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Smugglers isomorphism
A colourful collection of tablets of the drug popularly known as Ecstacy. Photo: justice.gov
Some years ago, Daniel Reidpath and I were experimenting with the idea of using a self-guided learning algorithm to develop rules for discriminating the profiles of drug-smugglers from those of non-smugglers in a database of visitors to Australia. The criterion variable in which we were interested was dichotomous: coded 0 if a visitor was not a drug-smuggler, and coded 1 if they were. Similarly, the predictor variables we examined were also coded dichotomously. Had the visitor had a sojourn in the Golden Triangle on their way to Australia? Were they under 25 years old? Were they male? — and so forth. And we wanted to check our learning algorithm by testing it on a database of simulated cases in which the functional relationship between the predictor variables and the criterion variable was known, and systematically changed by us.
The problem with the simulations was that the number of functions that we might need to look at grows as a double-exponential function of the number of predictor variables. Specifically, if there is but one predictor variable, then there are four possible functions relating the predictor variable to the criterion variable. If there are 2 predictor variables, then there are 16 different functions; with 3 predictor variables the number of possible functional relationships has grown to 256; and, in general, for n predictor variables there are 22^n. However, many of those functions do not need to be tested separately because there is a great deal of redundancy amongst them, at least from the point of view of the learning algorithm. That is, one or more of the functions are essentially isomorphic. Consider, for example, the fact that whether we code the answer to the question, "Is the visitor male?" as 0 for Yes and 1 for No, or vice versa, is essentially irrelevant. Either coding system would work and we knew that if our learning algorithm were capable of detecting a relationship that was coded in one direction then it would be equally capable of detecting it if it had been coded in the opposite direction. The same logic applies to the criterion variable: the criterion could be coded as 1 for drug-smugglers and 0 for non-smugglers, or vice versa.
Two or more predictor variables
When one considers two or more predictor variables, rather than just a single one, as in the case of the sex of the visitor, the redundancy is even greater. It was irrelevant to us whether, for example, we treated the sex of the visitor as the first predictor variable and their (dichotomized) age as the second variable, or the other way around. When all the redundancies are taken into account, the number of functional relationships against which we needed to test our learning algorithm droped considerably. Instead of 256 functional relationships with three predictor variables, only 14 relationships need to be examined. Similarly, in the case of four predictor variables, the number of functions that need examining is reduced from 65536 to 247. It appears that the number of functions to be examined still grows as a double-exponential of the number of predictor variables, but nonetheless for any n, the number is much less than what it would otherwise be.
If you're interested in more details of the Smugglers isomorphism, you will find them here.
How many non-isomorphic functions are there under the Smugglers isomorphism
It would be nice to have an analytical solution (i.e., an explicit formula) for the number of non-isomorphic functions on n predictor variables.
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged combinatorics, mathematics
Reform of Australian Government Administration
Old Parliament House, Caberra; seat of the Parliament of Australia from 1927 to 1988. Photo: wikimedia.org
In early September 2009—actually, on the 70th anniversary of the start of World War II—the Australian Prime Minister, Mr Kevin Rudd, announced the formation of an Advisory Group on the Reform of Australian Government Administration. The group, chaired by Terry Moran, asked for submissions from interested parties and released a discussion paper as a starting point from which people interested in making submissions might develop their ideas.
In total, 173 individuals, groups and organizations—including several Australian government departments—made open submissions, all of which are available for viewing on the website of the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
Angela O'Brien-Malone and I made a joint submission focussing on the need for the Australian Public Service (APS) to have personnel with expertise in the evaluation of evidence from the social sciences if it (i.e., the APS) is to be capable of being a rational advocate of evidence-based policy to the government of the day. If you are interested, you can download a PDF copy of our submission here.


The CEO of the German company Wintershall, which is the investor of the "Nord stream-2", Mario Mehren stated that the delay in the construction of the pipeline will weaken Europe. About it reports RBC.
According to him, gas project enhances competitiveness and medium and long-term energy security, especially given the reduced production in Europe.
"Further delay will weaken the energy security and competitiveness of Europe and, consequently, the future of Europe", — he stressed.
The EU needs to be able to use this "safe, direct and efficient transport infrastructure", said the CEO of Wintershall.
Earlier, the European Commission said that in the future Russia will be forced to return to the table of negotiations about gas transit through Ukraine due to the fact that the gas pipeline "Nord stream-2" will not be ready for several years.
The gas pipeline "Nord stream-2" are laid from Russia to Germany under the Baltic sea. The total capacity of the pipeline is 55 billion cubic meters of gas per year. To complete construction and to launch the project is planned in 2019.


Perfect for spreading across some crunchy toast, this Granovita herb pate is a delicious lunch-time treat with a tasty, ethical recipe. Made with tofu, cashew nuts and a slew of delicious seasonings, this mouth-watering pate makes for a quick and easy snack. The recipe is completely free of animal ingredients and is also free from all palm products. You can spread this over some wheat-free bread and toast too and make a wholly gluten- free snack – perfect for peckish coeliacs.


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Alabama Baseball No. 23 This Week
Clayton Connick
Clayton Connick Published: March 22, 2021
@AlabamaBSB Twitter
Alabama fell one spot in Baseball America's rankings from No. 22 to 23 after going 1-2 against the Arkansas Razorbacks this weekend.
In Friday's game, the Crimson Tide proved they belong with the elite competition in the SEC this season. Posting a 10-run second inning, the Crimson Tide won 16-1 behind a great pitching performance from junior Tyler Ras. Alabama put the league on notice, having 10 different players record RBIs in the blowout win. Stringing together hits and Connor Shamblin holding strong out of the bullpen were the keys for 'Bama.
Saturday, Alabama fell 9-1, scoring only off of a sacrifice fly from Peyton Wilson and having two hits. Starting pitcher Dylan Smith gave up three runs in nearly five innings of work, so not a terrible start if there had been some offensive production. The bullpen gave up six more runs after Smith exited the game as Arkansas put The Tide away in game two.
On Sunday, Alabama once again proved their ability to compete with the best team in the nation. Left-hander Antoine Jean was dealing, giving up only one run through five innings. His good start set Alabama up to be able to win the game, but the offense was stifled by Arkansas's pitching, totaling only four hits. Pitcher Landon Green allowed two runs in the sixth inning, and the Crimson Tide did not get on the scoreboard until a Sam Praytor home run in the top of the ninth. Alabama could not rally behind Praytor's shot, and the game ended in a 3-1 Arkansas win.
Overall, the first SEC series for Alabama this season can be counted as a success. The Crimson Tide outscored Arkansas 18-13 on the weekend. The team is on its way up, and it is encouraging to see them blowout the No. 1 team in America. Alabama, despite not having their main starting pitcher, Connor Prielipp, still managed to win one of three games. The players will get more comfortable in SEC play as the season goes on, so it will be exciting to see the consistency improve and an identity form.
Alabama welcomes some Mississippi opponents to Sewell-Thomas Stadium this week. The Crimson Tide take on Southern Miss Tuesday at 3 p.m. CT, and No. 4 Ole Miss in a three-game series starting Thursday at 6 p.m. CT.
Alabama Baseball's Career Batting Average Leaders
Categories: Alabama, Alabama Baseball, Alabama Sports, Articles, Baseball, Local News, MLB, Photos, Sports, Top 25

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Ultimate QUEEN Concert Show
It's the show with no time for losers – back-to-back hits feature as the 40th anniversary of We are the Champions is celebrated by the all-action production that has been proclaimed as the best Queen concert show ever.
Recreating the excitement of their legendary stadium spectaculars, reprising Freddie's on-stage antics and irrepressible personality, driven on by a band brimming over with superb musicianship, and featuring a score of non-stop belters. . .
We Will Rock You, Bohemian Rhapsody, I Want to Break Free, I Want it All, Killer Queen, Somebody to Love, Radio Ga Ga, Crazy Little Thing Called Love, Another One Bites the Dust, One Vision, Tie Your Mother Down, You're My Best Friend, The Show Must Go On and more packed into two hours of right royal entertainment.
Ladies and gentlemen, please be upstanding for Freddie, Brian, Roger and John as the ultimate Queen concert show takes a bow.


You just bought a new bike…Road? Mountain? City? All these options will begin an adventure. You might start just around the neighborhood or your local park, but what is outside of that? As you gain experience and endurance these journeys take you further and further outside your circle and you get to see things like you never have them before or been places you thought were never there. When cycling becomes more than a hobby you look further and the amazing places it can take you. Up a mountain pass in Colorado on your road bike or down an alien landscape into a canyon in Moab bikes can take you there. One of my passions along with my wife to see where our bikes can take us. Some destinations are far from Texas but so amazing they are worth every hour of drive time. Especially when driving through some of the most beautiful countrysides and vistas in the US.


This graph shows the median days on market for Cherry Hills Village homes for sale. As you can see, the current median days on market is low. Homes that are competitively priced are selling in quickly. This summer is an excellent time to sell a home. Luxury homes in metro Denver are selling again. Just a few years ago, it was much more difficult to sell a luxury home.
If you want to sell your home, contact me at 303.550.8563 to learn about how I will market your home aggressively to get it sold quickly at the best price.
Ready to sell or buy a home?
The graph to the right shows the average sales price for Cherry Hills Village homes for sale over the last six months. As you can see, the average sales price has been rising since May. This is great news for sellers but not such great news for buyers. However, interest rates are still very low making it a good time to buy.
If you've been thinking about selling your home or buying a home, now may be the time. Contact me at 303.550.8563 and I'll show you how.
David has years of experience as a Denver real estate broker. He's a top-producing agent with Metro Brokers. He's also the Team Leader at The Principal Team. David guarantees satisfaction for buyers and sellers and has experience with transactions ranging from luxury homes to small investment properties.


In late 1928, it was announced that a selection committee of five professional golfers would choose the Great Britain team for the 1929 Ryder Cup. This committee consisted of James Braid, Sandy Herd and J.H. Taylor together with James Batley and Bob McKenzie. In January 1929, the team of 10 (as below) were selected with Duncan as captain.
The American team sailed on the Mauretania and arrived in Plymouth on 16 April and travelled to London the same day.
Diegel celebrated his 30th birthday on the second day of the match.
It was originally planned that, as in 1927, only eight players should be used by each team. However, Hagen wished to use all 10 of his players. This was agreed to, although Duncan announced that he would only select eight as originally intended. Alliss and Burns were left out.
The Americans stayed in Europe to play in a number of tournaments and exhibition matches. The 1929 Open Championship played from 8 to 10 May was dominated by Americans. Hagen won with Farrell second and Diegel third. Two more of the American Ryder Cup team were in the top 10 which also included three more golfers then resident in the United States but born in the UK. The whole team played in the Yorkshire Evening News One Thousand Guineas Tournament at Moortown from 14 to 18 May which was won by Joe Turnesa. Horton Smith then won the French PGA Championship at St. Cloud on his 21st birthday. Smith had a 12 shot lead after the first day and although a third round 61 by Aubrey Boomer reduced his lead to five, Smith won the tournament by five strokes. Smith, Farrell and Hagen finished second, third and fourth in the German Open, a tournament won by Percy Alliss. It was not until 2 June that Hagen, Farrell, Turnesa, Dudley and Smith sailed from Southampton to return to New York.
An unusual feature of the Moortown course was that all the five short holes were even numbered holes. This meant that the same player had the tee shot at those holes. In the Diegel/Espinosa pairing Diegel had the tee shots at the short holes and with some excellent irons shots and good putting from Espinosa they had three twos at these holes. At lunch they were round in 66, despite a 6 at the second hole, and were 7 holes up. The remaining match were all close with the American having small leads in two matches and the other match level.
The Charles Whitcombe/Compston v Farrell/Turnesa match was always close and when the British pair levelled the match at the 15th hole of the second round, it was the fifth time they had got back to all square. The British pair then won the 16th with the 17th hole halved. At the last Whitcombe drove into a gorse bush which meant that Compston had to take a penalty shot. The American pair were also in trouble and their second shot finished near a fence with a refreshment tent between the ball and the green. Farrell having just enough room for his back-swing, played over the tent and finished 7 feet from the hole. the British pair could do no better than 6 and so the Americans won the hole to halve the match. In the final match, Golden and Hagen were 4 up early in the second round but Ernest Whitcombe and Cotton levelled the match. The Americans then won the last two holes to take the match.
18 hole scores: Farrell/Turnesa: 1 up, Diegel/Espinosa: 7 up, Mitchell/Robson v Sarazen/Dudley: all square, Golden/Hagen: 2 up.
At lunch three of the eight matches were almost decided with Charles Whitcombe and Duncan having commanding leads for the British team and Diegel in a similar situation for the Americans. Boomer won the last four holes in the morning to go from 2 down to 2 up. Cotton was one down playing the last hole of the morning. His second shot ended up on a path between the gorse bushes but he chipped in for a three to halve the match. Compston won the first three holes in the afternoon to go 4 up but then lost three to go back to 1 up before winning comfortably 6 & 4. With Boomer winning his match, the British team needed either Cotton or Ernest Whitcombe to get a point for Britain to win the Ryder Cup. Cotton won his match at the 15th to give Great Britain the victory and with Ernest Whitcombe going dormie at the 16th a sixth point of the day seemed likely. However Espinosa won the last two holes to halve the match.
18 hole scores: Charles Whitcombe: 6 up, Duncan: 5 up, Diegel: 5 up, Compston: 1 up, Boomer: 2 up, Robson v Smith: all square, Cotton v Watrous: all square, Ernest Whitcombe v Espinosa: all square.
Percy Alliss and Stewart Burns did not play in any matches.
^ "The Ryder Cup Match". The Times, Wednesday, December 12, 1928; pg. 7; Issue 45074; col E.
^ "The Ryder Cup Team". The Times, Tuesday, January 15, 1929; pg. 7; Issue 45101; col A .
^ "Golf - Arrival of U.S. team". The Times, Wednesday 17 April 1929; pg. 7; Issue 45179.
^ "The Ryder Cup". The Times, Wednesday, April 24, 1929; pg. 7; Issue 45185; col A.
^ "Turnesa wins Leeds tournament". The Times, Monday, 20 May 1929; pg. 5; Issue 45207.
^ "French Professional Tournament". The Times, Thursday, 23 May 1929; pg. 6; Issue 45210.
^ "The German Open Championship". The Times, Monday, 27 May 1929; pg. 5; Issue 45213.
^ "American golfers sail for home". The Times, Monday, 3 June 1929; pg. 6; Issue 45219.
^ a b c "The Ryder Cup - U.S. lead by one match". The Times, Saturday, 27 April 1929; pg. 6; Issue 45188.
^ a b "Great Britain wins Ryder Cup - a fine achievement". The Times, Monday, 29 April 1929; pg. 7; Issue 45189.
"Ryder Cup 2006 » History » 1929 Results". The PGA of America, Ryder Cup Limited, and Turner Sports Interactive. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
"Ryder Cup – 1929". About:Golf. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
"Ryder Cup history: 1929". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2007-03-15.


This article does not tackle its subject from the theoretical perspectives and careful evaluation of the merits and demerits of different organisational models, such as one might find in a textbook on management. Rather does it seek to introduce some of the basic issues and concepts by drawing on the experience of organisational change at the University of Birmingham, where a fully converged Information Services has been in operation since October 1995, with an annual turnover of £12 million and 270 fte staff. Some earlier accounts of that process may be found in: "Implementing convergence at the University of Birmingham", SCONUL Newsletter, No. 9, Winter 1955, pp36-37; "Converging academic information services; the Birmingham experience", Open Access, Vol 40, No1 March 1997, pp1-2; and "Convergence in academic support services", BLRIC Report No. 54, 1997, pp50-62.
It is hard to imagine that higher education in the UK has experienced a quinquennium of such far-reaching change, challenge, opportunity and instability, with the promise of yet more to come, as the years 1993-98. The Follett, Dearing and other governmental and sectoral reports have clearly set out the financial and structural pressures facing higher education in the UK, identified the need for organisational, cultural and pedagogic change in the sector in the light of emerging technological and market opportunities, and identified the ways in which library and information services should underpin that change. As a result, the sector is now subject to a degree of central admonishment, guidance and audit which would have been hard to imagine a few years ago and which is much greater than in many comparable first world countries. In addition to this national context, individual higher education institutions have often redefined their missions and modernised their academic and financial managements along lines that have profoundly affected the planning and delivery of library and information services. This has been notably so at Birmingham which, since the late 1980s, has been at the forefront of the sector in its quest to simplify institutional decision making and optimise financial and academic outturns. Developments include a complex process of delayering, devolved budgeting/management, internal accountability/quality assurance, and exploration of new teaching and research markets.
The end result has been a long list of imperatives for change which would find echoes in much of the sector. The list includes: a substantial growth in taught and research student numbers but with declining units of resource, resulting in built-in and on-going targets for efficiency savings; a diversification of the student body with more part-time, more distance-learning, more overseas, more mature, more fee-paying and more self-financing students; a growing emphasis on resource-based/independent learning and on the acquisition of study, IT and other generic skills, necessitating enhanced learner support; a customer base more knowledgeable about its needs and rights, and more demanding, with a growing propensity to challenge (in law on occasion) those who fail to provide it with educational and support services; the emergence of pseudo-internal markets, consequent upon devolved budgeting models, with greater pressure on information providers to demonstrate accountability/value for money; more searching processes of audit, both internal and external, in respect of assuring and enhancing the quality of teaching and research and in ensuring business continuity; the increased functional overlap between existing information providers through growing dependence on IT and more integrated planning of learning resources, eroding traditional service boundaries and necessitating hybrid managers and multi-skilled staff, with consequent changes in work practices; the proliferation in the volume, range and cost of information resources disproportionate to budgetary increases, resulting in declining purchasing power, especially when taking into account the complexities of copyright clearance, the costs of digitising and archiving existing paper-based information, and now the need to fund incrementally the cost of remote network access; the emergence of regional and national agendas for collaboration, including cross-sectoral and cross-domain, supported by a variety of sectoral funding programmes such as eLib, the Non-Formula Funding Programme and the LAN/MAN Initiative, and Government initiatives like the National Grid for Learning and the University for Industry, but without any lessening of the competitive market situation between individual institutions.
This concentration of pressures has been of such a range and magnitude as to be generally impossible to contain within traditional structures for libraries and computing, at least as they have applied in the old university sector. It therefore typically requires an organisational response which is more than just purely iterative and which, since the underlying local and national situation is so dynamic, builds in from the outset a flexibility which can accommodate future changes.
Any single institution's scope for redirecting library and information services may be constrained by factors outside the management of those services. Such factors could include the inability (or unwillingness) of institutional senior management to fund change; the ability of the cautious and disaffected to inhibit change and limit the autonomy of service managers to implement it by exploiting over-bureaucratic institutional decision-making processes; and patterns of building distribution which are historic and therefore usually fragmented, illogical and inherently inefficient.
It is suggested that some fundamental prerequisites for the successful implementation of change, especially sustainable change, will always apply: reliable and up-to-date intelligence about the client base to be served, the programmes to be supported and the intended modes of delivery of those programmes. This presupposes: excellent two-way reporting and feedback links with individuals and agencies responsible for institutional planning and with representatives of the user population; sensible and flexible deployment of all the resources available to service providers, in particular financial, spatial and human resources.
With regard to financial resources, the maximum possible amount of virement authority for service providers is desirable, subject to appropriate checks and balances on them, the agreement of a rolling service plan, and suitable audit trails. This applies, for example, to the balance between capital and recurrent expenditure, between staff and non-staff expenditure, between expenditure on libraries and other services, and between expenditure on different information formats. In an ideal world, service providers should have the ability to manage the totality of the direct and indirect costs for their service, within a prescribed budget, and to vire between the different budgetary heads. At Birmingham substantial progress has been made towards realising this ideal, with a single budgetary process now applying to most centrally-provided learning resources, and with all major income and expenditure now managed through Information Services. The major current exception is heating costs, but those will come in time. So there is considerable but incomplete, especially in terms of capital, flexibility in the way in which we allocate financial resources. For instance, in respect of information sources, we have not for some years been constrained by historic subdivisions between formats. We have a unified information fund which subsumes all formats and holdings/access mechanisms. Similarly, we can freely manage our staff resources without reference to any notion of historic establishments, creating or deleting posts (including changing the balance between professional and support posts) within budget according to our operational requirements.
So far as spatial resources go, the achievement of the greatest possible amount of aggregation of services is advantageous, based around as much open-plan (generally new) building as can be afforded, in order to keep the fullest number of options open for the future. The distributed model of learning resource space, which is a rather flattering way of describing the unplanned way in which the estates of most long-established universities have developed, is generally inefficient in the use of resources (especially staff) and results in inconsistent and lower than necessary levels of service provision between sites. It also fails to exploit the synergies between different providers by limiting the potential to shift from one service to another in response to changing technologies and learning styles. The Birmingham situation, with 13 centrally-managed university libraries, 75 student computer rooms, 70 lecture theatres, and hundreds of other teaching and seminar rooms scattered the length and breadth of a large campus, is a managerial nightmare and wholly inconsistent with a strategic approach based upon integrating the planning and delivery of learning resources and upon the seeking of efficiency savings. Institutional management at Birmingham is now committed in principle to moving, doubtless over a very long time span, towards a model based upon five principal learning resource centres where library, computing and teaching accommodation will be incrementally co-located, to facilitate cost-effective changes of function. We are currently working on the design of a west campus learning resource centre, the first phase of which is due to open in 2000. With our partners in Westhill College of Higher Education, with whom we have recently entered into a strategic alliance, we are determining how its existing Orchard Learning Resources Centre, which also serves the Selly Oak Colleges as a whole, may best be utilised to fulfil the needs of both institutions.
The efficient and creative use of human resources is arguably the most critical of the three principal forms of resource management. Creating flexibility in a large-scale, and, in terms of the underlying academic culture, still relatively conservative environment, is problematic. The careful way in which we have planned and implemented a series of interlocking reforms of human resource processes and structures is fundamental to what we and external commentators judge to be Birmingham's relative success in implementing a root and branch convergence. In particular, we feel we owe much to our implementation of a management model which consciously eroded traditional boundaries between library, computing, media and other services and brought together in five divisions (collection management, information and computing systems, learning and research support, planning and administration, and public services) the management of like functions, regardless of location, subject or past service providor. The model encouraged non-hierarchical approaches based upon the creation of teams of individuals from a variety of information backgrounds, working as necessary, on a project basis, with teams in the same or other divisions. This philosophy has been underpinned by a series of actions to improve ownership of the service by all staff working within it. These include: balancing consensual and directive leadership; systematic attempts to develop team leaders as a middle management cadre; establishing universal channels for internal communication and consultation; establishing a universal staff training and development policy which addresses the requirement for both specialist and transferable skills; establishing universal appraisal and development review schemes; establishing and publicising criteria for promotion and annual review; establishing and publicising through a staff manual, service-wide procedures; ensuring that all posts have a job and person specification, individual or generic and are correctly graded according to university or local grade criteria; introducing quality enhancement circles; maintaining a dialogue with representatives of the three principal trade unions (AUT,Unison, MSF); carrot and stick measures designed to tackle the small minority of disaffected staff.
The inherent flexibility of this overall approach has already been proved by Birmingham's ability to integrate new service functions, including the management of teaching space and language laboratories, without radical revision of the underlying structure. The litmus test of its long-term sustainability will doubtless be our ability to shift service delivery on campus to a more aggregated learning resource centre model, and to apply structures primarily designed for a single-campus institution to one whose learning and teaching mission will increasingly be discharged at other locations in the regions, of which Westhill College is but one example.
This article outlines some of the imperatives for change and flexibility in the organisation of library and information services within UK higher education. It identifies some of the key attributes of flexibility, not least adaptable approaches to resource management. In describing how one university has reorganised its services to respond to current needs and prepare for ready modification in the face of future changes in technology, markets and politics it does not claim that the Birmingham experience is a blueprint for other institutions to follow. However, it is believed that the process which Birmingham has undergone in the past few years has identified most of the principal structural and cultural issues involved in managing change and demonstrated how they can be tackled in a relatively radical way whilst enhancing and not compromising the quantity and quality of service to end-users.


"There's nothing fancy about this place: no craft cocktails, Edison bulbs, or gastropub fare. What it does have, is pints, shots, bumper pool, and a great jukebox. Sit next to the glowing fireplace if you want to get comfortable/your body temperature runs lower than most people."
"This Southern food spot was one of the first new places to open as Uptown Oakland was developing, bringing with it one of the most extensive bourbon collections in the Bay Area. THE BAY AREA. The excellent happy hour and excellent-er whiskey cocktails make this pretty much a must."
"Aside from the excellent, fresh-squeezed Greyhounds and Salty Dogs, this spot offers shelter to those who need it -- Cafe Van Kleef was one of the few spots that stayed open during Oakland's riots. It was a ballsy move that means it's a place you can count on."
"This intimate spot combines a cozy vibe (see: walls plastered with 1,500+ classic American poems) with a meticulously crafted cocktail menu you don't need an encyclopedic knowledge of 19th century ryes to understand and enjoy. While their Happy Meal special may not come with a toy, it does come with a 1/2lb burger, fries, a shot of Four Roses bourbon, and a pint of beer."
"This spot, renown for its expansive selection of house-made charcuterie, extended that same care to the cocktails and selections of wine by the glass. The free spread of food they put out during their happy hour (5-6pm) with drink purchases is a great way to begin your exploration of the menu/get dinner for free!"
"The name may imply schoolyard games, but this adorable little diner makes some very creative cocktails, and fun pairings with whiskies. It's also one of the few places you can guarantee you'll get to First Base... because that's what they named their house burger topped with griddled beef tongue."
"This bar -- tucked into the back of the restaurant with lights made from old VW headlights -- serves up some of the best drinks this side of the Bay Bridge. Their homemade tonic in their G&Ts inspired most every bar version you'll taste -- that alone will make you want to come back."
"The ramen at the Ramen Shop deserves the accolades, but so do the cocktails. The drinks are balanced and interesting, while still being food friendly. The excellent Japanese whiskey collection also lets you drink like they do in Japan -- in a highball with soda water accompanied by delicious food."
"Although this tiny brewery only serves beer and is only open to the drinking public on the weekends, it's one of Oakland's great drinking spots. Drive past the stacks of containers coming off the freight ships docked in the port, and wind your way to this excellent brewery with like-minded pilgrims. Here, you can get a rotating selection of beer, including their Town Lager -- a beer they only distribute to places within biking distance (yes, they have a bike that can deliver kegs of beer)."
"It may look like just a shack, but this bar has some history, since it's been around since 1883. Built from the wood of an old whaling ship docked nearby, it was a regular hangout of Jack London, and for good reason: sitting outside on a sunny day or finding shelter inside on a stormy one with a pint and a shot earn this 131yr-old watering hole old-school cool."
Joe Starkey is Thrillist's San Francisco Editor and something something DANGER ZONE!! Lana. Lana! LANAAAAAAA!!! Follow him on Twitter.


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In a food processor, pulse the Garlic Scapes for 30 seconds.
Add the sunflower seeds and pulse for an additional 30 seconds. Scrape down sides of the bowl.
Add the oil and run on high for 20 seconds.
Add the cheese and pulse until combined.
Add the basil and lemon juice and pulse til you reach the consistency you like.
In a bowl, mix the herbs and salt with the butter a little at a time making sure to taste as you go. Get the ratio of garlic to dill to salt the way you like it. Once you are satisfied with the flavor turn out the bowl onto a piece of parchment paper or plastic wrap and work into a rolled log. Roll up and seal the ends, making it easy to slice and use later. You can store in the fridge for up to 2 weeks or even longer in the freezer.
Try it on bread for a stunning Summer appetizer or finish off a grilled steak (we think NY Strip works best) with a big slab of the butter while the meat rests.


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Q: CoC-clangd for .m files I want to contribute to a project which uses objc heavily. As I am not a mac user I cannot use Xcode for this project. So I looked for solutions and found that vim has a code completion plugin (CoC) which should support objc via CoC-clangd. I think that I got it working for some files. But when I open files with .m extension (method files for objc) the coc-clangd does not start.
Is there something I can do to make it work? Is there another alternative or workaround?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
title: Weekly Update - Jun 12th, 2015
author: Giovanny Gioyik (@Gioyik)
date: 2015-06-12T12:00:00.000Z
status: publish
category: weekly
slug: weekly-update-2015-06-12
layout: blog-post.hbs
---

# io.js 2.3 releases
This week we had one io.js release [v2.3.0](https://iojs.org/dist/v2.3.0/), complete changelog can be found [on GitHub](https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md).

### Notable changes

* **libuv**: Upgraded to 1.6.0 and 1.6.1, see [full ChangeLog](https://github.com/libuv/libuv/blob/60e515d9e6f3d86c0eedad583805201f32ea3aed/ChangeLog#L1-L36) for details. (Saúl Ibarra Corretgé) [#1905](https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/1905) [#1889](https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/1889). Highlights include:
  - Fix TTY becoming blocked on OS X
  - Fix UDP send callbacks to not to be synchronous
  - Add `uv_os_homedir()` (exposed as `os.homedir()`, see below)
* **npm**: See full [release notes](https://github.com/npm/npm/releases/tag/v2.11.1) for details. (Kat Marchán) [#1899](https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/1899). Highlight:
  - Use GIT_SSH_COMMAND (available as of Git 2.3)
* **openssl**:
  - Upgrade to 1.0.2b and 1.0.2c, introduces DHE man-in-the-middle protection (Logjam) and fixes malformed ECParameters causing infinite loop (CVE-2015-1788). See the [security advisory](https://www.openssl.org/news/secadv_20150611.txt) for full details. (Shigeki Ohtsu) [#1950](https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/1950) [#1958](https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/1958)
  - Support [FIPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standards) mode of OpenSSL, see [README](https://github.com/nodejs/node#building-iojs-with-fips-compliant-openssl) for instructions. (Fedor Indutny) [#1890](https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/1890)
* **os**: Add `os.homedir()` method. (Colin Ihrig) [#1791](https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/1791)
* **smalloc**: Deprecate whole module. (Vladimir Kurchatkin) [#1822](https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/1822)
* Add new collaborators:
  - Alex Kocharin ([@rlidwka](https://github.com/rlidwka))
  - Christopher Monsanto ([@monsanto](https://github.com/monsanto))
  - Ali Ijaz Sheikh ([@ofrobots](https://github.com/ofrobots))
  - Oleg Elifantiev ([@Olegas](https://github.com/Olegas))
  - Domenic Denicola ([@domenic](https://github.com/domenic))
  - Rich Trott ([@Trott](https://github.com/Trott))

### Known issues

See https://github.com/nodejs/node/labels/confirmed-bug for complete and current list of known issues.

* Some problems with unreferenced timers running during `beforeExit` are still to be resolved. See [#1264](https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/1264).
* Surrogate pair in REPL can freeze terminal [#690](https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/690)
* `process.send()` is not synchronous as the docs suggest, a regression introduced in 1.0.2, see [#760](https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/760) and fix in [#774](https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/774)
* Calling `dns.setServers()` while a DNS query is in progress can cause the process to crash on a failed assertion [#894](https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/894)
* `url.resolve` may transfer the auth portion of the url when resolving between two full hosts, see [#1435](https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/1435).

### Community Updates

* Openssl vulnerabilities are updated on io.js. **Resume:** *Upgrade to 1.0.2b and 1.0.2c, introduces DHE man-in-the-middle protection (Logjam) and fixes malformed ECParameters causing infinite loop (CVE-2015-1788). See the security advisory for full details. (Shigeki Ohtsu) #1950 #1958*
* io.js 2.3.0 os.homedir() [ponyfill](http://t.co/2XQV5XQblu)
* ["Should I use Node.js or io.js? And which version?"](https://strongloop.com/strongblog/should-i-use-node-js-or-io-js-and-which-version/) article by StrongLoop
* iojs now supports [`--use_strong`](https://t.co/4t1EaiiK27). Strong mode (part of Google v8 experiments) implements a stronger semantics.
* ["Node.js and io.js Merge Under the Node Foundation"](http://www.infoq.com/news/2015/05/nodejs-iojs#.VX41fCR99Kc.twitter) by InfoQ.

### Upcoming Events

* [CascadiaJS](http://2015.cascadiajs.com/) tickets are on sale, July 8th - 10th at Washington State
* [BrazilJS Conf](http://braziljs.com.br/) tickets are on sale, August 21st - 22nd at Shopping Center BarraShoppingSul
* [NodeConf EU](http://nodeconf.eu/) tickets are on sale, September 6th - 9th at Waterford, Ireland
* [JSConf CO](http://www.jsconf.co/), October 16th - 17th at Ruta N, Medellin

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Nilvange é uma comuna francesa na região administrativa de Grande Leste, no departamento de Mosela. Estende-se por uma área de 2,81 km².

Comunas de Mosela

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A tincture is an alcohol based form of cannabis extract. It is usually mixed with alcohol, glycerin solution, and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil. Tinctures were the first known form of commercialized medical marijuana. They are typically packaged in small glass bottles and are administered by taking drops under the tongue. Tinctures are also commonly referred to as "green" or "golden" dragon. Tinctures have been around from as early as the 19th century for medicinal purposes. They can also be added to food or water, taken recreationally or used topically. In fact, for some people, tinctures are the preferred method of cannabis consumption because it's easy to dose and foregoes having to smoke anything. Tinctures might sound intimidating but they are a great administration method for beginners and advanced consumers alike.
Tinctures can be administered straight under the tongue or added to food or drink and are absorbed almost instantaneously into the blood stream. Tincture dosages are easy to measure. Typically, new users will 1 ml and see how they feel. If they are happy with the effects, they found their dosage, if not, they can ante up the dosage the following days until they find a feeling they are satisfied with. It's for this reason, tinctures provide benefit for people who practice micro-dosing. Store bought tinctures are classified by their cannabis concentration and have a long shelf life if stored in cool dark places. It is recommended you pay attention to the concentration and dose accordingly to avoid an uncomfortable high.
Tinctures are different than oil in that oils are made by extracting resin from flower, where as, tinctures are obtained by mixing decarboylated cannabis with alcohol. Each extract has their own unique pros and cons and it would be hasty to say that one is better than the other. For starters, cannabis has a higher concentration in its oil state than its flower state. you can ingest it, vaporize it, or apply it topically. Tinctures concentration may vary depending on how it was made and it can only be ingested or applied topically. Tinctures are easy to make, basic recipes can be done by any level cannabis user with household objects. Moreover, they have a longer shelf like but they take a long time to be ready for consumption. Making oils are more complex, for this reason, people typically opt into buying them already made. It takes much longer to feel the effects from oil than tinctures but oils are more consistent in strength and potency. Finally, tinctures typically have 1 or 2 calories were oil can contain several calories depending on what you bake it into. In that case, tinctures may be preferred for any calorie counters.
Tinctures can be infused into any kind of food and even enhance the taste. Juice, ice-cream, soup, jell-o, potatoes, sauces are all examples of food product tinctures will work well in. Although, depending on what you have on hand to use for equipment, time, and level of tolerance, you might prefer using some recipes over others.
Making tinctures doesn't require you to have any special knowledge or high-end cooking equipment. It is relatively mess free and cost-effective, if you are wiling to spend on the right alcohol. Any beginner can make tinctures as all you need is: a jar, alcohol, a strainer and cannabis. Depending on your available time, equipment, and risk tolerance, you'll prefer some recipes over others. We've provided a list of easy to make recipes that should be able to give you everything you're looking for. The process is tried and trued and it just depends on what best suits you.
Green dragon is the most standard tincture recipe and probably the one you've heard of before. That said it's also the easiest to make.
First, you'll want to decarboxylate your cannabis or extract. If you plan on just using bud, make sure it is ground to a fine consistency.
Mix your bud or extract into a glass container with a high-proof alcohol. Most people opt into using Everclear. Seal the jar and leave for the alcohol to absorb the cannabis for about a week in a cool dark place. You'll want to make sure you're revisiting at least once a day to give the jar a good shake.
Once the waiting period has passed, use a fine filter to remove any plant matter from the solvent, and use no more than 1 ml doses to asses the potency. There are many factors that can affect the potency so it's best to start with small controlled doses.
Master Wu's Green Dragon is similar to traditional green dragon with the exception being rather than waiting the week long mixing period, the mixture is simmered over heat. The instructions are all the same up until you add your extract or fine grind to the alcohol. You then simmer the jar in a water bath or 20 mins at 170°F. Following that you strain the mixture and so. New developments in tincture have also brought forth "Modern Green Dragon." Again, here you are following the same instructions as the other green dragon recipes. Once you have mixed your extract or flower to the alcohol solvent, shake for three minutes, strain then store. A lot of people, including myself, have had great results using Modern Green Dragon.
In most cases, people apply tinctures by administering a few drops beneath their tongue. This is the quickest way for the THC to be absorbed into you blood stream. You can also apply the tincture to food, or ingest orally but it will take longer for your liver to process.
When administered under your tongue, the tincture takes about 15-45 minutes before it starts kicking in. You will peak after about 90 mins and the length of the high depends on the concentration and dosage. The length of high induced by tinctures falls in a nice medium between, smoking cannabis and ingesting it through edibles. Tinctures have been around for a long time and there is no sign of them going away anytime soon. Tinctures can be administered through direct ingestion or sublingualy (under your tongue). They are mobile in the sense that you can take them with you wherever and the you don't have to commit as much time to the effects as you do edibles.


text:
Beatons Tearooms
Posted: 02 May 2019 | 3 minutes read
Beatons Tearooms is reviving English elegance with a proven business model
Beatons Tearooms is a contemporary tearoom franchise for the 21st century that brings back the best of English traditions with a modern spin.
Today's high streets are packed with fast paced, counter service coffee outlets. But Patrick Duffy, founder of Beatons Tearooms, saw something that most didn't: an opportunity to bring back English elegance, while making the most of the burgeoning interest in, and market for, quality tea.
Inspired by royal fashion photographer and icon Cecil Beaton, Patrick embarked on a journey to get tearooms back onto our high streets, incorporating all that we know a tearoom to be, but with a modern twist.
Instant success
Founded in 2010, Patrick opened Beatons' first tearooms in Tisbury, Wiltshire, where it was an instant success.
Beatons' 25 loose leaf teas take pride of place and with a contemporary menu for every time of day, great coffee and an elegant Afternoon High Tea menu for special occasions, all topped off with a 'curated' selection of books to browse and buy, it very quickly became the place to go.
Offering its own brand of 'gracious hospitality', customers embraced Patrick's vision that Beatons was more than just a tearoom. It was an experience - one they all wanted to be a part of.
Recognising the success of Tisbury, not long after Patrick opened a franchise pilot of Beatons in Blandford Forum, Dorset, where it was equally well received and the journey into franchising began, bringing the proven model to several new locations.
Focusing on organically growing the brand over an instant expansion, Patrick took his time to carefully develop the Beatons franchise model, using British Franchise Association accredited consultants and advisers and building the reputation of the group with the existing successful units.
This has enabled potential franchisees to see and understand Beatons as a proven brand.
Tearooms are not new in the UK - their history dates back to Victorian times. But what gives Beatons its contemporary feel is the philosophy underlying everything it does: providing elegance with a beautiful, contemporary environment; attentiveness in great table service; and that sparkle that sets the brand apart and builds an all important recurring customer base.
National expansion
With franchises in Crowthorne, Petersfield and New Milton making a total of five units already and two further franchisees seeking property further north, national expansion is now well under way.
Patrick says: "Franchising is an increasingly popular choice for many people.
"Beatons offers something a little different and with that, I believe, the opportunity to turn an entrepreneur's dream into a reality and play their own part in taking the tearoom concept into the 21st century."
Start your own Beatons Tearooms franchise
Send a free enquiry to Beatons Tearooms for further information!
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£600,000 to £800,000
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text:
Marshall Fire plans 140th anniversary recognition
Firefighters couldn't save this, though they tried.
Harrison County History Photos
Harrison County Historical Photos
By Becky Holland, editor@pineywoods.news
MARSHALL – Monday afternoon, Marshall Fire Department Assistant Chief Joey Hudson looked at a collection of historical pictures from the Marshall Fire Department's initial days to the present. He said, "Knowing our history is important … it gives us a sense of identity."
Assistant Chief Hudson continued, "It is important to know where you have come from, and where you are going." Hudson was gathering information about the fire department for a small recognition service that is scheduled for 11:30 a.m. – 1:30 p.m., June 1 at the Marshall Fire Department Central Station.
The Marshall Fire Department is 140 years of age. According to Hudson, on May
Marshall fire fighters train (Harrison County History Photo)
24, 1876, the three main fire departments of the city of Marshall – the Stonewall Hook and Ladder #1, the Texas and Pacific Ladder #1 and the Salamander Engine Company #1 incorporated into one department. "On June 1 of the year," Hudson said, "the articles of corporation were approved by the then Texas Secretary of State."
On Sept. 5, 1884, a major fire struck the S.A. Irvin Grocery Store, and it spread to the Marshall Car Wheel & Foundry Company, and a nearby home. The fire then then crossed the street to the Veranda Hotel, and three residences, and claimed another store, a boarding house and a residence connected to the hotel.
This fire and another series of fires in the community guided the decision to have one fire department. There was a fourth fire company – which was to be located at Twyman and Main Streets. Water supply for the firefighters, according to Hudson, who found historical records through research at the Harrison County Historical Museum, originally consisted of a series of brick-lined cisterns of 14,000 – 18,000 gallon capacity.
Many changes have occurred in the last 140 years. One thing that Marshall Fire Chief Reggie Cooper says has not changed is the attitude of "servitude … you don't get into this line of work for any other reason," Cooper said.
Fire service "back then was primary fire service, and later evolved into emergency medical services," Cooper said.
When asked about what is ahead for fire service and what has changed, Cooper said, "The types of extinguishing agents have changed – where before it was just water, and now there is a soapy substance."
He sees the use of robotics in the future of fire and emergency services. "There will never be a lack of need for fire service."
Cooper said the June 1 celebration will be a small affair with a few key leaders.
Tags: 140 years, Marshall Fire Department


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text:
Arunabh Ghosh 郭旭光
Associate Professor of Modern Chinese History
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Public Writing and Media
Ghosh, Arunabh. 2022. "The Mean-ness of Statistics." Harvard Data Science Review 4 (4). Publisher's Version
TheMeannessofStatistics.pdf
Ghosh, Arunabh. 2022. "Multiple makings at China's first hydroelectric power station at Shilongba, 1908–1912." History and Technology 38 (2): 19 pp. Publisher's Version Abstract
China's first hydroelectric station began producing electricity in 1912, a year better known for marking the end of imperial rule and the advent of republican governance. Located a short distance outside of the southwestern city of Kunming, Shilongba (Stone Dragon Dam) was a cross-cultural endeavour that involved long-distance encounters of both materials and expertise that spanned not just vast expanses within China, but also a world divided by competing imperial interests. The technologies involved were at once both new and old. Turbines and dynamos represented the latest in German innovation, but the techniques used to carve the canal and lower the water table had been perfected over centuries. A history of Shilongba thus allows us to approach China's transition from Empire to Republic not merely as a political process but also as one of multiple makings – of state, technology, energy, society, and not least, history itself. This paper explores these multiple makings, focusing on the first phase of construction from 1908 to 1912, when a dam was constructed, a canal dug, and the first power station established.
Ghosh, Arunabh, Adhira Mangalagiri, and Tansen Sen. 2021. "China and India in the Age of Decolonization: An Introduction to the Nehru Papers Project, 1947–1964." China and Asia 3 (2): 177-82. Publisher's Version
Ghosh, Arunabh. 2021. "Book review: Andrew B. Liu, Tea War: A History of Capitalism in China and India." China Report 57 (3): 364-366. Publisher's Version Abstract
Andrew B. Liu, Tea War: A History of Capitalism in China and India (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020), pp. 360, \$50.00, 25 b/w illus, Hardcover. ISBN: 9780300243734.
Ghosh, Arunabh. 2021. "Trans-Himalayan science in mid-twentieth century China and India: Birbal Sahni, Hsü Jen, and a Pan-Asian paleobotany." International Journal of Asian Studies, 1-23. Publisher's Version Abstract
This paper uses the decade-long collaboration between the Indian paleobotanist Birbal Sahni (1891–1949) and his Chinese doctoral student Hsü Jen (Xu Ren 徐仁, 1910–1992) to offer a connected history of mid-twentieth century scientific activity in China and India. Possibly the first Chinese scientist to earn a PhD from an Indian university (Lucknow, 1946), Hsü was certainly the first to be appointed to a faculty position in India. Sahni and Hsü's attempts to build Asian networks of scientific activity, characterized by the circulation of experts, scientific knowledge, and specimens, provide the grounds for considering a practice of Pan-Asianism. Such a formulation adds to existing work on the Pan-Asianist articulations of intellectual and political figures and urges for an expansion of how we understand scientific activity across China and India from the 1930s to the 1960s. In so doing, the paper makes two historiographical interventions. In the first instance, the collaboration presents an opportunity to move beyond the two dominant frames through which histories of science in China and India are studied: the nation state and Non-West/West binaries. Second, a focus on science widens the scope of China–India history, a field dominated by research on cultural, intellectual, and diplomatic topics.
Ghosh, Arunabh. 2020. "An Interview with Professor Arunabh Ghosh, author of Making it Count: Statistics and Statecraft in the Early People's Republic of China". Publisher's Version Abstract
ICI Co-Director Mark Frazier's Interview with Professor Arunabh Ghosh, author of Making it Count: Statistics and Statecraft in the Early People's Republic of China (Princeton University Press, 2020).
Ghosh, Arunabh. 2020. Making It Count—Statistics and Statecraft in the Early People's Republic of China. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Publisher's Version Abstract
In 1949, at the end of a long period of wars, one of the biggest challenges facing leaders of the new People's Republic of China was how much they did not know. The government of one of the world's largest nations was committed to fundamentally reengineering its society and economy via socialist planning while having almost no reliable statistical data about their own country. Making It Count is the history of efforts to resolve this "crisis in counting." Drawing on a wealth of sources culled from China, India, and the United States, Arunabh Ghosh explores the choices made by political leaders, statisticians, academics, statistical workers, and even literary figures in attempts to know the nation through numbers.
Ghosh shows that early reliance on Soviet-inspired methods of exhaustive enumeration became increasingly untenable in China by the mid-1950s. Unprecedented and unexpected exchanges with Indian statisticians followed, as the Chinese sought to learn about the then-exciting new technology of random sampling. These developments were overtaken by the tumult of the Great Leap Forward (1958–61), when probabilistic and exhaustive methods were rejected and statistics was refashioned into an ethnographic enterprise. By acknowledging Soviet and Indian influences, Ghosh not only revises existing models of Cold War science but also globalizes wider developments in the history of statistics and data.
Anchored in debates about statistics and its relationship to state building, Making It Count offers fresh perspectives on China's transition to socialism.
Ghosh, Arunabh. 2019. "Forecasting." Critical Terms in Future Studies, edited by Heike Paul, 127-130. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Publisher's Version
ghosh_arunabh_forecasting_criticaltermsinfuturesstudies_2019.pdf
Ghosh, Arunabh. 2019. "Book Review: ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY FROM THE HIMALAYAS TO THE OCEANS: Struggles and Innovations in China and India | Edited by Shikui Dong, Jayanta Bandyopadhyay, and Sanjay Chaturvedi." Pacific Affairs 92 (3): 561-563. Publisher's Version
Ghosh, Arunabh. 2019. "Commentary: New Directions in the Study of PRC-Era Science." East Asian Science, Technology and Society 13 (3): 443-448. Publisher's Version Abstract
This essay offers commentary on the previous three articles regarding PRC-era science by Sarah Mellors, Chuan Xu, and Sigrid Schmalzer. It notes that by moving beyond older concerns that were centered on issues of state control or techno-nationalism, these articles exemplify new directions in the study of PRC-era science. Their focus on lived experience, local stories, and materiality provides rich and diverse perspectives on histories of science in the PRC by exposing the often contradictory ways in which the power and influence of science operated across society. The commentary concludes by identifying three pathways for future research.
easts_443ghosh.pdf
Ghosh, Arunabh. 2018. ""What Does Longevity Mean for Leadership in China?"" The China Questions: Critical Insights into a Rising Power, edited by Michael Szonyi and Jennifer Rudolph, 51-57. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
ghosh_arunabh_what_does_longevity_mean_for_chinas_leadership_2018.pdf
Ghosh, Arunabh. 2018. "Book Discussion: India, China, and the World: A Connected History by Tansen Sen (Delhi: OUP, 2018)." China Report 54 (3): 358-360.
07_chr779278.pdf
Ghosh, Arunabh. 2018. "Lies, Damned Lies, and (Bourgeois) Statistics: Ascertaining Social Fact in Mid-century China and the Soviet Union." Osiris 33 (1): 149-168. Publisher's Version Abstract
Is there a correct way to ascertain social fact? As late as the 1950s, the scientific community remained divided over this question. Its resolution involved not just epistemological and theoretical debates on the unity or disunity of statistical science but also practical considerations surrounding state-capacity building. For scientists in places like the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Soviet Union, at stake was the very ability to realize the kind of planned economic growth that socialist countries idealized. The solution they chose reformulated statistics explicitly as a social science, salvaging it from what they then dismissed as the tainted, bourgeois, and socially unproductive pursuit of mathematical statistics. This distinction—most tangibly understood as the rejection of all probabilistic methods—had implications for both the ways in which data was collected and the ways in which it was analyzed.
Ghosh, Arunabh. 2017. "Before 1962: The Case for 1950s China-India History." The Journal of Asian Studies 76 (3): 697-727. Publisher's Version
Ghosh, Arunabh. 2017. "1950s China-India Chronology." A Resource for Research and Teaching. Publisher's Version
Ghosh, Arunabh, and Sören Urbansky, ed. 2017. "China from Without: Doing PRC History in Foreign Archives." The PRC History Review, 2, 3, 26 pp. Publisher's Version
Ghosh, Arunabh. 2017. "India and Science and Technology in the Early PRC." The PRC History Review 2 (3): 7-9. Publisher's Version
Ghosh, Arunabh, and Sören Urbansky. 2017. "Editorial Introduction." The PRC History Review 2 (3): 1-3. Publisher's Version
Ghosh, Arunabh. 2016. "Accepting difference, seeking common ground: Sino-Indian statistical exchanges 1951–1959." BJHS Themes 1: 61-82. Publisher's Version
Before 1962: The Case for 1950s China-India History
The Mean-ness of Statistics
Multiple makings at China's first hydroelectric power station at Shilongba, 1908–1912
China and India in the Age of Decolonization: An Introduction to the Nehru Papers Project, 1947–1964
Book review: Andrew B. Liu, Tea War: A History of Capitalism in China and India
Trans-Himalayan science in mid-twentieth century China and India: Birbal Sahni, Hsü Jen, and a Pan-Asian paleobotany


MG Leszek Suski was born on 31st December 1957. He started his duty in the Fire Service in 1981. In 1986 he graduated from the Main School of Fire Service (SGSP) in Warsaw. Later he served in the Department of Tactics and Command of the School. He also served in the Fire Station 1 of Warsaw as a shift commander and the acting chief of the station. In 1997 he moved to the National Headquarters of the State Fire Service. Between 2002 and 2005 he was seconded to the Ministry of Interior and Administration. Between 2005 and 2007 he served as the Deputy Chief Commandant of the State Fire Service. He acted also as a parliamentary expert on fire protection and crisis management. He holds the positions of the Chief Commandant of the State Fire Service and the Chief of the National Civil Defense since 22tnd December 2015.