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Things You Didn't Know About Shabbat
Moses looks out to the Promised Land, by James Tissot. This week's parasha begins the fifth and final book of the Torah. This book is Moses' final speech to his people in the last 37 days of his life.
This week's parasha begins with the words Eleh hadevarim, "These are the things" that Moses spoke to all of Israel. Our Sages taught that the term eleh hadevarim is particularly significant. The words appear just three times in the whole Torah. By stating that these, specifically, are the things that God commanded, we are being called to give extra attention to them. The first instance of this term is in Exodus 19:6, where God promises that "You shall be for me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation—these are the things that you should relate to the Children of Israel." God underscored that Moses should make it clear to the people: they are absolutely unique in the world, and their task is to be entirely righteous and holy. This is probably the most essential thing that every Jew must remember.
The only other instance of the term (aside from the introduction to this week's parasha) is in Exodus 35:1, where we read how
Moses assembled the entire congregation of the Children of Israel, and said to them: "These are the things which Hashem has commanded, that you should do them: Six days shall work be done, but on the seventh day there shall be for you a holy day, a Sabbath of Sabbaths to Hashem…"
Here God is underscoring what may be the most important mitzvah: Shabbat. This mitzvah is among the very first mentioned in the Torah, and one of the most frequently mentioned. It is certainly among the severest, being one of 36 mitzvot whose transgression carries a death penalty. Unlike many other well-known mitzvot which are not explicitly mentioned outside of the Chumash (such as tzitzit or tefillin), Shabbat is clearly noted throughout the Tanakh. It is the reason that today the whole world follows a 7-day week. There are more halachot regarding Shabbat than perhaps any other topic. While the Talmudic tractate of Bava Batra may be the longest by number of pages, the tractate Shabbat is by far the longest by number of words. (The former has 89,044 words while the latter has a whopping 113,820!) And to determine if a person is Torah-observant or not, it typically suffices to ask if they are shomer Shabbos.
Ahad Ha'am
The power of Shabbat was best described by Asher Zvi Hirsch Ginsberg (1856-1927, better known by his pen name, Ahad Ha'am). He famously said that "More than the Jews have kept Shabbat, Shabbat has kept the Jews." Ginsberg was born into a Hasidic family and raised very religiously. Though he later had many issues with ultra-Orthodoxy and became mostly irreligious, he nonetheless opposed political Zionism and argued for a spiritual Zionism based on traditional Jewish values. He accurately wrote that Israel must be "a Jewish state and not merely a state of Jews." Among other things, it was Ginsberg who played a key role in convincing the Zionists that Hebrew must be the official language of Israel, and not German as pushed by Herzl. He also argued for state-wide Sabbath observance. In his 1898 essay Shabbat v'Tzionut, "Sabbath and Zionism" (where that famous quote above is from), he wrote:
Anyone who feels a true bond in his heart, with the life of the nation over many generations, simply will not be able—even if he believes neither in the World to Come nor the Jewish State—to imagine the Jewish people without Shabbat Malketa.
While his wife was strictly shomer Shabbos, Ginsberg himself wasn't so careful with all the rules. It seems he disagreed with the Talmudic derivation of the 39 melachot, the categories of "work" prohibited on Shabbat. Ironically, the Talmud (Chagigah 10a) itself admits that "the laws of Shabbat… are like mountains hanging by a hair, for they have little scriptural basis but many laws." Keeping Shabbat to rabbinic standards is hard and hefty like a mountain, yet the basis for doing so from a Torah perspective is minimal.
The Torah does not list the 39 prohibited works. Rather, the Talmud explains, they were derived from the 39 works done to build the Tabernacle, based on the juxtaposition of the command to keep the Sabbath and the command to construct the Tabernacle in Exodus 35. Elsewhere (Shabbat 70a), Rabbi Natan shows how the number 39 can be derived from the words eleh hadevarim in that Exodus passage. The plural word devarim implies a minimum of two, and the definite article "ha" adds another, making three. The gematria of the word eleh is 36. Altogether, we have 39!
Today's halachot of Shabbat have come a very long way since the 39 melachot of the Talmud. Each generation since has added more and more fences, and in recent centuries Shabbat observance has become ever more stringent. A story is told of the Baal Shem Tov that he saw a vision of two men, one going to Heaven and the other to Gehinnom. The first, while being entirely ignorant of the law, would enjoy himself mightily on the Sabbath and have a day of true rest, as the Torah commands. The second was so strict with every little halacha that his Shabbat was nothing but prohibitions, restrictions, and fears that he would inevitably transgress something. Above all else, Shabbat must be a day of rest and joy.
Shabbat in Jubilees
Interestingly, the ancient Book of Jubilees (written in the late Second Temple era, and before the Mishnah and Talmud) provides a different list of Shabbat restrictions. While Jubilees is considered an apocryphal text, and is generally not accepted in traditional Judaism (Ethiopian Jews are pretty much the only ones that consider Jubilees a canonical text), it did make an impact on other traditional Jewish texts, especially midrashic and mystical ones.
Jubilees lists fifteen prohibitions: doing one's professional work, farming, traveling on a journey, and riding an animal, commerce, water-drawing, carrying burdens, and carrying things from one house to another, killing, trapping, fasting, making war, lighting a fire, cooking, and sexual intercourse. (See Jubilees 2:29-30 and 50:8-12.) Just about all of these—the major exception being sexual intercourse—is also forbidden in the Talmud. When we keep in mind that 11 of the 39 Talmudic prohibitions fall under the category of farming and baking, and many more under trapping, killing, and cooking, the two lists start to look very similar.
In some ways, the Jubilees list is even more stringent, which fits with the assertion of historians that Jubilees was probably composed by the Essene sect (or their forerunners). The Essenes were the religious "extremists" of their day, who fled the corruption of Jerusalem to live in isolation, piety, celibacy (for the most part), meditation, and study. Interestingly, the oldest known tefillin that archaeologists have uncovered are from Essene caves around the Dead Sea.
The Mishnah was first recorded about a century after the Essenes all but disappeared. There (Shabbat 7:2) we have the following list of melachot:
The principal melachot are forty minus one: Sowing, plowing, reaping, binding sheaves, threshing, winnowing, sorting, grinding, sifting, kneading, baking; shearing wool, whitening it, combing it, dyeing it, spinning, weaving, making two loops, weaving two threads, separating two threads, tying [a knot], untying [a knot], sewing two stitches, tearing for the purpose of sewing two stitches; hunting a deer, slaughtering it, skinning it, salting it, curing its hide, scraping it, cutting it; writing two letters, erasing for the purpose of writing two letters, building, demolishing, extinguishing a flame, lighting a flame, striking with a hammer, carrying from one domain to another.
A Periodic Table of the 39 Melachot, by Anshie Kagan
A Taste of Eden
The Midrash relates the 39 melachot of Shabbat to the 39 curses decreed following the sin of the Forbidden Fruit in the Garden of Eden. God pronounced 9 curses and death upon the Serpent, 9 curses and death upon Adam (and all men), 9 curses and death upon Eve (and all women), as well as 9 curses upon the earth itself (with, obviously, no death). That makes a total of 39 curses (see, for example, Pirkei d'Rabbi Eliezer, ch. 14). Thus, keeping the Sabbath reverses the curses of Eden, and is simultaneously a taste of Eden before the fall of mankind.
The Zohar (III, 182b) explicitly compares Shabbat to a "lower" or "earthly" Garden of Eden. The Talmud (Berakhot 57b), meanwhile, states that the pleasure of Shabbat is one-sixtieth of the pleasure of Olam HaBa, the World to Come. On the same page, we are told that three things give one a sense of Olam HaBa. One is basking in sunshine. Another is "tashmish"—either sexual intercourse, or that feeling of satisfaction when relieving one's self in the bathroom. The third is Shabbat.
The Arizal (in Sha'ar Ruach HaKodesh) taught that Shabbat is the only day when the highest realm of Atzilut is revealed. The lowest of the olamot or "universes", Asiyah, is revealed on Tuesday and Wednesday. In the account of Creation, it was on these days that Earth and the luminaries—ie. this lower, physical cosmos that we are familiar with—were made. The second, Yetzirah, is revealed on Monday and Thursday, days on which the Torah is publicly read. In Creation, on Monday the waters were split into upper and lower domains, while on Thursday the waters below and the "waters above" (the skies) were filled with life (fish and birds respectively). The higher universe of Beriah is revealed on Sunday and Friday, corresponding to the first day of Creation when God brought forth divine light, and the last day of Creation when God made man. Only on Shabbat is it possible to glimpse into the highest universe of pure divine emanation, Atzilut.
The mochin above (in blue) and the middot below (in red) on the mystical "Tree of Life".
The Arizal also taught that only on Shabbat are the highest states of consciousness completely open (Pri Etz Chaim, Sha'ar Hanagat Limmud, 1). He was referring to the inner states of the Mochin, the three highest, "intellectual", sefirot. The first of these is the sefirah of Keter, willpower. The second is Chokhmah, typically translated as "wisdom", but more accurately referring to knowledge. The third is Binah, "understanding". The Sages say there are 620 pillars in Keter, 32 paths in Chokhmah, and 50 gates in Binah. The 620 pillars correspond to the 620 mitzvot in the Torah (613 for Israel, and 7 Noahide laws for the rest of the world, or sometimes the 7 additional rabbinic mitzvot). The 32 paths correspond to the 22 Hebrew letters and the 10 base numerical digits (as well as the Ten Sefirot) that form the fabric of Creation. The 50 gates correspond to, among other things, the 50 times the Exodus is mentioned in the Torah, the 50 days between Pesach and Shavuot, the 50 questions posed to Job, and the 50 levels of impurity and constriction. The mysteries of all these esoteric things is revealed on Shabbat. For this reason, the Arizal taught, the sum of 620 pillars, 32 paths, and 50 gates is 702, the gematria of "Shabbat" (שבת).
Shamor v'Zachor
So significant is Shabbat that it is one of the Ten Commandments. The Torah relates the Ten Commandments on two occasions.* In the first account of the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20), we read:
Remember [zachor] the Sabbath day to keep it holy. Six days shall you labour, and do all your work, but the seventh day is a sabbath to Hashem, your God… for in six days Hashem made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day…
In the second account of the Ten Commandments (Deuteronomy 5), we read:
Observe [shamor] the Sabbath day to keep it holy, as Hashem, your God, commanded you. Six days shall you labour, and do all your work, but the seventh day is a sabbath to Hashem, your God… And you shall remember that you were a servant in the land of Egypt, and Hashem, your God, brought you out from there…
The first case uses the verb zachor, to commemorate, while the second uses shamor, to safeguard. The first refers to the positive mitzvah of resting and delighting on the Sabbath, while the second refers to the negative mitzvah of not transgressing the Sabbath through work and other profane things.
We further see that the first instance ties Shabbat to Creation, while the second instance ties Shabbat to the Exodus. In the former case, since God created the universe in six days and "rested" on the seventh, we should emulate His ways and do the same. In the latter case, since we were once slaves—working round the clock, seven days a week—we must always take a full day off work so as to remember that we are no longer in servitude. Only slaves work seven days a week! Thus, the first instance uses the verb zachor, to remember Creation, and the second instance uses the verb shamor, to make sure we do not labour on this day.
In reality, the two are one: when we remember Creation we are reminded that we are here for a reason. We are not a product of random chance in a godless, purposeless universe—as some would have us believe. We were created with a divine mission, in God's image. And thus, we must make sure that we never fall into servitude; that we do not live under someone else's oppression or dominance (whether physical, emotional, or intellectual). We must be free people, in God's image, with no one above us but God.
Sefer HaBahir (#182) adds another dimension to the two verbs: it states that zachor alludes to zachar, "male", and shamor relates to the female. For men, it is more important to remember Creation when it comes to Shabbat, while for women it is more important to remember the Exodus. Perhaps what the Bahir means to say is that for men—who are prone to have big egos—it is vital to think of Creation and remember who the real Master of the Universe is. For women—who are generally the ones cooking and preparing for Shabbat, serving food, and taking care of the kids while the men are at the synagogue—it is vital to think of the Exodus and remember that they are not slaves! Take it easy and ensure that Shabbat is a complete day of rest for you, too.
To conclude, the Talmud (Shabbat 118b) famously states that if all the Jews of the world kept two consecutive Shabbats, the final redemption would immediately come. Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai bases this teaching on Isaiah 56:4-7, where God declares that those who "keep My Sabbaths, and choose the things that please Me, and hold fast by My covenant… them will I bring to My holy mountain, and make them joyful in My house of prayer…" The verse says Sabbaths in plural, and as stated earlier, this implies a minimum of two. Perhaps we can say that Israel needs to observe one Shabbat in honour of zachor and one in honour of shamor. The upcoming Jewish New Year of 779 may be a particularly auspicious time to do so, for the gematria of shamor (שמור) and zachor (זכור) is 779. We should redouble our efforts to create a truly restful, spiritual Shabbat for ourselves, and strive to open the eyes of those who are not yet fortunate to do so.
*There is a hidden, third place where the Ten Commandments are discussed in the Torah. To learn about this see 'The Real Ten Commandments You've Never Heard Of' in Garments of Light.
This entry was posted in Archaeology & History, Holidays, Jewish Law & Life Cycle, Kabbalah & Mysticism, Mashiach & End of Days, Midrash, Personal Development and tagged 32 Paths, 39, 39 Curses of Eden, 39 Melachot, 50 Gates, 620 Pillars of Light, 779, Adam and Eve, Ahad Ha'am, Arizal, Atzilut, Baal Shem Tov, Bava Batra, Binah, Book of Jubilees, Chagigah (Tractate), Chokhmah, Creation, Dead Sea Scrolls, Deuteronomy, Devarim, Essenes, Exodus, Four Worlds of Kabbalah, Garden of Eden, Gehinnom, Gematria, Halakha, Hebrew, Keter, Mishkan, Mitzvot, Mochin, Olam HaBa, Olamot, Pri Etz Chaim, Rabbi Nathan, Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, Sefer HaBahir, Sefirot, Serpent, Sha'ar Ruach haKodesh, Shabbat, Shabbat (Tractate), Shamor, Shomer Shabbos, Tabernacle, Theodor Herzl, Universe, World to Come, Zachor, Zionism, Zohar on July 18, 2018 by Efraim Palvanov.
Things You Didn't Know About the Talmud
Judaism is famously built upon an "oral tradition", or Oral Torah, that goes along with the Written Torah. The primary body of the Oral Torah is the Talmud. At the end of this week's parasha, Mishpatim, the Torah states:
And Hashem said to Moses: "Ascend to Me on the mountain and be there, and I will give you the Tablets of Stone, and the Torah, and the mitzvah that I have written, that you may teach them…
The Talmud (Berakhot 5a) comments on this that the "Tablets" refers to the Ten Commandments, the "Torah" refers to the Five Books of Moses, the "mitzvah" is the Mishnah, "that I have written" are the books of the Prophets and Holy Writings, and "that you may teach them" is the Talmud. The Mishnah is the major corpus of ancient Jewish oral law, and the Talmud, or Gemara, is essentially a commentary on the Mishnah, with a deeper exposition and derivation of its laws. Today, the Mishnah is printed together with the corresponding Gemara, along with multiple super-commentaries laid out all around the page, and this whole is typically referred to as "Talmud".
Anatomy of a page of Talmud: (A) Mishnah, (B) Gemara, (C) Commentary of Rashi, Rabbi Shlomo Itzchaki, 1040-1105, (D) Tosfot, a series of commentators following Rashi, (E) various additional commentaries around the edge of the page.
In the past, we've written how many have rejected the Talmud, starting with the ancient Sadducees, later the Karaites (whom some consider to be the spiritual descendants of the Sadducees), as well as the Samaritans, and many modern-day Jews whether secular or Reform. Such groups claim that either there was never such a thing as an "oral tradition" or "oral law", or that the tradition is entirely man-made with no divine basis. Meanwhile, even in the Orthodox Jewish world there are those who are not quite sure what the Talmud truly is, and how its teachings should be regarded. It is therefore essential to explore the origins, development, importance, and necessity of the Talmud.
An Oral Torah
There are many ways to prove that there must be an oral tradition or Oral Torah. From the very beginning, we read in the Written Torah how God forged a covenant with Abraham, which passed down to Isaac, then Jacob, and so on. There is no mention of the patriarchs having any written text. These were oral teachings being passed down from one generation to the next.
Later, the Written Torah was given through the hand of Moses, yet many of its precepts are unclear. Numerous others do not seem to be relevant for all generations, and others still appear quite distasteful if taken literally. We have already written in the past that God did not intend for us to simply observe Torah law blindly and unquestioningly. (See 'Do Jews Really Follow the Torah?' in Garments of Light.) Rather, we are meant to toil in its words and extract its true meanings, evolve with it, and bring the Torah itself to life. The Torah is not a reference manual that sits on a shelf. It is likened to a living, breathing entity; a "tree of life for those who grasp it" (Proverbs 3:18).
Indeed, this is what Joshua commanded the nation: "This Torah shall not leave your mouth, and you shall meditate upon it day and night, so that you may observe to do like all that is written within it" (Joshua 1:8). Joshua did not say that we must literally observe all that is written in it (et kol hakatuv bo), but rather k'khol hakatuv bo, "like all that is written", or similar to what is written there. We are not meant to simply memorize its laws and live by them, but rather to continuously discuss and debate the Torah, and meditate upon it day and night to derive fresh lessons from it.
Similarly, Exodus 34:27 states that "God said to Moses: 'Write for yourself these words, for according to these words I have made a covenant with you and with Israel.'" Firstly, God told Moses to write the Torah for yourself, and would later remind that lo b'shamayim hi, the Torah "is not in Heaven" (Deuteronomy 30:12). It was given to us, for us to dwell upon and develop. Secondly, while the words above are translated as "according to these words", the Hebrew is al pi hadevarim, literally "on the mouth", which the Talmud says is a clear allusion to the Torah sh'be'al peh, the Oral Torah, literally "the Torah that is on the mouth".
The Mishnah
2000-year old tefillin discovered in Qumran
It is evident that by the start of the Common Era, Jews living in the Holy Land observed a wide array of customs and laws which were not explicitly mentioned in the Torah, or at least not explained in the Torah. For example, tefillin was quite common, and they have been found in the Qumran caves alongside the Dead Sea Scrolls (produced by a fringe Jewish group, likely the Essenes) and are even mentioned in the "New Testament". Yet, while the Torah mentions binding something upon one's arm and between one's eyes four times, it does not say what these things are or what they look like. Naturally, the Sadducees (like the Karaites) did not wear tefillin, and understood the verses metaphorically. At the same time, though, the Sadducees (and the Karaites and Samaritans) did have mezuzot. Paradoxically, they took one verse in the passage literally (Deuteronomy 6:9), but the adjoining verse in the same passage (Deuteronomy 6:8) metaphorically!
This is just one example of many. The reality is that an oral tradition outside of the Written Law is absolutely vital to Judaism. Indeed, most of those anti-oral law groups still do have oral traditions and customs of their own, just not to the same extent and authority of the Talmud.
Regardless, after the massive devastation wrought by the Romans upon Israel during the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, many rabbis felt that the Oral Torah must be written down or else it might be lost. After the Bar Kochva Revolt (132-136 CE), the Talmud suggests there were less than a dozen genuine rabbis left in Israel. Judaism had to be rebuilt from the ashes. Shortly after, as soon as an opportunity presented itself, Rabbi Yehuda haNasi (who was very wealthy and well-connected) was able to put the Oral Torah into writing, likely with the assistance of fellow rabbis. The result is what is known as the Mishnah, and it was completed by about 200 CE.
The Mishnah is organized into six orders, which are further divided up into tractates. Zera'im ("Seeds") is the first order, with 11 tractates mainly concerned with agricultural laws; followed by Mo'ed (holidays) with 12 tractates discussing Shabbat and festivals; Nashim ("Women") with 7 tractates focusing on marriage; Nezikin ("Damages") with 10 tractates of judicial and tort laws; Kodashim (holy things) with 11 tractates on ritual laws and offerings; and Tehorot (purities) with 12 tractates on cleanliness and ritual purity.
The root of the word "Mishnah" means to repeat, as it had been learned by recitation and repetition to commit the law to memory. Some have pointed out that Rabbi Yehuda haNasi may have used earlier Mishnahs compiled by Rabbi Akiva and one of his five remaining students, Rabbi Meir, who lived in the most difficult times of Roman persecution. Considering the circumstances of its composition, the Mishnah was written in short, terse language, with little to no explanation. It essentially presents only a set of laws, usually with multiple opinions on how each law should be fulfilled. To explain how the laws were derived from the Written Torah, and which opinions should be given precedence, another layer of text was necessary.
The Gemara
Rav Ashi teaching at the Sura Academy – a depiction from the Diaspora Museum in Tel Aviv
Gemara, from the Aramaic gamar, "to study" (like the Hebrew talmud), is that text which makes sense of the Mishnah. It was composed over the next three centuries, in two locations. Rabbis in the Holy Land produced the Talmud Yerushalmi, also known as the Jerusalem or Palestinian Talmud, while the Sages residing in Persia (centred in the former Babylonian territories) produced the Talmud Bavli, or the Babylonian Talmud. The Yerushalmi was unable to be completed as the persecutions in Israel reached their peak and the scholars could no longer continue their work. The Bavli was completed around 500, and its final composition is attributed to Ravina (Rav Avina bar Rav Huna), who concluded the process started by Rav Ashi (c. 352-427 CE) two generations earlier.
While incomplete, the Yerushalmi also has much more information on the agricultural laws, which were pertinent to those still living in Israel. In Persia, and for the majority of Jews living in the Diaspora, those agricultural laws were no longer relevant, so the Bavli does not have Gemaras on these Mishnaic tractates. Because the Yerushalmi was incomplete, and because it also discussed laws no longer necessary for most Jews, and because the Yerushalmi community was disbanded, it was ultimately the Talmud Bavli that became the dominant Gemara for the Jewish world. To this day, the Yerushalmi is generally only studied by those who already have a wide grasp of the Bavli.
The Talmud is far more than just an exposition on the Mishnah. It has both halachic (legal) and aggadic (literary or allegorical) aspects; contains discussions on ethics, history, mythology, prophecy, and mysticism; and speaks of other nations and religions, science, philosophy, economics, and just about everything else. It is a massive repository of wisdom, with a total of 2,711 double-sided pages (which is why the tractates are cited with a page number and side, for example Berakhot 2a or Shabbat 32b). This typically translates to about 6,200 normal pages in standard print format.
Placing the Talmud
With so much information, it is easy to see why the Talmud went on to take such priority in Judaism. The Written Torah (the Tanakh as a whole) is quite short in comparison, and can be learned more quickly. It is important to remember that the Talmud did not replace the Tanakh, as many wrongly claim. The following graphic beautifully illustrates all of the Talmud's citations to the Tanakh, and how the two are inseparable:
(Credit: Sefaria.org) It is said of the Vilna Gaon (Rabbi Eliyahu Kramer, 1720-1797) that past a certain age he only studied Tanakh, as he knew how to derive all of Judaism, including all of the Talmud, from it.
Indeed, it is difficult to properly grasp the entire Tanakh (which has its own host of apparent contradictions and perplexing passages) without the commentary of the Talmud. Once again, it is the Talmud that brings the Tanakh to life.
Partly because of this, Jews have been falsely accused in the past of abandoning Scripture in favour of the Talmud. This was a popular accusation among Christians in Europe. It is not without a grain of truth, for Ashkenazi Jews did tend to focus on Talmudic studies and less on other aspects of Judaism, Tanakh included. Meanwhile, the Sephardic Jewish world was known to be a bit better-rounded, incorporating more scriptural, halachic, and philosophical study. Sephardic communities also tended to be more interested in mysticism, producing the bulk of early Kabbalistic literature. Ashkenazi communities eventually followed suit.
Ironically, so did many Christian groups, which eagerly embraced Jewish mysticism. Christian Knorr von Rosenroth (1636-1689) translated portions of the Zohar and Arizal into Latin, publishing the best-selling Kabbalah Denudata. Long before him, the Renaissance philosopher Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494), one of Michelangelo's teachers, styled himself a "Christian Kabbalist", as did the renowned scholar Johann Reuchlin (1455-1522). Meanwhile, Isaac Newton's copy of the Zohar can be still found at Cambridge University. It is all the more ironic because Kabbalah itself is based on Talmudic principles, as derived from the Tanakh. For example, the central Kabbalistic concept of the Ten Sefirot is first mentioned in the Talmudic tractate of Chagigah (see page 12a), which also outlines the structure of the Heavenly realms. The Talmud is first to speak of the mystical study of Ma'aseh Beresheet ("Mysteries of Creation") and Ma'aseh Merkavah ("Mysteries of the Divine Chariot"), of Sefer Yetzirah, of spiritual ascent, of how angels operate, and the mechanics of souls.
Having said all that, the Talmud is far from easy to navigate. While it contains vast riches of profound wisdom and divine information, it also has much that appears superfluous and sometimes outright boring. In fact, the Talmud (Sanhedrin 24a) itself admits that it is not called Talmud Bavli because it was composed in Babylon (since it really wasn't) but because it is so mebulbal, "confused", the root of Bavli, or Babel.
Of course, the Written Torah, too, at times appears superfluous, boring, or confused. The Midrash (another component of the Oral Torah) explains why: had the Torah been given in the correct order, with clear language, then anyone who read it would be "able to raise the dead and work miracles" (see Midrash Tehillim 3). The Torah—both Written and Oral—is put together in such a way that mastering it requires a lifetime of study, contemplation, and meditation. One must, as the sage Ben Bag Bag said (Avot 5:21), "turn it and turn it, for everything is in it; see through it, grow old with it, do not budge from it, for there is nothing better than it."
Defending the Talmud
There is one more accusation commonly directed at the Talmud. This is that the Talmud contains racist or xenophobic language, or perhaps immoral directives, or that it has many flaws and inaccuracies, or that it contains demonology and sorcery. Putting aside deliberate mistranslations and lies (which the internet is full of), the truth is that, taken out of context, certain rare passages in the vastness of the Talmud may be read that way. Again, the same is true for the Written Torah itself, where Scripture also speaks of demons and sorcery, has occasional xenophobic overtones, apparent contradictions, or directives that we today recognize as immoral.
First of all, it is important that things are kept in their historical and textual context. Secondly, it is just as important to remember that the Talmud is not the code of Jewish law. (That would be the Shulchan Arukh, and others.) The Talmud presents many opinions, including non-Jewish sayings of various Roman figures, Greek philosophers, and Persian magi. Just because there is a certain strange statement in the Talmud does not mean that its origin is Jewish, and certainly does not mean that Jews necessarily subscribe to it. Even on matters of Jewish law and custom, multiple opinions are presented, most of which are ultimately rejected. The Talmud's debates are like a transcript of a search for truth. False ideas will be encountered along the way. The Talmud presents them to us so that we can be aware of them, and learn from them.
And yes, there are certain things in the Talmud—which are not based on the Torah itself—that may have become outdated and disproven. This is particularly the case with the Talmud's scientific and medical knowledge. While much of this has incredibly stood the test of time and has been confirmed correct by modern science, there are others which we know today are inaccurate. This isn't a new revelation. Long ago, Rav Sherira Gaon (c. 906-1006) stated that the Talmudic sages were not doctors, nor were they deriving medical remedies from the Torah. They were simply giving advice that was current at the time. The Rambam held the same (including Talmudic astronomy and mathematics under this category, see Moreh Nevuchim III, 14), as well as the Magen Avraham (Rabbi Avraham Gombiner, c. 1635-1682, on Orach Chaim 173:1) and Rav Shimshon Raphael Hirsch. One of the major medieval commentaries on the Talmud, Tosfot, admits that nature changes over time, which is why the Talmud's science and medicine may not be accurate anymore. Nonetheless, there are those who maintain that we simply do not understand the Talmud properly—and this is probably true as well.
Whatever the case, the Talmud is an inseparable part of the Torah, and an integral aspect of Judaism. Possibly the greatest proof of its significance and divine nature is that it has kept the Jewish people alive and flourishing throughout the difficult centuries, while those who rejected the Oral Torah have mostly faded away. The Talmud remains among the most enigmatic texts of all time, and perhaps it is this mystique that brings some people to fear it. Thankfully, knowledge of the Talmud is growing around the world, and more people than ever before are taking an interest in, and benefitting from, its ancient wisdom.
A bestselling Korean book about the Talmud. Fascination with the Talmud is particularly strong in the Far East. A Japanese book subtitled "Secrets of the Talmud Scriptures" (written by Rabbi Marvin Tokayer in 1971) sold over half a million copies in that country, and was soon exported to China and South Korea. More recently, a Korean reverend founded the "Shema Education Institute" and published a six-volume set of "Korean Talmud", with plans to translate it into Chinese and Hindi. A simplified "Talmud" digest book became a bestseller, leading Korea's ambassador to Israel to declare in 2011 that every Korean home has one. With the Winter Olympics coming up in Korea, it is appropriate to mention that Korean star speed skater Lee Kyou-Hyuk said several years ago: "I read the Talmud every time I am going through a hard time. It helps to calm my mind."
This entry was posted in Archaeology & History, Jewish Law & Life Cycle, Mysteries & Origins, Torah & Science and tagged Ashkenazi and Sephardi, Babel, Bar Kochva Revolt, Ben Bag Bag, Berakhot (Tractate), China, Christian Knorr von Rosenroth, Christianity, Dead Sea Scrolls, Essenes, Gemara, Guide for the Perplexed, Isaac Newton, Japan, Jewish Law, Johann Reuchlin, Joshua, Kabbalah, Kabbalah Denudata, Karaite Judaism, Korea, Magen Avraham, Medicine, Mezuzah, Michelangelo, Midrash, Mishnah, Mishpatim (parasha), Moses, Olympics, Oral Torah, Oral Tradition, Pico della Mirandola, Pirkei Avot, Proverbs, Qumran, Rabbi Akiva, Rabbi Meir, Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi, Rabbinic Interpretation, Rabbinic Judaism, Rambam, Rav Ashi, Rav Sherira Gaon, Rav Shimshon Raphael Hirsch, Ravina, Renaissance, Romans, Sadducees, Samaritans, Sanhedrin (Tractate), Scripture, Sefirot, Shulchan Arukh, Talmud, Tanakh, Tefillin, Tosafot, Two Tablets on February 5, 2018 by Efraim Palvanov.
The Priests and the Aftermath of the Golden Calf
This week's Torah portion is Ki Tisa, most famous for its account of the Golden Calf incident. Last year, we addressed some of the major questions surrounding the Golden Calf, including who exactly instigated the catastrophe, why it was done in that particular way, and the mystical reasons behind it. Another set of questions arises from the way Moses dealt with the incident. We read how Moses first had the Golden Calf ground up and mixed with water, a mixture that the populace was forced to drink. Then, he called on the perpetrators to be killed by sword. Finally, God sent an additional plague as punishment for the incident. What is the significance of these three measures?
Priestly Procedure
Rashi comments on Exodus 32:20 that Moses "intended to test them like women suspected of adultery". This refers to the sotah procedure, described in Numbers 5:11-31, where a woman who may have committed adultery is brought before the priests and tested by having her drink a special mixture of "holy water". If she is guilty, she would die immediately; if innocent, she would be blessed. Moses did the same by grinding the Golden Calf into a special mixture and having the people drink it. This would identify those who were guilty of idolatry. The symbolism is clear: in the same way that the adulteress cheats on her husband, the Israelites at Sinai "cheated" on God.
Rashi further explains that this procedure was only to identify those who had worshipped the Calf secretly, without any witnesses. However, there were those who had worshipped the Calf openly and publicly. Deuteronomy 13:13-18 states that the punishment for such open displays of idolatry—assuming the idolaters had been given a clear warning—is death by sword. It was these people (three thousand of them) who were killed in this particular way.
The last group were those who had worshipped the Calf openly, but were not given a warning. In Jewish law, the death penalty is not meted out unless the perpetrators were given a clear explanation of their sin and were explicitly warned about the consequences beforehand. Since this last group of people worshipped the Calf openly, but without a warning, they could not be punished. In such cases, it is up to the Heavens to dole out justice. This is why they were punished with a plague.
Priestly Origins
Rashi's comments come from the Talmud (Yoma 66b), which also provides us with an alternate explanation for the three types of punishment. Those that were most involved in the idolatry—sacrificing animals and burning incense to the Golden Calf—died by sword. Those who merely "embraced and kissed" the Calf died by plague. And those who only "rejoiced in their hearts" and worshipped the Calf in secret died by drinking the mixture.
The same page of Talmud reminds us that the entire tribe of Levi did not participate in the sin. The Sages explain that this is why the Levites were elevated to the status of priests. Prior to the Golden Calf, it was the firstborn male of every family that was supposed to ascend to the priesthood. After the Calf, the Levites were designated as the priestly class, with the descendants of Aaron serving as the kohanim, the high priests. For this reason, a firstborn male must be "redeemed" from a kohen in a special ceremony known as pidyon haben thirty days (or more) after his birth.
Illustration depicting Moses commanding the Levites at the Golden Calf, from 'Compendium of Chronicles' by Persian-Jewish sage Rashid-al-Din (1247-1308)
Priestly Exceptions
Having said that, we do see a number of exceptions to this rule. Pinchas was a Levite who was elevated to kohen status after his actions brought an end to the immoral affair with the Midianites. He would go on to become the kohel gadol, the High Priest, and hold that position longer than anyone else—over 300 years according to certain opinions!
Another exception was the prophet Samuel. His barren mother, Hannah, promised that if God would give her a child, she would make the child a nazir (loosely translated as "monk") from birth and dedicate him to the priesthood. After Samuel was weaned, Hannah—considered a prophetess in her own right—left him under the tutelage of the High Priest Eli. The Tanakh tells us that Eli's own two sons, Hofni and Pinchas (not to be confused with the Pinchas above) were "base men who did not know God" (I Samuel 2:12), and it appears that Samuel filled the void they left, for he "served before Hashem, a youth girded with a linen ephod" (2:18). The ephod was one of the special vestments worn only by the kohanim, as described in last week's parasha. Despite Samuel being from the tribe of Ephraim, it appears he became a full member of the priesthood. So great was he that Psalms 99:6 famously equates Samuel with Moses (a Levite) and Aaron (a kohen) combined.
In fact, long before Aaron we read how Melchizedek was a "kohen to God" who came to bless Abraham (Genesis 14:18). Melchizedek is identified with Shem, the son of Noah (appropriately his firstborn son, according to many opinions). He was the first person in history to serve as a proper priest, offering sacrifices to God upon an altar upon exiting the Ark following the Great Flood (see Beresheet Rabbah 30:6).
Finally, the Talmud (Sukkah 52a) speaks of a certain "righteous priest" who is one of the four messianic figures prophesied by Zechariah. While Mashiach himself is said to be from the tribe of Judah and a descendent of King David, there are a number of perplexing sources speaking of Mashiach being a kohen! In fact, there are only four places in the entire Torah where the word mashiach (משיח) actually appears. All four cases are in reference to a kohen, mentioned as hakohen hamashiach. While the simple explanation is that this refers to the "anointed" priest, ie. the High Priest, the deeper meaning suggests that Mashiach himself is somehow a kohen.*
In reality, this isn't so hard to understand. After all, when Mashiach comes everything will revert to the way it was meant to be originally. The sin of the Golden Calf will be rectified, together with all the other tikkunim. Thus, the priesthood will once again belong to the firstborn. And even this will likely be temporary, for God always intended the Jewish people to be a mamlechet kohanim, for each and every Jew to be a priest, as it is written (Exodus 19:5-6):
…If you would but hearken to My voice, and keep My covenant, you shall be My treasure among all peoples, for all the earth is Mine; and you shall be unto me a kingdom of priests, and a holy nation…
Courtesy: Temple Institute
*Interestingly, the breakaway sect of priests known as the Essenes—who likely produced the Dead Sea Scrolls—believed in a messianic figure referred to as moreh tzedek, the "Righteous Teacher". Scholars have suggested this was a high-ranking kohen named Judah who separated from the corrupt Sadducee priests of the Second Temple and founded the ascetic Essene sect. Judah was ultimately killed for apostasy, and the Essenes apparently believed that he would return to life to usher in the Messianic age. It seems early Christians adopted many elements of this legend. The possibility is explored by Michael O. Wise in The First Messiah: Investigating the Savior Before Christ.
This entry was posted in Mysteries & Origins and tagged Aaron, Abraham, Adultery, Dead Sea Scrolls, Eli HaKohen, Ephod, Ephraim (Tribe), Essenes, Flood, Golden Calf, Hannah, High Priest, Hofni, Idolatry, Judah (Tribe), Judah the Essene, Ki Tisa, King David, Kohen, Kohen Gadol, Levi (Tribe), Levites, Mashiach, Melchizedek, Midianites, Midrash, Moses, Mt. Sinai, Nazir, Pidyon Haben, Pinchas, Pinchas ben Eli, Priest, Priestly Vestments, Rashi, Righteous Priest, Righteous Teacher, Sacrifices, Sadducees, Samuel, Shem, Sotah, Sukkah (Tractate), Yoma (Tractate), Zechariah on March 15, 2017 by Efraim Palvanov.
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God's Entourage
The Sarah Paradox
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Junior Research Faculty
Assistant Professor - Quantitative Fungal Ecologist
Location: Yale School of Medicine
The Department of Pathology at Yale School of Medicine invites applications from PhD, MD, MD/PhD or equivalent for a full-time appointment at the Assistant or Associate Professor level. The successful candidate will be positioned to establish an innovative basic and/or translational research program centered on disease mechanisms.
The candidate is expected to maintain a vigorous externally funded research program that complements those of current faculty and builds on existing strengths. High priority research areas include: Geroscience, Epigenetics, Inflammation, Neurodegeneration, Cancer and Molecular Diagnostics.
The Pathology Department is strongly committed to hiring, mentoring and advocating for promotion of colleagues who will contribute to diversity, equity, inclusion and excellence in our community through their research and service.
Appointment to the faculty of the Yale School of Medicine and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences will be at a rank commensurate with accomplishments and experience.
Required Application documents include:
A summary of the candidate's research accomplishments and future research program (3 pages max)
A description of the candidate's understanding and experience in addressing the barriers facing disenfranchised groups in academia and future plans to promote diversity, equity and inclusion (1 page max)
Three letters from referees who are familiar with accomplishments and potential
Application materials should be uploaded through the Interfolio web site: apply.interfolio.com/98054.
Confidential inquiries may be directed to Monica Solorzano, Faculty Affairs Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven CT 06520.
email: monica.solorzano@yale.edu
Review of applications will begin January 2, 2022 but the position will remain open until filled.
Yale University is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity employer. Yale values diversity among its students, staff, and faculty and strongly welcomes applications from women, persons with disabilities, protected veterans, and underrepresented minorities.
About Yale University
Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university located in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.
Connections working at Yale University
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SECTION 45. Tourism Promotions Board. – Under the supervision of the Secretary and attached to the Department for purposes of program and policy coordination shall be a body corporate known as the Tourism Promotions Board (TPB). The TPB shall formulate and implement an integrated domestic and international promotions and marketing program for the Department.
SECTION 46. Mandate. – The TPB shall be responsible for marketing and promoting the Philippines domestically and internationally as a major global tourism destination, highlighting the uniqueness and assisting the development of its tourism products and services, with the end in view of increasing tourist arrivals and tourism investment. Specifically, it shall market the Philippines as a major convention destination in Asia. To this end, it shall take charge of attracting, promoting, facilitating, and servicing large-scale events, international fairs and conventions, congresses, sports competitions, expositions and the like. It shall likewise ensure the regular advertisement abroad of the country's major tourism destinations and other tourism products, not limited to TEZs. It may also provide incentives to travel agencies abroad which are able to draw tourists and tourism investments to the country.
Providing incentives to travel agencies, tour operators, wholesalers and investors abroad capable of drawing a sizeable number of tourists and tourism investments to the country.


text: Q: Override PayPal's Donation Reference/Donation ID Field I have created a PayPal hosted donation button that works.  However, I would like to override the Donation ID that I inputted when I created the button via the HTML page.  My goal is to change what appears on the second line under "Purpose" that follows the word "Reference."  I am not able to determine the PayPal variable that will control what is on that line.   I can override the ITEM_NAME which is the first line shown under Purpose.   Anyone tackle this one?

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LAKE BAIKAL. Situated in south-east Siberia, the 3.15- million-ha Lake Baikal is the oldest (25...
LAKE BAIKAL
frederick-sparks
Transcript of LAKE BAIKAL. Situated in south-east Siberia, the 3.15- million-ha Lake Baikal is the oldest (25...
LAKE BAIKALSituated in south-east Siberia, the 3.15-million-ha Lake Baikal is the oldest (25 million years) and deepest (1,700 m) lake in the world. It contains 20% of the world's total unfrozen freshwater reserve. Known as the 'Galapagos of Russia', its age and isolation have produced one of the world's richest and most unusual freshwater faunas, which is of exceptional value to evolutionary science.
GANGES RIVERGanges River,HindiGanga, great river of the plains of northernIndia. Although officially as well as popularly called the Ganga in Hindi and in other Indian languages, internationally it is known by its conventional name, the Ganges. From time immemorial it has been the holy river ofHinduism. For most of its course it is a wide and sluggish stream, flowing through one of the most fertile and densely populated regions in the world. Despite its importance, its length of 1,560 miles (2,510 km) is relatively short compared with the other great rivers of Asia or of the world.
HUANG HO RIVER
HUANG HO RIVERTraditionally, it is believed that the Chinese civilization originated in the Yellow River basin. The Chinese refer to the river as "the Mother River" and "the cradle of theChinese civilization". During the longhistory of China, the Yellow River has been considered a blessing as well as a curse and has been nicknamedboth "China's Pride"
INDUS RIVERIt is one of the worlds longest rivers, with a length of 1,800 mi (2,900 km). Its annual average flow of 272 billion cu yd (207 billion cu m) is twice that of theNile. It rises in southwestern Tibet and flows northwest through valleys of theHimalayas. After crossing into theKashmirregion, it continues northwestward through the Indian- and Pakistani-administered areas and then turns south into Pakistan
IRRAWADDY RIVER
IRRAWADDY RIVERTheIrrawaddy RiverorAyeyarwady Riveris a river that flows from north to south throughBurma(Myanmar). It is the country's largest river and most important commercial waterway. Originating from the confluence of theN'maiandMalirivers, it flows relatively straight North-South before emptying through theIrrawaddy Deltainto theAndaman Sea.
TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES
TIGRIS AND EUPHRATESThe Tigris (Arabic,Shatt Dijla; Turkish,Dicle) rises in a lake in the mountains north ofDiyarbakir, in southeastern Turkey. It picks up major tributaries, theZab rivers, downstream fromMosul, then the Diyala, just past Baghdad - flowing some 1,180 miles (1,900 km). It ends at the confluence of the Euphrates, in southeast Iraq, to form the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Gulf. With its short tributaries flowing directly from the mountains, it floods in April, about one month before the Euphrates, and with about 50 percent greater flow. The Euphrates (Arabic,Furat; Turkish,Firat) also originates in Turkey, from a spring in theTaurus mountains. It flows for 1,740 miles (2,800 km), passing through northern Syria and providing that country with an important water source. In 1973, Syria completed construction of the largeEuphrates Dam. From Syria, the Euphrates flows into Iraq, where it joins the Tigris.
YANGTZE RIVER
YANGTZE RIVERThe Yangtze River (Changjiang), over 6,300 kilometers long, is the largest and longest river in China, and the third-longest in the world, next only to the Nile in northeast Africa and the Amazon in South America. The source of the Yangtze River lies to the west of Geladandong Mountain, the principal peak of the Tanggula Mountain chain in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, southwest of China. The river flows from west to east through provinces of Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui and Jiangsu as well as the city of Shanghai, finally emptying into the East China Sea. With plenty of rainfall all year round, the Yangtze River is named the golden watercourse.
SALWEEN RIVER
SALWEEN RIVERSalween River forming the boundary between Burma and Thailand. Steep canyon walls line the swift, powerful andundammedSalween, one of the longest free-flowing rivers in the world. Its extensive drainage basin supports a biodiversity comparable with theMekong and is home to about 7 million people.
MEKONG RIVERIn English the river is called "the Mekong River", derived from "Mae Nam Khong", a term of both Thai and Lao origin. In the Lao-Thai toponymy, all great rivers are considered "mother rivers" signalled by the prefix "mae", meaning "mother", and "nam" for water. In the Mekong's case, Mae Nam Khong means Khong, Mother of Water.[3]"Khong" is derived from the Sanskrit "ganga", meaning the Ganges. Many Northern Thai and Laos locals refer to it as the "River Khong"
CASPIAN SEAThe Caspian Sea, the largest lake in the world, is located in the northern Iran. The Caspian Coast including the three littoral provinces of Giln (center Rasht), Golestn (center Gorgn) and Mzandern (center Sri), with its thick forests and intensive rice cultivation presents a striking contrast to the dry inner plateau of Iran. The picturesque provinces of Golestn, Mzandern and Giln bound by the Caspian Sea in the north and, Alborz(Elborz) Range in the south, are divided into a multitude of valleys whose rivers drain into the sea.
DEAD SEAThere are no fish or any kind of swimming, squirming creatures living in or near the water. There are, however, several types of bacteria and one type of algea that have adapted to harsh life in the waters of the Dead Sea. What you'll see on the shores of the Sea is white, crystals of salt covering EVERYTHING. And this is no ordinary table salt, either. The salts found in the Dead Sea aremineral salts, just like you find in the oceans of the world, only in extreme concentrations. The water in the Dead Sea is deadly to most living things. Fish accidentally swimming into the waters from one of the several freshwater streams that feed the Sea are killed instantly, their bodies quickly coated with a preserving layer of salt crystals and then tossed onto shore
MT. EVEREST
MT. EVERESTis the world'shighest mountainat 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) abovesea level. Everest is in theMahalangursection of theHimalayaon theNepal-China(Tibet) border. Itsmassifincludes neighboring peaksLhotse(8516m),Nuptse(7855m), andChangtse(7580m).
K-2K2is the second-highestmountain on Earth, afterMount Everest. With a peak elevation of 8,611m (28,251feet), K2 is part of theKarakoramRange, and is located on the border[2]betweenGilgit, inGilgit-BaltistanofPakistanand theTaxkorgan Tajik Autonomous CountyofXinjiang, China.[3][note]It is more hazardous to reach K2 from the Chinese side; thus, it is mostly climbed from the Pakistani side.
DASHT E KAVIR
DASHT E KAVIRDasht-e Kavir( inPersian), also known asKavir-e NamakorGreat Salt Desertis a large desert lying in the middle of theIranian plateau. It is about 800 kilometers (497mi) long and 320 kilometers (198mi) wide with a total surface area of about 77,600 square kilometers (~30,000mi), making it theworld's 23rd largest desert[2]. The area of this desert stretches from theAlborzmountain range in the north-west to theDasht-e Lut("Emptiness Desert") in the south-east and is partitioned between theIranian provincesofKhorasan,Semnan,Tehran,IsfahanandYazd. It is named after the salt marshes (kavirs) located there.
DASHT E LUT
DASHT E LUT Dasht-e Lut, also spelledDasht-i-Lut, is a large saltdesertin southeasternIranand is theworld's 25th largest desert.Iran is climatically part of the Afro-Asian belt of deserts that stretch from theCape Verdeislands offWest Africaall the way toMongolianearBeijing,China. The patchy, elongated, light-colored feature in the foreground (parallel to the mountain range) is the northernmost of the Dasht dry lakes that stretch southward 300 kilometers (186 miles). In near-tropical deserts, elevated areas capture most precipitation. As a result, the Dasht-e Lut is generally considered to be anabioticzone.
KARAKUM
KARAKUMTheKarakum Desert, also spelledKara-KumandGara Gum(Black Sand) (Turkmen:Garagum,Russian:) is adesertinCentral Asia. It occupies about 70 percent, or 350,000 km, of the area ofTurkmenistan.
GOBIGobiis a largedesertregion inAsia. It covers parts ofnorthernandnorthwestern China, and of southernMongolia. The desert basins of the Gobi are bounded by theAltai Mountainsand the grasslands andsteppesof Mongolia on the north, by theHexi CorridorandTibetan Plateauto the southwest, and by theNorth China Plainto the southeast. The Gobi is most notable in history as part of the greatMongol Empire, and as the location of several important cities along theSilk Road.
RUB AL KHALI
RUB AL KHALIis one of the largest sanddesertsin the world,[1]encompassing most of the southern third of theArabian Peninsula, including southernSaudi Arabia, and areas ofOman, theUnited Arab EmiratesandYemen. The desert covers some 650,000 square kilometres (250,000 sqmi) (the area betweenlong.4430 5630E., andlat.1630 2300N)[2]
THAR - SINDH
THAR - SINDHSindh(pronounced[snd]:Sindhi:,Urdu:) is one of the fiveprovincesofPakistanand historically is home to theSindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran" (; River).SindhiMuslimsare the largest population in the province, but other cultural, religious and ethnic groups also reside in Sindh. The neighboring regions of Sindh areBalochistanto the west and north,Punjabto the north,GujaratandRajasthanto the southeast and east, and theArabian Seato the south. The main language spoken isSindhi. The name is derived from theIndus Riverthat courses through it, and was known to theAssyrians(as early as the seventh century BC) asSinda, to theGreeksasIndos, to theRomansasIndus, to thePersiansasAbisind, to theArabsasAl-Sind, and to theChineseasSintow. To theJavanesethe Sindhis have long been known as theSantri.
DECCAN PLATEAU
DECCAN PLATEAUDeccan Plateauis a largeplateauinIndia, making up the majority of the southern part of the country. It rises a hundred meters high in the north, rising further to more than a kilometre high in the south, forming a raised triangle nested within the familiar downward-pointing triangle of theIndian subcontinent's coastline.
IRANIAN PLATEAU
IRANIAN PLATEAUIranian plateau(or in much less common use: the Persian plateau,[1][2]is ageologicalformation inSouthwest Asia. It is the part of theEurasian Platewedged between theArabianandIndianplates, situated between theZagros mountainsto the west, theCaspian Seaand theKopet Dagto the north, theHormuz StraitandPersian gulfto the south and theIndus Riverto the east in Pakistan.
TIBETAN PLATEAU
TIBETAN PLATEAUPlateau is a vast, elevatedplateauinCentral Asia[1][2][3][4]covering most of theTibet Autonomous RegionandQinghai, in addition to smaller portions of westernSichuan, southwesternGansu, and northernYunnaninWestern ChinaandLadakhinIndia-controlled Kashmir. It stretches approximately 1,000 kilometres (620mi) north to south and 2,500 kilometres (1,600mi) kilometers east to west. The average elevation is over 4,500 metres (14,800ft), and all 14 of the world's 8,000 metres (26,000 ft) and higher peaks are found in the region. Sometimes called "the roof of the world," it is the highest and biggestplateau, with an area of 2.5 million km2(0.97 million sq. mi., or about four times the size ofFrance).
baikal lake expedition / sponso
The Selenge River – Lake Baikal Transboundary Basinnaturalresourcespolicy.org/docs/mongolia/... · Project (HPP), located on the Selenge River upstream from Lake Baikal; (2) the
Lake Baikal one of the new Wonders of the World. Lake Baikal is the deepest, and among the clearest of all lakes in the world. At more than 25 million.
Lake Baikal, Siberia & Krugo Baikalskaya Railway
Water and Environment in the Selenga- Baikal Basin...The Selenga Baikal Basin: An Ecoregion of Global Importance As the deepest and oldest lake in the world, Lake Baikal features a
Free ride at lake baikal
ทัวร์รัสเซีย Miracles of Lake Baikal 7 วัน 5 คืน · ทัวร์รัสเซีย Miracles of Lake Baikal 7 วัน 5 คืน โดยสายการบิน
Our T rip to Lake Baikal
NAVIGATION QUALITY FROM LAKE BAIKAL 1992 …
Lake Baikal Neutrino Experiment Present and Future
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Neutrino Telescope in Lake Baikal: Present and Nearest Future
Waders of the Selenga delta, Lake Baikal, eastern Siberia
The Lake Baikal.. МБОУ Побединская СОШ Студеникина С.Ф.
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Crustal structure of central Lake Baikal: Insights into
INTAS Project 99-1669 A new bathymetric map of Lake Baikal · INTAS Project 99-1669 A new bathymetric map of Lake Baikal BATHYMETRIC CONTOUR MAP OF LAKE BAIKAL Mercator Projection
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Drew Maddox
andrew.maddox@lacollege.edu
What is old is new again for Andrew Maddox, as the Louisiana College alum and former Wildcat football player and defensive coordinator has returned to his old stomping grounds, named the sixth head coach of the LC football team in the modern era on Tuesday.
"My family and I are glad to be coming back to Pineville, a place we consider home," said new Louisiana College Head Football Coach Andrew Maddox. "We enjoyed our time here the first time. It's exciting for us to see many familiar faces, but now we're ready to get started working and get this program the best we can get it and heading in the right direction."
President of Louisiana College Dr. Rick Brewer said, "At the top of my list of qualifications for our new head coach was that we sought a man of character and integrity, and Coach Maddox is all that and more. The successful candidate will be humble, hungry, and smart," Brewer added while acknowledging Maddox's attributes, saying he has the #AndThenSome traits that will bring success to the Wildcats football program. I have every confidence that Coach Maddox will develop the student-athletes under his supervision athletically, academically, and spiritually."
Maddox later said, "If you hear nothing else today, hear this: God has been very, very good to me."
Over the last two seasons, Maddox served as the head coach at Glenbrook High School in Minden, La. where he took over a team on the verge of being shut down and in two seasons guided the Apaches to a 6-4 record in 2019, their first winning season in six years, while making the playoffs both seasons of his tenure. For his efforts in 2019, he was named the Webster Parish Coach of the Year.
After five years in the U.S. Army, Maddox came to Louisiana College as a student in 2013 and joined the Wildcats football program as a walk-on. He appeared in 13 games over his two seasons in the orange and blue, and the team amassed a 13-7 record while he was a LC student-athlete. Maddox graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in history and a minor in physical education in 2015.
Immediately upon receiving his degree, Maddox joined Coach Dennis Dunn's staff as an assistant coach, focused on linemen of both sides of the line of scrimmage and aided with special teams and was key in recruiting. In three short seasons, he was elevated to defensive coordinator for the 2017 and 2018 seasons, where his defense was in the top 25 of NCAA Division III in turnovers forced. His defenses also accumulated 75 tackles for loss.
"I always look for three traits when hiring coaches at Louisiana College," said Louisiana College Athletic Director and Head Men's Basketball Coach Reni Mason, "the desire to get better every day, the ability to create expectations in spite of what the naked eye can't see, and someone who loves Jesus. Coach Maddox fits the bill. During his interview, it was evident he is prepared and ready to go. We're proud to welcome back Coach Maddox home to the Wildcat family."
Maddox is married to his wife, Caitlyn, who is a teacher, and they have two children together, Allianna and Gabriel.
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Your order at times may take up to a week to process. Once your purchase has been packaged and is ready for delivery you will receive an email notifying you of your tracking number.
If your item has been purchased on backorder, it may take anywhere from 6 weeks to be posted to you.
We only exchange goods if they are defective or damaged. In circumstances where you consider that a product is defective, you should promptly contact us at allaboutannieblog@hotmail.com with details of the product and the defect, photos are also greatly helpful. We do not exchange goods due to change of mind, circumstances or because it "doesn't work for you".
Please note we are not required to refund due to miss use of your product.


text:
using namespace v8;
using namespace nodezk;

NAN_METHOD(toUintTest) {
    uint32_t res = toUint(info[0]);

    info.GetReturnValue().Set(res);
}

NAN_METHOD(toIntTest) {
    Local<Object> arg = Nan::To<Object>(info[0]).ToLocalChecked();
    Local<String> key = Nan::New<String>("val").ToLocalChecked();

    int32_t res = toInt(arg, key);

    info.GetReturnValue().Set(res);
}

NAN_METHOD(toBoolTest) {
    Local<Object> arg = Nan::To<Object>(info[0]).ToLocalChecked();
    Local<String> key = Nan::New<String>("val").ToLocalChecked();

    bool res = toBool(arg, key);

    info.GetReturnValue().Set(res);
}

NAN_METHOD(convertUnixTimeToDateTest) {
    Local<Int32> arg = Nan::To<Int32>(info[0]).ToLocalChecked();
    int32_t val = toInt(arg);

    Local<Value> res = convertUnixTimeToDate(val);

    info.GetReturnValue().Set(res);
}

NAN_METHOD(toStrTest) {
    Local<String> res = toString(info[0]);

    info.GetReturnValue().Set(res);
}

NAN_MODULE_INIT(Init) {
    NAN_EXPORT(target, toStrTest);
    NAN_EXPORT(target, convertUnixTimeToDateTest);
    NAN_EXPORT(target, toBoolTest);
    NAN_EXPORT(target, toIntTest);
    NAN_EXPORT(target, toUintTest);
}

NODE_MODULE(unit_tests, Init)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Yellow vest. Clear plastic pockets on front and back for interchangeable job title inserts. Front clear pocket 3" x 5". Back clear pocket 4 1/4" x 11". Polyester/cotton fabric with matching color trim. Machine washable. Elastic side straps and Velcro front closure. One size fits all. Printable.


text:
In Arkansas, Being Best In Your Class Isn't Enough If You're Black
File this in your notebook under "in case you didn't believe prejudice and bigotry lives on" here in the United States. I won't even try to summarize this. I'll just give it to you straight: Kymberly Wimberly, 18, got only a single B in her 4
File this in your notebook under "in case you didn't believe prejudice and bigotry lives on" here in the United States. I won't even try to summarize this. I'll just give it to you straight:
Kymberly Wimberly, 18, got only a single B in her 4 years at McGehee Secondary School, and loaded up on Honors and Advanced Placement classes. She had the highest G.P.A. and says the school's refusal to let her be sole valedictorian was part of a pattern of discrimination against black students.
Wimberly says that despite earning the highest G.P.A. of the Class of 2011, and being informed of it by a school counselor, "school administrators and personnel treated two other white students as heir[s] apparent to the valedictorian and salutatorian spots."
Wimberly's mother is the school's "certified media specialist." She says in the federal discrimination complaint that after her daughter had been told she would be valedictorian, the mother heard "in the copy room that same day, other school personnel expressed concern that Wimberly's status as valedictorian might cause a 'big mess.'"
McGehee Secondary School is predominantly white, and 46 percent African-American, according to the complaint. Bratton says that the day after she heard the "big mess" comment, McGehee Principal Darrell Thompson, a defendant, told her "that he decided to name a white student as co-valedictorian," although the white student had a lower G.P.A.
I guess the school authorities found it uppity that someone who had the highest GPA in the school would actually expect to have the valedictorian honor bestowed on her.
I think I'll set a Google Alert for this one...and hope for an appropriately punitive outcome.
Bigotry, Google, mother, school, students
Public Colleges' Quest For Revenue And Prestige Squeezes Needy Students
Less institutional aid goes to the poorest students, as colleges seek to rise in rankings and make up for state cuts.
By ProPublica
School District To Student Body President: STFU Or Get Out
When 13-year old Maia Wu spoke up about a decision to fence in her school, she got an unexpectedly authoritarian response.
The Geniuses Of Fox And Friends Wail: 'No More Valedictorians?!'
They cover an educational story and they just don't get it? Fox and Friends get an "F".
By Frances Langum
Florida Teacher Suspended For Telling Kids To Say Pledge On Sept. 11 Or 'Go To Your Home Country'
A Florida teacher was recently suspended without pay for five days after school officials said that she forced a fourth grade student to violate his religious beliefs and say the Pledge of Allegiance.


these skills. The final 60% will go towards essay style questions. A good command of English is essential, as all questions are essay style for both pass and honours levels. A strong interest in reading is essential for this subject.
The History syllabus is examined by means of a written examination worth 80% of the marks and a report on the research study worth 20% of the marks.
The report on the research topic is prepared and submitted in advance of the final examination. The examination at Higher Level consists of one documents based question and three essay style questions relating to topics 3 – 5 above.
The examination at Ordinary Level consists of one documents based question and three paragraph style questions relating to topics 3 – 5 above.
History helps us to understand many issues that affect the world today.
History helps to develop communication and research skills.
The course encourages the development of ICT skills.
The subject promotes the ability to question, criticise and contextualise any type of material.
The History course will improve the student's ability to collect, analyse and present information – advantageous in any line of work.
Useful For: Archaeology, Architecture, Barrister, Broadcasting, Civil Service, Garda, History Teacher, Journalism, Librarianship, Local Government, Politics, Researcher, Social Work, Solicitor, Tourism, Writer, Law, Heritage, Trade, European Studies, Genealogy.


Ross S. Irvine is President of ePublic Relations Ltd and Public Relations Management Ltd.
According to the note "Ross served as director of media relations for the Canadian Life and Health Insurance, provided PR counsel and services to a variety of corporate and public service clients, worked as an account executive and copywriter for one of western Canada¹s largest advertising agencies, and was a speech writer for senior government officials and business leaders."
"Ross received an Honors B.A. in journalism from the University of Western Ontario in 1975. Audiences for his presentations on PR have included the Wise Use Leadership Conference, the Ontario Association of Professional Planners, and the North West Territories Mining Association," the profile states.
(The preliminary agenda for the 1993 Wise Use Leadership conference in Nevada listed Irvine speaking in a media workshop and identified him as being from "Enviro-Scan (Canada)"). Download a pdf of the Wise Use Leadership conference program - 140k file (See Wise Use movement for more information).
In 1991 Jim Lohman, writing in the Ontario newspaper The Record, reported on a "pro-pesticide" Enviroscan newsletters published by Irvine. Irvine told Lohman that he was on "an almost personal campaign" to defend pesticides against environmentalists campaigns for tighter restrictions. Irvine attributed a rise in malaria cases in Ceylon to the 1964 ban on DDT and complained that further restrictions could be based on emotionalism not science. Irvine told Lohman that he had some "who deal in the chemical field". The Enviroscan newsletter, he said, was "funded entirely out of my own pocket."
Oklahoma City chapter of PRSA, "Robert Irvine Topic: Internet Activism and PR", Southwest District Conference, Undated (approx early 2001), accessed March 2004. (The conference agenda lists Ross S Irvine as the speaker while the speaker profile is titled 'Robert Irvine' but cites the bio details of Ross).
Jim Rohman, Pesticide Point, The Record (Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario), January 30, 1991.
email to Bob Burton, March 5, 2004.
Ross S. Irvine, "How to keep NGOs honest:Introducing the Non-government organization (NGO) / Civil Society Accountability and Transparency Report", ePublic Relations Ltd, November 2002.
Ross Irvine, Kia ora tatou, Public Relations Institute of New Zealand, May 2002.
Sue Bradford,"Green Party warns of dangers in Charities Bill", Media Release, March 23, 2004.
"Ross Irvine and Leon Gettler", 774 ABC Melbourne, April 21, 2005.
"Wool industry urged to fight PETA", ABC Rural, April 28, 2005.
"Fight GM activists at their own game", Farm Weekly, April 28, 2005.
Ross S. Irvine, "ePublic Relations™ 101 PR lessons from the Battle in Seattle: An introduction to how the internet has fundamentally changed PR", ePublic Relations Ltd, December 1999.
Ross S. Irvine, "Computers and modems for everyone: Ford to arm 370,000 netwarriors", ePublic Relations Ltd, February 2000.
Ross S. Irvine, "Needed: PR warriors and anarchists", ePublic Relations Ltd, February 2000.
Ross S. Irvine, "Environmental Media Services: Journalists' resource or special interest group? (Or, how one group can be many things to many people on the internet)", ePublic Relations Ltd, March 2000.
Ross S. Irvine, "activists complete opinion research: GE food moratorium campaign planned", ePublic Relations Ltd, April 2000.
Ross S. Irvine, "$100,000 vs $50-million - Competing biotech PR campaigns: The little guy has the upper hand", ePublic Relations Ltd, April 2000.
Ross S. Irvine, "Biotech industry uses antiquated weapons to battle adversaries (Or, how to miss the mark with a $50-million communications campaign)", ePublic Relations Ltd, April 2000.
Ross S. Irvine, 'Netwarriors' fight way to top in corporate PR" and "PANNA establishes alliances via 'Net'", O'Dwyers PR Services Report, May 2000.
Ross S. Irvine, "7 PR lessons from antibiotech confrontations: Preparing for the millennium", ePublic Relations Ltd, May 2000.
Ross S. Irvine, "The librarian, geek, and honorable warrior: The PR team of the 21st century", ePublic Relations Ltd, May 2000.
Ross S. Irvine, "Internet? What internet? PR folks work in their own unreal world", ePublic Relations Ltd, May 2000.
Ross S. Irvine, "PR confession: The other guys do it better!!! PR should communciate values", ePublic Relations Ltd, August 2000.
Ross S. Irvine, "Global anti-genetic engineering infrastructure proposed: A good example of ePublic Relations™", ePublic Relations Ltd, September 2000.
Ross S. Irvine, "Environmental magazine seeks undisclosed funding for researching and writing special issue: Many questions raised about journalistic objectivity, credibility and disclosure", ePublic Relations Ltd, September 2000.
Ross S. Irvine, "Oppressed biotech industry needs social workers: And yes, the military is standing by, too", ePublic Relations Ltd, November 2000.
Ross S. Irvine, "PR industry values money more than innovation: Why PR has failed to adapt to the internet", ePublic Relations Ltd, December 2000.
Ross S. Irvine, "PR industry admission: We don't understand the internet (but we sure want to bill our clients for what we don't know)", ePublic Relations Ltd, December 2000.
Ross S. Irvine, "Information, training and trust: The keys to successful communications by antibiotech and other activists", ePublic Relations Ltd, January 2001.
Ross S. Irvine, "Mathematics conspires against biotechnology PR: The numbers speak for themselves", ePublic Relations Ltd, January 2001.
Ross S. Irvine, "PR is a 3-legged stool: PR folks build it with two", ePublic Relations Ltd, February 2001.
Ross S. Irvine, "Activists release powerful genie: Corporate PR folks can learn from it", ePublic Relations Ltd, March 2001.
Ross S. Irvine, "Environmentalists move money across international borders to influence Canadian policies, legislation, regulations, and media", ePublic Relations Ltd, April 2001.
Ross S. Irvine, "How business and activist groups use websites to support and oppose the Bush energy policy: Command-and-control vs empowerment", ePublic Relations Ltd, June 2001.
Ross S. Irvine, "Activists take broad approach to bring down biotech industry: Communications and PR lessons for industry", ePublic Relations Ltd, July 2001.
Ross S. Irvine, "Food First seeks funding to discredit biotech industry: Small budget takes on entire industry", ePublic Relations Ltd, July 2001.
Ross S. Irvine, "One small town destroys major portion of a national pesticide market: seven lessons for PR, marketing and branding folks", ePublic Relations Ltd, July 2001.
Ross S. Irvine, "An activist makes 15 suggestions for successful campaigns. Or, what PR folks can learn from Detroit", August 2001.
Ross S. Irvine, "It's alive! The internet fact PR folks need to understand", ePublic Relations Ltd., September 2001.
Ross S. Irvine, "The PR battle for democracy: What NGOs are all about", ePublic Relations Ltd, November 2001.
Ross S. Irvine, "PR has lost its vision: From brand manager to publicist", ePublic Relations Ltd, December 2001.
Ross S. Irvive, "Who benefits when an international PR agency hires an eco-warrior? The agency? Clients? Or, the crusader?: Burson-Marsteller hires former Greenpeace head", ePublic Relations Ltd, January 2002.
Ross S. Irvive, "21st Century PR: The War for Ideas and Ideals", ePublic Relations Ltd, July 2002.
Ross S. Irvine, "Today's PR is about ideas and concepts, not the internet", ePublic Relations Ltd, November 2002.
Ross S. Irvine, "The internet is not a technology; it's a mindset", ePublic Relations Ltd, November 2002.
Ross S. Irvine, "How to keep NGOs honest: introducing the Non-government organization (NGO) / Civil Society Accountability and Transparency Report", ePublic Relations Ltd, November 2002.
Ross S. Irvine, "PR 2003: 7 thoughts for the year", ePublic Relations Ltd, February 2003.
Ross S. Irvine, "Environmentalists win victory of unprecedented importance and magnitude: PR changed globally and forever", ePublic Relations Ltd, June 2003.
Ross S. Irvine, "PR is war: It's a matter of attitude", ePublic Relations Ltd, September 2003.
Ross S. Irvine, "Two approaches to PR: The activist way and the corporate way (examples from the biotech field)", ePublic Relations Ltd, December 2003.
Ross S. Irvine, "Global moral war", ePublic Relations Ltd, January 2004. (Originally published as a guest editorial "Environment and Sustainability", 'BioScience News & Advocate', January 26, 2004.
Ross S. Irvine, "How to succeed like an activist in 2004: 9 suggestions for corporate PR folks", ePublic Relations Ltd, January 2004.
Ross S. Irvine, "Activist film aims to destroy the corporation:Capitalism, democracy, health, education and environment threatened", ePublic Relations Ltd, February 2004.
Ross S. Irvine, "Activists around the world watch Mendocino County: An example of corporate vs activist PR", ePublic Relations Ltd, February 2004.
Ross S. Irvine, "'They had the money, we had the people': Passion defeats well financed biotech PR campaign", ePublic Relations, March 2004.
Ross S. Irvine, "The next global anti-business, anti-technology battle: Nanotechnology", ePublic Relations Ltd, July 2004.
Ross S. Irvine, "Do PR folks take the easy way out? Activists prepare for another confrontation with a global industry", ePublic Relations Ltd, July 2004.
Ross S. Irvine, "Australian state governments stomp biotech industry: Traditional PR fails", ePublic Relations Ltd, July 2004.
Ross S. Irvine, "How to succeed like an activist", ePublic Relations Ltd, Presentation to CropLife Canada Annual Meeting, Montreal, September 21, 2004.
Ross S. Irvine, "Down with NGOs, up with The American Dream: A PR perspective on the re-election of George W. Bush", ePublic Relations Ltd, November 16, 2004.
Ross S. Irvine, "How activists do it: Nine PR observations and suggestions from 20+ years of monitoring", ePublic Relations Ltd, November 16, 2004.
This page was last edited on 28 September 2017, at 00:44.


Like the slogan "a rare breed of men" God has reserved for His purposes a rare SEED of men in leadership. God says the focus is never on the men. The focus instead should be on the SEED they are carrying. Let me make a couple of clarifications before we go any further. First know that any reference to the SEED is in bold because it speaks to the seed of the Divine Creator inside of His leaders. Also, when I use the word men I am speaking in gender neutral terms. Men in Leadership. If the word leadership has left a bad taste in your mouth these men are God's Listerine for you!
Today, God is only promoting selfless, agenda-less, servant leaders. God is only promoting men who because of the SEED within can truly "represent" His love to a people searching for solutions to the cultural problems of this world.
Unlike a mailman who shows no negligible effects of the package they carry, God's men diffuse the fragrance of unity, purity and love which is the essence of the Body of Christ. Although these men may be a work in progress, the SEED they carry guarantees the fruition and consummation of the purposes for which they were placed on this earth by the Sovereign Creator.
When these men speak they make a distinct sound. It's is strangely different from the copy-cat sounds and the muddled confused speech of those with no direction in this society. The sound you hear is the clarion call of the Voice of the Creator to draw His people first to unity and then to draw those that are far away to Himself.
It is not about how loud the sound it's about pitch. Because of the maturity in these men, brought on by years of fine tuning, the sound they make will perfectly replicate the Sound of Heaven. The Voice of the Creator will be heard over all the other voices in this noisy world. When you hear them you hear the heart of the Father. It's not a religious sound and it doesn't demand allegiance. It is the Voice of the Creator answering His creation's cry.
The SEED they carry will shape their hearts like their Master's. These are not like worldly men trying to prove who they are by their externals. We live in a sick society that knows the cost of everything but the value of nothing. Today's world flashes what they have like a street whore to protect its piece of the pie or its corner of the street. Men who carry the SEED place their value on the internals which in turn produce the externals. Words like character, truth, peace and integrity are their calling card. They are true sons who know the ways of their Father.
These men who carry the rare Seed understand that anything God does through them externally is for His Glory and not theirs. Their hearts are pure so God can trust them to build his Kingdom.
Until now many of these men have been incubated by the Holy Spirit in the deserts of life. In these deserts they have dealt with their fears and are now poised to move out in His strength. I hear the voice of the King and He is saying arise and build because its revelation and manifestation time.
Have you come to the end of yourself scratching out in your own strength for provision and protection? Are you ready to find your purpose for existence? Let the Creator lead you today to your fulfillment and satisfaction? I believe I hear God calling your name!


I am a little stuck with my issue and need some guidance on how to resolve it.
When I go to the Product Page (http://rentforyourevent.com/index.php/audio/speakers/15-powered-speaker-detail) and I click on the "Call for price" button, I get a popup window, which is exactly what I want.
When I do that from Category Page (http://rentforyourevent.com/index.php/audio/speakers) and I click on the "Call for price" button, I get routed to another a webpage with the same information as the popup window.
How I can get the Category Page to get the same popup as the Product Page when clicking on the "Call for price" button?
Thank you for your quick reply Studio 42. I am assuming you are talking about copying the script from file "/components/com_virtuemart/views/productdetails/view.html.php" to "/components/com_virtuemart/views/category/view.html.php". What specific script or line of code should I be copying? I apologize for my lack of knowledge.
I just don't know what to do or where to add the code in the backend in order for it to reflect in the webpage on the Category page.
Copy and paste ti in your category/tmpl/default.php file.
That didn't work, but I figured out how to fix it.
I added the following code to point to the askrecomjs.php file.
I would like to thank you for all your help and not giving up on me. If you wouldn't have made all the recommendations you did, I would have never figured it out. Thank you!
/templates/jsn_force2_pro/html/com_virtuemart/category/default.php is the override in your template.


Texas State will continue its longstanding tradition of Homecoming celebrations this year with a series of activities and competitions.
in addition to the football Homecoming game, there will be activities the week before the game, starting on Oct. 27 with a spirit flag decorating contest.
Esha Mohammed, pride and traditions coordinator at the Student Association for Campus Activities, said SACA has been preparing for the week of festivities since June. She said Homecoming Week is to encourage pride in the students.
On Oct. 28, there will be a 4 on 4 coed volleyball tournament. Previously, a powderpuff football game and 3 on 3 basketball competition were held, but this year the tournament will allow students to compete in something different.
A carnival and spirit rally will be hosted Oct. 30 from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. in the LBJSC mall and the surrounding area. There will be free events, games and food. Prizes will also be handed out, including T-shirts, stadium cups, waterproof phone cases and more.
The spirit rally will take place on the same day as the carnival at 12 p.m. where the cheer team, marching band and Boko will teach students the Texas State chants and increase the excitement for the game according to Maria Galindo, pride and traditions coordinator at SACA.
There will also be a talent show featuring 10 Texas State students on Nov. 1 and a large attendance is expected according to Coordinator for Student Activities Sylvia Reyes.
The top four kings and queens will be announced at the show, along with the other royalty. Voting will run online through Oct. 25.
The longest Homecoming tradition at Texas State, the Soap Box Derby, will be celebrating its 50th anniversary on Nov. 2. Reyes said the event helps showcase the university's uniqueness.
The day of the game there will be a 5K race hosted by Pro-Rec, the tailgate and Homecoming halftime where the king and queen will be crowned by last year's royalty.
Galindo said Homecoming is for students and faculty to display their pride, while alumni are able to come back and remember their time at Texas State.


The Gallagher Friendlies are hosted by nationally renowned St. Louis Scott Gallagher.
"I've been saying it for years that few events provide you with the level of competition & facilities that the Gallagher Friendlies. Thanks to Mitch & his staff for providing us a great pre season event every Labor Day in St. Louis. I appreciate you my friend."
Our 14th annual event will be hosted Labor Day weekend, August 31 - September 2, 2019 at the beautiful World Wide Technology Soccer Park & SLSG Creve Coeur Complex (See video of this amazing facility below). This event is played entirely in Missouri on state of the art turf fields. FOUR games are guaranteed! Dependent on the number of applicants, we may have Friday games and all teams WILL have Monday games again in 2019.
"I wanted to let you know it has been a very long time since my teams played in the SLSG Friendlies. In the past we have traveled on this weekend but we stayed in town this year. I wanted to compliment you on the organization of this tournament. It was super! Very well run and really fun for our boys to play in as well. Most of the competition pushed us and hopefully will have us ready for MRL coming up.
I have a ton of respect for you and all you do in the soccer community."
The finest youth soccer clubs from the Midwest and across the United States are invited to participate in this three-day, high-level competition, designed to promote quality soccer and player development over wins and losses. We expect this year's event to be of even higher quality than last year! The 2017 Tournament hosted 180 teams and the push for 200 starts now for 2018!
"Thank you very much for a wonderful weekend and getting this put together! The boys enjoyed themselves and got better because of the competition. Have a wonderful rest of the year and let me know if you ever need anything from me!
This event is the #3 ranked Tournament in the State of Missouri as rated by GOTSOCCER.COM. It trails only the SLSG Girls Fall Classic (November) and our SLSG Fall Festival (October).
If your club is the top team in your State or Region, this is the Tournament for you! But if your team is a second team or a second level club, we'll have divisions for you too! We expect teams from over 10 states and Canada including the Elite Boys & Girls Acedemy (Omaha & LIncoln, NE), Iowa Rush, Iowa SC, CRSA (IA), Kansas Rush, KC Scott Gallagher (KS), St. Louis Scott Gallagher, TSC Hurricane's (OK), Lobo's Rush (TN), Sporting St. Louis/JB Marine (MO), Lou Fusz Athletic (MO), Germantown Legends & Tennessee SC (TN), Elkhorn SC (NE), Illinois Fire Juniors, KC Legends, and United SC out of Alabama. These are just a sample of the quality teams coming to our Tournament. Don't miss out on the action!
"Thank you for giving our teams an opportunity to play in your great event."
As an annual event, the Gallagher Friendlies has become highly anticipated by youth soccer clubs because of its emphasis on quality soccer and top-level competition. Th event grew by over 30 teams from 2017 to 2018 and we expect it to continue to grow in both quality and qualtity! We bring in the top refs in the country to round out our four star event – Competition – check, facilities – check, organization – check and top level referee's from Region II and beyond.
"Thanks for everything this past weekend. I greatly appreciate all you did for the Iowa Soccer Club and the gifts were great."


Accelerators and incubators can invest in your startup with expertise, network and, depending on a program, seed capital. Brussels has a wide variety of accelerators and incubators, including ICAB, EEBIC, EYnovation, and [email protected]. Find more accelerators and incubators on the startups.be website.
angel.me is a crowdfunding platform to finance creativity and entrepreneurs.
Crowdfunding has gained a lot of popularity in recent years as a source of investment for startups. As a result, platforms such as Kickstarter or Bolero have grown in popularity.
A tax shelter for start-ups encourages individuals to invest in equity in "start-ups" which are basically defined as small companies of less than four years old.
In return of such direct investment, the investor is granted with a tax relief (reduction and not deduction) on his personal income tax which equals 30% or 45% of his investment. The applicable rate depends on the size of a start-up, 30% for SME's and 45% for "very small enterprises".
The Act of 10 August 2015 also provided for the possibility to benefit from the tax relief for indirect investments via a crowdfunding platform, a funding vehicle or a start-up fund. However, for indirect investment the tax relief is then capped to 30%, including for investments realized in a "very small enterprise".
The Act of 10 August 2015 did not set forth the conditions and formalities required for crowdfunding platforms, funding vehicles and start-up funds to operate. Hence, a new intervention of the Parliament was necessary.
The legislation adopted on the 15th of December in 2016 defines now these conditions and formalities.
An investor may directly invest in a start-up's capital without the intervention of any intermediary as initially organized by the Act and explained above.
An investor may invest in a start-up with the intervention of a crowdfunding platform or a regulated company. In this situation, the investor becomes a shareholder of the start-up. The crowdfunding platform / regulated company acts as a "mere" broker between the investor and the start-up.
An investor may invest in a funding vehicle which invests itself in start-up. The investor does not become a shareholder of the start-up but a shareholder of the funding vehicle. However, the investment is dedicated to a well identified start-up and remains bound to this start-up.
Finally, an investor may invest in a start-up fund which invests in several start-ups. Here again, the investor is not directly a shareholder in any start-up. His investment is however not bound to a specific startup. The investment is managed by the start-up fund on the basis of its investment policy and may be allocated in a portfolio of a startup that may vary in time.
A company may allow its investors to benefit from the measure up to a maximum of EUR 250,000 (cap at the level of the start-up) and any individual may benefit from such advantage up to EUR 100,000 per year (cap at the level of the investor).
Furthermore, the investor should keep the shares which he holds in the start-up's share capital for at least four years, except in case of decease.


Dyson cordless vacumn cleaner v10 fluffy.
Brand new Dyson cyclone v10 fluffy for sale. Still in seal. I have already registered the warranty online on Monday 08 April 2019.
Brand new Dyson V8 V10 carpet head. Bought the absolute v10 on 19th April, but don't have carpet to clean, so decided to sell it.
Dyson's latest powerful stick vacuum.1 No loss of suction.1 Captures 99.97% of microscopic dust as small as 0.3 microns.2 Powered by the Dyson digital motor V10 Powerful suction to remove hidden dirt. Constant, powerful suction to deep clean your home.1 Up to 60 minutes of fade-free suction power.


What do te know? What right do te have to judge someone on something that te really have no idea about? Her relationships with men have nothing to do with her relationship with her mother. Jennifer Aniston is a great person, she doesn't deserve this kind of judgement from people, especially the people who have don't even know her.
Jennifer Aniston's mother sounds like a textbook Malignant Narcissist. These people look for new ways to hurt te and enjoy your pain. It's too bad that Jen's mother felt she needed to take a final jab at her -- even from beyond the grave. Can te imagine Scrivere down everything about your daughter and leaving it to someone else? Other than to hurt o to wound, why would anyone do that? Until te have personally been involved with someone like this and know the havoc they wreak, it is impossible to understand the viciousness.
None of us have any idea how Jennifer was treated da her mother. No one disowns their own mother unless she is deserving of it.


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Box Size: 11.4" x 7.5" x 1.8"
- Realistic SR-71A newly produced
- Details are molded on the underside of the fuselage
- Fuselage possesses metal-skinned appearance
- Finely molded rudder
- Engine inlet cone w/crisp detail
- Inner nacelle half reproduced w/realistic details
- Intricate nose w/realistic pilot boom mast
- Detailed landing gear can be assembled in either flying or landing modes
- Engine exhaust nozzle and ejector system w/intricate detail
Dragon has cooked up a delicious new kit, a 1/144 scale version of the famous SR-71 Blackbird! This futuristic-looking aircraft from Lockheed's Skunk Works was designed as a strategic reconnaissance aircraft able to cruise at high altitudes at speeds higher than Mach 3. Such was its operational parameters that it had the capability of outrunning surface-to-air missiles fired at it! The first of 32 Blackbirds entered US Air Force (USAF) Strategic Air Command service in 1966, with its first missions taking place over Vietnam. The SR-71A was the standard series production variant and none were ever lost to enemy action, although twelve were destroyed in accidents. The SR-71 served operationally until 1990, while remaining craft were eventually stricken from service in 1998. Now the Blackbird's role has been largely taken over by satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).
The 1/144 scale plastic kit is a stunning piece of craftsmanship and it emanates from all-new molds. These new toolings were produced with the help of sophisticated CAD programs. The model SR-71A encapsulates the sleek and sweeping lines of this advanced reconnaissance aircraft. The original Blackbird made use of up to 80% titanium in its airframe in order to provide strength and heat-resistance, and observers will find the panel lines on the fuselage of this model are sharply and subtly rendered. With judicious and clever parts separation, the kit engineers have guaranteed a pleasurable and easy build for all levels of aircraft modelers. Once fully assembled, this stealthy Blackbird will have modelers singing sweetly!