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Neil Young vs. Donald Trump: 9 Songs Co-Opted by Politicians
By Orly Greenberg • 06/17/15 1:47pm
Trump and Young in their squinty-eyed glory, during friendlier times. (Photo: Instagram)
You know how Neil Young and Donald Trump both get that really squinty-eyed expression sometimes? Yeah, that's about all they have in common. Neil Young made that much clear yesterday when he blasted Donald Trump [Disclosure: Trump is the father-in-law of Observer publisher Jared Kushner] for using his song, "Rockin' In The Free World," during his presidential candidacy announcement, with Mr. Young claiming that the real estate and television mogul was not authorized to play the tune.
Of course, this isn't the first time campaigns and musicians have clashed. Below are some of the best conflicts between politicians and the musicians that really, really don't want them to use their music:
– Former President Ronald Reagan had what I'd like to call "selective hearing" during his 1984 run for re-election. Reagan often quoted the Bruce Springsteen mega-hit "Born in the U.S.A." during speeches and support rallies; however, he tactfully left out the part about mistreated Vietnam veterans and the overall horrified nature of the song. But Reagan won the election in a landslide so, thanks Springsteen!
– Newt Gingrich was sued for his use of "Eye of the Tiger" by Survivor during his bid for presidency in 2012. In typical politician fashion, Gingrich fought back, but tragically, the struggle was for naught—Gingrich didn't end up getting the Republican nomination, and his campaign was cut short.
[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nz1QHaf75DU&w=560&h=315]
– Mitt Romney really just can't catch a break. During his campaign for presidency in 2012, Somalian-Canadian rapper K'naan banned the Massachusetts governor from using his anthem "Wavin' Flag." Silversun Pickups also denied Romney the right to use their song "Panic Switch" [Ed: Romney might've been better off without using that one…] and Twisted Sister's Dee Snider was less than pleased by the campaign's use of "We're Not Gonna Take It." Oh, and then he lost the election. 2012 was a rough year for Mr. Romney.
– But wait, a win for Romney! Cyndi Lauper spoke out against an attack ad against the presidential candidate that used her song "True Colors."
– 2008 brought hope to some. For Jon Bon Jovi, the Foo Fighters and Van Halen, it brought irritation. All three bands slammed presidential candidate John McCain for using their music during his campaigns.
– I know, I know, this list looks a little skewed against Republicans. But musicians have also lashed out against Democrats. Sam Moore sent then-presidential candidate Barack Obama a cease and desist letter in 2008 after he used the song "Hold On! I'm Coming" at some of his support rallies.
– Most recently, Axwell and Ingrosso asked presidential hopeful Marco Rubio to stop playing their song "Something New."
– This may not have been the most high profile, but it was undoubtedly the most hurtful. When Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker used Dropkick Murphys' "I'm Shipping Up to Boston" before one of his speeches, the band tweeted at the politician to stop using the song, adding "we literally hate you !!!" Nasty, yes, but unquestionably effective.
Literally, figuratively, it's all the same to Dropkick Murphys. (Photo: Twitter)
– Bonus round! Paul Ryan, Mitt Romney's 2012 running mate, never actually used a Rage Against the Machine song during campaigning, but the band's guitarist did refer to Ryan as "the machine" their rage is directed at, which is an accomplishment in and of itself.
Filed Under: Politics, Music, Donald Trump, donald trump, John McCain, Politics, Mitt Romney, Music, 2016
SEE ALSO: What Are the Taliban's Plans for Afghanistan's Cultural Heritage?


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Home All issues Volume 19 (2016) Hydroécol. Appl., 19 (2016) 87-118 References
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Chanudet V, Fabre V, & van der Kaaij T., 2012. Application of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model to the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir (Lao PDR). J. Great Lakes Res. 38 : 260-269. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Chanudet V., Guédant P., Rode W., Godon A., Guérin F., Serça D., Deshmukh C. & Descloux S., 2014. Evolution of the physico-chemical water quality in the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir and downstream rivers for the first 5 years after impoundment. Hydroécol. Appl. (same issue). [Google Scholar]
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Evolution of the physico-chemical water quality in the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir and downstream rivers for the first 5 years after impoundment
Hydroécol. Appl. (2016) Tome 19, pp. 27–61
Nam Theun 2 Reservoir four years after commissioning: significance of drawdown methane emissions and other pathways
Phytoplankton community and trophic status assessment of a newly impounded sub-tropical reservoir: case study of the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir (Lao PDR, Southeast Asia)
5 years of monitoring of zooplankton community dynamics in a newly impounded sub-tropical reservoir in Southeast Asia (Nam Theun 2, Lao PDR)
Efficiency of the Nam Theun 2 hydraulic structures on water aeration and methane degassing

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Spain has a particular fascination for the Northern European and has done for centuries? It's not just because Spain is colourful and fun which it is in buckets. It's also because of the stark contradictions apparent in everyday behaviour. Why do they litter the streets but clean the pavement outside they're own home? Why are they so anarchic and also so bureaucratic? Why are they always late but so keen to pass you on the motorway?!!!
Well there's a surfeit of Northern Europeans all blogging about siestas and paella and flamenco in order to promote their website (……irony intentional) but they are all missing the essential insight that explains everything and that is LIVE & LET LIVE. (Other bloggers please forgive the implied criticism -in this article I am being playful not snidy).
You see if we take all the things that Northern Europeans moan about as being chaotic, badly organised, or even anti-social we find that the explanation at the heart of it is tolerance and good humour.
Let's take one of the big ones – noise. Noisy motorbikes…. screaming for "Javi" in the swimming pool – Spain is the world's noisiest country. Researchers have dangled microphones out of windows to prove it. But, you see, when you go to the beach with your ghetto blaster and I have to listen to your music it means I can take my ghetto blaster to the beach and listen to my music: live and let live.
Let's take another – double parking. You double park and block my car in. I just honk and you come out and move. It's great because it means I can double park.
And another big one – lateness. Yes we do have to check, on those rare occasions that it actually matters, whether we mean Spanish time or English time but live and let live also explains Spanish lateness. We Northern Europeans just need to lighten up a bit.
The Bureaucracy – everyone gets fed up with this Spaniards and foreigners alike. I could drone on about it being a throwback to the Franco era or complain about oposiciones and I could tell endless stories about pointless delays in building licences but instead of that let me try and say something useful.
Observe how the Spanish deal with the bureaucrats. Do they get cross or threaten to mount a campaign to expose inefficiency? Do they appeal to the bureaucrat's sense of reasonableness (there is nothing quite so futile as this!)? No, if you watch them they use charm. You probably never thought of that did you? They smile, talk about the local fiesta, flirt a bit, flatter a bit. You may well ask how far it gets them, well quite honestly I couldn't say. Charm is an art form that, in the face of the bureacrat, it shames me to confess, I still have to master.
Moving on shall we discuss the person in front of you chatting at the check-out desk while you are waiting? or having to say good morning to everyone? No let's just live and let live.
Lunch is a serious business. It occurs between 14.30 and 16.30. We stop. We go to a restaurant with everyone else and have a menu del dia (fixed price limited choice 3 course meal for about 10€). We eat. We talk. We rest. We will work in the afternoon till 20.30 and quite often until much later.
A cheese sandwich at 13.00 and keep going? Surely this must be some kind of joke!
The Siesta – no article on the Spanish national character would be complete without talking about the siesta. The fiesta siesta is my favourite. Perhaps best not to go into details but its highly recommended (as a cultural experience).
Business Legal and Cultural Environment. To speak seriously for a moment there are important differences that you should be aware of if you are going to invest a lot of money in property or and build yourself a house or villa. Its too big a subject to fall within the scope of this light hearted article. It's probably best for you to call me but I will leave you with one peice of advice.
Remember when buying property in Spain there is no obligation on the part of the vendor to disclose defects. In fact there are a lot of people, Spaniards and foreigners alike, trying to fob off their defective properties, (illegal square meterage, impossibility of getting planning consent and so on) to naïve foreigners who might think there is the equivalent of solicitors searches when buying a property of building plot. The sellers may be assisted by estate agents and lawyers that make everything look clean. I have personally heard a lawyer say "well they didn't ask so I didn't say anything"…so……..be cautious.
Eco Vida Homes is a team of Architects, Technical Architects, Builders, an Engineer, and a Chartered Surveyor. We help people design and build beautiful energy efficient home, designed for Mediterranean living, in Marbella and Southern Spain. There are two things that make us stand out: a sharp focus on our clients' needs and everything we build is comfortable and energy efficiency………..It's like Grand Designs………… only without the drama.


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Home > Television
Sophia Bush Loves Her Voice and Uses It to Fight for What She Believes in
By Pippa Raga
Jan. 6 2022, Published 5:29 a.m. ET
Perhaps you've been watching her since she started on One Tree Hill in 2003, or maybe you're just getting to know Sophia Bush through her role as the titular Dr. Samantha Griffith in CBS's Good Sam.
Regardless of how long you've been familiar with the Love, Victor actress, chances are, you're wondering about Sophia Bush's signature raspy voice.
Is something wrong with the star's vocal cords? What's up with Sophia's voice? Keep reading while we explain.
People often think she's sick, but what you hear is Sophia Bush's natural voice.
Like many female celebrities, Sophia often finds herself at the receiving end of tons of internet backlash — and a lot of it, even when framed positively, seems to concern the way she speaks.
"The only good thing about being sick is that I sound exactly like Sophia Bush and I want my voice to stay this way forever," one person recently wrote on Twitter. Another wondered, "Anyone else like their sick voice? Because I'm over here falling in love with mine. Please let this be like when Sophia Bush's voice changed PLEASE."
Sophia has a response for the social media users who tag her in this type of post, one she tweeted out back in May 2019. "As cute as it is to be tagged in tweets like this," she began, "for the one millionth time: I'm not sick. Nothing is wrong with my throat or my vocal cords. I actually like my voice." "If it irks you so much, sorry not sorry," she continued. "Don't tag me when you complain about it. Kthanksbye."
As cute as it is to be tagged it tweets like this, for the one millionth time:
I'm not sick. Nothing is wrong with my throat or my vocal chords. I actually like my voice.
If it irks you so much, sorry not sorry. Don't tag me when you complain about it. Kthanksbye. 🤦🏻♀ https://t.co/ek0jeBkukp
— Sophia Bush (@SophiaBush) May 4, 2019
In a 2017 piece she penned for Today, the actress went on the record to explain how she's sounded the same since she was a child. "I love my voice," she said. "I've sounded like this since, I think, second grade. It's just how I talk. No, I'm not sick. No, I don't have a cold. I will take your Ricolas, but I don't particularly need them."
"I think that there's a beauty in self-acceptance and in owning whatever it is you are," she went on. "And I was made this way. My voice sounds like this. Why would I want to change it?"
These days, Sophia Bush is committed to using her voice for the greater good.
"I'm not going to let some angry, faceless hater sitting behind a keyboard silence me or prevent me from speaking my opinions or defending people who deserve it," Sophia continued in her piece for Today.
Back then, she was "taking constitutional law." "The way that our legal system works is very exciting to me," she said at the time.
A post shared by Work in Progress (@workinprogress)
And now, she's using not only her literal voice — but also her social media platforms — to educate, inform, and reach her massive following (she has nearly 4 million followers on Instagram alone). Whether she's posting highlights about human trafficking, detailing her July 2021 COVID scare, or speaking out on Texas's abortion ban, there is always something to learn on Sophia's Instagram account.
The Good Sam star has even expanded her reach by starting her own podcast two years ago, Work in Progress, where she explores "the personal, professional, and sometimes political lives of some of society and culture's most fascinating people." She's hosted such diverse guests as lawyer Anita Hill, former Stockton, Calif. Mayor Michael Tubbs, and actress Connie Britton.
It's refreshing to see someone in Hollywood use their voice, both literally and figuratively, to so generously impact her huge audience. Listen to Sophia Bush's podcast, Work in Progress, and watch her on Good Sam, Wednesdays at 10 p.m. EST on CBS.
Sophia Bush Talks #GivingTuesday and Life After 'Chicago P.D.' (EXCLUSIVE)
The Best Podcasts of 2021 That You Still Have Time to Become Obsessed With
'Good Sam' Was Shot in a Very Popular Filming Location
Latest Television News and Updates


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Councillor Tahir Rafiq
Title: Chair - Licensing Committee
Party: Labour
Ward: Unsworth
Councillor Joan Grimshaw
Councillor David Jones
Elms Community Centre, Green Lane Whitefield - 5pm each Thursday
c/o Town Hall
Knowsley Street,
BL9 0SW
Email: t.rafiq@bury.gov.uk
Download Councillor Tahir Rafiq contact details as VCard
Human Resources and Appeals Panel
Licensing and Safety Panel(Chair)
Planning Control Committee
Hollins Institute Educational Fund
New Data Protection Legislation is in place which replaces the Data Protection Act 1998. The new legislation is called the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and is supplemented by the updated UK Data Protection Act 2018. This new legislation places new obligations on ourselves as Councillors (as a data controller) and strengthens the rights that individuals have over the processing of their personal information. For further information about what personal information I process on your behalf and what I do with it please open the document "Councillor Activity Privacy Notice". Information about your individual rights can be found on the Council's website: https://www.bury.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=14249 You can also obtain full information about your rights from the Information Commissioner's Office https://ico.org.uk (the ICO). The ICO is the UK's independent regulator responsible for upholding and enforcing the rights of individuals under data protection law.


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Northwestern announces search for Buffett Institute executive director
Daily file photo by Lauren Duquette
The Buffett Institute for Global Studies, 1902 Sheridan Road. Members have been finalized for the search committee that will select a new executive director for the Institute.
Catherine Kim, Development and Recruitment Editor
Northwestern will launch a new search for an executive director for the Buffett Institute for Global Studies, according to a Tuesday email sent to faculty and staff from Provost Jonathan Holloway.
Bruce Carruthers, who has served as director for the past four years, will take a sabbatical after this academic year. The director is tenurable as a faculty member at the University and will be responsible for "developing, articulating and implementing the intellectual vision and goals of the Buffett Institute," the email said.
The search committee, chaired by SESP Dean David Figlio, will be composed primarily of faculty members, according to the email. Holloway will also collaborate with Faculty Senate leadership to form the search committee. The committee will be in place by the end of Fall Quarter and will begin its search in January, engaging with a "wide range of stakeholders across our community," the email said.
This is the first time the University has looked to replace the institute's director since 2016, when Karl Eikenberry – former U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan – pulled out of the position after faculty and student opposition. Several faculty members said at the time that the search process was not transparent or collaborative.
In a February 2016 letter to The Daily, more than 40 faculty members called for the University to withdraw Eikenberry's appointment, saying the former ambassador was incompatible with the Buffett Institute's "core mission of independent research and teaching." The faculty members said Eikenberry was unfit for the position due to his military ties and lack of academic qualifications.
Twitter: @ck_525
Bruce Carruthers
Buffett Institute for Global Studies
David Figlio
Jonathan Holloway
Karl Eikenberry
Top Campus Stories


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Mayer Brown recognized as an arbitration leader in Global Arbitration Review's GAR 100 guide
Dany Khayat
José Caicedo
Alejandro López Ortiz
Mayer Brown has once again been recognized in the 2016 edition of Global Arbitration Review's GAR 100, a guide to the world's leading international arbitration firms.
The publication highlighted some of Mayer Brown's accomplishments in 2015:
Advising the Panama Canal Authority on multiple disputes that have arisen between the Authority and the European-led construction consortium, ranging from pre-arbitral, contract-based adjudication board proceedings to significant arbitration matters before the International Chamber of Commerce;
Acting on behalf of Kuwait's Foauad Alghanim & Sons Group on a US$150 million ICSID telecoms claim against Jordan; and
Adding B. Ted Howes (New York), who leads the International Arbitration group in the US and serves as a member of the firm's global leadership team for international arbitration.
Singapore Convention: an effective tool for cross-border disputes in Africa
The Southern Times
Pakistan Says Enforcing $6B Award Would Batter Its Economy
Time for actions not words
International Arbitration Experts Discuss The Impact On The Global Economy
Mayer Brown strengthens Latin American and Lusophone Africa international arbitration capabilities with appointment of Luiz Aboim as a partner in London


a bit of summer-study times? – a bit itchy?
a bit of summer-study times?
just had a look at https://www.coursera.org/ Suspiciously corporate, but not just yet, I think.. So hey, why not use while the offer is hopefull and humane still?
could be interesting as well..


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AllAboutShale.com
Shale Basic Knowledge
WHAT IS A SHALE?
What is hydraulic fracturing? part A
WHAT IS HYDRAULIC FRACTURING? PART B
WHERE IS THE GAS STORED? Shale Pores
How to evaluate a shale play? Part A
How to evaluate a shale play? Part B
U.S. Dry Shale Gas Production
U.S. Tight Oil Production
U.S. Dry Shale Gas Production 2017
U.S. Tight Oil Production 2017
United States Tight Oil Production 2018
Argentina Shale Production
Argentina Shale Production 2017
Shale Formations
United States Shale
Barnett Shale Technical Information
Eagle Ford Shale Part A: Geological Review
Production Decline Curves of Tight Oil Wells in Eagle Ford Shale
Pore Structure Characterization and the Controlling Factors of the Bakken Formation
Canada Shale
Montney Formation Evaluation, Northeastern British Columbia Canada
Argentina Shale
China Shale
Geometric Heterogeneity of Continental Shale in the Yanchang Formation, Southern Ordos Basin, China
United Kingdom Shale
Egypt Shale gas & oil
Evaluation and Analysis of Oil Shale in Quseir-Safaga and Abu-Tartur Western Desert, Egypt
Pakistan Shale
Shale Gas Characterization of Sembar Formation, Khipro Area, Pakistan
Turkey Shale
PAPER & RESEARCH
Flow Mechanics in Shale Gas
Excel Worksheet to Calculate the Permeability in Shale Gas Fields
Full field reservoir modeling of shale assets using advanced data-driven analytics
Subcontinuum mass transport of condensed hydrocarbons in nanoporous media
Experimental investigation on the coupled effect of effective stress and gas slippage on the permeability of shale
Nanoscale simulation of shale transport properties using the lattice Boltzmann method: permeability and diffusivity
Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Shale Gas Transport in Organic Nano-Pores
Improved oil recovery in nanopores: NanoIOR
Micro/Nano-pore Network Analysis of Gas Flow in Shale Matrix
Numerical Simulation Research on Gas-Solid Two Phase Flow in Oil Shale Circulating Fluidized Bed
Effect of Matrix-Wellbore Flow and Porosity on Pressure Transient Response in Shale Formation Modeling by Dual Porosity and Dual Permeability System
Fractal model and Lattice Boltzmann Method for Characterization of Non-Darcy Flow in Rough Fractures
Rate Transient Analysis for Multistage Fractured Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoirs considering Stimulated Reservoir Volume
Shale Gas Productivity Predicting Model and Analysis of Influence Factor
Non-equilibrium dynamics of dense gas under tight confinement
Study of Gas Flow Characteristics in Tight Porous Media with a Microscale Lattice Boltzmann Model
Investigation of shale gas microflow with the Lattice Boltzmann method
Influence of gas transport mechanisms on the productivity of multi-stage fractured horizontal wells in shale gas reservoirs
Hydrulic Fracture
Application of the fractal geometry theory on fracture network simulation
Numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing and associated microseismicity using finite-discrete element method
Selection of the optimal completion of horizontal wells with multi-stage hydraulic fracturing of the low-permeable formation, field C
Investigation of Fracturing Network Propagation in Random Naturally Fractured and Laminated Block Experiments
Microseismic Imaging of Hydraulically Induced-Fractures in Gas Reservoirs: A Case Study in Barnett Shale Gas Reservoir, Texas, USA
A Numerical Investigation of Fault Slip Triggered by Hydraulic Fracturing
A Comprehensive Model for Real Gas Transport in Shale Formations with Complex Non-planar Fracture Networks
Simulating the hydraulic stimulation of multiple fractures in an anisotropic stress field applying the discrete element method
Approaching a universal scaling relationship between fracture stiffness and fluid flow
Study of Hydraulic Fracturing Real-time Evaluation Technology
Simulation of proppant transport with gravitational settling and fracture closure in a three-dimensional hydraulic fracturing simulator
Characterizing hydraulic fractures in shale gas reservoirs using transient pressure tests
Selecting Oil Wells for Hydraulic Fracturing: A Comparison between Genetic-Fuzzy and Neuro Fuzzy Systems
A numerical study on horizontal hydraulic fracture
Modeling hydraulic fractures in finite difference simulators using amalgam local grid refinement (LGR)
Impact of Stress-Dependent Matrix and Fracture Properties on Shale Gas Production
A Comprehensive Prediction Model of Hydraulic Extended-Reach Limit Considering the Allowable Range of Drilling Fluid Flow Rate in Horizontal Drilling
Behavior of Arps Equation in Shale Plays
Simulation of Gas Transport in Tight/Shale Gas Reservoirs by a Multicomponent Model Based on PEBI Grid
Shale Reservoir-Centric Completions
A Comprehensive Numerical Model for Simulating Fluid Transport in Nanopores
The Research of Gas Flooding of Horizontal Well with SRV in Tight Oil Reservoir
Modeling and Simulation of Natural Gas Production from Unconventional Shale Reservoirs
Simulation Study of CO2-EOR in Tight Oil Reservoirs with Complex Fracture Geometries
Unconventional Shale Reservoir's Property Estimation through Modeling, Case Studies of Australian Shale
Well test, rate transient analysis and reservoir simulation for characterizing multi-fractured unconventional oil and gas reservoirs
A Technical Review on Shale Gas Production and Unconventional Reservoirs Modeling
Shale gas simulation considering natural fractures, gas desorption, and slippage flow effects using conventional modified model
A numerical simulation study of CO2 injection for enhancing hydrocarbon recovery and sequestration in liquid-rich shales
Numerical simulation study on miscible EOR techniques for improving oil recovery in shale oil reservoirs
Methane storage in nanoporous material at supercritical temperature over a wide range of pressures
Molecular Simulation of Shale Gas Adsorption and Diffusion in Clay Nanopores
Impact of Adsorption on Gas Transport in Nanopores
Experimental study of the impact on methane adsorption capacity of continental shales with thermal evolution
Modeling adsorption with lattice Boltzmann equation
Activated desorption at heterogeneous interfaces and long-time kinetics of hydrocarbon recovery from nanoporous media
Investigation of methane adsorption on chlorite by grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations
Confined Phase Envelope of Gas-Condensate Systems in Shale Rocks
Effects of Non-Darcy Flow and Pore Proximity on Gas Condensate Production From Nanopore Unconventional Resources
Wellbore Stability and Rock Evaluation
An Experimental Investigation of Shale Mechanical Properties Through Drained and Undrained Test Mechanisms
An Experimental Investigation of Shale Mechanical Properties Through Drained and Undrained Test Mechanisms Part B
Technologies in Discovery and Exploration of Fuling Shale Gas Field, China
Dynamic imaging of oil shale pyrolysis using synchrotron X-ray microtomography
The influence of water-based drilling fluid on mechanical property of shale and the wellbore stability
Determination of Shale Volume and Distribution Patterns and Effective Porosity from Well Log Data Based On Cross-Plot Approach for A Shaly Carbonate Gas Reservoir
A rock physics model for the characterization of organic-rich shale from elastic properties
Geological characteristics and ''sweet area'' evaluation for tight oil
Universal Stochastic Multiscale Image Fusion: An Example Application for Shale Rock
New Rock-Eval Method for Characterization of Unconventional Shale Resource Systems
Analysis on Rock Properties Based on Exploration of Hole Wall's Stability
Real-time detection of dielectric anisotropy or isotropy in unconventional oil-gas reservoir rocks supported by the oblique-incidence reflectivity difference technique
Wellbore Stability in Oil and Gas Drilling with Chemical-Mechanical Coupling
Pre-stack basis pursuit seismic inversion for brittleness of shale
Pore structure characterization of Chang-7 tight sandstone using MICP combined with N2GA techniques and its geological control factors
Model representations of kerogen structures: An insight from density functional theory calculations and spectroscopic measurements
Comparative Study and Analysis of the Development of Shale Gas between China and the USA
Evaluation of Microseismicity Related to Hydraulic Fracking Operations of Petroleum Reservoirs and Its Possible Environmental Repercussions
Purification of High Salinity Brine by Multi-Stage Ion Concentration Polarization Desalination
Defining The Shale Gas Life Cycle: a framework for identifying and mitigating environmental impacts
Effective Technology Strategy for Shale Plays
Economic appraisal of shale gas resources, an example from the Horn River shale gas play, Canada
Do Shale Pore Throats Have a Threshold Diameter for Oil Storage?
Flow visualization of CO2 in tight shale formations at reservoir conditions
Confinement Correction to Mercury Intrusion Capillary Pressure of Shale Nanopores
Nanostructural control of methane release in kerogen and its implications to wellbore production decline
An Experimental Investigation of the Risk of Triggering Geological Disasters by Injection under Shear Stress
Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations
Secondary migration and leakage of methane from a major tight-gas system
A new nanocomposite forward osmosis membrane custom-designed for treating shale gas wastewater
Logging Evaluation Method for Pore Pressure of Shale Gas Reservoirs— Taking Fuling area, Sichuan Basin as an example
Measurement and Visualization of Tight Rock Exposed to CO2 Using NMR Relaxometry and MRI
Analysis of bacterial diversity in two oil blocks from two low-permeability reservoirs with high salinities
Microbial metabolisms in a 2.5-km-deep ecosystem created by hydraulic fracturing in shales
The effect of hydraulic flowback and produced water on gill morphology, oxidative stress and antioxidant response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Fault reactivation and earthquakes with magnitudes of up to Mw4.7 induced by shale-gas hydraulic fracturing in Sichuan Basin, China
Examining the Effects of Environmental Policy on Shale Gas Production: The Case of Alberta, Canada
Carbon Dioxide Storage and Sequestration in Unconventional Shale Reservoirs
Live Imaging of Micro-Wettability Experiments Performed for Low-Permeability Oil Reservoirs
Superhydrophilic Functionalization of Microfiltration Ceramic Membranes Enables Separation of Hydrocarbons from Frac and Produced Water
Development of Radio Frequency Heating Technology for Shale Oil Extraction
Improved Water Use Estimates for Drilling and Hydrualic Fracturing in Northeastern Colorado
Home > BLOG > Others > Shale gas exploitation: Status, problems and prospect
Shale gas exploitation: Status, problems and prospect
by Emanuel Martin - September 15, 2018 October 4, 2018 0
Over the past five years, great progress has been made in shale gas exploitation, which has become the most driving force for global gas output growth. Hydrocarbon extraction from shale helps drive the USA on the road to energy independence. Besides, shale oil & gas production has been kept in a sustained growth by continuous improvement in drilling efficiency and well productivity in the case of tumbling oil prices and rig counts.
Wang Shiqian
Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company, Chengdu 610051, China
Received 8 May 2017; accepted 25 June 2017
Shale gas reserves and production have been in a rapid growth in China owing to the Lower Paleozoic Wufeng and Longmaxi shale gas exploitation in the Sichuan Basin, which has become an important sector for the future increment of gas reserves and output in China. However, substantial progress has been made neither in non-marine shale gas exploitation as previously expected nor in the broad complicated tectonic areas in South China for which a considerable investment was made.
Analysis of the basic situation and issues in domestic shale gas development shows that shale gas exploitation prospects are constrained by many problems in terms of resources endowment, horizontal well fracturing technology, etc. especially in non-marine shale deposits and complicated tectonic areas in South China where hot shales are widely distributed but geological structures are found severely deformed and over matured.
Discussion on the prospects shows that the sustained and steady growth in shale gas reserves and production capacity in the coming years lies in the discovery and supersession of new shale plays in addition to Wufeng and Longmaxi shale plays, and that a technological breakthrough in ultra-high-pressure and ultra-deep (over 3500 m buried in the Sichuan Basin) marine shale gas exploitation is the key and hope.
During the "12th Five-Year Plan" period, China learned successful experiences in "shale gas revolution" of North America and made great progress in the shale gas exploitation through sustained endeavor and field tests on the technologies to recover the Lower Paleozoic marine shale gas in the Sichuan Basin. Along with the successive discovery and confirmation of the Upper Oligocene Wufeng–Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale gas in the blocks such as Fuling, Weiyuan, Changning, and Fushun–Yongchuan in the Sichuan Basin, China's shale gas reserves and production have grown vigorously from zero.
Up to the end of "12th Five-Year Plan" period, the cumulative proved marine shale gas reserves in China amounted to 5441 × 108 m3, and the production of marine shale gas in 2015 was 45 × 108 m3[1]. Shale gas has gradually become an important sector for the future increment of gas reserves and output in China, and made China one of the only four countries that have realized commercial development of shale gas around the world (Fig. 1) [1], [2], [3], [4].
Fig. 1. Shale gas production of four shale gas producing countries in 2015. Note: The data are sourced from Refs. [1], [2], [3], [4], and the data of USA refer to dry gas production.
However, continental and marine–continental transitional shale gas, which was believed to have a great potential in the shale gas investigation in the early "12th Five-Year Plan" period, was not satisfactorily explored and was deemed to be limited in potential. The continental and marine–continental transitional shale gas resources predicted in 2015 were much less than that in the early "12th Five-Year Plan" period, suggesting an uncertain prospect [5], [6].
During the "12th Five-Year Plan" period, marine shale gas exploitation in the Sichuan Basin gained a significant breakthrough and the commercial productivity was realized soon after commissioning. Accordingly, the future shale gas exploitation in the periphery of the Sichuan Basin and even in the whole South China is highly expected. On one hand, the National Energy Administration (NEA) adjusts shale gas production in China at the end of "13th Five-Year Plan" period from (300–600) × 108 m3 to 300 × 108 m3, while some scholars propose that a target of 200 × 108 m3 by 2020 is more rational [5], [7].
On the other hand, an optimistic opinion considers a production of 300 × 108 m3 a little conservative and suggests defining the 45 × 104 km2 range covering Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and Hubei, including the Sichuan Basin, as a "Special Shale Gas Zone". If so, China's shale gas production by 2020 is expected to reach 1000 × 108 m3[8].
Anyway, all of these viewpoints are based on an optimistic prediction on shale gas in the whole South China, although exploration practices and research achievements in shale gas licenses during the "12th Five-Year Plan" period have revealed that shale gas exploitation in many complex structural areas in the South China, other than the Sichuan Basin, is susceptible to huge geologic risks and engineering challenges, and the economy of commercial shale gas development is also uncertain [5], [6], [9], [10].
However, it seems that some departments are too optimistic about marine shale gas exploitation in South China, especially in complex structural areas, when they make shale gas development planning, being less aware of the problems therein. Under this background, for the sake of orderly development of shale gas in the future, it is necessary to comprehensively review the current status of shale gas exploitation in China and abroad and identify the problems therein.
Basic situation and characteristics of shale gas development abroad
Shale gas exploitation has become the main driving force of global natural gas production growth
According to the EIA evaluation in 2013, globally, shale gas was extremely rich, and technically recoverable shale gas resources were up to 206.56 × 1012 m3[11]. Thus abundant shale gas resources laid a solid material foundation for the "shale gas revolution" in the North America. Although only four countries have realized the commercial shale gas exploitation (Fig. 1), it is believed that more and more countries will join the sector along with the technical progress and the constant improvement of policies, markets and infrastructures.
EIA's prediction in 2016 [2] showed that the global daily natural gas production would increase from 97 × 108 m3 in 2015 to nearly 157 × 108 m3 in 2040, among which shale gas would make the greatest contribution – being tripled from 2015 to 2040, when shale gas production would account for 30% of global natural gas production, and China would rank as the second largest shale gas producer only after the USA. Besides the four countries producing shale gas, Algeria and Mexico will cooperate with IOCs to produce shale gas commercially around 2020 and 2030 respectively. By 2040, these six countries will totally contribute 70% to global shale gas production. Clearly, future natural gas production growth mainly relies on shale gas, and global shale gas production growth mainly depends on China and the USA. In China, key shale gas production and breakthrough are expected in the marine shale areas in the southern part of the country [1].
Shale oil/gas exploitation has led the USA towards energy independence
In the USA, since the discovery of Barnett shale gas play in the early 1980s, 13 shale oil/gas plays have been put into commercial development [12], and shale gas development has grown swiftly especially from the beginning of the 21st century. The substantial growth of natural gas production in the country is mainly contributed by shale oil/gas. The annual production of shale gas (only dry gas) increased quickly from nearly 100 × 108 m3 in 2000 to nearly 4000 × 108 m3 in 2015, accounting for 50% of the total annual natural gas production in the USA [13].
The Annual Energy Outlook 2016 of EIA [3] shows that the imported natural gas of USA was 283 × 108 m3 in 2015, and the supply and demand were basically in balance, with a difference of only 3%; it is anticipated that in 2018 the USA will become a net exporter of natural gas for the first time since the 1950s, and in 2040 the gap between the oil production and consumption in the USA is only 7%, and the daily import only is 1.5 million barrels. Therefore, the USA is now realizing energy independence by virtue of scale exploitation of shale oil/gas. In the past years, under the circumstance of tumbling oil prices, some new characteristics are observed in shale gas exploitation in the USA.
1) Shale gas production in the USA can still increase stably year by year under the circumstance of tumbling oil price, and will keep the trend of stable growth in the following years (2016–2040) [3]. This is benefited from the unique and unduplicated resource and market conditions in the USA as well as the constant progress of the low-cost high-efficient shale oil/gas development technologies [13], rather than the so-called industrial policy guidance, support or stimulation highlighted by the domestic opinions.
2) Since the beginning of the 21st century, especially in the low oil price period, the rapid and sustained development of shale gas in the USA firstly benefited from the rich and highly endowed shale gas resources. Due to the development technology and practices in the Barnett shale gas play which was first developed, "shale gas revolution" spreads quickly throughout the USA, resulting in more and more shale gas discoveries in the petroliferous basins. In 2014, the technically recoverable shale gas resources exceeded 17 × 1012 m3, and the proved reserves reached 5.65 × 1012 m3[6].
According to the EIA data announced in 2016, there are seven shale gas plays (namely the first seven gas plays from left to right in Fig. 2) with an annual production exceeding 200 × 108 m3 in the USA, among which four large shale gas plays (i.e. Marcellus, Eagle Ford, Haynesville and Barnett) delivered an annual production more than 300 × 108 m3, accounting for 70% of the total shale gas production in the USA.
Fig. 2. Annual production of major shale gas plays in the world. Note: The data abroad are sourced from Refs. [14], [15], and the domestic data from Ref. [1]. Except for the Monteney and Muskwa shale gas plays in Canada of which the production data are shale gas production from 2011 to 2012, those of other plays are the data in 2015.
In addition, owing to the sharing of shale gas exploitation experiences among oil companies and the duplication of advanced technologies, the period that shale gas play can be put into scale production is greatly shortened. The horizontal drilling and completion technology and gas reservoir management experience developed in the Barnett shale gas play are copied in other plays successfully with better results.
The data statistics show that the Fayetteville shale gas play in the Arkoma Basin commissioning in 2007 reaches a daily production of 2700 × 104 m3 that takes 22 years in the Barnett shale gas play. The Haynesville and Marcellus shale gas plays developed after Barnett have exceeded the highest annual production of 500 × 108 m3 of Barnett in 2011 and 2012 respectively, and replaced the overlord of Barnett that yields the highest production in the first decade of the 21st century.
3) Hughes analyzed 65000 shale gas production wells and found that the shale gas production decline rate ranged from 23% to 49% on average in the first year of production in seven shale gas plays including Barnett, and from 80% to 90% in the first three years [16]. Therefore, in order to keep shale gas production stability, it is required to drill new wells to make up the rapid production decline of old wells. However, when the oil price goes down, oil companies will inevitably lessen the rigs to reduce the shale oil/gas development cost. According to the data published by Baker Hughes, the number of rigs in the USA decreased from 1859 in November 2014 to 951 in April 2015, while shale oil/gas production didn't descend but ascended [17].
Under the situation of falling oil price and reducing rigs, oil companies took some effective measures to realize stable production growth and low cost of commercial development. First, they focused the development on the high-quality resources in the "core plays". Through integrated geological-engineering evaluation on shale gas, they selected the "core plays" with higher production and better profit for exploitation. They deployed the limited rigs in the "core plays", so as to avoid a great decline of shale oil/gas production because of less drilling workload. Second, they reduced expenditure and improved operation efficiency. Some oil companies reduced the quantity of staff and rigs, and allocated the remaining staff and rigs to high-quality projects, so drilling time-efficiency was greatly enhanced.
According to the statistics [17], the drilling time in the Eagle Ford and Permian Basin shale gas plays was shortened by 5–10% and 20% respectively. The rigs in the Heynesville shale gas play in 2015 was less than the oddments in 2011, and the production declined by 40%, but the shale gas production efficiency in 2015 was higher than that in 2011. What's more, the drilling time-efficiency in the major shale gas plays, such as Bakken, Marcellus and Eagle Ford, improved greatly in recent years, with the exploitation cost declining year by year [18]. In the Marcellus shale gas play, the rig number dropped from 144 in 2012 to 98 in 2015, but the production was more than doubled.
Third, they effectively reduced the production cost by technical innovation. Under the situation of tumbling oil price, many oil companies devoted to realizing higher production with less wells by virtue of new technologies and new methods. The enhancement of shale oil/gas production per well brought the improvement of economic profit. In terms of drilling operation, a platform well-plant mode was adopted with the support of intelligent rigs with a dual fuel translation system, which greatly shortened the drilling period and reduced the drilling cost. In terms of stimulation treatment, the technologies of horizontal well "zipper" fracturing and re-fracturing were usually adopted; with optimized well track and completion techniques, single-well EUR increased distinctively.
Production practices demonstrate that these measures are effective in the low oil price era and can reduce the break-even price year by year for a majority of shale oil/gas plays in the USA [18]. For example, the single well cost in the Heynesville shale gas play ranks the highest (almost USD10 million [12]) in the large shale gas plays in the USA, but the operation cost reduced by about 25% through technical innovation. The statistics show that the gas price at the break-even point in the Heynesville shale gas play generally declined by USD0.3–0.4/1000 ft3 (1 ft3 = 0.0283168 m3, the same below) from 2014 to 2015, or even by USD0.5/1000 ft3 in some plays.
4) According to the 2016 outlook of EIA [3], the rising tendency of shale gas production in the USA will continue to 2040. Shale gas production growth in the USA at present and in the future is mainly contributed by two shale gas zones in the eastern Appalachian Basin, i.e. Marcellus and Utica, which produced shale gas of about 1650 × 108 m3 in 2015, accounting for 43% of the total shale gas production in the USA, and will exceed 50% in 2040, when daily production reaches 11.32 × 108 m3.
5) When it comes to the future of shale gas, some independent agencies in the USA hold the opinions quite different from the prediction of EIA. A research team consisting of 12 geologists, reservoir engineers and economists from the University of Texas at Austin conducted a systematic research on four shale gas plays (Marcellus, Heynesville, Fayetteville and Barnett) for three years.
The team adopted a production prediction method with a precision at least twenty times that of EIA prediction, and concluded that the gross shale gas production of these four plays will reach a peak in 2020 and then decline rapidly, and only half of the EIA predicted production in 2030 [19]. This is apparently pessimistic in comparison with the predictions of EIA and Goldman Sachs etc. The Post-Carbon Institute also analyzed the production decline in five shale gas plays including Marcellus and concluded that the prediction of EIA is over optimistic [16] and that the prediction of the Institute on shale gas production in the USA from 2014 to 2040 is 46% lower than that of EIA.
Although there are shale gas resource discoveries in some host countries, commercialization is still a long way to go
In the early 21st century, the commercial triumph of shale gas exploitation in the North America rapidly spread to other countries with rich shale gas resources, such as Poland with special geo-politic meaning in Europe, Mexico and Argentina in Americas, South Africa in Africa, China and India in Asia, and Australia etc. [11] except a few countries like China and Argentina where commercial development of shale gas has been initiated, other countries are just slow and even stagnant in the development of shale gas, although they have obtained discoveries in shale gas exploration [20].
According to shale gas drilling and evaluation, the predicted shale gas resources are very rich in some countries, but their shale gas resource endowment is far less than USA. In addition to complex geological conditions, these countries lack shale gas exploitation technologies and experiences, well-trained and qualified professionals, drilling/fracturing facilities and surface facilities. Furthermore, there are no competitive service markets.
As a result, shale gas development effect is not up to the expectations and the drilling cost is too high. In such countries as Mexico and Australia, the commercial development of shale gas has not been initiated even after shale gas discoveries are made. Because the anxiety about the wastewater treatment and environmental impact as well as earthquake induced by fracturing cannot be eliminated, some European countries, such as France and Sweden, don't support shale gas development or limit the application of shale gas fracturing with laws and regulations.
As is known, the predication of shale gas resources or production is controlled by prediction methods, precision and assumptions etc. As mentioned above, the global shale gas resources published by EIA from 2011 to 2013 are doubted to some extent [9], [16], [19]. Some countries that were deemed with rich shale gas resources in the evaluation of EIA sharply lowered their expectations of shale gas exploration after preliminary drilling and evaluation. Poland is one of the most active countries developing shale gas in the world, and it launched five shale gas projects including the Baltic Basin early in 2010, attracting the participation of many IOCs. After the IOCs, such as Chevron and Exxon Mobile, drilled many exploratory wells, the testing productivity was low and could not reach the industrial standard, hence shale gas development in Poland was suspended. Considering the shale gas development effect lower than the expectation and the lower limit of TOC > 2%, EIA reduced the technically recoverable shale gas resources in the Lubin Basin of Poland from 1.25 × 1012 m3 in 2011 to 0.25 × 1012 m3 in 2013 [11] (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Shale gas resource evaluation by EIA from 2011 to 2013. Note: Data in the histogram are sourced from Ref. [11].
Shale gas resources in Poland predicted by Polish Geological Institute were not up to 1/10 of EIA's prediction in 2011 [19]. According to the prediction of EIA in 2011, the technically recoverable resources of Alum shale gas in Norway were 2.35 × 1012 m3. Shell drilled three exploration wells in the Alum shale with better geologic conditions in Sweden, but failed to get any gas. It is thus inferred that the commercial success upon the complicated Alum shale gas in Norway is not as good as the previous prediction, and in the global shale gas resource evaluation report published by EIA in 2013, the technically recoverable shale gas resources in Norway were cut down to none (Fig. 3).
Therefore, the results of shale gas resource evaluation conducted in the play evaluation and selection period will be ultimately verified by drilling and dynamically adjusted or revised with the E&D progress to suit the E&D practice. Overestimate on shale gas resources will possibly bring about an over-high expectation on the shale gas future. Thus the exploration commitment and investment as well as the E&D index will be increased, resulting in a giant waste of human resources and materials. The evaluation result of shale gas resources in Poland by EIA is a typical example, and there is the same problem in China (to be elaborated later).
Basic situation and problems of domestic shale gas development
Remarkable shale gas progress in the "12th five-year plan" period and a long-way-to-go future development
Shale gas exploitation in China started from the Lower Paleozoic marine shale in the Sichuan Basin in 2009, and rapidly spread to marine, continental and marine–continental resources in South China and even the whole country in the "12th Five-Year Plan" period. Especially, under the guidance of many shale gas policies issued by the government, an upsurge of shale gas exploitation emerged with the guidance of governments at all levels, participation of multiple investors, and engagement of non-oil enterprises like power and coal enterprises, thereby a rapid development of shale gas industry in China has been promoted.
In the 44 shale gas exploration license blocks (including 21 bidding blocks) covering an area of 14.4 × 104 km2, triggered by the exploration evaluation in the "12th Five-Year Plan" period, breakthroughs have been made in terms of marine shale geologic evaluation method, drilling/completion and fracturing technology, and shale gas reserves and production management [1]. Some departments and scholars have summarized the major achievements in China [1], [5], [6], [21], which will not be repeated herein. The authors proposed the following remarkable characteristics from different aspects.
Multiple policies, quick implementation and great investment
Since shale gas was listed as an independent mineral category at the end of 2011, relevant authorities have issued some policies successively, such as Shale Gas Development Program, Shale Gas Development and Utilization Subsidy Policy, and Shale Gas Industry Policy, in order to encourage and speed up domestic shale gas development. Some local governments owning shale gas resources also have issued documents related to shale gas exploitation and industry development in the "12th Five-Year Plan" period and the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, where shale gas is regarded as an important industry to promote the local economic development and boost GDP growth, and they set up shale gas development companies.
In addition to CNPC, Sinopec, CNOOC, and Yanchang Oil, more than 10 investors including some private enterprises are attracted in shale gas exploitation through two rounds of shale gas license bidding. Compared with other countries and conventional oil/gas or coalbed methane (CBM), the Chinese government provides a really grand support to the shale gas industry. The main possible factors controlling shale gas development in the future are not related to policy or mechanism.
Up to the end of 2015, the national cumulative investment was RMB36.5 billion, including RMB1 billion from central and local finances as well as RMB2 billion from the bid-winning enterprises, and the remaining is all from oil companies. However, in terms of the input–output, all investments were not recovered with shale gas production, expect for the oil companies' RMB33 billion which corresponded to a cumulative shale gas of 60 × 108 m3[21]. Under the current technical and market conditions, domestic shale gas exploitation is featured by large input, high risk, long return period, slow effect and low profit; some local governments or non-oil companies regard shale gas as an important industry to gain commercial profit, which isn't a smart choice.
Rapid production of marine shale gas within the basin, and successful "testing ignition" outside the basin
During the "12th Five-Year Plan" period, petroleum and petrochemical enterprises closely followed the progress of shale gas exploitation technology in the USA, and actively developed unconventional oil/gas business. They quickly initiated and increased the investment in the Paleozoic marine shale gas exploration and development in the Sichuan Basin, and finished the construction of three national marine shale gas demonstration areas (Changning–Weiyuan, Fuling and Zhaotong) with an annual productivity of 75 × 108 m3.
The great growth of shale gas reserves and production brought about the exploration and development technologies for marine shale gas below 3500 m and the profitable exploitation of marine shale gas. Nevertheless, in some deeply buried shale gas strata (below 3500 m) inside or around the Sichuan Basin or in the complicated tectonic areas, exploitation faces dual challenges of both technology and economy.
According to the national shale gas resource investigation results [22], the central finance, local governments and bid-winning enterprises have invested more than RMB 3 billion in shale gas exploration and development in South China with rich resources, in addition to the Sichuan Basin, including over 50 exploration wells. Unfortunately, there is no commercial discovery made, except for the lately reported Well Anye 1 [23] in northern Guizhou and a few exploration wells which delivered a little shale gas flow (not up to the standard of industrial gas well).
Over 3–4 years, the efforts in many shale gas blocks remained to demonstrate "whether there is hot shale or not" and "whether the shale contains gas or not", but no recoverable shale gas resources under the current technical and economic conditions were confirmed and no block of shale gas with commercial value was found. Facing the huge financial pressure and investment risk as well as "crop failure", many shale gas enterprises were impaled in a dilemma and difficult to take a step.
No substantial breakthrough in the exploration of continental and marine–continental shale gas
When marine shale gas in South China advances intensively, the Geological Survey of China (GSC) and some prospecting and oil companies actively conduct shale gas exploitation in favorable zones of continental and marine–continental facies with a great potential, which lives up to great expectations. In recent years, the drilling results in the Carboniferous–Permian and Triassic–Jurassic coal beds as well as lacustrine sand-mudstone in the southern North China, the Ordos Basin and the Sichuan Basin show that except some exploration wells with low-yield shale gas flow after fracturing, a great majority of wells only reveal "good gas shows in testing", "high desorption gas or gas content" and "successful flaming or ignition" [21], with no substantial breakthrough.
The Jurassic and Upper Triassic formations are key targets for continental shale gas exploitation in China. The Jurassic is dominant among all the formations with recoverable shale gas resources up to 5.54 × 1012 m3[22], mainly in the northwestern China and the Sichuan Basin. In the Yan'an National Continental Shale Gas Demonstration Area, for example, there are tens of wells, but only half of them have obtained gas after fracturing; horizontal well production is generally only (0.4–0.8) × 104 m3/d in testing, and the wells can't be put into formal development due to unstable production and quick decline; at present, only one gas well is producing for power generation [6], [21].
This can be proved by the fact that this area is classified as an "evaluation breakthrough region" rather than a "key productivity building region" in the "13th Five-Year Plan" [1]. Well Chaiye 1, one of the important shale gas discoveries in 2014, is the first well drilled to develop continental shale gas in Jurassic in the Qaidam Basin [21], and it reveals three sets of shale interval with high gas content and cumulative thickness of 141 m, of which the site desorption gas content is up to 2–5 m3/t, the highest shale gas content is about 9m3/t, and the core desorption gas is successfully "ignited".
According to the data of GSC, sand fracturing was carried out in two sets of gas-bearing shale with a total thickness of 60 m and the highest gas content, but there was no gas flow during the flowback. Some discoveries even found some wells (mostly unstimulated vertical wells) widely reported domestically with high yield of shale gas in continental or marine–continental formations, which should be assigned to tight carbonate gas or tight sandstone gas, are collectively incorporated into the achievements of shale gas, since sandstone (or carbonate rock) and shale are interbedded or superimposed in continental or marine–continental formations [9].
Although there were attempts on the shale gas exploitation in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Fm and Lower Jurassic Ziliujing Fm in the Sichuan Basin during the "12th Five-Year Plan" period, and even the Jurassic continental shale gas exploitation in the Fuling block was earlier than that of the Longmaxi marine shale gas, no breakthrough has been made or no scale productivity has been built due to shale gas resource endowment, horizontal well fracturing, and production testing performance in continental formations.
Shale gas exploitation in the complex tectonic areas in South China
During the "12th Five-Year Plan" period, 17 coal-fired power-dominated winners in the first and second rounds of bidding for shale gas licenses conducted shale gas exploration in 21 blocks covering an area of 2.4 × 104 km2. Particularly, 19 of these blocks were marine shale gas blocks in the complex tectonic areas in South China, outside the Sichuan Basin. Under the "13th Five-Year Plan", key substituting blocks for future shale gas exploitation are concentrated in marine shale gas blocks in the complex tectonic areas in South China, with the target being unexceptionally the Wufeng–Longmaxi [1].
All these blocks are beyond their three-year exploration period, but no enterprise has completed (and actually cannot complete) its original exploration obligations, and two winners in the first round were even penalized economically. Practices show that these shale gas blocks are basically featured by presence of shale without gas, or no gas flow, or no commercial flowrate, and investment without return, making the enterprises impaled in the dilemma. In order to better arrange the work during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period and thereafter, it is necessary to review the exploitation operations over the past years and figure out the problems.
"Rich shale" meaning no "rich shale gas"
One of the achievements in drilling geological information wells, reference wells and exploration wells in the shale gas blocks in South China lies in the wide distribution of black hot shale in the Wufeng–Longmaxi and Lower Cambrian Niutitang formations. In fact, such distribution was previously confirmed in field geological surveys and hydrocarbon prospecting, and a lot of research results in relation to black graptolite shale and source rocks were accumulated [24], [25].
According to the drilling results in the "12th Five-Year Plan" period, the black hot shale (TOC ≥ 2%) in the Wufeng–Longmaxi and Lower Cambrian Niutitang formations in the complicated tectonic areas in South China is characterized by great thickness, high organic abundance, high evolution degree, and good reservoir physical properties, brittleness and gas-bearing potential. Therefore, these areas have good shale gas exploitation conditions and prospects [26], [27], [28].
Undoubtedly, some blocks are even comparable to the producing shale gas demonstration zones in the Sichuan Basin (e.g. Jiaoshiba in Fuling, Changning and Weiyuan) in terms of static geologic indexes, especially the high-quality Niutitang/Shuijingtuo shale which has remarkable thickness and organic abundance (Table 1). However, rich shale doesn't mean rich shale gas. Numerous drilling results in the Youyang, Xiushan, Baojing, Fenggang and Zheng'an blocks show that the gas in the Niutitang hot shale is not methane but nitrogen. In the drilled blocks, the nitrogen content of almost 70% of Lower Cambrian black shale is more than 90%. Because of the complicated tectonic conditions in South China, gas presence in black shale is complicated.
For example, Well Tianxing 1 in the Cengong block revealed a low-yield gas flow (with methane content ranging from 76% to 81%) through liquid nitrogen drainage and swabbing after vertical well fracturing in the Niutitang formation, while Well Tianma 1 about several kilometers away demonstrated a dominance of nitrogen (more than 95%) in the Niutitang formation. Furthermore, in some wells in Zhantong and Changning blocks, the Niutitang black shale has a low gas content (<0.5 m3/t) although it has a large thickness (40–50 m) and high organic content (TOC > 3% on average); the gas is mainly nitrogen, and no gas flows out after fracturing.
aThis table is compiled with references [26], [27], [28], [29] and other data. bQuartz + feldspar content. cChangning/Weiyuan.
Table 1. Characteristics of hot shale in marine shale gas blocks in South China.a
General existence of gas in shale but with limited recoverable resources
According to the petroleum geologic theory, shale gas is the residual in-place gas after natural gas generated in source rocks under temperature and pressure conditions is expulsed and migrated (Fig. 4). Therefore, conventional oil/gas is also called "outside-source oil/gas", and shale oil/gas is called "inside-source oil/gas". Once source rocks reach a certain maturity, some residual gas always exists, no matter what the expulsion and transport conditions are.
Fig. 4. Pattern of hydrocarbon generation, expulsion and evolution and formation of shale oil/gas (according to the technical communication with Conoco Phillips, 2013).
Accordingly, during the drilling operations of all shale gas wells, both inside and outside the basin, there are always oil/gas shows in the high GR black shale intervals, such as anomaly in gas logging, increased gas content and even well kicking, and other common phenomena such as gas flow-out when cores are taken out, bubbling in the water and ignition of gas desorbed on site. However, these ubiquitous "shale gas shows" are widely reported as great discovery or breakthrough that can prove the "presence of shale gas". Theoretically, the "presence of shale gas" is not necessarily proved by wells consistently, but can be confirmed with basic oil/gas geology. The "presence of shale gas" should not be deemed as an indicator for success of shale gas exploration.
The practices of marine shale gas exploitation in South China have proved that either good shows, or high gas content, or "successful ignition" doesn't mean industrial gas flow after fracturing. By far, many enterprises have carried out hydraulic fracturing tests in the target intervals with high shale gas parameters and good gas presence (Table 2), but haven't obtained industrial shale gas flow from either vertical wells or horizontal wells. The drilling of Well Wuxi 2 in the Dabashan arc fold thrust zone shows that hot black shale with TOC > 2% is nearly 90 m thick, including 51 m shale with TOC > 3%, and 59 m shale with gas content > 2 m3/t, and the highest gas content exceeds 8 m3/t [30].
Moreover, water boiling is observed after the core is soaked in water, and the gas-bearing potential is even better than that in the developed blocks (Table 1). However, the exploration wells deployed near Well Wuxi 2 by oil companies in recent years suffered geological complexities during drilling and failed to obtain any commercial discovery after horizontal well fracturing. In Well Qianye 1 drilled earlier near the Qianjiang block, "successful ignition" after fracturing was realized, but many wells drilled in this block and the adjacent Youyang block showed "outcrop failure".
Tagged gas exploitation gas production shale formations shale gas Sichuan Basin
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Emanuel Martin is a Petroleum Engineer graduate from the Faculty of Engineering and a musician educate in the Arts Faculty at National University of Cuyo. In an independent way he's researching about shale gas & tight oil and building this website to spread the scientist knowledge of the shale industry.
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Do you eat ham at Easter?
Does your church serve ham?
Rather than being a celebration of life and renewal, Easter becomes about serving slices of pigs whose lives were horrendous from the moment of birth until death in slaughterhouses at only 5-6 months of age.
Within the first 24 hours of each piglet's life, factory farm workers (not vets) clip or tattoo their ears, cut their needle teeth, chop off their tails, give them an iron shot and male piglets are castrated, all without anesthetics. The piglets are returned to their mothers for only three to four weeks and are then transported to facilities where they are prepared for slaughter where they arrive days later, debilitated and dehydrated from the heat and stress, some arrive literally frozen to the sides of the vehicles.
Is the Easter ham tradition really worth the deaths of millions of pigs, some of whom have been so brutalized they die before they get to the slaughterhouse?
Please choose cruelty-free vegan Easter meals that honor and celebrate the wonders of Easter, spring, renewal and resurrection.


text:
Pope Francis mourns Venezuelan cardinal who 'gave his life to the service of God and the Church'
Cardinal Jorge Urosa Savino of Caracas speaks with CNA, Feb. 13, 2015. | Bohumil Petrik/CNA.
Vatican City, Sep 24, 2021 / 09:00 am
Pope Francis expressed his sorrow on Friday at the death of a Venezuelan cardinal who "gave his life to the service of God and the Church."
The pope paid tribute to Cardinal Jorge Urosa Savino, the emeritus archbishop of Caracas, in a telegram issued Sept. 24, the day after the cardinal died following his admission to hospital with COVID-19.
Addressing Cardinal Baltazar Enrique Porras Cardozo, apostolic administrator of Caracas archdiocese, he wrote: "Upon receiving the news of the death of Cardinal Jorge Liberato Urosa Savino, archbishop emeritus of Caracas, I express to your eminence my feelings of sorrow, asking you to kindly convey them also to the relatives of the deceased prelate and to all those who form part of this ecclesial community."
"Likewise, remembering this devoted pastor who, for years and with fidelity, gave his life to the service of God and the Church, I assure my prayers for the eternal repose of his soul, so that the Lord Jesus may grant him the crown of glory that does not fade, and I impart to all the Apostolic Blessing, as a sign of Christian hope in the Risen Lord."
Porras announced the death of the 79-year-old cardinal on Sept. 23, almost a month after Urosa was hospitalized after testing positive for the coronavirus, reported ACI Prensa, CNA's Spanish-language news partner.
"Dear Venezuelans, I have to give you the news of the death of my dear brother Cardinal Jorge Urosa Savino, who, after a long illness and convalescence, has surrendered his spirit to the Lord," Porras said in a video message on the Twitter account of Caracas archdiocese.
"I ask everyone to pray for his eternal rest that grieves the Venezuelan Church and the universal Church. Soon we will be giving details of what we will have to do from the Church of Caracas, Valencia, and all Venezuela to unite in this moment of pain and mourning."
"Rest in peace our dear brother, Cardinal Jorge Urosa Savino."
Urosa was hospitalized on Aug. 27. The following day, the cardinal wrote a message making "a brief declaration of love for God and love for the Church, and of love for the people of Venezuela."
In his message, Urosa said that he felt "immensely happy to have been a priest" and asked "forgiveness from God and all my brothers for the faults I may have committed, especially for the faults of omission."
"I also express my great affection for the Venezuelan people and my absolute dedication to their freedom, to their institutions, to defending the rights of the people against the abuses committed by national governments," he said.
"I hope that Venezuela comes out of this negative situation," he added.
Urosa was born on Aug. 28, 1942. He was ordained a priest on Aug. 15, 1967, and incardinated in Caracas archdiocese, which covers Venezuela's capital city.
He obtained a doctorate in dogmatic theology in 1971 at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome.
He was vice-rector and later rector of the San José Seminary of El Hatillo and rector of the interdiocesan seminary of Caracas, where he was a professor of philosophical anthropology.
He was also president of the Organization of Venezuelan Seminaries and vice-president of the Organization of Latin American Seminaries.
Pope John Paul II named him auxiliary bishop of Caracas on July 3, 1982, and he was ordained on Sept. 22 of that year, aged just 40 years old.
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On March 16, 1990, he was appointed archbishop of Valencia, an archdiocese in the northwestern state of Carabobo, where he served for 15 years.
On Sept. 19, 2005, he was named archbishop of Caracas
Pope Benedict XVI gave him the red hat at a consistory on March 24, 2006.
He also attended the family synod in October 2015, standing out for his strong defense of Catholic doctrine, reported ACI Prensa.
In his speech at the synod, Urosa encouraged the synod fathers not to forget the teachings of Jesus and the Church while discussing the possibility of divorced and remarried Catholics receiving the Eucharist.
He was also one of the 13 cardinals who sent a letter to Pope Francis expressing concerns about the synod's procedures.
The pope accepted Urosa's resignation as archbishop of Caracas on July 9, 2018, after he passed the retirement age of 75.
(Story continues below)
Being an archbishop emeritus, he did not attend the Amazon synod in Rome in October 2019, but he wrote several articles in which he recalled the importance of priestly celibacy and highlighted the need for the proclamation of Christ and his Gospel in the Amazon.
He was a sharp critic of the socialist regime of Hugo Chávez, which earned him more than one public attack by the late president. He was also critical of the leadership of President Nicolás Maduro, whom he publicly and repeatedly requested, together with the bishops of Venezuela, to leave power, calling for fair and democratic elections.
For years, he promoted the cause of Dr. José Gregorio Hernández, the doctor of the poor, who was beatified on April 30, 2021.
A version of this story was first published by ACI Prensa, CNA's Spanish-language news partner, written by Walter Sánchez Silva. It has been adapted by CNA.
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The Catholic News Agency (CNA) Staff are a team of journalists dedicated to reporting news concerning the Catholic Church around the world. Our bureaus are located in Denver, Washington, and Rome. We have sister language agencies in Kenya, Germany, Peru, Brazil, and Italy. CNA is a service of EWTN News. You can contact us at [email protected] with questions.
Cardinal Urosa: Coronavirus makes terrible crisis in Venezuela even worse
Venezuela's prolonged social, political and economic crisis has only been compounded by the coronavirus pandemic, the archbishop emeritus of Caracas, Cardinal Jorge Urosa Savino, charged Tuesday.
Strengthen marriage with truth and mercy, Venezuela's Cardinal Urosa tells synod
Both truth and mercy can be found in consistent Catholic teaching on marriage, Cardinal Jorge Urosa Savino of Caracas told the Synod of Bishops on Thursday.
Bishops of Venezuela reject attacks by Chavez on Cardinal Urosa
In an interview with the Globovision network, the secretary general of the Bishops' Conference of Venezuela, Bishop Jesus Gonzalez de Zarate, strongly rejected the insults President Hugo Chavez made against Cardinal Jorge Urosa of Caracas, whom the president called a "neanderthal," a "bum" and a "disgraceful bishop."


Mrs. Lavonia Marie Lewis, age 81 passed away on the afternoon of Saturday, June 11th, 2016 at UF Health in Jacksonville, Fl.
Mrs. Lewis was born in Kingsland, Ga. on August 25th, 1934. She is the daughter of the late Marie Wainwright & James David 'JD' McCollough. She was the wife of Phillip Brown Lewis, who passed away in 1985. Mrs. Lewis's family expressed the many hats she has worn in her lifetime. Along with being a mother, she was a music instructor for the Nassau County School System in Hilliard. Fl. in the 1960's and 70's and taught piano privately. After Mr. Lewis passed away, she became an award winning realtor with Coldwell Banker in the late 1980's and into the 1990's. Mrs. Lewis was also a successful in selling AmWay products. She was craft oriented, taking up embroidery, crocheting, sewing and painting. Mrs. Lewis was very devoted to her faith. She was a long serving member of the Kingsland First Baptist Church in Kingsland, Ga. She served as choir director in the 1960's and 70's, taught in Senior Sunday School, and was active in the Singles ministry. She was a devoted bible scholar and theologian, ministering to those in need. She will be greatly missed by those who knew and loved her.
Mrs. Lewis is survived by her daughters, Rose Siemer & Elizabeth Lewis, both of Winchester, Va. and Susan & her husband, Andy Stephens of Millington, Tn.; her sisters, Elizabeth Leggett of Jacksonville, Fl., Laura & her husband, Bob Sabia and Donna McCollough all of Gainesville, Fl.; and her brother David McCollough of Denver, Co.; her grandchildren, Carrie Witwer of Brighton, Tn. Andy Stephens of Munford, Tn. And Nick Siemer of Jacksonville, Fl.; and her great grandchildren, Garrett Witwer, Lauren Witwer, Drew Stephens, Josie Witwer, Kalob Stephens, Darlene Witwer, and Bentley Stephens.
Along with her parents and husband, Mrs. Lewis joins her great grandson Rex Witwer in Heaven.
A graveside service will be held at 10 AM on Tuesday, June 14th, 2016 in Oakwell Cemetery at the end of Clarks Bluff Road in Kingsland, Ga. with Rev. Jack McCollough presiding.
The family requests any memorial contribution be made to Lebonheur Children's Hospital/ 848 Adams Avenue-Memphis, Tn. 38108 or the donor's choice.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on June 11, 2016 by coastalcamden.
We were very fortunate to know Lavoina when we lived in Kingsland and share in her loss but realize that she is now at home with our Lord which brings peace to all. Please know our thoughts and prayers are with you at this time.
I am so sorry I missed the funeral this morning. It had been so long since I had been out to Oakwell, that I could not find it. Please know my prayers are with you all and I would love to see you while you are here. I will be in Jax today. Please call me. Sheryl Brown 912-552-7302.
Susan, I just wanted to state How sorry I was to hear about her passing. I have a lot of fine memories of you family.


Australian gamer and YouTuber SlackyBro captured this bizarre footage as his graphics card slowly gave up the ghost in the middle of a round of Battlefield 3. Watch in wonder as textures, shaders, and geometry come apart at the seams. Although, does anybody else actually WANT to see a game with these aesthetics? Like you have to fight your way through a game as the code itself struggles against the hardware? Somebody throw together a game jam and make it happen.


connected together to form a 5m x 2.5m x 510mm landing area.
The schools high jump mat pro consists of 3 separate modules which are connected together to form a 5m x 2.5m x 510mm landing area.
All landing areas come with carry handles, connecting straps and breather holes to allow rapid air displacement for a softer landing.
To purchase a separate PVC rain cover please click here and select Schools High Jump Mat Pro from the dropdown options.


(MADISON, Wis.) – Meriter – UnityPoint Health, City of Madison Fire and Dane County EMS are proud to introduce the community to PulsePoint, a mobile app to help keep your heart beating in an emergency.
Connected with the Dane County 911 Center, the PulsePoint app alerts CPR-trained bystanders when a sudden cardiac arrest occurs in a safe public place within their immediate vicinity. Users will be able to quickly find the victim and begin CPR immediately rather than idly waiting for EMS to arrive. The app also gives detailed instructions and locations of nearby automatic external defibrillators (AEDs).
"We know that PulsePoint has saved lives elsewhere, and I am confident it will be successful here, too. The City is pleased to collaborate with Meriter-UnityPoint Health, Dane County EMS and the 911 Center in this project. This is a great success for the public we serve," said Madison Mayor Paul Soglin.
Hoping to turn regular cellphone-toting Angelenos into rapid responders, the Los Angeles County Fire Department has linked its dispatch system to a cellphone app that will notify CPR-trained good Samaritans when someone in a public place nearby is having a cardiac arrest.
The app, called PulsePoint, sends Fire Department alerts out to mobile phone users at the same time that dispatchers send the official message out to emergency crews — increasing the possibility that a cardiac arrest victim can get life-saving CPR from a bystander while medical responders are still on the way, department officials said Wednesday.
The program also provides cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions and the location of defibrillators nearby.
Enlisting nearby citizens who are prepared to deliver "hands-only CPR" — hard and fast compressions in the center of the chest — could greatly improve survival rates among cardiac arrest sufferers, Los Angeles County fire officials said.
Fire Chief Daryl L. Osby, who was on hand for a press event in Inglewood debuting the system, told The Times that the average emergency crew response time for his department was 5 minutes countywide, and sometimes longer in lower-density, far-flung communities such as Lancaster and Palmdale.
"If a citizen can begin CPR before the paramedics arrive, it increases survival," he said.
Medical director Pratt said that when the heart stops beating, the opportunity for survival with a good quality of life diminishes after about 3 or 4 minutes because of injury to the brain and changes in the body that make the heart less responsive. But in the first couple of minutes after cardiac arrest there's still oxygen in the blood, he added. Immediate CPR can keep that oxygen flowing to the brain.
View the full story by Eryn Brown at the Los Angeles Times.
In addition to the PulsePoint app, the Los Angeles County Fire Department will be launching PulsePoint AED app to help locate and record all public access defibrillators in the county for use during cardiac arrest emergencies. Once validated, these crowdsourced AED will be visible in the PulsePoint app as well as for dispatcher use during emergency calls. The PulsePoint apps are available for iPhone and Android and can be downloaded from the iTunes Store™ and Google Play™.
Founded in 1923, the Los Angeles County Fire Department is an international leader of the fire service, and one of the largest emergency service agencies in the world. Each day, more than 900 emergency responders are on duty to provide fire protection, life safety and environmental protection services to more than four million residents and commercial businesses in Los Angeles County's 2,296-square-mile area. When called into action following major international disasters, the Department's Urban Search and Rescue Team responds around the globe as members of California Task Force 2. Once back in Los Angeles County, these same elite responders can be found at work in hometown neighborhoods in 58 cities and unincorporated areas. The Department proudly continues to be a frontrunner in firefighting technology, offering specialized training opportunities in Urban Search and Rescue, Emergency Medical Services, Hazardous Materials, Air Operations and Homeland Security. Behind the scenes, more than 800 dedicated business professionals help carry out the mission. Learn more at www.fire.lacounty.gov.
PulsePoint is a 501(c)(3) non-profit foundation based in the San Francisco Bay Area. Its mission is to make it much easier for citizens who are trained in CPR to use their life-saving skills to do just that…save lives! Through the use of modern, location-aware mobile devices PulsePoint is building applications that work with local public safety agencies to improve communications with citizens and empower them to help reduce the millions of annual deaths from sudden cardiac arrest. Deployment of the PulsePoint app can significantly strengthen the "chain of survival" by improving bystander response to SCA victims in public settings and increasing the chance that lifesaving steps will be taken prior to the arrival of emergency medical services (EMS) professionals. PulsePoint is built and maintained by volunteer engineers at Workday and distributed by Physio-Control of Redmond, WA. The original idea came from Richard Price, the former chief of the San Ramon Valley Fire Department, who wanted to bridge the gap between the critical minutes following SCA and the 13 million Americans who are CPR trained, but often don't know their skills are required. Learn more at www.pulsepoint.org or join the conversation at www.facebook.com/PulsePoint and @PulsePoint.
The Wireless Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit dedicated to developing and supporting initiatives that use wireless technology to help American communities. The Foundation's innovative programs benefit consumers in areas such as education, healthcare, safety and the environment. The Foundation was formed by CTIA-The Wireless Association® member companies in 1991. Learn more at www.wirelessfoundation.org.