December 29, 2010 — NIH study could improve care for chronic granulomatous disease.
December 23, 2010 — Consolidation of cooperative group program is designed to bring enhanced efficiencies to oncological sciences.
December 22, 2010 — Scientists today published catalogs of the fruit fly and roundworm's functional genomic elements: DNA sequences in the genome that carry the instructions and determine which genes are turned on and off at various times in different cells.
December 22, 2010 — Researchers have identified a mutation in a gene that could lead to targeted therapies for certain lymphoma patients whose cure rates are currently poor.
December 21, 2010 — Researchers at the National Institutes of Health have discovered that a rare cancer of the digestive tract is linked to a shutdown in an enzyme that helps supply oxygen to cells.
December 20, 2010 — In NIH-supported study, blood test in symptom-free volunteers links levels of specific protein with beta amyloid deposits.
December 14, 2010 — The Office of Intramural Training and Education is pleased to announce the release of the Webcast of the Community College Day 2010: http://videocast.nih.gov/summary.asp?Live=9543.
December 14, 2010 — NIDA's Monitoring the Future Survey shows increases in Ecstasy use and continued high levels of prescription drug abuse.


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The Green Deal is an initiative being planned by the Coalition Government which will operate across the housing and commercial property sectors in the UK, it is part of the wider The Energy Bill 2010. The UK Government has developed the idea of the Green Deal as a way to address the current lack of investment in energy saving measures in both domestic and non-domestic property.
It attempts to encourage home owners to consider making their homes greener, the scheme will enable those interested to take out a special loan in order to carry out work like loft insulation or solar panels etc. The loan would not be attached to a person but to a property and would be paid back through the savings such work would provide. Instead, payments for the improvements will be recouped through a charge in instalments attached to the customer's energy bill and repaid over a number of years. The relevant energy company will be responsible for collecting repayments through energy bills and passing it on to the appropriate organisation responsible for providing the finance. As such, this is not a conventional loan and is attached to the property and the person responsible for paying the energy bill. This will mean that the obligation to pay the loan will pass to the new occupier or bill payer if the current customer moves on.
The Bill is in its last stages going through parliament and is expected to become effective at the end of this month (Oct 2011) while the actual implementation of the bill or seeing the first "Green Deals" will, it is estimated not to start until October 2012 at the very least. The law will apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and will not see the devolved areas needing to administer the scheme within their area.
Home owners, housing associations and others across the UK will be able to take advantage of the opportunities presented by the Green Deal, once it becomes available. Any Green Deal will commence with an assessment of the property and recommendations for measures for improvement. This assessment will be undertaken by an accredited Green Deal Assessor, prior to agreeing a formal Green Deal Plan with a Green Deal Provider. It is proposed that a Green Deal Plan will include the detail of the energy efficiency improvements to be made, the installation itself and the financial package that supports it. The Green Deal provider will be responsible for all aspects of the Green Deal Plan including arranging the installation, the finance package and warranties for products and services.
2 By 2018 the minimum standard for any PRS property that is let must be E (unless a Green Deal has been taken out, all possible measures installed and the property still falls below E). These improvements must have occurred by 2018 and 2018 is the end point/deadline not the starting point.
DECC Youth Advisory Panel write to Chris Huhne at their disgust of the news that the Solar Feed- in -Tariff (FiT) is to be cut in half Decc – MY2050 -Can you balance energy supplies by 2050 ?


text:
Gregg Allman's "Multi-Colored Lady"
Posted by Rob on May 30, 2017 June 11, 2017
Though "Melissa" has always been my favorite Gregg Allman song, (and it's my wife's name, which bumps it up a few notches), "Multi-Colored Lady", from his first solo album, 1973's Laid Back , shares some of the feel and mood of that earlier song. I sometimes picture the roaming traveler of "Melissa" further along on his gypsy journey, a lonely and sensitive midnight rider haunting the highways of America.
A demo of "Multi-Colored Lady," was resurrected on the 90's collection One More Try: An Anthology (and while we're checking out demos, listen to the original demo for "Melissa", recorded by Gregg and Duane in pre-Allman Brothers Band The 31st of February.) It works well in this intimate, unadorned acoustic version, coming across more like a storyteller relating a real experience than the album version.
Yet, it's somewhat of a strange song. Even the title sounds awkward. Critic Robert Christgau gave it a backhanded compliment in his review of Laid Back by writing "…it must be admitted that he puts a lot into "These Days" and "Midnight Rider," and that the reason you can listen to such originals as "Please Call Home" and "Multicolored Lady" isn't the writing." But he's right to some degree.
The lyrics do stray into the enigmatic at times, but near as I can figure it Gregg's on a bus and tries to strike up a conversation with a "broken hearted bride" who doesn't really want to talk. Turns out she "lost a million in the game" and she asks him for directions to death row (but he "didn't know the way".) I used to think she lost money gambling, but now I think he's using that as a metaphor- the game being love. And she's broken hearted because her new husband is now on death row. Or maybe she lost a million bucks and her husband is on death row. Or maybe death row is a metaphor. Or maybe I'm just trying to read too much into it all. Either way, "It wasn't her day" indeed.
He eventually gets her to smile. But then he tries to pick her up at the end of the song, which always rang a little "c'mon, really?" to me. Still, he says to her "Oh, by the way I'm bound for Rome," which at first sounds like a throwaway line, but I think is really just Gregg having a little chuckle as we (and the broken hearted bride) know the Rome he's referring to is only Rome, Georgia and he's already told us that Georgia "ain't no paradise" (or "festival", as he sings in the demo version).
I'm still not sure what he's talking about when he describes her as a rainbow containing "passion blue" (?) and "mostly shades of green." Maybe she's got motion sickness from the bus ride? Somehow, I don't think that's what he meant. I'm willing to grant him poetic license, though, as other parts of the song are quite evocative. If you've ever driven through Georgia, you'll be familiar with the endless miles of Loblolly pines – those "pine trees in the rain". It's not so much the words of the song but how they all fit together to paint a picture, with Allman's road weary voice a perfect match.
And we could say that for most of the material he recorded in his long career – his voice, despite its occasional moroseness, elevated the songs to a memorable and exceptional place.
Gregg AllmanThe 31st of FebruaryThe Allman Brothers
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: error with keras inceptionV3 "base_model.get_layer('custom')" ValueError: No such layer: custom I am trying to extract features using inceptionV3 pre-trained model (comes in keras-application). My code has following chunk:
 base_model = InceptionV3(include_top=include_top, weights=weights, input_tensor=Input(shape=(299,299,3)))
 model = Model(input=base_model.input, output=base_model.get_layer('custom').output)
 image_size = (299, 299)

when I run this it gives following error:
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-24-fa1f85b62b84> in <module>()
     20 elif model_name == "inceptionv3":
     21   base_model = InceptionV3(include_top=include_top, weights=weights, input_tensor=Input(shape=(299,299,3)))
---> 22   model = Model(input=base_model.input, output=base_model.get_layer('custom').output)
     23   image_size = (299, 299)
     24 elif model_name == "inceptionresnetv2":

~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\keras\engine\network.py in get_layer(self, name, index)
    362         """Retrieves the model's updates.
    363
--> 364         Will only include updates that are either
    365         unconditional, or conditional on inputs to this model
    366         (e.g. will not include updates that depend on tensors

ValueError: No such layer: custom

I have tried uninstalled and reinstalled Keras completely.
Also somewhere I read to include following in inceptionV3.py file(in keras application folder):
from ..layers import Flatten

i added this in imports. Still no luck. Can anyone please help me on this? I am new to Keras.

A: Ok... I think you are following this tutorial, which in my opinion was written by someone who isn't really the greatest Keras user.
The referred custom layer is created by the tutorial when they change the keras source code (please don't do this, this is not a safe way of working and will create trouble in your future projects)
The custom layer is created in this part of the tutorial:
`Add in "<model>.py"

...
...
if include_top:
    # Classification block
    x = GlobalAveragePooling2D(name='avg_pool')(x)
    x = Dense(classes, activation='softmax', name='predictions')(x)
else:
    if pooling == 'avg':
        x = GlobalAveragePooling2D()(x)
    elif pooling == 'max':
        x = GlobalMaxPooling2D()(x)
    x = Flatten(name='custom')(x)
...

Comments:

*

*This is totally unnecessary. Outputs from global poolings are already flattened.

*This is dangerous to your future projects since you're changing keras source code.

You can do exactly the same without creating this flatten layer by simply taking the last layer of the model:
lastLayer = base_model.layers[-1]

Even more: if the target layer is the last, you don't need any of this. Just use the base_model as it is.
If you want the complete model with Dense layer at the end, just use include_top=True.
If you want a custom number of classes, tell it to the model constructor.
If you want a real intermediate layer, find the name of the layer by calling model.summary().

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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white ash bark
I tried to do some research on using the inner bark of ash for basketry but couldn't find any examples. Another serious problem of this tree is the emerald ash … Herb: White Ash Latin name: Fraxinus americana Synonyms: Fraxinus acuminata, Fraxinus alba, Fraxinus juglandifolia Family: Oleaceae (Olive Family) Medicinal use of White Ash: The bark is astringent, emmenagogue and a bitter tonic. N. F. IV. Learning to recognize communities in different parts of the forest can be a rewarding way to anticipate which friends you will find where. The deep fissures between the ridges are dark gray to dark brownish-gray. Individual male flowers are less than 1/8" (3 mm.) White ash prefers moist, rich, deep soil and will grow well in a wide range of pH levels. It has also been used as a wash to treat skin sores, itches and vermin on the scalp[213, 257]. This species is a popular landscaping ash because it is ideal for providing shade in the summer. Instead, it typically has flaky bark (see photos below). 5 out of 5 stars (7,633) 7,633 reviews $ 5.00. ash bark natural wood bark celtic sacred tree ash bark supplies witchcraft wiccan rituals tool magickal magic herb goodieshill. An infusion is used to promote menstruation[257]. The leaves are … White Ash: This Eastern North America native is also called the Baltimore ash. White Ash (Fraxinus americana) Plantae>Magnoliophyta>Magnoliopsida>Scrophulariales>Oleaceae>Fraxinus americana L. White Ash is a common overstory tree that occurs in a wide range of habitats throughout North Carolina. Oct 2, 2015 - White ash (Fraxinus americana) is the largest and most valuable of the ash species in Iowa. Is the EAB a threat to my ash? In the United States, the bark of the American White Ash (F. Americana, Linn.) Unfortunately, another way of identifying white is to look at growth rings when tree is cut down. Remove the decaying parts and ensure that the mulch is placed at least 6 inches from the bark of the ash tree. It is used to treat a range of sicknesses including diarrhea relief, varicose veins, and the cold or flu. White ash (on left) and green ash (on right) Bark. White ash is characterized by having opposite, compound leaves with 5-9 leaflets (usually 7). The bark is astringent, emmenagogue and a bitter tonic[46, 61, 254, 257]. Oleaceae) and probably of other species of Fraxinus, deprived of the corky layer. The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), also known by the acronym EAB, is a green buprestid or jewel beetle native to north-eastern Asia that feeds on ash species.Females lay eggs in bark crevices on ash trees, and larvae feed underneath the bark of ash trees to emerge as adults in one to two years. Box elder. The inner bark is diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and strongly laxative[222]. It shades many parks, large yards, and other sizable areas and provides exquisite fall color ranging from yellow to deep purple and maroon. When present on trees, seeds are dry, oar-shaped samaras. Favorite Add to Prickly Ash Bark Powder MountainMausRemedies. White ash tree (Fraxinus americana) is also known by many other names, like American ash, Biltmore ash, Biltmore white ash, cane ash, etc. The leaves are 8 to 12 inches in length, with individual leaflets 2 to 6 inches in length. What kind of trees do I have? 3. The White Ash tree usually grows to between 70 and 80 feet, though it sometimes gets up to 100 feet tall. The average trunk diameter for the White Ash is between 2 and 3 feet. The leaves are 8 to 12 inches in length, with individual leaflets 2 to 6 inches in length. Only Ash trees and Boxelder trees have both opposite branching and compound leaves, but the leaves on Boxelder trees usually only have 3-5 leaflets, not 5-9. 1) To Improve Circulation. White ash tree bark is characterized by a narrow, ridged diamond pattern; black ash features shallower scaly ridges. Green ash has many fat years, White ash rings are very uniform, every year. Its pronounced ridges are pale gray and range from quite narrow to medium width. It tends to occur between 39 and 45 degrees of latitude. Other native ash trees less commonly found include black ash (Fraxinus nigra) and blue ash (Fraxinus quadangulata) (not shown). The white ash is a handsome tree native to North America. Gerard tell us: 'The leaves and bark of the Ash tree are dry and moderately hot . Unlike the green ash, the white ash barks do not become flaky. White ash bark is gray. Apr 6, 2018 - Explore Steve Ferrick's board "Tree Bark Identification" on Pinterest. White Ash Bark. The bark and the berries from the prickly ash tree are both used to make an herbal medicine. A woman walks past the red tree bark of the Paperbark Satin-ash Syzygium papyraceum, Kauri Creek walk, Far North Queensland, Austra. It has also been used as a wash to treat skin sores, itches and vermin on the scalp. The ridges commonly form a diamond pattern on these ash trees. Granville Co., NC 5/25/2009. 3. Prickly ash has traditionally been used to improve circulation around the body which brings … 1. The leaflets have stalks that are 1/4 to 1/2 inch in length; the margins of the leaflets are mostly Beyond its landscape value, the tree has made its mark as the wood used to make baseball bats. Biltmore ash trees look like smaller white ash trees with deeper furrows and wider ridges in the bark. Because White Ash is dioecious, individual trees have either all male (staminate) flowers or all female (pistillate) flowers. A young White Ash will have relatively smooth bark, as the diamond fissures deepen with age. finds similar employment. Look at the tree's leaves. White ash is a tree that can provide not one, but two, materials: the inner bark and splints (which come from the solid wood section). Black walnut trees have very dark bark, while birch trees have white or silvery bark." Fraxinus.—It is described as "the dried bark of Fraxinus americana Linné (Fam. From shop MountainMausRemedies. The photographer of the right image is anonymous. It's a "slow growth tree". This video will discuss how your can identify an ash tree. Leaflets are often ovate (egg-shaped). They vary in color from yellowish green to greenish purple. Only 2 available and it's in 3 people's carts. They usually occur in clusters and typically hang on the tree until late fall, early winter. Unfortunately, white ash is susceptible to a serious problem called ash yellows, or ash dieback. ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica). This tree needs a large planting space as it can grow 50 to 80 feet high. It can be applied to the body in decoction or paste form to relieve soreness and inflammation; Itching caused by bee stings or mosquito bites can be relieved by its use. Black ash, unlike typical green ash and white ash, does not have the diamond-patterned bark typical of these other two species. across, consisting of a tiny tubular calyx and 2 stamens. As Hunker points out, "Beech trees have a light gray bark, and cherry trees have a red-brown bark. Bark of White Ash tree (Fraxinus by Dominique Braud/Dembinsky Photo Assoc. Introduction: White ash is an impressive and popular tree in the urban landscape.The large, airy, two-toned leaves cast a pleasant shade in the summer. (F. acuminata, Lam.) 4.5 out of 5 stars (305) 305 reviews $ 9.90. White Ash tends to occur primarily in upland forests, often with Sugar Maple. The leaves of green ash are smaller than the leaves of white ash. White ash buds are paired with a leaf scar beneath the You can also examine the tree's bark. It's the splints that black ash trees are famous for. Health Benefits of White Oak Bark. However, green ash, which often occurs together with black ash, can rarely have flaky bark, similar to that of black ash. On young trees (right), bark is relatively smooth. White ash (Fraxinus americana) is the largest and most valuable of the ash species in Iowa. These are some of the most common used of the herb. . It gets its name from the whitish hue found underneath the leaves. Red Ash are most often found in a low lying swampy habitat. Been fooled till spring when leaves come out. Bark on the trunk of an ash tree. Eucalyptus fraxinoides, commonly known as the white ash or white mountain ash, is a medium-sized to tall tree of mountain country and is endemic to south eastern Australia. 2. Left: Bark of a large green ash tree. From shop goodieshill . . the seed is hot and dry in the second degree. The leaves of white ash leave a U- shaped scar where as the leaves of green ash leaves as D '"shaped scar. White oak bark contains numerous nutrients including vitamin B12, iron, and potassium.It also has a tannin content somewhere between 15 to 20%.These tannins and the nutrients are believed to be responsible for the bark's health benefits.. White ash trees can grow big, and reach a height of around 60 to 100 feet. On mature trees (left), the bark is tight with a distinct pattern of diamond-shaped ridges. White ash is characterized by having opposite, compound leaves with 5-9 leaflets (usually 7). Another noticeable difference between the two ash trees is in their bark. Diamond-pattern bark. Right: Bark of a large white ash tree. Is this an ash tree? It has rough, compacted greyish bark on the lower trunk, smooth white bark with scribbles above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white flowers and barrel-shaped or urn-shaped fruit. It is still used to treat joint stiffness and rheumatism but can be used for a variety of other internal and external conditions. See more ideas about tree, tree identification, tree bark. The leaflets have stalks that are 1/4 to 1/2 inch in length; the margins of the leaflets are mostly Ash Yellows. Vector seamless pattern of ash tree bark seasonal texture forest. In flat pieces of varying length and width, from 3 to 6 mm. It has numerous small circular depressions externally and a slightly laminate structure. White ash bark is used to relieve stomach cramps and fever after childbirth and improves the overall health of the mother. Granville Co., NC 5/25/2009. If you are in a highland portion of the forest, you have likely found a White Ash. Seeds. Black Ash is most often restricted to clearly wet sites. While this identification method may not be as helpful when it comes to young ash trees (they typically have smoother bark), the bark on more advanced ash trees tends to have distinct diamond patterns. Black ash has 7 to 11 leaflets and is found in wet woods; blue ash has 7 to 11 leaflets and distinctive 4-angled corky wings on the stem. Click on the left image for further information. Ash trees usually have 5-9 leaflets per leaf. An infusion is used to promote menstruation. Attractive dark buds combined with interesting ash-gray bark that is furrowed into a braided pattern make this tree ornamental in the winter. Green Ash is by far the commonest species of Ash in the southern two thirds of the state and often thrives in disturbed, young woods, both upland and lowland, and in old fields and other disturbed, open sites. As mentioned above, besides the ash species, box elder (Acer negundo) is the only common native tree that has pinnately compound leaves that are opposite on the stem. Dead and infected parts of the tree should be removed immediately, and the tree should be pruned regularly to avoid spreading of the fungus. In green ash trees, both sides of the leaves are almost similar in color, and the bark is more smooth. Can't wait to use chocolate bud part to identify. I still don,t have the bark down yet for green vs white ash. White Ash has furrowed bark with diamond-shaped ridges and can be identified by its generally large size, relatively low-down trunk division, and oval or egg-shaped silhouette. Yes. Male flowers occur in tight clusters along 2nd-year twigs. Summary.
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text:
Q: Add GestureRecognizer to a SubView I have this code. I'm using the GestureRecognizer to call another method but when testing it on my iPhone the TapGestureRecognizer sends nothing. I thought it was a problem with the handleSettingsDismiss so I changed it to print something to know if it was recognizing the tap. But it did nothing and I get nothing on console. I don't know what is wrong.
func showSettingsMenu() {
    if let window = UIApplication.shared.keyWindow {
        blackView.isUserInteractionEnabled = true
        blackView.backgroundColor = UIColor(white: 0, alpha: 0.5)
        blackView.addGestureRecognizer(UITapGestureRecognizer(target: self, action: #selector(self.handleSettingsDismiss)))
}

@objc func handleSettingsDismiss(){
    UIView.animate(withDuration: 0.5){
        self.blackView.alpha = 0
        if let window = UIApplication.shared.keyWindow{
            self.collectionView.frame = CGRect(x: 0, y: window.frame.height, width: self.collectionView.frame.width, height: self.collectionView.frame.height)
        }
    }
}


Be True is a throw back Princeton pride jacket and emblem of perseverance for anyone sporting it. This specific piece was painted on a women's size 2 cropped motorcycle style jacket, quilted padded shoulders, and satin lining. However this image I have also painted for a men's brown vintage club style jacket. Any piece in the LMX shop can be custom painted for you by me on a stock vintage LMX jacket or one of your very own. Give me a little shout… here.
See Sizing Chart for further sizing details.


When the law past laying a direct tax, & established the offices of Assessor & Collector, as it appeared that the first of these officers would be of extreme importance to the landholders, whose property would be taxed very much at his will, I consulted such principal men of our district as I was able to see, and there was but one opinion on the subject. all agreed they would rather trust to the good sense, practical knolege of values, and immoveable integrity of mr Peter Minor of this county than to any other person. I sollicited his appointment therefore; but the President & Secretary of the Treasury had before fixed on my son in law Thomas M. Randolph for Collector, and the principle of geographical distribution then required the Assessor to be named in another county. of this their intention [in] favor of mr Randolph I had not had the least intimation. my grand[son] [Th: J.] Randolph, who succeeded his father as Collector is about to resign the office; and as I raised the expectations of mr Minor to the other office before (for he had never thought of it, nor knew of my solliciting it until I had done it) I feel the obligation, now that there is an opportunity of an equivalent appointment, of asking it for him. the geographical argument is now in his favor, and I am perfectly safe in affirming there is not a man who knows him, and who will say there is in the whole district one fitter for it in every qualification of ability, morals, or public confidence. he is personally known to the Secretary of state, and by character, if not personally to the President. if I believed there wa[s] a safer or fitter man in the district to recieve this public trust, nothi[ng] would have induced me to make this unsollicited proposition.
I salute you with friendship and respect.
PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Philip Thornton to TJ, 24 Jan. 1816; mutilated and edge chipped; at foot of text: "The Secretary of the treasury"; endorsed by TJ.
Instead of peter minor, President James Madison appointed Valentine W. Southall to succeed Thomas Jefferson Randolph as collector of direct tax and internal duties for Albemarle, Amherst, Fluvanna, and Nelson counties (JEP description begins Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States description ends , 3:68 [2, 3 Jan. 1817]).


text:
Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health Services: Key Findings from the 2017 Kaiser…
Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health Services: Key Findings from the 2017 Kaiser Women's Health Survey
Reproductive and sexual health is an integral component of women's general health and well-being. The ACA has afforded more women the opportunity to seek and obtain reproductive health care by expanding access to Medicaid and affordable coverage. In addition, the law requires than plans cover a broad range of recommended preventive services including contraceptive care and STI screening services without cost sharing, critical elements of women's health care. Plans were required to offer no-cost coverage for prescription contraceptives to women with private insurance starting in August 2012. Coverage for other preventive services, such as counseling and testing for STIs, are also now required benefits in private insurance plans and covered by Medicaid in most states. Women have a choice of providers, and while most seek care at private doctors' offices, a substantial share go to clinics that are Medicaid participating providers such as community health centers and Planned Parenthood clinics for their reproductive and sexual health care.
This brief presents selected findings from the 2017 Kaiser Women's Health Survey, a nationally representative survey of women conducted in the summer and fall of 2017. The survey also covered a wide range of topics related to women's coverage, use, access, and experiences with the health care system. This brief presents survey findings on coverage and use of reproductive and sexual health services among women ages 18 to 44 years old. The data presented is from the newest 2017 survey, but some findings presented in this brief include trends from earlier surveys that the Kaiser Family Foundation conducted in 2004, 2008, and 2013.
Use of Contraceptives
Nearly one in five sexually active women of reproductive age report that they are not using contraception, despite reporting that they do not want to become pregnant.
For women with reproductive capacity, but who want to avoid an unintended pregnancy, contraception is an essential health service. An estimated 18% of sexually active women ages 18 to 44, however, are not using contraception and are at high risk for unintended pregnancy (Figure 1). Among reproductive-age women who have had sex in the past year, half (48%) report that they or their partners used at least one reversible contraceptive method. One in ten (11%) are pregnant or trying to conceive, and nearly a quarter (23%) of women report that they or their partners have had a sterilization procedure or cannot become pregnant.
Figure 1: One in five sexually active women report that they are not using contraception
Women who do not use contraception are more likely to be low-income than women who use contraception.
Among sexually active women who are not pregnant or actively trying to conceive, almost half (46%) are low-income, compared to about a third (34%) of women who do use contraception or have had a sterilization (Table 1). However, in some ways, women at risk for unintended pregnancy are similar to women who do use contraception. There are no significant differences in age composition, insurance coverage, or race/ethnicity between the two groups.
Table 1: Characteristics of sexually active women who use contraception compared to those who do not use contraception and do not want to be pregnant
Use Contraceptives (woman or partner used contraceptives) Do not use contraceptives (at high risk for unintended pregnancy)
18-24 years 18% 24%
White 57% 53%
Black 12% 16%
Latina 22% 21%
Insurance Type
Private 65% 62%
Medicaid 16% 15%
Uninsured 12% 15%
Poverty Level
<200% FPL 34% 46%*
>200% FPL 66% 54%*
NOTES: Among women ages 18-44 who were sexually active in past year and say they were not pregnant or trying to get pregnant. Race/Ethnicity and Insurance columns do not sum to 100% because respondents identifying as "Other Non-Hispanic" or stating "Other Public" coverage not shown. The Federal Poverty Level (FPL) was $20,420 for a family of three in 2017. *Indicates a statistically significant difference from Use Contraceptives; p<.05.
SOURCE: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2017 Kaiser Women's Health Survey.
Condoms and oral contraceptives are the most commonly used forms of contraception.
While all forms of FDA approved contraception can reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy when used correctly, they vary in their use and effectiveness. Women are encouraged to consider a range of issues when choosing a contraceptive method in order to find the one that is most effective but also fits best within their beliefs and lifestyle. Condoms can protect against STIs and are widely available through many outlets without a prescription. Oral contraceptives, often referred to as the Pill, require prescriptions and are hormonal, and therefore cannot be used or tolerated by all women. Other methods include injectables, implants, patches, and the vaginal ring, which deliver different doses of hormones. Intrauterine Devices (IUD) are devices that are inserted into a woman's uterus by a provider and some types also include hormones. They can last up to 5 years or longer and are among the most effective methods of reversible contraception. Under the ACA's preventive services provision, most private plans are required to cover each of the 18 FDA-approved methods of contraception as prescribed for women without cost sharing. Medicaid also prohibits cost-sharing for all family planning services.
Among sexually active women who use contraception, just over half (57%) rely on one method and just under half (42%) use more than one method. Women most frequently report that they have used condoms or birth control pills in the past year, a rate that has remained consistent since 2013. Nearly six in ten (59%) sexually active women who have used contraceptives in the past year report using male condoms, four in ten (40%) have used oral contraceptive pills, and about one in five (24%) used an IUD (Table 2). Younger women ages 18-24 rely on the pill (60%) or condoms (79%) at greater rates than those who are 25 and older.
Table 2: Types of contraceptives women report they or partners used in past 12 months, by age
All Women Age Group
Types of contraception used within the past 12 months 18-24 25-34 35-44
Male condoms 59% 79% 56%* 48%*
Oral contraceptives 40% 60% 34%* 34%*
IUD 24% 16% 27% 25%
Injectables 9% 13% 9% 5%
Implants 8% 14% 7% 4%
Other 10% 13% 11% 8%
NOTES: Among women ages 18-44 who were sexually active in past year and used contraceptives in past year. Women may use more than one form of contraception. Oral contraceptives include birth control pills. IUD is an intrauterine device such as Mirena, Skyla, or Paragard. Injectables include Depo-Provera. Implants include Implanon or tubes in arm. Other methods include vaginal ring and the topical patch. *Indicates a statistically significant difference from 18-24; p<.05.
Preventing pregnancy is the leading reason for contraceptive use, but more than one-third of women also use them to manage a medical condition.
The majority of women ages 18-44 use contraception to prevent pregnancy (59%), but 13% use it to manage a medical condition, and 22% use it both to prevent pregnancy and to manage a medical condition (Figure 2). Some women use hormonal contraceptives to manage other conditions, such as acne, irregular menstrual cycle, and endometriosis. This likely affects women's choices in the types of contraceptives they select. There have been a number of efforts to establish new avenues for obtaining prescription contraceptives, such as from online apps or pharmacists who are now able to prescribe certain contraceptives in some states. However, when asked how they obtained oral contraceptives and the patch, almost all women (95%) stated they obtained these methods from a doctor or clinic prescription rather than directly from pharmacy or from an online app.
Figure 2: Many women use contraception to prevent pregnancy and manage medical conditions
Contraceptive Coverage
Three-fourths of privately insured women who used contraception in the past year say they had full contraceptive coverage, a sharp rise since 2013.
In 2012, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) required all new private plans to cover, without cost sharing, the full range of contraceptives and services approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as prescribed for women. In 2017, approximately three-fourths (75%) of privately insured women ages 18-44 who use contraception reported that their insurance fully covered the cost of contraceptives (Figure 3). Another 19% said their insurance paid for part of the costs. Partial coverage could represent women who are enrolled in an older private plan that is still "grandfathered" from the ACA requirements, who used a particular contraceptive that is not covered by the requirement (such as a brand name drug), or who obtained care outside of the plan's network. Most (92%) women with private insurance stated they did not have any trouble getting insurance to pay for prescribed contraceptives. Only 5% reported that they had problems getting their insurance to pay.
The share of privately insured women with full contraceptive coverage has sharply increased since 2013 when 45% of insured women who used prescription contraception reported their insurance paid the full cost and almost half had only partial coverage.
Figure 3: The share of privately insured women reporting that their insurance covered the full costs of their prescription contraception rose sharply
Among women who use oral contraceptives, most typically receive 3 months' supply at a time.
Women who use oral contraceptives must take a pill every day; therefore having an adequate supply is important for consistent and effective use. One quarter (25%) of women reported that they have missed a pill because they were not able to get their next pack in time. Among women who have used oral contraceptives in the past year, most (70%) report their insurance plan or clinic allows them only to receive three months or less at a time (Figure 4). However, 15% of women reported their plan allows them to get a supply that lasts six months or longer. This has been an area of public policy activity in recent years, with several states now requiring private plans and Medicaid to provide women up to 12 months' supply.
Figure 4: Most women receive a 3 months supply of oral contraceptive pills, but one in five receive a longer term supply
The vast majority of women support making oral contraceptives available over the counter (OTC).
Research suggests that OTC access to oral contraceptives would increase the use of contraception and facilitate continuity of use; however currently, oral contraceptives are only available by prescription, usually from a doctor's office. Among women of reproductive age, three-fourths (74%) support making oral contraceptives available over the counter if the FDA said it was safe and effective (Figure 5). Support remains at this level across age, race, income, and insurance type subgroups.
Because the federal contraceptive coverage requirement applies only to prescription methods, new federal legislation or administrative changes to the ACA's preventive services policy would be needed to include over the counter contraceptives as a no cost benefit.
Figure 5: Three in four women support making oral contraceptive pills available over the counter
Awareness about emergency contraception has been rising over the past decade.
Emergency contraception (EC), which is contraception that can be used after sex to prevent pregnancy, has been available in the U.S. since 1999. There are multiple forms, including the copper IUD, Plan B® pills (levonorgestrel), and another pill, known by the brand name ella® (ulipristal acetate). Copper IUDs and ella® both require a prescription, but Plan B® is available over the counter and has generic equivalents. As with other contraceptives, most private plans are required to cover prescriptions for EC without cost sharing under the ACA's preventive services policy.
There has been growing awareness about EC pills over the past decade (Figure 6). In 2004, three-quarters of reproductive-age women reported they had heard of EC pills, and that share has now climbed to more than nine in ten women (93%). Among this group, about one in ten (8%) report they bought or used EC pills in the prior year. Use is highest among women in their late teens or early twenties, Latina women, and women living in urban areas (Table 3).
Figure 6: Awareness of emergency contraception has increased over the years
Table 3: Emergency contraception, use and awareness
All Women Age Group Race/Ethnicity Location Poverty Level
18-24 25-34 35-44 White Black Latina Urban Rural <200%
FPL ≥200%
Have heard of emergency
contraception (EC)
93% 92% 93% 94% 97% 94% 91%* 94% 93% 90%* 97%
Have taken or bought EC in the past year^ 8% 14%* 10%* 2% 5% 5% 12%* 11% 4%* 7% 8%
NOTES: ^Among women ages 18-44 who had heard of emergency contraception. Emergency contraception, sometimes called morning-after pills, include Plan B or Ella. The Federal Poverty Level (FPL) was $20,420 for a family of three in 2017. *Indicates a statistically significant difference from 35-44, White, urban, ≥200% FPL; p<.05
A small share of women with employer-sponsored insurance are in plans sponsored by faith-based organizations.
The ACA requires that all private plans, including employer-sponsored plans, cover the full cost of prescription contraceptives for women. This policy has been challenged in the courts since it was put in place as some employers with religious or moral objections to contraception claim that the policy violates their religious rights. In October 2017 the Trump Administration greatly broadened the exemption from this requirement that was available for any employer that objects to contraceptive coverage for religious or moral reasons. While currently blocked from implementation, if this policy is ultimately adopted, it has the potential for very large impact, given that employer-based plans cover the majority of women. In the Kaiser Women's Health Survey, 6% of women with employer-sponsored insurance say that the employer is faith-based or affiliated with a faith-based organization. These employers and other employers who object to contraception for other reasons could qualify for an exemption if the October 2017 regulations are implemented.
Site of Care for Sexual Health Services
Six in ten reproductive-age women have had a gynecologic or obstetric visit in the past year.
Most women ages 18-44 (58%) report seeing a provider for a gynecologic or obstetric visit in the past year (Figure 7). This rate is higher among women with private insurance (66%) and Medicaid (58%) and far lower among uninsured women (36%). One in seven (14%) uninsured women reported that their last visit was more than 3 years ago, twice the rate of women with private insurance (7%) and Medicaid (7%). Just 9% of women ages 18-44 reported they had never seen a provider for gynecologic or obstetric care. However, 22% of uninsured women reported they had never seen one, almost three times the rate of women with Medicaid (8%) and more than four times the rate of women with private insurance (5%).
Figure 7: Over half of women have had a gynecologic or obstetric exam in the past year except for women who are uninsured
The majority of women get their gynecologic care in private doctors' offices or HMOs, but clinics play an important role for certain groups of women.
Most women (83%) report that their last reproductive health visit was for gynecologic care or a check-up and 16% report it was for prenatal or pregnancy care. Among the women who report they have had a gynecologic exam in the past three years, 72% report that their most recent exam took place at a doctor's office or HMO. Roughly one in ten (12%) women report that they went to a public health clinic or community health center (Figure 8). However, this rate is higher among some groups – 30% of Latinas, 23% of rural women, 34% of uninsured women, and 19% of women who have Medicaid reported going to these clinics for their most recent exam (Table 4).
Figure 8: Most women obtained gynecologic exams at a doctor's office, but a fair share went to clinics
Table 4: Site of most recent gynecologic exam among women, by selected characteristics
Age Group Insurance Type Race/Ethnicity Location Poverty Level
Site of most recent visit 18-44 18-24 25-44 Private Medicaid Uninsured White Black Latina Urban Rural <200% FPL ≥200% FPL
Doctor's office or HMO 72% 59% 75%* 81% 59%* 46%* 81% 71% 53%* 73% 64% 58%* 82%
Community health center or public clinic 12% 14% 12% 8% 19%* 34%* 5% 13%* 30%* 13% 23%* 23%* 5%
Other place 15% 27% 13%* 12% 22%* 21% 13% 16% 17% 15% 13% 19% 13%
NOTES: Among women ages 18-44 who have had an exam in the past three years. Other place includes other types of clinics such as Planned Parenthood centers, school-based clinics, and other locations such as emergency departments. Columns may not sum to 100% due to rounding. The Federal Poverty Level (FPL) was $20,420 for a family of three in 2017. *Indicates a statistically significant difference from ages 18-24; Private, White, Urban, ≥200% FPL; p<.05.
There are differences in the patient populations that seek gynecologic care at doctors' offices compared to clinics.
Community health centers and other publicly funded clinics have a commitment to delivering care to underserved communities, and this is reflected in their patient population. More than half (56%) of women who obtained gynecologic exams at community health centers are low-income, compared to about a quarter (28%) of women at private doctors' offices (Table 5). Latina and Black women accounted for 48% of clinic patients, while making up less than a third (31%) at doctors' offices. Coverage patterns also differ. Private insurance is the leading payer at both sites, but less than half of women at clinics (46%) are privately insured compared to 72% of women at doctors' offices. Medicaid covers nearly a quarter (24%) of women at clinics, and one in five are uninsured (19%).
Table 5: Characteristics of women who obtained a gynecologic exam in prior three years
Characteristics: Doctor's Office Clinic or Health Center
18-24 15% 29%*
25-34 40% 40%
White 61% 36%*
Latina 15% 32%*
Other 8% 16%*
≥200% FPL 72% 44%*
Private 72% 46%*
Medicaid 14% 24%*
Uninsured 6% 19%*
NOTES: Among women ages 18-44 who have had a gynecologic exam in the past three years. The Federal Poverty Level (FPL) was $20,420 for a family of three in 2017. *Indicates a statistically significant difference from doctor's office; p<.05.
Most women go to a doctor's office or HMO for contraception care; however, among low-income women, over one-third get their contraceptives from a clinic-based provider.
As with gynecologic care, most women obtain contraception at private doctors' offices but there are differences between subgroups. Overall, more than half (60%) of women got their birth control care from a doctor or HMO, 21% from a clinic-based provider such as a community health center, Planned Parenthood clinic or other family planning clinic. A large share of women (19%) also report going to some other place for their contraception, which includes drugstores and clinics in retail outlets. Among low-income women however, roughly one in three (36%) get contraception at a clinic based-provider. Comparatively, among women who are at or above 200% FPL, only 13% get their contraceptives from a clinic-based provider (Figure 9). The outcome of current debates about the future of federal financing of family planning services, including Medicaid reimbursements to Planned Parenthood clinics, will have a disproportionate impact on low-income women's access to contraception.
Figure 9: Low-income women more likely to get contraception from a clinic-based provider
A third of reproductive-age women report that they have ever visited a Planned Parenthood clinic for health care services.
One in three women ages 18-44 report having ever visited a Planned Parenthood clinic for health care services (Figure 10). This is higher among women in fair or poor health, with almost one half (45%) reporting they have ever visited a Planned Parenthood clinic, compared to 32% of women in good, very good or excellent health. Rates do not differ significantly by race/ethnicity or type of insurance.
Figure 10: One-third of women report having ever visited a Planned Parenthood for health care services
Counseling and Screening
A higher share of women report provider counseling for contraception than for sexual history, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and HIV.
An important element of reproductive and sexual health care is the counseling and education that health care clinicians can offer patients. Counseling allows clinicians to provide patient education, screen for high-risk behaviors, social determinants that could affect health outcomes, and identify the need for additional testing or treatment. Some factors that are associated with poor reproductive and sexual health outcomes are preventable or avoidable. It is estimated that nearly half of all pregnancies in the U.S. are unintended. In addition, there are approximately 20 million new cases annually of STIs, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and HPV, and many reached record-breaking levels in 2016. Most Medicaid programs and private plans include coverage for provider counseling on a wide range of sexual health topics, including STIs, contraception use, and partner violence.
Despite these public health challenges and the recommendations of professional groups, counseling on many of these topics is not routine among women of reproductive age. While most reproductive-age women report having had a recent conversation with a provider about contraception (65%) and sexual history (61%), fewer report having discussed HIV (36%) and other STIs (37%). Overall, counseling rates are higher among Black and Latina women (Figure 11). While women who have private insurance report the highest rates of counseling on contraception and sexual history, women covered by Medicaid report significantly higher rates of counseling on HIV and other STIs (Table 6). Lower-income women and those who live in urban settings report higher rates of discussion on HIV and STIs. Only one-third of women between the ages of 40-64 said a clinician had discussed symptoms of menopause with them in the past three years.
Figure 11: Counseling rates for STIs and HIV are higher among Black and Latina women compared to White women
Table 6: Share of women who said their physician discussed these reproductive health issues with them in past three years, by selected characteristics
All Women Insurance Type Poverty Level Age Group Location
Reported having discussed in past 3 years Private Medicaid Uninsured ≥200% FPL <200% FPL 18-24 25-34 35-44 Urban Rural
Contraception or birth control 65% 70% 61% 55%* 69% 62% 69%* 74%* 54% 66% 60%
Sexual history or relationships 61% 63% 60% 50%* 61% 63% 70%* 68%* 48% 62% 55%
HIV 36% 29% 50%* 38% 30% 43%* 42%* 37% 30% 41% 27%*
Another STI 37% 34% 48%* 36% 32% 46%* 48%* 40%* 28% 43% 32%*
Menopause^ 34% 33% 37% 34% 33% 37% – – 34% 32% 46%
NOTES: ^All topics are among women ages 18-44, except Menopause, which is among women, ages 40-64. The Federal Poverty Level (FPL) was $20,420 for a family of three in 2017. *Indicates a statistically significant difference from Private, ≥200% FPL, Ages 35-44, Urban; p<.05. – indicates data not available.
Despite the high rate of sexual violence on women in the U.S., few women report they have talked with a provider about intimate partner violence.
More than 1 in 3 adult women in the United States (36%) have experienced rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner in their lifetime. Intimate partner violence (IPV), also called domestic or dating violence, can affect women at any point in their lives, but rates are highest among women in their reproductive years.
It has long been recognized that clinicians can play an important role in the identification and treatment of women who have suffered from violence, and one of the preventive services that the ACA covers without cost sharing is provider counseling on IPV. While there have been advances in the health care system's handling of IPV and newly developed screening tools for providers to use, it is still far from routine for providers to raise the issue of violence with women. A little more than a quarter (27%) of women say they have discussed domestic or dating violence in the past three years with their provider (Figure 12). Counseling rates are higher among women of color, low-income women, and those covered by Medicaid.
Figure 12: Approximately one quarter of women have discussed domestic violence with their provider recently, but rates are higher among Black and Latina women and those with Medicaid
Provider counseling rates on many sexual health topics are on the rise.
There has been a rise in counseling rates on some sexual health topics over the past decade, particularly sexual history and intimate partner violence (Figure 13). In 2004, less than a third of women reported recently speaking with a provider about their sexual history, but this has risen sharply to six in ten women (61%) in 2017. Provider counseling on violence remains relatively low at 27%, but this is up from 12% in 2004. Counseling rates on HIV and STIs have risen more modestly.
Figure 13: Counseling rates for some sexual health topics has increased over the past decade
Approximately four in ten women report recent screenings for HIV and other STIs, but many incorrectly assume they are being tested.
Along with counseling, several professional groups and government agencies, including the USPSTF, the Institute of Medicine, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, recommend that women in their reproductive years be tested for STIs such as chlamydia, gonorrhea and HIV. Knowing one's status is important to receive early treatment and prevent transmission to sexual partners. STI and HIV tests are covered without cost sharing in new private plans under the ACA's preventive services coverage requirements and are typically covered by most Medicaid programs.
Approximately four in ten women report that they have had a test for HIV (42%) or other STIs (42%) in the past two years; however, roughly half (49%) of these women assumed this test was a routine part of an examination—which is often not the case (Figure 14). Therefore, the actual screening rate is likely lower than the share of women who report being tested. This may cause women to believe they do not have an STI when in fact they have not actually been tested.
Figure 14: Many women incorrectly believe that STI tests are a routine part of an examination
Screening rates for HIV and other STIs were higher among women of color, women covered by Medicaid, and women living in urban areas (Table 7). Black women reported asking to be tested for HIV and other STIs at higher rates, whereas Latina and White women were more likely to have the impression it was a routine part of the exam.
Table 7: Receipt of sexual health screening tests, by race/ethnicity, insurance status, poverty level
All Women Race/Ethnicity Insurance Type Poverty Level
Reported having test in past 2 years White Black Latina Private Medicaid Uninsured <200%
HIV Test 42% 33% 66%* 51%* 38% 58%* 39% 54%* 36%
Thought test was routine part of exam 49% 52% 35%* 60%* 50% 47% 48% 47% 49%
Doctor recommended test 11% 9% 11% 10% 12% 6% 12% 11% 11%
Asked to be tested 40% 38% 54%* 29% 38% 47% 40% 42% 39%
STI Tests 42% 37% 63%* 45% 41% 54%* 31% 50%* 39%
Doctor recommended test 11% 9% 12% 8% 10% 9% 6% 10% 11%
Asked to be tested 41% 41% 57%* 26%* 42% 43% 34% 47% 37%
NOTES: Among women ages 18-44. The Federal Poverty Level (FPL) was $20,420 for a family of three in 2017. *Indicates a statistically significant difference from White; Private insurance; ≥200% FPL, p<.05.
This survey finds that a sizeable share of sexually active women are not using any contraception and are at greater risk for unintended pregnancy. Provider counseling rates on many topics such as a woman's sexual history and STIs, have increased over time, but many women still report that their provider has not spoken with them about important issues, such as intimate partner violence. Publicly supported clinics, including community health centers and Planned Parenthood sites, play an important role in providing reproductive and family planning care for uninsured women and women of color. The ACA's requirement for contraceptive coverage without cost sharing has reached a large swath of women, who now do not pay any out of pocket costs for contraception.
However, the Trump Administration's health policy agenda proposes many changes that would affect women's access to reproductive health care. The Administration has proposed new regulations that would extend the number of employers who may be exempted from the contraceptive coverage requirement because of religious or moral objections. The Administration has also expressed support for withdrawing federal reimbursements for services that Planned Parenthood provides to low-income women including Medicaid and Title X family planning funds. These policies would cripple the ability of Planned Parenthood to continue to provide care that women need and use, and would disproportionately limit access to low-income and minority women.
This brief was prepared by Caroline Rosenzweig, Usha Ranji, and Alina Salganicoff of the Kaiser Family Foundation.
The authors would like to thank Anthony Damico, an independent consultant, for his assistance with survey analysis.
Overview: 2017 Kaiser Women's Health Survey
Women's Coverage, Access, and Affordability: Key Findings from the 2017 Kaiser Women's Health Survey
Women's Connections to the Healthcare Delivery System: Key Findings from the 2017 Kaiser Women's Health Survey
Women, Work, and Family Health: Key Findings from the 2017 Kaiser Women's Health Survey