text:
\subsection{Reinforcement Learning} \label{ssec:RL}
As a reward-based system, reinforcement learning (RL) strives to maximize the rewards of the interactions between an agent and its environment \cite{b28}. In response to feedback from the environment, the agent learns about its behavior, which is then attempted to improve due to its actions. Reward learning problems can be solved by devising policies (e.g., mapping between states and actions) that maximize the accumulation of rewards. In a reinforcement learning problem, five important entities are involved: the state, the action, the reward, the policy, and the value. Generally, reinforcement learning problems are modeled with Markov decision processes.

\subsection{Q-Learning} \label{sssec:QL}
During reinforcement learning, agents learn policies as they transition between states using the Q-learning algorithm \cite{b37}. In order to determine the optimal set of policies, we must assess all possible actions related to the different states of the agent. The value of this algorithm is maintained continuously by updating the Q-value according to the next state of the algorithm and the greedy action. A Q-function is essentially a function that accepts various arguments, such as state vectors, action vectors, rewards vectors, and learning rates. The discount factor is then calculated for the Q-value. However, because Q-learning-based systems require high dimensionality, they do not perform well in large state spaces.

\subsection{Deep Q Network (DQN)}
\label{sssec:DQN}
Several techniques have been developed to deal with significant space state problems, including Deep Q-Network (DQN), a networked Q-learning algorithm combining reinforcement learning with a class of artificial neural networks known as Deep Q Networks. Depending on the outcome of an action, the environment grants a positive reward or penalizes it with a negative reward. In addition to updating the weights of the DNN, the reward is also used to improve the performance of this machine learning algorithm.

In practice, when playing Atari games, the DQN algorithm has shown to be able to achieve impressive results. The purpose of this algorithm is to integrate DNNs with Q-Learning algorithms to determine self-aware decision policies ${\pi}$ used for mapping relations between states ${S}$ and actions  ${A}$ such that ${A=\pi(S)}$ \cite{b38}.

\subsection{Formulation}
As shown in Fig \ref{fig:SSL}, the Markov decision process has ${S}$ representing all possible states and ${A}$ representing all possible actions. It is possible to retrieve the possible rewards from any state and action pair ${(s, a)}$ by using the distribution ${R}$. In the Markov decision process, ${P}$ represents the transition probability distribution for the next state, and  ${\gamma}$ represents the discount factor. Future rewards are affected (discounted) by the discount factor. Since an agent faces uncertainty during the process, the more rewards it counts as it tries to predict future outcomes. We want to determine which action should be taken in every state according to a policy that determines the action to take. Furthermore, the complexity of the problem influences the number of states (which affects uncertainty), so our policy function will be complex.

RL and DRL algorithms were proposed for learning policies with the maximum cumulative reward. In order to determine the optimal policy, we need to: \begin{equation}
\pi^*=\arg \max _\pi \mathbb{E}\left[\sum_{t>0} r^{t r_t \mid \pi}\right]
\end{equation}
Using ${\pi^*}$ as the optimal policy, ${r}$ as rewards, and ${t}$ as the time step.

Value functions represent the expected cumulative reward of being in a particular environment state. It typically refers to the quality of a state and is defined as:
\begin{equation}
V^\pi(s)=\mathbb{E}\left[\sum_{t \geq 0} r^{t r_t \mid s_0=s, \pi}\right]
\end{equation}
A value function is defined by ${V^\pi(s)}$ based on policy ${\pi}$ for ${s}$, and an expected cumulative reward value is defined by ${\mathbb{E}}$.

We take action and state into account when calculating the Q-value function. In this case, the expected cumulative reward is calculated by being in a specific state, taking a specific action, and following the policy ${\pi}$.
\begin{equation}
Q^\pi(s, a)=\mathbb{E}\left[\sum_{t \geq 0} r^{t r_t \mid s_0=s, a_0=a, \pi}\right]
\end{equation}
In this case, ${Q^\pi(s, a)}$ represents the Q-value, ${a}$ represents the chosen action from among all the possible actions (${A}$), and ${s}$ represents a specific state from among all the possible states (${S}$).

We can retrieve the greatest expected reward from a particular state and action by using ${Q^*(s, a)}$ as the optimal Q-value.
\begin{equation}
Q^*(s, a)=\max _\pi \mathbb{E}\left[\sum_{t \geq 0} r^{t r_t \mid s_0=s, a_0=a, \pi}\right]
\end{equation}

In the case where the optimal state-action values are identified (${Q^*\left(s^{\prime}, a^{\prime}\right)}$), ${Q^*}$ satisfies the Bellman equation at the next time step:  \begin{equation}
Q^*(s, a)=\mathbb{E}_{s^{\prime} \sim \varepsilon}\left[r+\gamma \max _{a^{\prime}} Q^*\left(s^{\prime}, a^{\prime}\right) \mid s, a\right]
\end{equation}
${\gamma}$ is the discount factor, and ${\varepsilon}$ represents the MDP environment.

The most effective strategy is to maximize the expected value. The agent uses optimal policy ${\pi^*}$ to decide how to proceed in any state by the specification of ${Q^*}$. Using the Bellman equation as an iteration update, we can find the optimal policy through a value iteration algorithm: \begin{equation}
Q_{i+1}(s, a)=\mathbb{E}\left[r+\gamma \max _{a^{\prime}} Q_i\left(s^{\prime}, a^{\prime}\right) \mid s, a\right]
\end{equation}

Based on the two equations above, we can rewrite ${Q^*(s, a)}$ as follows:
\begin{equation}
Q^*(s, a)=\mathbb{E}\left[r+\gamma \max _{a^{\prime}} Q_i\left(s^{\prime}, a^{\prime}\right) \mid s, a\right]
\end{equation}

When neural networks are used in DQN, we get the action-value function ${Q^{\pi}(s, a)}$  from the policy ${\pi}$.
\begin{equation}
    Q(s, a ; \boldsymbol{\theta}) \approx Q^{*}(s, a)
\end{equation}
It is assumed that ${\theta}$ denotes the model parameters. The optimal Q-values are estimated using these weights.

Agents interact with the environment through greedy algorithms. This algorithm provides a means for balancing "exploration" (random action $a\in A$) with "exploitation" (action $a$ with ${\rm{argma}}{{\rm{x}}_a}\,Q(s,a;\theta )$) and generating a series of experiences defined as $(s_t,a_t,r_t,s_{t+1})$. ER buffer $B$ stores these experience samples. A random sample of experience samples is then taken from ER buffer, which creates a new model based on the randomly generated experience samples.

This initial learning stage is accelerated by a dynamic-greedy algorithm generating action distributions to obtain various experience samples in ER buffer $B$, which are stored in it. Changes in parameters can be obtained by following these steps:
\begin{equation}
\epsilon=\left\{\begin{array}{l}
\epsilon \times \epsilon_{\text {decay }}, \text { if } \epsilon \geq \epsilon_{\min } \\
\epsilon_{\min }, \text { otherwise }
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation}

Q-values can be estimated with an error when using a neural network. Due to this fact, the Bellman equation's error should be minimized. It is possible to minimize the error of the Bellman equation by using training loss functions. As a result, it is a measure of how far ${Q^(s, a)}$ is from the target value ${y_{i}}$ as follows:
\begin{equation}
L_{i}\left(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{i}\right)=\mathbb{E}\left[\left(y_{i}-Q\left(s, a ; \boldsymbol{\theta}_{i}\right)\right)^{2}\right]
\end{equation}
The model's parameters are updated using ${L_{i}}$ as an objective function representing the mean-square error (MSE). Based on the principle that ${y}$ is the target ${Q}$ value function, the following formula can be used to obtain it:
\begin{equation}
y_{i}=r+\gamma \max _{a^{\prime}} Q\left(s^{\prime}, a^{\prime} ; \boldsymbol{\theta}_{i-1}\right)
\end{equation}

The optimal policy is determined by updating the objective function using gradient descent. Accordingly, the gradient updating is calculated as follows:
\begin{equation}
\nabla_{\boldsymbol{\theta}_{i}} L\left(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{i}\right)=\mathbb{E}_{\sim U}\left[\left(y-Q\left(s, a ; \boldsymbol{\theta}_{i}\right)\right) \nabla_{\boldsymbol{\theta}_{i}} Q\left(s, a ; \boldsymbol{\theta}_{i}\right)\right]
\end{equation}
${\sim U}$ indicates the random uniform sampling.
\subsection{Double Deep Q Network (DDQN)} \label{sssec:DDQN}
There are many similarities between DDQN and DQN. The difference between DDQN and DQN lies in that DDQN employs two neural networks, both of which implement current Q functions and the other which implements target Q functions. It is essential to realize that the target Q function is a copy of the current Q function with a delayed timing loop created after a certain number of training runs are completed.

It is possible to perform gradient descent over objective functions without recursively relying on training networks, thus preventing the moving target effect from occurring in gradient descent \cite{b39}.

We use this approach in the following form:
\begin{equation}
Q^*(s, a)=(1-\alpha) \cdot Q(s, a)+\alpha\left(r+\gamma \cdot \max _{a^{\prime}} Q\left(s^{\prime}, a^{\prime}\right)\right)
\end{equation}
Where $\alpha$ is the learning rate, $\gamma$ is the discount factor, and $\max _{a^{\prime}} Q\left(s^{\prime}, a^{\prime}\right)$ is the estimate of optimal future value.
\subsection{Classification Markov Decision Process (CMDP)}
Because DRL solves a sequential decision-making problem, it is infrequently used for classification tasks. It has been developed that a standard classification problem is defined as a sequential decision-making problem by the classification Markov decision process (CMDP).

Consider the CMDP framework for the tuple $\{S, A, P, R\}$. Classification problems can be described as sequential decision-making problems in which${S}$, ${A}$, ${P}$, and ${R}$ correspond to state space, action space, transition probability, and reward function, respectively.

\textbf{State space ${S}$.} Training samples determine it. In order to determine the initial state of the agent, a sample will be taken at the beginning of each episode. The training data sequence is generated based on the order of samples collected when the environment starts a new episode.

\textbf{Action space ${A}$.} A list of identified actions is provided, and each action is classified as either an attack or a normal label. Consequently,  ${A}$ consists of  $\{1,2, \ldots, K\}$, whereas ${K}$ represents the entire data set.

\textbf{Transition probability ${P}$.} Transition models are described as follows: $P: S \times A \longrightarrow S$. CMDP has a deterministic transition probability. The agent will receive the next state according to the order in which the samples are received in the mini-batch after obtaining the current state and taking the appropriate action. A mini-batch of samples is then processed sequentially until all samples' problems are resolved.

\textbf{Reward function ${R}$.} Rewarding the agent for its actions promotes the agent's learning of the policy and enables it to make appropriate decisions. If the state label is correctly detected, this work results in a positive reward from the environment; otherwise, a negative reward. Therefore, the reward function is designed as follows:
\begin{equation}
R\left(s_{t}, a_{t}, l_{t}\right)= \begin{cases}1, & \text a_{t}=l_{t} \\ -1, & \text  a_{t} \neq l_{t}\end{cases}
\end{equation}
$l_{t}$ indicates whether the label is a fault or a normal label.

\begin{figure*}
\centering

  \includegraphics[clip, trim=1cm 20cm 0cm 2cm,width=0.7\textwidth,height=4cm, scale=0.2]{5.pdf}
  \caption{ An overview of the Recommender Agent-User interaction in MDP.}\label{fig:SSL}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Setup Details}

\textbf{Dataset.}\label{AA}
Data from an actual working steam turbine was used in this study. A sampling rate of one minute per day was used to collect the turbine's data over 124 days. It was determined that 207,361 data were collected in total. However, 190,635 data could be used after preprocessing and removing outlier data from the non-dominant operating mode. The normal category comprises 121,279 data, and the fault category comprises 69,356 data. It contains 31 features, including condenser pressure, pressure on inlet valves, steam flow value, active and reactive power, and others. In this case, the problem was caused by the leakage of one of the pressure valves, failing the entire system. Data are collected in the dominant operating mode of the system, known as the high-pressure mode, and they are sufficiently comprehensive to provide a good understanding of the system's functioning.

\textbf{Parameters.}\label{AA}
With the CMDP framework, we set the mini-batch size to 128, initial $\alpha$ to 1 with a decay rate of 0.9999, and initial $\epsilon$ to 0.9 with a decay rate of 0.99. Additionally, we set the $\gamma$ to 0.001 and the number of iterations to 1000, with the minimum $\alpha$ and $\epsilon$ setting to 0.0001. As part of the training process, we also use an Adam optimizer with learning rates of 0.001. Table 1 shows the parameters of the neural networks, and both the current and target networks have the same structure. In hidden neurons, we use the LeakyReLU activation function. There is no reason to worry about initializing a neural network with an LReLU. It is possible for a ReLU network never to learn if neurons are not activated at the beginning.

At each step of the algorithm execution, $70\%$ of the data is used for training, while the rest is used to test the algorithm. Every time we train the algorithm on daily data, we return a higher-performing model which returns the highest number of recall criteria in all iterations (on test data) to increase the speed of analysis. In order to demonstrate the importance of the class with less data, we consider average recall as a macro.

\textbf{Preprocessing.}\label{AA}
In the available dataset, some rows have a "drop-it" title. Data such as this should be deleted as it is considered outlier data. It is then necessary to normalize the data between 0 and 1 by using a Min-Max scaler as follows:

\begin{align}
{{\rm{x}}_{scaled}} = \frac{{{\rm{x}} - {\rm{ }}{{\rm{x}}_{min}}}}{{{{\rm{x}}_{max}} - {\rm{ }}{{\rm{x}}_{min}}}}.
\label{formula3}
\end{align}
Where $x$ and $x_{scaled}$ assigns features before and after normalization, and $x_{min}$ and $x_{max}$ assigns minimum and maximum value of features based on training data before normalization.

\subsection{Results and Discussion}
We analyze the dataset for all days at once with the framework specifications DQLAP and the parameters mentioned in the previous section. According to the results, we achieved $91\%$ in all performance metrics. According to this performance level, the deep reinforcement learning algorithm's analysis is close to that of an expert.

By using the daily update to improve the policy instead of all the data at once, we reach $94\%$ in all performance metrics. As a result, the daily update policy is more closely related to the expert, and the algorithm is more similar to the expert's daily feedback.

Our results show that the neural network does not perform as well as the previous two models outside the designed framework.

Furthermore, the prediction speed of the network in the framework (per iteration) is faster than that of the same network outside it. Our analysis can be sped up by using a buffer and creating action parameters that interact with the environment.
\begin{table} [!htb]
	\caption{Comparison of designed systems}\label{tab:transfer}

	\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.5}

	\label{tab:reg}
	\centering

	\resizebox{0.48\textwidth}{!}{%
		\setlength\tabcolsep{3pt}
		\begin{tabular}{cccccccccc}
			\hline
			method & Accuracy& Precision & Recall& F1 Score \\ \hline
			MLP Network  &0.90&0.91&0.90&0.90\\
			DDQN without Update Policy  &0.91&0.91&0.91&0.91\\
			DDQN with Update Policy &\textbf{0.94}&\textbf{0.94}&\textbf{0.94}&\textbf{0.94}\\
			\hline

		\end{tabular}
	}
\end{table}
\subsection{Visualization}
We map the entire data to 2D space using PCA to understand the recommender system's performance and compare it with the announced labels. This will allow us to analyze the data visually. Fig \ref{fig:v1} and \ref{fig:v2} depict this representation. Fault data is labeled 0, and normal data is labeled 1. The expert and DQLAP labels are the same in most distribution areas, as shown in Fig \ref{fig:v1} and Fig \ref{fig:v2}. There is evidence that DQLAP has declared more normal labels in the above cluster and that the distribution of those areas has become more coherent. By improving our framework, we can improve this cluster's coherence and classification accuracy.

 As seen in Fig \ref{fig:v1}, there is a yellow part of the data distribution in the middle of the page, indicating that the expert declared that area normal. The data distribution seems closer to non-normal or fault, and DQLAP has also categorized it as a fault.

Consequently, the differences between the expert's opinion and the prediction framework appear primarily due to the closeness of the distributions of the two classes. DQLAP's division form seemed better than the expert opinion in some distribution parts.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering

  \includegraphics[scale=0.6]{download1.png}
  \caption{Scatter plot for two-dimensional representation in the spatial distribution of data with the label suggested by the expert.}\label{fig:v1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering

  \includegraphics[scale=0.6]{download.png}
  \caption{Scatter plot for two-dimensional representation in the spatial distribution of data with the label suggested by our framework.}\label{fig:v2}
\end{figure}

\section{Introduction}
\input{section_Introduction}

\section{Prior Art}
\input{section_prior_art}

\section{Background}

\input{section_background}

\section{Proposed Method}
\input{proposed_method}

\section{Simulations}
\input{simulations}

\section{Conclusion}
This paper presents a recommender framework combining reinforcement learning with a turbine system's neural networks. To solve our problem, we first defined it as a Markov Decision Process, then analyzed and compared it with the feedback of an expert by obtaining suitable parameters for the network and the reinforcement learning agent. The results show that the proposed algorithm has the closest performance to an expert's opinion if we analyze the data daily and update the policy accordingly. Furthermore, our system will perform the best analysis with less label knowledge by learning the distribution space of data and, based on that, announce its forecast for the next few days to help expert man and reduce time waste, and cost, along with detecting faults that are unlikely to occur. Moreover, this method does not require extracting features. DQLAP is better at predicting each iteration than a similar network outside the framework, and the analysis can be performed at more speed every day.

\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The Lifetime Chair Cart allows you to move and store up to 32 Lifetime folding chairs at once!
The Lifetime chair cart is designed made of powder-coated, 16 gauge square tubing with commercial strength in mind. Swivel casters to enable you to maneuver the Lifetime chair cart safely and easily.


Here it is, the news we'v all been waiting for.................I just read that violet lips are back!! I know, I am not sure I am going to try this either, I have only just got used to wearing mine red. However! According to my new Pantone App violet complements Pantone 18-0435 (olive green) and since I am all about reading into numbers today, I think this means violet lips go well with olive skin, so my skin colour! Naaaaa, still not enough to convince me to try them, but if you are braver than me what I think they work well with are those retro' green mono-colour lens; violet lips can look a little futuristic so a pair of vintage sunglasses just create a well balanced look.


text:
Theretra gordius är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Stoll 1782. Theretra gordius ingår i släktet Theretra och familjen svärmare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Svärmare
gordius

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Make sure your system was set to cool. It's a common mistake and one that is made regularly, but if you haven't changed your thermostat from the heat setting, cool air won't be blowing. Simple issue, simple solution!
Check the unit outside. Double check to see if there are any barriers around your system, such as items or dirt, that can clog your air flow and cool air production.
Change your filters. As always, this step is vital to refining the work of your air conditioning system. With sanitary and new filters, your cool air will be cleaner and it will create an comfortable environment for air to flow through.
Once you've worked things out – your system is set to cool, and the unit and filters are clean – and you still aren't receiving any cool air, it's time to call in the experts if there are issues. Annual air conditioner service should be on your radar at this time every year nonetheless, so now is the perfect time to look at every feature of your system before the summer hits. The specialists at Woody's Sudden Service Inc will not only solve the current issue at hand, but they will also address any small likely issues that could turn into bigger concerns later.
Chances are that if your home isn't cooling effortlessly, your system might be deficient in refrigerant based on low levels or even a leak. If you noticed that ice was establishing when you inspected your outdoor unit, that may be an sign that you need more refrigerant. In an air conditioner maintenance check, our professionals can fix any leaks in your lines or refrigerant shortages.
Everyone relies on their air conditioner to get them through the summer and it can be easy to forget how important your system is to your summer comfort. Don't agonize about your air conditioner breaking down and instead, be practical about testing and servicing your system before the heat wave hits. If you have any questions about your system or want to schedule that regular air conditioner service, call our experts at 703-278-2036 or make an appointment with us online.


text:
0D9A0810
Yalkin Spanish Horses
Yalkin Riding Centre
Update 7/4/2020
Yalkin Spanish Horses will have to be slowly disbanded over the next few years. Health issues of owner, trainer, stud master and visionary Tiffany Ayres, have forced the future of the Yalkin breeding program to be re assessed.
Thankfully it is something that can be planned and executed over years, so there will be no "fire sale". All horses, gear and eventually property, are technically for sale, and will be listed at their value to the Yalkin breeding and showing program. Prices will not be negotiable unless otherwise stated. All horses and gear will eventually listed here, but as this will be a slow progress advance inquiries are welcome.
Yalkin Spanish Horses
Ability with Style
Yalkin Spanish Horses is at Monarto, between Mount Barker & Murray Bridge, South Australia. It is an area with a Mediterranean climate very similar to southern Spain.
YSH is the home of Australis Romanzo. I am the owner and my interest in the breed started at an early age, living in Perth, Western Australia, as a horse mad but horse-less schoolgirl. It was my dream to own a horse, and following a visit to El Caballo Blanco, the original home of the Spanish Andalusian horses in Australia, I knew what I wanted. A bay Andalusian Stallion.
Many years later the dream started to become reality when I bred Yalkin Rialto. A bay half Andalusian gelding, not quite the full dream, but close, was to become a my talented partner for a wide range of equestrian interests - competition dressage, classical dressage, Doma Vaquera, hacking, show jumping, cross country, stock work, elegance in side saddle, on a lead or under saddle in breed classes or a pleasure ride through the countryside, from flag bearer at the annual El Rocio Festival, solo or as a group performer in displays and street parades, Rialto did it with style. His versatility, beauty, trainability and temperament were a credit to his breeding. But it only fed my dream to one day own a pure Spanish stallion
In 1998 I finally fulfilled my dream, in the purchase of a young bay colt - Australis Romanzo. As with Rialto, the Spanish heritage and breed characteristics of the Andalusian horse have been respected and preserved in the riding and training methods used in the education of this magic horse. Again he carried me to success in so many aspects of riding and competition.
Since then every purchase of a new Pure Spanish Andalusian to grow the Yalkin team of horses is a certain confirmation that this breed is the King of breeds, and I will never be tempted by another.
Both of my beloved Ambassadors, Rialto and Romanzo, have passed away, but they live forever in the bloodlines, temperaments and characters of the Yalkin breeding team.
Tiffany Ayres
Owner/Studmaster
Email Yalkin
© 2014 Yalkin Spanish Horses. Ability with Style.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tortious Interference With Employment Relations Georgia
Concealment of a material fact with the intention to deceive and mislead supports an action for fraud. O.C.G.A. 51-6-2 (a). And when a confidential relationship exists, as between a patient and physician, "a person's silence when he should speak, or his failure to disclose what he ought to disclose, is as much a fraud in law as an actual affirmative false representation." Cleveland v. Albany Urology Clinic, 235 Ga. App. 838, 840 (1) (509 S.E.2d 664) (1998), cert. granted, S99G0600. J a Harris County deputy sheriff, sued R, M.D., for tortious interference with his employment, invasion of privacy, and fraud, stemming from a conversation Dr. R had with J's employer regarding J's mental state. Dr. R answered and moved to dismiss the unverified complaint on the ground that J had failed to attach an expert affidavit as required by O.C.G.A. 9-11-9.1. The trial court granted the motion as to the tortious interference and invasion of privacy claims and later granted summary judgment to R on the fraud claim. J appeals, arguing that the first two claims did not allege a violation of professional standards that required an expert's supporting affidavit and that issues of fact remained for a jury on the fraud claim. For the reasons that follow, we reverse the dismissal of the counts alleging invasion of privacy and tortious interference with employment and affirm the grant of summary judgment to defendant R on the fraud count. 1. In his complaint, J alleged that on August 30, 1996, he visited Dr. R, his personal physician, to discuss a physical problem. After the visit, R contacted J's employer and told him J "should not be allowed to carry a firearm, deal with the public in a stressful situation, or control a motor vehicle under high speed stressful driving situations because he was mentally unfit." J claimed that R's communication with the sheriff breached his duty to protect J's privacy and constituted tortious interference with J's employment because the allegation that he was not mentally fit was untrue. Dr. R successfully moved to dismiss these two counts, arguing that J's allegations against him arose out of his medical care and treatment, making J's failure to attach an expert affidavit to his complaint fatal to his claim. J argues on appeal that he did not need to attach an expert affidavit to his complaint because he was not suing Dr. R for the exercise of his medical judgment, but for "independent torts separate and distinct from the tort of medical malpractice." J claims Dr. R invaded his privacy and tortiously interfered with his employment. These claims are based on R's intentional act of telling J's employer about J's medical condition. Because J makes no claim against R based on professional negligence, he did not have to attach an expert affidavit to his complaint, and the trial court erred in granting R's motion to dismiss the invasion of privacy and tortious interference with employment claims. See Labovitz, supra. 2. J contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to Dr. R on the fraud count. The fraud arose, J contends, when R concealed from him the state of his mental condition and that R "was not the appropriate physician to treat a severe mental condition and by failing to refer Plaintiff to a psychiatrist or a psychologist." J contends that he relied on R's reassurances of good health and that R's concealment of his diagnosis resulted in J being fired. R denied these allegations in his answer. In his motion for summary judgment, Dr. R argued that the record contains no evidence from which a jury could find each element of fraud. The first element of fraud is that the defendant made a false representation, and once R pointed to the absence of evidence to support this element of J's fraud claim, J had to come forward with "specific evidence giving rise to a triable issue." Lau's Corp. v. Haskins, supra, 261 Ga. at 491. He did not do so and in fact presented no evidence at all in response to R's motion for summary judgment. Therefore, the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment to R on J's fraud claim.


Exclusively breastfed babies do not need multivitamins and vitamin C drops. It is important that the mother eats well and includes leafy vegetables in her diet. If the mother's diet is not very healthy, vitamins and iron supplements may be given to her instead of the baby. However, once the baby starts on solids (around the age of 4-6 months), many doctors recommend that the baby's diet be supplemented with iron, calcium and vitamin drops.
During the time that the mother is breastfeeding, she is not only eating for herself but also providing nutrition for the baby. A baby's need for calcium is significant in the early months - for teething and bone development of the entire body. If the mother does not take enough calcium in her foods and dietary supplements, she will begin to lose her own calcium (from teeth and bones) that will get passed on to the baby through breast milk. This is why most doctors recommend iron and calcium supplements to the nursing mother. This becomes even more important if the mother is pregnant again.
Doctors generally advise that iron should be taken after meals because it is quite strong and requires some amount of vitamin C for better absorption (contained in all citric fruits and many vegetables). If calcium is taken at the same time as iron, calcium slows down the absorption of iron. Therefore, in order to get the highest absorption of both these supplements, it is better that iron is taken right after meals and calcium is taken between meals.


text:
Cybersecurity SECURITY 20 November, 2019 1:28 pm
The telecommunications industry has found itself on the verge of change stemming from the introduction of the 5G network. This simultaneously provides a range of never-before-seen opportunities and poses a threat to security, morphing into an issue that has ignited political rows around the world. States are becoming increasingly strained over divergent stances on whether Chinese telecoms companies should be involved in building the 5G wireless network.
What is 5G technology?
The fifth-generation (5G) wireless network technology is poised to offer faster data downloads while putting in place a digital transformation strategy that so far has not covered many areas of human activity. The cutting-edge technology could serve up to one million connected devices per square meter. The 5G technology is likely to alter user behavior, paving the way for transferring much larger files, connecting to better-quality streaming while enabling better communication with their fellow users. This vanguard technology will open new opportunities for business, transport, and city infrastructure, providing for greater automation and the rollout of advanced information systems. This vision that many policymakers dubbed somewhat alluring is well illustrated by the example of an autonomous car transporting a patient for surgery, the latter carried out by a medical robot being operated remotely by an eminent surgeon based somewhere on the other part of the world. Nevertheless, any conspiracy theories spreading health scares about the 5G mobile network should be ignored, given that back in 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued an official statement on the health effect of electromagnetic radiation . Although placing a 5G transmitter every ten homes will boost electrosmog, this has no proven impact on human health or behavior. The 5G wireless technology is set to follow suit of its predecessors, or 4G, LTE, and LTE-Advanced networks, eventually ousting earlier generations. The European Commission has adopted a plan with the objective to start launching 5G services in at least one city in every Member State by 2020, followed by coverage of all major urban areas and biggest terrestrial transport paths by 2025. Poland also plans to develop the 5G network. The Office of Electronic Communication, the country's telecoms regulatory authority, says that as many as four Polish cities may welcome the fifth-generation network infrastructure next year. In Poland, first pilot trials have been launched by some telecoms operators, including Exatel, Ericsson, Nokia, Orange, T-Mobile, and Play.
A global 5G game
The telecoms market currently sees a narrow group of entities capable of ensuring fifth-generation wireless services. China holds the lead in the number of 5G patents held worldwide, accounting for as much as 34.02 percent of them, followed by South Korea (25.23 percent), Finland (13.82 percent), the United States (13.91 percent), Sweden (7.93 percent), and Japan ( 4.93 percent) . Among top actors are Scandinavia's Ericsson and Nokia, Huawei of China, South Korea's LG and Samsung, U.S. telecoms Verizon and AT&T, as well as an American telecommunications equipment company Qualcomm. Notably, U.S. suppliers recorded a gradual decline in importance to the benefit of China, first observed in the early days of this century when the U.S. telecoms industry lost stream to the advantage of the Middle Kingdom. It is noteworthy that Chinese tech vendors have contributed significantly to the 4G rollout across Europe, chiefly in Germany and the United Kingdom. It can therefore be concluded that they will continue the 5G expansion by using a foot-in-the-door technique. The Americans, for their part, will attempt to catch up on the backlog while bringing their competitors to a halt, mainly through a set of political actions that –– quite importantly –– might eventually prove justified if fears over adverse outcomes of cooperation with China on U.S. and allies' security deem credible. Telecoms giants from both sides of the Pacific may find it challenging to see the emerging, albeit silent competition from Scandivanian firms: Finland's Nokia and Ericsson of Sweden. As it might turn out, they could forge cooperation with South Korea's Samsung in their endeavor to deploy a 5G network in Japan. Nokia said that it had inked 48 global fifth-generation commercial contracts . And new alliances are being formed: Samsung teamed up with U.S.-based Qualcomm to develop advanced 5G modems . The partnership between broadly understood Western telecoms firms might be established for purely business purposes. But it is only the involvement of Chinese companies that gives political momentum to the sector in a move that prompts security analysts to keep a close watch on Beijing-based telecoms giants' further steps. This is relevant due to the effect the fifth-generation communications network may exert on both security and social development.
A new security reality
Due to its profound impact on human life, the 5G technology has aroused a surge of interest for the security sector that saw in the newest-generation network both fresh opportunities for development and threats to citizens and state secrets. Security experts say that once used to steal data or take control of digitally managed infrastructure, the 5G network could permit hostile entities to accomplish malicious goals. In this way, state actors will obtain data on the functioning of whole social groups whose representatives send real-time information on their behavior patterns, everyday choices, and even groceries in the fridge. As for non-state actors, they can derange intelligent transportation systems, exchange unreliable expiry dates on certain food products or contaminate water bodies. The 5G technology thus turns out to open up a new ground that until then had been reserved for foreign intelligence services and technology-related organizations. Therefore the fifth-generation communications network should grow in a thoughtful and orderly manner, with national security watchdogs being in charge. Western representatives of the security industry frequently voice concerns over the deployment of China-made technology that might carry solutions enabling Beijing to use 5G networks to fulfill its political aims while running a possible risk to national security.
What's behind China-made equipment
Across the world, as well as in Europe and Poland, the debate on the 5G technology heated up after disclosing first reports on Chinese vendors allegedly utilizing the network to collect intelligence data for the Beijing government. In February 2018, FBI Director Chris Wray cautioned against buying Huawei and ZTE phones, while in May, the U.S. Pentagon banned the sale of devices from these two on U.S. military bases. In June, the U.S. Congress called out Google –– the market leader in email services, also in charge of the world's biggest search engine –– over its ties with Huawei, while a leaked report showed the latter's special permissions from Facebook, the world's leading social networking website. In July 2018, Australia effectively excluded Huawei from public procurement for 5G infrastructure in the country. In October 2018, reports said that China's Huawei might have stolen technology solutions from a U.S.-based startup, CNEX Labs. In December 2019, Meng Wanzhou, Huawei's chief financial officer (CFO), was arrested in Canada and charged with industrial espionage. Still in the same month, Japan said no to China-made equipment for a 5G rollout across the country. In January 2019, President of the United States Donald Trump was reported to consider issuing an executive order banning Huawei and ZTE gear from U.S. communications networks. Also in the same period, Poland detained an employee of Huawei and a scholar at the Military University of Technology on spying allegations. In late January 2019, the United States unveiled 23 indictments against the Chinese telecom giant, accusing it of trade theft and fraud. In February, the FBI raided Huawei labs. The United Kingdom announced the decision to further cooperate with the Chinese equipment maker, yet saying that additional security measures need to be taken into account. Also, Poland said it would not obstruct commercial pursuits of any company. In March 2019, Huawei called for international cybersecurity security that would protect against abuse. In April this year, the CIA accused Huawei of receiving funding from Chinese security services.
Though Vodafone discovered hidden spying mechanisms added to Huawei phones, the United Kingdom allowed the Chinese tech company to bid for the country's mobile network. The heated dispute over the Chinese firm's participation led to the sacking of Defense Secretary Gavin Williamson in May this year. Still in the same month, U.S. President Donald Trump issued an executive order seeing Huawei as a source of threat to national security. In June, Russia greenlighted Huawei to develop a fifth-generation communications network in the country, and two months later, in August, the U.S. Department of Commerce allowed American companies to do business with the Chinese telecom giant. In September, Huawei dropped a lawsuit against the U.S. government after the latter returned telecom equipment seized back in 2017, yet upholds the suit filed following Donald Trump's decree on banning Chinese technology. Though in October, Google refused to resume technological cooperation with Huawei, President Trump was reportedly ready to readmit trading Chinese gear in the United States. The discussion on China's participation in the 5G revolution sweeping through Western countries is underway and causes high excitement, especially given how the events have unfolded so far. Interestingly, the potential participation of U.S. and Scandinavian firms seems to stir up far less powerful emotions. Poland is considering inking a deal with Sweden's Ericsson, and it has already signed an agreement with the United States that obliged it to cooperate only with trusted and reliable 5G equipment suppliers . Poland's Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki and U.S. Vice-President Mike Pence signed a relevant accord on the matter, a document intended to serve as a model and warning for European nations that take into account getting technology from "unreliable" sources, which are by default Chinese. Despite this, Poland has not officially ruled out its cooperation with any telecoms company.
5G: a tool for influence?
There are at least two reasons behind a lively debate over China's participation in the 5G rollout, the first of which is seemingly more trivial and somewhat simplistic. The U.S.-Chinese mounting political and economic rivalry makes these two involved in some economic spats like a trade war. The current 5G drama may be just a splinter of the competition between Washington and Beijing. In this light, any U.S. intelligence actions taken to turn Washington's allies against Chinese vendors appears to be an attempt to narrow down the Middle Kingdom's influence in the U.S.-dominated Western world. Such an interpretation would deem acceptable if it were not for the fact that the Americans allowed for China's encroachment into their backyard, and its lasting objection toward Huawei likely may seem part of Washington's talks with Beijing to achieve an explicit goal of Trump administration's foreign policy, which is a new trade deal with China. Viewing the row over Chinese telecom firms and 5G as a geopolitical dispute seems unjustified when compared to publicly available data on actual security doubts around China-made fifth-generation communications gear. Chinese law on national intelligence requires privately held companies, of which Huawei and ZTE are examples, to cooperate unconditionally with Chinese intelligence agencies. And the very concept of "a private company" has a different flavor than it has in the West. Local companies are subject –– either directly or indirectly –– to a system of Chinese Communist Party control and cannot operate outside Beijing's political umbrella. And even those entities listed on the stock exchanges de facto represent the Chinese regime abroad. In its numerous analyzes, prominent research centers like Avast Threat Labs or Kryptowire disclosed a set of vulnerabilities in Huawei and ZTE software allowing uncontrollable data flow to China . On October 9, 2019, the European Commission released a report Report on the EU coordinated risk assessment on cybersecurity in Fifth Generation networks, implying that state-run or state-backed companies might pose the greatest possible threat in the 5G area and urging the Member States to launch risk assessment procedures before installing any network-related equipment . Telecoms market analysts say that these are China-based companies that could not be named openly for political reasons. Such restrictions make even the world's most optimistic governments forge 5G cooperation with China only under upon proper security guarantees.
A 5G game goes on
All in all, 5G technology has given rise to tempting prospects for both economy and social development. Its rollout is likely to lead to the proliferation of the fifth-generation network devices all over the world. There are many companies on the market being capable of providing the technology needed to advance 5G services across Europe, albeit under the recommendations of the European Commission. Nonetheless, any government must listen to the arguments put forward by security analysts who caution against some vendors. This should by no means exclude that an open tender will be held for 5G buildout, with a set of requirements being put in place, where the best technology will prevail, allowing the fifth-generation revolution to roll out securely. Therefore it is plausible to conceive the following two extreme solutions. What would be seen as dramatically disadvantageous for China-made technologies that have already come under harsh criticism from the West could be sanctions similar to those that U.S. President Donald Trump wanted to impose on Huawei. Once in force, these punitive measures would ban the use of the Chinese telecoms' gear in Western countries, also those holding close ties to the countries of the "Five Eyes" intelligence alliance: the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. The question is yet whether the EU Member States would follow suit as these show a somewhat ambivalent stance, an example of which is Germany that expresses concerns over security matters while not excluding China's participation in the fifth-generation revolution. Under the best-case scenario for China, its telecoms companies will be given the go-ahead to build the 5G infrastructure in the West, albeit after fulfilling a series of formal security restrictions. It is possible to imagine that China's cooperation with mainland Europe will manifest the latter's independence of the United States, as was the case with how Austrian and German diplomacy interpreted the involvement in the construction of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline. Back then, Berlin and Vienna scoffed at the U.S. attempts to dissuade them from pursuing the much-debated energy project with Russia through a firm diplomatic response . Though the discussion on the 5G technology has taken on outsized political significance, any potential decision on including companies into the newest-generation buildout should not be taken without prior insight into objective concerns raised by the security sector. If any equipment contains spyware, it should be removed from the country's 5G infrastructure or at least from its use in strategic fields.
Source: The Warsaw Institute
Cybersecurity in 2018 – The Kosciuszko Institute publishes experts' forecasts
Western sanctions: Little impact to Russia's oil and gas sector
Bojarczyk: Poland will not be a viable force in the coalition of tanker protection
5G China cybersecurity Huawei security The Warsaw Institute USA
2 August, 2019 10:00 am
The United Kingdom proposes to create a coalition to protect oil tankers in the Strait of Hormuz. The Poles raised initial interest in the […]
It is expected that Western restrictions, imposed on Russia by the United States and the European Union after the annexation of Crimea, will become […]
5 January, 2018 11:00 am
Like every year, we have asked experts who are members of the European Cybersecurity Forum – CYBERSEC community and who represent different fields […]


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NSF Awards Grant for Horseshoe Crab "Ranch" in Coastal Georgia
Home / Blog • Info • News / NSF Awards Grant for Horseshoe …
September 17, 2018 Blog, Info, News
On September 8, 2018, the National Science Foundation (NSF) awarded a Phase I Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) feasibility grant to Kepley BioSystems (KBI) for a novel approach to Limulus amebocyte lysate collection from Atlantic horseshoe crabs (HSC, Limulus polyphemus). As a start-up committed to developing disruptive innovations to address global challenges, KBI proposed methods for easing a myriad of pressures on wild HSC populations at prospective Coastal Georgia sites.
To comply with FDA sterility testing protocols, hundreds of thousands of wild HSCs are captured for the biomedical industry to extract a unique component of their blood and then return them to the water every year. Nearly as many are also captured and used for whelk and eel fishing bait. As a keystone species, migrating shorebirds also depend on their eggs as essential nutrition en route to northern nesting grounds. And, imminent extinction of the Asian HSCs (Tachypleus tridentatus) poses additional threats to the Atlantic HSCs due to growing demand from companies that had used Asian HSCs for sterility testing when previously more plentiful. KBI highlighted these and other factors impacting HSC viability in the recent article, "The Role of Horseshoe Crabs in the Biomedical Industry and Recent Trends Impacting Species Sustainability" (Krisfalusi-Gannon, et al, Front. Mar. Sci. 05 June 2018). The lead authors were also NSF-sponsored, undergraduate interns working with KBI in 2016, and one of them has remained on the team conducting initial HSC studies funded by a NOAA Sea Grant.
As an ancient species, HSCs survived several mass extinctions over 450 million years and now provide the "gold standard" to detect gram-negative bacteria; this is especially exigent, given rapidly evolving threats from antibiotic microbial resistance. Notably, the World Health Organization (WHO) sounded an alarm that identified ten of fourteen of the most virulent drug-resistant bacteria as gram-negative. However, HSC blood reacts to a core cellular component of gram-negative pathogens, which suggests unlikely adaption to elude such detection.
Terry Brady, KBI chief inventor, who grew up in Coastal Georgia among HSCs on every beach, remarked, "Having NSF summer interns delving into the plight of HSCs inspired several project innovations that will challenge prior research on HSCs in captivity."
Dr. Kristen Dellinger, principal investigator, and research intern, Jordan Gannon.
Dr. Kristen Dellinger, principal investigator, and research intern, Jordan Gannon, conducting a preliminary assessment of a mature female horseshoe crab.
"The importance of this program should not be underestimated given the dangers of super bugs," said KBI president, Dr. Anthony Dellinger. "Everyone should read Jim O'Neill's antibiotic microbial resistance projections of 300 million people dying prematurely by 2050 and consuming over a hundred trillion dollars of global GDP in the process" ("Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations", J. O'Neill, May 19, 2016).
Red knots are among the beloved migrating shorebirds that feed on HSC eggs to fuel their migration. In related initiatives, KBI is developing synthetic eggs that mimic them as a nutritional supplement for flyover beaches where HSC counts have sharply declined. Additionally, KBI has conducted NSF-funded research to develop a synthetic crustacean bait that is now being proposed for adaptation as an alternative to using HSCs as whelk and eel bait ("A Synthetic Crustacean Bait to Stem Forage Fish Depletion," A. Dellinger, et al, Global Ecology and Conservation 7, 2016, 2348-244).
Dr. Kristen Dellinger, the principal investigator, observed, "Working with Lance Toland (lead inventor of the synthetic HSC eggs and resident of Coastal Georgia), the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, the University of Georgia Sea Grant team, and the Jekyll Island Authority all provided vital support for us to develop the HSC ranch proposal."
The KBI team is eager to begin this NSF-funded project, "A Novel Horseshoe Crab Device and Approach for a Sustainable Endotoxin Testing Resource," immediately.
About the National Science Foundation
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency created by Congress in 1950 "to promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure the national defense..." NSF is vital because it supports basic research and people to create knowledge that transforms the future. This support is a primary driver of the U.S. economy, enhances the nation's security, and advances knowledge to sustain global leadership.
Kepley BioSystems presents at the American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting
NC Biotechnology Center: Greensboro Firm Develops Crab Ranch To Corral Drug Resistant Bacteria


Please be advised of the following changes to the conference program for 2018.
The official Conference starts will begin at 11 AM.
Reserve your space on a farm "study tour" before 11 AM on November 26th. Limited space.
Visit our website regularly to find information about workshop streams and confirmed speakers. Updates and sneak-peeks will be posted regularly.
View 2018, 2017 and 2016 conference programs by clicking on the program cover.


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By Marquis Who's Who Moderator August 6, 2020
Jaydene Morrison has been passionate about the wellbeing of children since a formative age. Desiring to make a difference in children's lives and look for answers regarding life's greatest questions, she began her career as a teacher at Cushing Public Schools in Oklahoma in 1955 and Indianapolis Public Schools in 1958. Between the years 1965 and 1973, she was a counselor and special education teacher at Helena-Goltry Public Schools in Oklahoma, which opened her eyes to the realm of counseling, psychology and contributing to the mental health of students across the nation.
As her career progressed, Ms. Morrison advanced to higher levels of authority and served as a psychometrist for the Oklahoma State Title III program. From 1977 to 1985, she notably served as a school psychologist for the Oklahoma State Department of Education. Throughout her career, she has accrued several certifications and is now a certified counselor, school psychologist, and licensed marriage and family therapist. Although retired from education and counseling, she is the current president and director of Ventures in Learning, Inc.
Alongside her professional endeavors, Ms. Morrison is an accomplished and well-respected author, having written three books with several more on the way. The author of the acclaimed "I Hate You, Miss Bliss" from 2012, she is working on a sequel titled "Finding Aspen," which is currently seeking publication. Following the story of a young girl named Aspen, the book details her experiences with ADD/ADHD and how it contributes to her creativity.
Ms. Morrison has greatly valued her immense experience in working with teenagers on career guidance and counseling, and over the course of her life, she has benefited greatly from her own understanding and acceptance of adolescent behavior and children's perspectives on life. Inspired by her colleagues, patients and clients as she navigated her career, her life philosophy is a culmination of their feedback, which is to keep moving forward.
As a testament to her success, Ms. Morrison has accrued numerous accolades and honors. She was named Outstanding Citizen of the Year by the Oklahoma chapter of the National Association of Social Workers in 1988, a feat that she considers a career highlight. Alongside this honor, she was the recipient of the Special Award from Oklahoma Women for Agriculture in 1979 and the Teacher of the Year Award from the Helena Masonic Lodge in 1967.
A celebrated Marquis listee, Ms. Morrison has also been included in myriad editions of Who's Who in America, Who's Who in American Education, Who's Who in the South and Southwest, Who's Who in the World and Who's Who of American Women. Additionally, she has been recognized as a Top Professional Woman, was featured in the Wall Street Journal, received the Marquis Humanitarian Awards and earned the Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award.
Categories: psychologyTags: Education, I Hate You Miss Bliss, Jaydene Morrison, psychology, Ventures in Learning
By Marquis Who's Who Moderator October 24, 2022
By Marquis Who's Who Moderator April 19, 2022
By Marquis Who's Who Moderator June 7, 2021


gris and riesling, having been planted a year later, approaches nine. Pinot gris and riesling occupy approximately 1 hectare each, and the pinot noir covers almost 5 and 1/2 hectares.
New plantings of Clone Abel added in 2007 and 2008 further contribute to the complexity of these Central Otago Pinot Noirs. http://www.baldhills.co.nz/about-us/our-vineyard/Clone Abel appears for the first time in the 2011 Pinot Noir wine.
Excerpts from Soils for Horticulture CENTRAL OTAGO by PD McIntosh ( Scientist with Landcare Research New Zealand).
"The Bannockburn Valley contains three areas with more than one thousand Growing Degree Days (1000GDD*)".
Bald Hills is located within one of these favourable areas – "the slopes with northwesterly aspect between the Kawarau River and the Eastern Hill Country".
Soils most suited to horticulture include the highly suitable Manuherikia soils of Bald Hills. These soils are moderately deep to deep fine sandy loam, accumulated as wind-blown loess over free-draining terrace gravels.
Around 200m above sea level.
There is an abundance of water from the rivers and streams draining the surrounding mountains. Bald Hills irrigates by means of drippers, each vine having its own dripper. A bore located within the Bald Hills property derives water from an aquifer some 30m deep.
* Growing Degree Days (GDD). We calculate using the easy averaging method, i.e. average daily temperature minus the base temperature.


On August 8, the St. Louis chapter of the America Needs Fatima campaign hosted an afternoon social to bring together all the old and new friends and volunteers who helped coordinate the visit of the famous International Pilgrim Virgin Statue of Our Lady of Fatima to the archdiocese in June.
Local members Dr. and Mrs. Frederick Zivnuska were the principal organizers of the successful visit which counted on the support of many clergy and lay faithful.
American TFP vice president, Thomas McKenna, was invited to speak at the social about his experiences as a custodian of the famous statue over the past two decades. He also explained the America Needs Fatima campaign's goals, activities and future plans.
By conservative estimates, over 20,000 people came to venerate the statue during her three-week stay in St. Louis.
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Auto pool pressure cleaners, like any other cleaner can have issues. We run through some common problems & fixes to help your fix your pressure cleaner.
Thinking of buying a robotic pool cleaner? We reveal the pros & cons, how much they cost and the best cleaners available in Australia.
One of the big problems of having a pool is keeping it clean. There are plenty of cheap devices on the market- we explore 8 cheap pool cleaners.


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Q: Commits to SVN branches affects trunk as well I have a problem that whenever I make a branch using TortoiseSVN from trunk, ALL commits to that branch also show up in my trunk folder after I do an update, and the other way around.
What I do is:

*

*Branch /trunk to /branches/foo using TortoiseSVN. Select "Switch working copy to new branch/tag" option in the dialog.

*Run "Update" in order to get the /branches/foo folder into my working copy, which is rooted at the project directory.

*Make a change to a file in /branches/foo

*Commit this change

*Run "Update" - which results in the same file in my working copy's /trunk folder also being updated with the change made in the branch

How do I break this link - or create a branch without it being linked 1:1 with trunk?
The only solution I've found is to copy the whole trunk folder and add every single file again; though this shouldn't be necessary.

A: From your comments on another answer, it looks like you're using SVN inefficiently. I think this is the root of your problem.
It sounds like your working copy is the project root, and on your computer you can see every branch, every tag, and also trunk. When you do an update, you update at the root project, and get every change in every branch.
This is not how SVN was intended to be used.
The intended use, is to check out one working copy per branch of interest. If you're working on trunk, just check out trunk. If you're working on a feature branch, just check out that branch. You can have multiple working copies for multiple tasks.
The way you're doing it now, if your project gets very large with a large number of branches and tags, you can take up gigabytes of space when you check out the top-level folder, and every operation will take a very long time to complete.
Why is this relevant to your problem? Here's what I assume happened:

*

*You branched trunk

*You chose to automatically switch your working copy to the branch. This only affected one folder within your working copy. Now your "trunk" folder is not trunk at all, it is actually pointing to your branch. This is obviously going to be confusing later.

*You made a change in the "branch" folder and committed it.

*You did an "Update" at the top level.

*You see your change from the "branch" folder is now in the "trunk" folder as well.

Now, since you chose to switch your trunk folder, "trunk" on your machine is not pointing to the actual trunk folder in your SVN repository. It is pointing to the branch. This is why you see your change in "trunk" on your machine. If you go into the repository browser, I expect you will NOT see your branch change in trunk. If you "switch" your trunk folder back to trunk, you should see your change disappear from trunk on your machine.
To avoid this in the future, either:

*

*Change your workflow to the recommended method of working copies that point to a single trunk or branch rather than the entire project. If you do this, choosing that automatic "switch working copy" option is useful, because you can start with trunk, branch it, and continue working on the branch using the same working copy. With this method, you generally "switch" an entire working copy to a new location, rather than single folders within a working copy, to avoid confusion. OR

*Continue doing what you're doing, checking out the entire project. Never switch anything in your working copy, because if you do the folder will not be pointing where you expect. In this method, "switch" can only cause confusion. After you branch from trunk, you must update to see the branch, and then go find that branch and start your work there. Hope that your project never gets big enough to eat your entire hard drive, or start using sparse checkouts if it threatens to do so.

A: Ben and David W postings are superb...thanks to both of them!  Their explanations really helped me understand how trunk, tags, branches can exist on the SVN server and on an SVN client.  To add to this, I have a few scenarios that reflect the answers above and provide additional workflow approaches.
Scenarios below show the local folder structure and associated SVN commands on that folder (indented folders are subfolders).  Also, I show only trunk and branch folders for brevity (tag folders not shown)...tag folders can be added and treated exactly the same as branch folders for the sake of this discussion.

Scenario A
This is how the O.P. seemed to be using SVN:
Project         << svn co http://server/svn/Project
    trunk
    branches
        branch1
        branch2

...this checks out a complete copy of the entire repository (trunk plus all branches plus all tags).  Doing an "svn switch" rooted at any subfolder besides "Project" would cause confusion because the (original) "working copy" is already at "Project" and you would end up with two working copies at two different folders in the same tree.  Thus, Ben's advice above to never switch makes sense.  Nonetheless, if you never switch (subfolders), it's perfectly valid to use this workflow.

Scenario B
This is what Ben discusses above ("change the depth where you grab your checkout"):
...if you want to work on the trunk:
Project         << svn co http://server/svn/Project/trunk
...if you want to work on branch2:
Project         << svn switch http://server/svn/Project/branches/branch2

...so one folder ("Project") changes its context over time because you do an svn checkout or an svn switch to a different URL each time.  But knowing the working context of the local folder is not immediately obvious.  In TortoiseSVN, you can right-click and select "Switch" to review the current URL (then cancel the switch) or use "svn info" from command-line, but these are extra steps.  Nonetheless, it sounds like this is a very common way to use SVN.

Scenario C
This is a variant of Scenario B which David W discusses above...this approach makes it more obvious (visually) which trunk/branch/tag is being worked on:
Project_trunk     << svn co http://server/svn/Project/trunk
Project_branch2   << svn co http://server/svn/Project/branches/branch2

...and never do an svn switch on the above local folders, since that would cause confusion (e.g. issuing "svn switch http://server/svn/Project/trunk" on Project_branch2 would make the local branch2 folder hold the contents of the repo's trunk).  Anyway, this approach does make it immediately visually obvious what your local folder contains.

Scenario D
This is a hybrid of Scenarios A and C and it envelopes all trunk/tags/branches under a top-level folder with the project name, mimicing the structure on the repo:
Project           << (no SVN checkout performed on this folder)
    trunk         << svn co http://server/svn/Project/trunk
    branches      << (no SVN checkout performed on this folder)
        branch1   << svn co http://server/svn/Project/branches/branch1
        branch2   << svn co http://server/svn/Project/branches/branch2

In this approach, you avoid grabbing the entire repo by avoiding the SVN checkout on "Project", and you avoid grabbing all branches by avoiding the SVN checkout on the folder "branches".  So it is a selective checkout of branches or trunk just like Scenario C but it still mirrors the repo's structure as in Scenario A.  I present this because this is one of the first ways I was visualizing the local structure (as a mirror of the remote structure for consistency).  I like how it mirrors the structure on the repository, but it is debatable if this provides more clarity in a workflow since you have to remember "special rules" to avoid checkouts and switches on the folders "Project" and "branches".
My (opinionated) conclusion is that the most obvious workflows are B and C above since they have no special cases that have to be remembered, but A and D can certainly be used if that suits you.  Regardless, walking through these scenarios helped me to visualize and understand how to handle trunk, tags, and branches.  Hope it helps others!

A: I think you're misunderstanding how Subversion (especially TortioseSVN) works.
In Subversion, when you do a checkout, you create a working directory. When you do your update on that working directory for your branch, you're changing that working directory to your branch (if I understand your workflow). The trunk isn't getting changed, just your working directory.
One of the advantages of Subversion is that it's easy to have multiple working directories. (You can in Git, but you end up with multiple copies of your entire repository). So, do a separate checkout for each and every branch. I have a directory I call workdir, and under that, I have all of my branches each in it's own directory (workdir\trunk, workdir\foo, etc.) This way, I don't get confused which branch or trunk is in my working directory.

A: Everytime that you create a Branch in Tortoise it asks you if you want to switch to the branch or keep in the trunk, if you not switch all the changes that you are commiting will still be commited to the trunk..
And also, Update will update your local files with the server version, and commit will send your files to the server (both to the selected server folder, trunk or one of the branchs if you switched to it)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Shipped super fast. Tires are impressively stout. Kicks up rocks on gravel like crazy.
Side walls are much thinner than other tires I've used. First time using them the outer bead popped off the rim on a run. Other than that the tire is good, tread pattern afforded plenty of grip. Durability is the main issue but considering the price this is the trade off.
I bought 6 of these for my Eagle Talon TSI rally car. I ran the tires, while testing on gravel roads , with the turbo attached on the car.
I recently drove with the tires at the Arizona Extreme Rally in OL Class. The tires held up really well on the Clay/Sandy surface at AER. The course was really twisty with 2 loops around the 13 mile stage for each leg. The tires gripped really well on the corners, especially on the tight ones in 1st gear.
I have not noticed any wear on the tires, other than the mold drips have worn away. The tires have held up really good with stage rally conditions. I recommend these tires for awd cars like a DSM/Subaru with around 200HP.


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Pre-owned Shifter Surround Panel off the Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R (BNR34). These are finished in a brushed aluminum look and would be perfect to brighten up the interior of a R34 GTT. This will come complete with the shifter boot as well. The ashtray will also be included.


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text:
About Yieldstreet
Jean-Michel Basquiat: King Pleasure opens in New York
The immersive exhibit invites viewers to step into the Brooklyn native's world and brings a new, intimate perspective to the public's understanding of Basquiat's influential career.
Last year, sales of Basquiat generated $439.6 million, placing him behind only Pablo Picasso.
Jean-Michel Basquiat: King Pleasure © is exhibited at the Starrett Leigh Building 601 West 26th street in NYC entrance on 27th street.
View of the recreation of Basquiat's studio on Great Jones St.
"Jean-Michel Basquiat: King Pleasure ©," organized by Basquiat's sisters Jeanine and Lisane and their stepmother Nora Fitzpatrick, is like no other exhibition of Basquiat's work. Yieldstreet is proud to be one of the sponsors of the exhibition located at 601 West 26th street in the Starrett Lehigh building. It invites the viewers to quite literally step into his world and brings a new, intimate perspective to the public's understanding of the Brooklyn native's short-lived yet immensely influential career. In galleries designed by knighted architect Sir David Adjaye, known for designing D.C.'s National Museum of African American History and Culture, which painstakingly recreate places that were important to Basquiat, the nearly two hundred works (most of which have never left the family) recast the artist's narrative by highlighting his creative childhood, strong familial network, and cultural context as a Haïtian-Puerto Rican New Yorker.
The immersive exhibition begins with a map of key locations: the New York Telephone Company, where his mother Mathilde worked; the Brooklyn Heights Promenade, where his father Gerard would take him and his younger sisters on the weekend; and Annina Nosei Gallery, where he had his first solo exhibition in 1981, among many other clubs, restaurants, and art venues. Rather than academicizing, as a traditional monographic museum show would, the Basquiat sisters approach their brother's life as insiders and confidants, offering cherished memories of a childhood spent visiting the Brooklyn Museum with their mother (an artist herself), two years spent in Puerto Rico, and abundant hijinks. Basquiat showed an interest in drawing from a very young age and was encouraged by Mathilde to copy his favorite cartoons, experiments whose charming results, including a Basquiat-ized Rocky Racoon, dot the walls of the exhibition. Nearly unchanged from childhood, Basquiat's linework and mark-making communicate with an immediacy and consistency which speak to his paintings' intuitive appeal and raw emotionality.
Invest in Art Today
The intimate nature of "King Pleasure ©" is heightened by its immersivity. A reproduction of the Basquiat family home's living and dining rooms, replete with the original spice rack, transports the viewer to middle-class Black life in Brooklyn's Boerum Hill neighborhood in the 1970s. Another one of the exhibition's highlights restages the scene in Basquiat's studio at 57 Great Jones Street during the summer of 1983, filling it with numerous paintings set against the wall or on the floor, articles of clothing, his bicycle, African sculptures and toys from his collection, and books from which he drew—including, famously, the copy of Gray's Anatomy his mother gave him when he was hit by a car and had his spleen removed at age seven. Another mise-en-scene recreates the Palladium, a nightclub where Basquiat partied with Andy Warhol and Keith Haring and presents two mural-sized paintings he created exclusively for its VIP room that awe with their scale and visual impact. Instead of partially fabricated narratives from films like Julian Schnabel's Basquiat (1996), the audience becomes privy to intimate footage of home videos and childhood photos.
The galleries are filled with the music Basquiat grew up with and painted to, like jazz by bebop master Charlie Parker and the dulcet tones of Diana Ross. One room contains his drawings and paintings of Black giants of music—Grace Jones, Nat King Cole, Miles Davis, and Tommy Potter—as a celebration of the iconic cultural figures who inspired the young artist on his quest for recognition from the white art world establishment. Another gallery, titled "Irony of the Negro Policeman," comments directly on the subjugation of African Americans in America. 1983's Jailbirds portrays two cops with cartoonish smiles senselessly beating a much smaller figure, while in a preserved notebook, Basquiat writes about how getting out of jail is worth more than a million dollars.
Jean-Michel Basquiat, Jailbirds, 1983, acrylic and oil stick on canvas.
"King Pleasure ©" establishes Basquiat's drive to create as integral to his character while also showing the ways in which his family's support helped him on his path to fame. The exhibition also includes the final painting Basquiat made and gave directly to his kin:
Dry Cell, an image of a male mandrill against a striking yellow background. Finally stepping into the spotlight from behind the curtain, where they have for years managed their brother's estate, copyrights, and licensing deals, the Basquiat sisters have exposed a more personal, sensitive side of their famous elder brother.
Jean-Michel Basquiat, Dry Cell, 1988, acrylic on canvas.
Last year, sales of Basquiat generated $439.6 million, placing him behind only Pablo Picasso. Next month, a Basquiat painting from 1982, widely considered the peak of his output, is expected to sell at auction for more than $70 million, $12 million higher than the price last paid by Yusaku Maezawa in 2017. "King Pleasure ©" is a fascinating portrayal of the making of one of the most celebrated painters of the last fifty years, and it should be experienced by anyone with a curiosity about art and Basquiat's rich legacy.
Learn more about the ways Yieldstreet can help diversify and grow your portfolio.
Yieldstreet REIT Commentary Q4 2022
Read Yieldstreet's REIT commentary for Q4 2022.
Yieldstreet announces record-breaking year: $1B invested, $600M returned in 2022
In one of the worst years on record for a traditional portfolio, private market performance and demand remain strong as we break several key records in 2022.
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CLOCKSS partnered with 11 more publishers to preserve their digital content for the future, including the American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA), the Canadian Dental Association, Georgia Southern University, IntechOpen, iScience Notes, Quantum Publishing, and Spandidos Publications. There are more than 260 publishers participating with CLOCKSS.
"Our readers and authors rely on continuous access to the world's scientific literature. As publishers, it is our responsibility to ensure that our high-value content will always be available," says Natalie Marty, director of publications at new partner Swiss Medical Publishers EMH.


text:
2016 RIO SEDAN DEBUTS AT CHICAGO AUTO SHOW
Text (.txt) - 8.4 KB
The new year brings refreshing enhancements to Kia's entry-level sedan and hatch at the 2015 Chicago Auto Show
New front and rear valances add visual width and sporty attitude; two new exterior colors added
Interior enhancements include upgraded UVO eServices1 technology and a more premium look and feel
CHICAGO, Feb. 12, 2015 – Chicago's gleaming skyline and indie rock music were the backdrops today as Kia Motors America (KMA) pulled the wraps off the 2016 Rio Sedan at the Chicago Auto Show. Making its global debut alongside the previously introduced Rio 5-Door (Paris, 2014), these two modern and dynamic subcompacts are the entry points into KMA's ever-expanding lineup of award-winning cars and CUVs. Refreshed inside and out for the 2016 model year, the pair offer sporty European design cues and generous interior accommodations while providing fuel efficiency. Both Sedan and 5-Door are expected to go on sale in the first quarter.
"The Rio signifies everything the Kia brand has evolved into since coming to the U.S. market more than 20 years ago," said Orth Hedrick, vice president of product planning. "And like the brand, the Rio has grown up as it enters the 2016 model year. Its sophisticated design has been refreshed and both models continue to offer a long list of standard features, making the Sedan and 5-Door standouts in an otherwise pedestrian subcompact segment."
Most visible of the Rio's updates are the new-for-2016 front and rear fascias. Designed to add visual width and stronger presence, the revised grille insert incorporates the now-familiar geometric pattern found on other Kia vehicles such as Optima and Soul. New fog light surrounds include strong horizontal satin-finish bezels that house projector lenses. The lights have been repositioned inward for a more aggressive appearance. Likewise, the lower front valance integrates strong horizontal planes that echo a similar treatment at the rear. The rear reflectors have been redesigned and repositioned to the far corners of the car, and the Rio's color palette has been enhanced with two new colors: Urban Blue and Digital Yellow.
Inside, the enhancements continue with the increased use of high-density foam in the A- and B-pillars for reduced NVH, new technology features, premium touch points and available two-tone Designer Package (EX only). Subtle changes include satin-finish bezels around the air vents, and a new piano black center console surround wraps the audio system and ancillary controls. The EX Designer Package includes unique black cloth with gray leatherette trim with gray stitching. Gray padded door panel inserts, unique gray stitching on steering wheel, center console armrest and shifter boot all contribute to a sporty, premium-feeling interior.
Both models continue to be offered in three trim levels: LX, EX and the top-line SX. Standard equipment on LX includes rear disc brakes, air conditioning, electric power steering, six-way manual adjustable driver's seat, SiriusXM®2 satellite radio, USB and auxiliary audio jacks, steering wheel mounted audio controls3, Electronic Stability Control (ESC)4, Vehicle Stability Management (VSM)4 and Hill-start Assist Control (HAC)4. The popular LX Power Package continues to be available with power windows and door locks, along with keyless entry. The stand-alone option of a six-speed automatic transmission (standard on Rio 5-Door) also includes Active eco system and Bluetooth®5 wireless technology.
Stepping up to the EX adds appealing standard features such as power windows with driver's one-touch auto-up/down control, cruise control with steering-wheel mounted controls, remote keyless entry with trunk release and a tilt/telescope steering column. A new option package available on EX is Designer, while the continuing Eco Package now includes Kia's updated UVO eServices Telematics system with integrated backup camera display6.
The range-topping SX adds a dash of sportiness to Kia's entry-level Sedan and 5-Door models. Standard amenities build upon the EX and include a sport tuned suspension highlighted by 17-inch alloy wheels and 11-inch ventilated front disc brakes, steering column-mounted paddle shifters and a leather-wrapped steering wheel. Rear backup camera display, Supervision meter cluster, an upgraded navigation7 system with new interface and improved graphics with Sirius® XM Traffic, pushbutton start, leather seating surfaces with front seat heaters and a power sunroof are all standard.
The 2016 Rio continues to be powered by an efficient 1.6-liter normally aspirated inline-four cylinder engine routing 138 horsepower at 6,300 rpm and 123 lb.-ft. of torque at 4,850 rpm to the front wheels. A six-speed manual transmission is standard on the sedan while a six-speed automatic is standard on the 5-Door. The six-speed manual is no longer offered in the Rio 5-Door.
Kia Motors America (KMA) is the marketing and distribution arm of Kia Motors Corporation based in Seoul, South Korea. KMA proudly serves as the "Official Automotive Partner" of the NBA and LPGA and set an all-time annual sales record in 2014, surpassing the 500,000 unit mark for the third consecutive year. KMA offers a complete line of vehicles, including the rear-drive K900** flagship sedan, Cadenza premium sedan, Sorento CUV, Soul urban passenger vehicle, Soul Electric Vehicle***, Sportage compact CUV, Optima midsize sedan, Optima Hybrid, the Forte compact sedan, Forte5 and Forte Koup, Rio and Rio 5-door subcompacts and the Sedona minivan, through a network of more than 765 dealers across the United States. Kia's U.S. manufacturing plant in West Point, Georgia, builds the Optima* and Sorento* and is responsible for the creation of more than 14,000 plant and supplier jobs.
Information about KMA and its full vehicle line-up is available at www.kia.com. For media information, including photography, visit www.kiamedia.com. To receive custom email notifications for press releases the moment they are published, subscribe at www.kiamedia.com/us/en/newsalert.
1 Warning: Driving while distracted can result in a loss of vehicle control that may lead to an accident, severe personal injury and death. Any device that takes the driver's focus away from the safe operation of a vehicle should never be used during operation of the vehicle. No charge for UVO eServices app. Normal cellular service rates will apply.
3 Driving while distracted is dangerous and should be avoided. Drivers should remain attentive to driving and always exercise caution when using the steering-wheel-mounted controls while driving.
5 The Bluetooth® word mark and logos are registered trademarks owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc. and any use of such marks by Kia is under license. Other trademarks and trade names are those of their respective owners. A compatible Bluetooth® enabled cell phone is required to use Bluetooth® wireless technology.
6 The Rear-Camera Display is not a substitute for proper and safe backing-up procedures. The Rear-Camera Display may not display every object behind the vehicle. Always drive safely and use caution when backing up.
7 Navigation is for information purposes only. Kia does not warrant the accuracy of the information. Operate the system only when it is safe to do so.
** 2015 K900 V8 available in select trims and in select markets with limited availability.
*** 2015 Soul EV in select markets with limited availability.
2015 Chicago Auto Show Press Conference
Web (.mp4) - 78.9 MB
Broadcast (.mov) - 1.2 GB


Accertify, a leading fraud prevention and risk management provider, and Motorcycle Superstore, the leading online motorcycle outfitter, today shared strong results of Motorcycle Superstore's deployment of Accertify's Chargeback Management Solution. This solution achieved an overall lift in chargeback win rates of 62% for Motorcycle Superstore, and also cut the number of steps involved in the resolutions process in half.
An industry first when launched in 2011, Accertify's Chargeback Management product is a comprehensive solution that automates all aspects of the chargeback management process from review and analysis to representment and reporting. Accertify's technology takes the hassle out of managing chargebacks and helps merchants save time, reduce manual efforts, and boost revenue recovery. Also available as a standalone product, Motorcycle Superstore chose to leverage the Chargeback Management Solution as a fully-integrated component of Accertify's data management platform, which provides them with extensive fraud fighting capabilities as well.
To request a demonstration or learn more about Accertify's Chargeback Management Solution or any other of the company's risk management products or services, please Contact Us at www.accertify.com.


Headquartered in Shanghai, China Eastern Airlines Corporation Limited has a history dating back to the first Shanghai squadron of the PLA Air Force built up in 1957. In 1997, China Eastern became the first Chinese airline listed simultaneously in New York, Hong Kong and Shanghai stock market. As one of the three major airlines in mainland China, it operates 50 overseas offices and 11 domestic branches.
Air China Limited ("Air China") and its predecessor, the former Air China, were founded in 1988. According to the "Civil Aviation System Reform Program" which was approved and passed by the State Department in October 2002, the former Air China consolidated with China National Aviation Company and China Southwest Airlines and founded China Aviation Group Company.
The national airlines of Qatar, Qatar Airways is among the fastest growing airlines and one of the four airlines to clinch the "five star airline" status from Skytrax. Qatar Airways' main base is Doha International Airport. Qatar Airways was the first airline in the world in the year 2003 to pass IAT' s new, stringent IOSA safety audit. Qatar Airways has been recognized as among the fastest growing airlines in the world under the leadership of CEO Akbar Al Baker.
Spearheaded by one of the most admired and innovative airlines in the world, the Emirates Group is a dynamic travel and tourism operation with a global reputation for excellence spanning every aspect of the industry.


text:
Music: unwritten law
http://www.votersunite.org has listed the voting machine malfuctions and other election problems.
Escambia County. According to county administrator Tony Sanks, on Tuesday night the county's memory pack receiver -- used to download each polling place's data -- did not function properly because of some bad circuitry.
Ohio election officials said Monday that they would begin this week the final count of 155,428 provisional ballots and an unknown number of overseas absentee ballots that were cast in the presidential election.
More than 4,500 votes irretrievably lost in coastal Carteret County could trigger a new statewide election if the official margin of victory in two Council of State races is close enough, state election officials said Monday.
Et cetera et cetera....


text:
Q: Running chatbot on system import re
import sqlite3
from collections import Counter
from string import punctuation
from math import sqrt

# initialize the connection to the database
connection = sqlite3.connect('chatbot.sqlite')
cursor = connection.cursor()

# create the tables needed by the program
create_table_request_list = [
    'CREATE TABLE words(word TEXT UNIQUE)',
    'CREATE TABLE sentences(sentence TEXT UNIQUE, used INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0)',
    'CREATE TABLE associations (word_id INT NOT NULL, sentence_id INT NOT NULL, weight REAL NOT NULL)',
]
for create_table_request in create_table_request_list:
    try:
        cursor.execute(create_table_request)
    except:
        pass

def get_id(entityName, text):
    """Retrieve an entity's unique ID from the database, given its associated text.
    If the row is not already present, it is inserted.
    The entity can either be a sentence or a word."""
    tableName = entityName + 's'
    columnName = entityName
    cursor.execute('SELECT rowid FROM ' + tableName + ' WHERE ' + columnName + ' = ?', (text,))
    row = cursor.fetchone()
    if row:
        return row[0]
    else:
        cursor.execute('INSERT INTO ' + tableName + ' (' + columnName + ') VALUES (?)', (text,))
        return cursor.lastrowid

def get_words(text):
    """Retrieve the words present in a given string of text.
    The return value is a list of tuples where the first member is a lowercase word,
    and the second member the number of time it is present in the text."""
    wordsRegexpString = '(?:\w+|[' + re.escape(punctuation) + ']+)'
    wordsRegexp = re.compile(wordsRegexpString)
    wordsList = wordsRegexp.findall(text.lower())
    return Counter(wordsList).items()

B = 'Hello!'
while True:
    # output bot's message
    print('B: ' + B)
    # ask for user input; if blank line, exit the loop
    H = raw_input('H: ').strip()
    if H == '':
        break
    # store the association between the bot's message words and the user's response
    words = get_words(B)
    words_length = sum([n * len(word) for word, n in words])
    sentence_id = get_id('sentence', H)
    for word, n in words:
        word_id = get_id('word', word)
        weight = sqrt(n / float(words_length))
        cursor.execute('INSERT INTO associations VALUES (?, ?, ?)', (word_id, sentence_id, weight))
    connection.commit()
    # retrieve the most likely answer from the database
    cursor.execute('CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE results(sentence_id INT, sentence TEXT, weight REAL)')
    words = get_words(H)
    words_length = sum([n * len(word) for word, n in words])
    for word, n in words:
        weight = sqrt(n / float(words_length))
        cursor.execute('INSERT INTO results SELECT associations.sentence_id, sentences.sentence, ?*associations.weight/(4+sentences.used) FROM words INNER JOIN associations ON associations.word_id=words.rowid INNER JOIN sentences ON sentences.rowid=associations.sentence_id WHERE words.word=?', (weight, word,))
    # if matches were found, give the best one
    cursor.execute('SELECT sentence_id, sentence, SUM(weight) AS sum_weight FROM results GROUP BY sentence_id ORDER BY sum_weight DESC LIMIT 1')
    row = cursor.fetchone()
    cursor.execute('DROP TABLE results')
    # otherwise, just randomly pick one of the least used sentences
    if row is None:
        cursor.execute('SELECT rowid, sentence FROM sentences WHERE used = (SELECT MIN(used) FROM sentences) ORDER BY RANDOM() LIMIT 1')
        row = cursor.fetchone()
    # tell the database the sentence has been used once more, and prepare the sentence
    B = row[1]
    cursor.execute('UPDATE sentences SET used=used+1 WHERE rowid=?', (row[0],))

This is a code written for creating a chatbot. When I try running this code on cmd. By using command python chatbot.py, it returns an error saying invalid syntax.
IS there any way i can remove this error and run this code on my system?
it gives error:                                                                                File "chatbot.py", line 1                                                                                syntax: invalid syntax

A: What version of Python are you running and in what environment? I ran this code on my Python 3.70b4 under Windows and it worked fine except for line 52:
    H = raw_input('H: ').strip()
Which you have to change to:
    H = input('H: ').strip()
This is probably unrelated directly to your issue, but the code you posted did run fine for me in my environment, after I made that one change (and of course installed any libraries or modules needed).