Caracterización de defectos, diagnóstico y reparación de suelos de madera basado en un estudio de campo. Se presenta una caracterización estadística de defectos en 35 edificios y 98 suelos de madera (suelos de madera conífera y frondosa, pisos de madera laminada e de ingeniería de la madera), sus métodos de diagnóstico y soluciones de reparación. Se utilizó un sistema experto para inspeccionar suelos de madera, que incluía la clasificación de defectos, sus causas más probables, métodos de diagnóstico y técnicas de reparación. Los resultados incluyen edad, área afectada, gravedad y frecuencia de los defectos y sus principales causas, así como los métodos de diagnósticos apropiados, soluciones de reparación preventiva y curativa más prescritas y las correlaciones más significativas. Se detectaron arañazos en más de cinco sextos de la muestra, muy asociados con acciones mecánicas exteriores y con una capa de acabado inadecuada. El desgaste de la capa de acabado se detectó en un cuarto de los suelos inspeccionados. Por consiguiente, la aplicación de una capa de acabado adecuado y, en su caso, su sustitución son las técnicas de reparación más prescritas.
Keywords: Wood; Weathering; Decay; Durability; Characterization.
Palabras clave: Madera; Envejecimiento; Deterioro; Durabilidad; Caracterización.
Wood floorings are a long-established flooring solution in every continent. Wood flooring (WF) comprises both solid wood and composite wood solutions. WF is known for its easy maintenance, durability, low cost, quality control of the production process and good environmental performance (1). Functionally, wood floorings comply with today's comfort, habitability and aesthetic requirements, and additionally are quick to install.
The characteristics of the substrate, the hygrothermal conditions and the availability of skilled labor are determining factors during the installation of WF and influence their performance over time, both in indoor and outdoor areas. Defects occurrence and the degradation level of WF are highly dependent on these early-stage factors, which may lead to repairs and/or refurbishment before time. With a system that impartially identifies, records, and classifies defects in WF and their causes, the task would be easier. Prescribing the most appropriate diagnostic methods and repair solutions to eliminate the defects and corresponding causes is another useful asset of the system (2). The work of Delgado et al. (1) proposes such an inspection system for WF, based on a methodology also tested on gypsum plasterboard walls (3), gypsum plasters (4), renderings (5), ceramic tiling (6), natural stone cladding (7), external thermal insulation composite systems (8), flat roof waterproofing systems (9), pitched roof claddings (10), industrial floor coatings (11), architectural concrete surfaces (12), and door and window frames (13). This methodology was adapted to the specific WF technology and the study of floorings' pathological processes. To the best of the authors' knowledge, it remains the only such system in the literature.
Delgado et al. (1) describe in detail this WF inspection system. This paper presents a detailed statistical analysis of the results of the inspection program that validated the WF inspection system. It is a systematic approach to defect, causes, diagnostic methods and repair solutions, based on a set of 98 WF case studies, similar to the analysis of Gaião et al. (14).
An inspection campaign was planned for buildings with defects in WF, including the pathological characterization of 98 WF representative case studies, analyzing the most suitable diagnostic and repair methods available for each specific circumstance. This field work made it possible to validate the expert system proposed for WF and its procedures, such as the defect classification system, defect rating, classification of probable causes, classification of diagnostic methods and classification of repair techniques.
The inspected WF included softwood and hardwood floors, and laminated and engineered wood floors. Nevertheless, in the statistical survey the type of flooring was not considered, as the sample was not varied enough. It is focused mainly on cork tiles and traditional timber tiles. The inspected buildings were intended to be representative of the potential market for future inspections and rehabilitation. The standard inspections consisted mainly of a visual observation of the WF, which was documented through a standard inspection and validation file. Furthermore, in situ tests were recommended for each defect.
All the buildings are located in the center-south region of Portugal, and 48% are in Lisbon. As for the distribution of the age of the buildings in the sample, most buildings had been built in the previous five years (37%), followed by buildings 5 to 20 years old (26%), and buildings at least 100 years old (17%). Buildings 50 to 100 years old represent 11% of the sample, while only 9% of the buildings were 20 to 50 years old. The sample of 98 WF comprised 35 different buildings. The most significant part of the inspected WF was in commercial buildings (30%), heritage buildings (29%) and residential buildings (19%). Heritage buildings are those considered historical heritage, functioning as public or cultural buildings, as opposed to ordinary buildings. Figure 1 shows that heritage buildings have a higher ratio of defects per pavement. For every building each continuous WF was described in an inspection file.
The inspection files contain all relevant information on the buildings and WF, so that different inspections can be compared. An inspection file was filled describing each inspected WF. First, the building location, use, construction date, area, percentage of wood floor covering, constructive typology, and any contact information are indicated. Next, all the wood floorings are described stating the installation date, detailed constructive characterization, type of cleaning undertaken, and relevant location specific data.
While the inspection file allows a constructive characterization of the building and of each inspected WF, the validation file provides information on the detected pathological phenomena, for statistical purposes. One validation file was filled for each WF, identifying and recording the main WF defects detected. These records were then used to validate the inspection system, namely the classification of defects, causes, diagnostic methods and repair techniques, as well as the correlation matrices between these parameters. Each validation file identifies: the kind of defects found, location and size of every defect, conditions for the defect to progress, substrate cracking, evidences of expansion of the parts, aesthetical value of the affected area and severity level, probable causes, diagnostic methods proposed, and repair techniques proposed. The content of the inspection and validation files is fully described by Delgado et al. (1). The discussion of the data in the inspection and validation files is the basis of the present statistical analysis.
The WF inspection system includes a classification system for defects in WF and their direct and indirect causes (1). The system groups defects (D) according to location on the surface (S) of the WF or in joints and interfaces (JI), within the WF, or between the WF and other floor coverings or protruding elements. In total, 16 types of defects were defined, according to scientific references (15–22). Defects are coded with a D for defect, hyphen and the group reference, namely S for surface, and JI for joints and interfaces, followed by sequential numbering. D‑S group defects are then divided into two subgroups: aesthetic defects (D.1‑S) and functional defects (D.2‑S). Probable causes, diagnostic methods and repair techniques are coded using a similar method (1).
The inspection system considers 38 probable causes of WF defects, which were classified in chronological order, according to the following groups: production errors (C‑A), design errors (C‑B), execution errors (C‑C), exterior mechanical actions (C‑D), biological actions (C-E), environmental actions (C-F), and maintenance errors (C‑G).
For each detected defect, further diagnostic methods were recommended from a set of 11 proposed appropriate methods. These methods were divided in four groups. Three are nondestructive tests (T-ND): T.1-ND Aided visual observation, T.2-ND Traditional nondestructive tests and T.3-ND Nontraditional nondestructive tests. The fourth group is T-D Destructive tests.
The inspection system, presented by Delgado et al. (1), also associates a set of 18 preventive (RP) and curative (RC) repair techniques with the defects. These two main groups of repair techniques were divided in four subgroups corresponding to intervention in WF covering (RP-A and RC-A), WF surface (RP-B and RC-B), WF substrate (RP-C and RC-C) or in joints between pieces of WF or with protruding elements (RP-D and RC-D).
In all, 239 defects were detected in the sample of 98 WFs (only one event per defect type was recorded for each WF), resulting on average in 2.44 defects per pavement. Figure 2 shows the relative frequency of detected defects (number of records divided by 98, the number of inspected WF). Defects are described in detail by Delgado et al. (1). D.1‑S3 Scratches or wrinkles (84.7%) was by far the most common defect detected in the sample. According to Baar et al. (23), the occurrence of scratches on the wood surface protection layer may influence the susceptibility of wood to the occurrence of other defects, when exposed to water. Hence, the incidence of scratches in this sample may be significant in terms of degradation modelling. D.1-S3 was followed by D‑JI3 Change of joint size (28.6%) and D.1‑S4 Wearing or detachment of the finishing layer (25.5%). Considering some defect classification differences, the results on Neto and de Brito's (24) color change defects, referring to natural stone claddings, are similar to those on WF, as D.1-S1 Staining or color change and D.1-S2 Cigarette marks represent about 21% of the sample, while Neto and de Brito's (24) color change defects represent about 27% of all defects. However, in Neto and de Brito's (24) sample, joint defects were as relevant as color change defects (28% of all defects), while in WF all D-JI Joints and interfaces defects represent about 41% of the sample. This is a sign of the vulnerability of joints in WF, as they are subject to variations in wood moisture content and, consequently, to size variations according to climate changes, as verified by the high frequency of the defect D-JI3 Change of joint size in WF.
Five of the defect types were only detected up to two times, namely D.1‑S2 Cigarette marks, D.2‑S4 Detachment of elements from substrate, D.2‑S5 Rot, D.2‑S8 Delamination and D.2-S9 Crumbling. Nevertheless, these defects were kept in the analysis.
These general results, specifically on WF, differ from those of Chong and Low (25), referring to general floors defects. In that sample, the most frequent defects found in floorings under use were cracks, water seepage and delaminated tiles.
Considering the groups of defects, aesthetic defects (D.1-S) are the kind of defects most frequently detected: on average each pavement had 1.4 aesthetic defects.
Figure 3 shows the relationship between the average number of defects of each type and the age of the pavement it was detected in. Defect D.1-S3 Scratches or wrinkles, as the most frequent defect, has the highest average number of defects in WF of every age. Contrary to expectations, older buildings in this sample do not show greater frequency of this anomaly than the others, probably due to the type of solution, materials used and previous repairs. Defects D.1-S3 represent an average of 1.02 defects in buildings 20 to 50 years old, showing lack of maintenance. As for other defects, D.2‑S7 Xylophage attack is the defect most related with the age of the WF, as an average of 0.55 defects occur in WF more than 100 years old. Although some of the inspected floorings had possibly undergone repair operations to eliminate previous xylophage attacks, it is significant that one in every two floorings more than 100 years old shows this type of defect, even if on a limited area, requiring immediate action. Despite these results, it is important to highlight that, in the whole sample, defects D.2‑S5 Rot, D.2‑S6 Moisture and D.2‑S7 Xylophage attack were not representative. As general literature usually refers to mould, fungi and insects as the main origin of defects on wood (26), it is relevant that the inspected WF were not substantially affected by the effects of these organisms, whether or not they had already been subject to repairs. Buildings less than 5 years old have greater incidence of defect D.1-S4 Wearing or detachment of the finishing layer, which may show that the choice of materials was not adequate to use conditions. According to the results obtained, age does not appear to be a determining factor for the occurrence of defects, which contradicts the 42 years of estimated service life of hardwood floors calculated by Minne and Crittenden (27). The maintenance that WF are subjected to seems to play a more relevant role than age.
- 2 = Action required in the long-term (reassessment at the next routine inspection).
Repair urgency depends on the severity of the defect when it is detected. For each defect the criteria to rate its repair urgency were clearly defined, supporting the inspection file. For example, the defect file for D.2‑S4 Detachment of elements from substrate indicates that this defect is classified by the percentage of affected area and by the aesthetic value of the affected area (high, medium or low). When this defect is detected, if users' safety is compromised, or if the affected area is over 5%, then the repair urgency level is 0. If the defect presents progression features, the repair urgency level is 1. For the remaining instances of D.2‑S4 defect, the repair urgency level is 2.
The commonest repair urgency level is "1" (42%) and the highest severity level (0) represents 23% of the sample. Observing Figure 4, a repair urgency per defect analysis leads to different conclusions. Defects D.2‑S3 Broken or splintered elements, D.2‑S4 Detachment of elements from substrate, D.2‑S5 Rot, D.2‑S7 Xylophage attack, D.2‑S8 Delamination, D.2-S9 Crumbling and D-JI2 Detachment or loosening of mass of joint material have the highest repair urgency (0) in more than 33% of the sample. They can all compromise the flooring's integrity, even D-JI2, whose urgency levels reveal how important joint maintenance is to extend the WF's service life. Considering that D.2‑S3 and D.2‑S7 affect a wider sample (14 and 10 defects respectively), their urgency frequency may be more significant. Although aesthetical defects require less demanding works, and do not compromise the flooring's integrity, they should not be less considered, especially according to the flooring's function.
As for the area of flooring affected by each defect, Figure 5 shows the data registered at the inspections. Defect D.1‑S3 Scratches or wrinkles, which is the one that affects the widest sample (83 defects), is also the one with the widest affected areas, since in 5% of the cases the D.1‑S3 defects affect 25% to 50% of the WF's area. In the sample, defect D.2‑S3 Broken or splintered elements affects a large flooring area (from 5% to 10%) in 50% of the cases. Comparing these results with those on natural stone floorings (24), some differences are observed. In natural stone floorings, color changes are the type of defect that affects wider areas, while in WF, the corresponding defects (D.1‑S1 Staining or color change and D.1-S2 Cigarette marks) mainly affect areas of less than 5% of the flooring. Neto and de Brito (24) attributed this result to infrequent cleaning, but that may not be the case in WF, as staining is most probably associated with humidity or fungi.
In total, 1319 probable causes (of 38 different types) were identified in the inspection campaign, as direct, or close, causes, or as indirect, or initial, causes (1). Therefore, an average of 5.5 probable causes were assigned to each recorded defect. It must be noted that no in situ or laboratory tests were actually performed, as inspections consisted solely on visual observation. So, the registered probable causes point out several possibilities.
C‑D Exterior mechanical actions account for 32% of the causes in the sample, followed by C-C Execution errors, which represent 25% of the sample. It is important to disseminate detailed information on WF construction systems, so that solutions are chosen according to the use of the floor, as well as to improve the selection of techniques and installation materials. Exterior mechanical actions are not accounted for in the Chong and Low's (25) study, but poor workmanship is also a relevant cause for flooring defects. It is responsible for 35% of defects in floorings under use.
As each defect is confronted with the groups of probable indirect causes, some issues become evident. Figure 6 (left) shows that 76% of aesthetic defects (D.1‑S) were indirectly caused by exterior mechanical actions (C‑D). Aesthetic defects are also highly associated (56%) with execution errors (C‑C). Aesthetic defects area not indirectly caused by any production errors. As for functional defects (D.2‑S), 52% of defects are indirectly caused by one environmental action (C-F) and 48% by maintenance errors (C‑G). 18% of defects on joints and interfaces (D-JI) are indirectly caused by at least one execution error (C‑C).
Observing Figure 6 (right), it is interesting to notice that all aesthetic defects (D.1-S) are directly caused by at least one exterior mechanical action (C‑D). Biological direct causes (C‑E) are also moderately associated with aesthetic defects (33%). As for functional defects (D.2‑S), 59% of these kind of defects are directly caused by biological actions (C‑E), the same amount of functional defects (D.2‑S) directly associated with maintenance errors (C‑G). Defects on joints and interfaces (D-JI) are directly associated with execution errors (C‑C) in 24% of the D-JI defects registered.
Production errors (C‑A) are not directly associated with any specific defect. On the one hand, design errors (C-B) and execution errors (C-C) are only relevant for D-JI defects. On the other hand, environmental actions (C‑F) and maintenance errors (C‑G) are only directly associated with functional defects (D.2‑S).
Additionally, the results reveal other features. Aesthetic defects (D.1‑S) are not associated with production errors. Execution errors (C-C) are the main contributors to the occurrence of D.1-S Aesthetic defects (100%), but C-D Exterior mechanical actions (85%) and C-B Design errors (79%) also play a main role. Functional defects (D.2-S) are evenly associated with C-B Design errors (61%) and C-F Environmental actions (60%). As for D‑JI Defects on joints and interfaces, there are four groups of causes that stand out, as their association with these group of defects is above 70%, namely C-D Exterior mechanical actions, C-C Execution errors, C-B Design errors and C-A Production errors. C-E Biological actions are the group of causes less associated with WF defects in this sample.
To understand the contribution of each individual cause to the occurrence of each defect, it is important to analyze them individually. For this analysis, only defects that were observed more than 10 times were considered. Causes that were observed at least once for each defect were considered. Considering these criteria, only D.1-S1 Staining or color change, D.1-S3 Scratches or wrinkles, D.1-S4 Wearing or detachment of the finishing layer, D.2-S1 Warping, swelling, or other flatness deficiencies, D.2-S2 Cracking of elements and/or joints (possibly form substrate cracking), D.2-S3 Broken or splintered elements, D.2‑S6 Moisture and D-JI3 Change of joint size are analyzed in detail.
Figure 7 shows the data on causes probably associated with defect D.1-S1 Staining or color change. This defect was identified 19 times, to which 5.2 probable direct and indirect causes were attributed on average. All these defects can be associated with a finishing layer unsuited to use (C-C10) and natural ageing (C-F4). Covering not complying with use requirements (C-B3) and poor or insufficient maintenance/cleaning works (C-G2) are associated with over 80% of these defects, leading to being considered highly probable causes. This defect is associated with causes from groups C‑B, C‑C, C‑E, C-F and C-G. They are not related with production errors nor exterior mechanical actions.
Defect D.1-S3 Scratches or wrinkles was identified in 83 WF cases. To each an average of 5.3 probable causes (direct and indirect) were considered. All the sample was associated with a covering not complying with use requirements (C-B3), a finishing layer unsuited to use (C-C10), user or car circulation (C-D7) and with actions not foreseen at design stage (C-D8), as shown in Figure 7. Exterior mechanical actions (C-D group of causes) are highly associated with this defect.
In Figure 7, the data on causes of defect D.1-S4 Wearing or detachment of the finishing layer are also available. It was identified in 25 pavements and associated with 4.1 probable causes (direct and indirect) per defect. All these defects were associated with a finishing layer unsuited to use (C-C10), impacts (C-D5), user or car circulation (C-D7) and with poor or insufficient maintenance/cleaning works (C-G2). Once again, C‑D Exterior mechanical actions are the group of probable causes most associated with this defect.
All the surface aesthetic defects (D.1-S) were associated with cause C-C10 Finishing layer unsuited to use, an execution error that reveals unfamiliarity of the project team with materials' technical features and limitations and requirements of the flooring system.
As for defect D.2-S1 Warping, swelling, or other flatness deficiencies, data on probable causes are available in Figure 8. This defect was identified in 15 of the inspected pavements, to which 7.9 direct or indirect probable causes were attributed on average. Only one probable cause is associated with all detected defects, which is inadequate wood drying (C-A1). But the wrong design of joints between elements or with protruding elements (C‑B1), and the use of excessively dry or wet wood (C-C3), both associated with 93% of these defects, are also highly probable causes. Causes from the group C-C Execution errors are highly represented in this sample of defects.
Defect D.2-S2 Cracking of elements and/or joints (possibly form substrate cracking) was present in 13 of the inspected pavements. An average of 5.5 probable causes (direct or indirect) were attributed to each of these defects. As Figure 8 shows, this defect was always considered to be associated with an inadequate fixing/fastening system (C-B2), differential substrate-WF movements (C-D1) and with the initial shrinkage and/or expansion of joint material (C-D4).
In Figure 8, data on probable causes of defect D.2-S3 Broken or splintered elements are also shown. This defect was detected in 14 floors, each associated with an average of 6.1 probable causes for their occurrence. No probable direct or indirect cause is associated with all these defects, and the sample presents a set of causes with an equal contribution to its appearance. Voids between wood pieces and bedding material (C‑C7) and shrinkage or expansion of bedding material (C-D3) are only sporadic causes. The main contributor is the group of causes C-D Exterior mechanical actions.
Defect D.2-S6 Moisture was identified in 12 WFs. An average of 2.2 probable causes were attributed to each. Environmental actions (C-F) and maintenance errors (C‑G) generate moisture. The most significant are WF humidification/rising damp (C-F3) and pipe ruptures near or over WF (C-G3), as shown in Figure 8. Poor or insufficient maintenance/cleaning works (C‑G2) are a less relevant cause.
There are 25 causes associated with more than 10% of surface functional defects (D.2-S). The cause most associated with these defects was C-B2 Inadequate fixing/fastening system, associated with 47% of defects.
Analyzing the causes for defect D-JI3 Change of joint size, it is evident in Figure 9 that causes belong to various groups of causes (C-A, C-B, C-C, C-D and C-F). The following four probable causes are associated with all these defects: inadequate wood drying (C‑A1), wood cutting not following wood fiber direction (C-A3), wrong design of joints between elements or with protruding elements (C-B1), and differential substrate-WF movements (C-D1). These causes are the most representative in the whole sample of defects on joints and interfaces (D-JI). D-JI3 defect was identified in 18 pavements, with an average of 7.6 probable causes attributed to each one.
Design errors (C-B) are associated with some of the main defects found in the sample. It agrees with the results of Ishak et al. (28), referring to the implications of design deficiency on the building's service life. Inefficient detailing, inadequate material selection and poor design for maintenance access, along with thermal movement, were considered the main implications of design fault on building maintenance. As mentioned, inefficient detailing affects mainly D.2-S1 Warping, swelling, or other flatness deficiencies, D.2‑S2 Cracking of elements and/or joints and D-JI3 Change of joint size. As for inadequate material selection, it is associated with D.1-S1 Staining or color change and D.1-S3 Scratches or wrinkles. These defects are highly frequent in the sample (D.1‑S3, D‑JI3 and D.1‑S1), which proves the importance of careful design, considering the dire consequences.
The inspection system of WF includes a proposal of inspection methods to better diagnose the detected defects (1). In some cases, these methods may be useful to describe the severity, extension and evolution of defects, which otherwise could not be assessed. They may also help to confirm the causes of defects. Eleven in situ diagnostic methods were considered, organized in four groups. In the inspection program, for each detected defect, an average of 1.7 diagnostic methods were recommended, taking the classification list of defects into account. Only 7% of the diagnostic methods indicated correspond to destructive tests, which is an acceptable number. Non-destructive diagnostic methods are preferred as they preserve the integrity of the cladding and, generally, have a lower cost, although sometimes only qualitative results are obtained.
The most prescribed method was T.1-ND3 Evaluation of other singularities. It was recommended for more than 50% of the detected defects (Figure 10). This diagnostic method associates the analyzed defect with other defects or with temporary environmental circumstances that may help to understand the pathological phenomena. Technically and financially, T.1-ND3 is a useful low-demanding method.
The diagnostic methods T.2-ND3 Moisture measurement (surface and/or environmental) and T.2-ND4 Temperature measurement (surface and/or environmental) were prescribed for more than 20% of the defects. As wood is a raw material sensitive to environmental conditions, it makes sense that temperature and moisture conditions are evaluated to diagnose the origin of an anomalous symptom.
For each defect identified in the inspection campaign an average of 1.5 repair techniques were prescribed. There are situations in which more than one technique is viable, the choice depending on costs and efficiency. Furthermore, the combination of repair techniques can be the best procedure in some cases, namely when preventive and curative actions should be considered. Moreover, 42% of the repair techniques were preventive (RP), i.e. they intend to eliminate the causes, and 58% were curative (RC), i.e. they intend to eliminate the defects.
Considering the sample of 98 wood floors, each floor should be subject to works considering an average of 3.6 repair techniques, since each floor presents an average of 2.44 defects. Repairs should be planned considering the floor as a whole, analyzing all defects and causes, and combining all necessary operations in a multiple-step intervention.
Observing Figure 11, there are two repair techniques that stand out. RC-B1 Removal/replacement of finishing layer was prescribed for 45% of the defects and RP-B1 Application of suitable finishing layer was prescribed for 36% of the defects. Both techniques refer to the WF surface, specifically to the finishing layer. So, as expected, in 31% of defects, both techniques were recommended, as their combination seems to be the correct approach. They were prescribed for all defects identified as D.1-S4 Wearing or detachment of the finishing layer, and they were also considered appropriate for 74% of D.1-S1 Staining or color change defects. RC-B1 was prescribed to 81% of D.1-S3 Scratches or wrinkles defects.
Nejad et al. (29) tested coated heat-treated and untreated wood samples used in flooring solutions. Scratch resistance was better in heat-treated samples, probably due to a shallow penetration of the coating, leading to a higher dry film thickness. Heat-treated coated wood samples also had a significantly lower color change after house-hold chemical tests. The application of an adequate finishing layer, combined with a proper wood treatment, may prevent scratches defects on WF, as well as stains or color changes.
As for other representative defects in the sample, RC-A6 Partial or total WF replacement and RC-C1 Partial or total replacement of bedding material were prescribed for all D.2-S4 Detachment of elements from substrate defects.
RC-A6 Partial or total WF replacement was considered suitable for all D.2-S3 Broken or splintered elements defects. Repair techniques RC-A3 Reinforcement with metal elements and RC-B2 Removal/replacement of corroded metal elements are also considered appropriate for 86% of D.2-S3 defects.
As for D.2-S6 Moisture, repair techniques RP-A2 Protection against physical-chemical agents (waterproofing and fire protection products) and RP-C1 Repair of defects in pipes are considered the most suitable, as they were prescribed for 75% and 83% of these defects, respectively.
An example of a relationship between defects and repair techniques in WF is shown in Table 1. This table includes the curative and preventive repair techniques that may be used in interventions in defect D.2-S5 - Rot (the techniques with a high correlation are underlined).
RC-A2 treatment of biodegradation Before any intervention, the damp source should be eliminated.
3. Rot mould - after determining the fungus type and identifying the degraded areas and corresponding severity levels, the damp source should be eliminated and the area ventilated; sanitation of wood piece and curative and preventive chemical impregnation by brushing*. For dry rot fungus, this treatment should be followed by the disinfestation of the area in a radius of two to three meters, by wood fumigation, and thermotherapy.
*Brushing allows onsite treatment but it is not an efficient method, given its shallow impregnation depth. In special cases, the damaged pieces can be taken offsite to an autoclave for impregnation under vacuum and then moved back to the construction site.
RC-A4 reinforcement with composite elements The consolidation of WF is made via the sanitation of degraded wood and its replacement by epoxide resins.
4. Replacement of bedding layer and placement of new pieces allowing for intermediate joints in the periphery of the new area.
In the areas of the substrate with stress concentration, the new bedding layer should include a glass-fibre net in order to degrade the stress between the substrate and wood pieces.
3. Replacement of finishing layer with a solution suitable for final use.
In order to guarantee an acceptable aesthetical appearance, the intervention should include all the room area.
The analysis presented allowed outlining the degradation profile of a statistically significant sample of WF in existing buildings. Such an analysis is very important for suppliers, designers, installers and users, as all need to learn from previous mistakes in order to improve the construction quality of WF.
Different expert systems for the evaluation of defects in buildings already exist, but, in terms of scope and aim, no similar research work has been found in the specialized literature. Thus, the data analysis presented in this paper is innovative and robust, as it is supported by a statistically significant validation work. The inspection program included 98 wood floorings (WF) with defects, a sample diverse in age, building typology and WF system. It was essential to validate the inspection procedure and confirm the initial theoretical presuppositions, while developing the inspection and diagnosis system. It is expected that the systematic approach used in the presented inspection campaign can help future inspection procedures to be more objective and, at the same time, standardized, based on a consistent working database for the prevention and repair of similar defects.
The analysis of the collected data highlighted the most frequent defects and its causes. Scratches and wrinkles were the most detected defect, highly associated with external mechanical actions. In fact, external mechanical actions and execution errors were the main causes of detected defects. In this context, it is clear that more attention needs to be paid to a good choice of materials, namely finishes need to be adequate to use requirements and the fixing/fastening system needs to be carefully considered at an early stage. At the production phase, wood needs to be dried properly, and while in use, WF need regular specific maintenance.
Further collection of data on WF defects will enable building a wider sample and precise degradation models.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of CERIS-ICIST from IST, University of Lisbon, and FCT, Foundation for Science and Technology.
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22. Merino, F. (1998) Pathology and intervention techniques, Volume 3 - Structural elements. Cap. III - Recovery of wood structures. Pathology of wood (in Spanish). Departamento de Construcción y Tecnología Arquitectónicas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Editorial Munilla-Lería, Madrid, Spain, 255–276.
23. Baar, J.; Debnáriková, V.; Rademacher, P. (2015) Influence of surface damage on moisture behavior and decay susceptibility of film faced plywood. Pro Ligno 11, 253–259.
26. Ransom, W.H. (1987) Building failures: diagnosis and avoidance. Spon Press, Second edition, UK.


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Sundance 2015: Jack Black's 'The D-Train' is the Ultimate Bromance
Over the past decade, we've seen the rise of the bromance, mostly popularized by Seth Rogen and James Franco with films like Pineapple Express and The Interview, or even Jonah Hill with Michael Cera and Channing Tatum in Superbad and 21 Jump Street repectively. But the new indie The D-Train starring Jack Black and James Marsden takes the bromantic comedy to a whole new level, and it makes for an absolutely hilarious and wild ride. If you want to keep aspects of this comedy in the dark (which I recommend), then stop reading after the fourth paragraph and then just come back for the final paragraph.
Dan Landsman (Black) is one of those guys who just tries too hard, and it really gets on the nerves of most people, especially those on the high school alumni committee who are having trouble rounding up people to attend the 20-year reunion. Dan keeps giving himself nicknames like D-Fresh, and is far too controlling with the high school reunion's Facebook page password, and it's things like that which keeps the crew from inviting him out for drinks. His wife (Kathryn Hahn) clearly feels sorry for him, especially since his lack of confidence and social life has turned him into a poor source of inspiration for their teenage son.
But Landsman is suddenly invigorated with new energy and a plan that will turn him into a hero in the eyes of his peers when he notices that former classmate Oliver Lawless (James Marsden) is in a Banana Boat suntan lotion commercial. Immediately thinking Lawless is a Hollywood hotshot, he believes if Lawless attends the reunion, it will get the rest of the graduated class on board. So he concocts a fake business deal to get his old-fashioned technological impaired boss Bill (Jeffrey Tambor) to let him go to California, just so he can convince Lawless to go to the reunion.
The premise is certainly illogical, but those problems are far from thought with Black and Marsden on screen, and the comedy that comes from Bill accompanying Dan on the faux business trip at the last minute makes you forget about just how poor and destructive of a plan D-Money has crafted. Black makes for the perfect ingratiating townie while Marsden steals the movie as just the right amount of Hollywood douchebag in Lawless, though he's not really a successful actor, stuck living a dumpy one bedroom apartment. And while the escalation of the fake plan, which results in Lawless posing as an interested business partner, is funny on its own, the surprising development of Dan and Lawless' relationship is what takes this bromance to another level.
*Note: I recommend seeing this movie without knowing the next plot point. It's your choice!*
The game-changer comes after a night of partying in Los Angeles, which includes heavy drinking and some cocaine and weed, Dan crashes at Lawless' place, where the two end the night with a surprising hook up, complete with an intense make out session. Let me be clear, it's not the thought of two guys making out that brings a fit of laughter, but it's the sight of the handsome Marsden ripping open Black's shirt, revealing his beer belly and kissing him passionately that is a riot. The characters and actors themselves couldn't be more mismatched on a number of levels, so seeing them in this romantic fashion is outrageous and funny as hell.
From there, everything just snowballs in the worst way possible, and things just get worse for Dan. The film gets increasingly silly, but never to the point that this feels like one of Adam Sandler's awful comedies. It's never slapsticky, and it doesn't go for cheap laughs. Sexual double entendres are used sparingly and to great effect, but honestly, what keeps the film on the rails is Marsden. The actor never plays the character over-the-top, and keeps everyone else's feet on the ground, even Black, who occasionally borders on taking his character to a caricature level of acting.
Jarrad Paul and Andrew Mogel make their directing debut from a script they wrote themselves, and they've weaved a fun, darker comedy that doesn't just rely on Dan's emotional and sexual attraction to a classmate he admires for seemingly having the life of which he could only dream. Instead, these confusing feelings are combined with the increasingly worrisome fake business deal, and every scene involving that subplot finds Tambor being the perfect clueless boss, trusting in Dan at every turn. Marsden's performance steals the movie, but not enough can be said about how truly funny Tambor is in this movie as well.
The D-Train has the best straight-up comedic performance from Jack Black since School of Rock. Meanwhile, James Marsden makes a good argument for why he should be doing comedies pretty much all the time, playing his character with the right amount of self-aware parody to make it that much more endearing. Paul & Mogel have put together a comedy that is vastly superior to their previous big screen scripting work on Yes Man, and The D-Train is an admirable, bold directorial debut that should make the duo quite the commodity when it comes to directing in the comedy world.
Find more posts: Review, Sundance 15
Thank you for saving me from seeing this schlock.
txJM on Jan 25, 2015
I am definitely seeing this movie.
Jellin027 on May 8, 2015

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Copyright (C) 2000 by Ben Olmstead.


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Part of HuffPost Science. ©2021 Verizon Media. All rights reserved.
Scott Barry Kaufman, Contributor
Scientific Director, The Imagination Institute
The Mind of the Prodigy
Prodigies dazzle us with their virtuoso violin concertos, seemingly prescient chess moves, and vivid paintings. While their work would be enough to impress us if they were 40, prodigies typically reach adult levels of performance in rule-based domains such as chess, art, and music before the age of 10.
Their performances are hard to explain from a purely deliberate-practice perspective. While it's true that many prodigies receive support, resources, and encouragement from parents and coaches early on, their support is typically the result of a demonstrated "rage to learn," as prodigy expert Martha J. Morelock refers to the phenomenon. The reason why they are so driven to deliberately practice in their domain requires explaining.
A new study in the journal Intelligence sheds some new light on prodigies. Psychologist Joanne Ruthsatz and violin virtuoso Jourdan Urbach adminstered the latest edition of the Stanford-Binet IQ test to nine prominent child prodigies who have all been featured on national and international television programs. Most of the children reached professional-level performance in their domain by the age of 10, and their chosen domains were notably rule-based. There was one art prodigy, one math prodigy, four musical prodigies, one prodigy who switched from music to gastronomy, and another prodigy who switched from music to art.
Looking at all eight children together, they found some striking findings. The first thing they noticed is the wide range of IQ scores -- from 108 to 147. Consistent with the earlier work of David Henry Feldman and Martha Morelock, it appears that a high IQ is not necessary to be a prodigy. More telling, however, were the subtest scores. All of the prodigies showed uneven cognitive profiles. In fact, one prodigy obtained a total IQ score of 108 and a visual spatial IQ score of 71, which is worse than 97 percent of the general population. That didn't prevent him from winning a prestigious award for his jazz improvisational abilities, becoming the youngest person ever to perform with a well-known musician at one of the best know music venues in America! He also scored three films without any formal composition lessons. Again, this is consistent with prior research showing that balanced cognitive test profiles are more the exception than the rule among academically precocious students as well as students who are precocious in art and music.
More striking is that every single prodigy scored off the charts in working memory -- better than 99 percent of the general population. In fact, six out of the eight prodigies scored at the 99.9th percentile! Working memory isn't solely the ability to memorize a string of digits. That's short-term memory. Instead, working memory involves the ability to hold information in memory while being able to manipulate and process other incoming information. On the Stanford-Binet IQ test, working memory is measured in both the verbal and non-verbal domains and includes tasks such as processing sentences while having to remember the last word of each sentence, and recalling the location of blocks and numbers in the correct order in which they were presented. There have been many descriptions of the phenomenal working memory of prodigies, including a historical description of Mozart that involves his superior ability to memorize musical pieces and manipulate scores in his head.
Of course, the million-dollar question is this: How did all the prodigies develop such a high working memory? Florida State University psychologist K. Anders Ericsson and his colleagues argue that experts acquire their superior memory skills by gradually building up an elaborate, well-connected database of knowledge in long-term memory that is always on call. Experts then quickly link the current contents of short-term memory to this database, making the short-term memories more vivid and meaningful. Deeper memory encoding makes it much easier to access memories when they are cued at a later time. The proof in the pudding is that people can be trained to increase their memories dramatically for seemingly random bits of information by making the information meaningful. Most memory champions have spent years deliberately practicing techniques such as the method of loci to increase their memories for random strings of digits, numbers, faces, and even decks of cards.
But can the deliberate learning of memory techniques explain the high working memory of prodigies? Presumably, the prodigies in the current study weren't trying to win a memory championship. Instead, they were far more interested in mastering music or art. One of the prodigies in the study reported that he sometimes pretends to not remember things, because he found that people become uncomfortable with his prodigious memory. "People assume I must be thinking about them 24/7 when I am not," he noted. "It's just that I can remember every detail of the past." In their terrific book Superior Memory, Elizabeth Wilding and John Wilding present cases of superior memory performance that are not easily explained through the use of deliberate strategies.
So maybe there's more to this story. Intriguingly, the work of Ruthsatz and her colleagues suggests another important piece of this puzzle may involve autism. Individuals with autism-spectrum condition (ASC) are typically characterized by social, communicative, and motor impairments. In an earlier, preliminary study, Ruthsatz found that both the first-degree families of individuals with autism and the first-degree families of prodigies in her sample displayed three out of five common traits of autism: impaired social skills, impaired ability to switch attention, and heightened attention to detail. This intrigued her, so she decided to look for autism in her current sample of prodigies.
Lo and behold, while about one in every 88 children in the United States is diagnosed with autism, four out of the eight prodigies in the current study had family members who either had an autism diagnosis or had a first- or second-degree relative with an autism diagnosis. Additionally, three of the prodigies had already been diagnosed with autism, and as a group they showed higher levels of autistic traits compared with a control group consisting of people weren't prodigies (but scored only slightly higher than those with high-functioning autism, or Asperger's). While the large majority of people with autism weren't child prodigies, these results are suggestive that there is a prevalence of autism among prodigies. One particular autistic-like trait stood out, however: attention to detail. This trait was higher among the prodigies than either the control group or those with high-functioning autism.
The only other group of individuals known for their dazzling displays of memory in rule-based domains such art, music, and calendar calculating are prodigious savants. There are fewer than 100 known prodigious savants alive today. A major difference between savants and prodigies is that savants display high ability in the presence of great disability. Often that disability is severe, debilitating autism that impairs language and communication so much that it leaves an "island of genius" (although Daniel Tammet is an interesting and rare exception, in that he has highly functional autism as well as synesthesia). Ruthsatz and Urbach suggest that prodigies may have some sort of "modifier" that prevents them from displaying the more severe deficits seen in most savants.
Both prodigies and savants demonstrate extreme attention to detail, exceptional memories, and high ability in rule-based domains. This is probably not a coincidence, as all of these characteristics are associated with talent in these domains. But how? First of all, there's no such thing as "innate talent." No one is born with fully developed traits. That's not how genes work. It is possible, however, that prodigies are born with genetic variants that relate to various tendencies, including an attentional focus on details and a brain-network wiring that supports an enhanced encoding of new memories. This could explain why prodigies and savants frequently report that they were attracted early on to domains that deal with systems, and why many also display -- even in infancy -- an enhanced ability to maintain mental representations (although there's some evidence that the working memory of prodigies is most enhanced in the symbol systems that interest them the most, such as mathematical or linguistic stimuli). After just a few years of obsessive focus, prodigies build up rich long-term memory structures that allow them to assimilate and learn new information faster and faster. This could also explain their enhanced ability to manipulate information in their heads.
While it's particularly important to build these knowledge structures in youth when the brain is at its most plastic state of development, life isn't a zero-sum game. Just because prodigies exist doesn't mean life is hopeless if you weren't a prodigy. There is research showing the positive benefits of working-memory training, and there is even new tentative evidence that synesthesia can be trained. In a wide range of fields, especially ones that require leadership and creativity, the number of elite experts who weren't child prodigies far outnumber those who were. Late blooming is possible.
In any field there appears to be more to exceptional performance than just superior memory, attention to detail, and deliberate practice. Prodigies who grow up to become the superstars of their fields have additional traits that make them stand out. Consider cellist Jacqueline du Pré. Every time I hear her play the Elgar cello concerto, I am moved to tears. Sure, part of her story is superior memory. When du Pré was given the Elgar concerto by her teacher when she was only 13, not only did she memorize the concerto in four days but she was described by her teacher William Pleeth as performing it "almost impeccably." But that can't be the whole story. Her performances were truly breathtaking. They were much, much more than superior memory and virtuoso skill. They were sensitive, lush, expressive, and playful. Her personality shines through in all of her performances. There also appears to be a great harmony between her and the cello, suggesting that music in general, and the cello in particular, may be a particularly good fit for her unique constellation of traits.
I'll leave you with one of her earlier performances of the Elgar, not only as a reminder of the depth of some prodigies but as a reminder of what may be possible with such dedication and intensity.
© 2012 by Scott Barry Kaufman.
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2020 Tied As Hottest Year On Record, NASA Confirms Trump's Parting Clemency List: Steve Bannon, Lil Wayne And More Pence's Farewell Message Contains A Glaring Omission And People Have Noticed Secret Service File Details Investigation Into John Mulaney 'SNL' Monologue
Trump's Parting Clemency List: Steve Bannon, Lil Wayne And More Pence's Farewell Message Contains A Glaring Omission And People Have Noticed Secret Service File Details Investigation Into John Mulaney 'SNL' Monologue Trump's Final Daily Schedule Is Out, And Twitter Users Cheer: 'Bye, Felicia!'
Science Experts Iq Working Memory Intelligence


Our friends from the Audi Nines recently launched a new web series, which will provide an exclusive look behind the scenes of the making off the event. From the office to the building process, the media crew behind the event and much more.
The first episode takes you into their Innsbruck office, where all the magic is born. Come and dive in, in the player above.
Make sure to subscribe to their YouTube channel for more!
Additionally, we will show you all their new Become A Nine clips on Tuesday.


If the Lord's Prayer is our model, then prayer begins and ends with praise. "Hallowed be thy name . . . Thine be the kingdom, the power, and the glory." If the Psalter is our guide, then the devotional life begins and ends with praise. If the book of Ephesians is any indication, then the whole process of salvation begins and ends with praise, for election and predestination were done "to the praise of the glory of his grace" (Eph. 1:6). Certainly praise is what took place in Israel after their great deliverance at the Red Sea.
This passage gives us the first recorded example of public corporate worship, by the nation or church as opposed to the individual or family, in the Bible. It was led by Moses himself as God's prophet and lawgiver, and it is quoted or alluded to by both testaments. Psalm 118 was sung by worshipers in procession to the Temple. Verse 14 quotes Ex. 15:2. Revelation 15:3 shows that this song will be part of worship in heaven. All these facts make this a determinative pattern for the worship of God by his people throughout not only time but also eternity. It shows that worship gives glory to God by celebrating not only his mighty acts of deliverance but also his nature and character from which those acts flow. It shows that this is done through poetry and song, including the use of musical instruments, and even dance. And both its content-heavy form and its repeated use in the rest of Scripture show the centrality of the Word in worship. There is more to worship than this as the concept is more fully developed by the rest of Scripture (neither Sacrament nor Sermon nor petitionary Prayer are mentioned here), but there is never less. It is a determinative pattern for worship for all of time and eternity. Let us never let our own celebrations fall short of it.
One interesting thing about this worship service is that the whole nation sang the song together. With neither printing presses nor overhead projectors, how did such a large group of people learn these words and get that coordinated so quickly? Probably they used the call-and-response method still followed in some black churches, and many African churches, today. Moses led out with a line of verse, and then the people repeated it. It enabled them to all participate together without chaos, and it drove home the message as well. There is something significant about God's people praising his name together.
Not only the children of Israel and the church praise God together as a choir. The angels, the cherubim and seraphim, and the elders in heaven all set us this example. And this is both pleasing to God and beneficial to us. It pleases God because it allows us to express simultaneously our praise of him and our unity in harmony as a Body as we do it. And the expression and, by expressing, the reinforcement of that praise and that unity is good for us as well. We need to be reminded, but more, we need to enact these things symbolically so that we can grasp and participate more fully in the reality. But there is a third reason why we do this: not only is it pleasing to God and beneficial to us, but it also is effective in presenting the Good News to the world. Think of the grand choruses of Handel's "Messiah": "For unto us a child is born"; "Worthy is the Lamb that was slain"; "Hallelujah!" The arias and recitatives convey important content, but it takes the full choir to convey the majesty and glory of God along with that content. We also become a picture of one of the outcomes of salvation when we sing in this way: unity in harmony on the part of people who may be natural enemies apart from the work of this God in their lives. The Church should sing in unison and harmony because it should be living in unison and harmony even when it is not singing. "By this shall all men know that you are my disciples, if you love one another."
Another important realization that comes from looking at the Church is this way is the assurance that you are not alone. You may feel isolated and marginalized in society; you may feel like a single voice crying in the wilderness. But the reality is that we are all in this business of celebrating the glory of God and broadcasting his praises abroad together. And not just we: the saints of the past who are now in heaven are also adding their voices. The ones who left behind their books can be heard still singing even now, even with our physical ears. But learn to listen with the ears of the spirit. And then you can hear your own voice as part of the great choir of praise that is going up from every corner of the globe and every period of time. As you learn to hear that choir, to blend your voice with it, then even you little voice becomes a thing of power that can shake the very foundations of Hell.
Let us learn to see the Church as a part of the great choir that includes angels and archangels and all the heavenly host. Let us see our meetings as rehearsals for the day when all these voices will be joined and as concerts in which the beauty of our Master's character and the wonder of his Grace and the joy of the Deliverance he has wrought for us are communicated to the world. Then the Church will function as it was designed to function; then the Lord will be praised as we cannot praise him in isolation; and then the Gospel will be heard as it deserves to be heard. "And he shall reign for ever and ever." Amen.


Analysis of Steady Flow Over Interacting Sails - Register, David S. and Irey, Richard K.
Marine Electronic Navigation- A General Overview - Closs, Thomas H., Jr.
Sailing Yacht Capsizing - Kirkman, Karl L., Nagle, Toby J., and Salsich, Joseph O.
Design and Engineering Aspects of Free-Standing Masts - Sponberg, Eric W.
FRP Bottom Blistering - Fraser-Harris, A.B.F., COM and Kyle, James H.


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Tech Sessions
Simple Minds Announce New Album and 60-Date European Tour
Simple Minds has announced their first new studio album in over 5 years. "Big Music" will mark the Scottish rockers' 17th album release when it's released on November 3rd.
So far the only track available from the record is "Blindfolded" which was unveiled back in June with an official music video (see below).
The album will be accompanied by a lengthy European tour which will see the band perform extensively across the UK following a run of dates which will see them perform in Portugal, Spain, France, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Norway before heading back to the UK to complete the tour.
A special U.K. ticket-and-album-bundle presale begins at SimpleMinds.com on 10 a.m. Wednesday, with general on-sale of all tour dates following at 10 a.m. Friday.
Below, check out the band's full tour itinerary.
Simple Minds tour dates:
Feb. 7: Coliseum, Lisbon, Portugal
Feb. 8: Coliseum, Porto, Portugal
Feb. 9: Teatro Nuevo Apolo, Madrid, Spain
Feb. 11: Zenith, Nantes, France
Feb. 12: Gayant Expo, Douai, France
Feb. 13: Amphitheatre 300, Lyon, France
Feb. 14: Volkshaus, Zurich, Switzerland
Feb. 16: Salle de Fetes de Thonex, Geneva, Switzerland
Feb. 17: Rockhal, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Feb. 18: Capitol, Hannover, Germany
Feb. 20: Pier 2, Bremen, Germany
Feb. 21: Emsland Arena, Lingen, Germany
Feb. 23: Theatrehaus, Stuttgart, Germany
Feb. 24: Palladium, Cologne, Germany
Feb. 27: Jovel Music Hall, Muenster, Germany
Feb. 28: Konzerhalle, Olsberg, Germany
March 3: Kongress Palais Stadthalle, Kassel, Germany
March 4: Schalchthof, Wiesbaden, Germany
March 6: Haus Aeunsee, Leipzig, Germany
March 7: Tollhaus, Karlsruhe, Germany
March 8: Tonhalle, Munich, Germany
March 10: Train, Aarhus, Denmark
March 11: Posten, Odense, Denmark
March 12: Falkoner Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
March 14: Conventum Arena, Orebro, Sweden
March 15: Munchenbryggeriet, Stockholm, Sweden
March 16: Lisebergshallen, Gothenburg, Sweden
March 18: Sentrum Scene, Oslo, Norway
March 19: USF Rokeriet, Bergen, Norway
March 20: Zetlitz Stavanger Konserthus, Stavanger, Norway
March 27: Grimsby Auditorium, Grimsby, UK
March 28: Llandudno Arena, Llandudno, UK
March 30: Victoria Hall, Stoke, UK
March 31: De Montford Hall, Leicester, UK
April 2: Empire Theatre, Liverpool, UK
April 3: Opera House, Blackpool, UK
April 4: The Spa, Bridlington, UK
April 6: City Hall, Newcastle, UK
April 7: Usher Hall, Edinburgh, UK
April 8: Concert Hall, Perth, UK
April 10: O2 Apollo, Manchester, UK
April 11: O2 Academy 1, Birmingham, UK
April 12: City Hall, Sheffield, UK
April 14: Dome, Brighton, UK
April 15: Guildhall, Portsmouth, UK
April 17: Pavilions, Plymouth, UK
April 18: Motorpoint Arena, Cardiff, UK
April 19: O2 Academy, Bournemouth, UK
April 21: Corn Exchange, Cambridge, UK
April 22: The Nick Rayns LCR UEA, Norwich, UK
April 24: Winter Gardens, Margate, UK
April 25: Cliffs Pavilion, Southend, UK
April 26: New Theatre, Oxford, UK
April 28: G Live, Guildford, UK
April 29: Colston Hall, Bristol, UK
April 30: The Hexagon, Reading, UK
May 2: Oasis, Swindon, UK
May 3: Royal Concert Hall, Nottingham, UK
May 4: Regent, Ipswich, UK
Top Earning Reformed Bands Revealed
Simple Minds to Release New Live Album from 5X5 Tour
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Mandy Green is awesome, caring, and the best. She always takes care of me. She listens, she is very caring. I can talk to her about anything. She cares, that's all I can say about her.
Outstanding. Ms. Green exceeds by far any health care individual I have encountered in my 91 years.
Mandy explained everything to the full extent.
She was and is great.
Always most helpful and considerate.
I don't just go thru this survey and click "very good". I truly mean the answers that I give, Mandy Green is always helpful, concerned and listens carefully to me and takes her time to hear what I have to say and we talk about changes if necessary or not.
I trust my life with Mandy..
Mandy Green is an Outstanding Care Provider. I find her unusually observant and caring. she is extremely knowledgeable and I am very glad to have her on my side.
Mandy is compassionate and caring. She really makes one feel at ease and that they are heard. Great listener!
*Mandy is very kind and courtesy.


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[email protected]Call now (919) 967-0504
Amos Tyndall
Thomas Maher
Professional Misconduct
Thomas Maher is an experienced criminal litigation lawyer, who has handled complex appeals, trials and post-conviction cases in state and federal court.
Thomas began practicing as a criminal defense attorney in North Carolina after spending two years clerking for a federal appellate judge. Thomas has appeared in state and federal court on charges that range from DWI to capital murder, handling trials, appeals and post-conviction cases. He served as co-counsel in the high-profile defense of Michael Peterson, featured in the documentary The Staircase. In addition to many years as a litigator, Thomas also served as Executive Director of the Center for Death Penalty Litigation, and as Executive Director for the North Carolina Office of Indigent Defense Services, the agency that supports public defense in North Carolina. Thomas received the Friend of the Court award, which is the highest award from the North Carolina court system. He teaches trial practice skills to law students at Duke University School of Law and teaches lawyers through the National Institute of Trial Advocacy. He has been listed in Best Lawyers in America and is AV rated in Martindale-Hubbell.
Federal and state appeals and post-conviction
White collar and other complex cases
Criminal and civil fraud cases
Federal and state serious drug cases
Murder charges
Grand jury and other investigations
Northwestern University, BA in American Culture. 1979
University of North Carolina School of Law, JD, with high honors. 1982
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Naval website which specializes in art of German U-Boats and associated German military naval prints. All German U-Boats depicted in naval art prints published by Cranston Fine Arts. The Military and naval Art Company, Many of these art prints are only available direct form these websites.


PASSsystem 20:20 Edition Shipping Now!
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2015: This year saw hundreds of care providers implement the PASSsystem to ensure greater safety for their service users and staff, and improved efficiencies in their businesses. By this point, it had already become the most popular care management platform in the UK.
2016: The PASSsystem platform opens to roster providers, giving care businesses the freedom to choose their software partners and integrate their care planning solution with the roster provider of their choice. The PASSsystem extended care information transparency to family members, care professionals and commissioners with the launch of openPASS, another mobile first.
2017: PASSsystem launches to the residential care space, challenging the traditional use of inefficient and insecure paper-based processes. Drawing on the skills of what is now the largest dedicated engineering team in the care technology sphere, PASSsystem continues to develop ground-breaking functionality and grow its user-base. PASSsystem is now established as the industry standard in mobile care management.
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And now, for 2019, we are excited to announce the launch of the PASSsystem 20:20 Edition with INSIGHT Dashboards. For the first time, we can now provide care managers with an even more detailed, clear vision and knowledge of their service users, their staff and their own businesses. Another transformational event in the delivery of care and advanced functionality from the future of care - available to care businesses now!
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Incomplete, inaccurate or uninformative care notes can fill files and files, but do they serve any purpose in the real world?
How well do you really know Mrs Jones?
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Titans finish second in regular season of IFL
The Tiyan Titans defeated the JFK Islanders 14-0 in IFL action, allowing them to finish second in the IFL regular season.
Titans finish second in regular season of IFL The Tiyan Titans defeated the JFK Islanders 14-0 in IFL action, allowing them to finish second in the IFL regular season. Check out this story on guampdn.com: http://www.guampdn.com/story/sports/high-school/2017/10/08/titans-finish-second-regular-season/742380001/
Kasmira Engichy, Pacific Daily News Published 6:10 p.m. ChT Oct. 8, 2017
Tyler Pangelinan kicks the ball off for the Tiyan High Titans during their Interscholastic Football League game at Okkodo High School Field on Oct. 7, 2017.(Photo: Frank San Nicolas/PDN)
The Tiyan High School Titans edged past the John F. Kennedy High School Islanders 14-0 in their Interscholastic Football League match up on Saturday night at the Okkodo High School Football Field in Dededo.
Last week the Titans won their homecoming game 21-12 over the Simon Sanchez Sharks. The Islanders, who held their homecoming on Saturday, recently defeated the Southern High Dolphins 28-7.
The two teams were vying for crucial standings that will affect their playoff match ups. If the Islanders had won, they would have taken the second place spot and the Titans would take the fourth place spot. But with Tiyan's win, they are now in second place with a record of 5-2.
"We beat GW and GW lost today to FD today so what's happening is that we finish with the same record but because we beat GW 17-0, it put us above them," said Dan Cepeda, Titans head coach. "So I told them all week that JFK is not going to give it to us, we have to get it from them. And our offense was sputtering today but we have other people and we have the mentality to bend but not break. We were bending a little but we didn't break."
The Titans scored an early touchdown off a JFK Islanders fumble in the first quarter. A JFK ball carrier fumbled the ball and Tino Muna of the Titans hit the ball out to Mark Laanan who ran the ball for a touchdown. The extra point by Tyler Pangelinan was good and brought the score to 7-0.
Just a few minutes later on an Islanders ball possession, Justin Camacho of the Islanders fumbled the ball and Tiyan recovered.
Then, still in the first qurter, the Titans Andrew Blas caught a 19-yard TD off a Kobe Quiambao pass. Pangelinan added the PAT and the Titans gained bigger lead on the Islanders, 14-0.
At the half, the score remained 14-0 and it would remain so for the rest of the game.
The second half became a defensive battle between the Titans and Islanders with the Titans preventing any scores by JFK. The Titans made it down field but missed a FG attempt.
The Islanders also played well on defense pushing back against the Titans offense including a sack by Chase Spotanski. However, it wasn't enough to get the win and the Titans set themselves up nicely for playoffs.
Tiyan High's Andrew Blas (11) makes a catch against the John F. Kennedy Islanders during their Interscholastic Football League game at Okkodo High School Field on Oct. 7, 2017. (Photo: Frank San Nicolas/PDN)
"The key thing is that the Titan players wanted something. The last two years, we had dwellers and nobody wanted to believe in these guys," said Cepeda. "When we first met in July, I told them if you they continued to come to practice and put in the work and although we started the season 0-2, the first game was a fluke but they learned and got better. So the key is these players staying together and continuing to come to practice and just putting in the work because this is the end result — who would have believed that."
"In the beginning of the season, nobody believed that we were going to be the number two. And with this team we don't sugarcoat, we just tell it like it is. They got my back and I got theirs."
Key players on the Titans defense were also proud of their team on finishing their season in good standing.
"It was a crucial game and it was a good game," said Laanan, who plays corner back. "My senior year season was lit. We proved all the people who doubted us wrong and showed that we can be a good team too. We will keep working hard and I want to thank my teammates for picking me up on defense and the offense too."
"We played hard and it feels great to be a part of the rising team and it feel amazing," finished linebacker Muna.
IFL: Titans and Islanders face-off
John F. Kennedy's Juan Sarmiento stiff-arms a Tiyan High player on a run during their Interscholastic Football League game at Okkodo High School Field on Oct. 7, 2017. Frank San Nicolas/PDN
Tiyan's Fred Lumogda II (15) takes down John F. Kennedy player Deante Delgado during their Interscholastic Football League game at Okkodo High School Field on Oct. 7, 2017. Frank San Nicolas/PDN
Tiyan High's Andrew Blas (11) makes a catch against the John F. Kennedy Islanders during their Interscholastic Football League game at Okkodo High School Field on Oct. 7, 2017. Frank San Nicolas/PDN
The John F. Kennedy Islanders met the Tiyan High Titans for Interscholastic Football League action at Okkodo High School Field on Oct. 7, 2017. Frank San Nicolas/PDN
John F. Kennedy islander Justin Camacho (6) sprints toward the endzone against the Tiyan Titans during their Interscholastic Football League game at Okkodo High School Field on Oct. 7, 2017. Frank San Nicolas/PDN
Tiyan Titans player Kiomasa Kaminanga (23) makes a tackle on Islanders player Justin Camacho (6) during their Interscholastic Football League game at Okkodo High School Field on Oct. 7, 2017. Frank San Nicolas/PDN
John F Kennedy's Deante Delgado runs the ball against the Tiyan Titans during their Interscholastic Football League game at Okkodo High School Field on Oct. 7, 2017. Frank San Nicolas/PDN
John F. Kennedy quarterback Raymon Sebastian (1) hands the ball off to a teammate during their Interscholastic Football League game at Okkodo High School Field on Oct. 7, 2017. Frank San Nicolas/PDN
John F. Kennedy's Justin Camacho (6) carries the ball against the Tiyan Titans during their Interscholastic Football League game at Okkodo High School Field on Oct. 7, 2017. Frank San Nicolas/PDN
Tyler Pangelinan kicks the ball off for the Tiyan High Titans during their Interscholastic Football League game at Okkodo High School Field on Oct. 7, 2017. Frank San Nicolas/PDN
John F. Kennedy's Aiden Quitugua blows by a Tiyan High defender during their Interscholastic Football League game at Okkodo High School Field on Oct. 7, 2017. Frank San Nicolas/PDN
John F. Kennedy quarterback Raymon Sebastian (1) prepares to pass against the Tiyan High Titans during their Interscholastic Football League game at Okkodo High School Field on Oct. 7, 2017. Frank San Nicolas/PDN
The Score: The Brothers King
Guam's stars ready for Marianas Cup
Follow PDN reporter Kasmira Engichy on Twitter @kasmiraengichy for live game updates and follow the Pacific Daily News on Facebook/GuamPDN and Instagram @guampdn.
Debold discusses public schools' exit from IIAAG
Team New Zealand relishes time on Guam
Team Guam's basketball team faces exciting 2020
Bumachacha, Dudus take titles in Magahaga tourney
NZ leads tourney with 3-1 record, Guam now 2-1
NZ earns title game shot at Oceania qualifier


In addition, eHarmony has emailed all users whose passwords were confirmed stolen.
You can read about the eHarmony hack attack via the Online Dating Magazine story, "eHarmony.com Passwords Stolen".
Note: If your password was stolen and you use that same password on other sites, we highly recommend that you change the password on those sites as well.
(May 25, 2012) YouTube's lack of username spam reporting is resulting in tens of thousands of spam videos appearing on YouTube, with most going undetected for years, if ever. The result is irrelevant searches on the service that allow spammers to thrive.
YouTube not only prevents people from reporting a username for mass spam, but if you start flagging their spam videos one by one, after the third video YouTube forces you to start filling out a CAPTCHA form, thus insuring that you stop reporting spam videos. YouTube's lack of interest in combating spam is making the service less user-friendly and opening the doors for other video sites/services that put more of an emphasis on spam prevention and allow users to interact with staff to combat the problem.
(May 25, 2012) Now through memorial day, eHarmony is doing another free communication weekend event where those signed up can communicate with others without having to have a paid membership. The deal does come with some drawbacks, however, as non-paid members will not be able to see photos or take their communications straight to email. eHarmony has been regularly offering the free communication weekend events for nearly a decade. The free communication weekend events gain new members and spikes in memberships follow the events as people want to take communications further. Thanks to Memorial Day, this is a 4-day free communication weekend event instead of a 3-day one.
(February 23, 2012) Online Dating Magazine, a publication and watchdog group for online daters and singles, has issued its first ever urgent warning dealing with a new variation on the romance scam. Online Dating Magazine says that scammers have started using fake Webcam footage to convince people that they are a "real" person. The scammers spend weeks taking Webcam footage from chats with unsuspecting people. They then save the footage then use it in Webcam chats with people they are trying to scam.
This is a scary evolution of the romance scam which is already the #1 money-making scam online costing victims hundreds of millions of dollars a year worldwide. Now scammers can suggest (or initiate) a Webcam chat with you. They simply use fake video footage they've obtained and memorized. They type when the persona types and they can bookmark parts of the footage to instantly appear (i.e. the person starts laughing). They can also pause the video and attribute it to a "connection" problem when there is a need to.
This is very serious and the biggest advancement ever in the romance scam. Please help spread the word! Online Dating Magazine has been in existence for 8 years and this is the first time they've ever issued an "urgent warning".
> According to Online Dating Magazine there are 280,000 marriages a year as a result of people who met on an online dating service.
> The two "giants" in the online dating industry are Match.com and eHarmony.
>5% of all Internet users have paid to use an online dating service.
You can read all of the statistic here.
MIT Professor Sherry Turkle has released a new book titled Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other in which she contends that using social networking sites like Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter (along with social enabled cell phones) are making you "less human". Her new book contends that the more humans turn their attention to computers, social networking, and cell phones, the more robotic we become as a society. Society will one day will share emotion more with computers and robots than other humans which can be dangerous. While people assume that social networking sites are building human relationships, it's the opposite according to Turkle. We are building relationships with computers and technology – not humans. In essence, the more dependent we become on technology, the less human we become. Technology is teaching us to avoid human relationships versus improving our relationships with each other.
(Online Dating News Blog) Online Dating Magazine launched in July 2003 as a free independent publication for online daters and singles. From the first day of the launch to January 2010, Online Dating Magazine had the same look. In January 2010, the publication underwent a complete transformation. The site is not only completely different visually, but it also includes many new interactive elements. For example, every page now has its own commenting system so that you can comment on the article you just read, video you watched, or cartoon you laughed at. In addition, the publication is conducting monthly polls to get Online Dating Magazine reader insight into various issues. For example, for January the poll was "Which Online Dating Service Do You Think is the Best?" The February poll asks what the worse thing is to lie about in your online dating profile.
You can view the new and improved Online Dating Magazine at http://www.onlinedatingmagazine.com.
eHarmony is known as an online relationship service as its focus is on relationships as opposed to casual dating.


This qualitative case study explores how five multilingual student writers (re)negotiate their multilingual literacies histories with emergent U.S. academic writing conventions as part of a first-year multilingual composition (FYMC) class. In pursuit of examining this (re)negotiation, first, I define multilingual literacies as nomadic (Ciolfi & de Carvalho, 2014) and rhizomatic (Amorim & Ryan, 2005; Deleuze & Guattari, 1987; Lian, 2011) by nature, and complicate this relation by considering this group of learners as internationally mobile (Dervin, 2011; Dervin & Byram, 2009). Particularly, this allows seeing them not as trapped in cultural heterotopias (Foucault, 1967; Dervin, 2009), spaces that predefine their cultural belonging and their literacy experience. On the contrary, it gives a chance to consider them as uniquely patching into different communities (along with FYMC), and thus moving their multilingual literacies practices to transcend their meaning making across different geographies they inhabit.
Then, framed into the conceptions of multilingualism as symbolic lingua (Bailey, 2012; Blommaert, 2010; Blommaert et al., 2005; Kramsch, 2009; Makoni & Mashiri, 2007); New Literacy Studies (Barton et al., 2000; Barton & Hamilton, 2005; Street, 1984, 2003; Street & Lefstein, 2007), social mediation of learning (Lantolf et al., 2014; Lave & Wenger, 1991; Rogoff, 1990; Vygotsky, 1962, 1978; Wenger, 1999), and international academic mobility (Byram & Dervin, 2008; Dervin, 2009; 2011), this study illuminates how, by employing semi-structured interviews, observations, and artifact analysis, their meaning-making processes become shaped by new educational settings, and how these students (re) negotiate those with their lived/remembered languages and literacies backgrounds.
(3) nomadicity of experiences valued in academia.
These themes of alignment also allowed me to conceptualize their (re)negotiation of literacy experiences in these emergent settings: (a) valued literacies shifts to engage with borderness; (b) and valued languages as resources to engage with situated contexts.
Based on these findings, the follow-up implications necessitate a more sensible and powerful educational approach within/to FYMC conventions in pursuit of visualizing and further interacting/enriching/learning from those multilingual literacies repertoires contents and rhetorical contours. Those contents and rhetorical contours may help to rehash educational and research approaches in the realm and in-between the fields of writing and rhetoric, applied linguistics, literacy studies, and educational practices.
Prikhodko, Maria Y., "International Multilingual Student Writers' (Re) Negotiation of Their Languages and Literacies Practices in a First-Year Multilingual Composition Class" (2017). Theses and Dissertations (All). 1481.


68 Unique Photograph Of ornamental Olive Tree. This best photo collections about 68 Unique Photograph Of ornamental Olive Tree is available to download. We collect this best photo from internet and choose the best for you. 68 Unique Photograph Of ornamental Olive Tree photos and pictures collection that posted here was carefully selected and uploaded by Rockymage team after choosing the ones that are best among the others. So, finally we make it and here these list ofbest photo for your inspiration and informational purpose regarding the 68 Unique Photograph Of ornamental Olive Tree as part of [blog] exclusive updates collection. So, take your time and find the best 68 Unique Photograph Of ornamental Olive Tree images and pictures posted here that suitable with your needs and use it for your own collection and personal use. 68 Unique Photograph Of ornamental Olive Tree.
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The Shri Yantra Mandir is a temple dedicated to the Goddesses Kali, Lakshmi, Saraswati and Bhuvaneshwari. The architecture of the temple will surely catch your eye and leave you completely in a loss for words. The construction has been done in accordance to the architectural guidelines stipulated by the renowned sage Agasthya. Complex mathematical calculations, complicated architectural style and use of the precise measurements have ensured that the temple structure is one of the most unique buildings to be ever built anywhere on the globe. Though work on the main body has been finished, a few smaller structures are yet to be completed.
As some people come here for meditation please make sure that you don't disturb anyone with loud sounds.
How popular is Shri Yantra Mandir?
People normally club together Narmada Kund and Bhrigu Kamandal while planning their visit to Shri Yantra Mandir.
good but not properly maintained .
!! ॐ श्री हरि !! I am visit last year this place so nice But a long time this shree yantra temple are not completed.
There is nothing much to see here. A quick 10 minutes visit would be just fine for tourists.


text:
Company is the first studio album by The Drink released on 1 December 2014.

Track listing

References

2014 albums
The Drink albums

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


An initial set of gdb pretty-printers for Dune data structures has been released. Pretty printers transform the gdb output of data structures to make it easier to read. Currently the classes FieldVector, FieldMatrix, and BitSetVector are supported. See the project page for a brief description. Everybody using gdb (or its graphical front-ends) for debugging is invited to try and give feedback.
Thanks go to Jan-Hendrik Peters, who did all the work.


The leaves are a very popular tea in S. America, where they are believed to be effective in lowering blood sugar levels and treating diabetes. The plant is also a . Expert Opin Ther Pat. Feb;28(2) doi: / Epub Dec 8. Bauhinia forficata in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Bauhinia forficata Link subsp. pruinosa (BF) tea on oxidative stress and liver damage in streptozotocin.
Use cautiously in people with immune disorders or in those taking agents that affect the immune system.
Known mechanisms for hepatic toxics events that increase transaminases levels in diabetic state include cell membrane disruption, mitochondrial dysfunction, toxin formation, oxidative stress, and recruited inflammatory cells [ 32 ].
No difference in SOD activity was observed among the groups Figure 6 a. Mice livers were removed and carefully washed, and part of them were weighted and homogenized in 1: Graphical representation of NQO-1 pancreas protein levels b. The results were expressed as nanomoles of SH per milligram of protein. Chemical compounds identified Peak 1: This QR Code is unique to this page. Labtest Minas Gerais, Brazil supplied commercial kits.
Furthermore, both STZ and hyperglycemia have been known to increase ROS production [ 12 ], and NQO-1 enzyme plays an important role as a superoxide scavenger that may provide an additional level of protection against ROS toxicity [ 36 ]. It is hardy to zone UK 9 and is not frost tender. Already, the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity was previously demonstrated for Bauhinia forficata Link, Bauhinia racemosa Lam, and Bauhinia variegata [ 7 — 9 ]. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction.
Background Pata de vaca is derived from the leaf of Bauhinia forficataa flowering tree native to Brazil and Peru.
Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase assay. Phytochemical analyses identified four phenols compounds. Tissue Preparation for Biochemical Analyses After the period of treatment, animals were killed forfidata cardiac puncture. Although we did not observe changes in Nrf2 protein levels, the NQO-1 upregulation in pancreas and the elevated levels of GSH in liver suggest an early activation of Nrf2-antioxidant response element ARE pathway, probably in response to increase in ROS levels.
CAT enzyme activity was determined in S1 forficaa, proposed by Aebi [ 25 ].
Bauhinia forficata in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: a patent review.
All experiments were conducted with the minimum number of animals and in obedience to the guidelines for biomedical research stated by the Brazilian Societies of Experimental Biology.
In vitro determination of the effect of Andrographis paniculata extracts and andrographolide on human hepatic cytochrome P activities. Blood glucose levels may need to be monitored by a qualified healthcare professional, including a pharmacist.
Side Effects and Warnings There is limited information available on the safety and adverse effects of pata de vaca. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
BF treatment normalized all these parameters. However, more studies are necessary to highlight the reasons for increased expression of NQO-1 in pancreas but not in liver. It is a spiny, deciduous or semi-deciduous tree that grows up to m tall. Numerous other agents may theoretically increase the risk of bleeding, although this has not been proven in most cases.
Other Uses The wood is moderately heavy, soft, of low durability when exposed to the elements. Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins; pp. Therefore, many plants considered medicinal have been used in folk medicine to treat diabetes mellitus DM [ 2 ]. GSH is a ubiquitous cellular three-peptide antioxidant that acts as an intracellular buffer being responsible for the maintenance of the thiol redox balance [ 35 ].
At this time, there is a lack of high-quality evidence to support Bauhinia for any medicinal use. Enter your e-mail address into the field below to subscribe to our monthly newsletter. You can translate the content of this page by selecting a language in the select box. Abstract This study was designed to evaluate the bauninia of Bauhinia forficata Link subsp. This method is based on the capacity of SOD in inhibiting quercetin autooxidation.
You should always read product labels. Evidence Table These uses have been tested in humans fkrficata animals. Antidiabetic activity of Bauhinia forficata extracts in alloxan-diabetic rats.
Pata de vaca may also interact with agents that may affect the immune system, agents used for the lungs, agents used for the kidney, agents used for the liver, agents that may treat blood disorders, antibiotics, anticancer agents, antifungals, antigout agents, anti-inflammatory agents, antimalarials, antiparasitics, antitoxins, antiulcer agents, antivirals, cholesterol-lowering agents, pain relievers, thyroid hormones, forflcata wound-healing agents. Preparation and biological properties of a melibiose binding lectin from Bauhinia variegata seeds.
Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Our results also showed that there is an increase in liver carbonylated protein levels Figure 5 c. Concerning liver antioxidant enzymes, we observed a significant decrease in CAT activity in diabetic mice, which was reverted by BF tea treatment Figure 6 b.


When you understand the answers to these types of questions about manifesting your soulmate, your mind and heart begin to focus on trying to find love that is based on true mutual understanding and excitement. You can do all kinds of creative techniques to bolster the designing of your life partner. For example, Law of Attraction experts recommend daily visualization exercises in which you conjure up a vivid sense of what your life partner would be like. Meanwhile, you can also create a dream board that represents all the traits you're looking for and your image of how this relationship will improve your life.
In accordance with the Law of Attraction, you attract into your life those things, circumstances and conditions that correspond with the nature of your dominant, habitual thoughts and beliefs, both conscious and subconscious. Every area of your life, including your health, your finances and all of your relationships, are influenced by this great Universal Law that "like attracts like". Eugene Fersen, in the Science of Being, referred to the Law of Attraction as "the Basic Law of the Universe".


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub