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SNAKE OIL: Chapter 5 – The Economics of Fracking: Who Benefits?
By Richard Heinberg, originally published by Resilience.org
This article is an excerpt from Richard Heinberg's new book SNAKE OIL: How Fracking's False Promise of Plenty Imperils Our Future. Given the urgency and importance of the issues we are serializing the book here at Resilience.org.
Read Part 5: Chapter 4 – Fracking Wars, Fracking Casualties
Read Part 7: Chapter 6 – Energy Reality
In the 1980s, two Oklahoma twentysomethings, named Aubrey McClendon and Tom L. Ward, pooled $50,000 of investment capital and started a natural gas company. They decided to call it Chesapeake Energy, since McClendon (who emerged as the company's moving force) was particularly fond of the Chesapeake Bay region of Maryland and Virginia. From the start, McClendon focused the business on unconventional gas plays and cutting-edge drilling technologies.
Fast-forward to the mid-2000s. As the fracking frenzy was starting to sizzle in Texas and Oklahoma, Chesapeake was there turning up the heat. With the Barnett, Fayetteville, and Haynesville plays yielding shale gas in ever-greater amounts, Chesapeake Energy quickly became America's second-biggest natural gas producer, and a Fortune 500 company with over 13,000 employees. By 2008, Aubrey McClendon was the highest-paid of all CEOs of S&P 500 companies.1 In 2011, Forbes named him "America's Most Reckless Billionaire" in a cover story detailing his lavish and highly leveraged lifestyle.2 He owned homes in several states, a mansion on "Billionaire's Row" in Bermuda, and 16 antique boats worth nine million dollars. He also had a habit of using his property as collateral in order to borrow money with which to buy still more.
Critics began drawing comparisons between Chesapeake and Enron, the energy giant whose infamous bankruptcy in 2001 made it synonymous with galactic-scale accounting fraud. On the surface, they were very different entities: while Enron was a labyrinthine organization with a black-box trading operation and a flotilla of off-balance-sheet shell subcompanies, Chesapeake had real assets in proven and unproven gas reserves and a real product to sell. Still, Chesapeake's business practices were opaque even to some of its biggest investors, and its cash flow from operations was insufficient to cover exploration and development costs and acquisitions in any of the last 10 calendar years.3
How was Chesapeake making money? Early in the shale boom, the company bought drilling leases at a pace unrivaled; later, it sold bundles of these leases to other operators, many of them European or Chinese, and usually at a profit. Chesapeake was also adept at entering into partnerships and joint ventures. And it used Byzantine financing methods pioneered by Enron in the 1990s—including derivatives, synthetic credit default swaps, and deals financed with little or no equity.4
Eventually, crony dealings led to Aubrey McClendon's resignation as CEO of Chesapeake. News emerged that he had been logging family vacation trips to Europe on one of the company jets as business travel, while Chesapeake employees were doing millions of dollars' worth of personal work at McClendon's home. He had put longtime friends on the Chesapeake board and showered them with compensation. He maintained personal stakes in company wells and used these as collateral for $1.55 billion in loans; at the same time, he was borrowing money from a company board member and running a private two hundred million dollar hedge fund from Chesapeake offices.5
Disgrace couldn't keep Aubrey McClendon down for long. Since his formal departure from Chesapeake Energy, he has formed a new company called American Energy Partners, with headquarters down the street from his old Chesapeake office in Oklahoma City.6
Clearly, not all oil and gas companies specializing in fracking mimic Chesapeake's extravagance and opacity. However, if the analysis in Chapter 3 is even approximately correct, then the shale industry is on shakier ground than many believe. Perhaps the fracking companies' business model simply reflects the problematic nature of the resources they pursue, and the price and investment structures needed to get those resources out of the ground and to market.
Chesapeake and other shale gas and tight oil companies have made extravagant claims about how communities, households, and the nation as a whole benefit economically from fracking. There's no question: a lot of money has changed hands as a result of shale gas and tight oil development during the past decade. Billions of dollars have been spent in drilling, and billions have been returned in sales of oil and gas. In this chapter, we'll try to answer the question: Who really benefits?
The boomtown syndrome is as old as the petroleum industry itself. Once commercial deposits of oil or gas are confirmed, drillers and speculators arrive by the truckload, driving up prices for just about everything. Prostitution and motor traffic proliferate; peace and quiet disappear. Years later, after local citizens have spent their money from drilling leases, the oil or gas begins to peter out. High-paid workers leave town, and the local economy deflates.
This predictable syndrome tends to characterize fracking operations even more than conventional oil and gas development, because shale gas and tight oil per-well production rates tend to decline so steeply (making the boom briefer and the decline steeper), and also because damage to the environment and to local roads, public health, and community solidarity can be much more serious.
Here is a typical assessment of the economic boon from fracking, lifted from an industry-funded website:
Hydraulic fracturing has . . . boosted local economies—generating royalty payments to property owners, providing tax revenues to the government and creating much-needed high-paying American jobs. Engineering and surveying, construction, hospitality, equipment manufacturing and environmental permitting are just some of the professions experiencing the positive ripple effects of increased oil and natural gas shale development."7
There's definitely some truth here. Consider the example of Bradford County, Pennsylvania. In recent years its economy had been in decline as manufacturing jobs moved to China. But now, as Chesapeake Energy and other operators are fracturing the Marcellus shale beneath the county to release billions of cubic feet of natural gas, the economy is flourishing. The county has retired five million dollars in debt and has lowered real estate taxes by 6%. A Bradford County Commissioner has called fracking "an economic game-changer for the entire area."8
However, studies that look at the bigger picture reach more nuanced conclusions. A report by the Keystone Center in Pennsylvania found that "the Marcellus Shale is making a small positive contribution to recent job growth in Pennsylvania."9 New (and often temporary) jobs are being offset by damage to existing industries, including tourism and the Pennsylvania hardwoods industries. In Bradford County, cited above, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection has recorded upwards of six hundred environmental violations from fracking, and the consequences for farmers have been severe—including contaminated water, plummeting property values, and sickened livestock. Many farmers have simply given up in the face of these challenges. Meanwhile, Pennsylvania research has also found that many of the new jobs go to skilled out-of-state workers who fly in, drill, and fly home. The jobs for locals generated by fracking typically last for only about two to three years.10
All of this should be fairly predictable and unsurprising. Historically, regions that rely on resource extraction as an economic pillar often underperform when compared to other regions, especially when viewed over the long term. More wealth is typically created in places that use energy and minerals for manufacturing and trade than in ones where resources are mined. For example, coal areas in West Virginia continue to be pockets of poverty despite decades of mining activity. The long-term jobs created there often pay little, and other industries—including agriculture—are driven out by the ensuing environmental damage.11
In both Pennsylvania and New York, drilling companies are moving into the poorest counties first—and not just because that's where the shale resources are located. Economically struggling areas are often targeted because the locals are less likely to engage in anti-fracking activism. People who desperately need leasing money or temporary employment may be willing to overlook environmental damage, even if it impacts their own land and homes, and they can also be counted upon to take the industry's side when community disputes arise over air or water quality.
Meanwhile, people subsisting on fixed incomes (such as elderly renters) who don't receive income from drilling leases or truck-driving jobs may have to move out because they can't afford soaring rents and food prices.
Local governments benefit temporarily from increased tax revenues during drilling booms. But costs to repair road damage—sometimes running into the millions of dollars—may outweigh that short-term bonus. In 2012, the State of Texas received about $3.6 billion in severance taxes from all oil and gas produced in the state (from conventional wells as well as those in fracked shale). But during that same year, the Texas Department of Transportation estimated damage to Texas roads from drilling operations at $4 billion. Arkansas has taken in roughly $182 million in severance taxes since 2009, but costs from road damage associated with drilling are estimated at $450 million. Roads designed to last 20 years are requiring major repairs after only 5 years due to the constant stream of overweight vehicles ferrying equipment and water to and from fracking sites.12
The influx of workers also puts pressure on schools and hospitals. Yet it makes little sense to expand these facilities permanently, given the temporary nature of drilling booms. Meanwhile, police have to deal with increased crime rates, including (in Colorado, for example) high rates of methamphetamine usage among drill crews.13
Disputes about fracking within communities can also strain the very process of democracy. When the city of Longmont, Colorado, enacted regulations to make residential neighborhoods, schoolyards, and the city's open spaces off-limits to drilling, Governor John Hickenlooper sued, contending that more lenient state regulations took precedence. In response, Longmont citizens launched an initiative to ban fracking altogether within the city. Though overwhelmingly outspent by industry money, the ban initiative carried by a remarkable 60/40 margin. Industry, backed by the state, has sued to overturn the ban.
As Deborah Rogers points out in her report, "Shale & Wall Street," the oil and gas companies "are not in business to steward the environment, save the family farm, or pull depressed areas out of economic decline. If these things should by chance happen, they are merely peripheral to the primary mission of the companies."14 Yet the promise of benefits to communities helps these companies achieve their real primary goal—which is to extract hydrocarbons as cheaply and efficiently as possible and to sell them at the highest price that can be realized. Expectations of jobs and tax revenues can deter investigations into environmental and health problems, and delay regulations.
For communities that have endured environmental insults, human health impacts, and costs to road infrastructure, all for the sake of income from fuel production, it is perhaps the bitterest of ironies when oil and gas companies simply refuse to pay promised royalties. This is by no means standard operating procedure within the industry, but it does happen.15 To mention just one example: in 2012 Chesapeake Energy paid five million dollars in settlement of a lawsuit brought by Dallas/Fort Worth Airport over significant underpayment for gas produced from horizontal wells beneath airport property.16
In their many opportunities to testify before Congress, oil and gas industry representatives have repeatedly painted a glowing picture of how America is benefiting from expanded shale gas and tight oil development. Here is Daniel Yergin speaking on the topic of shale gas in 2011:
This abundance of natural gas is very different from what was expected a half decade ago. It was then anticipated that constraints on domestic natural gas production would result in high prices for consumers and the migration of gas-using industries—and the jobs that go with them—out of the United States to parts of the world with cheaper supplies. The United States was also expected to be importing substantial amounts of natural gas in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG). That would have added as much as $100 billion to our trade deficit. None of that has occurred. Instead, the United States has become, except for imports from Canada, mostly self-sufficient. . . . Gas prices have fallen substantially, lowering the cost of gas-generated electricity and home heating bills. Several hundred thousand jobs have been created in the United States. Gas-consuming industries have invested billions of dollars in factories in the United States, something which they would not have expected to do half a decade ago—creating new jobs in the process. The development of shale has created significant new revenue sources for states—for the state of Pennsylvania and localities in that state, for example, $1.1 billion in revenues in 2010.17
All true. But the implication is that with expanded drilling we can expect much more of the same. Not so true.
As for tight oil and its impact on America's petroleum production and imports, here is Yergin speaking to Congress in 2013:
Net imports of crude will continue to decline. . . . [W]e will see the Western Hemisphere, and North America in particular, moving towards greater self sufficiency. At the same time, the very large, technically advanced refining complex on the Gulf Coast—along with the shifting domestic product demand—will put the United States in the position to continue to expand exports of refined products. . . . [E]xpanded domestic supply will add to resilience to shocks and add to the security cushion. Moreover, prudent expansion of US energy exports will add an additional dimension to US influence in the world.18
The impression we are left with is that it's all good news in the oil and gas world, and America should be cheering. Yet that's far from being an accurate portrayal. What's most objectionable is the reassuring sense of permanence that characterizes Yergin's description of our national energy picture. Domestic supplies of oil and gas will increase . . . but for how long? A "prudent expansion" of US energy exports could only be based on the assumption that the current spate of growing production will continue for decades. Yet, as we have already seen, the EIA anticipates a peak in Bakken tight oil extraction in 2017. And if the analysis in Chapter 3 is accurate, US shale gas production will begin to taper off at roughly the same time.
The shale gas industry has touted natural gas exports as a way to improve the US trade balance. Indeed, despite the fact that the United States remains a net natural gas importer, gas export efforts are under way: Dominion Corporation will begin construction on an LNG export project at its Cove Point terminal in Maryland in 2014, with contracts for delivery to Japan and India; Cheniere Energy is converting its Sabine Pass LNG import facility in Louisiana into an export terminal; and United LNG has signed agreements with India for the long-term supply of LNG by way of its offshore Main Pass Energy Hub, also in Louisiana.19 Meanwhile, Congress is on board with LNG exports—presumably as a way to boost the nation's foreign revenues.20
But the industry's actual motives have nothing to do with improving America's balance of trade. Potential LNG importers in Japan, India, and China will pay upwards of $15 per million Btus for natural gas, while the American domestic price hovers around $4. The natural gas industry wants to export its product for one reason only: to get a better price. If American users want that same gas, they will have to pay more. LNG exports will drive up the US price of natural gas: it's simple economics, and no one who has seriously looked into the matter claims otherwise.
The natural gas industry is doing everything it can to substantially increase US natural gas prices, yet the same industry claims low gas prices as a benefit of its practices. The cognitive dissonance inherent in this situation is perhaps lost on most casual observers, but not on the American chemicals industry and electric power utilities—big users of gas. Recall Daniel Yergin's statement (quoted above) that "gas-consuming industries have invested billions of dollars in factories in the United States, something which they would not have expected to do half a decade ago—creating new jobs in the process." Are those jobs about to go away as gas prices shoot back up? Will power generators that switched from burning coal to natural gas in order to take advantage of low gas prices now switch back to coal?21
Industry boosters like Daniel Yergin often cite jobs as one of the principal benefits to America from fracking. Yet, as we have already seen, fracking's actual jobs record has been oversold. Industry-funded studies often include professions such as strippers and prostitutes in their totals of new jobs created.22 Jobs for actual oil and gas industry workers have accounted for less than one-twentieth of 1% of the overall US labor market since 2003,23 according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, and where those jobs relate to fracking, they will gradually disappear as plays are drilled out and production declines.
In a research note for Capital Economics (April 2013), Paul Dales argued that the oil and gas boom has provided only a modest economic boost to the US economy in recent years:
Since June 2009 the volume of oil and gas extraction has risen by 24%. Over the same period the production of mining machinery has risen by 47% and the output of mining support services, which includes oil and gas drilling, has leapt by 58%. . . . But that rise explains only a small part of the economic recovery. Admittedly, it is responsible for a fifth of the 18.3% increase in overall industrial pro-duction. Given that the oil- and gas-related sectors account for only 2.5% of GDP, they have contributed just 0.6 percentage points (ppts) to the 7.6% rise in GDP.24 [Emphasis in original]
Perhaps the biggest real impact of fracking on the nation is at the macro scale of energy policy. As a result not just of temporarily increased production, but also of exaggerations from the industry (and spokespeople like Daniel Yergin), the United States is failing to plan for a future in which hydrocarbons are more scarce and expensive; failing to invest sufficiently in renewable sources of energy, and in low-energy infrastructure such as electric light rail; and failing generally to do what every nation must in order to survive in a century of rapidly destabilizing climate—which is to reduce dependency on fossil fuels as quickly as possible. US politicians of every stripe end up adopting the attitude, "Yes, of course we should be reducing fossil fuel consumption in order to avert the worst climate change impacts—but with the prospect of energy independence, jobs, and economic growth all flowing from shale gas and tight oil, how could we possibly say no?"
Yet, as we have just seen, these promises are largely unrealistic. Meanwhile, the costs of continued oil and gas dependency, which will be borne mostly in the future, already constitute an invisible though mountainous burden, compounding daily.
Throughout, fracking boosters appear to maintain a Marie Antoinette-like attitude toward the American people, saying, in effect, "Let them eat hype."
THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
When we inquire who benefits from the fracking frenzy, the intuitively obvious answer is, "the oil and gas industry, of course." Yet this may be a simplistic assumption.
Drilling companies have seen increased revenues as a result of shale gas and tight oil production. This is primarily true for the outfits that managed to lease land in the core areas of shale plays, where wells are more productive and profitable.
The industry as a whole has scored big in terms of public relations: the promise of plenty has largely shifted the conversation in America from worry about high energy prices, supply vulnerability, and climate risks, to ebullience over the illusion of "energy independence."
However, as we have just seen, many shale gas (and some tight oil) operators in non-core areas have been losing money on production. Only a few companies are profiting handsomely. Clever operators can squeeze profits out of money-losing field operations with "pump and dump" stock schemes, selling stocks to gullible pension fund managers, or selling bundles of drilling leases (of highly variable quality) to foreign investors. A few early birds (such as Aubrey McClendon) have gotten spectacularly rich, while building financial structures packed with risk.
One of these risks consists of price volatility. Shale gas and tight oil production only makes economic sense when fuel prices are high. But (as gas drillers have learned, to their bitter disappointment) there is no guarantee that prices will stay high enough, long enough, for investments to pan out. If the US economy were to fall back into recession, energy demand would drop and so would oil and gas prices. Drillers would have no choice but to idle their rigs and accept losses.
Perhaps that's what led Aubrey McClendon to say in an investor call in 2008, "I can assure you that buying leases for x and selling them for 5x or 10x is a lot more profitable than trying to produce gas at $5 or $6 mcf."25 Gas prices wound up dropping to less than $2 per thousand cubic feet (mcf).
Another risk comes from potential liability for environmental and human health damage. Producers try to contain risk with ongoing improvements to their procedures, but also with nondisclosure agreements. States and counties are increasingly restricting and even banning fracking out of concern for human and environmental health, and the result could be a sharp decline in potential revenues for operators—and therefore a drop in stock value and an increase in borrowing costs. A general lack of transparency in the industry makes it difficult to ascertain the total payments made to date for settlement of damage claims. But worries about declining water and air quality pose a growing public relations hurdle for the companies.
Still another risk comes from the very hype that drives investment toward the industry. When projects go sour, investors flee, and suspicion grows among the investment community that shale production is merely a bubble. This perception is bolstered by companies pulling out of shale plays or deciding against funding, for example, a pipeline to North Dakota—presumably out of recognition that volumes of crude produced will not be high enough, or last long enough, to make such a pipeline pay off.26 It's as though drillers are admitting they don't believe the hype themselves.
Fracking is helping the industry as a whole bring more product to market. But the top international oil companies—ExxonMobil, Shell, BP, Chevron, and Total—have seen their overall production decline by over 25% since 2004.27 Meanwhile capital spending by the industry has nearly doubled. The only factor forestalling economic bloodshed for the majors is high oil prices: while they must invest more upstream to produce fewer barrels, each barrel sold now brings in more revenue.28
For a few players, the shale boom is a bonanza. Yet overall, despite protests to the contrary, evidence suggests the oil industry has entered its sunset years.
If, in the final analysis, the nation as a whole and the impacted communities within it lose more from fracking than they gain, and the oil industry is seeing diminishing returns on its burgeoning investments, then who does stand to benefit?
In the Introduction and Chapters 2 and 3, we noted how, in many instances, gas prices have been driven down to a level below industry's production cost. Low prices have in turn been cited as economic benefits of shale development. Yet aside from having gained a PR talking point, the industry itself has actually been hurt by low prices. Chesapeake Energy has not only reduced drilling, but sold off hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of assets to cover unsustainable debt loads. BP has been forced to write off nearly two billion dollars in assets. Rex Tillerson, the CEO of ExxonMobil, told the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City in June 2012, "We're losing our shirts [on shale gas production]. We're making no money. It's all in the red."29
Why did the industry shoot itself in the foot by overproducing shale gas? In some respects, the glut resulted inevitably from a land rush that occurred in the early years of the shale boom, when companies were leasing as much land as possible, as quickly as possible: the terms of drilling leases required drilling sooner rather than later, even if that meant oversupplying the market. But this is not a sufficient explanation for the price plunge. For a deeper understanding of the industry's puzzlingly self-destructive behavior, we must follow the money.
In a New York Times investigative article ("After the Boom in Natural Gas," October 20, 2012), Clifford Krauss and Eric Lipton wrote, "Like the recent credit bubble, the boom and bust in gas were driven in large part by tens of billions of dollars in creative financing engineered by investment banks like Goldman Sachs, Barclays and Jefferies & Company." The article details how this "creative financing" forced drillers to keep drilling even when each new well represented a financial loss.30
Deborah Rogers, a former Wall Street financial consultant and member of the Advisory Council for the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas from 2008 to 2011, has further traced the toxic connections between major investment banks and shale gas/tight oil operators in her report, "Shale and Wall Street: Was the Decline in Natural Gas Prices Orchestrated?"31 She writes:
In order for a publicly traded oil and gas company to grow extensively, it must manage not only its core business but also the relationship it enjoys with its investment bankers. Thus, publicly traded oil and gas companies have essentially two sets of economics. There is what may be called field economics, which addresses the basic day-to-day operations of the company and what is actually occurring out in the field with regard to well costs, production history, etc.; the other set is Wall Street or "Street" economics. This entails keeping a company attractive to financial analysts and investors so that the share price moves up and access to the capital markets is assured. (p. 6)
It was "street economics" rather than "field economics" that drove the gas glut and price rout, according to Rogers, who notes that the price decline "opened the door for significant transactional deals worth billions of dollars and thereby secured further large fees for the investment banks involved. In fact, shales became one of the largest profit centers within these banks in their energy M&A portfolios since 2010." (p. 1) She concludes that the glut was engineered in large measure "in order to meet financial analysts' production targets and to provide cash flow to support operators' imprudent leverage positions." (p. 1) When natural gas prices tanked,
Wall Street began executing deals to spin assets of troubled shale companies off to larger players in the industry. Such deals deteriorated only months later, resulting in massive write-downs in shale assets. In addition, the banks were instrumental in crafting convoluted financial products such as VPP's (volumetric production payments); and despite the obvious lack of sophisticated knowledge by many . . .investors about the intricacies and risks of shale production, these products were subsequently sold to investors such as pension funds. Further, leases were bundled and flipped on unproved shale fields in much the same way as mortgage-backed securities had been bundled and sold on questionable underlying mortgage assets prior to the economic downturn of 2007. (p. 1)
Wall Street benefits from manias—at least in the short term. Investment banks make money on sales of shares in companies whose activities spur speculative bubbles. They also profit from mergers and acquisitions when bubbles burst and companies go bust. For the most part, it's not their money being invested—it's more likely yours, if you have any kind of retirement account.
There are a lot of people benefiting from the shale gas and tight oil boom, ranging from drillers to landowners to hoteliers, but arguably none have profited more than investment bankers. And when oil and gas production falls and the fortunes of drillers, landowners, and hoteliers plummet along with it, the bankers will most likely continue to do just fine, thanks.
1."Major CEOs Feeling the Recession . . . Somewhat," Associated Press, May 1, 2009, .
2.Christopher Helman, "The Two Sides of Aubrey McClendon, America's Most Reckless Billionaire," Forbes, October 5, 2011, .
3.Christopher Swann and Robert Cyran, "Did Chesapeake miss Enron lessons?" Reuters, May 22, 2012, .
4.Christopher Helman, "Here's What The Analyst Who Uncovered Enron Thinks About Chesapeake," Forbes, June 4, 2012, .
5.John Shiffman, Anna Driver, and Brian Grow, "Special Report: the Lavish and Leveraged Life of Aubrey McClendon," Reuters, June 7, 2012, .
6.Nicholas Sakelaris, "Aubrey McClendon Back in the Game with New Oil/Gas Company," Dallas Business Journal, April 19, 2013, .
7."Benefits of Fracking," EnergyFromShale (website), accessed May 13, 2013, .
8.Matthew DiLallo, "Can Fracking Benefit Your Community Too?" Motley Fool, March 26, 2013, . Alan Bjerga, "Small Towns Find Fracking Brings Boom, Booming Headaches," Bloomberg, March 27, 2013, .
9.Stephen Herzenberg, "Drilling Deeper into Job Claims: The Actual Contribution of Marcellus Shale to Pennsylvania Job Growth," policy brief, Keystone Research Center, June 20, 2011, .
10.Susan Christopherson, "The Economic Consequences of Marcellus Shale Gas Extraction: Key Issues," Community & Regional Development Initiative, Cornell University, CaRDI Reports no. 11 (September 2011), . See also "Economic Impacts of Fracking," Save Colorado from Fracking.
11.Tara Lohan, "Resource Curse: Why the Economic Boom That Fracking Promises Will Be a Bust For Most People (Hard Times, USA)," AlterNet, March 6, 2013, . See Susan Christopherson and Ned Rightor, "How Should We Think About the Economic Consequences of Shale Gas Drilling?".
12.Deborah Rogers, "Externalities of Shales: Road Damage," Energy Policy Forum (blog), April 1, 2013, .
13."Increased Crime Rates," Save Colorado from Fracking, modified October 3, 2005.
14.Deborah Rogers, "Shale and Wall Street: Was the Decline in Natural Gas Prices Orchestrated?" Energy Policy Forum, February 2013.
15.Brett Shipp, "Landowners Upset Over Unpaid Royalties in the Barnett Shale," WFAA-TV (website), updated October 26, 2012.
16.Andrea Ahles, "DFW Airport Settles Lawsuit with Chesapeake," Fort Worth Star-Telegram, September 7, 2012.
17.Daniel Yergin, Chairman, IHS Cambridge Energy Research Associates, (testimony, Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, Senate Energy Committee), October 4, 2011.
18.Daniel Yergin (testimony submitted for hearings on America's Energy Security and Innovation, Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the House Energy and Commerce Committee), February 5, 2013.
19."USA: United LNG, Petronet Reach Main Pass Energy Hub Agreement," LNG World News, posted April 25, 2013.
20."US Congressmen Favour Export of Natural Gas to India," Hindu Business Line, April 27, 2013.
21.The IEA believes that at a natural gas price of $5 per thousand cubic feet, US utilities will begin switching back to coal.
22.Deborah Rogers, "PA Jobs Numbers Poor in Spite of Marcellus Shale," Energy Policy Forum, February 4, 2013.
23.Deborah Rogers, "Shale and Wall Street," Energy Policy Forum, February 2013. Data from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, posted May 8, 2012.
24.Brad Plumer, "The US Oil and Gas Boom Has Had a Modest Economic Impact—So Far," Washington Post, April 23, 2013.
25.Chesapeake Energy Corporation, Q3 2008 Business Update Call Transcript, October 19, 2008.
26.Deborah Rogers, "Shale and Wall Street".
27.Matthieu Auzanneau, "Total Production by the Top Five Oil Majors Has Fallen by a Quarter Since 2004," The Oil Drum (blog), April 19, 2013.
28.Steve Andrews, "Commentary: Interview with Steven Kopits," Peak Oil Review (April 29, 2013): 6–10.
29."ExxonMobil: 'We're Losing Our Shirts'," gCaptain (blog), June 27, 2012.
30.Clifford Krauss and Eric Lipton, "After the Boom in Natural Gas," New York Times, October 20, 2012. Philip Bump, "Frackers Struggle While Financiers Make Millions. Sounds Familiar." Grist (blog), October 22, 2012.
Dollars image via 401(K)/flickr
Tags: energy industry, Energy Policy, Fracking, Shale gas, Snake Oil, tight oil
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Richard Heinberg is the author of thirteen books including: - Our Renewable Future: Laying the Path for One Hundred Percent Clean Energy, co-authored with David Fridley (2016) - Afterburn (2015) - Snake Oil (July 2013) - The End of Growth (August 2011) - The Post Carbon Reader (2010) (editor) - Blackout: Coal, Climate, and the Last...
Martin Tweedale
PCI is the only outfit I know that is realistic about what can and cannot be done about our on-going environmental catastrophe, and the only one that acknowledges the ...
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The House is on Fire
In Praise of Carbon: Review
Could a Green New Deal Save Civilization?
By Richard Heinberg, originally published by Common Dreams


Remember the story this past summer about subatomic particles (neutrinos) that showed up about 60 ns faster than light, when the CERN labs shot them from Geneva to Italy? Faster than light? Time travel? Vacation home on Kepler-22b?
Well, you'd better unload the investment you made in that transporter startup company owned by those three guys named Jim, Scotty and Spock. The journal Science reported in February that the CERN particle physics laboratory in Geneva admitted that a loose fiberoptic cable connection between a GPS unit and a computer might have caused the measurements that showed neutrinos out-sprinting the speed of light.
"There is a screw and you have to turn it, but we're not sure if it was well-calibrated," said Arnaud Marsollier, a spokesman for CERN. "It would be embarrassing if a nasty cable is the reason."
This isn't an unfortunate loose screw-terminal connection in the control panel that delays a machine commissioning for a few hours. This is gazillion dollar physics aimed at finding answers to the nature of the universe.
Imagine how you explain that one to the boss.
Trying to maintain a level of quiet dignity, the lab announced that the experiment probably will be repeated in May.
Item 2: Some of the findings in our annual Product Research and Buying Habits Study nicely define the complicated love/hate relationship most of us have with using the Internet, particularly global search engines. It's like the yin and yang of that relationship. It's Cain and Abel; it's Abbott and Costello; it's Illinois politics and corruption. You don't get one without the other.
We found that 88% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with the statement, "I've gotten better at search strategies and techniques, and that has helped get better results."
Sounds positive. Life is good. But then we learn that 77% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with the statement, "It's a pain to sift through the results, but at this point there's no better web-based research tool for me."
So, while many of us have improved our abilities to obtain better search engine results, we're still not at all happy that there's nothing better out there.
This helps explain the disdain that many readers still have for Internet-based research. They adamantly stick with their local distributor when they need product information. I've heard more than once how they firmly believe it's faster and more reliable, even while conceding that this can limit the brand scope of possible solutions.
As we learned from this study last year, respondent age doesn't seem to make a big difference about this, either.
The search for knowledge, combining search engines with other information resources.


Belief in myself!: What is it with Mondays?
What is it with Mondays you may be asking. WELL.....I got on the scale this morning, and low and behold my weight was up. Yesterday I was sitting at 182.6 Still up a bit from my lowest...but much better in comparison to last weeks weigh in. So when I saw that I was at 186 this morning I just wanted to scream! Wasn't it a week ago that I was writing about how my weight just jumped drastically!
No matter, I'm going to keep doing what I'm doing. Watching what I eat...staying within my points. Exercising my 6 days a week...and I need to be assured and happy with the fact that what I'm doing is making me healthy even if the scales are not showing a downward slide.
Meanwhile, I've been working a lot over at the other place. I'm making a good deal of progress. The painting is just about done. I've got the bathroom floors laid. Its really starting to come together.


NordicTrack has a deal running for Free Shipping on Your Order at NordicTrack (Site-wide) on their shopping site. Click the button to navigate to the discount page. This deal can be redeemed at nordictrack.com. Coupon code not required for this offer.
Planet Fitness is running an offer code for 40% Storewide at Planet Fitness, redeemable at their site. Click the blue button to reveal and copy this discount code. Enter this code in the promo code entry box during checkout at planetfitness.com. Your discount should be applied.
Titan Fitness is currently offering a promo code for 5% Off on Your Next Order at Titan Fitness on their website. Click the blue button to use this discount code. The code will be automatically copied to your clipboard. Just paste your code in the promo code box during checkout on titan.fitness.
Slendertone is currently offering a promo code for 20% Off Your Next Purchase at Slendertone (Site-Wide) – Expires Soon on their website. Click the blue button to use this discount code. The code will be automatically copied to your clipboard. Just paste your code in the promo code box during checkout on slendertone.com.
Pilates Wheel is running an offer code for 10% Off Your Order at Pilates Wheel (Site-Wide), redeemable at their site. Click the blue button to reveal and copy this discount code. Enter this code in the promo code entry box during checkout at thepilateswheel.com. Your discount should be applied.
Would you recommend NordicTrack to friends & family?
NordicTrack competes in the Fitness & Weight Machines industry and offers promo codes and coupons for discounts on its website. The company last offered a coupon on April 19, 2019 and currently has 6 active promo codes and coupons on its website. NordicTrack may offer additional promotional codes and discount offers on its Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram pages, or via its own homepage.
NordicTrack maintains its own sales and clearance page. You can find current sales and clearance items for NordicTrack on their own website at their clearance and discounts page.
You've come this far to get your NordicTrack discount, but how do you actually redeem your code?
Step 1: First, locate your desired NordicTrack promo code here on this page.
Step 2: You'll then click the blue button to get the code. This opens a new tab which will take you to NordicTrack's e-commerce site. Best of all, BluePromoCode will automatically copy the offer code to your clipboard, so you don't need to remember it.
Step 4: Now comes the tricky part. As you go through the checkout process, look for a little text box that says "Discount Code" or "Promo Code." This box will usually appear in one of the checkout steps on NordicTrack's site. Once you find the promo code box, simply press "CTRL + V" or "Command + V" on your keyboard to paste the discount code into the box, then click "Enter" or "Redeem."
Step 5: Look for a confirmation message from NordicTrack saying your discount has been applied to your order. You should see the dollar amount saved in the area where your order is summarized.
Step 6: If the code did not work, it may be because certain items in your cart may be excluded from the discount code you entered. In this case, read the message from NordicTrack and try to change your items to match the promo code's requirements. You can also return to this page and locate a different code.


dc.identifier.citation Hoath, Aileen and Pavez, Luciano. 2013. Survey Report: Intersections of Mining and Agriculture, Boddington Radius: land use, workforce & expenditure patterns, Curtin University of Technology.
There is considerable evidence that the recent strength of Australia's export oriented mining sector has contributed to economic growth both nationally and in the main mining states and regions although at uneven rates of growth. However investigation and analysis of the internal distribution of costs and benefits from mining within host regions transitioning from agricultural economies has been limited. This document reports results from a survey conducted by the lead author in the Peel Region during March-June 2012 as a part of the Regions in Transition (RiT) project under the umbrella of the CSIRO Minerals Down Under Flagship. The survey examines changing patterns of workforce participation, changing patterns of rural land use, income and expenditure flows and cross-sectoral influences between mining and agriculture. The targeted survey sample comprises adults over 18 years of age either living or working within a radius of approximately 50 km from Boddington town in the most sparsely populated shire of the region, where two separate mineral extraction and processing operations have been undergoing significant expansion. The data reveals that during the RiT project period (2009-2012) these developments triggered a considerable change in the existing socio-economic fabric sustaining proximate towns, communities and individuals. The particularities of the case mean that this report is most relevant to those with a close interest in the future wellbeing of the Boddington 50 km Radius during and beyond the life of current mining operations. The survey also makes a contribution to the wider literature concerning the socio-economic implications of mining. It investigates and confirms the possibility raised by Hajkowicz et al (2011) that the quantifiable benefits of mineral wealth they identify across 71 LGAs may "mask highly localised inequalities and disadvantage". By providing a nuanced account of the uneven impacts of mining experienced in one region, the survey serves to illuminate the temporally specific economic trends in mining LGAs that Measham and Reeson (2011) identify from ABS statistical data. The findings presented here are undergoing further analysis as a component of an interdisciplinary study at Curtin Graduate School of Business utilizing economic multiplier analysis and qualitative social data to track and map economic impacts of mine operations income expenditure at regional and state level.
dcterms.source.series Prepared for CSIRO MineralsDown Under Flagship, Minerals Futures Cluster Collaboration, by the Curtin Graduate School of Business, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia. CSIRO. Cluster Research Report No. 3.9.
Prepared for CSIRO Minerals Down Under Flagship, Minerals Futures Cluster Collaboration, by the Curtin Graduate School of Business, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia. Cluster Research Report No. 3.9.


In a recent post, about a Skype conversation with Silvia Tolisano, I described my search for an authentic audience for my students' blogs and the purpose of students commenting on each others blog. In the hope of creating interest and driving traffic towards my students' blogs, I gave details about my students and my subject content in a Google doc and on my blog's Lesson page. These were two of Silvia's suggestions.
This post is to document my self-determined learning resulting from our conversation.
knowledge sharing' rather than 'knowledge hoarding'. In this respect heutagogy looks to the future in which knowing how to learn will be a fundamental skill given the pace of innovation and the changing structure of communities and workplaces.
PD evidence of learning for my teacher registration.
I see The Possibility Post as a forum to share, to reflect, curate links and teaching ideas, to remember and to provide documented evidence of my PD hours that I can also use for my Teacher Registration.
This is my documentation of my Skype conversation with Silvia on student blogs and how to drive traffic to my student's blogs.
post a blog about who I am and to introduce my students.
The Arab-Israeli Conflict simulation out of the University of Michigan is a powerful way to connect and learn and so are ePals, iEarn, Taking IT Globaland many transformative organizations. Skype and Google Hangout have made the world a closer, more intimate place. But so have hashtags.
But to me, the best way to engage the classroom in a global conversation is to help the conversations become part of the classroom.
After you build your PLN, help your students build theirs. Here is Cool Cat Teacher's lesson plans on PLN building using Feedly.
Tagged blogs, Documenting for learning, heutagogy, Silvia Tolisano, Vicki Davis. Bookmark the permalink.


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Trump House Impeachment News: Live Updates
Audio Of House Impeachment Vote : House Impeachment…
Israel launches intense strikes on Syria
What does impeachment mean for Donald Trump? ||
The GOP inches toward a desperate decoupling with…
The GOP inches toward a desperate decoupling with Trump
Today, though, that calculus has shifted significantly. And now some top Republicans have set about an extraordinary effort to shift it even further away from Trump.
For years, Trump has commanded fealty among his party. Fearful of a presidential tweet or a primary challenge — or worse — congressional Republicans have danced around addressing Trump's worst impulses. The few who have deigned to criticize him forcefully often found themselves without a political base and bowed out of office. The party has occasionally rebuked him en masse, but generally on niche issues, including foreign policy, that wouldn't necessarily animate such a backlash.
But we saw something different Tuesday: the emergence of what appears to be a genuine political effort to move the party beyond Trump and Trumpism. An attempted insurrection at the U.S. Capitol last week, which even some top allies have attached to his rhetoric about a "stolen" election, has infused some Republicans with heretofore-unseen moral indignation and desire to turn the page.
Three House Republicans of varying stripes were the first to signal that Democrats' looming impeachment this week would be a bipartisan affair. Rep. John Katko (N.Y.) comes from a difficult Upstate New York district. Rep. Adam Kinzinger (Ill.) has been a frequent and increasingly vocal Trump critic. Likewise Rep. Liz Cheney (Wyo.), who injected some political heft into the effort as the No. 3-ranking House Republican.
Cheney's decision was the biggest of those three, by virtue of her stature in the party and the fact that she comes from one of the most pro-Trump seats from the 2020 election. Wyoming gave Trump more than 70 percent of its vote just two months ago.
The number of GOP impeachment supporters in the House is still small — and seems likely to remain so — but what matters is the Senate, where their votes would be required and where members are more apt to take principled stands.
That's why Cheney's announcement wasn't the most significant development Tuesday night. That distinction would belong to the signals emanating from the office of the top Republican in the Senate, Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.).
The Washington Post has confirmed that McConnell believes Trump probably committed impeachable offenses with his conduct before the siege of the Capitol. Mind you, McConnell hasn't committed to voting against Trump, but the fact that he's even considering it sent shock waves through Washington.
McConnell's move could be understood a number of ways, including as a genuine matter of conviction. He played along for a time, but McConnell went out front among congressional Republicans in declaring the presidential election over, so it's not like he's a newcomer to denouncing Trump's effort to overturn the election.
But even if that's the case — and whatever you think of McConnell — he's a skilled political operator. It's difficult to view this as anything other than a calculated threat. Trump is staring down the barrel of becoming the first president in history to be impeached twice, and McConnell's reported posture indicates he could also be the first to actually suffer a conviction vote in the Senate. That could mean an early removal from office or some kind of post-presidential sanction, but either way it would be a historic black mark on Trump's legacy. McConnell seems to be leaving it up to Trump to decide whether he wants to go through all of that.
Whether that's because McConnell truly intends to bring his party along with such an effort and try to get 67 votes in the Senate remains to be seen. Perhaps he's truly hedging his bets. Perhaps he's wielding this to prevent Trump from doing something even more drastic in his final days in office. We still don't have McConnell on the record, so we're left to read between the lines.
But it's clearly a power play. Reports indicate McConnell views this as a chance to move the party beyond Trump and the long shadow he could cast over it in the years to come. But Trump could just as easily try to call a bluff.
From there, the question would be who actually holds the cards. The fealty Republicans have shown Trump is no coincidence; it's because he has reinvented his adoptive party. Any attempt to push him aside could just as well be met with a backlash. And even if his loyalists wind up being outnumbered, it could splinter the party. The fact that McConnell would even dip his toe in this water with an incoming 50-to-50 Senate that could just as well turn back Republican in 2022 (midterms are usually unkind to the incumbent president's party) is something.
Polling currently suggests Trump's support has taken a hit in recent days, with both Quinnipiac University and Marist College showing his approval rating dropping into the 70s among Republicans. That's significant, but it means a huge majority of the party is still onboard.
At the same time, 60 percent of all Americans in the Quinnipiac poll said Trump was undermining democracy, and majorities held him responsible for what happened last week at the Capitol and said he should either resign or be removed from office. So whatever the intraparty politics, he appears to be exiting office as an even bigger liability than he was for a party that lost all the presidency, the House and the Senate on his watch — the first time that has happened since 1932.
Much remains to play out in the hours and days ahead, but the bet being placed by the likes of Cheney and McConnell (or at least in McConnell's case, threatened) is certainly a significant one. If Trump bucks and fights, they could find themselves marginalized and their party divided. Trump could even use it to reassert his control of the party.
It's also a bet that would have seemed pretty unthinkable just a couple of weeks ago, when you would have said Hawley was the one with a big future in the party and Cheney could be squandering hers. But things do change, and we're about to find out who truly has sway moving forward.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Two exhibits from Society of Smallness's Arts District — Rehab and Never Say Dye…Say Buy! — are hitting the road to be part of White Room Rebellions, an exhibition at Milwaukee's Jazz Gallery Center for the Arts. The show runs from January 11 to February 1.
On Saturday, January 11 SOS emissaries will be on hand for the opening with Clutch Gallery to share Clutch's current exhibit, 41.8757° 87.6244° . The White Room Rebellions opening runs from 6–9 pm.
Jazz Gallery Center for the Arts is at 926 East Center Street in Milwaukee.


Why would the Spirit do that? And why to Jesus? Why to anyone?Yet Mark says that's what happened: the Spirit drove Jesus to spend 40 days in the desert wrestling with temptations to take self-serving shortcuts for his emerging ministry. Strange, because Jesus was later to teach his disciples to pray that they not be led into temptation.
How did Mark (and Matthew) come to that conclusion? They hadn't been in the wilderness to observe what happened. And, even if they had been, how could they have seen the Spirit's action? Their assertion is clearly a "faith-statement"—a conclusion based on reflection after the fact. Wouldn't the disciples have heard Jesus tell about the forty days he spent there; about his internal battle; and about the clarification of purpose and receipt of energy that resulted? He had emerged stronger and with tested integrity. How else could the early Christians explain what had happened ? Surely, they concluded, God had been in it! Couldn't they say, looking back, the Spirit was present?
The wilderness is not unknown to us. Don't we, all of us, experience the wilderness at one time or another? Don't all of us have times when our support systems seem to be down, when we're thrown entirely on our own, when existence is lonely and we begin to wonder whether our good goals might be reached more easily if we proceed down the path of compromise? Indeed, haven't some of the saints of the past spoken of a "dark night of the soul"? Wilderness is a common experience. No question. But to say God has led us there? Don't circumstances, unforseen tragedies, our own changing moods, perhaps even our hormones, have something to do with being there? I suggest that the trials and tests which come to us can't, in themselves, rightly be judged as the acts of God. They're just part of life.


Since 1991, more than 1200 individuals have transitioned from homelessness back to a life of self-sufficiency as a result of Rainbow Village.
After completing the Rainbow Village resident program families are encouraged to participate in our Alumni Program.
The Alumni Program provides ongoing support and community as our families move on to homes of their own. Alumni Program children and youth may continue to attend the After School and Character Building Programs. Alumni Program adults are encouraged to continue participating in the Life Skills program as peer mentors. Alumni meet together to share their accomplishments and struggles and provide support to their peers.
Rainbow Village believes in continued commitment to our families. The Alumni Program is a way for former residents to receive continued support from Rainbow Village while working toward greater levels of independence after they move into homes of their own.
Individual Service Plans are created for each family as they begin the resident program. These plans are designed to provide a guide for applying the self-sufficiency skills learned and applying them toward maintaining and sustaining housing.
Alumni family children and youth are eligible to attend the After School program, Big Recess and Character Building classes.
Adults are encouraged to continue to participate in the Life Skills program as peer mentors.


HRLocker are on a roll! Following our nomination in the Ulster Bank Business Achiever Awards last week, we are pleased to announce that we have just been shortlisted for the CIM Marketing Excellence Awards. The event will take place on Thursday 6th November at Belfast City Hall.
HRLocker have been nominated for the "Marketing with Impact – Professional Services" category.
The CIM Ireland Marketing Excellence Awards will celebrate, recognise and reward the best marketing achievements across various industry sectors in Ireland and will acknowledge the contribution made by both individuals and teams.
Other categories include "Marketing Game Changer" and "Marketing Team of the Year" and there are various different nominees spanned across both the public and private sector.
For more information on HRLocker, you can visit our homepage or watch our new video.
Best of luck to all the other nominees. We hope to see you there.


Grateful Dead Uncle Sam Skull Patch - ON SALE NOW!
Wear this super cool Grateful Dead "Uncle Sam" skull patch with pride on your sleeve... or on your hat, backpack, leather jacket or anywhere else you want to express yourself! The colorful design makes this embroidered iron-on Uncle Sam patch bright, bold, and beautiful.


Essential oils have wonderful properties that may help regulate different areas. I tried to find all that would help regulate blood pressure, blood sugar, hormones, weight and life in general.
Use about 2 ounces of coconut oil – solid form and add a few drops of each – mix well. In the summer this was a little runny but it seem work fine anyway. Each morning, I put it on my feet - for two reasons; this will be absorbed into your body and some of the smells do not agree with me. After I put it on the bottom of my feet I put on socks. Smell gone and I have nothing to loose but maybe some weight.
If you don't care for one of the smells - use less of that one.
The brand I use is Spark Naturals - fractionated coconut oil is under E-spa.


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EP Reviews 2020
EP Review: Under Pressure by Death Angel (Nuclear Blast)
17/10/2020 16/10/2020 Brendan 'Unholydarklotus' Fisher A Room With A View, Act III, Bay Area, David Bowie, Death Angel, Death Angel Review, EP Review, Humanicide, Mark Osegueda, Metal Covers, New Metal, New Music, Nuclear Blast, Nuclear Blast Records, Queen, Revelation Song, Rob Cavestany, Thrash, Thrash Metal, Under Pressure, Under Pressure cover, Under Pressure Review
Bay Area thrash giants, Death Angel have released a new EP called Under Pressure which includes a cover of Queen and David Bowie's Track of the same name.
Bloodstock 2019 Review
17/08/2019 16/08/2019 Carl 'The Disc' Fisher Anthrax, Barbarian Hermit, Bastard, Black Falcon, Bloodstock, Bloodstock 2019, Bloodstock Festival, Bloodstock Review, Boss Keloid, Cancer Bats, children of Bodom, Control the Storm, Cradle of Filth, Daybreaker, Death Angel, Empire Warning, Evil Scarecrow, Eyes of the Raven, Footprints in the Custard, Goat Monsoon, Grand Magus, Incite, Jager Stage, Krysthla, Lock Horns, Lost in Lavender Town, Lotus Eater, MARW, Master's Call, New Blood, New Blood Stage, Parkway Drive, Powerwolf, Raging Speedhorn, Review, Rotting Christ, Sabaton, Scars of Remembrance, Soilwork, Sophie Lancaster Stage, Soulfly, Swallow the Sun, Taake, Ten Ton Slug, Tesseract, The Hope Burden, Thy Art Is Murder, Tomorrow is Lost, Widows, Witch Tripper, Womenowar
Games, Brrraaains & A Head-Banging Life bring you a rundown as well as reviews of the bands we saw at Bloodstock Open Air 2019!
2019 Single Slam
Single Slam – World War X by Carnifex (World War X)
10/07/2019 10/07/2019 Brendan 'Unholydarklotus' Fisher Alissa White-Gluz, Arch Enemy, AudioHammer Studio, Blake Armstrong, California, Carnifex, Chelsea Grin, Cory Arford, Death Angel, Deathcore, Fred Calderon, Jason Suecof, Job for a Cowboy, Jordan Lockrey, Metal, new carnifex single, No Light Shall Save Us, Nuclear Blast, San Diego, Scott Lewis, Shawn Cameron, Single Slam, Slow Death, World War X
Californian metallers, Carnifex, have released a new single, and title track, from their incoming new album, World War X.
Album Reviews 2019
Album Review: Death Angel – Humanicide (Nuclear Blast)
26/05/2019 26/05/2019 Carl 'The Disc' Fisher Album Review, Albums, Albums 2019, Death Angel, heavy metal, Humanicide, Metal, Nuclear Blast, Thrash Metal
Ascending from the depths, the almighty Death Angel return to offer their latest, energy fuelled masterpiece: "Humanicide" out on May 31st 2019 via Nuclear Blast.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Ever been to Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro? I haven't but, it sure looks beautiful. The founder of Lagoa Swimwear got her idea to create these unique swimsuits while spending time in the lagoons of Lagoa in Brazil. These beautiful bikinis were designed to make beach days better. You can look and feel beautiful at the beach in your Lagoa swimsuit with three "must-haves" packed into one swimsuit.
First and foremost, Lagoa swimwear comes with a zippered-pocket! A pocket you say? I have never seen or heard of a bikini with a pocket in it. It is located under the arm and you can't even tell it's there. Your beach days just got better because you can put your money, ID, jewelry and chapstick in there. What a clever way to keep your valuables safe when you're in the water. I chose to explore Egmont Key and snorkel in the Gulf of Mexico in my Lagoa Bikini with treasures stashed in my bikini top's pocket. Secondly, we won't have beautiful beaches and clear water to swim in unless we all work together to protect the environment. Lagoa donates 10% of profits to ocean conservation and the Surfrider Foundation. I was also so happy to receive my bikini in eco-friendly packaging. It is recyclable, recycled, biodegradable, reusable and renewable. Every little bit helps and you can fully enjoy your beach days for longer. The third must-have makes your beach days beautiful in multiple ways. Lagoa tops and bottoms are all reversible! The "Mary" bralette and "Sarah" ruched bottoms that I'm wearing in the photos above reverse to black. I'm sure I'll be wearing this one quite often.


text:
/**
 * Support and FAQ: visit Atmel Support
 */
#ifndef CONF_USART_SERIAL_H
#define CONF_USART_SERIAL_H

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

// USART serial configuration options

#define USART_SERIAL_EXAMPLE            (&AVR32_USART2)
#define USART_SERIAL_EXAMPLE_BAUDRATE   (57600)
#define USART_SERIAL_CHAR_LENGTH        (8)
#define USART_SERIAL_PARITY             (USART_NO_PARITY)
#define USART_SERIAL_STOP_BIT           (USART_1_STOPBIT)

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

#endif /* CONF_USART_SERIAL_H */


An exercise to develop the deltoids and build shoulders.
Stand in front of a crossover or a pulley machine and grasp a bar cable that is attached to a low pulley.
Take a breath and as you exhale pull the cable bar up lifting your elbows until your palms get a little higher than your shoulders.
You can try different variations of the handles. Select the one which is the most comfortable for you.


This 11 oz. ceramic coffee mug features the Illumination painting with quote.These high quality AAA coated ceramic mugs are made in Canada. Dishwasher and microwave safe. High quality ceramic coffee mugs make the PERFECT gift or a special treat for yourself!


text:
Prof. WANG Jun (王鈞)
BEng (DLUT), MEng (DLUT). PhD (CWRU)
FIEEE, FIAPR
Chair Professor, School of Data Science
YEUNG-G7361
jwang.cs@cityu.edu.hk
Scopus Author ID: 56486169700
ResearcherID: A-2807-2011
Jun Wang is a Chair Professor of Computational Intelligence in the Department of Computer Science at City University of Hong Kong. Prior to this position, he held various academic positions at Dalian University of Technology, Case Western Reserve University, University of North Dakota, and Chinese University of Hong Kong. He also held various part-time visiting positions at US Air Force Armstrong Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, and Shanghai Jiao Tong University as a Changjiang Chair Professor. He received a B.S. degree in electrical engineering and an M.S. degree in systems engineering from Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China. He received his Ph.D. degree in systems engineering from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. His current research interests include neural networks and their applications. He published about 200 journal papers, 15 book chapters, 11 edited books, and numerous conference papers in these areas. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. He also served as an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks (1999-2009), IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics and its predecessor (2003-2013), and IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics – Part C (2002–2005), as a member of the editorial advisory board of International Journal of Neural Systems (2006-2013), and a member of the editorial board of Neural Networks (2012-2014) as a guest editor of special issues of European Journal of Operational Research (1996), International Journal of Neural Systems (2007), Neurocomputing (2008, 2014, 2016), and International Journal of Fuzzy Systems (2010, 2011). He was an organizer of several international conferences such as the General Chair of the 13th International Conference on Neural Information Processing (2006) and the 2008 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence, and a Program Chair of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (2012). He has been an IEEE Computational Intelligence Society Distinguished Lecturer (2010-2012, 2014-2016). In addition, he served as President of Asia Pacific Neural Network Assembly (APNNA) in 2006 and many organizations such as IEEE Fellow Committee (2011-2012); IEEE Computational Intelligence Society Awards Committee (2008, 2012, 2014), IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society Board of Directors (2013-2015), He is an IEEE Fellow, IAPR Fellow, and a recipient of an IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks Outstanding Paper Award and APNNA Outstanding Achievement Award in 2011, Natural Science Awards from Shanghai Municipal Government (2009) and Ministry of Education of China (2011), and Neural Networks Pioneer Award from IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (2014), among others.
1 Apr 2008 - 31 Mar 2011, Changjiang Chair Professor (part-time), Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
1 Jan 2002 - 14 Jan 2016, Professor, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
29 Aug 1996 - 31 Dec 2001, Associate Professor, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
1 Apr 1993 - 28 Aug 1995, Associate Professor, University of North Dakota.
15 Aug 1990 - 31 Mar 1993, Assistant Professor, University of North Dakota.
Services outside CityU
2014 - Now, Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics.USA.
2013 - Now, Member, Board of Governers, IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society.USA.
2012, Program Chair, IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics.Korea.
2011 - 2012, Member, IEEE Fellow Committee, IEEE.USA.
2008, General Chair, IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence.Hong Kong.
Jul 2014 "Neural Networks Pioneer Award" IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. The award recognizes significant contributions to early concepts and sustained developments in the field of neural networks. . [Award recipients]
Nov 2011 "Outstanding Achievements Award" Asia Pacific Neural Network Assembly.
Oct 2011 "Natural Science Award" Ministry of Education of China.
Jul 2011 "IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks Outstanding Paper Award" IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. [Awards]
Computational inteligence
Intelligent control
Collaborative neurodynamic approaches to distributed optimization, global optimization and multi-objective optimization, Basic research, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Amount: CNY $620,000, 1 Jan 2017 - 31 Dec 2020, J. Wang (PI), H.S. Wong (Co-I).
Intelligent Motion Control and Planning of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles , General Research Fund, Hong Kong Research Grants Council, Amount: HKD $500,000, 1 Jan 2015 - 31 Dec 2017, Jun Wang (PI), Yunhui Liu (Co-I).
Neurodynamic Approaches to Constrained Optimization with Generalized-Convex and Multiple-Objective Functions, General Research Fund, Hong Kong Research Grants Council, Amount: HKD $905,425, 1 Jan 2013 - 31 Dec 2016, Jun Wang (PI), Duan Li (Co-I).


text:
Bunny & Matt Are The Business Baes Behind Your Favorite Hip Hop Festival, Rolling Loud
May 9, 2019 @ 9:00 am By Galore Girl
Say hello to your new favorite power couple.
Matt and Bunny are the business baes behind Rolling Loud, Miami's biggest hip-hop-centric music festival.
Matt is the co-founder of the festival, whereas Bunny heads up the influencer marketing, merch, and the newly launched beauty "bae bar" at the festival. Oh, and she's launching her own lash line.
We talked to the cash-hungry couple about this year's festival, past success, and future plans.
Bunny, tell us more about your role with Rolling Loud.
Currently I'm the head of influencer marketing. This consists of vetting through all of the influencer's requests and picking which influencers will be a part of the show. [I'm also] creating the women's [clothing] line for Rolling Loud. Limited items will be dropped exclusively online and select items at each show.
I'm also the creative director for an activation on site called the "bae bar" which is a beauty bar. Makeup, hair, nails, press on tattoos, and photo ops. It features my new line of lashes called, "bunny blinks."
How did you and Matt meet?
I said "I like your tattoos." He said, "Thanks, wanna be my girlfriend?"
What has been the most iconic Rolling Loud moment?
Last minute we had to replace an artist. So we were going through the artists that were not already on the bill and I mentioned, "how crazy would it be if Meek Mill got out of jail?!" And literally four hours later we got a push notification saying "Meek Mill has been released." Next thing you know, Meek's back on stage for his first performance since his release.
Bunny, any advice to young girls?
Always remain yourself, never change for someone else, live and love life to the fullest. Don't look back, be wild, free, and enjoy your young years before shit gets serious. Always learn from your past decisions and mistakes, never think of anything as a regret, only a lesson which turns to a blessing. Don't beat yourself up on the minor stuff. Focus on yourself and always better yourself. Always put your mental and physical health first. Everything will always work out for the better, everything happens for a reason.
Who's your favorite artist at the moment?
I was always a huge Lil Peep fan, so at the moment and forever it will always be Lil Peep.
What's your favorite restaurant in Miami?
Kiki on the river.
What can people expect to see at this year's Rolling Loud Miami?
The craziest lineup they have ever seen. All I can say is, wear the best sneakers to rage in.
What's next for 2019?
Many new beginnings that we are both very excited for.
Photographer: Richard Stillwell


I swear this post is related to Sega. Trust me!
This remix actually comes from Mr. Jone's alter ego 'PHUNKSTAR'. So it has even less to do with Sega then you think! Yeah I know it's a tangential link but a lot of people like Bentley's work. But what about you? Did you like this or do you prefer his more Sonic orientated songs? Discuss this in the comments!
Oh, Stevie. You and your Lady Gaga.


Dressy style meets easy vibes with the versatile look of the Sperry® Gold Ultralite Sneaker CVO shoe! Classic heritage sneaker design with genuine rawhide laces and gold eyelets. Rich leather and nubuck uppers for durable wear with an unmistakable, lush sheen. Decorative hand stitching lends contrast. Plush foam is lightweight and durable. Luxury lambskin lining surrounds the foot in softness. Full-length, cushiony EVA foam footbed molds to the foot for all-day comfort. Lightweight, EVA foam molded midsole gives even more cushion and shock absorption. Anti Shock and Vibration Technology® offers up to 30% less shock. Patented Razor-Cut Wave-Siping™ on non-marking rubber outsoles won't scuff floors but gives you sure footing, from boat deck to back deck. Imported. Measurements: Weight: 10 oz Product measurements were taken using size 11, width M (D). Please note that measurements may vary by size. Weight of footwear is based on single item, not pair.
•	Dressy style meets easy vibes with the versatile look of the Sperry® Gold Ultralite Sneaker CVO shoe!


40 Search Results were found for "only one God" in the Holy Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji.
O Lord God, You are the One and Only Giver; You forgive us, and unite us with Yourself.
When my God attaches someone to Him, only then is that person attached.
God is merciful and infinite. The One and Only is all-pervading.
I have found the One and only Lord, Har, Har. The Lord God has showered His Mercy upon Nanak.
Deep within, and outside as well, there is only the One Lord God. Meeting together, the humble servants of the Lord sing the songs of joy.
If only someone would come and unite me with God; I am devoted, dedicated, a sacrifice to him.
Everyone says that God is the One and only, but they are engrossed in egotism and pride.
In your mind and body, with each breath and morsel of food, meditate on the One and only Lord God.
The Muslim has only One God.
Your devotees are at Your Door, O God - they are just like You. How can servant Nanak describe them with only one tongue?
Your devotees are at Your Door, God - they are just like You. How can servant Nanak describe them with only one tongue?


Commemoration events for Hangeul Day in Korea!
October 9th was the official Hangeul Day — the Korean alphabet — in Korea, and many cultural events were held across the country. It is Hangeul's 567th anniversary since it was created and promulgated by King Sejong in 1446.
AD Flash, an advertisement committee comprised of numerous universities, successfully completed their event in Seoul. Many gathered in Hongdae, the event's venue, and painted Hangeul henna on their body parts. The main purpose of the event was to let people know of the beauty of Hangeul.
The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism is also holding a festival until October 13th in Guanghwamoon. The series of events include exhibitions, performances, academic conferences and other Hangeul-related activities. Go check out the events and enjoy this meaningful Hangeul Day!
This entry was posted in KASC and tagged culture, hangeul, KASC, Korea, Seoul event by ISC Admin. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
KK FMP
2009/10: 5th Place
The KK FMP ( Serbian Cyrillic KK ФMП ), commonly referred to as FMP or FMP Železnik known, is a Serbian basketball club from Belgrade. The capital club played until 2011 in the ABA league, a national league in Southeastern Europe. Currently the club plays in the first Serbian basketball league.
On an initiative of the Belgrade District Administration Železnik and Ivo Lola Ribar Maschinenfabrik the basketball club ILR Železnik was founded on 26 March 1975. The club was founded as Sports Community Ivo Lola Ribar and counted 700 members. These were spread across eight sports: football, basketball, chess, handball, volleyball, bowling, boxing and shooting. As the team quickly developed and found good support from the spectators all youth teams, a ladies team were set to 1977. By 1986, the club continually increased until the rise in the first Serbian league. This represented the highest regional league and was surpassed only by the 1st Yugoslav league in the country. For economic reasons, however, the team had to withdraw from the competition and the club was shut down in 1986.
Only in 1991 the association was due to the Belgrade-based AD FMP active again. For this reason, the club name was changed to FMP. The more club history began in the second division in the now existing solely from what is now Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia. With the championship victory in 1995 in the second division, the rise was achieved in the first Yugoslav League, the largest to date club success. 1997 was attributed to the continued success and won for the first time in club history the Yugoslav Cup victory.
By 2003 it took to win a new success. The team won the national cup again. In the final of the League ABA 2004, a national league in Southeastern Europe, you defeated Cibona Zagreb in Zagreb and won for the first time this item. This is also the biggest club title. A year later, they made sure the trophy for the third time. 2006 brought the team for the second time the title in the ABA League final against city rivals Partizan. Also in 2007, the fourth cup triumph was retracted and to top it off they played in the semifinals of the ULEB Cup. 2011 was a merger instead of the basketball division of Red Star.
Semi-finals of ULEB Cup: 2007
Winner of the ABA League: 2004, 2006
Yugoslav and Serbian Cup winners: 1997, 2003, 2005, 2007
Serbian language KK Crvena zvezda


From 1 Aug 2016, e-Filing of the PIC Cash Payout application will be compulsory for all PIC Cash Payout applicants (including companies, partnerships and sole-proprietors). Hardcopy applications for PIC Cash Payout will no longer be accepted on or after 1 Aug 2016.
Submit your PIC cash payout application via myTax Portal.
Please refer to our PIC cash payout application step-by-step guide (2.28MB).
- To claim tax treaty exemption for dependent personal services rendered in Singapore, please provide the information in the calculator. The Claim Form and Certificate of Residence will be displayed for your completion if you are eligible for tax treaty exemption.


text:
Allan Prior, né le  à Newcastle upon Tyne, dans le Northumberland, en Angleterre, et mort le  à St Albans dans le Hertfordshire, est un écrivain et scénariste britannique, auteur de roman policier.

Biographie
Après des études à Blackpool, il sert pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale dans la Royal Air Force.

En 1952, il publie son premier roman, A Flame in the Air. Le roman policier intitulé Trois de la manouche (One Away), publié en 1962, obtient une récompense de la Crime Writers' Association et est adapté sous le titre éponyme dans un film britannique réalisé par Sidney Hayers en 1976. L'un de ses meilleurs titres est La Belle Ouvrage (The Operators, 1967), dans lequel .

À partir de 1956, Prior écrit des pièces radiophoniques, puis, à partir de 1960, de nombreux scénarios pour des séries télévisées. Il est le cocréateur de la série Z-Cars, dont il écrit le scénario de cent un épisodes. Il est crédité de plus de deux cent trente scénarios pour la télévision.

Œuvre

Romans

Série Old Man and Me
 The Old Man and Me (1994)
 The Old Man and Me Again (1996)

Autres romans
 A Flame in the Air (1951)
 The Joy Ride (1952)
 The One-eyed Monster (1958)
 One Away (1962)
 Z Cars Again (1963)
 The Interrogators (1965)
 The Operators (1966)
 The Loving Cup (1968)
 The Charmer (1970)
 The Contract (1970)
 Theatre (1970)
 Paradiso (1972)
 Affair (1976)
 Never Been Kissed in the Same Place Twice (1978)
 The Big March (1983)
 Her Majesty's Hit Man (1986)
 Fuhrer (1991)

Autre publication
 Script to Screen: The Story of Five Television Plays : 'from Z Cars to the Charmer''' (1996)

 Filmographie
 Adaptation
 1976 : , film britannique, adaptation du roman éponyme réalisée par Sidney Hayers

 Scénarios pour le cinéma
 1972 : All Coppers Are..., film britannique réalisée par Sidney Hayers
 1979 : King Solomon's Treasure'', film britannico-canadien réalisé par Alvin Rakoff

Sources
 .
 .

Notes et références

Liens externes

  Bibliographie

Naissance en janvier 1922
Naissance à Newcastle upon Tyne
Romancier britannique du XXe siècle
Auteur britannique de roman policier
Auteur de la Série noire
Scénariste britannique de cinéma
Décès en juin 2006
Décès à St Albans
Décès à 84 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In Crystal City: The Warriors of Escalor, political oppression has followed man to the mining colony of Mars. But this time, instead of waging war, the rebels use revolutionary energy technology based on the radical science of a brilliant lady physicist to escape the shackles of their military masters. They travel to a new world where the mutation of their DNA stops the aging process, creating a new era in the saga of humankind.


Colorblock Apron with Sewing Patterns!
So my mom asked me to make her an apron for Christmas - and this is what she's getting!
And here are the pattern pieces. These are drawn to scale with a 1/2" seam allowance around all edges except where indicated with lines. Striped seam allowances are 1". Each piece also says how many to cut, length and width as well as a marked grainline.
The pattern I made is essentially a close knock-off of the one I had in my house which my great-grandmother made from a shirt she never wore! This specific pattern is slightly larger than hers. I don't know if she made the pattern herself or if it was from a commercial pattern but I do know my mom says she used to go to this specific grandmother with a clothing design idea in her head and my great-grandmother would whip up a pattern in a matter of hours!
Bear with me while I tell you how to construct this - I haven't written pattern directions since college which was about 4 years ago.
To make the colorblock material, I cut strips of fabric in the desired colors that were 2" in width. These each had an added seam allowance of 1/2" on each side. So your colorblock pieces would be 3" in width total. Length is determined by the skirt pattern length which in my case is 16" long. I made the colorblocked skirt a little longer width altogether to gather the top seam at the waistband.
Note: This is meant to be used as a guideline. If you find or know an easier way to construct something, then do it! I learned too late in life that there is no "right" way to sew something. As long as your stitching is clean and the garment is functional and makes sense, then sew away!
2.) Attach front waistband to the apron skirt top seam, sewing 1/2" seam allowance. Sew one piece of apron front to the front waistband. Repeat these steps with the remaining and second pieces of apron front and front waistband.
3.) Sew the neckband on one long edge at 1/2" after folding in half. Turn. (After this is where I added detailed topstitching on the neckband.
5.) Then sew both front apron pieces together at the top and side seams. (One piece will have the skirt attached.) Turn.
6.) Construct the apron ties. I folded these over 1/4" then 1/4" again to make a rolled hem, using 1/2" seam allowance. I also stitched the corner edges down one direction so you would have a pointed edge at the end of the apron tie.
7.) Insert the apron ties into the edge of the front waistband on both sides. Stitch on the right side. This is also where I stitched the waistband together with a decorative top stitch.
8.) Fold under inside of front waistband and stitch on the front side to lock down edges. This will still give you a nice topstitch but also hold in the seam on the other side.
9.) For front patch pockets: I attached a decorative lace, sewing this first. Then fold over pocket top 1/2" and another 1/2" for a rolled hem finish on the inside.
10.) Fold under 1/2" on the remaining 3 edges on each pocket and attach to front skirt in desired placement. (This was easy to do on mine because all I had to do was align my pockets with the colorblock strips!
11.) Decorative stitching can be done on the apron front at this point. You may notice I used contrast orange thread throughout the design of this apron.
Your apron should be done!
The fun thing about sewing an apron is that you really don't have to pay attention to many measurements, can design all sorts of things (like, try painting a design onto the skirt - I have a book of folk patterns that might look nice with a motif like that painted huge on the skirt), or colorblock like I did. Add decorative buttons to the pockets, use the decorative stitching setting on your machine... go nuts!
Either way, hope the pattern pieces and pattern sewing guidelines are helpful. This is a good project for a beginner and a fun one for a near-professional like me to do on a day off!
I LOVE this apron. It is so fun- especially with the color choice and big pockets. What a wonderful gift!
SUCH a cute apron...love it!


If you're looking for a bed bug control company in Norwalk, CT you can trust, the Green Pest Management team can help. Our bed bug management services offer non-toxic treatments as well as conventional bed bug control — all of which are EPA-approved products.
Every year, homes in Norwalk, CT are barraged with bed bugs which cause havoc in and outside of our homes, especially in the warmer months. If you have found bed bugs, you can trust that Green Pest Management's bed bug control service's main objective is to help you protect your most important investment — your home.
Our green bed bug control lessens your environmental footprint, is humane to the bed bugs, and provides bed bug control with low toxicity, making it safer for your home, family and pets.
If you live in Norwalk, CT, and unwanted bed bugs have taken up residence in your home, you need effective, safe bed bug control.


Tompkins County Legislature Planning, Development, and Environmental Quality Committee (PDEQ) votes 4:1 in favor of strongly worded resolution opposing repowering of Cayuga Power Plant with fracked gas.
Ithaca, NY – In a stunning 4:1 decision in a standing-room-only chamber, the PDEQ committee of the Tompkins County Legislature voted today to move forward to the full Legislature the stronger of two resolutions on the issue of the proposed repowering of the Cayuga Power Plant with fracked gas.
More 70 local residents attended the special two-hour meeting, which took place on the morning of a work day. They included scientists, elected officials, college students, mothers, and grandmothers (one testifying with grandchildren on her lap). Thirty community members spoke, all of them, with the single exception of Tompkins County Legislator, Mike Sigler, urged the Legislature to make a clear, strong, unequivocal statement in opposition to Cayuga's proposal. After 1 hour and 45 minutes of public comment, the committee deliberated and voted to move forward with the stronger resolution calling on the New York Department of Environmental Conservation (NY DEC) to deny Cayuga's permit application on its face as well as conduct an environmental impact statement (EIS) with scoping.
Heorot Power Holdings LLC, a Blackstone Group subsidiary, seeks to convert one of the two coal-fired units at its Cayuga Lake power plant to burn methane gas, delivered in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG), by truck. The company indicates that as many as 60 trucks a day (120 truck trips) would deliver fuel to the newly installed gas unit driving through residential neighborhoods, near schools, homes, and day-care facilities. Heorot indicates that they plan to apply for a pipeline permit at a future date depending on market conditions.
"Students at SUNY Cortland are deeply concerned about the Cayuga Power Plant proposal. NYPIRG's SUNY Cortland chapter is strongly opposed to running a power plant off of fracked gas, when there are clearly more environmentally friendly options. Climate change is the biggest threat to humanity, and expanding fossil fuel infrastructure only contributes to that threat. We need to to get New York off of fossil fuels, and move to a 100% clean, green renewable energy future." said Ethan Gormley, NYPIRG Project Coordinator at SUNY Cortland.
A finalized version of the resolution will be considered by the full Legislature on Tuesday, November 20th.
No Fracked Gas Cayuga is a citizen-based, grassroots campaign that opposes the planned conversion of the antiquated, coal-burning Cayuga Power Plant in Lansing, New York to a plant that burns fracked gas that will be hauled through the community to the plant in semi-trucks!
We value everyone's input, efforts, and contributions to the campaign. It wouldn't be possible without your input and support. Thank you!