We describe a protocol to surgically expose and stabilize the murine submandibular salivary gland for intravital imaging using upright intravital microscopy. This protocol is easily adaptable to other exocrine glands of the head and neck region of mice and other small rodents.
Ficht, X., Thelen, F., Stolp, B., Stein, J. V. Preparation of Murine Submandibular Salivary Gland for Upright Intravital Microscopy. J. Vis. Exp. (135), e57283, doi:10.3791/57283 (2018).
Saliva is secreted by exocrine glands to lubricate food, protect the mucosal surfaces of the oral tract, and to deliver digestive enzymes as well as antimicrobial substances1,2. In addition to minor salivary glands interspersed in the oral submucosa, there are three bilateral sets of major glands identified as parotid, sublingual, and submandibular, according to their location1,2. Pyramid-shaped epithelial cells, organized into flask-shaped sacs (acini) or demilunes that are surrounded by myoepithelial cells and a basement membrane, secrete the serous and mucous components of saliva1. The narrow luminal space of the acini drains into intercalated ducts, which unite into striated ducts until they finally join into a single excretory duct1. The main excretory duct of the SMG is called Wharton's duct (WD) and opens into the sublingual caruncle3,4. The SMG epithelial compartment therefore represents a highly arborized structure with manifold terminal endpoints, resembling a bundle of grapes1,5,6. The SMG interstitium is composed of blood and lymphatic vessels embedded in connective tissue7 containing parasympathetic nerves8 and extracellular matrix5. Normal human and rodent salivary glands also contain T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells9, as well as plasma cells that secrete Immunoglobulin A (IgA) into the saliva9,10. Due to its multifaceted functions in health and disease, the SMG is a subject of interest for many fields of biological research, including dentistry4, immunology11, oncology12, physiology8, and cell biology3.
Imaging of dynamic cellular processes and interactions is a powerful tool in biological research13,14. The development of deep tissue imaging and innovations inmicroscopes based on nonlinear optics (NLO), which rely on scattering or absorption of multiple photons by the sample, has allowed to directly examine cellular processes in complex tissues13,15. Absorption of multiple photons involves delivery of the total excitation energy by low energy photons, which confines fluorophore excitation to the focal plane and thus allows deeper tissue penetration with reduced photodamage and noise from out of focus excitation13,15. This principle is employed by two-photon microscopy (2PM) and allows for imaging of fluorescent specimens in depths of up to 1 mm15,16. While commercially available 2PM setups have become user-friendly and reliable, the major challenge for intravital imaging is to carefully expose and stabilize the target organ of anesthetized mice, especially for imaging of time lapse series. Several methods for digital drift correction after data acquisition have been published17,18 and we recently developed "VivoFollow", an automated correction system, which counteracts slow tissue drift in real time using a computerized stage19. However, it is still critical for high quality imaging to minimize tissue motion, especially fast movements caused by breathing or heartbeat19. Preparation and stabilization procedures have been published for multiple organs, including spinal cord20, liver21, skin22, lung23, and lymph node24. Furthermore, models for rat salivary gland imaging have been developed3,25 and further refined for high resolution intravital imaging of the murine SMG tailored to an inverted microscope setup26,27,28.
Here, we present a practical and adaptable protocol for intravital imaging of the murine SMG using upright nonlinear microscopy, which is commonly used for intravital imaging in the field of immunology. To this end, we modified a widely employed immobilization stage used for popliteal lymph node preparations.
All animal work has been approved by the Cantonal Committee for Animal Experimentation and conducted according to federal guidelines.
Wear personal protective equipment, including lab coat and gloves.
Mix ketamine, xylazine, and saline to a working concentration of 20 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL, respectively. Inject the working stock intraperitoneally (i.p.) at 8-10 µL/g of mouse. Place the mouse back into the cage.
NOTE: This protocol has been tested for 6- to 40-week-old male and female mice with a C57BL/6 background.
Prepare the acepromazine solution at 2.5 mg/mL and inject 30 µL i.p., 15 min after the ketamine-xylazine injection (75 µg/mouse).
After 5-15 min, check for adequate anesthesia and analgesia by controlling for reflexes, e.g., withdrawal reflex of the paw or corneal reflex.
Control for reflexes approximately every 30 min during the entire duration of the experiment. Subcutaneously inject ketamine/xylazine at 1.5 µL/g of mouse, every 60 min or earlier if reflexes are positive.
NOTE: Inhalation anesthesia such as isoflurane cannot be used with this protocol, owing to the fixation of the mouse.
Use an electric razor to shave an area that expands roughly from 5 mm caudal of the mouth towards the front legs, stretching over the jaws towards both ears.
Apply hair removal cream to the shaved area with a cotton swab. Carefully and thoroughly remove after 3 min, e.g., by wiping with wet tissues.
NOTE: This protocol uses a customized stage (Figure 1) equipped with two freely adjustable holders for cover slips (one attached to the stage with a screw, the other fixed permanently onto it); adjustable stereotactic ear bars; a string, which can be tightened with a screw; a freely adjustable metal heating ring; and a raised area designated to place the torso of the mouse. This stage is modified from a popliteal lymph node stage, with an added stereotactic holder and a support for the lower cover slip holding the exteriorized SMG. Detailed plans or quotes of the stage are available upon request.
Prepare the stage by removing the holders for the heating ring and the removable cover slip holder. Loosen the screws of the ear bar holders and the fixed cover slip holder. Tape a piece of gauze to the center area of the stage, serving as bedding for the mouse.
Use glue (see Table of Materials) to attach a 20 mm diameter cover glass to the top of a cylindrical metal holder (this will be the lower cover glass). Glue a 25 mm cover glass to the bottom of the flat metal holder (this will be the upper cover glass). Ensure that the cover glasses overlap approximately 2-3 mm with metal holders and that the rest of the glass remains free of grease and glue.
Place the mouse on its back onto the gauze, perpendicular to the stretched string, with the head centered between the ear bars.
Fix the upper extremities of the mouse onto the stage with surgical tape.
Next, hook the string into the upper front incisors and tighten until the jaw reaches a horizontal position. Use an angled curved forceps to slightly pull out the tongue from the mouth, which facilitates breathing.
Tightly, but not forcefully, pull the tail and tape it to the stage.
Align the ear bars to achieve an angle of approximately 30° between the bar and the edge of the stage. To ensure this angle, use a triangle ruler to draw a right and left 30° angle on a sheet of paper, and place the transparent stage on the paper to align the holders accordingly.
Fix the jaw between the ear bars by simultaneously moving the left and right bar inwards until the jaw is immotile, and tighten screws. Observe chest movement before, during, and after fixing the jaw. Reduced or absent breathing indicates that the bars are fixed at the neck, not the jaw bone; in this case, repeat the fixing procedure immediately.
Provide heating to the mouse, e.g., by placing a heating lamp nearby and/or a heating pad underneath the stage.
NOTE: The following steps require the use of a stereomicroscope, fine forceps, and surgical scissors. Since the procedure is terminal, it is not necessary to maintain sterile operating conditions. Ethanol-cleaned instruments suffice.
Locate the approximate position of the right SMG lobe by looking for a slight bulge in the skin approximately 15 mm caudal of the mouth and 5 mm medial of the jaw line. Lift a small skin fold in the center of the bulge and cut it to create and opening of approximately 5 mm length.
Immediately apply a 4 mm-high ring of vacuum grease on the skin surrounding the cut. (Use a vacuum grease-filled syringe with a blunted 25 G hypodermic needle).
Fill the grease ring with saline to ensure the tissue remains moist during the operation.
Under the stereomicroscope, disrupt the connective tissue using the following procedure: Use one fine forceps to firmly hold a piece of connective tissue directly attached to the SMG, and use a second forceps to pull the distal connective tissue until it ruptures. Ensure that some connective tissue remains attached to the SMG; this is desirable since it allows handling. Do not touch the gland itself with the forceps, since this will cause bleeding.
Repeat this motion of disrupting connective tissue first on top of the gland, then on the medial side (between the right and left lobe of the SMG). Do not separate the sublingual from the submandibular gland.
Continue to remove the lateral connective tissue counterclockwise around the SMG (medial to caudal, to distal, to rostral).
Ensure that the blood supply, efferent lymphatics, and salivary duct, which are all located in a bundle at the cranial site of the gland, are not ruptured.
Once the lateral connective tissue is disrupted, use forceps to pull the connective tissue attached to the caudal end of the SMG upwards to lift the caudal end of the SMG. Disrupt the connective tissue below the SMG lobe, starting from the caudal and moving towards the rostral end.
Continue until the connective tissue to all sites of the SMG is removed (excluding the rostral site with major feeding/draining blood vessels and the WD).
Confirm that the grease ring holding the saline is at least 4 mm high and not leaking (see step 4.2).
Install the lower cover glass (see step 3.2) by attaching the metal bar to its height-adjustable holder. Ensure that the cover slip holder is adjusted to the upmost position and does not touch the grease ring when attached to the stage. Position the holder from the caudal direction at an angle of approximately 60° to the mouse, with the cover slip covering roughly two thirds (caudal and distal parts) of the exposed lobe. Lower the cover glass until it makes contact with the gland.
Complete the grease ring on top of the cover glass to form a new saline reservoir.
Carefully pull the SMG lobe on top of the cover slip with forceps, only touching the connective tissue attached to it (the organ can be flipped with the bottom site facing upwards).
Ensure that the grease ring has an even height of at least 4 mm and does not leak. If necessary, refill the saline reservoir using a 30 G syringe filled with saline.
Ensure that the cover glass holder for the upper cover glass is in its upmost position. Use the screw to attach the metal holder with the 25 mm upper cover glass to the holder. Use the adjustable screws of the holder to position the cover glass so that the SMG is centered in the middle.
Use the screws of adjustable holder to lower the top cover glass until it directly contacts the SMG. Observe the shape and coloring of the gland during this step. If the gland surface area appears larger, or the coloring changes (for instance from pink to white), immediately put the cover glass to a higher position to relieve pressure on the SMG.
Check the saline reservoir for leaks by looking for air bubbles and or drops of saline outside the reservoir. If a leak or air bubble is detected, remove both cover slips and all grease and restart from step 2.
Screw shut all fixation screws.
Insert a temperature probe into the reservoir and position it close to the gland, then tape the probe wire to the stage.
Apply a grease ring to the top cover slip, with the SMG in the center (the diameter of the grease ring should correspond to diameter of the heating ring). Position the heating ring on top of the cover slip and seal with grease. Tape the tubing of the heating ring to the stage.
NOTE: We use an upright two-photon microscope system equipped with a tunable Ti:Sa Laser and a fluorescent microscope with water-immersion 20X or 25X objectives. Real time correction of tissue drift during acquisition can be implemented by using an automated stage and VivoFollow19. This improves the stability of image acquisition, but is not required.
Turn on the upright microscopy system using an appropriate software provided by the microscope manufacturer. Tune the Ti:Sa Laser to a 780-900 nm excitation wavelength.
Connect the heating tubing to the heating ring. A peristaltic water pump circulates hot water (heated by submerging part of the tubing in an 80°C water bath) through the ring to warm the SMG.
Connect the temperature probe to a digital thermometer. Adjust the speed of the peristaltic pump if the temperature is not between 35-39 °C. The faster the pump works, the warmer the object gets, and vice versa.
Before starting image acquisition, perform a visual control of the blood flow velocities. Carefully check leukocyte passage through the thin capillaries or by fluorescent dextran injection.
NOTE: Intravenously injected fluorescent dextran will immediately fill out the entire SMG vasculature when blood flow is physiological. This is virtually always the case in this procedure.
To follow immune cells, imaging depth is typically between 20-150 µm below the surface of the SMG identified by the 2nd harmonic generation signal. Record image stacks of 150-300 µm field of view with pixel resolution of approximately 512 x 512 or higher, and z-depths of 20-60 µm with spacing of 2-4 µm between images. Repeat stack acquisition every 20-30 s for a total duration of 20-60 min.
Use the digital thermometer to control the minimum and maximum temperature levels after acquisition of one image sequence. Discard the image sequence if the minimum or maximum are not in the range of 37 ± 2 °C. Refill the water for immersion of objective between image sequences.
At the end of the imaging session, euthanize the mice by CO2 asphyxiation under anesthesia.
NOTE: This is in accordance to Swiss federal guidelines of animal experimentation; other guidelines for euthanasia may apply elsewhere.
This protocol allows imaging of almost the entire dorsal or ventral side of the SMG. The field of view typically also includes the sublingual salivary gland, which differs slightly from the SMG in cellular composition4. Both glands are encapsulated by fibrillar collagen and subdivided into lobes. Most 2PM systems can produce a label-free image of fibrillar collagen by measuring the 2nd harmonic signal, but usually fluorescent molecules are needed for visualization of cellular and subcellular structures. For instance, ubiquitous transgenic expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in combination with the 2nd harmonic signal is sufficient to identify acini, ducts, and blood vessels in the SMG by their morphological features. This setup can be used to observe transgenic fluorescent markers with cell type specific expression to identify specific cell subsets. Figure 2 shows a network ofCOL1A1-GFP reporter-expressing fibroblast-like cells of the connective tissue. Also shown are blood vessels, labeled by intravenous injection of a fluorescent dye coupled to high molecular weight dextran.The luminal compartment of the ducts can also be labeled (Figure 3) when the dye is injected retrogradually into the WD29.
Figure 1: Customized stage. (a and a*) two freely adjustable holders for cover slips; (b and b*) adjustable stereotactic ear bars; (c) a string, which can be tightened with a screw; (d) a freely adjustable metal heating ring; (e) raised area designated to place the torso of the mouse. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 2: Vasculature marker (red) and network of COL1A1-GFP expressing cells (green). Vasculature labeled by intravenous injection of Texas Red-dextran conjugate (MW 70 kDa). Fibrillar collagen in between two lobes is visualized as the 2nd harmonic signal (blue). Shown is a single z-projection of 15 stacked images with 47 µm depth. Scale bar = 40 µm. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Figure 3: Luminal duct labeled after WD injection. Blood vessels labeled with 70 kDa-MW Texas Red-dextran (red), duct lumen labeled with cascade blue-dextran (white; 10 kDa MW) via retrograde injection through the WD and adoptively transferred GFP+ CD8+ T cells (green) in the SMG. Shown is a single z-projection of 27 stacked images with 50 µm depth. Scale bar = 40 µm. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
This protocol offers a straightforward approach for in vivo imaging of murine submandibular and sublingual salivary glands using upright non-linear microscopy often used in the field of immunology. The method can be adapted for the imaging of other exocrine glands in the head and neck region. For instance, our lab has performed imaging of the lacrimal gland in an analogous manner (not shown).
Removing the connective tissue around the SMG is the most critical step of this protocol, since accidental tissue damage can occur. Damage to the main blood supply of the SMG necessitates immediate termination of the experiment, since the SMG tissue will become hypoxic. If the SMG tissue itself is damaged, bleeding typically stops naturally by coagulation. However, it needs to be considered that the injury triggers sterile inflammation and proinflammatory cytokines release30, which could influence the experimental readout. A more common, but less critical complication during the microsurgery are leaks in the saline reservoir. To minimize the occurrence of leaks, always apply grease to dry, hairless skin. Patching a leak is usually futile: instead, remove all of the grease, clean the skin with a dry cotton swab, and reapply from scratch.
During imaging, a temperature close to the physiological body temperature must be maintained (approximately 37 °C for male and female C567BL/6 mice31). Since both hypo- and hyperthermia alter blood flow32,33, physiological function of the SMG cannot be assumed under those conditions. However, we observed no difference in blood flow or T cell motility during small (± 2 °C), transient (<5 min) deviations from optimal temperature.
Minimizing tissue movement is essential for good imaging quality. Different kinds of unwanted tissue motion can occur, and have typical causes that can undergo troubleshooting. Firstly, continuous xyz-drift is usually caused by the SMG slowly drifting back into its original position through attached connective tissue. This happens if the lower cover glass was installed too high, or the connective tissue around the SMG was not thoroughly disrupted. Secondly, slow and continuous z-drift may occur if the temperature is unstable. In this case carefully adjust the heating and wait for the temperature to be stable, approximately 15 min before imaging. Finally, pulsating tissue motion occurs when the saline chamber is not tightly sealed. Pressure builds up and releases in the saline chamber with every breathing cycle. In combination with leaks or air bubbles this leads to pulsating fluid flows, which translate directly to the SMG tissue. In this case, reassembly of both the cover glasses and saline chamber is the most reliable solution.
The maximum imaging depth depends on the excitation wavelength used and the fluorophores employed. As in virtually all intravital imaging setups, red-shifted dyes or fluorescent proteins that can be excited with long wavelengths (900-1,100 nm) allow for deeper tissue imaging than green dyes and shorter excitation wavelengths.
The SMG has been used as model organ for endo- and exocytosis and membrane remodeling3,27,28, infection34, autoimmunity11, and tumor biology12. It further permits many forms of manipulation: dyes, pharmacological compounds, and antibodies can be delivered to the gland via the blood stream. Alternatively, the SMG can be targeted directly via the cannulation of the WD, which has been used to deliver virus11, dextrans3, DNA25, dyes29, or pharmacological agents3.
The intravital imaging field continues to profit from an ever-growing toolbox of genetic and biochemical fluorescent labeling techniques. Advances in genetic engineering provide mouse lines and cell lines with sophisticated fluorescent markers. Recent examples include labeling of specific cell subsets (CD11c+ cells35) or dynamic cytoskeletal proteins (Lifeact36), photoconvertible markers for cell tracking 37, and real-time reporters of nuclear translocation (NFAT38) or calcium signaling39. Other applications may use fluorescent biochemical probes, which highlight specific subcellular compartments (such as the DNA binding 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) or lipophilic membrane dyes). Modern NLO microscopy offers many possible solutions to best answer the experimental questions. For instance, multiplexed two-photon imaging has been developed to strongly increase maximum acquisition speed40. Other techniques offer label-free multiphoton imaging, either by generating second or third harmonic signals15, or by measuring characteristic resonance vibration of molecules (coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering)41. Thus, when practicable procedures for tissue exposure and stabilization are available, the limits of experimental design are mostly set by the experimenter's resources and creativity.
This work was funded by Swiss National Foundation (SNF) project grant 31003A_135649, 31003A_153457 and 31003A_172994 (to JVS), and Leopoldina fellowship LPDS 2011-16 (to BS). This work benefitted from optical setups of the "Microscopy Imaging Center" (MIC) of the University of Bern.
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home » JIS News » Gender Affairs
Gov't to Introduce Programmes to Address Gender Equality
Written by: E. Hartman Reckord
Photo: Mark Bell
Minister of Culture, Gender, Entertainment and Sport Hon. Olivia Grange (right) makes a point while speaking at a Jamaica Information Service Think Tank held on December 1 at the Agency's head office in Kingston. At left is Director, Policy and Research of the Bureau of Gender Affairs, Sharon Robinson.
Men Urged to Speak Out on Violence Against Women and Girls
Activities to Raise Awareness about Gender-Based Violence
Gov't Putting Measures in Place to Address Gender-Based Violence
The Government will be introducing several new community-based programmes next year to address issues of gender equality, with emphasis on men.
Speaking at a recent Jamaica Information Service Think Tank held at the agency's head office in Kingston, Minister of Culture, Gender, Entertainment and Sport, Hon. Olivia Grange said that greater focus will be placed on men.
The Minister noted that steps have been taken in the past by the Ministry in addressing issues of gender mainstreaming.
Jamaica is a signatory to several regional and international agreements to reaffirm its commitment to gender equality and equity for the achievement of the country's sustainable development goals.
She said the Ministry recognized that it was necessary to "treat with the issues of men and not just focus on women."
"Because it's not just about addressing the issues that affect women and girls but addressing the issues that affect our men because the women can't do without the men and the men can't do without the women and we are speaking to gender mainstreaming as our objective," Ms. Grange said.
She mentioned that changing the name of the Bureau of Women's Affairs, to the Bureau of Gender Affairs (BGA) and the establishment of a male desk at the Bureau were some of the initiatives taken by the government.
"This small step in establishing the male desk is a step in the right direction. It's a facility within the Bureau that symbolically indicates and send the message to men that this entity that exists, is not only about dealing with women and women's issues but the focus is gender mainstreaming, gender equality and gender equity," she said.
Director of Policy and Research of the BGA Sharon Robinson, who attended the Think Tank said that the National Policy for Gender Equality clearly outlines the need to have a focus on men to make it definitive that the Bureau did not just focus on women.
"The name change would have been significant because it would have allowed us to move into that space that says that we are embracing men because it is so important to have them at the table," she said.
Miss Robinson said that research has indicated that men want to be part of the discussions on gender issues, noting that several sessions were held with men to find out how the male desk should function.
"It's best to have the persons you are going to reach speak to what it is that they want," she added.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


WHEN DID YOUR PASSION FOR 1950'S CARS BEGIN?
When I was a young boy. Like most of my peers, I grew up with a strong input and influence from American culture. Television was only new back then and I would watch movies and tv-shows from overseas with excitement. Even comic books played their fair part, the big colourful cars of their main characters as much as the ones of movie stars. They were secured in my mind, igniting my imagination, evoking a sense of freedom and power.
There was also the music… Elvis Presley, American Graffiti, etc.
All of these things combined left me with a perfect and maybe a little surreal image of a far away land I would simply have to visit one day.
I dreamt and desired to see and drive those beautiful cars with their soft, sensual silhouettes. So as soon as I had the possibility, I took off for my first visit to the United States. It was a wonderful trip but it was also somewhat a small disappointment.
I went to America for the first time in 1982 and those cars I so longed to see simply weren't around anymore, if not in museums and galleries dedicated to vintage vehicles.
Obviously I half expected this. What we would see of the United States on television in the 80's was different compared to when I was a young boy. The shapes of the cars had become straighter and harder, they no longer had the winged curves I was so attracted to. The California highways and the Los Angeles boulevards were still wide and transmitting an immense sense of freedom, but my young boy's dream of driving down them in a beautiful 50's car was no longer achievable.
Well, when you believe in your dreams, sooner or later, in one way or another, they will come true… and mine did about 25 years later as soon as I arrived (again for the first time in a new continent) in Cuba!
I couldn't believe my eyes: Chevrolet, Buick, Ford and others, all models from the 1950's. Real, loud and chromed. Some were adjusted and patched up a little roughly and let out a lot of smoke, but they functioned nevertheless.
It was as if time had waited, as if it had slowed down as much as possible to allow me to fulfil my dream. Along with the cars, objects, architecture and other traces of the 1950's were visible everywhere, a little worn-out and consumed by the decades but perhaps for this reason, all the more fascinating.
I felt immediately attracted to what I saw, this country seemed suspended in a time limbo, so I started taking photographs. After seeing how the pictures turned out, I decided I would return to document further what has now become one of the most iconic aspects of Cuba.
SO ARE ALL THE PICTURES WE FIND IN THIS SERIES RECENT?
Some are from 2008 but most are from 2016, when I went back, eager to take more pictures, this time making sure I would capture the cars within the island's architectural context.
I travelled from East to West, making sure to also photograph the people thanks to whom these vehicles still live and function.
It's incredible how they get by with just a few tools and in not so favourable situations (on these streets, in car parks and inside old sheds) and still manage to make them work!
I think these cars represent a connection between the past, the present and the future. They're not just a part of history, they are not just a memory. They are a present emotion capable of bringing back a part of life we had considered lost. They are something that goes far beyond computers, smartphones and all the alienating modern technology we have grown so used to.
Their winged sensual shapes that I mentioned before, along with their loud engines form in our imagination a free highway from the 1950's, towards a timeless future.


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Gaborone Travel Guide
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Gaberone, Botswana's capital, is a vibrant modern African city, in fact one of the fastest growing cities in the world. While not big on tourist attractions, the city is home to international hotels, souvenir shops, restaurants and other services that visitors will need before heading off on safari. There are a few sights and excursions to enjoy for those who only have a day or two in which to experience the country.
Pride and joy of Gaborone is its University and National Museum, which features some outstanding exhibits. One of the most striking buildings is Orapa House, where Botswana's diamonds are sorted and dispatched to markets around the world. The old part of the city, known as the 'Village', is where visitors will find remnants of Botswana's colonial history, such as the remains of the old Government Rest House, where the infamous Jameson Raid was believed to have been planned and where Cecil John Rhodes sometimes stayed.
Travel Guide powered by Word Travels, copyright © 2020 Globe Media Ltd. All rights reserved. By its very nature much of the information in this guide is subject to change at short notice and travellers are urged to verify information on which they're relying with the relevant authorities. Neither Globe Media nor The Global Travel Group can accept any responsibility for any loss or inconvenience to any person as a result of information contained above.


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Beer (MMC Report)
The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (Mr. Anthony Newton) : With permission, Mr. Speaker, I wish to announce the Government's response to the report from the Monopolies and Mergers Commission on the supply of beer. This was a comprehensive report. It recommended far-reaching changes in the brewing sector. Passionate views for and against its recommendations have been expressed forcefully since it was published on 21 March. We have listened carefully to views from all quarters--large and small brewers, the tenants, and most importantly, the consumers. But before we announce our decisions I should like to restate the Government's position in relation to this and all other MMC reports.
The essence of the Government's view is that competition is good for industry and commerce and, above all, for consumers. It encourages enterprise, greater productivity, greater diversity and lower prices. In general, the operation of the market delivers the benefits of competition to the consumer. But sometimes the Government have to step in--in mergers, restrictive and anti-competitive practices, and monopolies. And the ultimate sanction which the Government hold--and exercise when necessary-- is to order divestment. Without this sanction our policies to ensure that competition is kept free would be without force and effect.
Certain preliminary conclusions were announced by my hon. Friend the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State on 8 June ; and my right hon. and noble Friend made a further statement of the Government's position during a debate in another place on 14 June. We made it clear that certain measures would apply to the national brewers but not to regional and local brewers.
I now turn to the specific decisions we have reached on matters covered in the MMC's recommendations. We have taken particular note of recent further evidence of the need for more competition in the supply of soft drinks and low-alcohol beers to pubs. We have decided therefore that tenants of the national brewers should be free to buy those and certain other products from any source, free of ties. Products thus freed from the tie will include non-alcoholic and low-alcohol beers, soft drinks, ciders, wines and spirits. These measures should significantly enhance competition in the supply of those products.
All brewers will be required to supply beer to the wholesale trade at prices no more than those in a published list. The MMC showed that some wholesalers had been prevented from operating in the market because brewers had refused them supplies. These measures, and others I shall shortly come to, should stimulate a more open and competitive wholesale market in beer and other drinks.
We agree with the MMC's conclusion that licensed tenants must be given greater security of tenure in the new circumstances. I confirm that amendments to the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 will be brought forward as soon as parliamentary time permits to give licensed tenants the same protection as other business tenants. We are conscious that many tenants have found themselves in an uncertain position since the MMC report was published. In some cases they have already been served with notice to quit. It is regrettable that some brewers have seen fit to take this action before firm decisions have been announced.
We envisage that subject to parliamentary approval of the necessary legislation, all tenancies which have three or more years to run from today's date will fall within the scope of the Act. In the case of tenancies without a definite term, they will fall within the scope of the Act with effect from three years from today, or from the first rent review after the legislation takes effect, whichever first occurs.
The MMC made a number of recommendations aimed at giving tenants further protection beyond that provided by the Landlord and Tenant Act. We have considered this carefully, and have taken particular note of the representations made by the National Licensed Victuallers Association that the power the brewer landlord has over the tenant is such as to justify a special level of tenant's protection. We have, however, decided that it would not be right to go further than affording licensed tenants the same protection as all other business tenancies.
We hope that landlords who have issued notices to quit to their tenants as a consequence of the MMC report will now withdraw such notices. We have announced what we believe are appropriate transitional arrangements. We do not wish to see the position of tenants unduly jeopardised in the period before any amendments take effect. If necessary, my right hon. and noble Friend will make an interim order under the Fair Trading Act 1973, as amended by the current Companies Bill, to safeguard their position.
The MMC recommended the prohibition of all new loan ties. The effect of loan ties is, however, very different from that of ties resulting from ownership, which are permanent ties to one brewer's products. Loan ties can and do change from brewer to brewer frequently. It is clear that in the right circumstances they can be pro-competitive. We have also been persuaded that these loans can be an invaluable source of finance for new public houses and particularly for clubs.
We have therefore decided not to prohibit them, but instead to require that they conform to certain conditions to ensure that they are not used anti- competitively. All loan ties must be capable of termination at no more than three months' notice without penalty and, in the case of loans from the national brewers, must be confined to beer.
We have already made it clear that the requirement recommended by the MMC that tenants should be allowed to offer a guest beer should apply only to the national brewers. We have also made it plain that the guest beer will be a cask-conditioned beer, other than stout. The issues to be resolved are who should be permitted to supply the guest beer and whether the requirement should apply to all exclusive ties entered into by national brewers, whether through ownership or loans.
We have decided that the right to take a guest beer should indeed apply to all exclusive ties entered into by national brewers. As to who should be able to supply to the houses of the national brewers, one view is that any brewer, other than the one responsible for the tie, should be able to supply the guest beer. On the other hand, the Brewers Society has suggested that only brewers with an annual output of less than 200,000 barrels may supply. That would exclude any other than small, local brewers. We would welcome further views on this point during the statutory consultation period.
I now turn to measures to address the central question of the size of the tied estate of the national brewers. The MMC recommended that no brewer should be allowed to own more than 2,000 on-licences. We have always made it
clear that we were prepared to consider alternatives provided that they dealt with the public interest issues clearly identified by the MMC.
The national brewers made it clear that nothing which fundamentally affected the strength of the tied house system would be acceptable to them. But this is the central detriment identified by the MMC. Furthermore, it is clear that greater freedom to purchase products outside obligations imposed by the brewers would be widely welcomed both by publicans and by their customers.
We have decided that all brewers who own more than 2,000 on-licensed premises will be required to release from ties one half of premises above this threshold. They must be leased free of ties to the company's products. As these premises will now become free houses, the owning brewer will be permitted to make the new form of tied loans should the new tenants require them.
At present there are about 15,000 free houses. On the basis of the data in the MMC report, these measures will add an additional 11,030 free houses. These proposals should enable a major freeing of the market without the compulsory divestment originally recommended by the MMC. The central problem identified by the MMC was that the tied house system restricts choice and competition. The MMC identified a number of ways in which the operation of the licensing system itself has this effect.
The licensing system exists to control the supply of alcoholic drinks and to ensure that such drinks are sold only by fit and proper persons. However, in practice, licensing justices take account of a wide range of factors in deciding whether to grant a licence to an applicant, including whether in their view there is a demonstrable need for a new licensed premises.
The MMC took the licensing system as given. However, in view of the consequences for competition, we believe that we should consider this matter further, even though the MMC made no recommendation to that effect.
It is no part of Government policy to seek to increase the number of licensed premises. But, equally, a licensing system devised for one purpose should not be used for another purpose, namely, to fortify a local monopoly. My right hon. and noble Friend, together with my right hon. Friends the Home Secretary and the Lord President, have agreed to look into this point further.
The main measures we have announced will take some time to put into effect. We propose that a period of two years should be allowed for those measures which involve modifying tenancy agreements or separating a business into a tied and free estate. At the end of one further year we propose that the effect of these measures should be reviewed by the Director General of Fair Trading. They involve significant structural changes to the market, and it will be important to review whether they have had the desired pro- competitive effects.
Throughout our consideration of the MMC report we have been in close touch with the European Commission, which is conducting a review of competition in the brewing sector throughout the Community. The measures that we intend to take are compatible with the terms of the existing block exemption from article 85 of the treaty of Rome. The Commission's own examination is also looking closely at the effects on competition of vertical tying and we look forward with interest to the conclusions of the
Commission's study. When the position in the United Kingdom is reviewed at the end of three years we shall take fully into account the results of the EC review and any consequent change to the EC block exemption regulation.
Drafts of orders to give effect to the measures that we have announced today will be published as soon as possible. Parties whose interests are affected by such orders will have at least six weeks after they have been published in which to make representations before the orders are placed before Parliament.
Mr. Bryan Gould (Dagenham) : Does the Chancellor recall the enthusiastic welcome given by the Secretary of State to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission report, his readiness to grapple with the monopoly identified by the commission and his proclaimed keenness to protect the consumer? What has happened in the meantime to explain the embarrassing shift from initial welcome to the craven and complete capitulation which he has announced today? Could it conceivably be something to do with the immense lobbying power of the big brewers and the fact that they are major bankrollers of the Tory party?
Is this not a blatant example of a Government being bought and sold by its major commercial backers, a phenomenon which should be regarded as wholly unacceptable to all who are committed to good government? What price now the Government's competition policy and the authority of the MMC? Does not this climb-down completely undermine the role of the MMC? What weight can now be given to the important reports which are still expected on credit cards and on petrol retailing?
Does the right hon. Gentleman accept that allowing the big brewers to retain their ownership and their continuing power to loan-tie the so-called free houses gives them all the power they need, irrespective of any formal tie, to compel tenants to accept their products? Is this not therefore a complete failure to address what, in the Chancellor's own phrase, is the central detriment identified by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission?
On other issues, we welcome the extension of the Landlord and Tenant Act to tenants, but what protection is to be offered to tenants who will come under immense pressure from owners to contract out of the Act? Does he not accept that without that safeguard the so-called protection is largely illusory? Is this not an extreme disappointment to the smallest breweries? For example, what has happened to the sliding scale for duty on which they placed such hopes to improve their access to the market? Is it not the truth that after so much posturing the Secretary of State has shown, as many of us foresaw, that he simply does not have the bottle to take on the big brewers? Many public houses carry the name "The King's Head". After this climb-down we can expect many public houses to be renamed "Lord Young's Scalp".
Mr. Newton : I can only assume that the hon. Gentleman scripted his remarks before he had a chance to study the statement. The notion that the proposals that I have put before the House represent anything other than a substantial change in the structure of the industry to produce a much more competitive framework in respect of the national brewers is far fetched. The hon. Gentleman might recall that the comments that were made following the publication of this report contained not merely objections by some brewers, but vigorous objections by the
TUC. Indeed, there was a letter from the hon. Gentleman himself on 29 March pointing to what in his view were the real dangers in the MMC proposals on tied houses and calling for somewhat different steps to be taken. The Government have addressed the defects in the industry that were shown by the report and in a way that will avoid the dangers to which the hon. Gentleman himself drew attention.
Mr. Michael Jopling (Westmorland and Lonsdale) : Will my right hon. Friend understand that his announcement is a huge improvement on the unfortunate proposal that was made originally? Will he clarify what he meant when he talked about half the pubs owned by the big brewers having to be free houses? Can he say whether his new rules will prevent brewers from continuing to increase the size of their estates? Will they still be allowed to buy and build extra pubs provided that 50 per cent. of those over 2,000 remain free houses?
Mr. Newton : Yes, that is the position. Our proposal is that half the pubs that they own over the threshold of 2,000 should be dealt with on an arm's-length basis. It would follow, of course, that if they increased their ownership of pubs they would also have to increase the number operated on an arm's-length basis.
Mr. Stan Crowther (Rotherham) : Is the Chancellor of the Duchy aware that the Government's refusal to grant full and immediate protection, including an enforceable code of practice, to all tenant licensees will be greeted with dismay throughout the country? Does he not appreciate that in many respects the licensed trade is different from other businesses, not least because the pub is the tenant's home as well as his business? Why can he not accept that there is a need for proper protection for public house tenants? Does he realise that allowing contracting out will mean that the brewery companies, if they wish, can simply refuse to grant a tenancy to anyone who does not agree in advance to contract out of the Landlord and Tenant Act? Does he not appreciate that security for the licensee is very much in the interests of the customers as well as the tenant, because customers do not want to see their licensee subject to the danger of being thrown on to the street?
Mr. Newton : We considered carefully the difficult balance that had to be struck and, as I said in my statement, we concluded that it would be right to stick to extending to this particular class of business the same provisions as apply to others. We had in mind the fact that, if tenancy arrangements are made so unattractive to brewers that they do not want to go in for them, that will hardly be in anyone's interests.
Mr. Michael Colvin (Romsey and Waterside) : May I first declare an interest, not as one of the fat cats referred to by the Leader of the Opposition but as a simple tenant of a major brewer who would have benefited considerably from the initial Monopolies and Mergers Commission recommendations? If the Secretary of State's intention--by his initial, knee-jerk reaction that he was mindful to accept the recommendations--was to provoke the maximum constructive debate about the recommendations, then he has succeeded beyond his wildest dreams. Instead of scoring what might have been a monumental own goal, the Government have come up with a winner.
Mr. Newton : I am grateful to my hon. Friend, not least for the constructive part that he has played in the discussions.
Mr. Charles Kennedy (Ross, Cromarty and Skye) : Surely the logic of the pro-competitive stance by the Department of Trade and Industry, with the divestment requirement above 2,000 on-site licences, would have been to make divestment above that limit absolute instead of the 50 per cent. half/way house that the DTI has gone for on this occasion.
The Minister referred to the further consultations that will take place on the question of guest beers. What will be the nature of those consultations? Will they be led by the DTI or will it play another passive role, waiting for the industry to comment?
Mr. Newton : On the hon. Gentleman's latter point, I expressed our views with genuine and complete openness in my statement. We shall need to lay draft orders covering consultations in the fairly near future. We shall then further consider precisely what arrangements should be made concerning where the guest beer should come from. On the first point about divestment, I hope that it is clear to the hon. Gentleman and to the House that our proposal--that the national brewers should have to put at arm's length 50 per cent. of the on-licences that they own over 2,000--means that if they were to sell a number of pubs they would have to put yet another number at arm's length in order to fulfil the requirements.
Mr. Bowen Wells (Hertford and Stortford) : I congratulate my right hon. Friend on what I regard as a pragmatic and sensible programme for progress in the beer industry. Does he think that his proposals will protect the industry from foreign acquisition, particularly by the European Community?
Mr. Newton : The effect of the proposals, which increase the competitiveness and the service that the industry offers to the consumer, will be generally beneficial to the industry. I do not think that I can speculate beyond that.
Mr. Sydney Bidwell (Ealing, Southall) : In these days, which mark the decline in the fortunes of the Tory party, would it not be appropriate, in the name of democracy, for the brewers to conduct a ballot within the pubs as to whether they wish to continue to subsidise the Tory party?
Mr. Newton : I am quite content to leave it to the brewers to decide what surveys to conduct. The Government have paid more attention to surveys conducted by others, including the Consumers Association, that have shown strong support for the proposals that I have put before the House this afternoon.
Mr. Roger Moate (Faversham) : Does my right hon. Friend accept that most of us on this side of the House are concerned primarily about protecting the legitimate interests of the large and small brewers and the jobs in many local breweries, representing national and regional breweries, and about protecting the very delicate structure of public houses to which the British people are so greatly attached? Does he accept that the primary public interest appears to be to keep the maximum number of public houses?
As for the proposal regarding the size of the tied estate, does my right hon. Friend accept that there is still some danger that the freeing of over 50 per cent. in some areas
could jeopardise the variety of beer that is available from certain local breweries and the existence of many pubs that are only just viable? If my right hon. Friend sees evidence of closures as a result of the proposals, what steps can he now take to ensure that those pubs, particularly village pubs, are kept viable?
Mr. Newton : It is very unlikely that the proposals I have put forward this afternoon will have the effect that my hon. Friend suggests, especially when taking account of the guest beer proposals which are calculated and reckoned by the regional and small local brewers to have the effect of enlarging the opportunities for distinctive local and regional beers.
Mr. Peter Shore (Bethnal Green and Stepney) : As there is no evidence of a monopoly or of collusive price fixing by the six large brewers, does the right hon. Gentleman agree that the MMC report was extraordinarily ideological? What are the Minister's expectations for a reduction of prices of beer--which, after all, is the major consumer test of what is the right policy--which would have followed the Monopolies and Mergers Commission's recommendations, had they been carried out, or the modified proposals which the right hon. Gentleman is putting forward?
Mr. Newton : On the second half of the right hon. Gentleman's question, I would expect the increase in competition to have its normal effect, which is to keep the downward pressure on prices greater than it otherwise would be.
On the first part of the right hon. Gentleman's question, I must confess that I am in some difficulty in deciding who is speaking for the Opposition in this matter. The view expressed by the right hon. Gentleman is not only at variance with the report's findings but clearly is at variance with the views of those on his own Front Bench.
Sir Peter Hordern (Horsham) : As the new tenancies for the holding companies with more than 2,000 houses are to be run under the Landlord and Tenant Act, which applies to commercial tenants, what will happen to those tenants when the owners rightly decide that they must operate a commercial rent? Is that not likely to lead to the closure of the most marginal pubs, notably those in the most rural areas?
Mr. Newton : I very much doubt it. The Brewers Society's evidence to the MMC suggested that rentals of tied properties were about 20 to 30 per cent. below the full market rental. However, those tenants pay much more than they otherwise would for their beer. Our reckoning is that the two factors will roughly balance out.
Mr. Tam Dalyell (Linlithgow) : To some extent, I share the view of my right hon. Friend the Member for Bethnal Green and Stepney (Mr. Shore).
The Chancellor of the Duchy said that
"tenants of the national brewers should be free to buy these and certain other products from any source, free of ties."
What sources and what products was he referring to, and who controls the key question of distribution?
The Minister continued :
"As these premises will now become free houses the owning brewer will be permitted to make the new form of tied loans should the new tenants require them."
The issue of tied loans is crucial to many individuals. Precisely what form of tied loans does the Minister have in mind?
Finally, the Minister said :
"We have decided that it would not be right to go further than affording licensed tenants the same protection as all other business tenancies."
Why has he taken that decision?
Mr. Newton : I answered the hon. Gentleman's third question in response to an earlier question when I said that it was in no one's interest to make pub tenancies so unattractive that the brewers would turn away from them altogether.
On the issue of detriment and whether there is what the commission called a complex monopoly, I refer the hon. Gentleman to the substantial list of detriments which are set out in the MMC report. I have it in front of me, but I shall not attempt to read it to the House. If the hon. Gentleman thinks that there is not a complex monopoly, we must simply agree to differ.
On the hon. Gentleman's question about the tied loans, it should be made absolutely clear that we do not think it right to prevent arm's-length pubs from enjoying the advantages of a loan tie which have been pressed on us in a number of other cases, including clubs, and which the House welcomed when I made the announcement. We do not think it right to deny arm's-length pubs that right, but they will have the same protection--the capacity to withdraw at three months' notice if they wish--and of course they will be free to take a loan tie from anybody, not necessarily the brewery which owns the pub.
Sir Giles Shaw (Pudsey) : I thank my right hon. Friend and his colleagues for the care with which they have tried to deal with the central issue of the report. As to the disposal of 2,000 pubs, what is my right hon. Friend's estimate of the reduction in the market that will therefore pass from the six major brewers to those who will compete from outside the hallowed circles?
Mr. Newton : I am grateful for my hon. Friend's initial remarks. I cannot make a realistic estimate of the precise changes in the amount of barrelage supplied by one brewer or another. In the short term, despite the arm's-length proposal, it is unlikely that pubs will suddenly decide to change completely from the beer to which their customers are accustomed to another beer. Over a period it is likely substantially to widen the choice available in all pubs.
Mr. Joseph Ashton (Bassetlaw) : Does the Minister intend to disband the Monopolies and Mergers Commission? What is the point of a long, independent inquiry on behalf of the consumer if political paymasters can simply lean on the Government and knock it to one side? Is not the Conservative party supposed to be the party of the free market? How can the market be free if the manufacturer is the wholesaler, retailer and landlord? The Monopolies and Mergers Commission is now considering the set- up for petrol stations. Will not the oil companies be laughing all the way to the bank to buy off the Tories at the next election?
Mr. Newton : We do not intend to abolish the Monopolies and Mergers Commission. We shall consider any future recommendations with the same care that we
have devoted to these and, if necessary, take the same substantial steps to address the problems revealed in a report.
Mr. Tim Smith (Beaconsfield) : Is not the key issue for the beer drinker not who owns the pubs but whose beer he can drink? Will not an extra 11,000 free houses substantially increase consumer choice? Is this not, therefore, a sensible and balanced package that will increase competition but at the same time avoid the worst excesses of an Australian- style scenario for the brewing industry?
Mr. Newton : I very much agree with my hon. Friend, and I am grateful to him.
Mr. Tom Cox (Tooting) : Is the Minister aware that the point made by my hon. Friend the Member for Rotherham (Mr. Crowther) about protection for licensees of public houses is of crucial importance, because often it is they who are successful or unsuccessful in running a pub? The Minister has repeatedly referred to consultation. Will he tell the House what that means? Is he aware that in the London borough of Wandsworth there is a small family brewery called Youngs which has a high reputation in the area not only for the quality of its products but for its care of the people who run its pubs and its employees? Is he aware that its chairman sent his observations to the noble Lord Young, yet not only did he not receive a reply but he was not even given the courtesy of an acknowledgement? What sort of consultation is that?
Mr. Newton : I shall look into the latter point. I have said that we shall listen to further thoughts about how far the guest beer provisions should be restricted to beers from smaller or regional brewers. It sounds as though Youngs may make representations on that, which of course we shall welcome.
Mr. Ian Taylor (Esher) : Will my right hon. Friend accept congratulations on shaking up the pubs without breaking the glasses? Will he give further information about whether the major brewers--who appeared, when the original announcement was made, to prefer to hang on to their pubs rather than their breweries--will be content to continue as brewers and pub owners? Does he accept that, in effect, there are 23,000 more pubs in which there is at least partly free choice for the drinker?
Mr. Newton : I cannot predict precisely the reaction of national brewers. I suspect that they will not show the same enthusiasm as the hon. Member for Dagenham (Mr. Gould) implied for the proposals that we have brought forward. I agree with my hon. Friend that there will be a substantial increase in competition and choice for the consumer.
Mr. D. N. Campbell-Savours (Workington) : Why has the Minister sought to dither on the question of guest beer? Why has he not taken a clear decision to establish the principle of the small brewers having access to the supply of guest beer? If he had done that, there would have been an immediate effect on small brewing companies, which would have been building up to provide the capacity to ensure that that part of his proposals was complied with. By delaying, a vacuum in the market may well appear.
Mr. Newton : The hon. Gentleman is being a little unfair about the position as I described it. There is no doubt that
the small local brewers will have access, to use his word, to the guest beer proposal. The issue is whether it should be confined in some way so that only such beers can be guest beers, and that raises more difficult issues.
Dr. Ian Twinn (Edmonton) : Does my right hon. Friend agree that his announcement brings good news to the British public, the consumer and the landlord and is particularly good news because it brings competition in the supply of soft drinks and real ale to many pubs?
Mr. Newton : I agree. Insufficient comment has been focused on the issue of soft drinks and alcoholic drinks other than beer, including cider. The effect of the proposals on those drinks will be substantial. The proposals are directed towards one of the main consumer grievances--the high price of drinks, especially soft drinks, in many public houses.
Mr. Tony Banks (Newham, North-West) : What action does the Minister intend taking against those brewers who have already given their tenants notice to quit? Those tenants will not be assisted by his proposals. Will he consider giving tenants the right to buy the pubs in which they not only work but live? In view of the Minister's retreat in the face of the brewers' hostility, this seems to be the equivalent of brewer's droop on his part.
Mr. Newton : I do not think that I can comment on the latter part of the hon. Gentleman's question. I simply ask him to reflect on the extent of the opposition from the TUC and ask him whether he is accusing me of backing down to the TUC. We have sought to produce a set of proposals that meet the anxieties about the original proposals in a way that my hon. Friends have rightly welcomed.
As for the Landlord and Tenant Act, we have sought to strike an appropriate balance. I said in my statement that, should we feel it necessary in the light of the pressures exerted on tenants, my right hon. and noble Friend will be prepared to make an interim order under the Fair Trading Act 1973 to prevent them from being dispossessed, for example, for exercising the new rights that we propose to give them.
Several Hon. Members rose
Mr. Speaker : Order. I must have regard for the subsequent business, I shall endeavour to call the hon. Members who have been standing, but I ask for brief questions. We should move on to the next business at about 4.15 pm
Sir Charles Morrison (Devizes) : I note the helpful reassurance that my right hon. Friend gave my hon. Friend the Member for Horsham (Sir P. Hordern) about the rural pub. Is my right hon. Friend aware that some of us retain some fears for the future of the rural pub? Will he please therefore take account of the representations that may be made to him? Will he bear in mind that too often in the past many policies have been perfectly sensible for urban areas but nothing like so good for rural areas?
Mr. Newton : I note what my hon. Friend says. None of us can predict with accuracy the result of the proposals in terms of the balance between urban and rural pubs that may be managed at arm's length. My general view is that the greater freedom that some rural pubs may gain from
the proposals will enable them to exploit the already considerable natural advantages that exist and, perhaps, strengthen them.
Mr. Michael Morris (Northampton, South) : As lager is the faster growing part of the beer market and as probably the finest lager in the world is brewed in Northampton, am I to understand from my right hon. Friend that the guest beer is to be opened up to lagers, or are we to have no competition in lager?
Mr. Newton : The phrase I used in the statement was
"cask-conditioned" beer. I understand that no cask-conditioned lager is manufactured in this country.
Mr. David Amess (Basildon) : Does my right hon. Friend agree that the package of measures announced this afternoon represents a sensible compromise between the views of the Monopolies and Mergers Commission and the brewing industry? Does he also agree that, above all, the measures emphasise the importance the Government place on promoting competition, which is the best consumer protection policy of all?
Mr. Newton : I very much agree with my hon. Friend.
Mr. Barry Field (Isle of Wight) : Does my right hon. Friend accept that the brewers who have given notice to quit to their tenants represent a tiny minority of the brewing industry and that a number of the larger brewers, such as Whitbread, have issued a reassurance to tenants that there will be no notice to quit and that they welcome the measures announced today?
Mr. Speaker : Order. Come to the question, please.


text:
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Women's T-shirt with logo
Friends Price 22,05 €
T-shirt printed with the logo of the Joan Miró Foundation
Men's T-shirt with logo
Organic cotton t-shirt printed with the logo of the Joan Miró Foundation
My surrealist exhibition. Kit for kids
Friends Price 2,40 €
Kit for kids with the materials required to organise a surrealist exhibition.
Fundació Joan Miró and Josep Lluís Sert
The Fundació Joan Miró. A living centre,...
The Fundació Joan Miró: A Living Centre, Open to the World covers the forty years of the foundation's history, a long and full trajectory of art, friendship and commitment to Barcelona which, over the years, has succeeded in remaining true to the spirit of its founder, Joan Miró.
Sound Art?
Catalogue of the exhibition "Sound Art?"
Lina Bo Bardi Drawing
Catalogue of the exhibition Lina Bo Bardi Drawings
Lee Miller and surrealism in Britain
Catalogue of the exhibition Lee Miller and Surrealism in Britain that provides an insight into one of the most important poles of the Surrealist movement's complex international network.
Diptych Beehave. Bee writings + Where are...
Beehave elicited a diptych publication that was released in two stages: the first part, Bee Writings, is a compilation of essays that provides the theoretical framework for the exhibition; the second, Where Are the Bees?, gathers all the interventions that artists from around the world presented within the Fundació and throughout the city.
Where are the bees?
Beehave explores the right of honey bees to inhabit urban spaces, the coexistence of the city's desired and necessary biodiversity with the artificial elements of the urban landscape.
Bee writings
Bee Writings is presented as a compilation of essays commissioned with the aim of charting a theoretical framework for the exhibition Beehave (16/02/2018 - 20/05/2018), but it is only the first part of a broader publishing project. Likewise, the exhibition is only the first chapter of Beehave, which unfolds all around the city of Barcelona throughout a...
Sumer and the Modern Paradigm
Catalog of the exhibition Sumer and the Modern Paradigm (28/10/2017- 21/01/2018), explores the interest that Mesopotamian "arts" from the turn of the fourth and third millennium BC aroused in some of the key artists of the twentieth century.
Endgame: Duchamp, chess and the avant-gardes
Endgame: Duchamp, chess and the avant-gardes is an account of twentieth-century avant-garde movements up to the beginning of conceptual art, told from the angle of what appears to be a minor anecdote: the game of chess. Taking Marcel Duchamp's life as our time frame, the exhibition explores the hypothesis that chess was a backdrop to the historical...
Ignasi Aballí. Infinite Sequence
"Infinite Sequence" is an exhibition dedicated to the work of Ignasi Aballí, winner of the 2015 Joan Miró Prize. It proposes a stroll through a selection of pieces by Catalonia's foremost conceptual artist to allow visitors to gradually discover some of the key aspects of his oeuvre. The presentation of the selected works eludes a strict retrospective...
Self-Organization DIY practices
Lesson 0 is a long-term, wide-ranging project that reflects on the state of art education in the present day. Curated by Azotea (Ane Agirre and Juan canela) and developed from the yearly exhibition program at Espai 13, lesson 0 foregrounds proposals associated with a pedagogy that deviates from the expected in order to explore other forms of conveying...
Alfons Borrell. Els treballs i els dies
Prophetia
Prophetia, a project curated by Imma Prieto, includes an exhibition and this publication. They are both structured around three concepts: rape, correspondence and responsibility. To quote the curator, 'The project does not stem so much from a question as from an observation: the separation or gap between an almost romantic notion of Europe, linked to a...
Barcelona, Neutral Zone (1914-1918)
Roni Horn. Everything was sleeping as if...
Sert 1928-1979 Half a Century of Architecture
This catalogue not only shows Sert's architectural work, but also reveals its effects on town planning. On a theoretical level, as a young man he defended the ideas behind new architecture. As a creative architect, he designed buildings that are still admired as examples to be followed. The Fundació Joan Miró is the building Sert created to house the work...
Guide to the Fundació Joan Miró
The foundation's collection of works by Joan Miró includes paintings, drawings, sculptures, ceramics, textiles and an extensive print archive. In addition, it also features an exceptional collection of the artist's preliminary sketches, notes, scale models, sketchbooks and correspondence. This extensive, diverse collection, representative of all the...
Miró and the object
Joan Miró. The ladder of escape
This exhibition is organised by the Tate Modern, London, and the Fundació Joan Miró, Barcelona, and brings together over 150 works by the artist showing that his tendency towards contemplative isolation was accompanied by a coherent response to events.
Individual Friend FJM
To be a Friend of the Fundació Joan Miró is to be a member of an active, involved community with close ties to the foundation. To be a Friend is to experience the Fundació Joan Miró's programming first-hand, to share meeting places, to participate in exclusive activities and to voice your views. To be a Friend is to have an opportunity to learn and grow.
Logo bag
Bag with the logo that Joan Miró drew for his Foundation in Barcelona.
Fundació Joan Miró mug
Mug with printed logo of the Fundació Joan Miró made by Miró in 1975
Concertina watercolour sketchbook
Silkscreen print of the Fundació Joan Miró logo on the matt black cover, elastic fastener, concertina sheet of special 180 g Canson paper for watercolours, 164 cm long and 23.5 cm wide. Hand-bound in Barcelona by Tascansaia.
Fundació Joan Miró 2020 Calendar (30 x 30 cm)
Wall calendar with masterpieces from the Fundació Joan Miró collection.
Fundació Joan Miró 3D cut-out
1:300 scale 3D cut-out of the Fundació Joan Miró building in Barcelona The Fundació Joan Miró building was designed by architect Josep Lluís Sert in 1975 as an expression of Rationalism in a Mediterranean context.
"Pessebre Sert", Perejaume
Friends Price 496,00 €
Engraving by Perejaume on the occasion of the artist's installation, presented at the Fundació Joan Miró at Christmas 2007.
Robert Llimós. 25 years of the Fundació...
Engraving by the artist Robert Llimós to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Fundació Joan Miró.
Antoni Llena. 25 years of the Fundació...
Engraving by the artist Antoni Llena to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Fundació Joan Miró.
Alfons Borrell. 25 years of the Fundació...
Engraving by the artist Alfons Borrell to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Fundació Joan Miró.
Frederic Amat. 25 years of the Fundació...
Engraving by the artist Frederic Amat to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Fundació Joan Miró.
"Avant la lettre" on the poster of the...
P.V.P. 1 800,00 €
Friends Price 1 440,00 €
This lithograph is part of the edition of 100 prints "avant la lettre" that the catalan artist Antoni Tàpies produced on the occasion of the exhibition "Tàpies Cartells" in the Fundació Joan Miró, 1983.
This lithograph is part of the edition of 99 prints "avant la lettre" that the catalan artist Frederic Amat produced on the occasion of the exhibition "Amat. Quatre paisatges de fons 1975-1992" in the Fundació Joan Miró, 1983.
This silkscreen reproduces one of Joan Miró's etchings that accompanied the poems of Salvador Espriu in the book "Espriu-Miró", edited by Sala Gaspar in 1975.
A commemorative poster for FC Barcelona's 75th anniversary (1974). The composition combines Miró's characteristic signs and lines with the Catalan team's crest and the word Barça in the artist's own handwriting.
Joan Miró Constellation
A Monster Who Tells the Truth
Curated by Pilar Cruz for Espai 13, A Monster Who Tells the Truth exhibition series questions the boundaries between disciplines in order to explore the dynamics of power that affect knowledge.
The Possibility of an Island
The exhibition program The Possibility of an Island explores some of the symbolic and socio-cultural meanings that islands - those paradigmatic spaces in our collective imagination - have had over the course of time, with the aim of raising questions and reflections about these meanings that may be pertinent to our contemporary context.
One Foot Out. Expeditions and Diasporas
The exhibition series One Foot Out. Expeditions and Diasporas explores aspects related to belonging to, and breaking away from, an artistic context. Six stand-alone exhibitions that share a similar spirit: embracing a position of uncertainty, they explore the relationships that spring up around them so as to offer a more open, plural vision.
The Way Things Do
Catalog from the exhibition "The Way Things Do". In 1987, the Swiss artists Peter Fischli and David Weiss presented their film Der Lauf der Dinge, known internationally as The Way Things Go. The 1980s were also the decade when Daniel Jacoby & Yu Araki, Serafín Álvarez and Cécile B. Evans were born. To celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of the Swiss...
Cuando las líneas son tiempo
A place where artists have the right to fail.
Before the Horizon
Olafur Eliasson. The nature of things


Coy Cox Jr., 87, Guin, passed away on Monday, Jan. 14, 2019, in the Northwest Medical Center in Winfield.
Born on Oct. 25, 1931, in Montgomery, Mr. Cox is the son of the late Coy Cox, Sr. and Mayme Ross Hambrick and the husband of Edith Jean Clark Cox.
Mr. Cox had lived in Guin most of his life, was a member of the Guin First Baptist Church and was a veteran of the Korean War. He had retired from the 3M Company after 38 years and loved golfing and fishing.
He is survived by his wife - Edith Jean Cox, Guin; two sons - Ronald Keith (Martha) Cox, Pell City, and Robert Alan "Bob" Cox, Jasper; a granddaughter - Allison (Josh) Brewer, Columbiana; four sisters - Opal Harper and Joyce Wheeler, both of Hamilton, Elise Wiginton, Tuscumbia, and Shirley "Bonnie" Rinks, Florence; and a brother-in-law - Jack (Betty Ann) Clark, Killen.
Funeral services for Mr. Cox were held on Wednesday, Jan. 16, 2019, at 2 p.m. from the Norwood Funeral Home Chapel with burial in the Guin City Cemetery. Bro. Zane Miles and Dr. Kenny Hatcher officiated the services.
Norwood Funeral Home of Guin directed the services.
7195 US Hwy. 43, Guin, Ala.
Mrs. Debbie Rena Chism Dole, 51, passed away on Sunday, Jan. 13, 2019, in the Diversicare Health Care Center in Winfield.
Mrs. Dole was preceded in death by her mother - Stella Chism Baker.
She is survived by her husband - Jay Dole, Winfield; daughter - Katelyn Dole, Winfield; son - Bradley Dole, Winfield; father - Charlie Jumper; her Daddy - Cecil Baker; three sisters - Tammy Baker Whitman, Norma Jean Baker and Diane Carter; one brother - Roger Baker; and a host of aunts, uncles and other relatives and friends.
Funeral services for Mrs. Dole were held on Wednesday, Jan. 16, 2019, at 2 p.m. from the Bowen Funeral Home Chapel. Bro. Mark Maddox was the officiating minister. Burial was in the Hope Baptist Church Cemetery in Hackleburg.
Mr. James Coy Franks, 79, Twin, passed away on Sunday, Jan. 13, 2019, at his residence.
From a young age Mr. Franks developed a love for music--he could play anything he picked up and he developed many friendships through his talent. He spent many nights picking and grinning with the Clifty Creek Boys.
Mr. Franks also loved the outdoors. When he wasn't playing music, he would spend as much time as he could either fishing, working in his garden, or woodworking.
He was preceded in death by his parents - Lloyd and Ollie Franks; and two sisters - Ruthie Mae Pratt and Eunie Giddy.
Mr. Franks is survived by his wife - Barbara Guin Franks; two sons - Michael Franks and Scott Franks; five grandchildren - Jordan Franks (Summer), Jessie Holmes (Cody), Andrea Gail Franks, Kayla Franks and Katelyn Franks; a great-granddaughter - Harley Michelle Jones; a sister - Nellie Green (Troy); a brother - Roy Franks; and a host of other relatives and friends.
Funeral services for Mr. Franks were held on Thursday, Jan. 17, 2019, at noon from the Bowen Funeral Home Chapel with burial following in the Bethlehem Cemetery.
Mr. Kevin Lee Franks, 54, Guin, passed away on Thursday, Jan. 10, 2019. in the North Alabama Medical Center in Florence.
Mr. Franks was preceded in death by his father - Bobby Joe Franks; step-father - Andre Riley; a sister - Linda Frye; and a nephew - Jeremy Orear.
He is survived by his wife - Tonya Franks, Guin; mother - Sara Riley, Winfield; daughters - Tasha Hulsey (Shannon Vickery), Brilliant, and Tamara Bell, Tianna Bell, Tylasha Bell and Tessla Bell, all of Guin; 13 grandchildren; three sisters - Annette Riley (John), Ann Harbin (Clovis) and Cassie Humber (Thomas); and three brothers - Greg Franks, Bobby Steven Franks (Sonya) and Andy Riley (Bobbie).
Funeral services for Mr. Franks were held on Tuesday Jan. 15, 2019, at 2 p.m. from the Bowen Funeral Home Chapel with burial following in the Musgrove Chapel Cemetery. Bro Jerry Gann was the officiating minister.
Ernest M. "Mike" Harris, 55, Northport, passed away on Sunday, Dec. 16, 2018.
Funeral services for Mr. Harris were held on Thursday, Dec. 20, 2018.
Ella Faye Holland, 85, died on Monday, Jan. 14, 2019, at North Alabama Medical Center, Florence.
She was born April 12, 1933, in Vina and worked at Wrangler for 25 years. She was a member of the Pilot Hill Baptist Church, Vina.
Funeral services for Mrs. Holland were held on Thursday, Jan. 17, 2019, at Pilot Hill Baptist Church in Vina with Bro. W.D. Humphres and Bro. Jerry Humphries officiating. Burial was in the Pilot Hill Cemetery in Vina.
Pallbearers were Radley Holland, Bradley Rhodes, Tyson Holland, Quan Coman, Andy McCarley, Auston Holland, George Bush and Kerry McCollum.
Mrs. Holland is survived by three children - Deborah Jones (Johnny), Danny Holland (Bridget) and Dennis Holland (Margaret); 10 grandchildren - Jennifer Coman (Quan), Jill Holland (George), Andy McCarley (Jennifer), Lakesha Holland (Radley), Johnine Rhodes (Bradley), Tyson Holland (Erica), Morgan Holland (Kerry), Auston Holland, Patches Shaffer (Chris) and Lindsay Evans (Jeremy); 16 great-grandchildren; two great-great-grandchildren; one sister - Marsha Smith; one step-brother - G.A. McNeese; and lifelong friend - Lora "Clem" Marbutt.
Mrs. Holland was preceded in death by her husband - J.C. Holland; her father - Floyd M. Coats; her mother - Lillian Oliver Coats; step-mother - Esie McNeese Coats; two step-sisters - Dot Camp and Bernell Long; and one step-brother - Doug McNeese.
Deaton Funeral Home, Red Bay, was in charge of arrangements.
Mrs. Debra "Debbie" Marshall Holt, 65, passed away on Friday, Jan. 11, 2019, at the Diversicare Health Care Center in Winfield.
Mrs. Holt was a 1971 Winfield City High School graduate and received her LPN degree from Northwest Community College in Hamilton in 1975.
She was preceded in death by her parents - James A. and Martha Roberts Marshall; husband - Wendall Holt; daughter - Christina "Christy" Holt Cagle; son-in-law - Scott Cagle; her father-in-law, James Bruce Holt; her mother-in-law - Dorothy "Dot" Holt; and a brother-in-law - Steven Holt.
Mrs. Holt is survived by her granddaughter - Cortney Paige Cagle (Jeremy Gober), Mt. Olive; great-grandsons - Jackson Dean Gober and Owen Scott Gober; sisters - Vickie Marshall Bryant (Matthew T.), Vance, Lynda Marshall Messer, Winfield, and Katrina Lee Miles of Georgia; and a host of nieces, nephews, and other relatives and friends.
Funeral services for Mrs. Holt were held on Sunday, Jan. 13, 2019. at 2 p.m. from the Bowen Funeral Home Chapel with burial following in the Bethel Cemetery near Brilliant.
Mr. Junior Lee Huguley, 75, Winfield, passed away on Wednesday, Jan. 9, 2019, in the Northwest Medical Center in Winfield.
Mr. Huguley was preceded in death by his parents - James and Clara Olene Weeks Harris; his grandparents - Olen and Fannie Weeks; and a brother - Willie Ray Huguley.
He is survived by his sister - Clara Penton Jefferies, Hamilton; aunts - Nell Mayfield, Hubbertville, Martha Legg, Athens, and Anna Cantrell, Mobile; a niece - April Pfeiffer (Dan), Woodridge, Ill.; a nephew - Wayne Eskridge (Tasha), Milwaukee, Wis.; two great-nieces - Jenny Pfeiffer and Alisa Eskridge; a great-nephew - Jim Pfeiffer; and a host of other relatives and friends.
Funeral services for Mr. Huguley were held on Monday, Jan. 14, 2019, at 11 a.m. from the Bowen Funeral Home Chapel with burial following in the Winfield City Cemetery. Bro. Marlin Mayfield was the officiating minister.
Faye Parker, 82, Hamilton, passed away on Sunday, Jan. 13, 2019.
Funeral services were held on Wednesday, Jan. 16, 2019.
Mrs. Helen Louise Stephens, 80, of the Tidwell Chapel Community, passed away on Monday, Jan. 14, 2019, in the Fayette Long Term Healthcare Facility.
Mrs. Stephens was preceded in death by her parents - Troy Dodd and Earline Tucker Dodd; husbands - Floyd McDonald, John Cochran and Ronald Stephens; grandson - James McWhirter; sisters - Maybell Mayfield, Carolyn Heathcock and Jackie Faucett; and brothers - Garland Dodd, Harlon Dodd and Carlton Dodd.
Mrs. Stephens is survived by her daughter - Janet McDonald McWhirter (Boyce), Hubbertville; sons - Thomas Wayne McDonald (Denise), Fayette, and Franklin Lee McDonald, Winfield; grandchildren - Tiffany McWhirter, Kelly McWhirter, David McWhirter, Jessica Taylor (Kevin), Kimberly Benton (Michael), Justin McDonald (Nicole), Emily McDonald, Jennifer McDonald and Sarah McDonald; great-grandchildren - Zora McCarley, Jacoby McCarley, Alex Neels, Jayden McDonald and Tyler McDonald; sisters - Wynell Reed and Patty Tidwell; and a host of nieces, nephews and other relatives and friends.
Funeral services for Mrs. Stephens were held on Thursday, Jan. 17, 2019, at 7 p.m. from the Bowen Funeral Home Chapel. Burial followed on Friday morning, Jan. 18, 2019, in the Tidwell Chapel cemetery.
Mary Virginia Terrell, 72, was born on Feb. 6, 1946, in Lamar County.
She departed this life on Thursday, Jan. 10, 2019, in the UAB Medical Center in Birmingham. She was the daughter and seventh child of eight of the late Sarah Francis and John Henry Wallace. She was faithfully and happily married for 47 years.
She was preceded in death by her husband - Lee Albert Terrell; two beloved sons - Frankie and Phillip Lee Terrell; and five siblings - Effie Downs, Jack Wallace, Gene Wallace, Ettie Salters and Renea Riggins.
Mrs. Terrell is survived by six children - Denise Terrell, Hamilton, Catherine Terrell, Norman (Ginger) Terrell, Diana Terrell and Shawanda Terrell, all of Winfield, and Carolyn (Darrell) Terrell Hankins, Fulton, Miss.; 12 grandchildren and 15 great-grandchildren; a host of nieces and nephews; and a special friend, Annette Webb Bozeman Haney.
She was a very hard worker no matter what task it was, but she was an overall full-time mother and grandmother who was dedicated to her family and any loved ones.
Mrs. Terrell worked at the nursing home temporarily, the sewing plant and attended Mrs. Knight's class at Bevill State Community College for her GED. She last worked ironing for her close friend, Annette Webb Bozeman Haney, in Guin.
She will be truly missed very much and was truly loved by every person she crossed paths with and she was a true angel indeed.
Funeral services were held on Thursday, Jan. 17, 2019, at 2 p.m. from the Norwood Funeral Home Chapel with burial in the Beaver Creek Cemetery in Guin. Pastor Willie Joe Hollis was the officiating minister.
Mr. James Wayne Thompson, 75, Winfield, passed away on Thursday, Jan. 10, 2019, at St. Vincent's Medical Center in Birmingham.
Mr. Thompson was born on Jan. 12, 1943, in Dora. He was employed with the Winfield Cotton Mill for many years until its closing.
Mr. Thompson was preceded in death by his father - George Thompson.
He is survived by his wife - Johnnie Guin Thompson, Winfield; his mother - Lessie Thompson, Guin; a daughter - Angela (Mike) Harder, Fayetteville, Ga.; a son - Keith (Melissa) Thompson, Northport; grandchildren - Justin Harder, Emily Harder, Kaitlyn Harder, Michael Harder and Harrison Thompson; great-grandchildren - Jude and Georgia Kate Harder and Kaiden Threatt; three brothers - Gary Thompson, Bill (Nina) Thompson and Tim Thompson; two sisters - Shirley Raburn, and Sharon (Donnie) Smith; and a host of other relatives and friends.
Funeral services for Mr. Thompson were held at 6 p.m. on Sunday, Jan. 13, 2019, from the Bowen Funeral Home Chapel with burial following in West Alabama Memorial Gardens in Gu-Win.


This post is sponsored by Hill's. I am being compensated for helping spread the word about Hill's® Ideal Balance® CRAFTED, but My Pit Bull Friend only shares information we feel is relevant to our readers. Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. is not responsible for the content of this article.
Ancient Grains have been on the rise as of recent and it's no surprise why. They are packed full of nutritional value and can be used as an alternative to gluten in human and dog food.
Quinoa has been touted as a superfood in the food world because of its many health benefits. One cup of cooked Quinoa contains about 17-27 grams of fiber which is much higher than other grains. It is also very high in protein and can lower blood sugar and triglyceride levels.
Since I want the best for my family, I'm always on the hunt for healthy food and snacks and that goes for my pets too. When I discovered that the Hill's® Ideal Balance® CRAFTED line has Ancient Grains in their dog food I was ecstatic because it's nice to see dog food with the same ingredients you would see in high end human food.
Hill's® uses quality ingredients like thoughtfully sourced proteins and vegetables and in distinctive flavors like quinoa to create unique flavorful recipes. Their dog food is made in small batches made just the way you would make it if you did it yourself.
I became inspired by this Artisan Crafted dog food that I watch Bentley enjoy daily and decided to make a healthy meal for my family with some of the same ingredients and came up with a nice little recipe for Stir Fry Quinoa.
Cook the quinoa in a rice cooker, or on the stovetop according to package directions. Set aside.
Heat 1 tablespoon of oil in a wok or large nonstick frying pan over medium-high heat. Add the bell pepper, and cook, stirring occasionally, until softened slightly. Add the garlic, and stir-fry for 30 seconds. Stir in the red pepper flakes plus the black pepper.
Remove vegetables from the wok and set aside. Return the pan to heat, and add 1 teaspoon of oil. Add the quinoa and egg, and stir-fry to cook the egg, 30 seconds. Return the vegetables to the pan along with the chicken, scallions, soy sauce and lime juice. Stir to combine, and cook, stirring occasionally, for 1 minute.
When it comes to my family, health is number one so I will continue to be #InspiredbyCrafted when it comes to making responsible choices for mealtime. The fact that I was able to prepare a meal inspired by Hill's dog food truly shows that they take the time to create some wonderful food that you won't feel bad about giving to your pet because it's made of the same foods that you can eat. Now that's what I call a win win situation!
Have you been #InspiredbyCrafted yet?