objects, all of which are JSON objects that I parse into NSDictionary's. I want to cache this and use this data across the entire application. Is NSCache useful for this or is it better to use NSUserDefaults or what is actually the most accepted way of persisting data across an entire app? CoreData? I'm a iOS newb and don't have too much experience in this.

A: What you are looking for is a way to access data across your app. This is typically the role a Model plays in MVC.
CoreData and NSUserDefaults are ways to save data so it is not lost when your app closes or is quit. They can be parts of a Model, but do not help in having that data be accessible throughout your app.
If you want an object that stores data and can be accessed anywhere in your code, you are probably looking for a Singleton.
As this excellent Stack Overflow answer explains:

Use a singleton class, I use them all the time for global data manager classes that need to be accessible from anywhere inside the application.

The author provides some sample code you might find helpful.
This would allow you to create a simple object accessible throughout your program that has your NSDictionaries. Because it is a singleton, other classes in your program can easily access it - meaning they can also easily access the NSDictionaries you've stored in it.
If you do decide you want to save data, that singleton object would also be an ideal location to write any load and save code.
Good luck!
Other good resources are:

*

*Wikipedia's Entry on Singeltons

*What Should My Objective C Singleton Look Like?

*Singeltons and ARC/GCD

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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We want to encourage the local community to get active and participate in any activity whether sporting or social. We are always looking for new ideas and activities we can run at the club for the benefit if the community. If you want to start a new club or join an existing activity we'd love to hear from you so get in touch.
We also specialise in football-themed Birthday Parties. We offer exclusive hire of our pitches, along with hire of our fully-qualified coaches who will organise the football and other fun outdoor party games to keep the kids entertained.
Once the football is finished, let the players come in to our pitch side, secluded room to make as much noise as they like! Please note we do not provide party food and drink in order to keep your costs down. We find that parents enjoy the experience of bringing their own food and drink because they know what the kids like best. We can also provide you with a bespoke party movie lasting 3-5 minutes to capture the memories.
If you would be interested in having your child's birthday party here at Kilwinning Sports Club then please contact us and we'll be happy to help you plan the party.
One Hour – Includes 5-a-side pitch hire, fully qualified coach, pitch side room hire, all equipment.
Additional hours – Room hire £10, pitch hire £20, football coach hire £20.
We have a 1 mile track route around the club grounds so if you fancy taking up the KSC 1 mile challenge (running or walking, young or old) then go for it, it's free. We'll time you and put your time up on the leader board in the club house.
The club run summer and easter holiday tennis camps for children. Our sessions take place on the multi courts, we have mini pop up tennis nets that are perfect for learning, improving children's tennis and fun! We also have our own tennis rackets and balls.
After school sessions are part of the Children In Need project that runs at various times of the year for 2 blocks of 10 weeks, these sessions are free for children.
We have a number of mountain bikes that can be hired. The club have cycle maps of the local area with dedicated cycle paths to take you to the surrounding coastal towns and inland parks.
If you are interested in any other activities we don't currently have or would like to start up a new club then please get in touch. Whether you're 7 or 70, sporty or non-sporty, male or female we'd love to help launch a new activity with you.