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The genealogies in Genesis 10 concern races, not mere descent of persons; hence, the plural forms, Madai, Kittim, etc. In the case of Egypt the peculiarity is, the form is dual, Mizraim, son of Ham (i.e. Egypt was colonized by descendants of Hain), meaning "the two Egypts," Upper and Lower, countries physically so different that they have been always recognized as separate. Hence, the Egyptian kings on the monuments appear with two crowns on their heads, and the hieroglyph for Egypt is a double clod of earth, representing the two countries, the long narrow valley and the broad delta. The Speaker's Commentary suggests the derivation Mes-ra-n, "children of Ra," the sun, which the Egyptians claimed to be. It extended from Migdol (near Pelusium, N. of Suez) to Syene (in the far S.) (Ezekiel 29:10; Ezekiel 30:6 margin). The name is related to an Arabic word, "red mud."
The hieroglyphic name for Egypt is Κem , "black," alluding to its black soil, combining also the idea of heat, "the hot dark country." The cognate Arabic word means "black mud." Ham is perhaps the same name, prophetically descriptive of "the land of Ham" (Psalms 105:23; Psalms 105:27). The history of states begins with Egypt, where a settled government and monarchy were established earlier than in any other country. A king and princes subordinate are mentioned in the record of Abram's first visit. The official title Pharaoh, Egyptian Peraa, means "the great house" (De Rouge). Egypt was the granary to which neighboring nations had recourse in times of scarcity. In all these points Scripture accords with the Egyptian monuments and secular history. The crown of Upper Egypt was white, that of Lower red; the two combined forming the pschent.
Pharaoh was Suten, "king," of Upper Egypt; Shebt, "bee" (compare Isaiah 7:18), of Lower Egypt; together the SUTEN-SHEBT. The initial sign of Suten was a bent reed, which gives point to 2 Kings 17:21; "thou trustest upon the staff of this bruised reed ... Egypt on which if a man lean it trill go into his hand and pierce it." Upper. Egypt always is placed before Lower, and its crown in the pschent above that of the latter. Egypt was early divided into nomes, each having its distinctive worship. The fertility of soil was extraordinary, due to the Nile's overflow and irrigation; not, as in Palestine, due to rain, which in the interior is rare (Genesis 13:10; Deuteronomy 11:10-11; Zechariah 14:18). The dryness of the climate accounts for the perfect preservation of the sculptures on stone monuments after thousands of years. Limestone is the formation as far as above Thebes, where sandstone begins.
The first cataract is the southern boundary of Egypt, and is caused by granite and primitive rocks rising through the sandstone in the river bed and obstructing the water. Rocky sandstrewn deserts mostly bound the Nilebordering fertile strip of land, somewhat lower, which generally in Upper Egypt is about 12 miles wide. Low mountains border the valley in Upper Egypt. In ancient times there was a fertile valley in Lower Egypt to the east of the delta, the border land watered by the canal of the Red Sea; namely, Goshen. The delta is a triangle at the Nile's mouth, formed by the Mediterranean and the Pelusiac and Canopic branches of the river. The land at the head of the gulf of Suez in centuries has become geologically raised, and that on the N. side of the isthmus depressed, so that the head of the gulf has receded southwards. So plentiful were the fish, vegetables, and fruits, that the Israelites did "eat freely," though but bondservants.
But now political oppression has combined with the drying up of the branches and canals from the Nile and of the artificial lakes (e.g. Moeris) and fishponds, in reversing Egypt's ancient prosperity. The reeds and waterplants, haunted by waterfowl and made an article of commerce, are destroyed and Goshen, once "the best of the land," is now among the worst by sand and drought. The hilly Canaan, in its continued dependence on heaven for rain, was the emblem of the world of grace upon which "the eyes of the Lord are always," as contrasted with Egypt, emblem of the world of nature, which has its supply from below and depends on human ingenuity. The Nile's overflow lasts only about 100 days, but is made available for agriculture throughout the year by tanks, canals, and forcing machines. The "watering with the foot" was by treadwheels working sets of pumps, and by artificial channels connected with reservoirs, and opened, turned, or closed by the feet.
The shadoof , or a pole with a weight at one end and a bucket at the other, the weight helping the laborer to raise the full bucket, is the present plan. Agriculture began when the inundating water had sunk into the soil, a month after the autumn equinox, and the harvest was soon after the spring equinox (Exodus 9:31-32). Herodotus, Diodorus, Strabo, and the monuments confirm Genesis 47:20; Genesis 47:26, as to Joseph's arrangement of the land, that the king and priests alone were possessors and the original proprietors became crown tenants subject to a rent or tribute of one-fifth. Joseph had taken up one-fifth in the seven plenteous years. Naturally then he fixed on one-fifth to be paid to the king, so that he might, by stores laid up, be prepared against any future famine.
The warriors too were possessors (Diodorus, 1:73, 74; and Egyptian monuments), but probably not until after Joseph's time, since they are not mentioned in Genesis, and at all events their tenure was distinct from the priests', for each warrior received (Herodotus, 2:168) 12 aruroe (each axura a square of 100 Egyptian cubits); i.e., there were no possessions vested in the soldier caste, but portions assigned to each soldier tenable at the sovereign's will. The priests alone were left in full possession of their lands. Lake Menzaleh, the most eastern of the existing lakes, has still large fisheries, which support the people on its islands and shore. Herodotus (ii. 77) and Plutarch are wrong in denying the growth of the vine in Egypt before Psammetichus, for the monuments show it was well known from the time of the pyramids. Wine was drunk by the rich people, and beer was drunk by the poor as less costly.
Wheat was the chief produce; barley and spelt (asin Exodus 9:32) ought to be translated instead of "rie," Triticum spelta, the common food of the ancient Egyptians, now called by the natives doora, the only grain, says Wilkinson, represented on the sculptures, but named on them often with other species) are also mentioned. The flax was "boiled," i.e. in blossom, at the time of the hail plague before the Exodus. This accurately marks the time just before Passover. In northern Egypt the barley ripens and flax blossoms in the middle of February or early in March, and both are gathered before April, when wheat harvest begins. Linen was especially used by the Egyptian priests, and for the evenness of the threads, without knot or break, was superior to any of modern manufacture. Papyrus is now no longer found in the Nile below Nubia. In ancient times, light boats were made of its stalks, and paper of its leaves.
It is a strong rush, three-cornered, the thickness of the finger, 10 or 15 ft. high, represented on the monuments. The "flags" are a species called tuff or sufi , Hebrew suph , smaller than that of which the ark was made (Exodus 2:3), "bulrushes," "flags" (Isaiah 18:2; Isaiah 19:7). The lotus was the favorite flower. Camels are not found on the monuments, yet they were among Abram's possessions by Pharaoh's gift. But it is certain Egypt was master of much of the Sinai Peninsula long before this, and must have had camels, "the ships of the desert," for keeping up communications. They were only used on the frontier, being regarded as unclean, and, hence, are not found on monuments in the interior. The hippopotamus, the behemoth of Job, was anciently found in the Nile and hunted. The generic term tannim , "dragon," (i.e. any aquatic reptile, here the crocodile) is made the symbol of the king of Egypt (Ezekiel 29:3-5.)
God made Amasis the hook which He put in the jaws of Pharaoh Hophra (Apries), who was dethroned and strangled, in spite of his proud boast that "even a god could not wrest from him his kingdom" (Herodotus, 2:169). Compare Isaiah 51:9-10. Rahab, "the insolent," is Egypt's poetical name (Psalms 87:4; Psalms 89:10; Isaiah 51:9). Psalms 74:13-14; Thou brokest the heads of the dragons in the waters, ... the heads of Leviathan, ... and gavest him to be meat to the people inhabiting the wilderness"; alluding to Pharaoh and his host overthrown in the Red Sea and their bodies cast on shore and affording rich spoil to Israel in the wilderness. Compare "the people ... are bread for us" (Numbers 14:9). The marshes and ponds of Egypt make it the fit scene for the plague of frogs. Locusts come eating all before them, and are carried away by the wind as suddenly as they come.
The dust-sprung "lice" are a sort of tick, as large as a gram of sand, which when filled with blood expands to the size of a hazel nut (Exodus 8:17; Exodus 8:21, etc.). The "flies" were probably the dog-fly (Septuagint) whose bite causes severe inflammation, especially in the eyelids; compare Isaiah 7:18, "the fly that is in the uttermost parts of the rivers of Egypt" Oedmann makes it the beetle, kakerlaque, Blatta orientalis, which inflicts painful bites; peculiarly appropriate, as the beetle was the Egyptian symbol of creative power.
ORIGIN. - The Egyptians were of Nigritian origin; like modern Nigritians, the only orientals respectful of women. There was no harem system of seclusion, the wife was "lady of the house." Their kindness to Israel, even during the latter's bondservice, was probably the reason for their being admitted into the congregation in the third generation (Deuteronomy 23:3-8). An Arab or Semitic element of race and language is added to the Nigritian in forming the Egyptian people and their tongue. The language of the later dynasties appears in the demotic or enchorial writing, the connecting link between the ancient language and the present Coptic or Christian Egyptian. The great pyramid (the oldest architectural monument in existence according to Lepsius) is distinguished from all other Egyptian monuments in having no idolatrous symbols.
Piazzi Smith says, when complete, it was so adjusted and exactly fashioned in figure that it sets forth the value of the mathematical term pi, or demonstrates the true and practical squaring of a circle. The length of the front foot of the pyramid's casing stone, found by Mr. W. Dixon, or that line or edge from which the angular pi slope of the whole stone begins to rise, which therefore may be regarded as a radical length for the theory of the great pyramid, measures exactly 25 pyramid inches, i.e. the ten-millionth part of the length of the earth's semi-axis of rotation; 25 pyramid inches were the cubit of Noah, Moses, and Solomon "the cubit of the Lord their God." It is a monument of divinely-ordered number before the beginning of idolatry. (See WEIGHT AND MEASURE.)
RELIGION. - Nature worship is the basis of the Egyptian apostasy from the primitive revelation; it degenerated into the lowest fetishism, the worship of cats, dogs, beetles, etc., trees, rivers, and hills. There were three orders of gods; the eight great gods, 12 lesser, and those connected with Osiris. However, the immortality of the soul and future rewards and punishments at the judgment were taught. The Israelites fell into their idolatries in Egypt (Joshua 24:14; Ezekiel 20:7-8.) This explains their readiness to worship the golden calf, resembling the Egyptian ox-idol, Apis (Exodus 32).
THE TEN PLAGUES. -The plagues were all directed against the Egyptian goes, from whom Israel was thus being weaned, at the same time that Jehovah's majesty was vindicated before Egypt, and His people's deliverance extorted from their oppressors. Thus, the turning of the Nile into blood was a stroke upon Hapi, the Nile god. The plague of frogs attacked the female deity with a frog's head, Heka, worshipped in the district Sah, i.e. Benihassan, as wife of Chnum, god of cataracts or of the inundation; this was a very old form of nature worship in Egypt, the frog being made the symbol of regeneration; Seti, father of Rameses II, is represented on the monuments offering two vases of wine to an enshrined frog, with the legend "the sovereign lady of both worlds"; the species of frog called now dofda is the one meant by the Hebrew-Egyptian zeparda (Exodus 8:2), they are small, do not leap much, but croak constantly; the ibis rapidly consumes them at their usual appearance in September, saving the land from the "stench" which otherwise arises (Exodus 8:14).
The third plague of dust-sprung lice fell upon the earth, worshipped in the Egyptian pantheism as Seb, father of the gods (Exodus 8:16); the black fertile soil of the Nile basin was especially sacred, called Chemi, from which Egypt took its ancient name. The fourth plague, of flies (Exodus 8:21), was upon the air, deified as Shu, son of Ra the sun god, or as Isis, queen of heaven. The fifth was the murrain on cattle, aimed at their ox worship (Exodus 9:1-7). The sixth, the boils from ashes sprinkled toward the heaven, was a challenge to Neit, "the great mother queen of highest heaven," if she could stand before Jehovah, also a reference to the scattering of victims' ashes to the wind in honor of Sutech or Typhon; human sacrifices at Hellopolis, offered under the shepherd kings, had been abolished by Amosis I, but this remnant of the old rite remained; Jehovah now sternly reproves it 'by Moses' symbolic act.
The seventh, the hail, thunder, and lightning; man, beast, herb, and tree were smitten, so that Pharaoh for the first time recognizes Jehovah as God; "Jehovah is righteous, and I and my people are wicked" (Exodus 9:27). The eighth, the locusts eating every tree, attacked what the Egyptians so prized that Egypt was among other titles called "the land of the sycamore." The destruction at the Red Sea took place probably under Thothmes II., and it is remarkable that his widow imported many trees from Arabia Felix. The ninth, darkness, the S.W. wind from the desert darkening the arm: sphere with dense masses of fine sand, would fill with gloom the Egyptians, whose chief idol was Ra, the sun god.
The tenth, the smiting of the firstborn of man and beast, realized the threat, "against all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgment" (Exodus 12:12); for every town and nome had its sacred animal, frog, beetle, ram, cow, cat, etc., representing each a god; Remphan and Chiun were adopted from abroad. (See EXODUS.) Egyptian religions law depended on future rewards and punishments; the Mosaic law on the contrary mainly depended on temporal rewards and punishments, which only could have place in a system of miraculous and extraordinary divine interposition. The Mosaic law therefore cannot have been borrowed from the Egyptians. The effect of the divine plagues on the Egyptians is seen in the fact that a "mixed multitude," numbering many Egyptians who gave up their idols to follow Israel's God, accompanied Israel at the Exodus (Exodus 12:38), besides Semitics whose fathers had come in with the Hyksos.
POWER AND CONQUESTS OF KINGS. -The kings seem to have been absolute; but the priests exercised a controlling influence so great that the Pharaoh of Joseph's time durst not take their lands even for money. Tablets in the Sinaitic peninsula record the Egyptian conquest of Asiatic nomads there. The kings of the 18th dynasty reduced the countries from Syria to the Tigris under tribute, from 1500 to 1200 B.C. Hittites of the valley of the Orontes were their chief opponents.
RELATION TO ISRAEL. - Egyptian power abroad declined from 1200 to 990 B.C. the very interval in which David's and Solomon's wide empire fits in; then Shishak reigned and invaded Judah. The struggle with Assyria and Babylonia for the intermediate countries lasted until Pharaoh Necho's defeat at Carchemish ended Egypt's supremacy. Except Zerah and Shishak (of Assyrian or Babylonian extraction), the Egyptian kings were friendly to Israel in Palestine. Solomon married a Pharaoh's daughter; Tirhakah helped Hezekiah; So made a treaty with Hoshea; Pharaoh Necho was unwilling to war with Josiah; and Pharaoh Hophra (Apries) raised the Chaldaean siege of Jerusalem as Zedekiah's ally. In Africa they reduced the Rebu or Lubim. W. of Egypt; Ethiopia was ruled by a viceroy "prince of Kesh." The many papyri and inscriptions, religious, historical, and one a papyrus tale about two brothers, the earliest extant fiction (in the British Museum), show what a literary people the Egyptians were.
Geometry, mechanics, chemistry (judging from Moses' ability, acquired probably from them, to burn and grind to powder the golden calf), astronomy (whereby Moses was able to form a calendar, Acts 7:22), and architecture massive and durable, were among Egypt's sciences. Magic was practiced (Exodus 7:11-12; Exodus 7:22; Exodus 8:18-19; Exodus 9:11; 2 Timothy 3:8-9). Pottery was part of Israel's bondservice (Psalms 81:6; Psalms 68:13). The Israelites' eating, dancing, singing, and stripping themselves at the calf feast, were according to Egyptian usage (Exodus 32:5-25). Antiquity and dynasties. - The antiquity of the colonization of Egypt by Noah's descendants is shown by the record of the migration of the Philistines from Caphtor, which must have been before Abram's arrival in Palestine, for the Philistines were then there. (See PHILISTINES; CAPHTOR.)
The Caphtorim sprang from the Mizraim or Egyptians (Genesis 10:13-14; Jeremiah 47:4; Amos 9:7). The Egyptians considered themselves and the Negroes, the red and the black races, as of one stock, children of the god Horus; and the Shemites and Europeans, the yellow and the white, as of another stock, children of the goddess Pesht. No tradition of the flood, though found in almost every other country, is traceable among them, except their reply to Solon (Plato, Tim., 23) that there had been many floods. There are few records of any dynasty before the 18th, except those of the 4th and 12th; but the names of the Pharaohs of the first six dynasties have been found, with notices implying the complete organization of the kingdom (Rouge, Recherches). The Memphite line under the 4th dynasty raised the most famous pyramids. The shepherd kings came from the East as foreigners, and were obnoxious to native Egyptians.
Indeed so intense was Egyptian prejudice that foreigners, and especially Easterners, are described as devils; much in the same way as the Chinese regard all outside the Celestial empire. A Theban line of kings reigned in Upper Egypt while the shepherds were in Lower. Hence arose the opinion that a shepherd king, not a native Egyptian, was the foreigner Joseph's patron; Apophis is generally named. Pharaoh's invitation to Joseph's family to settle in Goshen (Genesis 46:34; Genesis 47:6), not among the Egyptians, may indicate a desire to strengthen himself against the Egyptian party. The absence of mention of the Israelites on the monuments would be accounted for by the troubled character of the times of the shepherd kings. But see below. The authorities for Egyptian history are
(1) the monuments;
(2) the papyri (the reading of hieroglyphics having been discovered by Young and Champollion from the trilingual inscription, hieroglyphics, enchorial or common Egyptian letters, and Greek, in honor of Ptolemy Epiphanes, on the Rosetta stone);
(3) the Egyptian priest Manetho's fragments in Josephus, containing the regal list beginning with gods and continued through 30 dynasties of mortals, from Menes to Nectanebo, 343 B.C., these fragments abound in discrepancies;
(4) accounts of Greek visitors to Egypt after the Old Testament period. The two most valuable papyri are the Turin papyrus published by Lepsius; and the list of kings in the temple of Abydos, discovered By Mariette, which represents Seti I with his son Rameses II worshipping his 76 ancestors, beginning with Menes. The interval between the 6th and 11th dynasties is uncertain, the monuments affording no contemporary notices. The kings of this period in Manetho's list were probably rulers of parts only of Egypt, contemporary with other Pharaohs. The Pharaohs of the 12th dynasty, and the early kings of the 13th, were lords of all Egypt, which the shepherd kings were not; the latter must therefore belong to a subsequent period. Sculpture and architecture were at their height in the 12th dynasty, and the main events of the time are recorded in many inscriptions.
From the fourth king of the 13th dynasty to the last of the 17th, the period of the Hyksos or shepherd kings, the monuments afford no data for the order of events. The complete list of the ancestors of Seti I gives no Pharaoh between Amenemha, the last king of the 12th dynasty, and Aahmes or Amosis, the first of the 18th, who expelled the Hyksos. From the 18th dynasty Egypt's monumental history and the succession of kings are somewhat complete, but the chronology uncertain. No general era is based on the ancient inscriptions.
Apephis or Apepi was the last of the Hyksos, Ta-aaken Rasekenen the last of the contemporary Egyptian line. Abram's visit (Genesis 12:10-20) was in a time of Egypt's prosperity; nor is Abram's fear lest Sarai should be taken, and he slain for her sake, indicative of a savage state such as would exist under the foreign Hyksos rather than the previous native Egyptian kings; for in the papyrus d'Orbiney in the British Museum, of the age of Rameses II of a native dynasty, the 19th, the story of the two brothers (the wife of the elder of whom acts toward the younger as Potiphar's wife toward Joseph) represents a similar act of violence (the Pharaoh of the time sending two armies to take a beautiful wife and murder her husband on the advice of the royal councilors), at the time of Egypt's highest civilization; and this attributed not to a tyrant, but to one beloved and deified at his decease.
So in an ancient papyrus at Berlin a foreigner's wife and children are taken by the king, as an ordinary occurrence. Moreover, in the Benihassan monuments, on the provincial governor's tomb is represented a nomadic chief's arrival with his retinue to pay homage to the prince. The pastoral nomads N.W. of Egypt, and the Shemites in Palestine, are called Amu; the chief, called Abshah in this papyrus (father of a multitude numerous as the sand, meaning much the same as Abraham), is the hak, i.e. sheikh, with a coat of many colors. Shasous is another name for wandering nomads; and Hyksos = prince of the Shasous. The story of Saneha (i.e. son of the sycamore) in one of the oldest papyri relates that he, an Amu, under the 12th dynasty, rose to high rank under Pharaoh, and after a long exile abroad was restored and made "counselor among the chosen ones," to develop the resources of Egypt (just as Joseph), taking precedence among the courtiers.
This proves there is nothing improbable in the account of Abram's kind reception and Joseph's elevation by the Pharaoh of a native dynasty, earlier than the foreign Hyksos, who were harsh and fierce, and more likely to repel than to welcome foreigners. Asses, regarded as unclean under the middle and later empire, were among Pharaoh's presents to Abram (Genesis 12:16). Horses are omitted, which accords with the earlier date, for they were unknown (judging from the monuments) to the 12th or any earlier dynasty, and were probably introduced from Arabia by the Hyksos. So that Abram's visit seems to have been under an early Pharaoh, perhaps Amenemha, the first king of the 12th dynasty; Joseph's visit two centuries later, toward the end of the 12th or the beginning of the 13th. Thenceforward, horses abounded in the Egyptian plains and were largely bought thence by Solomon (1 Kings 4:26; 1 Kings 10:25; 1 Kings 10:29) in defiance of the prohibition, Deuteronomy 17:16; compare 2 Kings 7:6.
SHEPHERD KINGS. - Salatis ("mighty", in Semitic) was first of the shepherd dynasty, which lasted about 250 years and comprised six kings, Apophis last. The long term, 500 years, assigned by Manetho to the shepherd kings, (and by Africanus 800,) is unsupported by the monuments, and is inconsistent with the fact that the Egyptians, at the return to native rulers under the 18th dynasty, after so complete an overthrow of their institutions for five or eight centuries (?), wrote their own language without a trace of foreign infusion, and worshipped the old gods with the old rites. The only era on Egyptian monuments distinct from the regnal year of the sovereign is on the tablet of a governor of Tanis under Rameses II, referring back to the Hyksos, namely, the 400th year from the era of Set the Golden under the Hyksos king, Set-a-Pehti, "Set the Mighty." Set was the chief god worshipped by the Hyksos from the first.
From Rameses II (1340 B.C.) 400 years would take us to 1740 or 1750 B.C. 250 years of the Hyksos dynasty would bring us to 1500 B.C. for their expulsion, and 250 before 1750 B.C. would be Abram's date. Thus the period assigned to the dynasties before Rameses by Lepsius is much reduced. Joseph was quite young at his introduction to Pharaoh, and lived 110 years; but if Apophis, the contemporary of Rasekenen, the predecessor of Aahmes I who took Avaris and drove out the Hyksos, were Joseph's Pharaoh, Joseph would have long outlived Apophis; how then after his patron's expulsion could he have continued prosperous? Moreover, Apophis was not master of all Egypt, as Joseph's Pharaoh was; Rasekenen retained the Thebaid, and after Apophis' defeat erected large buildings in Memphis and Thebes.
The papyrus Sallier I represents Apophis' reign as cruel and ending in an internecine He and his predecessors rejected the national worship for of Sutech = Set = the evil principle Typhon exclusively; his name Apepi means the great serpent, enemy of Ra and Osiris. Sutech answers to the Phoenician Baal, and is represented in inscriptions as the Hittites' chief god, and had human sacrifices at Heliopolis under the Hyksos, which Aahmes I suppressed.
JOSEPH'S PHARAOH. - There is nothing of Joseph's history which does not agree with the most prosperous period of the native dynasties; their inscriptions illustrate every fact recorded in Genesis concerning Joseph's Pharaoh. Shepherds were, according to Genesis, "an abomination to the Egyptians" in Joseph's time; this is decisive against his living under a shepherd king. The names of the first three of the 48 kings of the 13th dynasty in the papyrus at Turin resemble Joseph's Egyptian title given by Pharaoh as his grand vizier Zafnath Paanaeh the food of life," or "the living" (compare the apposite title of the type, John 6:35). Joseph may therefore have lived trader an early Pharaoh of the 13th dynasty, prior to the Hyksos, or else of the 12th; compare the story of Saneha under Osirtasin above. This 12th dynasty was especially connected with On or Heliopolis, where Osirtasin I, the second king of that dynasty, built the temple, and where his name and title stand on the famous obelisk, the oldest and finest in Egypt.
On was the sacerdotal city and university of northern Egypt; its chief priest, judging from the priests' titles, was probably a relative of Pharaoh. As absolute, Pharaoh could command the marriage of Joseph to the daughter of the priest of On, however reluctant the priesthood might be to admit a foreigner. Moreover, Joseph being naturalized would hardly be looked on as such, especially as being the king's prime minister. The "Ritual," 17th chapter, belongs to the 11th dynasty, and is the oldest statement of Egyptian views of the universe. It implies a previous pure monotheism, of which it retains the unity, eternity, self-existence of the unseen God; a powerful confirmation of the primitive Bible revelation to Adam handed down to Noah, and thence age by age becoming more and more corrupted by apostasies from the original truth; the more the old text of the "Ritual" is freed from subsequent glosses, the more it approaches to revealed truth.
A sound pure morality in essentials and the fundamentals of primeval religion underlies the forms of worship, in spite of the blending with superstitious. This partly accounts for Joseph's making such a marriage. Chnumhotep, a near relative and favorite of Osirtasin I, is described on the tombs of Benihassan as having precisely such qualities as Pharaoh honored in Joseph: "he injured no little child, oppressed no widow, detained for his own purpose no fisherman, took from work no shepherd or overseer's men; there was no beggar in his days, no one starved in his time; when years of famine occurred, he plowed all the lands producing abundant food; he treated the widow as a woman with a husband to protect her." The division of land permanently into 36 nomes (Diodorus, 1:54), the redistribution of property, and the tenure under the crown subject to a rent of the fifth of the increase, are measures which could only emanate from a native Pharaoh.
Long afterward, Rameses II himself, or else popular tradition, appropriated these works to him or to his father Seti I; also the name Sesostris was appropriated to him. Had it been the work of the Hyksos, it would have been undone on the restoration of the legitimate Pharaohs. Amenemha III, sixth king of the 12th dynasty, first established a complete system of dikes, cocks, and reservoirs, to regulate the Nile's inundation; he caused the lake Moeris to be made to receive the overflow and have it for irrigation in the dry season. Moeris (from the Egyptian mer a "lake") was near a place, Pianeh, "the house of life," corresponding to Joseph's title, Zafnath Paanah the food of life." Probably was the Pharaoh to whom Joseph owed his elevation, for Joseph was just such a minister as would carry out this Pharaoh's grand measures. The restoration of this lake would be the greatest boon to modern Egypt.
Amenemha III also formed the Labyrinth as a place of assembly for the representatives of the nomes on national matters of moment. The table of Abydos represents him as the last king of all Egypt in the old empire, and as such receiving worship from his descendant, Rameses. The Israelites remained undisturbed under the Hyksos, partly as offering no temptation to their cupidity, partly from the Hyksos' respect to the Israelites' ancestor Joseph's high character in his dealings with the Hyksos' ancestors when visiting Egypt in the famine. The Hyksos would have less motive for molesting the Israelites than for molesting native Egyptians. Restoration of the native dynasties; Pharaoh at the Exodus. Aahmes I (Amosis), founder of the 18th dynasty, married Neterfurt, an Ethiopian princess, named and portrayed on many monuments. With Ethiopian allies thus obtained, probably, he marched on Avaris in northern Egypt, Apophis' stronghold, and overthrew and expelled the Hyksos. Of him it could best be said "there arose up a new king" (Exodus 1:8), new to most Egyptians and especially those of northern Egypt.
He "knew not Joseph," and found Joseph's people Israel in Goshen, settled in the richest land, rather favored than molested by the preceding Hyksos kings, in numbers (Exodus 1:9) exceeding the native population, and so perhaps likely to join (Exodus 1:10) any future invaders such as the Arab Hyksos had been, and commanding the western approach to the center of the land. His policy then was to prevent their multiplication, and set them to build depositories of provisions and arms on the eastern frontier: Pithom (either = Pachtum en Zaru, "the fortress of foreigners," in the monuments of Thothmes III., or more probably "the sanctuary of Tum," connected with a fortress), and Rameses, from Ra "the sun god" and mesu "children," the Egyptians' peculiar name to distinguish themselves from foreigners (Mizraim is related), a name naturally given in a district associated with the sun god's worship.
Aahmes I named his son Rames, and being the restorer of the sun worship would be most likely to name one treasure city Raamses the city of Rameses II, Meiamon, named from himself, in the 19th dynasty, in the midst of a flourishing population, was vastly changed from the earlier Raamses built by Israel in the midst of their oppressed and groaning population. In an inscription of the 22nd year of Aahmes I Fenchu are described as transporting limestone blocks from the quarries of Rufu to Memphis and other cities; the name means "bearers of the shepherd's staff," an appropriate designation of the nomadic tribes of Semitic origin near Egypt, including the Israelites, who are designated by no proper name, though undoubtedly they were in Egypt in the 18th dynasty. Lepsuis fixes the accession of Aahmes I at 1706 B.C. Thethroes II was probably the Pharaoh who perished in the Red Sea, the year of the Exodus 1647 B.C. (1652 B.C., Smith's Bible Dictionary)
The interval between the temple building, 1010 B.C., (See CHRONOLOGY.) and the Exodus is calculated by advocates of the longer chronology to be 638 years. The 480 years interval between the Exodus and Solomon's temple is probably a copyist's error (1 Kings 6:1). However, the later date, 1525 B.C., for Aahmes I, and 1463 for the last year of Thothmes II, would support the shorter interval 480; and if two stouts found at the temple built by Thothroes III at Elephantine refer to the same time (?), one giving his name, the other stating that the 28th of the month Epiphi was the festival of the rising of Sothis, i.e. Sirius, the date would be 1445 B.C.; and as the temple was built in the last seven years of his 48 years' reign, the last year of Thothmes II would be 1485-1492, in accordance with 1 Kings 6:1. Probably nearly 100 years (including the 80 years from Moses' birth to his return from Midian) elapsed between the accession of Aahmes I and the Exodus.
On his death the dowager queen, an Ethiopian, Nefertari, was regent, Moses' second marriage to an Ethiopian subsequently may have been influenced by his former connection with Pharaoh's daughter, and by the court's connection with Ethiopia. Her son Amenophis (Amenhotep I) succeeded. He, with his admiral Ahmes, led an expedition into Ethiopia against an insurgent. Moses as the adopted child of the king's sister naturally accompanied his master, and proved himself as Stephen says (Acts 7:22), and Josephus in detail records, "mighty in words and in deeds." His connection with Ethiopia would thus be intimate. During the reign of Thothmes I, Moses was in Midian. Thothmes I, according to a rock inscription opposite the island of Tombos, subjugated the region between Upper Egypt and Nubia proper; and Ethiopia was henceforth governed by princes of the blood royal of Egypt, the first being named Memes, a name related to that given by Pharaoh's daughter to her adopted son, Moses.
A sepulchral inscription records a great victory of Thothmes I in Mesopotamia. The acquisition of Nubia ("the land of gold") furnished the means of acquiring chariots, for which after this date Egypt was famous. Aahmes (Amessis in Josephus), wife and sister of Thothmes I (an incestuous marriage unknown to the early Pharaohs), succeeded him as regent for 20 years. Then Thothroes II, son of Thothmes I, in the beginning of his short reign warred successfully against the Shasous or N.E. nomadic tribes. He was married to his sister Hatasou, who succeeded as queen regnant. At his death the confederate nations N. of Palestine revolted, and no attempt to recover them was made until the 22nd year of Thothemes III.
The sudden collapse after a brilliant beginning, his death succeeded by the reigning of a woman for so long after him instead of his son, the absence of the glorious records which marked his predecessors' reigns, and no effort being made to regain Egypt's former possessions, all accord with the view that the plagues which visited Egypt, the Exodus after the slaying of the firstborn, and the final catastrophe at the Red Sea, occurred in his reign. Of course no monument would commemorate the king's and the nation's disasters. Moses returning from Midian at the close of the reign of Thothmes II found him at Zoan (i.e. Tunis or Avaris), the city taken by Aahmes I in Lower Egypt (Psalms 78:12); the restlessness of the neighboring Shasous or Bedouins would require his presence there.
This Pharaoh was weak, capricious, and obstinate, and such a one as Hatasou (a superstitions devotee as the inscriptions prove, and there fore furious at the dishonors done through Moses' God to her favorite idols and priests, and above all at the crowning calamity, the death of her firstborn) would urge on to avenge all her wrongs on the escaped bondservants. On her beautiful monument at Thebes she is represented with masculine attire and beard, and boasting of the idol Ammon's favor and of her own gracious manners.
Each fit of terror which each fresh plague excited in the monarch soon gave way to renewed hardening of, his heart under her influence, until the door of repentance was forever shut against him; compare 2 Corinthians 7:10; Proverbs 29:1. Artapanus, a Jewish historian quoted by Alexander Polyhistor (Fragm. Hist. Greek, 3:223), Sylla's contemporary, wrote: "the Memphites say that Moses led the people across the bed of the sea at the ebb of the tide; but they of Heliopolis that the king was with a vast force pursuing the Jews, because they were carrying away the riches borrowed of the Egyptians. Then God's voice commanded Moses to smite the sea with his rod, so the sea parted asunder, and the host marched through on dry ground."
ISRAEL IN EGYPT. - The Egyptian monuments illustrate Israel's oppression in many points. Bricks were the common material of building, and for the king's edifices were stamped with his name. Chopped straw was used, as hair by plasterers, to make them more durable. Captives did the work in the royal brickfields; taskmasters with rods and the bastinado punished the idle. The entire stalk was left standing in cutting the wheat, so that stubble was easy to find in the fields. Though field labor is light, yet from the continued succession of crops and intense heat the cultivators' lot is a hard one. The storing of water in vessels of wood and stone (Exodus 7:19) is uniquely Egyptian. Reservoirs and cisterns were needless where the Nile and its canals made water so plentiful. But its turbid water at certain seasons needs purification for drinking; so it is kept in stone or wooden vessels until the sediment falls to the bottom.
The arts which Israel as a nomadic race knew not when they entered Egypt, such as writing, gem setting, working metals, carving, tanning, dyeing, linen weaving, building, they acquired before they left, and probably some Egyptians accompanied them (Exodus 12:38). Thothmes III remained against his will a subject, while his sister ruled for 17 years. On ascending the throne he effaced her titles on the monuments, and reckoned his own reign from his predecessor's death. In the 22nd year of his reign, according to the inscriptions in his temple dedicated to Ammon on his return, he marched to encounter the allied kings of all the districts between the Euphrates and the Mediterranean. He defeated them with great slaughter at Megiddo. The chiefs presented him as tribute gold, silver, bronze, lapis lazuli, precious coffers, gold- and silver-plated chariots, highly wrought Phoenician vases, a gold inlaid bronze harp, ivory, perfumes, wine; proofs of the high civilization of the then lords of Palestine.
The confederacy which gave unity and strength to its Canaanite and other inhabitants was thus, in God's special providence, broken by Thothmes III just 17 years before Israel's invasion, to prepare an easy conquest for them. He defeated their "892 chariots" (curiously answering to Jabin's 900, Judges 4); also the "Cheta" or Hittites, and the "Rutens" or Syrians of Mesopotamia, Assur, Babel, Nineveh, Shinar, and the Remenen or Armenians. He brought home numerous captives, who are represented in Ammon's temple at Abd el Kurna making bricks, as the Israelites had done. His wars ended in the 40th year of his reign, i.e. just at the close of Israel's 40 years in the desert, when about to enter Canaan. Thus, the terror of Midian and Moab at Israel's approach (Numbers 22:3-4) is partly accounted for, as they were still smarting under Thothmes' defeat.
Egypt retained only such strongholds as commanded the N. road by the coast rate Syria, and left the petty kings (broken-spirited and disunited, and, as Scripture represents, liable to panics before any new foe) to keep their almost impregnable forts. The Israelites in the desert of Tih, out of the way of the coast road, offered no inducement to the conqueror. Had they remained in the peninsula of Sinai, they would have been within his reach; for its western district was subject to Egypt from the time of Snefru, the last Pharaoh of the 3rd dynasty. The most ancient existing monument records that he defeated the Ann, the old inhabitants, and founded a colony at Wady Mughara. The copper mines there were worked under Churn (Cheops) of the 4th dynasty and other monarchs long after, though it seems they were not worked and the Sinai peninsula not occupied by Egyptians at the date of the Exodus.
To the mines of this district attention has of late afresh been drawn. It may seem strange that the Pharaohs, supreme in western Asia up to Saul's time, yet allowed Israel to invade and permanently occupy Palestine. But Egypt's policy was to be content with plunder, tribute of submissive chieftains, and prisoners; and not, like Assyria, to occupy conquered countries permanently. The warrior caste, the Calasirians and Hermotybians, preferred returning to their settled homes to cultivate the fields after the inundation each year. Besides, Israel attacked Egypt's enemies, the Hittites and Amorites; and the Israelite kingdom, while not so large as to excite the jealousy of Egypt, was large enough to prevent the reunion of the powers overthrown by Thothmes III. His successor, Amenhotep II, in making war transported his troops to Phoenicia by sea, as the representations on Aahmes' tomb at El-kab, of this period, show.
He conquered the Rutens (according to an inscription in Amada in Nubia), advanced as far as Nineveh, and hanged seven princes of the confederates at Tachis, a city in Syria, with head downward, on the prow of his ship. Amenhotep III also conducted expeditions to the Soudan, but mainly was occupied in erecting magnificent works. He was married to a remarkable woman, not of royal birth or Egyptian creed, Tel, daughter of Juan (akin to Judah) and Tuaa. In 1 Chronicles 4:17 Mered, son of Ezra two generations after Caleb founded a family by an Egyptian wife (See BITHIAH , daughter of Pharaoh, a name closely resembling Tei daughter of Juaa. Its settlement was at Eshtemoa in the hills of Judah S. of Hebron. Amenophis IV, Tei's son (whose features are distinctly Semitic), revolutionized, under her influence, Egypt's religion as to its grosser idolatries, such as the phallus worship of Khem, and introduced a more spiritual worship. His name Khun Aten (akin to Adon "THE LORD"), i.e. glory of the sunbeam, refers to the Semitic name for God.
Thus, Egypt remained supreme in Mesopotamia in the earlier part of the judges' period. Then, during internal struggles, the Egyptian yoke was thrown off, and then scope was left for the invasion of Israel by Chushan Rishathaim of Mesopotamia, about a century after Joshua. He being expelled on one side, by Othniel, (and the Rutens or Assyrians consequently losing the ascendancy, toward the end of the 18th dynasty,) and Egypt being prostrated on the other side, Moab, Ammon, Amalek, under king Eglon, and Midian or Edom, naturally grew into power. The Cheta or Hittites also gradually extended their power from Cilicia to the Euphrates, holding Syria's strongholds, and encroaching on the powers of Palestine during all the time of the 19th dynasty. Manetho's testimony. - Manetho's account recognizes the scriptural fact that:
(1) the Israelites whom he confounds with the Hyksos had been employed in forced labors, and that they
(2) went forth from the region about Avaris (related to the Hebrew, i.e. Goshen) "by permission"
(3) of the Theban king whose father (i.e. the first king of the 18th dynasty) had driven out the Hyksos from the rest of Egypt, and that
(4) they took with them their "furniture and cattle" and traversed the region between Egypt and Syria, and settled in Judaea, and that the king in resisting them felt
(5) "he was fighting against the gods," and
(6) was afraid for the safety of his young son.
Elsewhere he calls them "lepers," and confounds Moses with Joseph of Heliopolis (On) whom he makes leader of the Exodus (perhaps drawn from the fact that Israel and Moses carried with them Joseph's body, Exodus 13:19) under the name Ostirsiph (i.e. rich in food zaf), and notices the historical fact that it was with an Ethiopian army the Theban king ejected (the lepers and their allies) the shepherds. (See above.) The "leprosy" attributed to them is drawn from the leprous hand whereby Moses proved his divine mission (Exodus 4:6), also from its prevalence among the Hebrew (Leviticus 13; 14). In the two centuries' interval between the early judges and Deborah, the chief strongholds of Palestine were occupied by the Canaanites, Hittites, Jebusites, etc., during Egypt's 19th dynasty, and are so represented in the monuments describing the attacks on them by Seti I. and Rameses II.
The open country was held by the Amorites. against whose iron chariots Israel could not stand (Judges 1:19); so the district from the S. border northward is called in the monuments" the land of the Amorites." Compare Judges 5:6, "the highways were unoccupied ... the villages ceased ... war was in the gates (of the strongholds). Was there a shield or spear seen among 40,000 in Israel?" Thus the Egyptian armies in traversing Syria would encounter no Israelite in the field and would only encounter Israel's foes. Seti I, 150 years after the Exodus, overwhelmed the anti-Egyptian confederacy of tribes from Cilicia to Mesopotamia, headed by the Assyrians. Under Rameses II, the Assyrians are not even mentioned in his great campaign in his fifth year. The Hittites or Cheta, N. of Palestine (Judges 1:26), became the great power opposed to Egypt under Seti I. Sisera is a Chetan name; and his master Jabin ruled the whole country in Merneptah's reign.
Seti I overcame the Shasous, i.e. the warlike nomads who overran Palestine, Moah, Ammon, Amalek the Hittites, etc., his aim being to conquer Syria and to occupy Kadesh which was its chief city (Edessa, on the Orontes). Rameses Merammon (Sesostris) was associated in the kingdom with his father from infancy, and succeeded him as sole king, with a family of 27 princes, at his death. Rameses reigned 67 years (according to the monument at Tunis), but it is uncertain how long before his father's death his reign is counted. He venerated his father in his early inscriptions, afterward effaced "Seti" for his own name. He is made by some the "new king" (Exodus 1). But facts and dates contradict it; and the assumption is false that he reigned 67 years after his father. The fortresses of Zaru and Pa-Ramesses which he enlarged existed previously, and therefore afford no argument for his being the Pharaoh who set Israel to work at Pithem and Rameses (which moreover are not certainly identical with Zaru and Pa-Ramesses).
Rameses set certain Aperu (identified by some with "Hebrew," by others explained" workmen") to work on the frontier in the region where Israel's forefathers had been bondservants in hard service. Four Egyptian documents quoted by Cook (Speaker's Commentary) contain the following particulars bearing on e question. The report of one. Kawisar (a Chetan), a commissariat officer at Pa-Ramesson, states to Rameses II that he has distributed rations to the Aperu who drew stores for the great fortress (Bekken) and to the soldiers. Another report, that of a scribe, Keniamen, to the kazana or high officer of Rameses' household, implies by their being employed to draw stones S. of Memphis, that the Aperu, if Israelites, were prisoners of war under military surveillance, not (as the Israelites before the Exodus) residents working in their own district under Egyptian taskmasters.
Moreover, 2,083 Aperu resided under Rameses III, 800 worked in the Hamamat quarry under Rameses IV similarly. These could not have been stayers behind after Israel's Exodus, for the Egyptians would not then have tolerated them. Rameses, in his 21st year, made a treaty with Chetasar, king of the Cheta, on equal terms, and married his daughter. Palestine thus remained in quiet between the times of Eglon and Shamgar. Merneptah succeeded, and defeated confederate Libyans, Asiatics, and Tyrrhenians, Sicilians and Achaeans. Had Moses returned to Egypt at that time he would surely have mentioned some of these races in Genesis 10. In Merneptah's reign southern Palestine was for the first time occupied by the Philistines, and northern Palestine subdued by Jabin the Canaanite king and his captain Sisera, who was chief of the Syrian confederates, with 900 chariots answering to the 892 taken by Thethroes III on the same battlefield, Megiddo.
This was about 1320 B.C., which year all Egyptologers agree occurred in Merneptah's reign. Rameses III was the last Egyptian who gained great victories in Syria, transporting his forces there by sea, and conquering the Cheta. This overthrow of the Chetan confederacy, after Jabin's defeat by Deborah, secured peace to Palestine. When Egypt's monarchy became weaker some years later, Midian oppressed Israel (Judges 6). But Egypt retained a general ascendancy in Syria and Mesopotamia until the end of the Second dynasty, answering to the end of the period of the Judges.
Thus, God's providence secured Israel from being crushed by tire overwhelming rival empires; and meanwhile the nation's character' was being molded and its resources prepared for the high place width it assumed among the great, kingdoms under Saul, David, and Solomon. The general scheme and facts above (as also the table below) are drawn in part from Cook's interesting essay in the Speaker's Commentary, also from Professor Rawlinson's, Dr. Birch's, and Hengstenberg's works:
YEAR DYNASTIES CONTEMPORARY EVENTS RECORDED ON THE MONUMENTS SCRIPTURAL PARALLEL EVENTS
B.C. 2700 ... FIRST DYNASTY: THINITES (named from This, W. of the river, or Abydos). Begins with Menes.
B.C. 2470 ... SECOND; also THINITES (contemporaneous - In the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, a tablet records poraneous with the Fourth). a king of the 2nd dynasty whose existence is known to us by the Tablet of Abydos
B.C. 2650 ... THIRD; MEMPHITES The last of the 3rd dynasty, with whom real history begins, Snefru, conquers the Anu, plants a colony at Wady Mughara, and occupies the W. of the Sinai peninsula and explores its turquoise and copper mines.
B.C. 2500 ... FOURTH; MEMPHITES Erection of the pyramids of Jizeh by Suphis and Sensuphis, the Great one the oldest of the three. The names Suphis, or Shofo (or Cheops), and Nou-shofo (Chephren, Herodotus), were found in "the chambers of construction," but hieroglyphics are not in the Great Pyramid itself. Explained by Piazzi Smith that they were shepherd kings (compare Genesis 49:24) of an earlier dynasty than those of the 14th and 17th dynasties; from Jerusalem, holding the (pure faith of Melchizedek, and therefore hated Manetho and Herodotus) by the Egyptians. as foreigners and opponents of idolatry; forbidding any sculptures or painted emblems of the idols, in the pyramid, which was designed as the sacred standard of metrology of time, capacity, weight, line, square and cubic measure, heat, latitude, temperature, and indicated the mean density and true figure of the earth, standing in the political center of the earth. Shofo warred with the Arabs, according to the monuments.
FIFTH: ELEPHANTINES (contem-poraneous with the Fourth).
B.C. 2200 ... SIXTH; MEMPHITES (contemporaneous - In the Boulak Museum, Cairo, a monumental inscription raneous with the Ninth and exists, set up by Una, scribe and crown-bearer Eleventh). to King Teta, and "priest of the place of his pyramid," to Pepi, successor of Teta, of the 6th dynasty.
SEVENTH; MEMPHITES
EIGHTH; Memphites
NINTH; HERACLEOPOLITES (contemporaneous with the 6th and 11th dynasties)
TENTH; Heracleopolites
ELEVENTH; DIOSPOLITES (contemporaneous with the 6th and 9th dynasties)
About B.C. 2000 TWELFTH; DIOSPOLITES: Seven Dawn of poetry and philosophy; astronomy added Abram was graciously received. Pharaohs: Amenemha I, the five Epact days to the old 360. The capital Osirtasin I, Amenemha II, shifted from Memphis to Thebes. Foreigners Osirtasin II, Osirtasin III, from western Asia received and promoted by the Amenemha III, Amenemha IV; early Pharaohs. The latter execute great works and a queen, Ra-Sebek- of irrigation, to guard against famine. This Nefrou. 12th dynasty worshipped Amen (the occult god, hidden in nature), at Thebes. The Labyrinth, and the artificial Lake Moeris, their work.
THIRTEENTH: DIOSPOLITES (contemporary with the Shepherds). Pharaohs named Sebek-hotep.
About B.C. 1750 Fourteenth; XOITES, in Upper The early Pharaohs lords of all Egypt. Then the Joseph under an early Egypt (contemporaneous Hyksos, chief of the Shasous or" Nomads," seize Pharaoh, of the 13th dynasty, with the 15th and 16th N. Egypt; introduce worship of Sut, Sutech, or or under Amenemha III, dynasties in Lower Egypt). Baal-Salatis, the first Hyksos king; Apepi, the the sixth king of the 12th
FIFTEENTH; HYKSOS, or SHEP- last, overcome by Aahmes I; and Avaris, Tanis, dynasty. HERDS (contemporaneus with or Zoan, the Hyksos stronghold, taken, and the the 14th and 16th dynasties), Shepherds expelled. Rasetnub (the Saites of Sixteenth: SHEPHERDS (contemporaneous - Manetho) was leader of the Hyksos; his name temporaneous with the occurs on a tablet of Rameses II, 1300 B.C., who 14th and 15th dynasties). says Rasetnub's era was 400 years before, i.e. 1700 B.C.; also on a lion at Bagdad (Dr. Birch).
About B.C 1525; SEVENTEENTH; APEPI, or but Lepsius, APOPHIS, last of the Hyksos. B.C. 1706 Ta-aaken Rasckenen, last of the contemporary Egyptian Pharaohs.
B.C. 1525... or EIGHTEENTH: DIOSPOLITES: Expels the Shepherds. Great buildings by forced Aahmes I., the" new king" B.C. 1706 Aahmes I (Nefertari, a Nubian labor. Theban worship restored. Expedition who imposed bond-service queen, regent), Amenhotep I, into Ethiopia under Amenhotep I. Successful upon Israel, building Thothmes I (Aahmes regent), expeditions into Nubia and Mesopotamia under forts in their own land. Thothmes II, Thothmes III, Thothmes I. First part of reign of Thothmes II Moses was saved and adopted Amenhotep IV (Khun-Aten); prosperous. Ends in a blank, followed by a by an Egyptian princess. B.C. 1463; or three kings, Horemheb, ille- general revolt of the Syrian confederates. Hata- Flees into Midian. Re- B.C. 1485. gitimate. son queen regnant for 17 or 22 years. Thothmes turn of Moses. The Exodus.
Lepsius, B.C. III recovers the ascendancy in Syria in the Pharaoh and his army 1647 22nd year, and invades Mesopotamia, and reduces perish in the Red Sea. Nineveh. His wars end in the 40th year of his Israel was in the wilderness reign. Monuments of him exist in El Karnak, for forty years. Joshua in the sanctuary of Thebes. Amenhotep II invades the 40th year enters Syria by sea; overthrows the confederates N. of Canaan. Israel acquires Palestine. Amenhotep III, and his queen Tel, most of Canaan. a foreigner favor a purer worship. Raise the temple at Thebes, where the vocal Memnon and its fellow now stand. Amenhotep IV, Khun-Aten, completes the religious revolution. A period Chushan Rishathaim invades follows of internal struggles, during which Israel. Mesopotamia threw off Egypt's yoke.
NINETEENTH. Rameses I, Seti I, Wars with the Cheta, now the dominant race in The interval between Chushan Rameses II, Merneptah I, Syria. Seti I subdues the Shasous or nomads Rishathaim and Seti II, Am-Emmeses, Siptah, from Egypt to Syria, the Cheta, and Mesopota- Jabin. Palestine still in Tauser. mians. The great hypostyle hall of El Karnak the hands of the Amorites built. Bas-reliefs of his successes on the N. wall. and Canaanites. Toward The empire's highest civilization. Rameses II the end of this period, co-regent with his father many years. Defeats subject to the Philistines the Cheta; contracts a treaty with their king, on the south, and whose daughter he marries. Captives employed to the Cheta or Hittites in enlarging fortresses, etc. The Aperu employed on the north. Revolt at Pa-Ramesses and Zaru. Reigns, dating, from against Jabin. Over- B.C. 1320 ... his co-regency, 67 years in all. The temples he throw of the Chetan built in Egypt and Nubia outshone all others. Sisera, in Merneptab's reign.
TWENTIETH; Rameses III. Successes in Africa and Asia. The Cheta subdued. Events in Judges, after 12 more of the same name, Aperu employed in the king's domains; also in Deborah and Barak. with distinguishing surnames. the quarries. Rameses III records his successes on his great temple of Medeenet Haboo in western Thebes; among them a naval victory in the Mediterranean over the Tokkaree (Carians) and Shairetana (Cretans). Other Shairetana (Cherethim) se
Fausset, Andrew R. Entry for 'Egypt'. Fausset's Bible Dictionary. https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/fbd/e/egypt.html. 1949.
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Residents of Long Island City, New York, and Crystal City, Virginia, which will split the Amazon HQ2 spoils, are either rejoicing or lamenting their fate. This tale of two cities focuses on the haves–homeowners–and the have-nots, also known as homebuyers and renters.
For homeowners, Amazon will likely add value to their homes and wealth to their bottom line. Renters, on the other hand, will presumably face higher rent. And everybody will likely cope with tougher commutes as the areas each absorb another 25,000 jobs over the coming decade.
Anyone who is thinking about buying in either of these cities should act quickly as home prices are expected to escalate, says Danielle Hale, chief economist for Realtor.com. Similarly, homeowners in these areas who want to upsize should consider locking in a home sooner than later, especially since inventory is already squeezed in both places.
Homeowners on Amazon's shortlist of HQ2 cities probably felt like they were holding lottery tickets, waiting for their numbers to be called. If the real estate markets in Crystal City, which is part of Arlington, or Long Island City mimic what happened in Seattle, then homeowners can expect a bigger payday when they cash out.
Those who are ready to sell now might want to put that "for sale" sign away, at least temporarily.
The common refrain from experts is to hold onto your property if you can to get more value out of it. Although all signals suggest a spike in home valuations, it could take a while to see those price hikes. The reason is that real estate, as an asset class, tends to move more slowly than the stock market, for instance.
"Long-term, if the growth from Amazon's expansion pans out, it will bring more people, more jobs, more higher-paying jobs, more demand for real estate and higher real estate prices. But this is a long game, not a short one," McBride says.
Amazon promises to invest a total of $5 billion in both cities while adding 25,000 jobs at each location with an average annual wage of $150,000. For homebuyers, this translates into more competition from people with relatively deep pockets.
Couple this with rising interest rates and a predicted spike in home prices in both markets and prspective buyers shouldn't wait too much longer, says Carmen Culliver, sales associate at Weichert Realtors in Arlington, Virginia.
"We're already seeing more demand in this area. If people want to buy a house here, then I recommend they do it now. It's just going to get more expensive down the road," Culliver says.
Although the median home prices in both locations soar above the national home price, which in the third quarter was $266,900, according to the National Association of Realtors' latest quarterly report, Crystal City is considerably more affordable than Long Island City, which is part of New York City's Queens borough.
The median listing price in Crystal City, which is located less than two miles from Reagan National Airport, is about $560,000. This is 44 percent less than the median listing price of almost $1 million in Long Island City, according to Realtor.com.
From a budgeting perspective, the consensus is that no more than 28 percent of your monthly income should go toward housing costs. In that case, Crystal City residents will likely have more options. HQ2 Amazon workers who make $150,000 ($12,500 per month) and buy a house for $560,000 with a 6 percent interest rate would spend about $3,400 per month on mortgage costs. At 27 percent of pre-tax income, that's just under the 28 percent sweet spot.
Conversely, single buyers earning the same income in Long Island City who spend $1 million on a single-family home with a 6 percent rate over 30 years would spend 48 percent of their monthly pre-tax salary.
Homebuyers should also factor in property taxes, insurance, applicable HOA fees, maintenance and repair costs that might arise.
Buyers in both locations will also face inventory issues, which can make finding a house within their budget that much more difficult.
Although the infusion of jobs and money into the local economies tends to be generally good for everyone — from the tech industry to hospitality and entertainment–renters often encounter the rough end of the deal.
"Amazon is going to be a windfall for these cities, unfortunately some of the losers in this will be people without the skill set and renters," says Lawrence Yun, chief economist for National Association of Realtors.
As home prices increase, so will rent. In Long Island City, where the occupancy rate is at a high of 98 percent, according to RentCafe, prices rise as inventory shrinks. Currently, the average rent is $3,458 in Long Island City and $2,242 in Queens, according to data from RentCafe.
Aaron Hillel, a real estate agent at the Hillel Realty Group in Brooklyn, advises renters to seek out rent-stabilized apartments, which cap rent increases to an estimated 3 to 7 percent per year in Long Island City.
"If you get into a market-rate apartment your rent could go up by $1,000 per month. I would be wary about signing a lease with a market rate apartment," Hillel warns.
Renters can check the New York City Renters Guidelines Board website for a listing of rent stabilized buildings.
Rent prices in Crystal City and the greater Arlington area are more affordable than their New York counterparts. Renters in Crystal City can expect to pay an average of $2,387 and folks in Arlington will pay about $2,163. For Virginia residents, the train makes living farther from the center more convenient and more affordable, Hale says.
"It's easy to hop on the blue and yellow line which runs past Alexandria and Springfield up through D.C., north and south. There's lots of opportunities to find housing outside of the city center," Hale says.
What are mortgage closing costs and how can I pay them?


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Byram Watershed Coalition (BWC) is a large group of professionals that are working on a watershed management plan for the Byram River.
The BWC acts as a clearing house for collaborative assessment and planning for the watershed and positive public involvement; as a proactive force toward overall watershed improvement; an organization willing to engage, interact with and educate the public; and ready and able to employ knowledge toward the betterment of the watershed as a public resource.
During the summer of 2010 the Pequonnock River Initiative (PRI) was formed as a partnership between the City of Bridgeport and the towns of Monroe and Trumbull to develop a watershed plan for the Pequonnock River watershed. The goal of the Initiative is to complete the plan by the summer of 2011. The watershed plan will be a comprehensive, scientifically-sound, and practical planning document for the protection and restoration of water resources in the Pequonnock River watershed. The watershed plan will detail the existing conditions of the watershed and identify its current problems and sources of pollution. Also, it will address emerging issues facing the watershed, and will outline detailed action steps for implementation. The plan will have the potential to affect on-the-ground change within the watershed.
This website is under development and will be a resource for information about the watershed and will provide opportunities for the public to learn about, and be engaged in activities to improve the Pequonnock River.


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text:
Q: How to combine two queries togather? I'm trying to combine two quires into one. That first quire is to get the user who is around the location of 3KM and second query is to sort where they work.
so I want to join both quires so that I can get people who work in specific company around 3KM.
And work is an column which has the various company names.
http://victorybro.esy.es/LocateMe/locateNearme.php?work[]=HCL&work[]=DELL
This link gives: "Query Failed!"
Here is my Php Code:
<?php

          $con = mysqli_connect("mysql.hostinger.in", "u408122646_chat", "123", "u408122646_chat");

    $work  = $_GET['work'];
    $locate_me = array();

    foreach ($_REQUEST['work'] as $key => $val) {
    $locate_me[$key] = filter_var($val, FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING);
    }
    $works = "'" . implode("','", $locate_me) . "'";

$sql="SELECT id,latitude,londitude, ( 6371 * acos( cos( radians(12.95665699) ) * cos( radians( latitude ) ) * cos( radians( londitude ) - radians(80.23708535) ) + sin( radians(12.95665699) ) * sin( radians( latitude ) ) ) ) AS distance FROM locate_me HAVING distance < 1 ORDER BY distance LIMIT 0 , 20
    UNION
    SELECT * FROM locate_me WHERE work IN ({$works})";

    $res=mysqli_query($con,$sql);

if(!$res)
{
      die("Query Failed!");
} $response["success"] = true;
     $response= array();
 while($row = $res->fetch_array(MYSQL_ASSOC)) {

        $response[] = $row;}

echo json_encode(array("response"=>$response));
 mysqli_free_result($res);

 ?>

A: If I understand what you need, the SQL can be written as:
$myLocLat = 12.95665699;
$myLocLon = 80.23708535;

$sql = <<<SQL
SELECT
    id,
    latitude,
    londitude,
    (6371 * acos(cos(radians($myLocLat)) * cos(radians(latitude)) * cos(radians(londitude) - radians($myLocLon)) + sin(radians($myLocLat)) * sin(radians(latitude)))) AS distance
FROM locate_me
WHERE distance < 1
      AND work IN ($works)
ORDER BY distance LIMIT 0 , 20
SQL;

Note that in MySQL 5.7.6+ you can get the distance between two points by:
ST_Distance(Point(lon1,lat1),Point(lon2,lat2))

Something to look into if you want to not deal with formulae to determine distances.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Politics & society, Research, Science & environment
Radar reveals details of mountain collapse after North Korea's most recent nuclear test
By Robert Sanders, Media relations| May 10, 2018 May 15, 2018
May 10, 2018 May 15, 2018 Robert Sanders
As North Korea's president pledges to "denuclearize" the Korean peninsula, an international team of scientists is publishing the most detailed view yet of the site of the country's latest and largest underground nuclear test on Sept. 3, 2017.
Google Earth image of Mt. Mantap in North Korea showing the locations of the nation's six nuclear bomb tests, including the Sept. 3, 2017, test (red), the largest, which lowered the mountain by 20 inches. Courtesy of Google Earth.
The new picture of how the explosion altered the mountain above the detonation highlights the importance of using satellite radar imaging, called SAR (synthetic aperture radar), in addition to seismic recordings to more precisely monitor the location and yield of nuclear tests in North Korea and around the world.
The researchers – Teng Wang, Qibin Shi, Shengji Wei and Sylvain Barbot from the Earth Observatory at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, Douglas Dreger and Roland Bürgmann from the University of California, Berkeley, Mehdi Nikkhoo from the German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Mahdi Motagh from the Leibniz Universität Hannover, and Qi-Fu Chen from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing – will report their results online this week in advance of publication in the journal Science.
That explosion took place under Mt. Mantap at the Punggye-ri nuclear test site in the country's north, rocking the area like a 5.2-magnitude earthquake. Based on seismic recordings from global and regional networks, and before-and-after radar measurements of the ground surface from Germany's TerraSAR-X and Japan's ALOS-2 radar imaging satellites, the team showed that the underground nuclear blast pushed the surface of Mt. Mantap outward by as much as 11 feet (3.5 meters) and left the mountain about 20 inches (0.5 meters) shorter.
By modelling the event on a computer, they were able to pinpoint the location of the explosion, directly under the mile-high summit, and its depth, between a quarter and a third of a mile (400-600 meters) below the peak.
They also located more precisely another seismic event, or aftershock, that occurred 8.5 minutes after the nuclear explosion, putting it some 2,300 feet (700 meters) south of the bomb blast. This is about halfway between the site of the nuclear detonation and an access tunnel entrance and may have been caused by the collapse of part of the tunnel or of a cavity remaining from a previous nuclear explosion.
Ground movement on Mt. Mantap caused by North Korea's Sept. 3 underground nuclear test. Arrows indicate horizontal displacement; color indicates vertical motion. The explosion caused substantial surface disturbance and large displacements over an area of about 9 square kilometers (black outline). Thin gray lines are topographic contours at 100-meter intervals. Red stars indicate the locations of previous nuclear bomb tests. Balls are locations and magnitudes of the explosion (black, Mw 5.24) and aftershock (white, Mw 4.5).
"This is the first time the complete three-dimensional surface displacements associated with an underground nuclear test were imaged and presented to the public," said lead author Teng Wang of the Earth Observatory of Singapore at Nanyang Technological University.
Blast larger than Hiroshima bomb
Putting all of this together, the researchers estimate that the nuclear test, North Korea's sixth and the fifth inside Mt. Mantap, had a yield between 120 and 300 kilotons, about 10 times the strength of the bomb dropped by the United States on Hiroshima during World War II. That makes it either a small hydrogen, or fusion, bomb or a large atomic, or fission, bomb.
The new scenario differs from two reports last week, one of which has been accepted for publication in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, that pinpointed the blast nearly a kilometer to the northwest of the site identified in the new paper, and concluded that the blast rendered the entire mountain unfit for future nuclear tests.
"SAR really has a unique role to play in monitoring explosions because it is direct imaging of the local ground surface, unlike seismology, where you learn the nature of the source analyzing waves radiating outward from the event at distant stations," said Dreger, a UC Berkeley professor of earth and planetary science and a member of the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory. "SAR provides some measure of ground truthing of the location of the event, a very challenging thing to get at. This is the first time anyone has actually modeled the mechanics of an underground explosion using satellite and seismic data together."
"As opposed to standard optical imaging satellite imagery, SAR can be used to measure earth deformation day and night and under all weather conditions," added Dreger's colleague and co-author Roland Bürgmann, a UC Berkeley professor of earth and planetary science. "By precisely tracking the image pixel offsets in multiple directions, we were able to measure the full three-dimensional surface deformation of Mt. Mantap."
The underground explosion (A) led to a partial collapse (B) followed by compaction (D) that lowered the mountain by 20 inches. An implosion (C) 8.5 minutes later was offset from the explosion and likely the collapse of an underground cavity, either a tunnel or the hole left by a previous nuclear test. The deformations (arrows) were derived from radar images.
According to Dreger, the new information suggests the following scenario: The explosion occurred more than a quarter mile (450 meters) below the summit of Mt. Mantap, vaporizing granite rock within a cavity about 160 feet (50 meters) across – the size of a football stadium – and damaging a volume of rock about 1,000 feet (300 meters) across. The blast likely raised the mountain six feet (2 meters) and pushed it outward up to 11 feet (3-4 meters), though within minutes, hours or days the rock above the cavity collapsed to form a depression.
Eight and a half minutes after the bomb blast, a nearby underground cavity collapsed, producing the 4.5-magnitude aftershock with the characteristics of an implosion.
Subsequently, a much larger volume of fractured rock, perhaps 1 mile (1-2 kilometers) across, compacted, causing the mountain to subside to about 1.5 feet (0.5 meters) lower than before the blast.
"There may be continuing post-explosion compaction at the mountain. It takes time for these aseismic processes to occur," Dreger said.
While it is possible to discriminate explosions from natural earthquakes using seismic waveforms, the uncertainty can be large, Dreger said. Explosions often trigger nearby earthquake faults or other natural rock movements that make the seismic signals look earthquake-like, confusing the analysis. The SAR data revealed that additional constraints from the local static displacement can help to narrow down the source.
"I am hoping that by jointly analyzing the geodetic and seismic data, we will be able to improve discrimination between earthquakes and explosions, and certainly help with estimating the yield of an explosion and improving our estimation of source depth," Dreger said.
"This study demonstrates the capability of spaceborne remote sensing to help characterize large underground nuclear tests, if any, in the future," Wang said. "While surveillance of clandestine nuclear tests relies on a global seismic network, the potential of spaceborne monitoring has been underexploited."
The work was supported by the Earth Observatory of Singapore, at Nanyang Technological University, as well as the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory.
The rise, collapse, and compaction of Mt. Mantap from the 3 Sept 2017, North Korean nuclear test (Science)
Earth Observatory of Singapore
Topics: earthquakes, press releases, public policy
@bobthesciguy
Merging old and new microscopy yields best 3D view yet inside cells https://t.co/A7HBSB4KLH via @ucberkeley @HHMI
David Kirp: Free college, not for all, but for those who...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package org.uma.jmetal.problem.multiobjective.lircmop;

import org.uma.jmetal.solution.doublesolution.DoubleSolution;

/**
 * Class representing problem LIR-CMOP3, defined in: An Improved epsilon-constrained Method in
 * MOEA/D for CMOPs with Large Infeasible Regions Fan, Z., Li, W., Cai, X. et al. Soft Comput
 * (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-019-03794-x
 */
@SuppressWarnings("serial")
public class LIRCMOP8 extends LIRCMOP6 {

  public LIRCMOP8() {
    this(30);
  }

  /** Constructor */
  public LIRCMOP8(int numberOfVariables) {
    super(numberOfVariables);
    setNumberOfConstraints(2);
    setName("LIRCMOP8");
  }

  /** EvaluateConstraints() method */
  @Override
  public void evaluateConstraints(DoubleSolution solution) {
    double r = 0.1, theta = -0.25 * Math.PI;
    double[] a_array = new double[] {2.0, 2.5, 2.5};
    double[] b_array = new double[] {6.0, 12.0, 10.0};
    double[] xOffset = new double[] {1.2, 2.25, 3.5};
    double[] yOffset = new double[] {1.2, 2.25, 3.5};
    double f1 = solution.getObjective(0);
    double f2 = solution.getObjective(1);
    double[] constraint = new double[getNumberOfConstraints()];
    for (int i = 0; i < xOffset.length; i++) {
      constraint[i] =
          Math.pow(
                  ((f1 - xOffset[i]) * Math.cos(theta) - (f2 - yOffset[i]) * Math.sin(theta))
                      / a_array[i],
                  2)
              + Math.pow(
                  ((f1 - xOffset[i]) * Math.sin(theta) + (f2 - yOffset[i]) * Math.cos(theta))
                      / b_array[i],
                  2)
              - r;
    }

    solution.setConstraint(0, constraint[0]);
    solution.setConstraint(1, constraint[1]);
  }
}


Construction on the Chapman-Halsell Complex is slated to begin this summer after months of consulting with architects and committees of faculty and staff. The construction will mean interior renovations for the two existing buildings and the construction of a new building north of Halsell.
In 2017, the university released a campus master plan that includes the construction on a Chapman-Halsell complex. Construction will take place over three years in two 18-month phases.
The first phase describes renovations to Halsell and plans for a new building, and the next phase focuses on renovations to Chapman.
While committees of faculty and staff advised the project, Lake Flato Architects, designer of the outdoor spaces at Pearl, spearheaded the design phase of the project as a whole.
While the new building will include red brick, one of the major building materials will be cross-laminated timber (CLT), which will be partially exposed on the inside of the building. The material parallels the innovative nature of architect O'Neil Ford's original design.
"Trinity started with the lift-slab concept, which got O'Neil Ford lots of attention and Trinity lots of attention from architects across the country. So in that spirit, our new building is going to be using a new product called CLT, or cross-laminated timber. So the structure of the building, rather than being concrete or steel, is going to be wood. It's a new system, there's one building in SA that I know of that's about to be under construction using CLTs, and so we may be the second one here in San Antonio," said university architect Gordon Bohmfalk.
Construction on Chapman and Halsell is constrained by the building's historic status, which requires that the exteriors and certain parts of the interiors do not change.
"In the Great Hall, they will change three of the windows into doors, and the Great Hall will become a student common space. Right now, there's that really beautiful walkway between Chapman and the library, but it just kind of ends in a parking lot, so this is going to end in the eastern facade of the new building, and so there's a chance to create some green space for students to gather," O'Sullivan said.
The master plan also shows a new entrance off of Hildebrand Ave., which will lead to a new welcome center with a parking garage located north of Laurie Auditorium. Currently, the spaces that will be occupied by the new building, the new courtyards and the future welcome center are parking lots.
Bohmfalk assured that parking is something that they are considering. However, during the three-year construction period, parking will be reduced.
The Chapman-Halsell complex will eventually house 10 academic departments. The Department of English will move from Northrup Hall to the new building, while the Center for International Engagement, which includes the Office of Study Abroad, International Student Services and International Studies, will move to Northrup. ITS will also move from their Halsell offices to an existing building on the Oblate property, a lot on Shook Avenue and West King's Highway that the university purchased in early 2017. The new building will also hold the Department of Religion, as well as a space for the Mellon Initiative.
According to O'Sullivan, the current standard for flexible classrooms in newer buildings is around 30-square-feet per student. The average size of a Chapman classroom is around 18-square-feet per student.
"That's the main driver really for the new building. There's not actually going to be much more space for departments; in fact, some departments might have the same or a little less space," O'Sullivan said.
The new building will have six classrooms that hold around 35 students and can be used by any university department. The classrooms will have higher ceilings than those in Chapman and Halsell, which will allow instructors to project images and write on a whiteboard simultaneously.
There will also be a screening room that will hold around 70 students for classes that are centered on film or for student film groups. There will also be a small lecture hall, which O'Sullivan compared to Northrup 040. This will be used for Common Learning Experiences in the First-Year Experience (FYE) courses, as well as by speakers.
Fundraising for the Chapman-Halsell complex project is under the charge of Michael Bacon, vice president for Alumni Relations and Development.
Of the estimated $77-million cost of the project, $35 million will come from the Chapman Trust and six to eight million dollars will come from historical tax credits earned through sustaining the historical aspects of Trinity's campus in the construction. This leaves around $35 million left to raise. According to Bacon, the university aims to fund the remainder with gifts from donors of at least $100,000.
Bacon also noted that the fundraising timeline is different from the construction timeline.
According to Bohmfalk, one of the goals for the new building is to make it the most sustainable building on campus. However, this does not necessarily mean that the building will be LEED certified.
Aspects of the new complex, such as the landscaping of the new courtyards and the specific materials that are used in construction, will contribute to the sustainability of the building. The natural light and the use of wood is important for human health, according to Bohmfalk. The entire complex will also integrate with CSI's greywater use program, where water is recycled and reused.
"[CSI] actually produces more greywater than it uses, and that means that the greywater is going into the sewer. So rather than use perfectly good drinking water to flush toilets, we'll use the greywater. And so the greywater from our new mechanical systems in the new building and the older buildings will tie into that [system]," Bohmfalk said.


Not surprisingly, men ogle at women who flaunt their gorgeous bodies and lovely faces be it in the modeling, sports or fitness arena. Female models like Kate Upton ramp up the scene with their figures. Likewise, for female fitness models, their fit and trim bodies can certainly make men admire their physique and women yearn to have bodies like theirs.
Many fitness models are not simply around to show their beautiful bodies. They have taken the industry by storm with amazing things. They globally inspire other women in what they do. They rouse the interest of many and bring out the advantages of getting fit and maintaining that for a healthier life. And because of these accomplishments, it is worthy to list who these top 10 most successful and accomplished fitness models are. Being accomplished also means these women earn a lot in the fitness industry.
Landing on tenth place is Serbian figure competitor and trainer Jelena Abbou. She joined many competitions where she won the 2003 INBF Natural Monster Mash, 2004 WNBF World Pro Natural Figure in New York, 2004 Natural Atlantic Coast INBF Pro Figure, Ms. Photogenic and first runner-up for the 2004 Northeast Classic Pro Figure, and 2005 Ms. Buffalo Figure Championship.
On the ninth spot is Kiana Tom who was a former cheerleader for the Oakland Raiders in the NFL. This Hawaiian beauty had her own high rating show about health, lifestyle and fitness entitled "Kiana's Flex Appeal", which was aired by ESPN. Due to the show's success, ESPN created more shows called "Kiana's Too Fit 2 Quit," "Hot Summer Nights with Kiana" and "Summer Sizzle with Kiana". She was casted to star in a movie along with Jean-Claude Van Damme.
In eighth place is Mindi Smith. This 34-24-34 hot babe is a fitness expert based in New York City. Under her belt, she won different fitness and figure competitions which include the 2009 NPC Nationals, 2010 IFBB Phoenix Pro, and the 2010 IFBB Figure International. Smith appeared in different fitness magazines like, Oxygen, Muscular Development, and Muscle & Fitness Hers. She was featured in the Ultimate Workout DVD and appeared on the commercial ads of AXE Body Spray as a model. She was also invited to guest in sitcoms like Entourage and Manswers.
Hitting the seventh spot is Hispanic beauty Marzia Prince. She has earned certifications in biomechanics of resistance training, general physical fitness, pre and post-natal fitness, and dietary guidance. With all these qualifications, she works as a fitness expert who provides guidance in healthy behaviors on a one-on-one basis in her private gym. As part of her other accomplishments, this 5'9'' tall and 36-26-36 figure fitness model has won several bikini competitions which include the 2007 Ms. Bikini Universe, 2008 FAME Bikini Championship, 2009 Junior National Bikini Championship, and 2009 Europa Super Show Bikini Championship. She was featured on the covers of fitness publications like Iron Man, Natural Muscle, and Planet Muscle.
Kim Dolan Leto takes the sixth spot. She's a fitness model who graced quite a lot of magazines locally and internationally. She may be in her early 40's but there is no denying that she is still a real beauty. She amazingly juggles her role as a wife, fulltime mother, and business owner. This accomplished fitness model has landed on more than 11 fitness magazines in her comeback in 2011. She has proven that women can have a taste of success in the fitness industry even if they are already over 40 years old. Leto writes for Yummy Mommy Fitness Oxygen magazine blog which reaches out to mothers who want to stay fit and healthy. In spite of her busy schedule, she was able to take up her Master's degree in business.
On fifth place is Natalia Muntean. Even though she has successfully landed on 17 covers in the past two years, she is far from being just the fitness model who graced so many publications. Muntean is one of the most marketable fitness models and to prove that, she holds endorsement contracts and made history when she signed to be the fitness model for Muscle-Pharm. With her expertise, she is a columnist for more than seven different magazines globally. Her consistency made her self-made. She started her career in the fashion modeling industry before switching to fitness modeling in 2008.
The fourth spot goes to global fitness icon Ava Cowan. She is sponsored by Gaspari Nutrition. Her popularity can be measured on how many fitness covers she has been published on since 2005. She remarkably landed on the covers of twenty fitness magazines. This is quite a huge accomplishment for any fitness model. In addition to that, she has over 67,000 Facebook friends on her fan page. She also writes articles to help both men and women keep fit and healthy. Undeniably, Cowan is a true fitness model in the industry with lots of women looking up to her as an inspiration.
In third place is Jamie Eason. She doesn't only pose for fitness magazines, she also writes. In fact, she is one of the columnists for Oxygen and a writer for the website bodybuilding.com. Having 85,000 Facebook friends clearly shows just how popular Eason is. Millions of women are motivated to stay in shape because of her articles. Many companies endorse her because of her popularity and thanks to her name, she gets to be frequently flown internationally for paid appearances.
Jennifer Nicole Lee gets the second spot as the most successful and accomplished female fitness model. Many national talk shows like Oprah, CBS Early Morning Show, and Inside Edition got her story featured. Since 2005, Jennifer or JNL has successfully landed over 30 fitness covers, which proves that she is one of the most sought-after fitness models in the industry. She has endorsement contracts with different companies and fitness modeling is not just her cup of tea as she has her own business as well.
Finally, the number one spot goes to African-American Alicia Marie. She is considered to be the Jackie Robinson of the fitness industry. Marie successfully broke the color barrier when she got featured more than 30 times on different fitness covers and 10 times in Oxygen. This helped pave the way for other women and inspired them that they, too can land on a fitness cover whatever their color is. BSN sponsors her as a fitness model. Alicia Marie hit it big and has become one of the biggest global fitness icons in history.


text:
Puppy mills a chronic problem in Pa. (column)
We have a tremendous crisis in this country that needs immediate attention.
Puppy mills a chronic problem in Pa. (column) We have a tremendous crisis in this country that needs immediate attention. Check out this story on ydr.com: http://on-ydr.co/2frwB11
York Daily Record Published 1:31 p.m. ET Nov. 14, 2016
This photo from the Dillsburg Veterinary Center Facebook page shows Libre, when he was first brought to the clinic and more recently.(Photo: Submitted)
"Lifer" is the apt term used to describe female dogs kept in puppy mills, sentenced to an existence of continual pregnancy to produce the cash crop of puppies sold in pet shops across the country. These lifers receive little or no human interaction, compassion or companionship. They are kept in small, overcrowded cages and are often chained together with male dogs for weeks at a time to facilitate breeding. They are forced to become pregnant and deliver litters to the exclusion of healthy, normal canine activities.
Such horrors are all typical sights and conditions documented in ongoing ASPCA investigations. Dogs living in squalid, unsanitary circumstances receive less consideration than machines on an assembly line. One facility's stacked carriers forced puppies on the bottom row to be defecated and urinated on collectively by all the animals above them. Lack of adequate veterinary care was illustrated when state regulators documented a rabid 4-month-old golden retriever bred at a Pennsylvania puppy mill and sold in the western part of the state. As a result, six people have received anti-rabies treatments, including a 6-year-old boy and two veterinarians.
Almost always, the only human concerns given puppy mill dogs are how many litters and how many dollars they can produce. So, it's no surprise that conditions at puppy mills today are as miserable as ever. But the investigations also revealed some disturbing new trends in this cruel enterprise:
An industry once centered in the Midwest and Great Plains states has now spread east to Pennsylvania and probably upstate New York. The ASPCA uncovered 70 dog breeders in one Pennsylvania county alone: Lancaster has the largest concentration of wholesale puppy breeders in the United States.
Humane organizations and governmental agencies believed previously that the bulk breeding of puppies was considered by operators to be a secondary crop for side income. It is now clear that the puppy mill industry is a major money maker for everyone from the operator to the pet shop owner. According to investigations, one Pennsylvania breeder sold 1,293 puppies last year for estimated sales of $290.000.
One of the biggest problems revealed is breeders relinquishing their U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) licenses, thus hoping to escape the regulation of Federal inspectors.
Given authority under the Animal Welfare Act since the 1970s to set and enforce federal standards for sanitation, nutrition, housing and general conditions for dogs wholesalers, the short-staffed corps of USDA inspectors – only 73 nationwide – has tried to regulate puppy mills. But the results have been uneven at best.
Many breeders who have been cited for numerous violations stay in business.
And rather than correcting such problems, some of these breeders simply give up their licenses, knowing they will no longer be scrutinized by the USDA if they do.
The conditions documented in investigations cry out for swift and decisive action. We need an end to this atrocity!
Are you privy to the story of Libre that recently made national headlines?
There are many more puppies like Libre that have gone unrescued.
With the euthanasia rate in this country's shelters, the killing of lovely dogs daily, there is no need for the continuation of this barbaric industry.
Please do not purchase puppies online or from a pet store.
Please do visit your local shelter and rescue.
Michelle Anderson lives in West Manchester Township.
Libre, the Boston terrier rescued in July, near death, from a Lancaster farm, is shown recovering. (Photo: Submitted)
Read or Share this story: http://on-ydr.co/2frwB11
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Q: I have error as Expression must be modifiable value I had code below gives error
#define ONE_SAMPLE    6
#define DATA_BUFF     100
int main()
{
    unsigned int total;
    for (ONE_SAMPLE=0;ONE_SAMPLE<DATA_BUFF;ONE_SAMPLE++)
    {
        total=ONE_SAMPLE*DATA_BUFF;
        i2cread(read function of sensor);
    }
}

for loop saying expression must be a modifiable value.

A: You are defining ONE_SAMPLE to be 6
#define ONE_SAMPLE    6

and then using incrementing that in the loop

When the preprocessor has done its job, the loop will look like this
for (6=0;6<100;6++)
{
    total=6*100;
    i2cread(read function of sensor);
}

The expressions 6=0 does not make any sense. It is trying to assign 0 to a constant 6. Constants are not assignable l-value. That is why you are getting this error.