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DNA Evidence on Trial: The Curious Case of the Palmist and the "Catwoman"
May 16, 2011 - by Mary Garden
Andrew Fitzherbert was convicted and sentenced to life in prison on the basis of DNA evidence alone. His case shows that it is often not the technology or the science but the supervising biologist's subjective interpretation of the results that is the crucial factor in assessing whether a suspect sample and a crime-scene sample "match."
by Mary Garden
On Friday, February 27, 1998, between 4 p.m. and 8 p.m., veterinarian Kathleen Marshall (subsequently dubbed the "Catwoman") was murdered in the downstairs clinic of her home in Wilston, on Brisbane's northside. Her decomposing body with 52 shallow stab wounds was not discovered until Sunday afternoon when two directors of the Cat Protection Society of Queensland (CPSQ), of which Marshall was president, visited her home. Sixteen cats and three dogs, unfed and distressed, were upstairs.
The police investigation initially focused on members of the CPSQ where power struggles and infighting had been a common occurrence, intensifying during the six months before 52-year-old Marshall's death. In April, however, Ken Cox, a forensic biologist from the John Tonge Center, announced that he had found male blood in the crime-scene samples. Investigators decided to eliminate every male person involved in the deceased's life, beginning with male members of the CPSQ and any male connected to a female member.
Andrew Fitzherbert
Palm reader and spiritualist Andrew Fitzherbert was the partner of Ruth Bennett, a recent CPSQ female member. He also practiced palmistry at the Windsor Spiritualist Church frequented by Virginia Houston, the chief suspect in the early stages of the investigation due to her tempestuous relationship with Marshall. Houston would be subsequently eliminated as a suspect.
At first 49-year-old Fitzherbert chose not to give a DNA sample because of his mistrust in "the system" and his belief that such evidence could be manipulated. This refusal made him a "person of interest" to the police.
Based solely on DNA presented at trial, Fitzherbert was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder in August of 1999. His conviction marked the first time in Australia – and only the third in the world – where a person was convicted of a crime on the basis of DNA evidence alone.
The DNA evidence used to convict him was extracted from a few tiny drops of blood found at the crime scene.
Fitzherbert, acting as his own attorney, appealed his conviction in March 2000. He was unsuccessful. Fitzherbert had the right to retest the blood samples at the government's expense at both his trial and appeal, but was not aware of this right. He also never received a five-page review of the DNA evidence conducted by Dr. Bentley Atchison of the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine in March 1999 for Legal Aid Queensland, which represented Fitzherbert. This review concludes: "The claim that the stains came from the accused and no one else cannot be justified."
And yet Ken Cox, a forensic biologist from the John Tonge Center, told the jury there was "one chance in 14 trillion the blood found at the crime scene was from someone other than Fitzherbert." This staggering probability is very impressive and persuasive, given that the population of the earth is less than 7 billion, but what does it mean, and how accurate is it? It does not mean that we will encounter such a "match" only once in 14 trillion people. The calculated frequency is only an estimate and can be off by an order of magnitude in either direction.
One of Fitzherbert's later appeal lawyers, Laura-Leigh Cameron-Dow, says the DNA results do not support this probability. "I've been given alternate estimates from other experts of one in 100, 000," she says. Professor Barry Boettcher, a leading DNA expert in Australia and influential in uncovering problems with evidence in the Azaria Chamberlain case, also challenges Cox's interpretations. "There is just no possibility of determining the accuracy of the figure given to the jury. But it would have sounded highly impressive to them."
More worryingly, Boettcher says when he examined the graphs of the DNA profiles the DNA from the male blood at the scene had deteriorated more than the DNA from the unknown female's blood at the crime scene. "There is a chance the greater deterioration of the DNA in the male blood was due to it being deposited some days earlier than Marshall's murder."
Criminologist Paul Wilson has expressed concerns about the case for years and says there are strong doubts as to Cox's DNA results. He says evidence based on small samples of genetic material, known as "low copy DNA," is no longer used in Britain, although still routinely used in Australia. Disturbingly, Atchison expressed surprise that Cox uses a method to report population frequency statistics (i.e., a match in nine DNA tests is sufficient to say the stain came from the accused and no one else) that is simply not supported by "the majority of scientists in the world," and quotes eminent statistician Dr. Ian Evett of the Home Office Forensic Service in England as saying this concept of individualization is "arrant garbage."
Astonishingly, the victim's DNA was never profiled. Cox claims her blood was too decomposed, even though earlier he had claimed that DNA "will work on degraded specimens." But why weren't other tissue samples, such as hair, skin or liver, examined? Even though six female profiles were obtained from the 25 blood samples collected from the crime scene, it subsequently was assumed these belonged to the victim. But what if the murderer was a woman? And crucial evidence was not tested, including a pair of bloodied shoes. It is unlikely these were Marshall's, as she did not wear shoes of this style, and when her body was found her feet were clean, without bloodstains. And no one bothered to check whether the shoes were her size, or fit.
Public Defender Andrew Haesler says that in many cases it is not the technology or the science but the supervising biologist's subjective interpretation of the results that is the crucial factor in assessing whether a suspect sample and a crime-scene sample "match." (Note two individuals can coincidentally match at all loci tested). "What she/he is doing is looking at the Profiler Plus readouts and coming to a conclusion. In some cases the readouts will be clear and conclusive, in some the readings will not be so clear and in others they will be far from clear at all." Not only did Atkinson note discrepancies between Cox's reported results and those in his notes, but states that "Mr. Cox has assumed the type of the deceased"!
Wilson and Dianne McInnes, in their co-authored book Five Drops of Blood, point to inconsistencies in the records of the relevant crime-scene samples by the John Tonge Centre, and claim that the DNA findings from a handkerchief of Fitzherbert were "unsupported by a journal record or any computer records, and the sole record in the spreadsheets was impossibly dated. Either it was not genuine or there were serious mistakes in the report."
At the time Cox did the testing, the John Tongue Centre had not obtained accreditation by the National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA). In late 1998, investigations discovered shortcomings including poorly documented records, unsealed evidence, unrestricted access to specimens, and potentially contaminating specimens in the refrigerator. By the time of the trial the centre had managed to get accreditation and while Cox made a point of mentioning this, he did not mention the shortcomings found by NATA the previous year. In March 2002, the centre was told to lift its game or lose its accreditation as it was found to fall short in areas of record control, methodology, handling of exhibits and reports of results.
Atkinson, in his five-page review, specifically challenges Cox's analysis of sample 18, which had been reported as a mixture "consistent" with a mixture of the accused and the deceased. Atchison points out that this is not supported by the data, as the profile clearly does not match the accused/deceased at four loci. This mixed sample also showed a peak of 14 in the first loci, which must have come from someone else's DNA as it does not match Fitzherbert's profile or the profile of the other person (whether Marshall or some other female).
Aside from the problematic evidence itself, another worrying feature of the trial is what is known in the legal profession as the "prosecutor's fallacy." This is the fallacious reasoning that the rarity of the DNA profile is equated to the likelihood of guilt. A match probability ratio is not an expression of the probability that the accused is guilty, but the probability that the accused is responsible for leaving the crime-scene stain. It can never be enough to prove a case beyond reasonable doubt in the absence of other evidence. Yet prosecutor Paul Rutledge described Cox's numbers as "awesome." He said there was only one rational explanation for the presence of the male blood, "Fitzherbert has left traces of himself at the scene of Kathleen Marshall's murder", and hence "the man who left the blood in that surgery is guilty of the murder." Rutledge called Fitzherbert a liar, reminding the jury they had been given the "expert evidence" of a scientist compared to the "garbage bin of the sciences of palmistry."
Justice Ken MacKenzie committed the same "prosecutor's fallacy" in his summing up to the jury: "You would exclude as unreasonable on the basis of the scientific evidence any suggestion that someone else may have left the blood at the scene and you would therefore be satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the accused was the killer."
DNA evidence if unchallenged has persuasive appeal to juries and judges. The problem is that jurors think it is absolute and infallible. On hearing of my interest in the case, one of the jurors on the Fitzherbert trial contacted me and explained that they had been swayed by the huge statistical odds provided; after all Ken Cox was touted as the expert witness, and the figures were all beyond them. The juror now believes they made a mistake, and that Andrew Fitzherbert was not given "a fair go".
In an April 5, 2000 interview for the Southern Star newspaper, Cox boasted that "by far his most satisfying and successful case to date was providing crucial evidence in the brutal murder of Cat Protection Society president Kathleen Marshall." This "evidence" was indeed crucial for putting a man behind bars, but it now appears that the evidence was flawed.
Fitzherbert, behind bars for over a decade, continues to protest his innocence. He claims he had never met the victim, nor been to her house. No motive has ever been established, although strangely Public Defender Andrew Haesler in his review of cases which had relied mostly on DNA evidence claims that in the Fitzherbert case "there was evidence of animosity and contact between the accused and the victim." What animosity? There was no evidence that Fitzherbert knew Marshall, let alone knew where she lived. Fitzherbert also had a solid alibi for the Friday night that Marshall was murdered. Although the crown case rested on the assumption that the murder occurred on Thursday night (when Fitzherbert claimed he was home with his partner), this assumption relied heavily on the evidence of the entomologist Russell Luke who estimated the likely time of death from the maggots found on Marshall's body. But at least six reliable witnesses, who knew Marshall well, including the local chemist, claimed to have seen Marshall on the Friday afternoon.
Andrew Fitzherbert's conviction based solely on DNA results is disturbing and appears to be a blatant miscarriage of justice. Since 2003, there have been requests to several consecutive attorney generals to release crime-scene samples for testing, but these have been refused. The Innocence Project in the United States (where in most states it is mandatory that convicted people have access to samples) claims that one of the most common causes of wrongful conviction is improper forensic testimony.
Forensics techniques are sometimes improperly conducted or inaccurately conveyed in trial testimony so that juries are left with the impression that the evidence is more scientific than it is. In some cases analysts provide inaccurate statistics for the percentage of the population who share the perpetrator's blood type.
In August 2010 the Queensland Government released guidelines for applications to the attorney general to request post-conviction DNA testing. One of these is that the attorney general has to consider whether testing would unnecessarily and adversely affect the family of a deceased victim. That is understandable but there also needs to be consideration of the awful suffering of a person who may have been charged and imprisoned for a crime he or she did not commit. Not to mention the wrongfully convicted person's family. Another is that the biological material had not been previously tested. Although the shoes that were recovered from the scene were extensively bloodstained, Cox declared he did not test these. These should be tested, along with a range of other times retrieved including rags, a button and some bags. In a landmark case which relied on DNA evidence that has subsequently been challenged by experts, including the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, such re-testing may well prove that Fitzherbert is innocent.


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Home/Additives/Read Your Labels: A Really Bad Additive Actor Too Often Mistaken for a "Good Guy"
Read Your Labels: A Really Bad Additive Actor Too Often Mistaken for a "Good Guy"
In Additives, Family Health, Food Labeling, Food/Water Integrity, Sweeteners
From our Read Your Labels Campaign, an installment in the series "Top Ten Food Additives to Avoid", courtesy of Linda Bonvie
Found in all kinds of foods and beverages, you need to be on the lookout to keep this toxic additive out of your diet
The second place designation in our Citizens for Health "Read Your Labels" campaign of food additives to avoid goes to a really bad actor found in many supposedly "healthy" foods as well as diet products and beverages. Although this ingredient has become totally entrenched in the marketplace, it has never been proven to be safe. In fact, studies done over 40 years ago connected it to the development of brain tumors in rodents and grand mal seizures in rhesus monkeys.
Even worse – school officials and health agencies are actively promoting this chemical as a healthy alternative for kids!
Number two: Aspartame (a.k.a. NutraSweet, Equal) the 'diet devil' in disguise
The aspartame fiasco is an example of how one bad regulatory decision can set the stage for a host of subsequent evils. In this case, the 'original sin' was a Food and Drug Administration commissioner's decision more than three decades ago to ignore the agency's own scientific advisers by clearing this laboratory-created synthetic sweetener for entry into the food supply, where it was soon firmly ensconced.
Aspartame (originally marketed as NutraSweet), which was accidentally discovered by a chemist working for Searle while looking for a new ulcer drug, is made up of three neurotoxic chemicals – substances that are toxic to brain cells. (See Tuesday's blog about other similar excitotoxins liberally added to food.)
Citizens for Health Board Chair Jim Turner, a Washington, D.C. Attorney and author of the best-selling book The Chemical Feast: The Nader Report on Food Protection at the FDA, along with his advocacy group managed to keep aspartame off the market for 11 years until 1981, when its use was approved over the advice of FDA scientists as well as the agency's Public Board of Inquiry that previously had concluded that it should not be permitted in the food supply.
That official OK was about as clear an example of corporate influence in government as has ever been seen, an obvious political favor to the then head of Searle, Donald Rumsfeld (yes, that Donald Rumsfeld) by the incoming Reagan administration for his help on the transition team. Turner summarizes the entire aspartame fiasco as a case of "political toxicity and biological toxicity working together to create toxic health problems for the public."
Before long, thousands of aspartame-related health complaints about everything from migraines to memory loss to dizziness to vision problems were being reported to the FDA, which even acknowledged that adverse reactions might be possible, but did nothing to reverse the decision.
Today, a growing number of health-conscious consumers avoid aspartame like the plague, avoiding any product described as "low calorie" or "sugar free." But if the dairy industry has its way, such descriptive phrases may disappear from the front of flavored milk cartons and other dairy products that contain this chemical sweetener.
Got aspartame?
The latest wrangle involving aspartame is over a petition filed by the National Milk Producers Federation and the International Dairy Foods Association to "amend the standard identity of milk" (and 17 additional dairy products). If the FDA agrees, it would allow flavored milk with added artificial sweeteners such as aspartame to be labeled as just "milk," eliminating the now-required "low-cal" notice on the front of the package.
The dairy industry claims this would be all for the benefit of American kids. "Promoting more healthful eating practices and decreasing childhood obesity is one of the most pressing problems facing our country today," notes the petition, which also states that the phrase "reduced calorie…" according to market research, "doesn't appeal to children."
But what it does reflect is that milk consumption is way down, especially in schools where the amount of calories in the products sold in school lunchrooms are starting to be "officially" limited, and the feeling of the dairy industry that in order to sell more milk – the aspartame-sweetened kind, that is – they've "got to hide it from the kids."
Fortunately, a lot of American consumers and parents who have by now become familiar with aspartame's long and ugly "rap sheet" – which includes actually promoting, rather than discouraging obesity — are no longer willing to go along with the idea that this neurotoxic additive is a "healthy" alternative to sugar, as reflected by the amount of public outrage the petition has sparked, including a counter-petition to "tell the FDA we don't want aspartame in our milk," and almost 15,000 comments sent into the FDA docket.
But it does leave one to wonder about how a really bad additive actor, believed to have caused brain tumors in one set of test animals and brain seizures in another (the latter after being fed a milk-based formula), to say nothing of countless other adverse health effects, can come to be categorized as a "safe and suitable sweetener" for chocolate milk being sold to school children.
Post Tags - additives, aspartame, CFH, Citizens for health, food labeling, food safety, linda bonvie, Safety & Quality
Specifically: we're asking the FDA to:
Include "nutritive sweetener" after "Added Sugars"
Identify the name of the added sugar
Identify the percentage of fructose if the added sugar is high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)
We need your comments on the amendment, even if you already commented on the the original petition. More than 30,000 comments were received on our original petition; we want to increase that tenfold for the amendment.

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Neuronal dysfunction, death and repair in the MPTP model of Parkinson´s disease
University dissertation from Stockholm : Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience
Author: Kioumars Delfani; Karolinska Institutet.; Karolinska Institutet.; [2002]
Keywords: MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP; MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES; Parkinson s Disease; apoptosis; substantia nigra; dopamine; MPTP; neurogenesis; intracranial transplantation; ATP; PET; stereology; diethyldithiocarbamate; 7-nitroindazole; mouse; squirrel monkey; non- human primate;
Abstract: We have used mouse and non-human primate models of Parkinson's Disease to analyze neuronal dysfunction, death and repair in the mammalian brain, utilizing the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). In a series of experiments we assessed the effects of diethyIdithiocarbamate (DDC) on MPTP toxicity, analyzing striatal and midbrain dopamine levels as well as neuronal loss. We found that a single low dose of MPTP failed to produce any histological or neurochernical effects on the nigrostriatal dopamine system. However, in combination with MC the resulting degeneration was similar to a full-blown effect of a maximally tolerated MPTP dose, which may have clinical implications since DDC-like structures have been suggested to be linked to Parkinsonism. Another study focused on the relation between MPTP-induced failure in energy metabolism and neuronal loss, evaluating the neuroprotective role of 7-nitroindazole (7-NI). Our results indicate a close relationship between initial striatal ATP loss within the first hours after toxin administration and nigral neuronal death. Although the mechanism of neuroprotection by 7-NI points to a possible involvement of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity in nigral neuronal death, the results are also compatible with inhibition of the enzyme MAO-B that converts MPTP into its toxic metabolite MPP+, since lower levels of the substance inducing neuronal injury would lead to a less pronounced lesion. In a non-human primate study we analyzed the dose-response effects on nigral nerve cell loss after a single dose of MPTP, in doses lower than those inducing clinical Parkinsonism in squirrel monkeys. The same animals were analyzed in vivo with PET and post mortem with biochemical methods studying the nerve terminal regions in the forebrain of the nigral projection neurons. Surprisingly, nigral nerve cell loss was found to occur before nerve terminal function was affected by the neurotoxin, which is contrary to the hypothesis the MPTP toxicity leads to neurons 'dying-back', i.e. that neurodegeneration starts at the nerve terminal region before nerve cells in the midbrain are affected. The mechanism and time course of dopaminergic cell loss in substantia nigra after a single dose of MPTP was studied in detail in the mouse. We have found evidence for apoptotic-like mechanisms in the dying dopamine neurons, with an in vivo time course that is considerably slower than apoptosis in the embryonic brain or non- mammalian CNS. Further studies on these apoptotic mechanisms as well as on the functional implications of preventing neuronal apoptosis may lead to the development of new treatment strategies for human neurodegenerative disorders. Interestingly, nigral nerve cell death through apoptosis can be seen also in adult mice during physiological conditions, although this phenomenon involves a small fraction of the entire dopaminergic nerve cell population in substantia nigra. The paradoxical finding that the size of the nigral nerve cell population remains constant during the life span of a mouse, led us to hypothesize that new neurons are added to match cell numbers. Most neurons have been thought to be generated before birth in mammals and neurogenesis has only been described in a few regions in the adult brain. In a manuscript we provide evidence for generation of dopaminergic projection neurons of the type that are lost in Parkinson's disease from stem cells in the adult rodent brain and show that the rate of neurogenesis is increased after a lesion. These data indicate that neurogenesis in the adult brain is more widespread than previously thought and may have implications for our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. The origin of newly generated dopaminergic neurons was further analyzed in a transplantation study. We grafted fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue from transgenic mice, where all cells express green fluorescent protein (EGFP+). The grafts where placed within the right lateral ventricle to allow interaction with putative adult neural stem cells in the ependymal layer in adult wild-type mice, after an MPTP-lesion of the host nigrostriatal dopamine system. Several weeks later, tyrosine hydroxylase inummoreactive (TH+) neurons not expressing the transgenic marker (EGFP-) were found within the graft. To address the possibility that the GFP signal may be down-regulated in TH+ neurons, we also used an inverted experimental design, i.e. wild-type fetal transplants in lesioned, adult transgenic mice. We propose that the host-derived neurons in the transplant originate from the lateral ventricular wall, triggered by the presence of factors promoting neurogenesis in the fetal midbrain transplant and the partial lesion of the host nigrostriatal dopamine system.
This dissertation MIGHT be available in PDF-format. Check this page to see if it is available for download.
thesis on gas oil engineering
Product-Service Systems
decentralised information systems
Anna-Lena Fritz
Thermo electricity
3D-SEM
Microwave heating
thesis on head and neck cancer
Thesis on statcom
Jaanus Karo
aviation dissertation
GIS.
human serum
CSIA
CO2 Separation with Ionic Liquids -Property, Gas solubility and Energy consumption
Risk factors for cardiovascular events and incident hospital-treated diabetes in the population
Theoretical Investigations of the Role of Ion-Ion Correlations and Ion-Specific Interactions in Electric Double Layers
Verification of dose calculations in radiotherapy
Critical care in low resource settings
Green Buildings Exploring performance and thresholds
Antibiotic Resistance in Wastewater Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)and antibiotic resistance genes
Some Aspects on Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Ordinal Variables and Generating Non-normal Data
Molecular understanding of KRAS- and BRAF-mutated colorectal cancers
On the Road to Graphene Biosensors


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Q: How does Higgs field relate to Aether theories? I am an amateur learning about the Higgs because I was interested in what the LHC's purpose is.
I read that as a particle passes through space, it is actually passing through a Higgs field and there are little Higgs particles that accumulate on the moving particle, which is where mass and momentum come from.
But that's where my main question comes from:
This all sounds similar to a "medium"; and mediums usually impart resistance on particles moving through them so the particles would slow down even in space.  As far as I know, this is the reason why aether/ether theories don't work.
Please let me know.

A: The Higgs ether does not pick out a preferred velocity--- it is the same in all reference frames. Because of this, it can't impart a resistance to velocity, since any velocity is symmetric with any other. There is no Higgs drag. But it can impart a resistance to change in velocity, and this is a change mass. The most important thing is that it allows different helcities of fermions, which would be necessarily massless, to join up in pairs to make massive fermions.

A:
I read that s a particle passes through space, it is actually passing through a Higgs field and there are little Higgs particles that accumulate on the moving particle, which is where mass and momentum come from.

That's one way that people try to describe the Higgs mechanism to non-specialists, but it doesn't really work like that. The Higgs boson is more like a side effect of the mechanism by which particles gain mass, not the thing that actually gives the particles mass. There aren't really little Higgs bosons latching on to particles and slowing them down.
You're right about that causing problems for physics, if that were the way it worked. It wouldn't break relativity, but it would prompt us to wonder why we haven't noticed the effect of this "cloud" of Higgs bosons. This is very similar to what people were thinking in the late 1800s, when they were wondering why they didn't notice the effect of the electromagnetic aether.

A: I think you are confusing the Higgs field with the so-called Dirac sea.
The both things give some mass to the particles.
But it is Dirac sea that has pairs of virtual particles that lake dipoles accumulate on a charged particle and increase its mass.
It is the Dirac sea that behaves more like Aether, not the Higgs field.

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Helicopter crew brave ash cloud to rescue yachtsman
A helicopter crew from Shetland braved the volcanic ash cloud to rescue a yachtsman stranded 25 miles off the coast of Orkney.
The Black Sheep was
struggling in 50mph winds and high seas early Tuesday morning when she got into difficulty. When the
autopilot broke down, the yachtsman became exhausted and raised the alarm. It's thought he was en
route to Faroe at the time, the BBC reports.
After being found thanks to a personal locator, the helicopter was able to track the vessel until the Kirkwall
lifeboat team arrived.
The Black Sheep was towed
back to Westray by the lifeboat. The helicopter was taken out of service so
ash could be cleared from its airframe and engine.
Yesterday aircraft were urged not to fly until further notice by the
Civil Aviation Authority, after the Grimsvotn volcano erupted in Vatnajokull
National Park in Iceland.
Airlines cancelled a number of flights in and out of Scotland and Ireland, but today BA head Willie Walsh revealed that test flights over Scotland and north England have since shown no sign of threat and they operated a full flight schedule to Scotland.


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zp theart wife
And some have decided it was time to share it with Metal Sludge over the years.
It's a look back to the year 2001 when we interviewed the legendary shock rocker Alice Cooper. Having racked up millions of album sales, conquered the likes of Wembley Stadium like it was no big thing, battled through line-up changes, tabloid mud-slinging, and the decline of rock music in a digital, dance-oriented millennium, Skid Row simply refuse to go away! From the fake alley constructed by photographer for Mark Weiss to the annoying over involvement of Jon Bon Jovi, this podcast covered a ton of ground and offered up a ton of really in-depth, great information. Disclaimer: I, Donna Anderson[…], Metal Sludge — Just in time for your life in isolation ex-Kiss guitarist Vinnie Vincent has offered the bargain of all bargains. ZP Theart (born 27 May 1975) is a South African singer, and songwriter, best known as the former singer of British power metal band DragonForce.
So, I basically just utilised my time to promote our shows or any new albums or videos coming out for us or any of the other artists that I'm working with. news The Brainfart's State of the Union Address, Skid Row Part Ways with Singer Johnny Solinger and Announce Tony Harnell as New Vocalist.
I talk to Affuso every now and then but it is what it is!", Check out the full Decibel Geek Podcast HERE, Don (aka. Following a year of touring, on 14 January 2017, he was announced as their official lead vocalist.
Very unselfish individual, and it's great to be around people like that who are all about the group as opposed to any sort of individualistic desires or anything like that. [10] The band continued to tour throughout 2016 with Theart as their frontman. #DonaldTrump is 213 ele…, HOW MANY ROCK STARS DOES IT TAKE TO CHANGE A LIGHT-BULB?
Don likes cheap beer, whiskey, Coca Cola Icees, going to shows, and hanging with his kick-ass wife, their cat Drusilla and dog named Cassie.
In the nearly two hour podcast, hosts Chris Czynszak and Aaron Camaro got some truly amazing stories from the history of recording the debut album.
After Theart graduated high school, he moved away to London, England, seeking global popularity. Celebrities more often then not want to keep their love affairs secret, if you happen to know the name of ZP Theart's partner, please leave a comment in the section below.
I don't disregard our past in any way because it's what got us here, but let's just concentrate on the present. During this period, the band consisted of Bolan, Sabo, Hill, drummer Rob Affuso, and frontman Sebastian Bach. Facebook is showing information to help you better understand the purpose of a Page. Many people ask this question about the money ZP Theart makes from Facebook. Thank you. In the late 1990s, Theart fronted a garage/hard rock band called Easy Voodoo. His first album with the band "Valley Of Tears", was originally set to be released on 9 June 2015, but it was later set back to 25 September 2015 so that they could give the album better production and give extra thought on the mixing.
Many people ask questions about how much money ZP Theart makes on Youtube. While I completely agree with what you're saying, as it's been talked to death on so many levels, nothing has changed!
[11], Killer Elite: the Hits, the Highs, the Vids, "Zp De Villiers THEART – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)", https://metal4africa.com/interviews/from-farm-to-force-and-beyond-an-interview-with-zp-theart/%7Ctitle=From, "From Farm to 'Force and Beyond – An Interview With ZP Theart", "REPORT: OLD-SCHOOL DRAGONFORCE A UNITED NATIONS OF METAL", "Former DragonForce Singer ZP Theart Does Not Regret Leaving Band", "I AM I's ZP Theart: Exclusive Pre-Bloodstock Interview", "Ex-Dragonforce Singer ZP Theart Returns With New Band I Am I", "Video: SKID ROW Plays First Show With Ex-DRAGONFORCE Singer ZP THEART", "SKID ROW Officially Recruits Ex-DRAGONFORCE Singer ZP THEART, Prepares To Make New Record", Rise of the Damnation Army: United World Rebellion: Chapter Two, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZP_Theart&oldid=982506163, Use South African English from December 2012, All Wikipedia articles written in South African English, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Vocals, guitar, bass guitar, keyboard, oboe, This page was last edited on 8 October 2020, at 15:42. WE WILL NOT SPAM YOU!
" When asked if the original lineup would ever get in the same room again, Bolan replied, "Don't know. Sources young and old have been there, and done that for sure. I hope it's padded [laughs].
Theart was also hired by Riot Games for the voice of Karthus in the songs "Deathfire Grasp" and "Last Whisper" by the metal band Pentakill.[2].
photos, 1. Overdrive spoke with founding member/guitarist Snake Sabo about how new vocalist, ZP Theart (ex-DragonForce) is settling in and the possibility of new material for 2018! Not all of them are known but one was a Pretoria-based band called Santaria which was active during the late eighties and early nineties.
mas a PENTAKILL tem o ZP Theart… https://t.co/d5KvEg0Ce5, @PisssPot @Proggie76 He blocked me cause I posted what a fantastic singer ZP Theart is.
Normally the ad cost for an Instagram ad post is based on the number of followers on the account.
2 Ways to Vote him Up! I hope it's padded [laughs].
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Kisatchie School
There is a campaign underway to restore the school. Support them here: Restoring Kisatchie School
Provencal is a village in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 611 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Natchitoches Micropolitan Statistical Area. Coushatta businessman and philanthropist Edgar Cason is a former Provencal resident.
As of the census of 2000, there were 708 people, 273 households, and 200 families residing in the village. The population density was 287.4 inhabitants per square mile (111.1/km2). There were 308 housing units at an average density of 125.0 per square mile (48.3/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.60% White, 0.42% African American, 1.13% Native American, 0.28% from other races, and 0.56% from two or more races. 1.27% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 273 households, out of which 40.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 25.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.12. In the village, the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 11.3% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.7 males. The median income for a household in the village was $31,196, and the median income for a family was $32,625. Males had a median income of $31,389 versus $19,625 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,842. About 7.1% of families and 9.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.0% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over. ~ Wikipedia
© 2021 by Lykins Films


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Posted on June 4, 2018 July 17, 2018 by hamiltoncivicchoir in Past Events
Absorb the calm and serene atmosphere of St Peter's Cathedral while enjoying an excellent performance of one of this country's finest choirs. Among the stained glass windows, Gothic arches and dulcet organ pipes, Hamilton Civic Choir led by Timothy Carpenter will perform a corpus of sacred music in honour of Mary, Mother of Christ.
Mary, the mother of Jesus, commonly referred to as Mary, Mother of God, Saint Mary, Virgin Mary and Blessed Virgin Mary, is one of the most admired figures in Scripture and considered by many to be the greatest of all Christian saints. While her life held great honour, her calling also required great suffering. Though there was joy in motherhood, there was great pain in the privilege of being the mother of Christ.
The Hamilton Civic Choir present its mid-winter concert entitled "Ave Maria" and will feature choral favourites such as the blazing but festive "Magnificat" by Bach (BWV 243), "A Hymn to the Virgin" composed by a juvenile Britten, Rachmaninoff's "Bogoroditse Devo" praised as "the greatest musical achievement of the Russian Orthodox Church", and Allegri's masterpiece "Miserere Mei". The programme will also feature Marian motets and settings by an array of composers spanning from the Renaissance to the 21st Century including New Zealand's own David Griffiths and David Childs.
The choir will be accompanied by the Cathedral's recently refurbished organ, played by Timothy Carpenter, with Assistant Musical Director and Répétiteur extraordinaire Francis Cowan who will conduct the opening of Bach's "Magnificat", the "Collegium Regale" by Howells and the beautifully sombre "Stabat Mater" by Pergolesi.
Timothy says "I have always been keen to do a choral concert with musical settings celebrating Mary, mother of Christ. Texts like Luke 46 (the Magnificat) and the Ave Maria are some of the most widely known to church goers, audiences and singers, and are used in both sacred liturgical and secular contexts. It will be fun and educational to perform settings of the same texts but with a wide range of styles, composers, difficulties and influences."
Recent auditions have resulted in a dozen new singers joining the choir and Chairperson Koli Jayatunge says that the tour to New York's Carnegie Hall in April this year has also given the choir a joie de vivre as they look forward to delighting audiences. This year's programming includes a concert in September where the choir will perform Bach's "St John's Passion" in collaboration with St Matthews Chamber Orchestra, and a concert in November commemorating the Centenary of the First World War Armistice.
What: Ave Maria
When: Saturday July 14th at 5pm (followed by supper and refreshments)
Where: St Peter's Cathedral, 51 Victoria Street, Hamilton
Tickets: $35 adults, $25 concessions including students, from iTicket here.
More Information: contact iTicket on " 0508 iTICKET (484-253)" or the choir at secretary@hamiltoncivicchoir.org.nz
Previous Post St John Passion
Next Post Choral Conducting Workshop
2 thoughts on "Ave Maria"
Barbara Bennett says:
Wondered what the cost was to attend Ave Maria.?
hamiltoncivicchoir says:
Hi Barbara, thanks for your question 🙂 Prices are: $35 for adults, $25 for concessions (including students), and school-age children are free. We're selling tickets through iTicket, and you can purchase them here https://www.iticket.co.nz/events/2018/jul/ave-maria/


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Thar she blows!
What makes the Nantucket film festival so great? Its setting - and its love of screenwriters
Kate Hudson and Naomi Watts in Le Divorce
Molly Haskell
Thu 17 Jul 2003 21.19 EDT
With every self-respecting American city or resort now having its own film festival, it's worth pausing and taking note when one breaks out of the pack. In eight years, the Nantucket film festival has done just that, thanks to both an extremely alluring setting and its unique focus as a screenwriters' festival. Past honorees have included Paul Schrader, Jay Presson Allen and Walter Bernstein, and it was to pay tribute to Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, the modestly unnamed but essential third party to the Merchant-Ivory troika, that I made my first trip to Nantucket.
It's a beautiful and surprisingly rugged spot. Weathered clapboard houses perch on bluffs and 40% of the island is environmentally protected woodlands, while the harbourside village, with its cobbled streets and 17th century houses, still looks like the booming whaling port it once was. The population is skewed toward the seriously rich, with billionaires, according to the local gossip, having driven out the millionaires. The billionaires are presumably the ones who can afford to fly in a daily battalion of labourers from the mainland to build their gargantuan "starter palaces".
Yet, its smallness and isolation, even inaccessibility (my return white-knuckle flight through bumpy skies on an eight-seater charter plane didn't make me want to rush back any time soon), gives the festival a low-key, democratic feeling. Artists and moviegoers commingle casually, and with the media notably absent and the opportunities for preening at a minimum, the stars tend to be less glittering than interesting - and interested.
Alan Cumming and Rosie Perez hosted a cabaret-style Late Night Storytelling with actors and audience members describing their funniest or most embarrassing moments, after which Cumming and Perez ambled over to a local nightspot and tended bar, chatting with fans and friends into the wee hours. On Saturday afternoon a standing-room-only crowd packed into the high school auditorium to hear a roster of first class actors reading the adaptation-in-progress of John Kennedy Toole's cult novel, A Confederacy of Dunces. We were treated to an embarrassment of riches: Cumming, Perez, Olympia Dukakis, Paul Rudd, Anne Meara, Celia Weston, Dan Hedaya, Kristen Johnston, Natasha Lyonne, Will Ferrell and John Shea all lent their convincingly southern-accented voices to this picaresque tale of New Orleans eccentrics, but it was frustrating not to hear more from each of them, or see them actually engage with one another. With all due respect for the imagination and temerity of the film-makers in tackling such a project - David Gordon Green is scheduled to direct with Steven Soderbergh as screenwriter/producer - I have my doubts as to whether this highly episodic, word-drunk novel is viable film material.
That and other movies on hand stimulated thoughts about the craft of screenwriting, the relationship between words as an end in themselves and as drama, and the prickly nature of adaptations. The miraculous and almost unexplainable American Splendor and the quixotically odd Vermont-based Nosey Parker combine fiction and documentary, the personal and the social, in ways that are utterly new, while retrospective showings of Merchant-Ivory-Jhabvala works confirm that they have brought the art of classical adaptation to a kind of perfection we're not likely to see again. Whether adapting EM Forster or (one would think) more cinematically resistant works like Remains of the Day and (one of my favourites) Mr and Mrs Bridge, Jhabvala's talent is to capture the essence, to bring out the universality of her subject without surrendering to the temptation to make it more topical, more relevant.
Fortuitously or not, the rise of the Nantucket event seems to coincide with a parallel rise in fortunes of the status of the screenwriter, hitherto the invisible party in the film-making process, the low man on the totem pole, he or she of the blurred credits, the 11th hour unbilled saviour. Partly because they have been eclipsed by the director or overruled by the producer in our film cosmos, or simply lost in a sea of credits in which any single contribution was impossible to assess, it has always been more difficult to sort out a screenwriter's "signature" than a director's. The writers headlined at Nantucket are all stars of a sort, who've been at it long enough to have won awards, and have established temperamental and artistic leanings. But lesser names and promising beginners are also honoured and encouraged. And then, the kind of small independent films that show up at Nantucket and Sundance, are not the work of many hands, but of writer-directors, or writers and directors in close collaboration.
That Merchant, Ivory and Jhabvala have worked together for 40 years, and continue to turn out consummately intelligent films, is something of a record. Jhabvala, when asked if she went on set, replied no, that didn't interest her; but what was important - a privilege that most writers don't enjoy - was being in on the editing. There, she implied, in the subtle, final orchestrating of rhythm and tone, is where director and screenwriter meet and merge.
Underrated for many years because they proved the well-written film could attract large audiences in addition to major awards, these three have suffered some slights in a critical atmosphere more favourable to dark subjects and directorial flourish. Yet the late Vincent Canby of the New York Times, no lover of the conventional "well-made" film and a fine novelist himself, wrote in 1992 (regarding Howard's End): "It's time for legislation decreeing that no one be allowed to make a screen adaptation of a novel of any quality whatsoever if Ismail Merchant, James Ivory, and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala are available, and if they elect to do the job. Trespassers should be prosecuted, possibly condemned, sentenced to watch Adam Bede on Masterpiece Theater for five to seven years."
Their new film, Le Divorce, which opens in the US this summer, proves yet again Ruth Jhabvala's agility and dexterity in adapting a book - Diane Johnson's comedy of manners - that doesn't have easy points of identification. While reducing the number of French and American characters locked in a roundelay of mutual misunderstanding, she's managed to retain the essential satirical observations (that oxblood alligator Hermes bag as leitmotif!), resulting in a buoyant movie that should provide merry grist for Francophiles, Francophobes, and - should such a person exist - anyone in between.
James Ivory


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Getting to know our Jimmy Gorski is Dead actors:
Erin Carr (Christina Hewitt) is proud to be the Co-Founder/Co-Artistic Director of ReVamp Collective and to be performing in the world premiere of this production. She is a graduate of NYU's Tisch School of the Arts where she studied at the Experimental Theatre Wing and received her BFA in drama. Favorite stage roles include Carol in Oleanna, Catherine Givings in In the Next Room…, Sara in Stop Kiss and Hallie Jackson in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Along with performing and collaborating, Erin works as teaching artist, director of educational theatre, and advanced physical theatre practitioner around the U.S., currently working out of Cincinnati, Ohio. She's extremely grateful to work with her fellow Vamps, Carly and Kristen on this production! As always, she sends her love to Matthew & her family for their constant support. For more: www.erincarr.com
Arlen Hancock (Phil Halechko) is a Philly based actor and fight choreographer making his premier with ReVamp. He's a recent graduate from The University of the Arts with his BFA in Acting. He's also a combat teaching artist and faculty member with Theatrical Trainer where he was Barrymore nominated for his choreography on It Girl (Simpatico Theater Co). Previous credits include Julius Caesar (Penn Shakes), A Funny Thing Happened...(Scranton Shakes) and The Tempest (Commonwealth Classics). As always, for my sister. To learn more, visit www.arlenhancockactor.com
Kevin Rodden (Scott Gorski) is excited to work with ReVamp for the first time!. He recently completed the Dublin Trilogy at The Irish Heritage Theatre. He has worked with Renegade Theatre, Luna Theater, New City Stage, Dragon's Eye, and the Philadelphia Shakespeare Theatre, among others. Kevin is also (DG) Dialogues Producer with Directors Gathering.
Richie Sklar (Jimmy Gorski) is thrilled to be making his debut with Revamp Collective! A South Jersey native and recent South Philly resident, Richie's credits include Birdie's Pit Stop (Trixie Taboo, Philly Fringe), Our Town (Joe Crowell/Si Crowell, Eagle Theater), Into the Woods (Jack, Limelight PAC), Seussical (Cat in the Hat, Limelight PAC), Hello, Dolly! (Ensemble, Media Theatre), Maggie McGee and the Good Character Bandwagon (Richard/Mrs. Honeydoodle, YANJ), and The Lion, the Witch & the Wardrobe (Edmund, Theatreworks/USA). Richie was also recently featured in a commercial for Herr's Potato Chips! In addition to acting, Richie works as a Teaching Artist throughout PA and serves at the Head Administrator for Theatrical Trainer. Richie would like to thank his family and friends, especially Peter, for always supporting his dreams!


Well made kartals imported for us, limited quantities! Well tuned and in tune, not your typical tourist quality kartal. Scales will vary from C# ~ D# Engravings will vary as they are all handmade; approximately 7~8 cms in diameter.


Hafod comes from the oldest, continuously certified organic dairy farm in Wales (35 years). It is a mild, cheddar style cheese. Although it is mild, it is a complex cheese, very creamy and buttery, not like the mild cheddars you would purchase in the supermarket. The milk comes from Ayrshire cows. This breed has an overall lower milk production than typical dairy cows, but makes up for it with their high protein and small butterfat globules, making it an ideal milk for cheesemaking. This would be considered a small operation, milking 65 cows and making cheese every other day. Hafod wheels weigh in at 10 kg/22 lbs and are aged 10-18 months. This raw milk cheddar is made by Sam & Rachel Holden.


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Rudolf Hess' Betrayal and Murder – The Nurse's Confession
Most of you may already know the story of Rudolf Hess, Hitler's right-hand man, and how he flew off to England to make peace with the British.
His plane, of course, crashed in Scotland and he was made a prisoner of the Allies. Hess was immediately locked up and kept in solitary confinement nearly the rest of his life. What truths about the war did Rudolf Hess possess that were of such danger to the Allies?
As for me, I worked as a male nurse caring for Rudolf Hess from August 1, 1982 until his murder on August 17, 1987 at the Allied Military Prison in Spandau. On the day of Mr. Hess's death, I commenced my duties, which involved caring for my patient, as usual, at 6:45 a.m. I assisted him with showering and dressing, and was present when he ate a meal at 10:30 a.m. At no time did he give any indication that his state of mind was disturbed or that he was unduly de- pressed. Shortly after the meal, he asked me to go to the nearby town of Spandau to purchase a ceramic pot to replace one that was broken. Mr. Hess would not have made such a request merely to ensure my absence, since I was always absent in any event from midday, during my lunch break.
At the Last Moment
At 2 p.m. I was called to the prison from my flat, which was located outside—but in the immediate vicinity—of Spandau Prison. After some delay I reached the summerhouse in the prison garden where I was told that there had been "an incident." The small door at the front of the summerhouse was closed.
When I entered the summerhouse, the scene was like a wrestling match had taken place; the entire place was in confusion. The straw tiled mat that covered the floor was in disarray, although only the day before I had cleaned the floor and had left the straw mat carefully arranged in its usual place. A tall lamp had been knocked over, but I clearly remember that the cable attached to the lamp was still connected to the main socket. It was this lamp cable which the authorities later said Mr. Hess—frail, 93 years old and suffering from crippling arthritis—had used to hang himself. A round table and Mr. Hess's armchair had also been overturned. In summary, none of the furniture or equipment was in its usual place, and there is no question in my mind but that a struggle had taken place in the summerhouse.
The body of Mr. Hess was lying on the floor of the summerhouse, apparently lifeless. Near to his body stood two soldiers dressed in U.S. Army uniforms. I had never seen either soldier before. I also saw an American guard, whom I knew as Tony Jordan. There was no cable anywhere near the body of Mr. Hess; as I have said, the only cable was attached to the fallen lamp, which was still plugged into the wall.
I immediately proceeded to examine Mr. Hess. I could not detect any respiration, pulse or heartbeat. I estimated that death had occurred 40 minutes earlier.
The guard whom I knew as Jordan stood near Mr. Hess's feet and appeared agitated. He was sweating heavily, his shirt was saturated with sweat, and he was not wearing a tie. I said to Jordan: "What have you done with him" He replied: "The pig is finished; you won't have to work a night shift any longer."
During the five years in which I daily cared for Mr. Hess, I was able to obtain a clear and accurate impression of his physical capabilities. I do not consider, given his physical condition, that it would have been possible for Mr. Hess to have committed suicide by hanging himself, as was later published by the Allied powers. In my view, it is clear that he met his death by strangulation, at the hands of a third party.
But when I voiced my objections, I was threatened with professional ruination—or worse. For years I kept silent. But now I have told the entire story of my time with my friend Rudolf Hess, a man of great vision, intelligence and compassion, in a new book called Rudolf Hess: His Betrayal and Murder.
The Barnes Review is the only American publishing house gutsy enough to publish the book. Several mainstream publishers in Europe gave us the run-around, promising to publish the book and then backing out at the last minute.
1936 Olympic Games in Berlin: Opening and Closing Ceremonies
What is it that is so dangerous about this crime and this book that it scared off big publishing houses? You will have to determine that for yourself. I have also included many photos from my own files and also reproductions and English translations of dozens and dozens of Hess's personal correspondence, most never before translated into the English language.
I hope you like the book and appreciate the time, effort and expense The Barnes Review has gone to in order to bring it to you.
I guarantee that every word inside is the complete truth in regard to what I know about what happened to Mr. Hess and what I learned about him as a man.
Source: Abdallah Melaouhi – The Barnes Review
The Jul and SS Corner
Humans Conspire
Adolf Hitler's Speech Before the Reichstag (May 4, 1941)
Jewish Film Star Maureen Lipman Demands Jews Portray Jews
A Jew by Any Other
SS-Kampfgruppe Division "Bohemia-Moravia"
Damon Galgut: Predictable Anti-White Hack Predictably Wins a Prize
Adolf Hitler's Speech at the Tempelhofer Feld (May 1, 1935)
Leader of Personal Sacrifice: Adolf Hitler
Killed by the Allies – The World's Worst Naval Disasters
The History of American National Socialism - Part V: The Pre-Rockwell Years (1946-1958)
Campaign against Soviet Bolshevism: Adolf Hitler's "Barbarossa" Proclamation
Obituary for the "Greatest Briton"
No, the Rothschilds and Jewish Bankers Did Not Finance Hitler
Otton Skorzeny's Commando Liberates Mussolini (VIDEO)
Matt Koehl: Faith of the Future
Still Wearing their Boots and Helmets: The Warriors Who Fell Fighting Soviets at the Gates of Berlin
Loyalty – Command and Obedience: SS Leadership Guide by Alfred Kotz
Adolf Hitler's Speech in Berlin Before Armaments Workers (December 10, 1940)
Ben Bernanke Says "Hitler Was the Guy Who Got Economics Right in the 1930s"
The First Danish Kings were Pirates
German Army PzKpfw VI Ausf. E "Tiger I" Heavy Tank in Tunisia (1943)
Adolf Hitler Speaking to the Reichstag about the Enabling Act in the Kroll Opera House in Berlin, Germany (23 March 1933)
German Tank Pz.Kpfw. VI Tiger from 502nd Panzer Battalion in Nevel, Pskov Region (January, 1944)
German Solder in Combat During the House-to-House Fighting in Kharkov, Ukraine (Eastern front, 1943)
Adolf Hitler and Other Top German Leaders Leaving the Japanese Art Exhibition at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, Germany (February 1939)
Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini at München, Germany for the Munich Conference (29 September 1938)


BOSTON--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Boston Private Financial Holdings, Inc. (NASDAQ: BPFH) will report third quarter 2018 financial results after market close on Wednesday, October 17, 2018.
Boston Private Financial Holdings, Inc. is a national financial services organization that owns Wealth Management, Trust, and Private Banking affiliates with offices in Boston, New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Jose, Florida, and Wisconsin. The Company has total assets of greater than $8 billion, and manages over $21 billion of client assets.


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Q: Momentum shell renormalization coupling constant expansion Whilst studying momentum shell renormalization in Altland & Simons Condensed Matter Field Theory (Chapter 8.2 page 423) I came across a technique  which puzzled me a bit.
It starts off with the normal procedure of dividing the action/fields ($\theta$) (specific action does not matter for my question) into slow and fast ones, $\theta = \theta_s + \theta_f$, integrating slow ones up to $|\omega_n| < \Lambda/b$ and fast ones between $ \Lambda / b <|\omega_n| < \Lambda$. After doing this you can split the action in a part that only depends on $\theta_s$, one that only depends on $\theta_f$ and one that has combinations of both. Next they define $e^{-S_{eff} \ [\theta_s]} \equiv e^{-S_{s} \ [\theta_s]} \langle e^{-S_U [\theta_s\ ,\ \theta_f\ ]} \rangle_f $, where $\langle . . . \rangle_f \equiv \int D \theta_f e^{-S_f [\theta_f \ ]} (...)$, with $S_{eff}$ the effective action, $S_s$ the slow field action, $S_f$ the fast field action and $S_U$ the combined term. Here comes the sketchy part for me: They assume the coupling constant is small, expanding the exponent in the brackets: $ e^{-S_{s} \ [\theta_s]} \langle e^{-S_U [\theta_s\ ,\ \theta_f\ ]} \rangle_f = e^{-S_{s} \ [\theta_s]} \langle 1 - S_U + ... \rangle_f$ and then re-exponentiate this to $ \approx e^{-S_{s} \ [\theta_s]} e^{-\langle S_U \ [\theta_s \ ,\theta_f \ ]  \rangle_f}$.
My questions are the following:

*

*How is this done mathematically? The re-exponentiating does not exactly add up when I try to reproduce it.

*Why is it justified to do this expansion and exponentiating in the first place?

A: This is standard power-series expansion, if I understand correctly. We start by $e^{-S_U} = 1-S_U+O(S_U^2)$ which you can say is the definition of exponential. Then we take the expectation value as
$$ \int\! D\theta_f e^{-S_f[\theta_f]}\left\{1-S_U[\theta_f, \theta_s]+O(S_U^2)\right\}$$ is still well defined (the $S_U^2$ term just gives you higher-order interaction terms), and this, in turn, just give us numbers. The expectation value of $1$ is also $1$, by requirement $\int\! D\theta_f e^{-S_f[\theta_f]} = 1$ (otherwise we divide by this quantity). So we get $\langle e^{-S_U} \rangle_f = 1-\langle S_U \rangle_f + \langle O(S_U^2) \rangle_f$ which has the same linear series expansion as $e^{-\langle S_U \rangle_f}$, so we can replace one with the other, keeping in mind that the approximation is valid only up to linear term in the interactions described in $S_U$, and everything is perturbative with the caveats it entails.


Sponsored by Elpro, a leading provider of dataloggers and other temperature-monitoring equipment, and Sonoco ThermoSafe, a leading provider of temperature-controlled packaging, the Leading Minds seminar is intended to be an information-sharing session among industry participants, especially when disparate parts of the pharma supply chain, from manufacturer to wholesaler to transportation provider come together. The meeting (June 6-7) brought about 75 participants together at Normandy Farm, a hotel/conference center in Blue Bell, PA.
A recurring theme of the meeting, chaired by Geoff Glauser, a consultant with the Biological Research and Development Authority (BARDA) of HHS, is the stability budget of drug substances—when they are part of a clinical trial; when product launch is approached; and when the full life cycle of the drug during commercial exploitation is experienced. Glauser notes that the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), a sister agency to BARDA, will allow for pricing premiums for CDC vaccine and drug stockpiles, when the manufacturer does the testing to ensure that the drugs can be kept stockpiled for extended periods of time. A variety of speakers, including scientists, pharmacists and engineers from Biogen, Merck, NIH and Elpro, explored the intricacies of measuring stability, making use of stability budgets in various stages of a cold chain shipment, and applying risk-based considerations to temperature excursions during shipments. Jeffery Carrico, PharmD, chief of clinical pharmacy and investigational drug research at HHS, noted that NIH sponsors upwards of 500 trials a year, and managing trial logistics is a challenge. "Everyone knows that the key factors are distance, time and temperature when it comes to maintaining a compliant trial logistics process, but verifying this in an auditable fashion is difficult," he noted. One example: how to track a drug being tested, when the drug sample itself is blinded to investigators and patients.
Another range of factors affecting stability is not just measuring the effects of TOR (time out of refrigeration), but also freeze-thaw cycles, temperature spikes, and changes to a drug formulation between the clinical testing stages and final composition.
Chris Anderson, director of quality systems at Cardinal Health, and a member of the expert committee at US Pharmacopeia, gave an update of USP <1079>, Good Storage and Shipping Practices, which has been under an update cycle since 2016, and for which a draft version is going to be published in July. USP will be soliciting comments on the draft through the end of this year, and in February, a committee vote is scheduled for making the new version a final guidance. In general, says Anderson, risk-based approaches to managing storage and shipping practices will be a key part of the update.
Other sessions at the meeting included the challenges of controlled room-temperature (CRT) shipments, temperature monitoring protocols, and evaluating active versus passive shipping containers with a risk-based perspective. Dirk Rodgers, global regulatory strategist at Systech International, and blogger at RxTrace.com, gave an update on blockchain as applied to pharma supply chains. Vishal Khushalani, director of global marketing at Sonoco ThermoSafe, outlined an evolving approach to the economics of reused cold-chain packaging, in which programs tailored to the shipping lanes, the types of packaging materials, and the shared responsibilities of the shipper and the packaging provider, can be worked out.
The meeting concluded on the second day with guided tours of a Sonoco ThermoSafe facility, and an Elpro user group session. Leading Minds is planned to be an annual event for the Sonoco ThermoSafe / Elpro collaboration. More information is available here.
Original Publication: Basta, Nick. "Leading Minds Seminar 2018: Managing risk, measuring stability." Pharmaceutical Commerce, 13 June, 2018, http://pharmaceuticalcommerce.com/cold-chain-spotlight/leading-minds-seminar-2018-managing-risk-measuring-stability/.
The study details how ThermoSafe and its reclamation partner, CTS was able to solve major logistical challenges for Comprehensive Health Services, a provider of medical services to governmental agencies in the Middle East and other International locations. Click here to download the case study.
Alternatively, you can click here to read the study on page 30 of the September/October issue of Pharmaceutical Commerce.


With the new year beginning, we would like to take a look back at 2018.
Throughout the year, we spent over 18,500 hours caring for the animals brought to us in need. We found homes for over 870 domestic animals and cared for over 350 wildlife; all of which was made possible by the generous donations we received; whether they were in the form of time, money or items for our shops.
We could not survive as a branch without the continued support from our community, so from the team and the animals at the RSPCA Doncaster, Rotherham and District Branch we would like to say a huge 'thank you'.


A return to inflation in 2018 is a real question mark. Who will benefit from it? Who will be penalised on the equity markets?
In 2017, equity markets fully benefited from low inflation and an acceleration in economic growth. A major question being debated today in the markets is the potential return of inflationary pressure, particularly in the United States. There are several possible reasons for this scenario: solid global growth, possible wage increases in some countries (returning to the famous Phillips curve), rising producer prices in China, and a sustained high oil price. Inflationary pressure could intensify further especially as the economic recovery is synchronised between the different geographical (emerging and developed) regions.
In this context, what would be the impact on the various industries? What are the potential sector rotations on equity markets?
The analysis of correlations over the last five years between sector performance and two key economic indicators—inflation and a leading indicator (PMI)— has provided a clear indication of the behaviour of different industries in relation to the economic environment. Cyclical stocks usually benefit from rising inflation and higher economic growth. Typically, materials and capital goods are the main beneficiaries. Their revenues increase in a context of strong growth. Financials too benefit from a rise in nominal interest rates and—in the context of higher economic growth forecasts—the steepening of the yield curve (the profitability of financial institutions improves when the spread between long and short rates is greater). Conversely, defensive sectors (consumer staples, real estate, telecoms) which sometimes offer high and often stable dividends, suffer from a reflationary environment and should be favoured in the event of deflation (declining prices) and/or a recession (contraction of business activity).
In conclusion, any inflationary pressure in a climate of sustained economic growth could persuade investors to use a sector rotation strategy in favour of cyclical and financial stocks. This rotation could be rapid given the significant valuation differentials between sectors at present. Indeed, some sectors—growth stocks in particular— have been massively played out and are now trading at multiples which are deemed as high.


We've all heard the expression, "carbs are the enemy." If you are one of the thousands of people who believe this is true, you may want to reconsider your position on carbohydrates and diet if you want to achieve successful weight loss.
"Carbohydrates combined with other nutrients in a well-balanced diet can work together effectively to help promote successful weight loss," says Tessa Prior-Pullins, one of the lead dietitians for BistroMD. "In fact, a successful weight loss plan needs to include carbohydrates in your diet, otherwise your metabolism won't burn fat effectively."
As one of BistroMD's most trusted experts, Tessa explains the important role carbohydrates and diet play together when it comes to successful weight loss. She also explains why the "right" kinds of carbohydrates are essential for a productive metabolism.
Carbohydrates are actually the body's most common source of energy. It's where you get these carbohydrates that is most important, along with where they go.
"There are good and bad types of carbohydrates," says Tessa. "Bad carbohydrates come from foods that contain simple sugars, like candy and cookies. Good carbohydrates, also known as complex carbohydrates, come from foods like whole grains and vegetables."
If you combine carbohydrates and diet effectively, your metabolism will actually re-train itself to promote healthy and effective weight loss.
"When we start a diet, it's important that the foods we eat contain carbohydrates," says Tessa. "An effective balance of carbohydrates and diet will help yield the energy your body needs to maintain itself."
In order to rid your body of excess body fat, your metabolism needs to be able to burn fat effectively. Metabolism literally means that your body needs to break down protein, carbohydrates, and healthy fats for energy to burn excess stored fat.
"In order for us to function, our bodies will first use available carbohydrates, then protein, and lastly turn to our fat stores for energy," says Tessa. "If carbohydrates and diet are not combined effectively, your body will break down lean body tissues for protein, and convert it into needed carbohydrates for energy."
If you want to have the necessary energy to get through your daily activities, and if you want to lose weight effectively, you may want to re-consider including complex carbohydrates in your diet.
How Do I Know if a Carbohydrate is Good or Bad?
Bad carbohydrates, or simple carbohydrates, are found mostly in what most would consider unhealthy foods, or junk food.
"Currently, most Americans are estimated to get about 50-60% of their calories from carbohydrate sources," says Tessa. "Sugar actually accounts for nearly 60% of these calories."
What most people don't realize is that for every 15 grams of "bad" carbohydrates digested, your blood sugar will actually rise about 30 points.
"This is why eating the 'right' kinds of carbohydrates are so important," says Tessa. "Sugary foods, snacks, and beverages are filled with empty calories and contain simple carbohydrates. To put things into perspective, your body will actually convert these 'bad' carbohydrates into insufficient energy, causing your metabolism to take needed energy from other sources, like muscle tissue."
This will actually slow down your metabolism and cause you to lose water weight and muscle mass instead of the fat you are trying to get rid of.
So, how do you know if a carbohydrate is good or bad?
Good carbohydrates are found in foods such as whole grains, oats, vegetables, and certain fruits.
"These foods will actually boost your metabolism, because they provide your body with the right kind of energy," says Tessa. "Many of these foods are also higher in protein, which will keep you feeling fuller longer."
When shopping or looking for foods that contain healthy carbohydrates, it's important that you pay attention to nutrition labels.
"If you are looking to buy healthier foods, it's important that you know what to look for on nutrition labels," says Tessa. "Daily, you should not exceed taking in more than 300 grams of total carbohydrates. If you pick up an item that will cause you to exceed this limit, put it right back on the shelf."
For essential nutrition and optimal health, you should eat proper portions of complex carbohydrates in combination with the right amounts of protein and healthy fats.
"Complex carbohydrates eaten with an effective diet of protein and healthy fats will keep you healthy and promote effective weight loss," says Tessa. "On a daily basis, you should eat meals that focus on lean protein, with sides that contain complex carbohydrates, like quinoa, rice, or green vegetables."
Meals with this combination of nutrients will actually give you just the right amount of daily recommended calories; enough to stay energized, and enough to retrain your metabolism to burn excess fat.
"I have personally worked with BistroMD's founding physician, Caroline J. Cederquist, M.D., to create meals that are balanced to promote healthy weight loss, through the right combinations of protein, carbohydrates, and healthy fats," says Tessa. "With diet meal delivery from BistroMD, our meals take the guesswork out of counting calories and carbohydrates. Each meal contains the right balance of these nutrients and carbohydrates to keep you healthy, and to keep your metabolism productive."
To learn more about healthy meal delivery from BistroMD, please visit our home page to learn more about our program.


The women gather weekly to study Books of the Bible or other texts and topics that relate to the Bible.
The current series is "Seeing Jesus" in the two Epistles of Peter and the three Epistles of John.
All women are invited to come and learn more about the Word of God.


text:
#include <libxml/parser.h>
#include <libxml/tree.h>
#include <libxml/xmlmemory.h>
#include "CCSAXParser.h"
#include "CCDictionary.h"
#include "CCFileUtils.h"

NS_CC_BEGIN

CCSAXParser::CCSAXParser()
{
    m_pDelegator = NULL;
}

CCSAXParser::~CCSAXParser(void)
{
}

bool CCSAXParser::init(const char *pszEncoding)
{
    CC_UNUSED_PARAM(pszEncoding);
    // nothing to do
    return true;
}

bool CCSAXParser::parse(const char* pXMLData, unsigned int uDataLength)
{
    /*
     * this initialize the library and check potential ABI mismatches
     * between the version it was compiled for and the actual shared
     * library used.
     */
    LIBXML_TEST_VERSION
    xmlSAXHandler saxHandler;
    memset( &saxHandler, 0, sizeof(saxHandler) );
    // Using xmlSAXVersion( &saxHandler, 2 ) generate crash as it sets plenty of other pointers...
    saxHandler.initialized = XML_SAX2_MAGIC;  // so we do this to force parsing as SAX2.
    saxHandler.startElement = &CCSAXParser::startElement;
    saxHandler.endElement = &CCSAXParser::endElement;
    saxHandler.characters = &CCSAXParser::textHandler;

    int result = xmlSAXUserParseMemory( &saxHandler, this, pXMLData, uDataLength );
    if ( result != 0 )
    {
        return false;
    }
    /*
     * Cleanup function for the XML library.
     */
    xmlCleanupParser();
    /*
     * this is to debug memory for regression tests
     */
#if (CC_TARGET_PLATFORM != CC_PLATFORM_BADA)
    xmlMemoryDump();
#endif

    return true;
}

bool CCSAXParser::parse(const char *pszFile)
{
    CCFileData data(pszFile, "rt");
    unsigned long size = data.getSize();
    char *pBuffer = (char*) data.getBuffer();

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    {
        return false;
    }
    return parse(pBuffer, size);
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void CCSAXParser::startElement(void *ctx, const CC_XML_CHAR *name, const CC_XML_CHAR **atts)
{
    ((CCSAXParser*)(ctx))->m_pDelegator->startElement(ctx, (char*)name, (const char**)atts);
}

void CCSAXParser::endElement(void *ctx, const CC_XML_CHAR *name)
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    ((CCSAXParser*)(ctx))->m_pDelegator->endElement(ctx, (char*)name);
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void CCSAXParser::textHandler(void *ctx, const CC_XML_CHAR *name, int len)
{
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NS_CC_END

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Commercial Division – Nassau County
Nassau County:
Hon. Stephen A. Bucaria
Hon. Vito M. DeStefano
Hon. Timothy S. Driscoll
Hon. Jerome Murphy
Biography of Justice Vito M. DeStefano
Justice Vito M. DeStefano is a New York State Supreme Court Justice, having been elected to that position in 2007. Prior to serving in the Supreme Court, Judge DeStefano was a Nassau County District Court Judge for four years.
In his judicial capacity, Judge DeStefano has handled thousands of civil and criminal matters from commencement through verdict or decision. He is the author of many published decisions covering a wide array of legal issues. In 2004, Judge DeStefano was profiled in the New York Law Journal for his successful efforts in settling 1,400 no-fault insurance cases pending in District Court.
Judge DeStefano presently serves as a member of the Advisory Committee on Judicial Ethics and is an adjunct professor at Molloy College, Hofstra University and Long Island University C.W. Post School of Accountancy. Judge DeStefano is also a frequent continuing legal education lecturer.
From 1999 through 2003, Judge DeStefano was an associate at a major mid-town law firm. A substantial part of his practice involved appellate work and insurance litigation of all types. Before entering private practice, Judge DeStefano served as an Appellate Court Attorney at the Appellate Division Second Judicial Department.
Judge DeStefano received his juris doctor degree from Brooklyn Law School and his Bachelor of Arts Degree in Philosophy and Religious Studies (magna cum laude) from Wagner College. He graduated from Stuyvesant High School and was born in Brooklyn, New York. He and his wife Kim have been married since 1991 and have four children.


text:
Call for Papers: Cripping Visual Cultures
Submit a book or exhibition review
Submit a proposal for a special issue
Submit a proposal for a Polemics section
Submit a proposal for a Practices section
Protocole de rédaction
Appel à publications : Les cultures visuelles crip
Proposez une recension
Proposez un dossier thématique
Proposez une section « Polémiques »
Proposez une section « Pratiques »
Reviews / Recensions
Exhibitions / Expositions
Colleen Skidmore
Searching for Mary Schäffer: Women, Wilderness, Photography
Edmonton: The University of Alberta Press, 2017
448 pp., 60 + colour illus.
$34.95 (paper) ISBN: 9781772122985
Mary T. S. Schäffer, the Philadelphian botanist, adventurer, and photographer, is perhaps best known for being one of a handful of women to have braved the back country of the Canadian Rocky Mountains at the turn of the twentieth-century. While her life and work have taken on particular resonance in Banff, where she settled later in life, they have also attracted attention in Canada and the United States more broadly, where her writing and photographs continue to be the source of much popular and scholarly attention. In 1992, for instance, she caught the eye of Lucy Lippard, who identified one of Schäffer's photographs as the impetus behind her important edited volume Partial Recall: Photographs of Native North Americans. And as recently as 2011, Schäffer's travel photographs were the subject of a publication by Michale Lang entitled An Adventurous Woman Abroad: The Selected Lantern Slides of Mary T. S. Schäffer.
However, though Schäffer may be widely recognized, it remains extremely difficult, as with all authors who make their fame through travel writing, to separate the persona from the person, the tale from the actual event. Yet this is the ambitious goal Colleen Skidmore sets herself in Searching for Mary Schäffer: Women, Wilderness, Photography, the latest addition to the University of Alberta Press' Mountain Cairn series. In the author's own words, this book "aspires to ask new questions and to tell new stories with new or more fully formed characters" (45), so that the reader may gain a different perspective on a woman whom others have built into a great Canadian heroine. The project rests firmly on the work Skidmore undertook as the editor of This Wild Spirit: Women in the Rocky Mountains of Canada (2006), an anthology of women's writing also featured in the same series.
What Skidmore accomplishes with Searching for Mary Schäffer is primarily an insightful reinvestigation of Schäffer's life by way of thorough archival research. Already familiar with the reams of correspondence, manuscripts, and photographs that make up Schäffer's fonds in the Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies, Skidmore was also able to locate the extant documents of Mary (Molly) W. Adams, Schäffer's long-time travel companion, whose diaries and letters were still in the hands of her descendants. Using her substantial talents as an evocative writer, Skidmore animates this archival material, bringing to life the personalities of these two women, while adamantly reiterating the futility of seeking out a "genuine" Mary Schäffer. This is not the impassioned adulation of a devoted admirer, although Skidmore's respect for Schäffer's nerve does come through. Rather, it is a careful and much-needed re-evaluation of a well-known but little interrogated icon. The result is a superbly illustrated monograph that complicates the legend of Mary Schäffer by insisting on primary sources, by looking beyond her best-known work, and by focussing inquiries along the three thematic lenses of women, wilderness, and photography. It must, however, be mentioned that Skidmore's approach to these politically laden themes is largely bio-historical, and some seminal theory falls by the wayside. Key names like Abigail Solomon-Godeau and Linda Nochlin are surprisingly absent from this feminist visual study, and the work of Joan Schwartz on archives and James R. Ryan on colonial photography, for instance, might have been used more extensively.
There is no question, however, that this book makes a significant contribution to the field of Rocky Mountain studies, and others, too, will find use in its probing reflections on the unreliability of authorial voice, the subjectivity of photography, and settler/indigenous relationships. The first two of these topics are central to Skidmore's guiding assertion that "Schäffer's work is a mixture of fact and invention" (135), a claim she supports by recourse to Margaret Atwood's musings on the writer's persona and Stephen Jay Gould's concept of "literary bias." As for the treatment of Schäffer's interactions with First Nations peoples, much energy is focussed on her portrait of the Beaver family, whom she met while in Îyârhe Nakoda territory, and whose members Skidmore attempts to track through governmental censuses, revealing the spottiness and gaps of those records that document Indigenous lives. As an answer to twentieth-century critics, such as Julia V. Emberley who condemn Schäffer's work as racist opportunism, Skidmore quotes Louis Owens, a novelist and scholar of Indigenous and Irish-American descent: "It seems that a necessary, if difficult, lesson for all of us may well be that in giving voice to the silent we unavoidably give voice to the forces that conspire to effect that silence" (179). That Schäffer was a white woman who made use of her colonial privileges is certainly an important issue to consider, but what Skidmore finds far more problematic is the fact that her photographs have since been appropriated by the tourism industry, academia, and other interests to make generalist claims that do not shed further light on the actual people involved. Beyond addressing such sensitive subjects, Skidmore does an excellent job of signposting further reading. Her bibliography alone represents an important resource to anyone carrying out research on Canadian travel literature, gender studies, photography, or national parks.
Skidmore begins her book by addressing the ethical dilemmas of reprinting private or unpublished material and of writing women's biographies, bemoaning the fact that "women's personas … are rarely reconstructed without attention being paid to the woman's intimate relationships, especially marriage (or lack of it)" and that "most writers of Schäffer's life refer to her by her first name only … [which is] jarring and presumptuous" (41). Much of the opening chapter is dedicated to a survey of the praise and criticisms directed at Schäffer over the years. In particular, Skidmore touches on the problems of various republications of Schäffer's work, such as E. J. Hart's A Hunter of Peace (1980), which included a verbatim transcript of Schäffer's 1911 memoir Old Indian Trails of the Canadian Rocky Mountains, but failed to maintain the original relationship between the writing and its photographic illustrations. Skidmore also remarks that few scholars who have accused Schäffer of being affected, bourgeois, or colonial in her attitudes have taken the pains to look much beyond Schäffer's published output, which they often take to be of a documentary nature rather than memoirs. "Over-reading photographs," Skidmore warns, "is easily done; but, like reading narrative literally rather than literarily, it leads to unsupported and misleading claims, and strips the image of the nuances and complexities of looking and looking back that are at play" (177). Skidmore makes it clear that her aim is not to make Schäffer either a whipping post or a saint, but to provide readers with a more nuanced understanding of her as someone who worked just as much within as against gender and racial conventions, and whose many projects—whether botanical publications, survey maps, or photographic essays—should be read as collaborative endeavours that encompass a far greater cast of characters than is usually acknowledged.
The introduction is followed by four geographic and roughly chronological chapters, each headed by a letter to or from Schäffer—an editorial choice that allows us to imagine Skidmore herself sifting through hundreds of pages of correspondence. Schäffer is first introduced to the reader as the wife of the eminent botanist Charles Schäffer, thanks to whom she is initiated into Philadelphia's many erudite groups, from the Academy of Natural Sciences to the Photographic Society and the Geological Society. It is her husband's research and eventual death that brings her to the Rockies, year after year, to complete the work they began on alpine flora. The next two chapters are devoted to her subsequent expeditions into the mountains and her growing association with Molly Adams, a fellow American whose bushwhacking enthusiasm matched Schäffer's own. This is the Schäffer most are familiar with, the one who trekked through the brush beyond the Canadian Pacific tracks, who befriended Îyârhe Nakoda tribes, and who located the mythic Chaba Imne lake (now Maligne Lake), as told in her highly acclaimed adventure account, Old Indian Trails. Here, Skidmore stresses how Schäffer's best-known work would not have been possible without the help of Adams, whom Schäffer herself credited for her photographic contributions to Old Indian Trails. The assistance received from different mountain guides the women hired is also highlighted by Skidmore, as is that of the many Indigenous peoples Schäffer and Adams encountered along their travels. The final chapter is concerned with the four-month trip Schäffer and Adams made to Japan in 1908. In this vastly different setting, the two women's interests appear to have been more ethnographic than botanical or geographic, with the pair spending a good few weeks recording the Ainu and the Atayal, Japan's aboriginal communities. The voyage ends in tragedy with the death of Adams, and Schäffer returns home alone to embark on other notable, but less famous adventures.
Such is Schäffer's life as Skidmore tells it, and this makes for a pleasant read, to be sure. However, despite claims that the book "proceeds from Schäffer's visual practices, particularly photography," (45) the more avid photography historian will be left hungry for more. The medium itself, along with the various formats Schäffer favoured (the print, the lantern slide, the book illustration) are discussed rather summarily. This is perhaps due to the fact that Skidmore's principal resources are personal archives, which speak more to life events than to photographic decisions. Still, especially because coloured slides were such a point of pride for Schäffer, it would have been interesting to get more of a sense of how these images were put to use by their maker. The writings of Elizabeth Edwards, Janice Hart, and Geoffrey Batchen—scholars who are all concerned with the "objecthood" of photography—might have helped shed more light on how the material specificity of Schäffer's pictures influenced their reception and meaning.
That Skidmore is lean on photographic theory is less of an issue than her choice to stick very closely to Schäffer herself, which means that the socio-historic reality of the Canadian West at the turn of the century—a cultural landscape that is well worth exploring—is relegated to background scenery. Had Skidmore instead opted to present context through the life of Schäffer, as she does in the brief section on the rivalry that opposed pictorialist and realist photographers in the late-nineteenth-century, the book would have read less like a straightforward biography. Rebecca Solnit accomplished something of this sort in her book River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West (2003), in which she interprets the massive social shifts of late-nineteenth-century California using the renowned photographer as a lens. Moreover, besides Adams' photographs, which are virtually undistinguishable from Schäffer's, Skidmore does not bring in many comparative images by other female photographers who were also active in the Rockies at the time. The reader is afforded two small illustrations from Julia Henshaw's Mountain Wild Flowers of Canada (1906) and one snow-capped peak from Henrietta L. Tuzo, which was pasted in one of Schäffer's albums. The prolific Mary M. Vaux, who is mentioned several times in the text, is only granted two photographs that, in any case, present Schäffer as their subject. More could have been included here to give a greater sense of Schäffer's position among her peers.
These quibbles aside, Searching for Mary Schäffer does accomplish the revisionist mission it set out to achieve. Skidmore's language is compelling and clear, and when she takes the time to slow down her storytelling and provide an in-depth analysis of an image, it is done with brilliance. This is especially true of her handling of the striking cover photograph, She Who Coloured Slides, a hand-tinted glass slide that Schäffer painted and that portrays her, but which was taken by Adams, and which displays a buckskin coat skilfully made by an unknown Métis woman. As such, this image serves as a fulcrum for Skidmore's various reflections concerning Schäffer's self-presentation, the impact of visual mediation on her work, her conception of the Rockies as a "peopled wilderness," and her interactions with other women and Indigenous peoples. Skidmore's readers will be left not only with an alternate interpretation of Schäffer's life and work, but with useful strategies for tackling the mythic auras of other figures that loom large in the public imaginary.
Stéphanie Hornstein is a PhD student in the Interuniversity Doctoral Program in Art History at Concordia University and an FRQSC-funded scholar.
steph.hornstein@gmail.com
UAAC-AAUC


Stylish, lightweight and compact, the KS Clash headphones have a retro, two-tone design, feature call-handling and are really comfortable to wear.
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