text:
Get Away: Baltimore's Light City Festival
Head to Charm City in April for dazzling illuminated sculptural displays after dark.
Christine Koubek Flynn,
Baltimore's Light City Art & Music Festival. Pool [Reflect] by Jen Lewin; photo courtesy of Crystal Whitman Photography
In 2016, Baltimore's Office of Promotion & The Arts launched a weeklong "Light City," the first large-scale light festival in the United States, and drew 400,000 people. The free festival of light, music and innovative art transformed Baltimore with colorful and creative sculptures and interactive elements. Now in its third year, the event has expanded to three weekends and some weekdays in between. The first weekend, dubbed "Neighborhood Lights," is an artist-in-residence program. Working in 14 neighborhoods, a dozen artists received a $15,000 grant per assignment to create an illuminated visual or performance art project.
The main event, Light City Art & Music Festival, features more than 50 attractions scattered about the Inner Harbor—on land, on the water and in the trees. Last year's Light City festival included a life-size artsy deck of cards, giant illuminated sculptures of all shapes and sizes, and a row of glowing teeter-totters. On April 14 at 8 p.m., a parade with marching bands kicks off the Art & Music week of festivities, which includes concerts, food vendors and an interactive children's area. Rounding out the week is Labs@LightCity, a four-day free or "pay what you can" conference that focuses on social innovation and equity through seven topics, including education and health. Scheduled speakers include chef Art Smith and former NFL players Aaron Maybin and Matthew Rice (aka Mateo Blu).
Baltimore's Royal Sonesta Harbor Court hotel (550 Light St.) is offering a Light City package that includes glow necklaces and a complimentary "Glow" cocktail ("electric blueberry fizz" and "Light City lemonade" are two choices) in its Explorers restaurant, which has fantastic harbor views.
Neighborhood Lights: April 6-8; Light City Art & Music Festival: April 14-21, 7 p.m.-11 p.m. nightly, Friday and Saturday extended until midnight; Labs@LightCity: April 18-21 (hours vary). 410-752-8632, lightcity.org
Where to Eat and Drink in Baltimore
48 Perfect Hours in Baltimore
Get Away: Baltimore's Hotel Revival
Tags: Baltimore, Light City, Light City Art & Music Festival


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As of about 11:30 a.m. Sunday, snowplows have worked on most of Reston's main roads. The side streets and townhouse parking lots could be a work in progress though into Monday, Tuesday and beyond.
Help Reston Now readers know before they go: Tell us what your street looks like or, if you go out, what the Reston Town Center or your neighborhood village center looks like.
Post comments and or/picture below.


text:
Q: regex parsing address to not include apt or suite at end I have numerous addresses that I need to match against each other (mother/children) some addresses have apt, suite etc etc at the end of the line-Been trying to find ways to get entire line w/o that last part-
with addy as (select '22 W JAMESTOWN ST APT 22' as addy from dual union
              select '22 W JAMESTOWN ST 22' as addy from dual)
select addy.*,regexp_substr(addy,'(\d*)(\D*)(\s)',1,1,'i') as no_ from addy;

Final result should be: 22 W JAMESTOWN ST
This is in oracle- The look ahead function does not seem to work-
'/.+?(?=APT)/' has no effect
The first line works, the 2nd does not. Any input appreciated- TIA
Lawrence

A: Instead of REGEX_SUBSTR, you can try REGEX_REPLACE to remove the extra information from the end of the address.
Query
WITH
    addy
    AS
        (SELECT '22 W JAMESTOWN ST APT 22' AS addy FROM DUAL
         UNION
         SELECT '22 W JAMESTOWN ST 22' AS addy FROM DUAL)
SELECT addy.*, REGEXP_REPLACE (addy, '\s?(APT)?\s?\d+$') AS no_
  FROM addy;

Result
                       ADDY                  NO_
___________________________ ____________________
22 W JAMESTOWN ST 22        22 W JAMESTOWN ST
22 W JAMESTOWN ST APT 22    22 W JAMESTOWN ST

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: How to post large video on a server, in Android? I am trying to post a large video (nearly 1 GB).
I am using FTP to send video to a server, but the upload stops after a while. On the server the video crashes, but I am able to upload a smaller sized video.
I've also used HTTP to send video to the server, sent as a Base64 enoded string, but there is an out of memory exception while encoding.
I've tried to upload the video as a file, but without success. What is the best way to upload a large video to a server?

A: I guess it failed because of a timeout by the big size.
Since

Small size video uploaded successfully

, My suggestion is

*

*Split one big file to several small files.

*Upload one by one or several together based on the condition of network.

*Join all of parts (after all of those uploaded successfully) at server.

*Because of small size, Re-upload failed part will be easy.

Just a theroy.
This site may help .

Added 08.01.2013
It has been a while, don't know if you still need this. Anyway, I wrote some simple codes implement the theory above, because of interest mainly.

*

*Split one big file to several small files. Read the big file into several small parts.
ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocate(partSize);
int bytesRead = fc.read(bb);
if (bytesRead == -1) {
    break;
}
byte[] bytes = bb.array();
parts.put(new Part(createFileName(fileName, i), bytes));

*Upload one by one or several together based on the condition of network.
Part part = parts.take();
if (part == Part.NULL) {
    parts.add(Part.NULL);// notify others to stop.
    break;
} else {
    uploader.upload(part);
}

*Join all of parts (after all of those uploaded successfully) at server.
Because it is via HTTP, so it can be in any language, such as Java, PHP, Python, etc. Here is a java example.
...
try (FileOutputStream dest = new FileOutputStream(destFile, true)) {

    FileChannel dc = dest.getChannel();// the final big file.
    for (long i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        File partFile = new File(destFileName + "." + i);// every small parts.
        if (!partFile.exists()) {
            break;
        }
        try (FileInputStream part = new FileInputStream(partFile)) {
            FileChannel pc = part.getChannel();
            pc.transferTo(0, pc.size(), dc);// combine.
        }
        partFile.delete();
    }
    statusCode = OK;// set ok at last.
} catch (Exception e) {
    log.error("combine failed.", e);
}

I put all codes on GitHub. And made a Android example too.
Please have a look if you still need.

A: Use HTTP POST, and post content as Form-based File Upload (mime type: multipart/form-data). This system is standard on web for sending forms and/or uploading files.
Use HTTP chunked post mode, so that size doesn't need to be known beforehand, and you can stream any file in small parts. You still have to make some code on server (e.g. in PHP) to accept the file and do what is needed.
Use HttpURLConnection to initiate connection. Then use my attached class to send the data. It will create proper headers, etc, and you'll use it as OutputStream to write your raw data to it, then call close, and you're done. You can overrite its onHandleResult to handle resulting error code.
public class FormDataWriter extends FilterOutputStream{
   private final HttpURLConnection con;

   /**
    * @param formName name of form in which data are sent
    * @param fileName
    * @param fileSize   size of file, or -1 to use chunked encoding
    */
   FormDataWriter(HttpURLConnection con, String formName, String fileName, long fileSize) throws IOException{
      super(null);
      this.con = con;
      con.setDoOutput(true);

      String boundary = generateBoundary();
      con.setRequestProperty(HTTP.CONTENT_TYPE, "multipart/form-data; charset=UTF-8; boundary="+boundary);
      {
         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
         writePartHeader(boundary, formName, fileName==null ? null : "filename=\""+fileName+"\"",
               "application/octet-stream", sb);
         headerBytes = sb.toString().getBytes("UTF-8");

         sb = new StringBuilder();
         sb.append("\r\n");
         sb.append("--"+boundary+"--\r\n");
         footerBytes = sb.toString().getBytes();
      }
      if(fileSize!=-1) {
         fileSize += headerBytes.length + footerBytes.length;
         con.setFixedLengthStreamingMode((int)fileSize);
      }else
         con.setChunkedStreamingMode(0x4000);
      out = con.getOutputStream();
   }

   private byte[] headerBytes, footerBytes;

   private String generateBoundary() {
      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
      Random rand = new Random();
      int count = rand.nextInt(11) + 30;
      int N = 10+26+26;
      for(int i=0; i<count; i++) {
         int r = rand.nextInt(N);
         sb.append((char)(r<10 ? '0'+r : r<36 ? 'a'+r-10 : 'A'+r-36));
      }
      return sb.toString();
   }

   private void writePartHeader(String boundary, String name, String extraContentDispositions, String contentType, StringBuilder sb) {
      sb.append("--"+boundary+"\r\n");
      sb.append("Content-Disposition: form-data; charset=UTF-8; name=\""+name+"\"");
      if(extraContentDispositions!=null)
         sb.append("; ").append(extraContentDispositions);
      sb.append("\r\n");
      if(contentType!=null)
         sb.append("Content-Type: "+contentType+"\r\n");
      sb.append("\r\n");
   }

   @Override
   public void write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int length) throws IOException{
      if(headerBytes!=null) {
         out.write(headerBytes);
         headerBytes = null;
      }
      out.write(buffer, offset, length);
   }

   @Override
   public void close() throws IOException{
      flush();
      if(footerBytes!=null) {
         out.write(footerBytes);
         footerBytes = null;
      }
      super.close();
      int code = con.getResponseCode();
      onHandleResult(code);
   }
   protected void onHandleResult(int code) throws IOException{
      if(code!=200 && code!=201)
         throw new IOException("Upload error code: "+code);
   }
}

A: private HttpsURLConnection conn = null;
conn.setDoInput(true);
conn.setDoOutput(true);
conn.setUseCaches(false);
conn.setChunkedStreamingMode(1024);


The talented young Scot, backed by the Racing Steps Foundation, competes in this year's Moto3 world championships alongside Jack Miller with Racing Team Germany and has already completed two sets of testing with the team at Valencia and Jerez, declaring himself really pleased with progress.
The official website will be keeping fans fully updated with news, results and information, as well as packing in photos, John's own blog and exclusive features and interviews.
The site is also going the extra mile to keep fans happy with a special downloads section for John McPhee desktop wallpapers, and special icons for PCs and Macs, with much promised across the 2013 campaign. It also aims to join the dots 'socially', having been built from the ground up to sit alongside and work with John's Facebook Fan Page and with Twitter.
Extra special content and interaction with fans is planned across the season, and the site looks set to be a hub for fans on race weekends with the promise of comprehensive updates, words from John, and on-the-ground photos amongst the content lined up.


text:
Rely on Reputation, What If Google Owl Will Make You Don't Need SEO?
By Renata
Google is known to be diligent in updating its search algorithm. This search algorithm makes sites can be ranked in the search results. Well, ways to rank well on Google search pages and other search engines have given birth to SEO (Search Engine Optimization) methods.
Unfortunately, this method often cheats Google's ranking results. For that, Google continues to improve. Google often updates its algorithms to avoid cheating and make search results more relevant.
This time, Google announced a new curation method, 'Google Owl'. Owl allows Google search engine users to report certain sites. This report will then affect the search results and predictions of Google search results that are considered not in accordance with expectations, smelling SARA or hatred. According to Google, naming the Owl is associated as a symbol of wisdom.
How does Owl work?
Owl will provide direct access to users to complain a content in the search results. At the bottom of the search box, Google gives a "report bad prediction" button. This can be done by users who are offended by Google search predictions.
Meanwhile, Google also released a snippet or input box from the search results. This box makes sure the content that Google offers matches what you are looking for. Auto-suggestion in the Google search field is also improved. If Google's automatic recommendations are considered misleading, users can report them
Not only focusing on netizen input, Google will also prioritize "authoritative" sites. A good and clear review is a predicate that a site must have. They will be preferred to appear in the top row of Google search results. Although it's possible that their visitor traffic isn't as popular as other sites. That is, Google Owl will change the way Google is ranked, according to Searchengineland.
Conversely, Google can easily downgrade a well-known site if their content is junk, offensive to SARA and hateful even though the site is popular. For this feature, Google not only relies on algorithms, but also employs people to help with analysis.
Well, the results of this hypothesis will affect your site's ranking in Google's ranking results on its search page. Maybe if your site gets a good review, then the grade of your site can go up without doing a lot of SEO work. Traffic will also go up by itself as readers arrive.
When you think about how to improve your website's ranking on Google, LinkHelpers Phoenix SEO Company can help you. Their precision, mathematical based SEO will make your website superior to search engines and Google Maps. They approach SEO with one goal – to help you increase profits.
Changes to the site ranking method in the presence of this Owl can be a breath of fresh air or disaster for site managers. This happened to a site called Panda. In a change in search algorithm by Google before, this site had a sudden decline in grade so they lost readers and dollars.
Owl Prevents Hoax and SARA Content
In addition to influencing the site ranking, Owl is also useful for eliminating hoax content, hate speech, and SARA in Google search results. Because this content has caused anxiety among Internet users. In America, the government has also met with a number of technology company representatives such as Facebook and Twitter to discuss how they eradicate negative content on their services.
The company based in Mountain View has long been criticized for its search results and search predictions that often show negative content. For example, when users search for the "Holocaust" (Nazi genocide project against Jewish groups), Google's search results are instead focused on pro-Nazi sites, Fortune reported. Although, in fact the prediction or search results appear because of the algorithm.
Do Owl would be Good?
Well, Owl will not make an impact quickly and perfectly. But at least there will be a few changes and improvements that are attempted by Google in order to suppress negative content. Report forms can help. They clearly allow users to feel they can have a way to tell Google if something bad is happening. If this system works, the quality of the search will also change. But of course, this won't solve everything and Google knows that but at least they tried.
| Tags: engine, google, search
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The online Boards & Committees database contains additional information about the composition of boards, current members, and how to apply to take part.
This task force will evaluate potential reuse scenarios for the property located at 12 North Main Street which contains an abandoned mill building that was formerly part of the Abbot Worsted Company, and more recently is known as "Westford Anodizing".
Task force to study and make a recommendation for the future use(s) of 63 Main Street.
Get information regarding the Affordable Housing Trust Committee.
The Westford Assessors' Office and the Board of Assessors, as a professional team, exists to maintain equitable market value assessments by providing excellence in public service through complete, accurate, and timely assessments of all property subject to taxation competently and diligently as mandated under Massachusetts State law and to treat all people fairly and respectfully.
Get information about the Board of Library Trustees.
The Water Commissioners are appointed by the Town Manager.
In an attempt to better identify, prioritize, organize and track the town's capital needs, the Town Manager is implementing a Capital Planning Committee. The committee members were appointed by the Town Manager as it is budget-related.
The mission of the Cemetery Department is to operate, maintain, and preserve Westford's 6 public cemeteries; Fairview, Hillside, Pine Grove, Westlawn, Wright, and Pioneer Burial Ground.
Get information about the Commission on Disability.
The Communications Advisory Committee (CAC) is the Westford Town Board that advises and represents the interests of the Westford Board of Selectmen in their role as Franchise Authority for Cable Television and with regard to other services provided by Westford's Cable Operators, Comcast and Verizon.
The Master Plan Implementation Committee (MPIC) functions as an advisory body to Town officials and the citizenry regarding pending and future projects as they pertain to implementation of the Master Plan per Master Plan goals and activities.
Get information regarding the Drew Gardens Task Force.
Charge approved by the Board of Selectmen on June 14, 2016: The dog park task force shall make a recommendation to the board of selectmen regarding the establishment of a dog park. The recommendation shall report on possible locations, design, design and construction costs, costs and manpower required for ongoing maintenance, funding sources, safety and liability issues, and dog park rules. Membership shall include one member of the Board of Selectmen and interested citizens. If a proposed location is not under the care, custody, and control of the Board of Selectmen, then a member of the responsible board or committee shall be invited to join the task force. If no task force member lives near a proposed location, then an effort shall be made to include a nearby citizen on the task force.


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text:
2. Practice\Attacks against Persons Parachuting from an Aircraft in Distress
Practice Relating to Rule 48. Attacks against Persons Parachuting from an Aircraft in Distress
Spain's LOAC Manual (1996) provides that persons baling out of an aircraft in distress by parachute may not be attacked during their descent. Furthermore, such persons, "when reaching the ground, shall have the opportunity to surrender before being attacked, unless it is apparent that they are engaged in a hostile act".
Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Publicación OR7-004, 2 Tomos, aprobado por el Estado Mayor del Ejército, Division de Operaciones, 18 March 1996, Vol. I, § 4.5.b.(1)b); see also § 10.8.f.(1).
The manual adds: "It is lawful to attack paratroops during their descent."
Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Publicación OR7-004, 2 Tomos, aprobado por el Estado Mayor del Ejército, Division de Operaciones, 18 March 1996, Vol. I, § 7.3.a.(6).
Spain's LOAC Manual (2007) states that it is prohibited to attack: "Combatants parachuting from an aircraft in distress during their descent. Upon reaching the ground, they must be given an opportunity to surrender before being attacked, unless it is apparent that they are engaging in a hostile act."
Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Tomo 1, Publicación OR7–004, (Edición Segunda), Mando de Adiestramiento y Doctrina, Dirección de Doctrina, Orgánica y Materiales, 2 November 2007, § 4.5.a.(1).(b).
The manual notes, however, that it is permitted to attack "airborne troops during their descent".
Spain, Orientaciones. El Derecho de los Conflictos Armados, Tomo 1, Publicación OR7–004, (Edición Segunda), Mando de Adiestramiento y Doctrina, Dirección de Doctrina, Orgánica y Materiales, 2 November 2007, § 4.5.a.(1).(a); see also § 7.3.a.(6).


text:
De Weever tells staffers:"Shape up or ship out"
POSTED: 01/19/12 1:33 PM
St. Maarten – Minister of Public Health, Social Development and Labor Cornelius de Weever has commissioned an investigation into how he can get the Department of Social Affairs to give better service. He's also announced that he'll be placing a customer agent/complaint officer in the department to ensure people are "taken care of."
The announcements came at Wednesday's Council of Ministers Press Briefing where the minister vented his frustration over the department's functioning 10 months into him working with them to improve things.
"Over the last 10 months my cabinet and I have been trying very hard to have the Department of Social Affairs run more efficiently to serve the population of St. Maarten. I have invested the people's money to renovate the building and offices. I have tried to be encouraging to the civil servants about change and I have even given direction to assist the elderly, mentally and the physically challenged, but it appears that clients are still not getting the service they need and deserve," the minister said.
As a sign of his frustration de Weever went to the department deliver the five word message, "Shape up or ship out." He repeated that same statement during the press briefing.
"The people of St. Maarten deserve better. Those who have paid into our system. Those who need the social services should not have to endure this type of inefficiency and lack of initiative on their part. My cabinet and I have been going the extra mile to assist those who need it, because this department or many of them sit behind desks and do not take the initiative to help or even pick up the phone to make things happen. This can no longer continue. I have asked all departments and this one in particular to help everyone as they would try and help a family member or a friend. I am extremely disappointed and I will not stop until this department and the service they provide is up to par," de Weever said.
Later he'd add, "Our intention is not to play games with our elderly, mentally or physically challenged because they are the ones that deserve it most and they are ones that will be hurt in the long run."
The minister's frustrations are caused by the fact that he and members of his cabinet staff continue to receive complaints about the lack or service in the department. He also gave the example of a member of his cabinet staff having to obtain a guarantee letter for someone that the department should have gotten.
"If the department had just done their job it would have been resolved. Just taking initiative of making a telephone call why should that have to end up in my office when that's what they should be doing – facilitating and helping the people and that's all it's about, and if they can't do that then my statement stands: Shape up or ship out," de Weever said.
According to the minister the staffers are also not following directives from his office or from the Appeals Committee he installed to review cases where there was a negative advice on an aid request.
"If that can't even be executed then those who are responsible for it need to ship out. I can't tell you what a headache this has been over the last 10 months. I've been quiet about it, working behind the scenes to get the changes done and invest in the building, doing what ought to be done. There's even a course in hospitality training. But this goes beyond that because it's about service to our population," the minister said.
Before slamming the department de Weever urged people to review the resolutions granting them aid and submitting for their renewal so that they can get a timely decision and avoid inconveniences.
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Visa requirement for Guyanese and Jamaicans to enter St. Maarten takes effect
Today's Editorial: (Pelican Resort) Not that simple
Today's Opinion: "Gay marketing"
Today's Opinion: Global Wealth Trade: too good to be true?
Pelican Tenants Association "on the brink" of summary proceedings
CFT welcomes government's plans to strengthen Tax Office on CFT welcomes government's plans to strengthen Tax Office
William 47 on Floodgate opened to reduce water levels
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christopher bruno on Angry investors put lien on Simpson Bay Resort assets
Willem van der Meij on Laura Dekker returns to end 27,000 mile journey


Sold per metre (price is per metre). Minimum order is 1 metre. This item is also available in 0.1 metre increments after 1 metre (e.g. 1.1 metre, 1.2 metre) - if you wish to order in 0.1 metre increments rather than whole metres please call us on 01827713519 or message us via the 'Ask A Question' button below.
Usage: General Domestic Upholstery, Blinds, Curtains, Scatter Cushions etc.
The Nordic Wool Collection: The Neiden comes from our Nordic Wool Collection. A plain weave wool blend that is British woven using 100% recycled yarn. Available in 5 perfect colourways that sit seamlessly with one another and its sister fabric, the Reisa.
The perfect duo of wool blends plains with eco credentials. Available in a palette of natural organic tones to our own signature shades bayberry. Neiden with its parquet two tone feel and Reisa with flecks of greys for a subtle defined finish. This wool blend meeting a wide range of upholstery standards. Wool is naturally easy clean and resistant to staining so perfect for domestic upholstery interiors.
This Heavyweight Wool blend has been designed with the modern contemporary upholstered chair in mind. The weft and warp are created as a two tone construction. With this the recycled yarn it can provide a beautiful appearance. The inspiration for the weaving The Nordic collection in such a way with the recycled wool blended yarn is to create a fabric that attempts to be better on the environment.
Our fabric designers envisioned a heavyweight and durable fabric collection that had subtle woven patterns in classic muted hues. Our designers pictured an array of fabrics with different patterns that effortlessly complemented each other in texture and colour and could be used in perfect partnership with one another to create stylish interiors.
Our recycled wool upholstery fabric collection is woven in the Pennines in the heart of rural Yorkshire. Our British mill ensures that the Reisa and Neiden recycled wool upholstery fabrics are woven to the highest quality providing an incredibly durable fabric for upholstery and curtains.


text:
LCGOP News
2021 Lincoln Elections
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Get Connected to the LCGOP!
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2018 Candidates! /
NE State Board of Education
Stephanie Bohlke-Schulte for NE State Board of Education - District 1
Please support Stephanie Bohlke-Schulte for NE State Board of Education District 1.
Please click and read the information below to find out more about Stephanie's campaign for the State Board of Education.
Stephanie Bohlke-Schulte for State Board of Education Website
Stephanie Bohlke-Schulte for State Board of Education Facebook Page
Stephanie Bohlke-Schulte for State Board of Education Rally Fundraising Page
Bohlke-Schulte Seeks State Board of Education - Brings 27 years of Educational Experience Stephanie Bohlke-Schulte recently declared her candidacy for the State Board of Education.
Public School Principal - 10 years
Public School Counselor and Music Teacher - 15 years
Elected Member of Grand Island Board of Education - 8 years
Director of Education for NE State Patrol Academy - 2 years
Mrs. Bohlke-Schulte's years of experience in educational leadership uniquely qualifies her for providing leadership for the public schools of Nebraska. Mrs. Bohlke-Schulte brings twenty-seven years of significant experience as a classroom educator, a school counselor, a school principal, an adult educator, and serving on the Grand Island Board of Education. "I desire to provide the highest quality public education possible throughout the state of which I have been a lifelong resident. My years of experience make me unusually qualified in the areas of educational accountability and testing; increasing high school graduation rates; research based educational decisions; and alignment of standards to goals, curriculum and testing at the state level." Stephanie Bohlke-Schulte (62) is a lifelong registered Republican. She and her immediate family have been active in educational leadership for three generations. This retired educator has served in four school districts ranging from large urban and outstate districts to smaller rural localities. She has earned two Masters Degrees in the state of Nebraska. Born in Kenesaw, NE she and Gary have been married for 42 years having raised three sons who are now married. Five of their sons and daughters-in-laws have degrees in education. Their family includes nine grandchildren.
The State Board Education is comprised of eight elected district representatives serving four year terms. Mrs. Bohlke-Schulte seeks to fill the position being vacated after one term by incumbent, Lillie Larsen. District 1 represents two thirds of Lancaster County.
For additional information, contact Stephanie at (308)383-2934 or stephschulte2@gmail.com.
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Lancaster County Republican Party - 1610 N Street
Lincoln NE 68508 - lcgop@lcgop.com
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Last month I had a meeting with Justice Cunningham to discuss his current review of consumer protections for owners of new homes in the face of mounting concerns surrounding Tarion. Below you will find a follow up letter I sent to Justice Cunningham outlining the concerns I raised during out meeting and my suggestions for area's of interest to be addressed in the review.
I'm pleased to report our discussions where thoughtful and positive and that I am looking forward to the Justice's report which I'm confident will provide some much needed relief for new home owners.
Thank you for taking the time to meet with me to discuss the current and ongoing issues with the Tarion Warranty Corporation as it pertains to your review of the organization. I hope you found the conversation both informative and enjoyable as I did.
I would like to take the opportunity to document the concerns and perspectives raised during our conversation.
First and foremost, I do not see any compelling reason for the existence of Tarion. Anytime we see a delegated administrative authority mandated to be the exclusive provider of any service at 'arm's length' of the government, we see the consumer suffer. This is exacerbated when the subordinate body also encompasses the multiple and frequently competing roles of providing the insurance, acting as the industry regulator, and determining remedies.
We must first ask ourselves this question: If it is absolutely necessary to mandate new home owners to purchase home warranties - then who or what is best suited to deliver that mandate? Is that service better delivered in a competitive marketplace as we have seen with auto insurance and other government mandated insurances; or a monopolistic cartel comprised of businesses that benefit from the mandate?
Secondly, are the existing bundle of Tarion jurisdictions; insurance provider, industry regulator and inspection/compliance not conflicting and acting in manner prejudicial to the consumer?
Both of these questions need thorough examination and analysis.
At the very least we should expect new home sellers to be mandated to provide deposit insurance in order to protect first time consumers from unscrupulous builders or insolvency. Once again, would this be best delivered in a competitive market place or by a Crown agency or other subordinate body of the legislature? This is a growing issue with the explosive popularity and demand for condos in the GTA and other urban centres, as first time home buyers commit large sums sometimes years in advance of a building being completed or shovels hitting the ground.
Consumers experiencing issues with new homes and attempting to find remedies from Tarion should be substantially streamlined. As we have seen, when consumers have issues with their warranty not rectified or remedied by either Tarion or the builder they must go through the LAT (License Appeal Tribunal), which has a less than encouraging record for consumers. Only after the LAT process is the consumer then available to seek a remedy in the ordinary courts. Remedies with Tarion must be reformed for consumers to be justly protected. A mediation process similar to what is practised in our civil courts in lieu of the LAT is a more practical and fundamentally more just for a lay person seeking remedies.
While there are further areas of concerns that I have observed, these are largely ancillary or consequential to the main questions already identified. While there is confusion between design/warranty issues, complexities with overlapping jurisdictions with the Ontario Building Code, municipal inspectors/Tarion, and just who is, and who is not, covered by Tarion. These subsequent concerns become moot when the main questions are adequately resolved.
Once again I hope you find this information contributes and assists your ongoing investigation of Tarion, and that it leads to real, actionable change that helps both consumers and home builders, and allows us to remedy the long standing issues at Tarion.
If you have any questions or would like any further information or insights, please don't hesitate to contact me.
Voices like yours and the wonderful advocates that speak for homeowners is so appreciated. This letter sums up so much with what is going on and what is needed. Change. IMO a dismantling from ground up. More homeowners need to be on the board and have positions within the Corporation to better aid and essentially work for their clients, the homeowner NOT the Builders. If it's one thing that I can add to this is perhaps the personal and emotional side of what homeowners have to go through. The undaunting task of being unrepresented at the LAT and facing one lawyer perhaps two is quite a task. Having that all-important expert report is more than a mortgage payment for some people. You have to dip into your life savings to fight a warranty that you're made to pay for. There needs to be a change. There needs to be a drastic change.
Dear MPP Hillier, Thank you for sending this letter to the Tarion reviewer. At the end of your letter, you say you hope Tarion is improved for both builders and consumers. Builders seem to be already well represented and protected by their own powerful and politically connected lobby groups, such as OHBA, its many affiliates, and BILD. Consumers have no one. Except presumably Tarion. The consumer protection mandate of Tarion should focus on protecting new home buyers as its primary activity, not new home builders. Their own affluent lobbies already do that. For Tarion to be suing it own customers (consumers) at the LAT is not only wasting taxpayer money, its not a problem-solving body. Tarion can't be protecting both builders and consumers at the same time, its either one or the other as a prime activity. This is the "walking conflict of interest" many have pointed out to the Ministry for years.


text:
St Mary's Ipswich Celebrates its First Birthday
HomeSt Mary's Ipswich Celebrates its First Birthday
The parish hall was decked out with streamers and bunting. Music played as nearly 100 parishioners – ages 2-92 arrived Saturday afternoon, 9 November. Tables were festooned with imaginative cooking, baking, and confectionary. Parents rushed their children back from rugby practice and ballet lessons. Senior parishioners altered their schedules.
Our clergy freed their diaries.
The centrepiece of the festivities was an iced birthday cake, with just one candle – because we in the parish of St Mary's and Holy Family, Ipswich, had come to celebrate the first Birthday party of our Family Groups.
Before he led the 'Happy Birthday' chorus, our Parish Priest, Fr John Warrington, who is an integral part of the Family Groups, said how proud he was to see such a wonderful cross-section of the parish being together and celebrating happily as a community.


text:
import { HttpError } from 'colostate-ricro-ui';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import React from 'react';

const HttpErrorPage = ({ match }) => (
  <React.Fragment>
    <HttpError code={parseInt(match.params.code, 10)} />
  </React.Fragment>
);

HttpErrorPage.propTypes = {
  match: PropTypes.object.isRequired,
};

export default HttpErrorPage;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Before we count, we start with one (1). Nothing more or less.
But what is before 1? It is zero.
CARDINAL NUMBER 1. No quantity or number; nought; the figure 0; 1.1 A point on a scale or instrument from which a positive or negative quantity is reckoned. 1.2 The temperature corresponding to 0° on the Celsius scale (32° Fahrenheit), marking the freezing point of water; 1.3 Linguistics The absence of an actual word or morpheme to realize a syntactic or morphological phenomenon; 1.4 The lowest possible amount or level; nothing at all; 1.5 short for zero hour; Informal A worthless or contemptibly undistinguished person.
VERB [with object] 1. Adjust (an instrument) to zero; 2. Set the sights of (a gun) for firing.
0 is zero. 0 is the numeral symbol of zero.
Categories: Symbolism | Tags: Hope, Meaning, number, Perspective, symbol, word, Writing, zero | Permalink.


Agilent Technologies Inc. today introduced triple-play test and assurance products at GlobalComm 2006, which support the evolution of converged IP-based infrastructures that can transmit data, voice and video over a single wireline or wireless network in real time.
As the triple-play services industry continues to grow, network equipment manufacturers, service providers, cable installers and network operators seek products that simplify the complexity of test and management.
According to Agilent, the new tools help to validate consumer products under real-world conditions and deliver the quality of experience (QoE) that is expected in today's digital market.
Its N2X multiservices tester validates data, voice and video services over MPLS/IP core, carrier edge and broadband access infrastructures.
Network equipment manufacturers and service providers can identify — before they deploy their networks — whether access network equipment can deliver IPTV QoE expectations for each subscriber under highly scaled and dynamic environments.
The Agilent N2X replaces the need to test with a lab full of set-top-boxes and video sources, providing engineers with significant lab-space, financial and time savings, the company said.
Meanwhile, its FrameScope Pro handheld Gigabit Ethernet troubleshooting and benchmarking tool allows network operators to conduct deployment testing of all triple-play elements — data, voice and video services.


text:
Nicole Bartlett
Sam Day
Nicole Bartlett is an actress, writer and producer from London.
On screen, Nicole recently played Andrea in season 2 of UKTV comedy Sliced (Dave). Upcoming feature films include the title role in The Phantom Warrior alongside Dean Cain and Steven Berkoff; Antigone in The Abomination and Judy in Heroes & Villains all directed by Savvas D. Michael.
Further credits for screen include Jessica Mustique in The Athena (Sky); Vicky in Cleaning Up (ITV); and Linda in Savvas D. Michael feature The Bezonians.
Nicole is currently writing her next feature film which will be shot later in 2022 and is in production with short film Flea, her first project as a writer and producer.
Nicole made her professional stage debut as Sheila in Dial M For Murder (New Vic Theatre).


Check the 24Hpoker review here. Important business information, betting markets available and latest bonuses from 24Hpoker. Read user comments about this operator and write your own if you have used 24Hpoker already.
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You can bet with 24Hpoker using your PC. The odds formats available for betting at 24Hpoker are EU, UK, US.
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For the second year running, our client, one of the country's leading corporate event organisers, commissioned us to provide an outdoor PA system at Reading's Madejski Stadium training pitches, for a blue chip company's annual 5-aside competition.
The all-day event covered three separate pitches, where we deployed d&b audiotechnik E8 loudspeakers in pairs on heavy duty winch stands (pictured above), providing loud & clear coverage of the pitches and surrounding spectator and event catering areas. We also provided Sennheiser UHF wireless microphones and came fully self contained with a 6kVA diesel generator to power the PA system.
Our event technician ensured that everything ran to schedule, keeping time, blowing the whistle for half time & full time and announcing the scores. Classic football themed and other contemporary music was played between matches and results being announced. This is a great fun event for all concerned and we look forward to returning again in 2018.


Super Bowl XLVII is hours away. Are you a die-hard NFL fan who has been waiting all week for the San Francisco 49ers and Baltimore Ravens match-up, or maybe you just learned that both franchises are undefeated in their Super Bowl appearances (49ers 5-0, Ravens 1-0)?
Tickets. If you are lucky enough to be in New Orleans and you are trying to find last minute tickets, please use common sense before handing over your 401k. Generally, the face value of Super Bowl tickets ranges from $850 to $1,250. On the secondary market, fans can expect at least a 50% markup.
In the end, if you cannot score tickets to the big game, stay home and watch it with 111.3 million of your closest friends.
The Owner's Box. At some point during Super Bowl XLVII, the cameras will pan to the owner's box where you will find Steve Bisciotti and the DeBartolo York family.
Bisciotti was a minority owner when the Ravens won its first Super Bowl in 2001. He bought controlling interest of the team in 2004 from the late Art Modell, and since then he has gone through the progression of rebuilding the franchise. Bisciotti is often asked whether he is a hands-on or hands-off owner. He does not view his role as an either or, but instead a lot of both. "I'm not in the position to overrule my guys, but I am certainly in a position to question them until I am comfortable with their answers and decisions," said Bisciotti.
The DeBartolo York family is going for their sixth Super Bowl victory. Eddie DeBartolo Jr. co-owned the 49ers from 1977-2000. In 1999, he was suspended by the NFL for one year after being found guilty of failing to report a felony arising from a gambling fraud and extrusion case. During that time, lawsuits ensued, and he ultimately traded his interest in 49ers for his sister's, Denise DeBartolo York, real estate holdings in the DeBartolo Corporation. Today, DeBartolo York's son, Jed York, is in his fourth season as the CEO of the 49ers. He is credited for reviving the franchise the same way his uncle built it.
The Coaches: Harbaugh vs. Harbaugh. Last season we watched the Harbaugh brothers, Ravens head coach, John Harbaugh, and 49ers head coach, Jim Harbaugh, lose the AFC and NFC Championships respectively. I can only imagine the first conversation between the brothers after the heartbreaking losses.
John: Hey Jim, it's me John. We lost. I can't believe I'm not going to the Super Bowl.
Jim: I hear you big bro, we lost too. I'm not going to the Super Bowl either.
John: Let's make a pact, next season we are both coaching in Super Bowl XLVII.
Jim: I concur. By the way, I'll be hoisting the Lombardi trophy.
John: Tell that to Ray Lewis. See ya in NOLA.
Ok, so no one knows what the Harbaugh brothers said to each other behind closed doors, but don't we love a good old fashioned family rivalry?
Players to Watch. 49ers quarterback, Colin Kaepernick, and Ravens linebacker, Ray Lewis, are among the athletes receiving the most attention going into the Super Bowl.
Kaepernick, in his second NFL season, will be making his tenth career start. A win today means he will go down in 49ers lore with the likes of Joe Montana and Steve Young. However, keep an eye on the sidelines. If anything happens to Kaepernick, back-up quarterback, Alex Smith, will be ready to regain the starting position.
Lewis is undoubtedly the face of the Ravens. Whether it is his "I'll fire you up" pre-game dance or "Hannibal Lecter like" facemask, believe me, you will surely know him when you see him. Off-the-field, Lewis' past is shrouded in controversy, which means he has just as many critics as he does supporters. This week was not any easier as he was accused of using a "deer antler" performance enhancing drug. Keep your eye #52. He is headed for retirement and there's no doubt that he will leave everything on the field.
The Commercials. Super Bowl Sunday is the ONLY time of the year that television viewers look forward to watching commercials. This year CBS charged $3.8 million to $4 million for one 30 second commercial, which is up $300,000 from last year.
Here at Forbes, SportsMoney contributor Allen St. John analyzed this year's crop of Super Bowl spots with the help of legendary advertising executives. You can find their take here.
The Halftime Show. The much anticipated halftime performance can be summed up in one word – Beyonce. It is rumored that she will share the stage with husband Jay-Z and former group Destiny's Child, but when asked Beyonce said that she cannot reveal any details about her performance.
My Forbes colleague, Zack O'Malley Greenburg, wrote about Beyonce's much anticipated performance. Here's what we do know. We know the NFL will not pay Beyonce for her performance. The league does not pay halftime acts, but rather covers all of the expenses related to the show. We know that the exposure of performing for over 100 million viewers will most certainly drive digital downloads, and the show will be a huge win for halftime sponsor, Pepsi.
And we know that she won't be lip-syncing. Any questions?
Social Media. If you are skilled enough to watch the game and tweet at the same time, follow these twitter accounts and hashtags for up-to-date information.
Front Row Analytics (@FRAnalytics, #SuperBowl24Hours). It will evaluate the sponsorships and advertisements of Super Bowl XLVII in real time and deliver results exclusively on its Twitter account.


Preheat the oven to 400degrees. Grease a muffin pan for 8 large or 12 medium muffins. Mix the cranberries and 1/3 cup of the sugar and set aside. Sift the flour, the remaining 1/3 cup sugar, baking powder, salt, and cinnamon together into a large mixing bowl. Cut the butter into the dry ingredients with a pastry blender or two knives. Beat the egg, milk, and vanilla together in another bowl, then stir them into the flour mixture. Stir the nuts and the reserved chopped cranberries and sugar into the batter. Spoon into the prepared pan. Bake for approximately 20 minutes.


You searched for train_name:'River Cities'. Return to the full archives.
Multicolor printed paper brochure issued in May 1984 to promote the new River Cities (Kansas City-St. Louis-New Orleans). The train extended existing Kansas City-St. Louis service east to Centralia, Ill., where through cars were combined/uncoupled from the City of New Orleans (Chicago-New Orleans). Creation of this direct route built on excitement over the Louisiana World Exposition held in New Orleans in summer 1984. From the Ann Owens Collection.


text:
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'Alcatraz'. Even the name is formidable. It acted as a federal prison up to 1963; however it is now a tourist attraction which you can reach by ferry from San Francisco. Visitors to the island can enter into the world that was once off-limits to the public and learn all about its history which you may not have realized existed.
Most of us probably only know of the Hollywood version of Alcatraz, as many films have been filmed which reference or are about the island. But, there is so much more to it. The island is home to the oldest operating lighthouse on the western coast of the U.S.A. Actually, the very first lighthouse built on the island was put there during the gold rush; so many gold seekers came in by ship that San Francisco needed a lighthouse to guide them. In 1909, the old lighthouse was torn down to make way for Alcatraz prison, and a new lighthouse, the one that is in working order today, was erected.
Before becoming a federal prison, Alcatraz was a military prison. Its surrounding cold water and strong currents made it ideal; who would try to escape? Following the San Francisco earthquake of 1906, civilians were transferred to the island for their own safety. In 1912 a large house was built in the centre of the island. Between the 1920s and 1930s, crime rates rose an awful lot, putting government under pressure to deal with it. An idea for a super prison was spawned and various places were checked out as a location. Alaska was considered but eventually Alcatraz was decided upon. The folks of San Francisco at the time were not at all happy about the proximity of so many criminals, but the prison plans went ahead anyway.
Life at Alcatraz was tough for its inmates. For the first three months of their sentence they were not allowed outside visitors, and any privileges were only given to the inmates if they first earned them. Said privileges were taken away promptly at the first strike. No one ever successfully escaped from Alcatraz, or so they say, though some did try. Some famous 'guests' at Alcatraz include the 'Birdman of Alcatraz', Robert Stroud; the infamous Al Capone, George 'Machine Gun' Kelly, and James 'Whitey' Bulger.
Alcatraz is a place full of mystery and natural beauty; a strange and enjoyable combination. A visit to the island will shake some of that mystery, though plenty will certainly remain as to what went on in those dark years of Alcatraz.
this place "rocks", but it can get scary!
- by marissa
I think that with Alcatraz is still much has ghosts still haunting Alcatraz of today to figure out what happened to them and why the place is still haunted as well as being so very cold inside of the Alcatraz building of today
- by Wendy Sells
forward two years and I have had the honour of phaigorophtng their growing family twice see last years family session here:) This summer I got an email Damara are you available for a newborn family session this
- by ORUu5vDr
Alcatraz Island Prison is not permanently closed and will reopen when ready.
- by Karen Hall
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At a round table there are no corners. Conversations occur, ideas are explored, and relationships are built around a round table. The Roger Smith Round Table series brings together 6-8 people to discuss current topics in a purely conversational format.
The show takes place in the Penthouse of the Roger Smith Hotel where ideas are shared and relationships are built.


FRENCH Funerals – Cremations: Since 1999.
FRENCH Funerals – Cremations: Our goal is to help families honor their loved ones in a unique way that is meaningful to them. We believe that every life is unique and worthy of honor and respect. Offering Passages products has allowed many of our families to do that.
FRENCH Funerals – Cremations: Very positively. Families that choose Passages products do so for a variety of reasons (green option, alternative look, allowing for different types of scattering). For example, we have families that have buried Passages urns in an urn vault or placed them in a niche just because they liked the appearance and thought it was reflective of their loved one.
FRENCH Funerals – Cremations: The Bamboo Urn has been very popular since we introduced it; it is a beautiful product and people appreciate the value pricing as well. The "simple" word we all hear as funeral directors is often times well directed at that urn with meaningful suggestions. Families feel like they are being listened to, which helps build value.
FRENCH Funerals – Cremations: The Oceane Sand is my favorite, as it allows for permanent placement, quiet scattering or water burials. As far as the form, it is a nice blend of traditional and contemporary motifs. It has been very popular here at FRENCH as well.
FRENCH Funerals – Cremations: Again, having a dynamic offering to counter misconceptions that funerals and cremations are dated is important. Here at FRENCH, a majority of the families we serve choose for their loved ones to be cared for by cremation. Initially, some families that indicate that "They do not need an urn" are impressed with our alternative offerings and end up being very pleased. This lends credibility to funeral directors and funeral homes to meet those changing needs. We strive to be a leader in funeral service and in helping families to create new traditions.


MR. JUSTIN O'NEAL BENTON - Age 24, of Dalton, Georgia, passed away Saturday, September 23, 2017 at a local health care in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He was preceded in death by his mother, Cari Michelle Williamson Benton and was a member of the Baptist Faith. He is survived by his son, Kaylor Benton; girlfriend, Lorin Baker of Chatsworth, Georgia; father, Anthony Benton of Dalton, Georgia; one sister, Cari Williamson of Douglasville, Georgia; one brother, Caleb M. Williamson of Dalton; grandmother, Earnestine (Donald) Sumlin of Atlanta, Georgia; great grandmother, Kate Lynn Kemp of Chatsworth; a host of aunts, uncles, cousins, other relatives and friends. The Service to Celebrate the life of Justin Benton will be held Tuesday, September 26, 2017 at 1:00 P.M. in the Chapel. The family will receive friends at the funeral home on Monday Evening from 6:00 until 8:00 P.M. Interment, Liberty Baptist Church Cemetery in Tennga, Georgia. Please share your thoughts and memories of Mr. Justin Benton at www.willisfuneralhomedalton.com. Arrangements will be announced later by Willis Funeral Home, Inc., Dalton, Georgia.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Abner Shimony's many profound contributions to theoretical physics have
greatly deepened our understanding of the nature of physical reality.
This paper is devoted to subjects on which Abner's
work is particularly celebrated, namely the theoretical
definition and understanding of locality and
local causality and the ways in which these properties
can be experimentally tested in Nature.

General relativity and quantum
theory are both impressively confirmed within their
domains of validity, but are, of course, mutually
inconsistent.   Despite decades of research,
there are still deep conceptual problems in formulating
and interpreting quantum gravity theories: we don't have a fully consistent
quantum theory of gravity, nor do we know precisely how we
would make sense of one if we did.

One initially natural-seeming possibility is combine general relativity and
quantum theory in a semi-classical theory that couples the metric
to the expectation of the stress-energy tensor via
the Einstein equations \cite{moller,rosenfeld, kibble}.
However, the problems with this suggestion are well-known.
In particular, if the unitary quantum evolution of the matter fields
is universal, then it would imply that the complete state of
the matter fields in the current cosmological era ought to
be a superposition of many (in fact, presumably an infinite continuum of)
macroscopically distinct cosmologies.
A semi-classical theory of gravity coupled to these matter fields
would imply, inter alia, that the gravitational fields in our solar
system and galaxy correspond to the weighted average over all possible
matter distributions, rather than the actual distribution we observe.
This would be grossly inconsistent with the observed data.
It is also contradicted by terrestrial experiment \cite{pagegeilker}.

One might try to rescue the hypothesis by supposing, instead, that unitary
quantum evolution is not universal and that the metric couples to the
expectation of the stress tensor of non-unitarily evolving matter fields.
Obviously, this requires some
explicit alternative to unitary quantum theory, such as a dynamical collapse model \cite{grwp}.
It is not presently known whether such a theory can be combined with a metric
theory of gravity in a generally covariant way.
An interesting related possibility is that a classical metric might be
coupled to quantum matter via stochastic equations \cite{penrose, diosi}:
however, no consistent and generally covariant theory of this type has yet been developed either.

I take here a possibly controversial stance.
It seems to me that, because we haven't made any really certain progress in
understanding how general relativity and quantum theory are unified,
we should take more seriously the possibility that the answer might
take a rather different form from anything we've yet considered.
On this view, even apparently rather basic and solid intuitions are worth questioning:
if an intuition can be tested experimentally, and we can unearth a sliver of
motivation for speculating that it might possibly fail, we should test it.

\section{Gravity, local causality and reality}

\subsection{Sketch of experiment}

Before getting into technicalities, let me summarise the proposed experiment.

We start with a standard
Bell experiment, carried out on an entangled pair of elementary
particles, in which the measurement choices and
measurement outcomes on both wings are spacelike separated.

The choices and outcomes are then amplified to produce distinct local
gravitational fields, on both wings.   This amplification can be
carried out by any practical means, for example by recording the
choice and outcome on each wing in an electronic signal, and
feeding this signal into a circuit connected to a device that moves a
macroscopic quantity of matter to one of four possible macroscopically distinct
configurations.
Note that this amplification need {\it not} necessarily maintain quantum coherence.

These gravitational fields produced are then directly measured, by observing their
influence on small masses in the relevant region, for example by Cavendish experiments.
This is done quickly enough that the region $A_{2}$, in which
the amplified gravitational field on wing $A$ is measured,
is spacelike separated from the region $B_{1}$ in which the
Bell measurement choice on wing $B$ was made, and similarly $A_1$
is spacelike separated from $B_2$.  The results of these measurements
are recorded and compared, to check whether they display the correlations
which quantum theory predicts for the relevant Bell experiment.

\subsection{Standard expectations and why they should be tested}

Almost all theoretical physicists  would, I think, fairly confidently predict that
any experiment of this type will indeed produce exactly the same
non-local correlations as those observed in standard Bell
experiments.   What I want to argue is that there are
some coherent -- although of course speculative --
theoretical ideas which would imply a different outcome, and that these provide scientific
motivation enough to justify doing the experiment.
To justify this, one needn't argue that the standard expectation is likely
to be wrong (indeed, I think it's very likely right).
One need only argue that there are some alternative lines of thought
which have some non-negligible probability of being closer to the
truth.\footnote{Obviously, there's no precise way to quantify how likely
a surprising outcome must be to make an experiment worth doing.
But to give a rough illustration, a probability of $10^{-5}$ of a surprising
answer here would seem to me more than sufficient justification for carrying
out an experiment that requires relatively modest resources.}

\subsubsection{One possible motivation}

One view of quantum theory, advocated by
Bell and taken seriously by many, is that the theory is
incomplete without some mathematical account of ``beables'' or
``elements of reality'' or ``real events'' --- the
quantities which, ultimately, define the sample
space for quantum probabilities, i.e. which are the
things which quantum probabilities are probabilities of.
Most attempts to resolve this problem postulate that the
beables are at least approximately localised in space-time.

Now, a standard Bell experiment ensures that the particles in
the two wings enter detectors at space-like separated
points, in a sense which we can justify intuitively
within the quantum path integral formalism (and more
precisely in some interpretations of quantum theory).
But this does not ensure that any beables or real
events associated with the measurements are necessarily
space-like separated.   For instance, if the beables
or real events are associated with the collapse of
the wavefunction, and if this collapse takes place
only when a measurement result is amplified to
macroscopic degrees of freedom, then the relevant
question is whether these amplification processes
on the two wings take place in space-like separated
regions.

Consider now:

{\bf Assumption I } \qquad Bell
experiments appear to produce non-local correlations,
consistent with the predictions of quantum theory,
when the relevant beables are time-like separated
(i.e. when there is time for information about the
first relevant real event to propagate to the second),
but {\it not} when they are space-like separated.

{\bf Assumption II} \qquad in all Bell experiments to
date, the relevant beables have indeed been time-like separated.

If both assumptions were correct, the apparent demonstration of non-locality
in Bell experiments to date would be an artefact.
The assumptions may, however, at first sight seem purely conspiratorial
and completely lacking in theoretical motivation.
Surprisingly, though, it {\it is} possible to sketch an alternative version
of quantum theory which appears to be internally consistent, is not
evidently refuted by the data, and implies both {\bf I} and {\bf II}  \cite{akcausalqt}.

Now, let us extend this speculation further.   It is sometimes suggested
that the solution to the quantum
measurement problem is tied up with the link between quantum theory
and gravity.  Consider

{\bf Assumption III} \qquad to ensure that a real event (selecting one outcome and one
of the possible fields) takes place requires a measurement event whose
different possible outcomes create measurably distinct gravitational
fields.

If {\bf (I-III)} were all true, the gravitational Bell
experiment described above would indeed produce a different
outcome from standard Bell experiments.
To be sure, taking this possibility seriously requires one to take
seriously three non-standard hypotheses.
From the perspective of a firm believer in the universality of
unitary quantum evolution and in quantum gravity, each of these
hypotheses might be seen as quite implausible.
It is worth stressing, though, that none of these hypotheses is
an ad hoc invention, produced specifically for the purposes of
the present discussion.  Each of them has an independent motivation:

{\bf (I)} results from a nonstandard but interesting way of
trying to reconcile beable quantum theory and special relativity.

{\bf (II)} becomes quite plausible if one takes seriously
the idea of wave function collapse as a real physical process
defined by explicit equations.  Models, such as those defined
by Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber-Pearle\cite{grwp}, which have this feature and
which are consistent with other experiments tend to imply that
collapse only takes place quickly (on a scale of $\mu$s) as
the measurement result becomes amplified to a macroscopic number of
particles (of order $10^{17}$).  In other words, according to these
models, collapse need not take place at all quickly in the
photo-detectors or electronic circuits
used in standard Bell experiments.  Hence, it need not
necessarily be the case that there are spacelike separated collapses in
the two wings of such experiments: as far as I am aware, in all
Bell experiments to date, reasonable choices of the GRWP
collapse parameters would imply that no significant collapse
occurs until later, after the data have been brought together and stored.

{\bf (III)} is a widely considered, if non-standard, intuition
about the possible form of a theory unifying quantum theory
and gravity.  It is also related to another motivation for
the proposed experiment, to which we now turn.

\subsubsection{A second possible motivation}

Perhaps quantum theory and general relativity are unified, not via
a quantum theory of gravity, but by some theory which somehow combines a
classical description of a space-time manifold with a metric
together with a quantum description of matter fields.
Any such theory would presumably have to have a
probabilistic law for the metric, since it seems essentially impossible
to reconcile a deterministic metric evolution law with
quantum indeterminism.
That is, a fundamental law of nature selects a $4$-geometry
drawn from a probability distribution defined by some
set of principles, which also define the evolution of
matter.   Also, to be consistent with observation to date, these
principles must tend to
produce spacetimes approximately described by the Einstein equations
on large scales.

Granted, we don't even know whether there {\it is} a consistent generally
covariant theory of this form.  Before dismissing the
entire line of thought as thus presently unworthy of attention, though,
one should remember that we don't know if there's a consistent
quantum theory of gravity either.   The idea of a stochastic
hybrid theory, with a classical manifold coupled to quantum
matter, has some attraction, despite its difficulties, as it
suggests a possible way around some of the conceptual problems that
arise when trying to make sense of a quantum theory of spacetime.

Suppose then that we agree to take this idea as serious enough to be worth
contemplating exploring a little.
Given the central role of causality in general relativity,
it seems reasonably natural to consider the class of metric theories
whose axioms require the metric encode some version of Einstein causality.
Such theories would preclude the gravitational field exhibiting the
type of non-local correlations that quantum theory predicts
for matter fields --- and so would have surprising and
counter-intuitive features.   Once again, it needs to be stressed
that we neither want nor need to argue that this is the likeliest possibility,
only that it has {\it some} theoretical
motivation and has testable consequences.
In the next section we define a local causality principle adapted to
non-deterministic metric theories, and examine its consequences.

\section{Local causality for metric theories: technicalities}

One key feature on which various theories and proto-theories
of gravity differ is the causal structure of the classical or
quasi-classical space-time which emerges.
Bell's definition of local causality \cite{bellloccaus} applies to
physical operations taking place in a fixed Minkowski space-time.
As Bell famously showed, quantum theory is not locally causal.
The possibility of adapting the definition to apply to theories
with a variable space-time geometry (or a variable structure of
some sort from which space-time geometry is intended to emerge)
has been considered by Rideout and Sorkin \cite{rideoutsorkin} and Henson \cite{henson},
among others.   The following definition is a modified version of
one suggested by Dowker \cite{dowker}.

Define a {\it past region} in a metric spacetime to be a region which contains
its own causal past, and the {\it domain of dependence} of
a region $R$ in a spacetime $S$ to be the set of points $p$ such that every
endless past causal curve through $p$ intersects $R$.

Suppose that we have identified a specified past region of spacetime
$\Lambda$, with specified metric and matter fields,
and let $\kappa$ be any fixed region with specified metric and matter fields.

Let $\Lambda'$ be another past region, again with specified metric and
matter fields.  (In the cases we are most interested in, $\Lambda \cap \Lambda'$
will be non-empty, and thus necessarily also a past region.)

Define
$${\rm Prob}( \kappa | \Lambda \perp \Lambda' )$$
to be the probability that the domain of dependence of $\Lambda$
will be isometric to $\kappa$, given that $\Lambda \cup \Lambda'$
form part of space-time, and given that the domains of dependence
of $\Lambda$ and $\Lambda'$ are space-like separated regions.

Let $\kappa'$ be another fixed region of spacetime with specified metric
and matter fields.

Define
$${\rm Prob}( \kappa | \Lambda \perp \Lambda' ; \kappa' )$$
to be the probability that the domain of dependence of $\Lambda$
will be isometric to $\kappa$, given that $\Lambda \cup \Lambda'$
form part of space-time, that the domain of dependence of
$\Lambda'$ is isometric to $\kappa'$, and that the domains of
dependence of $\Lambda$ and $\Lambda'$ are space-like separated.

We say a metric theory of space-time is {\it locally causal} if
for all such $\Lambda, \Lambda' , \kappa$ and $\kappa'$ the
relevant conditional probabilities are
defined by the theory and satisfy
$$
{\rm Prob}( \kappa | \Lambda \perp \Lambda' )
=  {\rm Prob}( \kappa | \Lambda \perp \Lambda' ; \kappa' ) \, .
$$

\section{Testing local causality of metric theories}

By definition, general relativity is locally causal, since the metric and
matter fields in the domain of dependence $\kappa$ of $\Lambda$
are completely determined by those in $\Lambda$ via the Einstein equations
and the equations of motion.
If we neglect (or believe we can somehow circumvent) the fact that
quantum theory is not locally causal (in Bell's original sense), it would
also seem a natural hypothesis
that any fundamental stochastic theory
of space-time, or any fundamental stochastic theory coupling a classical
metric to quantum matter, should be locally causal.
One reason for considering this possibility is that, while it admittedly seems hard to
see how to frame closed form generally covariant equations for any
theory of this type, it seems particularly hard to see how to
frame such equations for a non-locally causal theory.
If we allow the evolution of the metric, and hence the causal structure,
at any given point to depend on events at space-like separated points,
it seems difficult to maintain any notion of causality, or to
find any other ordering principle which ensures that equations have
a consistent solution.

However, we should {\it not} expect a quasiclassical space-time emerging from a quantum
theory of gravity to be locally causal, for the following reason.
Consider a standard Bell experiment carried out on two photons in a
polarization singlet state.  For definiteness, let us
say that the two possible choices of measurement on either wing are
made by local quantum random number generators, and are
chosen to produce a maximal violation of
the CHSH inequality \cite{chsh}.

We suppose that the two wings of the experiment, $A$ and $B$, are
fairly widely separated.
Now suppose that the measurement choices and outcomes obtained by the detectors in each wing
mechanically determine one of four macroscopically distinct configurations.
To be definite, let us suppose that the Bell experiment is coupled to local Cavendish
experiments on each wing, in such a way that each of the two settings and two
possible measurement outcomes on any given wing causes one of four
different configurations of lead spheres -- configurations which we
know would, if the experiment were
performed in isolation, produce one of four macroscopically and testably
distinct local gravitational fields.   Suppose also that the Cavendish
experiments are arranged so that the local gravitational fields are
quickly tested, using small masses on a torsional balance in the usual way.
The separation of the two wings is such that the gravitational field
test on either wing can be completed in a region space-like separated
from the region in which the photon on the other wing is detected.

A quantum theory of gravity should predict that the superposition of
quantum states in the singlet couples to the detectors in either wing
to produce entangled superpositions of detector states, and thence
entangled superpositions that include the states of the Cavendish experiments, and
finally entangled superpositions of states that include the states of
the local gravitational field.  Extrapolating any of the standard interpretations
of quantum theory to this situation, we should expect to see precisely the same
joint probabilities for the possible values of the gravitational fields in
each wing's experiments as we should for the corresponding outcomes in the
original Bell experiment.  As Bell \cite{bellpaps} and Clauser et al. \cite{chsh} showed,
provided we make the standard and natural (although not logically
necessary) assumption that the measurement choices in each wing
are effectively independent from the variables determining the outcome in the other wing,
these joint probabilities violate local causality in Bell's original sense.

We now make the further natural assumption that when, as in our proposed
experiment, the measurement choices are made by the outputs of the local
quantum random number generators, the choices made on each wing are
independent of the metric and matter fields in the past of the
measurement region on the other wing.
Then, if $\kappa$ is the region immediately surrounding the measurement choice
and outcome in one wing of the experiment, $\kappa'$ the corresponding
region for the other wing, $\Lambda$ the past of $\kappa$, and $\Lambda'$
the past of $\kappa'$, we have
$$
{\rm Prob}( \kappa | \Lambda \perp \Lambda' )
\neq {\rm Prob}( \kappa | \Lambda \perp \Lambda' ; \kappa' ) \, .
$$

Does such an experiment even need to be performed,
given the impressive experimental confirmation of quantum theory in Bell
experiments to date?   In my view, it does.

Taking the Bell experiments to date at face value -- that is,
neglecting any remaining possible loopholes in their interpretation -- they
confirm predictions of quantum theory {\it as a theory of
matter fields when gravity is negligible}.
Specifically, they confirm predictions of quantum theory for experiments involving
matter states when those states do not produce significant superpositions of
macroscopically distinct gravitational fields.

The question at issue
here is precisely how far quantum theory's domain of validity extends.
When it comes to predicting whether or not the metric is locally causal,
there is a genuine tension between intuitions extrapolated from quantum theory
and those which one might extrapolate from general relativity.
Examining and testing this question seems
a very natural development of the line of questioning
begun by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen \cite{epr} and continued by Bell \cite{bellpaps}.

Standard Bell experiments test the conflicting predictions implied by quantum theory
and by EPR's intuitions about the properties of elements of
physical reality.  EPR's intuitions can be motivated by a combination of
classical mechanics (which suggests that the notion of an element of
physical reality is a sensible one) and special relativity (which
suggests the hypothesis that an element of physical reality has
the locality properties ascribed to it by EPR).
In the experiment considered here, we again have a tension
between intuitions drawn from two successful theories -- in this
case quantum theory and general relativity.

\section{Possible Counterarguments}

But isn't this a crazy line of thought?   How could the correlations obtained from Bell
experiments {\it possibly} be altered by coupling classical devices to the detector outputs?
Is the Bell experiment supposed to know that the classical devices are waiting for the
data, and change its result because of that?
Or, even more weirdly, is the gravitational field in each wing supposed to know that the classical
lumps of matter are being moved around as the result of a Bell experiment,
and change {\it its} behaviour --- violating the predictions of Newtonian
gravity as well as general relativity within a local region --- because
of {\it that}?

I find it hard to accept the full rhetorical force of such objections,
natural though they are.
Nature has a capacity to surprise, and surprising experimental results
sometimes have theoretical explanations which occurred to nobody beforehand.
The ``common sense'' view just expressed implicitly assumes, among other things,
first, that the outcomes of detector measurements in Bell
experiments constitute local, macroscopic events that in
some physically meaningful sense are definite and irreversible once they occur, and second,
that the local gravitational fields respond instantly to these events in the same way
as they would if they resulted from isolated experiments
on unentangled states.
These plausible propositions may very well be given precise meaning
and completely justified by some deeper understanding of quantum theory and gravity than we
currently have.  Even if they don't turn out to have a precise and literal justification
--- for instance, because the fundamental theory contains no definition of definite
local events --- it seems very plausible that we nonetheless reach the right conclusion
about Bell experiments and gravity by reasoning as though they were true.
However, none of this is completely beyond reasonable doubt in the light of our
current knowledge.

As we've already noted, there's some independent
motivation for exploring variants of quantum theory in which definite local
events {\it are} defined but in which photo-detector measurement outcomes
aren't, so to speak, macroscopic enough to constitute such events.

There's also some motivation for exploring theories of quantum theory
and gravity in which a probabilistic law defines a locally causal classical
gravitational field.  Standard reductionist reasoning would break down in
such a theory --- as it does, though in a different way, in quantum theory ---
and the behaviour of the gravitational field in one wing of a Bell experiment
would indeed depend on the configurations of both wings of the experiment.

What, then, are the conceivable experimental outcomes, and what would
they imply?
One is that the violations of local causality predicted by
quantum theory, and to be expected if some quantum theory
of gravity holds true, are indeed observed.  This would
demonstrate that space-time is indeed not locally causal,
as predicted by quantum theories of gravity, but not
necessarily by other hypotheses about the unification
of quantum theory and gravity.
It would thus provide at least some slight experimental evidence in favour
of the quantization of the gravitational field.
It might be argued, pace Page and Geilker \cite{pagegeilker}, that this
would be the first such experimental evidence, since, as noted above, Page and
Geilker's experiment tested a version of semi-classical gravity already
excluded by astronomical and cosmological observation.

A second logical possibility is that the violations of local causality predicted by quantum
theory fail to be observed at all in this particular extension of
the Bell experiment: i.e., that the measurement results obtained
from the detectors fail to violate the CHSH inequality.
This would imply that quantum theory fails to describe correctly
the results of the Bell experiment embedded within this particular
experimental configuration, and so would imply a definite limit
to the domain of validity of quantum theory.

A third logical possibility is that the Bell experiment correlations follow the
predictions of quantum theory, but that the Cavendish experiments
show gravitational fields which do not
correspond to the test mass configurations in the expected
way (or at least do not do so until a signal has had time to travel from one
wing to the other).   This would suggest the coexistence of
a quantum theory of matter with some classical theory of
gravity which respects local causality, but which has the
surprising property that classical gravitational fields do
not always couple to macroscopic matter in the way suggested by general
relativity.

In summary: although our present understanding of physics leads us to expect
the first outcome, the point at issue seems sufficiently fundamental, and
our present understanding of gravity sufficiently limited, that
it would be very interesting and worthwhile to carry out experiments
capable of discriminating between some (and of course, ideally, all)
of the possible outcomes outlined above.

\acknowledgements
I am particularly indebted to Fay Dowker for very helpful comments
on an earlier draft, for inspiring the definition
of local causality used in the present version of the paper, and
for many thoughtful criticisms.
I am also very grateful to Nicolas Gisin, Valerio Scarani, Christoph Simon and
Gregor Weihs for valuable discussions on various criteria for gravitationally
induced collapse and experimental tests.
Warm thanks too to Harvey Brown, Jeremy Butterfield, Robert Helling, Graeme Mitchison,
Roger Penrose and Rainer Plaga for some very helpful comments.
Last but by no means least, I would very much like to thank Abner for his
characteristically kind and warm encouragement to pursue this idea.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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