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New Zealand Encyclopedia
New Zealand /njuːˈzilənd/ new-ZEE-lənd, Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ and numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
Polynesians settled New Zealand in 1250–1300 CE and developed a distinctive Māori culture, and Europeans first made contact in 1642 CE. The introduction of potatoes and muskets triggered upheaval among Māori early during the 19th century, which led to the inter-tribal Musket Wars. In 1840 the British and Māori signed a treaty making New Zealand a colony of the British Empire. Immigrant numbers increased sharply and conflicts escalated into the New Zealand Wars, which resulted in much Māori land being confiscated in the mid North Island. Economic depressions were followed by periods of political reform, with women gaining the vote during the 1890s, and a welfare state being established from the 1930s. After World War II, New Zealand joined Australia and the United States in the ANZUS security treaty, although the United States later, until 2010, suspended the treaty after New Zealand banned nuclear weapons. New Zealand is part of the intelligence sharing among the Anglosphere countries, the UKUSA Agreement. New Zealanders enjoyed one of the highest standards of living in the world in the 1950s, but the 1970s saw a deep recession, worsened by oil shocks and the United Kingdom's entry into the European Economic Community. The country underwent major economic changes during the 1980s, which transformed it from a protectionist to a liberalised free-trade economy. Markets for New Zealand's agricultural exports have diversified greatly since the 1970s, with once-dominant exports of wool being overtaken by dairy products, meat, and recently wine.
The majority of New Zealand's population is of European descent; the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and non-Māori Polynesians. English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language are the official languages, with English predominant. Much of New Zealand's culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. Early European art was dominated by landscapes and to a lesser extent portraits of Māori. A recent resurgence of Māori culture has seen their traditional arts of carving, weaving and tattooing become more mainstream. Many artists now combine Māori and Western techniques to create unique art forms. The country's culture has also been broadened by globalisation and increased immigration from the Pacific Islands and Asia. New Zealand's diverse landscape provides many opportunities for outdoor pursuits and has provided the backdrop for a number of big budget movies.
New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes; these have less autonomy than the country's long defunct provinces did. Nationally, executive political power is exercised by the Cabinet, led by the Prime Minister. Queen Elizabeth II is the country's head of state and is represented by a Governor-General. The Queen's Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau (a dependent territory); the Cook Islands and Niue (self-governing but in free association); and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Commonwealth of Nations, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and the United Nations.
Main article: New Zealand place names
brown square paper with Dutch writing and a thick red, curved line
Detail from a 1657 map showing the western coastline of "Nova Zeelandia"
Aotearoa (often translated as "land of the long white cloud")[11] is the current Māori name for New Zealand, and is also used in New Zealand English. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the whole country before the arrival of Europeans, with Aotearoa originally referring to just the North Island.[12] Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, supposing it was connected to a landmass of the same name at the southern tip of South America.[13] In 1645 Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland.[14][15] British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand.[n 8]
Māori had several traditional names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui (the fish of Māui) for the North Island and Te Wai Pounamu (the waters of greenstone) or Te Waka o Aoraki (the canoe of Aoraki) for the South Island.[16] Early European maps labelled the islands North (North Island), Middle (South Island) and South (Stewart Island / Rakiura).[17] In 1830 maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907 this was the accepted norm.[18] The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised, but there are now plans to do so.[19] The board is also considering suitable Māori names,[20] with Te Ika-a-Māui and Te Wai Pounamu the most likely choices according to the chairman of the Māori Language Commission.[21]
Main article: History of New Zealand
One set of arrows point from Taiwan to Melanesia to Fiji/Samoa and then to the Marquesas Islands. The population then spread, some going south to New Zealand and others going north to Hawai'i. A second set start in southern Asia and end in Melanesia.
The Māori people are most likely descended from people who emigrated from Taiwan to Melanesia and then travelled east through to the Society Islands. After a pause of 70 to 265 years, a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlement of New Zealand.[22]
New Zealand was one of the last major landmasses settled by humans. Radiocarbon dating, evidence of deforestation[23] and mitochondrial DNA variability within Māori populations[24] suggest New Zealand was first settled by Eastern Polynesians between 1250 and 1300,[16][25] concluding a long series of voyages through the southern Pacific islands.[26] Over the centuries that followed these settlers developed a distinct culture now known as Māori. The population was divided into iwi (tribes) and hapū (subtribes) which would cooperate, compete and sometimes fight with each other. At some point a group of Māori migrated to the Chatham Islands (which they named Rēkohu) where they developed their distinct Moriori culture.[27][28] The Moriori population was decimated between 1835 and 1862, largely because of Māori invasion and enslavement, although European diseases also contributed. In 1862 only 101 survived and the last known full-blooded Moriori died in 1933.[29]
The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer Abel Tasman and his crew in 1642.[30] In a hostile encounter, four crew members were killed and at least one Māori was hit by canister shot.[31] Europeans did not revisit New Zealand until 1769 when British explorer James Cook mapped almost the entire coastline.[30] Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling, sealing and trading ships. They traded food, metal tools, weapons and other goods for timber, food, artefacts, water, and on occasion sex.[32] The introduction of the potato and the musket transformed Māori agriculture and warfare. Potatoes provided a reliable food surplus, which enabled longer and more sustained military campaigns.[33] The resulting inter-tribal Musket Wars encompassed over 600 battles between 1801 and 1840, killing 30,000–40,000 Māori.[34] From the early 19th century, Christian missionaries began to settle New Zealand, eventually converting most of the Māori population.[35] The Māori population declined to around 40 percent of its pre-contact level during the 19th century; introduced diseases were the major factor.[36]
A torn sheet of paper
The Waitangi sheet from the Treaty of Waitangi
The British Government appointed James Busby as British Resident to New Zealand in 1832[37] and in 1835, following an announcement of impending French settlement by Charles de Thierry, the nebulous United Tribes of New Zealand sent a Declaration of the Independence to King William IV of the United Kingdom asking for protection.[37] Ongoing unrest and the dubious legal standing of the Declaration of Independence prompted the Colonial Office to send Captain William Hobson to claim sovereignty for the British Crown and negotiate a treaty with the Māori.[38] The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840.[39] In response to the commercially run New Zealand Company's attempts to establish an independent settlement in Wellington[40] and French settlers "purchasing" land in Akaroa,[41] Hobson declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840, even though copies of the Treaty were still circulating.[42] With the signing of the Treaty and declaration of sovereignty the number of immigrants, particularly from the United Kingdom, began to increase.[43]
New Zealand, originally part of the colony of New South Wales, became a separate Colony of New Zealand on 1 July 1841.[44] The colony gained a representative government in 1852 and the 1st New Zealand Parliament met in 1854.[45] In 1856 the colony effectively became self-governing, gaining responsibility over all domestic matters other than native policy. (Control over native policy was granted in the mid-1860s.)[45] Following concerns that the South Island might form a separate colony, premier Alfred Domett moved a resolution to transfer the capital from Auckland to a locality near the Cook Strait.[46] Wellington was chosen for its harbour and central location, with parliament officially sitting there for the first time in 1865. As immigrant numbers increased, conflicts over land led to the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s and 1870s, resulting in the loss and confiscation of much Māori land.[47] In 1893 the country became the first nation in the world to grant all women the right to vote[48] and in 1894 pioneered the adoption of compulsory arbitration between employers and unions.[49]
In 1907, at the request of the New Zealand Parliament, King Edward VII proclaimed New Zealand a dominion within the British Empire, reflecting its self-governing status. In 1947 the country adopted the Statute of Westminster, confirming that the British parliament could no longer legislate for New Zealand without the consent of New Zealand.[45] New Zealand was involved in world affairs, fighting alongside the British Empire in the First and Second World Wars[50] and suffering through the Great Depression.[51] The depression led to the election of the first Labour government and the establishment of a comprehensive welfare state and a protectionist economy.[52] New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following World War II[53] and Māori began to leave their traditional rural life and move to the cities in search of work.[54] A Māori protest movement developed, which criticised Eurocentrism and worked for greater recognition of Māori culture and the Treaty of Waitangi.[55] In 1975, a Waitangi Tribunal was set up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty, and it was enabled to investigate historic grievances in 1985.[39] The government has negotiated settlements of these grievances with many iwi, although Māori claims to the foreshore and seabed have proved controversial in the 2000s.
Main article: Politics of New Zealand
A smiling man wearing a white shirt with a green tie and black jacket
John Key, Prime Minister of New Zealand since 2008
Main article: Government of New Zealand
New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy,[56] although its constitution is not codified.[57] Queen Elizabeth II is the Queen of New Zealand and the head of state.[58] The Queen is represented by the Governor-General,[59] whom she appoints on the advice of the Prime Minister.[60] The Governor-General can exercise the Crown's prerogative powers (such as reviewing cases of injustice and making appointments of Cabinet ministers, ambassadors and other key public officials)[61] and in rare situations, the reserve powers (the power to dismiss a Prime Minister, dissolve Parliament or refuse the Royal Assent of a bill into law).[62] The powers of the Queen and the Governor-General are limited by constitutional constraints and they cannot normally be exercised without the advice of Cabinet.[62][63]
refer to caption
Sir Jerry Mateparae
The Queen of New Zealand and her representative, the Governor-General
The Parliament of New Zealand holds legislative power and consists of the Sovereign (represented by the Governor-General) and the House of Representatives.[63] It also included an upper house, the Legislative Council, until this was abolished in 1950.[63] The supremacy of the House over the Sovereign was established in England by the Bill of Rights 1689 and has been ratified as law in New Zealand.[63] The House of Representatives is democratically elected and a Government is formed from the party or coalition with the majority of seats.[63] If no majority is formed a minority government can be formed if support from other parties during confidence and supply votes is assured. The Governor-General appoints ministers under advice from the Prime Minister, who is by convention the Parliamentary leader of the governing party or coalition.[64] Cabinet, formed by ministers and led by the Prime Minister, is the highest policy-making body in government and responsible for deciding significant government actions.[65] By convention, members of cabinet are bound by collective responsibility to decisions made by cabinet.[66]
Judges and judicial officers are appointed non-politically and under strict rules regarding tenure to help maintain constitutional independence from the government.[57] This theoretically allows the judiciary to interpret the law based solely on the legislation enacted by Parliament without other influences on their decisions.[67] The Privy Council in London was the country's final court of appeal until 2004, when it was replaced with the newly established Supreme Court of New Zealand. The judiciary, headed by the Chief Justice,[68] includes the Court of Appeal, the High Court, and subordinate courts.[57]
A block of buildings fronted by a grassy lawn
New Zealand government "Beehive" and the Parliament Buildings (right), in Wellington
Almost all parliamentary general elections between 1853 and 1996 were held under the first past the post voting system.[69] The elections since 1930 have been dominated by two political parties, National and Labour.[69] Since 1996, a form of proportional representation called Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) has been used.[57] Under the MMP system each person has two votes; one is for the seventy electoral seats (including seven reserved for Māori),[70] and the other is for a party. The remaining fifty seats are assigned so that representation in parliament reflects the party vote, although a party has to win one electoral seat or 5 percent of the total party vote before it is eligible for these seats.[71] Between March 2005 and August 2006 New Zealand became the only country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land (Head of State, Governor-General, Prime Minister, Speaker and Chief Justice) were occupied simultaneously by women.[72]
New Zealand is identified as one of the world's most stable and well-governed nations.[73] As of 2011, the country was ranked 5th in the strength of its democratic institutions[74] and 1st in government transparency and lack of corruption.[75] New Zealand has a high level of civic participation, with 79% voter turnout during the most recent elections, compared to an OECD average of 72%. Furthermore, 67% of New Zealanders say they trust their political institutions, far higher than the OECD average of 56%.[76]
Foreign relations and the military
Main articles: Foreign relations of New Zealand and New Zealand Defence Force
Early colonial New Zealand allowed the British Government to determine external trade and be responsible for foreign policy.[77] The 1923 and 1926 Imperial Conferences decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate their own political treaties, with the first successful commercial treaty being with Japan in 1928. Despite this independence New Zealand readily followed Britain in declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939 with then Prime Minister Michael Savage proclaiming, "Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand."[78]
A squad of men kneel in the desert sand while performing a war dance
Māori Battalion haka in Egypt, 1941
In 1951 the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests,[79] while New Zealand joined Australia and the United States in the ANZUS security treaty.[80] The influence of the United States on New Zealand weakened following protests over the Vietnam War,[81] the refusal of the United States to admonish France after the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior,[82] disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues and New Zealand's nuclear-free policy.[83][84] Despite the USA's suspension of ANZUS obligations the treaty remained in effect between New Zealand and Australia, whose foreign policy has followed a similar historical trend.[85] Close political contact is maintained between the two countries, with free trade agreements and travel arrangements that allow citizens to visit, live and work in both countries without restrictions.[86] Currently over 500,000 New Zealanders live in Australia and 65,000 Australians live in New Zealand.[86]
New Zealand has a strong presence among the Pacific Island countries. A large proportion of New Zealand's aid goes to these countries and many Pacific people migrate to New Zealand for employment.[87] Permanent migration is regulated under the 1970 Samoan Quota Scheme and the 2002 Pacific Access Category, which allow up to 1,100 Samoan nationals and up to 750 other Pacific Islanders respectively to become permanent New Zealand residents each year. A seasonal workers scheme for temporary migration was introduced in 2007 and in 2009 about 8,000 Pacific Islanders were employed under it.[88] New Zealand is involved in the Pacific Islands Forum, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum (including the East Asia Summit).[86] New Zealand is also a member of the United Nations,[89] the Commonwealth of Nations,[90] the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development[91] and the Five Powers Defence Arrangements.[92]
Infantry from the 2nd Battalion, Auckland Regiment in the Battle of the Somme, September 1916.
The New Zealand Defence Force has three branches: the Royal New Zealand Navy, the New Zealand Army and the Royal New Zealand Air Force.[93] New Zealand's national defence needs are modest because of the unlikelihood of direct attack,[94] although it does have a global presence. The country fought in both world wars, with notable campaigns in Gallipoli, Crete,[95] El Alamein[96] and Cassino.[97] The Gallipoli campaign played an important part in fostering New Zealand's national identity[98][99] and strengthened the ANZAC tradition it shares with Australia.[100] According to Mary Edmond-Paul, "World War I had left scars on New Zealand society, with nearly 18,500 in total dying as a result of the war, more than 41,000 wounded, and others affected emotionally, out of an overseas fighting force of about 103,000 and a population of just over a million."[101] New Zealand also played key parts in the naval Battle of the River Plate[102] and the Battle of Britain air campaign.[103][104] During World War II, the United States had more than 400,000 American military personnel stationed in New Zealand.[105]
In addition to Vietnam and the two world wars, New Zealand fought in the Korean War, the Second Boer War,[106] the Malayan Emergency,[107] the Gulf War and the Afghanistan War. It has contributed forces to several regional and global peacekeeping missions, such as those in Cyprus, Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Sinai, Angola, Cambodia, the Iran–Iraq border, Bougainville, East Timor, and the Solomon Islands.[108] New Zealand also sent a unit of army engineers to help rebuild Iraqi infrastructure for one year during the Iraq War.
New Zealand ranks 8th in the Center for Global Development's 2011 Commitment to Development Index, which ranks the world's most developed countries on their dedication to policies that benefit poorer nations.[109] New Zealand is considered the second most peaceful country in the world according to the 2012 Global Peace Index.[110]
Local government and external territories
Main articles: Local government in New Zealand and Realm of New Zealand
Realm of New Zealand
The early European settlers divided New Zealand into provinces, which had a degree of autonomy.[111] Because of financial pressures and the desire to consolidate railways, education, land sales and other policies, government was centralised and the provinces were abolished in 1876.[112] As a result, New Zealand now has no separately represented subnational entities. The provinces are remembered in regional public holidays[113] and sporting rivalries.[114]
Since 1876, various councils have administered local areas under legislation determined by the central government.[111][115] In 1989, the government reorganised local government into the current two-tier structure of regional councils and territorial authorities.[116] The 249 municipalities[116] that existed in 1975 have now been consolidated into 67 territorial authorities and 11 regional councils.[117] The regional councils' role is to regulate "the natural environment with particular emphasis on resource management",[116] while territorial authorities are responsible for sewage, water, local roads, building consents and other local matters.[118] Five of the territorial councils are unitary authorities and also act as regional councils.[119] The territorial authorities consist of 13 city councils, 53 district councils, and the Chatham Islands Council. While officially the Chatham Islands Council is not a unitary authority, it undertakes many functions of a regional council.[120]
The Realm of New Zealand is one of 16 realms within the commonwealth[121][122] and comprises New Zealand, Tokelau, the Ross Dependency, the Cook Islands and Niue.[122] The Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing states in free association with New Zealand.[123][124] The New Zealand Parliament cannot pass legislation for these countries, but with their consent can act on behalf of them in foreign affairs and defence. Tokelau is a non-self-governing territory that uses the New Zealand flag and anthem, but is administered by a council of three elders (one from each Tokelauan atoll).[125][126] The Ross Dependency is New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica, where it operates the Scott Base research facility.[127] New Zealand citizenship law treats all parts of the realm equally, so most people born in New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency before 2006 are New Zealand citizens. Further conditions apply for those born from 2006 onwards.
Main article: Geography of New Zealand
See also: Atlas of New Zealand at Wikimedia Commons
Photo of New Zealand from space.
The snow-capped Southern Alps dominate the South Island, while the North Island's Northland Peninsula stretches towards the subtropics.
Aoraki / Mount Cook at dusk viewed from the Tekapo Canal, located in the Southern Alps. A significant portion of New Zealand's South Island landscape is mountainous.
New Zealand is made up of two main islands and a number of smaller islands, located near the centre of the water hemisphere. The main North and South Islands are separated by the Cook Strait, 22 kilometres (14 mi) wide at its narrowest point.[129] Besides the North and South Islands, the five largest inhabited islands are Stewart Island, the Chatham Islands, Great Barrier Island (in the Hauraki Gulf),[130] d'Urville Island (in the Marlborough Sounds)[131] and Waiheke Island (about 22 km (14 mi) from central Auckland).[132] The country's islands lie between latitudes 29° and 53°S, and longitudes 165° and 176°E.
New Zealand is long (over 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) along its north-north-east axis) and narrow (a maximum width of 400 kilometres (250 mi)),[133] with approximately 15,134 km (9,404 mi) of coastline[134] and a total land area of 268,021 square kilometres (103,483 sq mi)[135] Because of its far-flung outlying islands and long coastline, the country has extensive marine resources. Its Exclusive Economic Zone, one of the largest in the world, covers more than 15 times its land area.[136]
The South Island is the largest land mass of New Zealand, and is divided along its length by the Southern Alps.[137] There are 18 peaks over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), the highest of which is Aoraki/Mount Cook at 3,754 metres (12,316 ft).[138] Fiordland's steep mountains and deep fiords record the extensive ice age glaciation of this south-western corner of the South Island.[139] The North Island is less mountainous but is marked by volcanism.[140] The highly active Taupo volcanic zone has formed a large volcanic plateau, punctuated by the North Island's highest mountain, Mount Ruapehu (2,797 metres (9,177 ft)). The plateau also hosts the country's largest lake, Lake Taupo,[141] nestled in the caldera of one of the world's most active supervolcanoes.[142]
Photo showing clear blue water, a golden sanded beach and forested hills
Abel Tasman National Park in the South Island
The country owes its varied topography, and perhaps even its emergence above the waves, to the dynamic boundary it straddles between the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates.[143] New Zealand is part of Zealandia, a microcontinent nearly half the size of Australia that gradually submerged after breaking away from the Gondwanan supercontinent.[144] About 25 million years ago, a shift in plate tectonic movements began to contort and crumple the region. This is now most evident in the Southern Alps, formed by compression of the crust beside the Alpine Fault. Elsewhere the plate boundary involves the subduction of one plate under the other, producing the Puysegur Trench to the south, the Hikurangi Trench east of the North Island, and the Kermadec and Tonga Trenches[145] further north.[143]
Main article: Climate of New Zealand
New Zealand has a mild and temperate maritime climate with mean annual temperatures ranging from 10 °C (50 °F) in the south to 16 °C (61 °F) in the north.[146] Historical maxima and minima are 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) in Rangiora, Canterbury and −25.6 °C (−14.08 °F) in Ranfurly, Otago.[147] Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to almost semi-arid in Central Otago and the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury and subtropical in Northland.[148] Of the seven largest cities, Christchurch is the driest, receiving on average only 640 millimetres (25 in) of rain per year and Auckland the wettest, receiving almost twice that amount.[149] Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch all receive a yearly average in excess of 2,000 hours of sunshine. The southern and south-western parts of the South Island have a cooler and cloudier climate, with around 1,400–1,600 hours; the northern and north-eastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas of the country and receive approximately 2,400–2,500 hours.[150]
Main article: Biodiversity of New Zealand
Kiwi amongst sticks
The endemic flightless kiwi is a national icon.
New Zealand's geographic isolation for 80 million years[151] and island biogeography is responsible for the country's unique species of flora and fauna. They have either evolved from Gondwanan wildlife or the few organisms that have managed to reach the shores flying, swimming or being carried across the sea.[152] About 82 percent of New Zealand's indigenous vascular plants[n 9] are endemic, covering 1,944 species across 65 genera and includes a single family.[153][155] The two main types of forest are those dominated by broadleaf trees with emergent podocarps, or by southern beech in cooler climates.[156] The remaining vegetation types consist of grasslands, the majority of which are tussock.[157]
Before the arrival of humans an estimated 80 percent of the land was covered in forest, with only high alpine, wet, infertile and volcanic areas without trees.[158] Massive deforestation occurred after humans arrived, with around half the forest cover lost to fire after Polynesian settlement.[159] Much of the remaining forest fell after European settlement, being logged or cleared to make room for pastoral farming, leaving forest occupying only 23 percent of the land.[160]
The forests were dominated by birds, and the lack of mammalian predators led to some like the kiwi, kakapo and takahē evolving flightlessness.[161] The arrival of humans, associated changes to habitat, and the introduction of rats, ferrets and other mammals led to the extinction of many bird species, including large birds like the moa and Haast's eagle.[162][163]
Other indigenous animals are represented by reptiles (tuataras, skinks and geckos),[164] frogs, spiders (katipo), insects (weta) and snails.[165][166] Some, such as the wrens and tuatara, are so unique that they have been called living fossils. Three species of bats (one since extinct) were the only sign of native land mammals in New Zealand until the 2006 discovery of bones from a unique, mouse-sized land mammal at least 16 million years old.[167][168] Marine mammals however are abundant, with almost half the world's cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) and large numbers of fur seals reported in New Zealand waters.[169] Many seabirds breed in New Zealand, a third of them unique to the country.[170] More penguin species are found in New Zealand than in any other country.[171]
Since human arrival almost half of the country's vertebrate species have become extinct, including at least fifty one birds, three frogs, three lizards, one freshwater fish, four plant species, and one bat.[162] Others are endangered or have had their range severely reduced.[162] However New Zealand conservationists have pioneered several methods to help threatened wildlife recover, including island sanctuaries, pest control, wildlife translocation, fostering, and ecological restoration of islands and other selected areas.[172][173][174][175] According to the 2012 Environmental Performance Index, New Zealand is considered a "strong performer" in environmental protection, ranking 14th out of 132 assessed countries.[176]
Main article: Economy of New Zealand
See also: List of companies of New Zealand
New Zealand has a modern, prosperous and developed market economy with an estimated gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita of roughly US$28,250.[n 10] The currency is the New Zealand dollar, informally known as the "Kiwi dollar"; it also circulates in the Cook Islands (see Cook Islands dollar), Niue, Tokelau, and the Pitcairn Islands.[180] New Zealand was ranked 5th in the 2011 Human Development Index,[181] 4th in the The Heritage Foundation's 2012 Index of Economic Freedom,[182] and 13th in INSEAD's 2012 Global Innovation Index.[183]
Blue water against a backdrop of snow capped mountatins
Milford Sound, one of New Zealand's most famous tourist destinations[184]
Historically, extractive industries have contributed strongly to New Zealand's economy, focussing at different times on sealing, whaling, flax, gold, kauri gum, and native timber.[185] With the development of refrigerated shipping in the 1880s meat and dairy products were exported to Britain, a trade which provided the basis for strong economic growth in New Zealand.[186] High demand for agricultural products from the United Kingdom and the United States helped New Zealanders achieve higher living standards than both Australia and Western Europe in the 1950s and 1960s.[187] In 1973 New Zealand's export market was reduced when the United Kingdom joined the European Community[188] and other compounding factors, such as the 1973 oil and 1979 energy crisis, led to a severe economic depression.[189] Living standards in New Zealand fell behind those of Australia and Western Europe, and by 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by the World Bank.[190] Since 1984, successive governments engaged in major macroeconomic restructuring (known first as Rogernomics and then Ruthanasia), rapidly transforming New Zealand from a highly protectionist economy to a liberalised free-trade economy.[191][192]
Unemployment peaked above 10 percent in 1991 and 1992,[193] following the 1987 share market crash, but eventually fell to a record low of 3.4 percent in 2007 (ranking fifth from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations).[194] However, the global financial crisis that followed had a major impact on New Zealand, with the GDP shrinking for five consecutive quarters, the longest recession in over thirty years,[195][196] and unemployment rising back to 7% in late 2009.[197] As of May 2012, the general unemployment rate was around 6.7%, while the unemployment rate for youth aged 15 to 21 was 13.6%.[198] New Zealand has experienced a series of "brain drains" since the 1970s[199] that still continue today.[200] Nearly one quarter of highly skilled workers live overseas, mostly in Australia and Britain, which is the largest proportion from any developed nation.[201] In recent years, however, a "brain gain" has brought in educated professionals from Europe and lesser developed countries.[202][203]
New Zealand is heavily dependent on international trade,[204] particularly in agricultural products.[205] Exports account for a high 24 percent of its output,[134] making New Zealand vulnerable to international commodity prices and global economic slowdowns. Its principal export industries are agriculture, horticulture, fishing, forestry and mining, which make up about half of the country's exports.[206] Its major export partners are Australia, United States, Japan, China, and the United Kingdom.[134] On 7 April 2008, New Zealand and China signed the New Zealand China Free Trade Agreement, the first such agreement China has signed with a developed country.[207][208] The service sector is the largest sector in the economy, followed by manufacturing and construction and then farming and raw material extraction.[134] Tourism plays a significant role in New Zealand's economy, contributing $15.0 billion to New Zealand's total GDP and supporting 9.6 percent of the total workforce in 2010.[209] International visitors to New Zealand increased by 3.1 percent in the year to October 2010[210] and are expected to increase at a rate of 2.5 percent annually up to 2015.[209]
A Romney ewe with her two lambs
Wool has historically been one of New Zealand's major exports.
Wool was New Zealand's major agricultural export during the late 19th century.[185] Even as late as the 1960s it made up over a third of all export revenues,[185] but since then its price has steadily dropped relative to other commodities[211] and wool is no longer profitable for many farmers.[212] In contrast dairy farming increased, with the number of dairy cows doubling between 1990 and 2007,[213] to become New Zealand's largest export earner.[214] In the year to June 2009, dairy products accounted for 21 percent ($9.1 billion) of total merchandise exports,[215] and the country's largest company, Fonterra, controls almost one-third of the international dairy trade.[216] Other agricultural exports in 2009 were meat 13.2 percent, wool 6.3 percent, fruit 3.5 percent and fishing 3.3 percent. New Zealand's wine industry has followed a similar trend to dairy, the number of vineyards doubling over the same period,[217] overtaking wool exports for the first time in 2007.[218][219]
In 2008, oil, gas and coal generated approximately 69 percent of New Zealand's gross energy supply and 31% was generated from renewable energy, primarily hydroelectric power and geothermal power.[220] New Zealand's transport network includes 93,805 kilometres (58,288 mi) of roads, worth 23 billion dollars,[221] and 4,128 kilometres (2,565 mi) of railway lines.[222] Most major cities and towns are linked by bus services, although the private car is the predominant mode of transport.[223] The railways were privatised in 1993, then re-purchased by the government in 2004 and vested into a state owned enterprise.[224] Railways run the length of the country, although most lines now carry freight rather than passengers.[225] Most international visitors arrive via air[226] and New Zealand has seven international airports, although currently only the Auckland and Christchurch airports connect directly with countries other than Australia or Fiji.[227] The New Zealand Post Office had a monopoly over telecommunications until 1989 when Telecom New Zealand was formed, initially as a state-owned enterprise and then privatised in 1990.[228] Telecom still owns the majority of the telecommunications infrastructure, but competition from other providers has increased.[229] The United Nations International Telecommunication Union ranks New Zealand 12th in the development of information and communications infrastructure, having moved up four places between 2008 and 2010. [230]
Main article: Demographics of New Zealand
Graph with a New Zealand population scale ranging from 0 to almost 7 million on the y axis and the years from 1850 to around 2070 on the x axis. A black line starts at about 100,000 in 1858 and increases steadily to about 4.1 million in 2006. Seven separate red lines then project out from the black line ending in values ranging from roughly 4.5 to 6.5 million in the year 2061; two lines are slightly thicker than the rest.
New Zealand's historical population (black) and projected growth (red)
The population of New Zealand is approximately 4.4 million.[231] New Zealand is a predominantly urban country, with 72 percent of the population living in 16 main urban areas and 53 percent living in the four largest cities of Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington, and Hamilton.[232] New Zealand cities generally rank highly on international livability measures. For instance, in 2010 Auckland was ranked the world's 4th most liveable city and Wellington the 12th by the Mercer Quality of Life Survey[233]
The life expectancy of a New Zealand child born in 2008 was 82.4 years for females, and 78.4 years for males.[234] Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline.[235] New Zealand's fertility rate of 2.1 is relatively high for a developed country, and natural births account for a significant proportion of population growth. Subsequently, the country has a young population compared to most industrialized nations, with 20 percent of New Zealanders being 14 years-old or younger.[236] By 2050 the population is forecast to reach 5.3 million, the median age to rise from 36 years to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older to rise from 18 percent to 29 percent.[235]
Ethnicity and immigration
Main articles: New Zealanders and Immigration to New Zealand
In the 2006 census, 67.6 percent identified ethnically as European and 14.6 percent as Māori.[237] Other major ethnic groups include Asian (9.2 percent) and Pacific peoples (6.9 percent), while 11.1 percent identified themselves simply as a "New Zealander" (or similar) and 1 percent identified with other ethnicities.[238][n 11] This contrasts with 1961, when the census reported that the population of New Zealand was 92 percent European and 7 percent Māori, with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1 percent.[240] While the demonym for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander, the informal "Kiwi" is commonly used both internationally[241] and by locals.[242] The Māori loanword Pākehā usually refers to New Zealanders of European descent, although some reject this appellation,[243][244] and some Māori use it to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders.[245]
Lion dancers wearing bright red and yellow costumes
New Zealand's fastest growing ethnic groups are Asian. Here, lion dancers perform at the Auckland Lantern Festival.
The Māori were the first people to reach New Zealand, followed by the early European settlers. Following colonisation, immigrants were predominantly from Britain, Ireland and Australia because of restrictive policies similar to the white Australian policies.[246] There was also significant Dutch, Dalmatian,[247] Italian, and German immigration together with indirect European immigration through Australia, North America, South America and South Africa.[248] Following the Great Depression policies were relaxed and migrant diversity increased. In 2009–10, an annual target of 45,000–50,000 permanent residence approvals was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service—more than one new migrant for every 100 New Zealand residents.[249] Twenty-three percent of New Zealand's population were born overseas, most of whom live in the Auckland region.[250] While most have still come from the United Kingdom and Ireland (29 percent), immigration from East Asia (mostly mainland China, but with substantial numbers also from Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and Hong Kong) is rapidly increasing the number of people from those countries.[251] The number of fee-paying international students increased sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public tertiary institutions in 2002.[252]
Main article: Languages of New Zealand
English is the predominant language in New Zealand, spoken by 98 percent of the population.[3] New Zealand English is similar to Australian English and many speakers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the accents apart.[253]. The most prominent differences between the New Zealand English dialect and other English dialects are the shifts in the short front vowels: the short-"i" sound (as in "kit") has centralised towards the schwa sound (the "a" in "comma" and "about"); the short-"e" sound (as in "dress") has moved towards the short-"i" sound; and the short-"a" sound (as in "trap") has moved to the short-"e" sound.[254] Hence, the New Zealand pronunciation of words such as "bad", "dead", "fish" and "chips" sound like "bed", "did", "fush" and "chups" to non-New Zealanders.
After the Second World War, Māori were discouraged from speaking their own language (te reo Māori) in schools and workplaces and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas.[255] It has recently undergone a process of revitalisation,[256][257] being declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987,[258] and is spoken by 4.1 percent of the population.[3] There are now Māori language immersion schools and two Māori Television channels, the only nationwide television channels to have the majority of their prime-time content delivered in Māori.[259] Many places have officially been given dual Maori and English names in recent years. Samoan is one of the most widely spoken languages in New Zealand (2.3 percent),[n 12] followed by French, Hindi, Yue and Northern Chinese.[3][260][n 13] New Zealand Sign Language is used by approximately 28,000 people and was made New Zealand's second official language in 2006.[261]
Simple white building with two red domed towers
A Ratana church
Education and religion
Main articles: Education in New Zealand and Religion in New Zealand
Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with the majority attending from the age of 5.[262] There are 13 school years and attending public schools is free. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 percent,[134] and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification.[262][n 14] There are five types of government-owned tertiary institutions: universities, colleges of education, polytechnics, specialist colleges, and wānanga,[263] in addition to private training establishments.[264] In the adult population 14.2 percent have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4 percent have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4 percent have no formal qualification.[265] The OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment ranks New Zealand's education system as the 7th best in the world, with students performing exceptionally well in reading, mathematics and science.[266]
Christianity is the predominant religion in New Zealand, although its society is among the most secular in the world.[267] In the 2006 Census, 55.6 percent of the population identified themselves as Christians, while another 34.7 percent indicated that they had no religion (up from 29.6 percent in 2001) and around 4 percent affiliated with other religions.[268][n 15] The main Christian denominations are Anglicanism, Roman Catholicism, Presbyterianism and Methodism. There are also significant numbers of Christians who identify themselves with Pentecostal, Baptist, and Latter-day Saint churches and the New Zealand-based Ratana church has adherents among Māori. According to census figures, other significant minority religions include Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam.
Main article: Culture of New Zealand
Tall wooden carving showing Kupe above two tentacled sea creatures
Late twentieth-century house-post depicting the navigator Kupe fighting two sea creatures
Early Māori adapted the tropically based east Polynesian culture in line with the challenges associated with a larger and more diverse environment, eventually developing their own distinctive culture. Social organisation was largely communal with families (whanau), sub-tribes (hapu) and tribes (iwi) ruled by a chief (rangatira) whose position was subject to the community's approval.[271] The British and Irish immigrants brought aspects of their own culture to New Zealand and also influenced Māori culture,[272][273] particularly with the introduction of Christianity.[274] However, Māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of their identity, and Māori kinship roles resemble those of other Polynesian peoples.[275] More recently American, Australian, Asian and other European cultures have exerted influence on New Zealand. Non-Māori Polynesian cultures are also apparent, with Pasifika, the world's largest Polynesian festival, now an annual event in Auckland.
Two women in long flowing yellow skirts either side of a man in a short black skirt mid dance
Cook Islands dancers at Auckland's Pasifika festival
The largely rural life in early New Zealand led to the image of New Zealanders being rugged, industrious problem solvers.[276] Modesty was expected and enforced through the "tall poppy syndrome", where high achievers received harsh criticism.[277] At the time New Zealand was not known as an intellectual country.[278] From the early 20th century until the late 1960s Māori culture was suppressed by the attempted assimilation of Māori into British New Zealanders.[255] In the 1960s, as higher education became more available and cities expanded[279] urban culture began to dominate.[280] Even though the majority of the population now lives in cities, much of New Zealand's art, literature, film and humour has rural themes.
Main article: New Zealand art
As part of the resurgence of Māori culture, the traditional crafts of carving and weaving are now more widely practised and Māori artists are increasing in number and influence.[281] Most Māori carvings feature human figures, generally with three fingers and either a natural-looking, detailed head or a grotesque head.[282] Surface patterns consisting of spirals, ridges, notches and fish scales decorate most carvings.[283] The pre-eminent Māori architecture consisted of carved meeting houses (wharenui) decorated with symbolic carvings and illustrations. These buildings were originally designed to be constantly rebuilt, changing and adapting to different whims or needs.[284]
Māori decorated the white wood of buildings, canoes and cenotaphs using red (a mixture of red ochre and shark fat) and black (made from soot) paint and painted pictures of birds, reptiles and other designs on cave walls.[285] Māori tattoos (moko) consisting of coloured soot mixed with gum were cut into the flesh with a bone chisel.[286] Since European arrival paintings and photographs have been dominated by landscapes, originally not as works of art but as factual portrayals of New Zealand.[287] Portraits of Māori were also common, with early painters often portraying them as "noble savages", exotic beauties or friendly natives.[287] The country's isolation delayed the influence of European artistic trends allowing local artists to developed their own distinctive style of regionalism.[288] During the 1960s and 70s many artists combined traditional Māori and Western techniques, creating unique art forms.[289] New Zealand art and craft has gradually achieved an international audience, with exhibitions in the Venice Biennale in 2001 and the "Paradise Now" exhibition in New York in 2004.[281][290]
Portrait of Hinepare of Ngāti Kahungunu by Gottfried Lindauer, showing chin moko, pounamu hei-tiki and woven cloak
Māori cloaks are made of fine flax fibre and patterned with black, red and white triangles, diamonds and other geometric shapes.[291] Greenstone was fashioned into earrings and necklaces, with the most well-known design being the hei-tiki, a distorted human figure sitting cross-legged with its head tilted to the side.[292] Europeans brought English fashion etiquette to New Zealand, and until the 1950s most people dressed up for social occasions.[293] Standards have since relaxed and New Zealand fashion has received a reputation for being casual, practical and lacklustre.[294][295] However, the local fashion industry has grown significantly since 2000, doubling exports and increasing from a handful to about 50 established labels, with some labels gaining international recognition.[295]
Main article: New Zealand literature
Māori quickly adopted writing as a means of sharing ideas, and many of their oral stories and poems were converted to the written form.[296] Most early English literature was obtained from Britain and it was not until the 1950s when local publishing outlets increased that New Zealand literature started to become widely known.[297] Although still largely influenced by global trends (modernism) and events (the Great Depression), writers in the 1930s began to develop stories increasingly focused on their experiences in New Zealand. During this period literature changed from a journalistic activity to a more academic pursuit.[298] Participation in the world wars gave some New Zealand writers a new perspective on New Zealand culture and with the post-war expansion of universities local literature flourished.[299]
Main articles: Music of New Zealand, Cinema of New Zealand, and Media of New Zealand
Bungy jumping in the popular resort town of Queenstown.
New Zealand music has been influenced by blues, jazz, country, rock and roll and hip hop, with many of these genres given a unique New Zealand interpretation.[300] Māori developed traditional chants and songs from their ancient South-East Asian origins, and after centuries of isolation created a unique "monotonous" and "doleful" sound.[301] Flutes and trumpets were used as musical instruments[302] or as signalling devices during war or special occasions.[303] Early settlers brought over their ethnic music, with brass bands and choral music being popular, and musicians began touring New Zealand in the 1860s.[304][305] Pipe bands became widespread during the early 20th century.[306] The New Zealand recording industry began to develop from 1940 onwards and many New Zealand musicians have obtained success in Britain and the USA.[300] Some artists release Māori language songs and the Māori tradition-based art of kapa haka (song and dance) has made a resurgence.[307] The New Zealand Music Awards are held annually by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ); the awards were first held in 1965 by Reckitt & Colman as the Loxene Golden Disc Awards.[308] The RIANZ also publishes the country's official weekly record charts.[309]
Radio first arrived in New Zealand in 1922 and television in 1960.[310] The number of New Zealand films significantly increased during the 1970s.[311] In 1978 the New Zealand Film Commission started assisting local film-makers and many films attained a world audience, some receiving international acknowledgement. Deregulation in the 1980s saw a sudden increase in the numbers of radio and television stations.[311] New Zealand television primarily broadcasts American and British programming, along with a large number of Australian and local shows. The country's diverse scenery and compact size, plus government incentives,[312] have encouraged some producers to film big budget movies in New Zealand.[313] The New Zealand media industry is dominated by a small number of companies, most of which are foreign-owned, although the state retains ownership of some television and radio stations. Between 2003 and 2008, Reporters Without Borders consistently ranked New Zealand's press freedom in the top twenty.[314] As of 2011, New Zealand was ranked 13th worldwide in press freedom by Freedom House, with the 2nd freest media in the Asia-Pacific region after Palau.[315]
Main article: Sport in New Zealand
Dark statue with backpack facing a snow capped mountain
Statue of mountaineer Sir Edmund Hillary gazing towards Aoraki / Mount Cook
Most of the major sporting codes played in New Zealand have English origins.[316] Golf, netball, tennis and cricket are the four top participatory sports, soccer is the most popular among young people and rugby union attracts the most spectators.[317] Victorious rugby tours to Australia and the United Kingdom in the late 1880s and the early 1900s played an early role in instilling a national identity,[318] although the sport's influence has since declined.[319] Horse racing was also a popular spectator sport and became part of the "Rugby, Racing and Beer" culture during the 1960s.[320] Māori participation in European sports was particularly evident in rugby and the country's team performs a haka (traditional Māori challenge) before international matches.[321]
New Zealand has competitive international teams in rugby union, netball, cricket, rugby league, and softball and has traditionally done well in triathlons, rowing, yachting and cycling. The country has performed well on a medals-to-population ratio at Olympic Games and Commonwealth Games.[317][322] New Zealand's national rugby union team is often regarded as the best in the world, and are the reigning World Cup holders. New Zealand are also the reigning rugby league world champions. New Zealand is known for its extreme sports, adventure tourism[323] and strong mountaineering tradition.[324] Other outdoor pursuits such as cycling, fishing, swimming, running, tramping, canoeing, hunting, snowsports and surfing are also popular.[325]
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SIR, – In response to Peter Janetzki's letter in The Weekly Advertiser, November 21, about 'Rail Waste' I say well done!
I agree that a two-car velocity passenger train should operate in the Wimmera – for a start from Dimboola, the original depot – to Ararat and stabled in a holding yard for a return journey, akin to the times the 'Peanut' operated in by-gone days.
I, with my family, live in Ararat, and our passenger train service was shut down for a period, then reintroduced.
Recently another service was added to and from Melbourne, thus making it four services Monday to Friday.
People prefer train travel to buses. The time-tabling would be no trouble because, after all, The Overland passenger train runs regularly in both directions from Melbourne to Adelaide.
I am an ex driver, depot foreman-locomotive inspector and have worked between Melbourne, Ararat and Serviceton.


Anyone use internet sharing with the icon? It seems to work for the first computer but any additional one seems to not be able to connect to the internet.
Why do the start screen Email and SMS tiles number of unread emails count disappear if not read?
I cracked my Lumia 1520 screen months ago and now all of a suddem it can't read my touch, is it time to change my screen?


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/ Home / Press office / The University of Plymouth appoints its next Chair of the Board of Governors and Pro-Chancellor
The University of Plymouth appoints its next Chair of the Board of Governors and Pro-Chancellor
Leading business expert Colin Drummond, OBE, DL to start on 1 October
The University of Plymouth has appointed a leading expert in business, sustainability, and science and innovation as its next Chair of the Board of Governors and Pro-Chancellor.
Colin Drummond, OBE, DL, has been appointed following an extensive recruitment campaign, and brings with him 25 years of international Plc board experience at both Executive and Non-Executive Director level.
Until retirement last year, Colin was Chief Executive and then Chair of Viridor, one of the UK's leading renewable energy and waste management companies. He has also chaired a variety of government and public sector bodies linking business, universities, and policy makers across environmental and water sectors. In particular, he chaired the UK's Environmental Sustainability Knowledge Transfer Network; the Government's Living With Environmental Change Business Advisory Board, and UKTI's Water and Environment Sector Advisory Group. He is also Chair of Taunton and Somerset NHS Foundation Trust.
Awarded an OBE for Services to Technology and Innovation in 2012, and recently appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Somerset, Colin has also worked in the Economic Intelligence Department of the Bank of England, as a consultant for The Boston Consulting Group; and a divisional chief executive in Coats Viyella. He is a former Harkness Fellow at Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration and Senior Visiting Research Fellow in the University of Oxford's Earth Sciences Department, and is actively involved in fundraising to provide postgraduate bursaries for students who otherwise would not be able to continue their studies.
Professor Judith Petts, CBE, Vice-Chancellor, said:
"I am delighted that Colin has agreed to join us. He brings a wealth of relevant experience and I and the senior team are looking forward to working with him as we continue to build on the University's strengths and qualities."
Colin Drummond, OBE, added:
"It is a privilege and an honour to have been appointed Pro-Chancellor and Chair of Governors of the University of Plymouth. I look forward to working with the Vice-Chancellor and the whole team in giving our students the best possible foundation for their future lives through access to the highest quality research and teaching."
Colin will take over from James Brent, Founder and Chairman of the Akkeron Group, Chairman of Plymouth Argyle Football Club and Chairman of the Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, whose term ends on the 30 September. James originally agreed to serve as the Chair of the Board of Governors for one year, but agreed to extend this to oversee the appointment of the Vice-Chancellor and his own successor. The University is immensely grateful for James' significant contribution to the Board.
About the Board of Governors

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


ANGRY Portsmouth fans are threatening protests at their home game against Scunthorpe tomorrow after administrators tried to sell the club back to its former owners.
The crisis-hit League 1 club, relegated twice after two administrations since winning the FA Cup in 2008, has been warned it faces a fan boycott and collapse in support and income if administrator Trevor Birch of insolvency specialists PKF goes ahead with plans to sell it back to British Virgin Islands-registered firm Portpin.
A rival bid involving the Pompey Supporters Trust and a group of wealthy local businessmen has won the backing of the majority of fans who want to see an end to a cycle of financial instability at the club, which has had five owners in four years.
The Trust is still in the running and was in pole position until Friday last week. But then it emerged that Mr Birch had come under pressure from risk assessors at PKF to make Portpin, the club's biggest creditor, the owner for a third time amid fears of an expensive legal challenge if the fans' bid was chosen.
The administrators, who have run up a £1.3 million bill, are still to make a final, formal decision but have privately indicated that they now want to sell the club to Portpin, which is run by Hong Kong-based businessman Balram Chainrai and his Israeli business partner Levi Kushnir.
In the face of fury from fans now demanding season ticket refunds, the administrators have tried to shift responsibility for the takeover decision onto the Football League, which must approve any takeover. But the league, also worried about the threat of legal action, has batted it back, saying it cannot make any decisions until presented formally with the administrator's choice of preferred bidder.
"Once the preferred bidder has been selected, the matter will be considered formally by the League Board," a Football League spokesman said.
The takeover battle will be a test of the League's mettle and its newly-strengthened Owners' and Directors' Test, formerly known as the Fit and Proper Persons Test. One of the aims of the test is to stop former owners of football clubs pulling strings behind the scenes and forcing them into repeated administrations to rinse debt.
Chainrai and Kushnir put Portsmouth into administration three weeks after taking over the club in February 2010. They took over again after Pompey exited administration in October that year and then in June 2011 sold the club to CSI, a consortium led by Russian businessman Vladimir Antonov.
Five months later Antonov was arrested for alleged asset-stripping at a bank in Lithuania and in February this year Pompey were placed back into administration. Chainrai and Kushnir were key creditors of CSI and Pompey. They claim to be owed £18.6 million by the football club.
Portsmouth's city council leader, Liberal Democrat Gerald Vernon-Jackson, and the city's two MPs, Tory Penny Mordaunt and Lib Dem Mike Hancock, have all backed the Trust and expressed fears that a Portpin takeover will lead to more financial uncertainty for the club and creditors.
In a report to its annual general meeting last night, the Pompey Supporters Trust said: "At the time of the AGM, it appears that Portpin is now the preferred bidder, although they still need to convince the Football League that they should be assigned the golden share.
"This is not a formality and we trust the League to fully investigate the background of Portpin's involvement in the recent history of PFC. Should the League deem them inappropriate owners or lay down conditions that alter Portpin's desire to own the club, then our bid remains on the table.
The League, which plans to dock Pompey 10 points for a second time for going into administration, has been widely criticised for approving the club's last owners amid previous concerns over Antonov.
He is currently facing extradition to Lithuania but denies any wrongdoing and is contesting the charges.


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2017-06-21 Headline Gold NewsBy Angela Roberts
Irrational Exuberance:
The Lesson of the Bird in the Bush
"How do we know when irrational exuberance has unduly escalated asset values, which then become subject to unexpected and prolonged contractions?" Alan Greenspan, December 5, 1996
Another day, another market record. The Dow has set some 36 record high closings since the 2016 presidential election. Wall Street has shrugged off a weak GDP, soaring sovereign debt, low inflation, White House scandals, terror attacks, the Comey hearings, and one of the most contentious political climates since the 1960s.
With respect to the markets, we've read and heard the words "all-time high" so frequently this year that the efficacy of America's oldest index comes into question. The DJIA charts the daily price movements of our largest and most storied companies, and it now seems to have lost relevance. We are illogically confident, unreasonably upbeat, and many would say foolishly optimistic about equities. It is what Alan Greenspan called "irrational exuberance," or a state of investor enthusiasm that has no basis in fundamentals.
The truth is, we can't help ourselves. Persistently low inflation has created the perception of lower risk and reduced uncertainty. Stocks have been on a seemingly infinite trajectory of "up," and we have all been jumping in on the profit party. We have thrown caution to the wind, gone all-in, and quite simply let it ride. The year 2017 has been an unusually lucky roulette game at an overly crowded table where the Dow has managed to find the pocket week after week as we've gone "straight up" and "double zero" in a profit-crazy round of risk.
According to Nobel Prize-winning economist Robert J. Shiller, the author of the book Irrational Exuberance, we "are drawn to it partly through envy of others' successes and partly through a gambler's excitement." We are, after all, human and subject to the emotional ruse of a speculative bubble, which Shiller says "spreads by psychological contagion from person to person…despite doubts about the real value of an investment." Three decades later, we have once again tapped into Gordon Gecko's Wall Street where "greed clarifies, cuts through, and captures the essence of the evolutionary spirit."
Chronic optimism can often breed complacency, and the majority of fund managers in the U.S. now warn that the market is the most overvalued it has been in 20 years. Stretched valuations and profit weaknesses are deemed to be extraordinarily high. According to a Bank of America survey in late March, more than 80 percent of fund managers voted U.S. equities as the most overvalued region in a market comparative with Europe, Japan, GEM (Global Exchange Market), and the U.K. And what do those same managers think will ultimately tame the charging bull? Throughout history, rising interest rates and weak earnings have taken down even the mightiest of market forces, and these elements are now both in play.
The true peril of irrational exuberance is that it is wholly deceptive. Sound decision-making is muddled by misleading market indicators, competitive groupthink, and veiled bubbles that on any given day can rupture and collapse. So for those looking for retirement security, Wall Street in 2017 is simply not the bird in the hand—but very much an unfamiliar and unpredictable bird lurking in the bush.
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The Farmhouse is offering a creative way for guests to test its new seasonal menu created by its new chef, Javan Small, and show off art by Lesta Bertoia.
The restaurant will have its first-ever vernissage (a private preview of Bertoia's art) 6-9 p.m. Monday that will be highlighted with samples of new foods created by Small, wine tastings by Vynecrest Winery and beer samples provided by Chris Hosbach of Stockertown Beverage. Local musician Joe Tkach of The Way, will provide music on the patio. Info at http://www.thefarmhouse.com or 610-967-6225.
The Monroe Farmers Market is celebrating its 30th anniversary with a special Harvest Celebration Dinner with the help of the farmer-friendly Gem and Keystone Brew Pub at Shawnee Inn and Golf Resort. The event, at 3:30 p.m. Sundayat the inn's River Sanctuary pavilion, will feature a welcome reception and buffet dinner of locally grown and produced ingredients contributed by the market's farmers and purveyors. Because seating is limited, buy your tickets as quickly as possible at The Gem and Keystone Brew Pub. If any last-minute tickets remain, they'll be sold 8 a.m.-noon Saturday at the market's information booth on Ann Street in Stroudsburg. Info: 570-424-0990.


It's been pretty quiet in the writing world lately. I'm polishing, polishing, polishing the "untitled space station novel."
I've also been working very hard on a new project called The Exclusive. The genre--paranormal suspense--isn't exactly in my comfort zone, but it also deals with a paranormal event and the TV news business, so I can definitely handle the finer points of the latter. I got a little messy with defining my pseudo-religious "magic" system, so I certainly have some work to do when I hit revisions.
I'm about 73,000 words into it, which means I'm rounding third and heading for home on this novel. I'm fully aware that the book is a bit of a narrative mess at the moment. When I finish the first draft, I'll leave it alone for about a month, make some revisions to tie everything together, and send it off to Beta Reader Supreme.
A brutal Indiana winter meant a lot of writing time but little time to get out among the people. Thankfully, I was able to make it to a couple events recently.
That Book Place in Madison, Ind., holds its annual Authors Fair in March. I attended the event as an author for the first time. The place is usually jam-packed during this event, but the Milton-Madison Bridge linking Indiana to Kentucky was closed this year and you could definitely tell. It's still nice to meet a few people and mingle with other authors.
I went to Hanover College this weekend for the school's annual Geek-a-Thon. It's basically a small comic-con, and this year's theme was the very Crimsonstreak-friendly "DC vs. Marvel."
My wife made this lovely gift basket, which was available in a silent auction for charity.
We met several students and had a nice time hanging out with some of the other guests. Attendance was generally light, but I think it was worth the trip down there.
Between the two events, I made a few sales, met a lot of great people, and mingled with some author friends I haven't seen in a while. All worth it, in my book.


MUSCAT, April 15 – The Primary Court in Salalah has found a fish factory in Salalah of violation of consumer protection law. According to the ruling by the court, the defendants were found to have given incorrect information to consumers by tampering with expiry date and hiding product details from them. The court sentenced the culprits to three months' imprisonment and a fine of RO 10,000 for the first offence, in addition to 10 days imprisonment and a fine of RO 2,000 for the second offence.
According to a statement from the Public Authority for Consumer Protection, a case against the fish factory was filed following a report from Salalah Fishery Research Centre about possible corrupt practices being followed by the defendants. These included use of expired raw materials and tampering with the expiry date. A team of inspectors from the authority visited the factory and found over six tonnes of expired raw materials in the stores. The samples collected from the factory were sent to the municipal laboratories for testing and the results showed that they were not suitable for human consumption.
Following this, a team of judicial inspectors and specialists from the Salalah Fishery Research Centre were sent to inspect the warehouses of the factory. Apart from expired products, the team also found many containers packed with different type of fish, the names of which were not mentioned in the labels. Commenting to the verdict, Ali bin Salem al Basrawi, Director of the Department of the consumer protection authority in Dhofar Governorate, said: "This seizure comes within the framework of the role the authority plays in preserving the safety, health and rights of the consumers. It also comes as a confirmation that the authority is keen to deal with the reports with transparency".


text:
Liverpool: Klopp's dilemma with Kabak
Klopp urgently requested signing Kabak in January due to the injury crisis in defence, now it is not clear whether the club will use their option to buy him.
Update: May 24th, 2021 05:07 EDT
DAVID KLEINREUTERS
Ozan Kabak joined Liverpool in January to ease the injury crisis in central defence. Van Dijk, Joel Matip and Joe Gomez were all out with long-term injuries and Klopp, who always carefully considers exactly what the team requires when entering the transfer market simply didn't have the funds to buy whoever he wanted. After much thought, the solution was Ozan Kabak. The Turkish centre-back was one of the few positives during Schalke's season and Liverpool chose him as the best option open to them at the time. Klopp would have a preferred a player with more experience, but he was conditioned by a difficult transfer market which had also been affected by the pandemic.
Ozan Kabak
The club brought Kabak in on loan until the end of the season with the option to buy him for 20.9 million euros. "I would like to stay at Liverpool; these last five months have been very valuable for my career. I have played with football stars and for a coach like Klopp. But the manager hasn't said anything to me about my future, we haven't spoke about it yet," the Turkish centre-back told The Times. "Of course I'm still a young player, I could do things better, but I have a long path ahead of me in my career and the chance to become a better player. Virgil, Joel Matip, Joe Gomez, are great central defenders and if I train with them and under a coach like Jürgen Klopp, I could improve".
El análisis de Ozan Kabak.BeSoccer
Liverpool's priority was to secure a top four position to qualify for next season's Champions League. The Reds, who just a few weeks ago were in eighth and in danger of missing out on Europe altogether, managed to make up lost ground and finish the season third. Now Klopp faces a dilemma with Kabak. Van Dijk and Gomez will be back for the start of the new season, and spending 20 million on Kabak could hamper his plans to invest in players needed for other key positions such as in midfield. On top of that, there are rumours that Salah isn't happy.
The 21-year-old Kabak will be part of the Turkey squad at this summer's Euros and back home, a lot of hopes have been pinned on him. Kabak, Soyunçu and Demiral are the players who give Turkey security at the back. His market value, according to BeSoccer is 36.8 million euros. He is a player with potential and due to Schalke's situation, they may be forced to sell. The Bundesliga side has suffered a traumatic drop to the second division.
Kabak represents an opportunity for Liverpool but he could equally impede the club from investing in other objectives. The club will analyse the situation and consider all of the pros and cons. The fans are delighted with how Nat Phillips has managed to come into the team and help out - he and Rhys Williams have shown they are useful deputies who deserve a place in the squad when all of Klopp's first-choice centre-backs return.
Football leagues


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