text:
import gc

import numpy as np
import pytest

from pandas._libs.tslib import iNaT

from pandas.core.dtypes.dtypes import CategoricalDtype

import pandas as pd
from pandas import (
    CategoricalIndex,
    DatetimeIndex,
    Index,
    Int64Index,
    IntervalIndex,
    MultiIndex,
    PeriodIndex,
    RangeIndex,
    Series,
    TimedeltaIndex,
    UInt64Index,
    isna,
)
from pandas.core.indexes.base import InvalidIndexError
from pandas.core.indexes.datetimelike import DatetimeIndexOpsMixin
import pandas.util.testing as tm

class Base:
    """ base class for index sub-class tests """

    _holder = None
    _compat_props = ["shape", "ndim", "size", "nbytes"]

    def setup_indices(self):
        for name, idx in self.indices.items():
            setattr(self, name, idx)

    def test_pickle_compat_construction(self):
        # need an object to create with
        msg = (
            r"Index\(\.\.\.\) must be called with a collection of some"
            r" kind, None was passed|"
            r"__new__\(\) missing 1 required positional argument: 'data'|"
            r"__new__\(\) takes at least 2 arguments \(1 given\)"
        )
        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
            self._holder()

    def test_to_series(self):
        # assert that we are creating a copy of the index

        idx = self.create_index()
        s = idx.to_series()
        assert s.values is not idx.values
        assert s.index is not idx
        assert s.name == idx.name

    def test_to_series_with_arguments(self):
        # GH18699

        # index kwarg
        idx = self.create_index()
        s = idx.to_series(index=idx)

        assert s.values is not idx.values
        assert s.index is idx
        assert s.name == idx.name

        # name kwarg
        idx = self.create_index()
        s = idx.to_series(name="__test")

        assert s.values is not idx.values
        assert s.index is not idx
        assert s.name != idx.name

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("name", [None, "new_name"])
    def test_to_frame(self, name):
        # see GH-15230, GH-22580
        idx = self.create_index()

        if name:
            idx_name = name
        else:
            idx_name = idx.name or 0

        df = idx.to_frame(name=idx_name)

        assert df.index is idx
        assert len(df.columns) == 1
        assert df.columns[0] == idx_name
        assert df[idx_name].values is not idx.values

        df = idx.to_frame(index=False, name=idx_name)
        assert df.index is not idx

    def test_to_frame_datetime_tz(self):
        # GH 25809
        idx = pd.date_range(start="2019-01-01", end="2019-01-30", freq="D")
        idx = idx.tz_localize("UTC")
        result = idx.to_frame()
        expected = pd.DataFrame(idx, index=idx)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    def test_shift(self):

        # GH8083 test the base class for shift
        idx = self.create_index()
        msg = "Not supported for type {}".format(type(idx).__name__)
        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=msg):
            idx.shift(1)
        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=msg):
            idx.shift(1, 2)

    def test_create_index_existing_name(self):

        # GH11193, when an existing index is passed, and a new name is not
        # specified, the new index should inherit the previous object name
        expected = self.create_index()
        if not isinstance(expected, MultiIndex):
            expected.name = "foo"
            result = pd.Index(expected)
            tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)

            result = pd.Index(expected, name="bar")
            expected.name = "bar"
            tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
        else:
            expected.names = ["foo", "bar"]
            result = pd.Index(expected)
            tm.assert_index_equal(
                result,
                Index(
                    Index(
                        [
                            ("foo", "one"),
                            ("foo", "two"),
                            ("bar", "one"),
                            ("baz", "two"),
                            ("qux", "one"),
                            ("qux", "two"),
                        ],
                        dtype="object",
                    ),
                    names=["foo", "bar"],
                ),
            )

            result = pd.Index(expected, names=["A", "B"])
            tm.assert_index_equal(
                result,
                Index(
                    Index(
                        [
                            ("foo", "one"),
                            ("foo", "two"),
                            ("bar", "one"),
                            ("baz", "two"),
                            ("qux", "one"),
                            ("qux", "two"),
                        ],
                        dtype="object",
                    ),
                    names=["A", "B"],
                ),
            )

    def test_numeric_compat(self):

        idx = self.create_index()
        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="cannot perform __mul__"):
            idx * 1
        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="cannot perform __rmul__"):
            1 * idx

        div_err = "cannot perform __truediv__"
        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=div_err):
            idx / 1

        div_err = div_err.replace(" __", " __r")
        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=div_err):
            1 / idx
        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="cannot perform __floordiv__"):
            idx // 1
        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="cannot perform __rfloordiv__"):
            1 // idx

    def test_logical_compat(self):
        idx = self.create_index()
        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="cannot perform all"):
            idx.all()
        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="cannot perform any"):
            idx.any()

    def test_boolean_context_compat(self):

        # boolean context compat
        idx = self.create_index()

        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="The truth value of a"):
            if idx:
                pass

    def test_reindex_base(self):
        idx = self.create_index()
        expected = np.arange(idx.size, dtype=np.intp)

        actual = idx.get_indexer(idx)
        tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(expected, actual)

        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid fill method"):
            idx.get_indexer(idx, method="invalid")

    def test_get_indexer_consistency(self):
        # See GH 16819
        for name, index in self.indices.items():
            if isinstance(index, IntervalIndex):
                continue

            if index.is_unique or isinstance(index, CategoricalIndex):
                indexer = index.get_indexer(index[0:2])
                assert isinstance(indexer, np.ndarray)
                assert indexer.dtype == np.intp
            else:
                e = "Reindexing only valid with uniquely valued Index objects"
                with pytest.raises(InvalidIndexError, match=e):
                    index.get_indexer(index[0:2])

            indexer, _ = index.get_indexer_non_unique(index[0:2])
            assert isinstance(indexer, np.ndarray)
            assert indexer.dtype == np.intp

    def test_ndarray_compat_properties(self):
        idx = self.create_index()
        assert idx.T.equals(idx)
        assert idx.transpose().equals(idx)

        values = idx.values
        for prop in self._compat_props:
            assert getattr(idx, prop) == getattr(values, prop)

        # test for validity
        idx.nbytes
        idx.values.nbytes

    def test_repr_roundtrip(self):

        idx = self.create_index()
        tm.assert_index_equal(eval(repr(idx)), idx)

    def test_str(self):

        # test the string repr
        idx = self.create_index()
        idx.name = "foo"
        assert "'foo'" in str(idx)
        assert idx.__class__.__name__ in str(idx)

    def test_repr_max_seq_item_setting(self):
        # GH10182
        idx = self.create_index()
        idx = idx.repeat(50)
        with pd.option_context("display.max_seq_items", None):
            repr(idx)
            assert "..." not in str(idx)

    def test_copy_name(self):
        # gh-12309: Check that the "name" argument
        # passed at initialization is honored.

        for name, index in self.indices.items():
            if isinstance(index, MultiIndex):
                continue

            first = index.__class__(index, copy=True, name="mario")
            second = first.__class__(first, copy=False)

            # Even though "copy=False", we want a new object.
            assert first is not second

            # Not using tm.assert_index_equal() since names differ.
            assert index.equals(first)

            assert first.name == "mario"
            assert second.name == "mario"

            s1 = Series(2, index=first)
            s2 = Series(3, index=second[:-1])

            if not isinstance(index, CategoricalIndex):
                # See gh-13365
                s3 = s1 * s2
                assert s3.index.name == "mario"

    def test_ensure_copied_data(self):
        # Check the "copy" argument of each Index.__new__ is honoured
        # GH12309
        for name, index in self.indices.items():
            init_kwargs = {}
            if isinstance(index, PeriodIndex):
                # Needs "freq" specification:
                init_kwargs["freq"] = index.freq
            elif isinstance(index, (RangeIndex, MultiIndex, CategoricalIndex)):
                # RangeIndex cannot be initialized from data
                # MultiIndex and CategoricalIndex are tested separately
                continue

            index_type = index.__class__
            result = index_type(index.values, copy=True, **init_kwargs)
            tm.assert_index_equal(index, result)
            tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(
                index._ndarray_values, result._ndarray_values, check_same="copy"
            )

            if isinstance(index, PeriodIndex):
                # .values an object array of Period, thus copied
                result = index_type(ordinal=index.asi8, copy=False, **init_kwargs)
                tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(
                    index._ndarray_values, result._ndarray_values, check_same="same"
                )
            elif isinstance(index, IntervalIndex):
                # checked in test_interval.py
                pass
            else:
                result = index_type(index.values, copy=False, **init_kwargs)
                tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(
                    index.values, result.values, check_same="same"
                )
                tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(
                    index._ndarray_values, result._ndarray_values, check_same="same"
                )

    def test_memory_usage(self):
        for name, index in self.indices.items():
            result = index.memory_usage()
            if len(index):
                index.get_loc(index[0])
                result2 = index.memory_usage()
                result3 = index.memory_usage(deep=True)

                # RangeIndex, IntervalIndex
                # don't have engines
                if not isinstance(index, (RangeIndex, IntervalIndex)):
                    assert result2 > result

                if index.inferred_type == "object":
                    assert result3 > result2

            else:

                # we report 0 for no-length
                assert result == 0

    def test_argsort(self):
        for k, ind in self.indices.items():

            # separately tested
            if k in ["catIndex"]:
                continue

            result = ind.argsort()
            expected = np.array(ind).argsort()
            tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected, check_dtype=False)

    def test_numpy_argsort(self):
        for k, ind in self.indices.items():
            result = np.argsort(ind)
            expected = ind.argsort()
            tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)

            # these are the only two types that perform
            # pandas compatibility input validation - the
            # rest already perform separate (or no) such
            # validation via their 'values' attribute as
            # defined in pandas.core.indexes/base.py - they
            # cannot be changed at the moment due to
            # backwards compatibility concerns
            if isinstance(type(ind), (CategoricalIndex, RangeIndex)):
                msg = "the 'axis' parameter is not supported"
                with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
                    np.argsort(ind, axis=1)

                msg = "the 'kind' parameter is not supported"
                with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
                    np.argsort(ind, kind="mergesort")

                msg = "the 'order' parameter is not supported"
                with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
                    np.argsort(ind, order=("a", "b"))

    def test_take(self):
        indexer = [4, 3, 0, 2]
        for k, ind in self.indices.items():

            # separate
            if k in ["boolIndex", "tuples", "empty"]:
                continue

            result = ind.take(indexer)
            expected = ind[indexer]
            assert result.equals(expected)

            if not isinstance(ind, (DatetimeIndex, PeriodIndex, TimedeltaIndex)):
                # GH 10791
                with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
                    ind.freq

    def test_take_invalid_kwargs(self):
        idx = self.create_index()
        indices = [1, 2]

        msg = r"take\(\) got an unexpected keyword argument 'foo'"
        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
            idx.take(indices, foo=2)

        msg = "the 'out' parameter is not supported"
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
            idx.take(indices, out=indices)

        msg = "the 'mode' parameter is not supported"
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
            idx.take(indices, mode="clip")

    def test_repeat(self):
        rep = 2
        i = self.create_index()
        expected = pd.Index(i.values.repeat(rep), name=i.name)
        tm.assert_index_equal(i.repeat(rep), expected)

        i = self.create_index()
        rep = np.arange(len(i))
        expected = pd.Index(i.values.repeat(rep), name=i.name)
        tm.assert_index_equal(i.repeat(rep), expected)

    def test_numpy_repeat(self):
        rep = 2
        i = self.create_index()
        expected = i.repeat(rep)
        tm.assert_index_equal(np.repeat(i, rep), expected)

        msg = "the 'axis' parameter is not supported"
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
            np.repeat(i, rep, axis=0)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("klass", [list, tuple, np.array, Series])
    def test_where(self, klass):
        i = self.create_index()

        cond = [True] * len(i)
        result = i.where(klass(cond))
        expected = i
        tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)

        cond = [False] + [True] * len(i[1:])
        expected = pd.Index([i._na_value] + i[1:].tolist(), dtype=i.dtype)
        result = i.where(klass(cond))
        tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("case", [0.5, "xxx"])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
        "method", ["intersection", "union", "difference", "symmetric_difference"]
    )
    def test_set_ops_error_cases(self, case, method):
        for name, idx in self.indices.items():
            # non-iterable input

            msg = "Input must be Index or array-like"
            with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
                getattr(idx, method)(case)

    def test_intersection_base(self):
        for name, idx in self.indices.items():
            first = idx[:5]
            second = idx[:3]
            intersect = first.intersection(second)

            if isinstance(idx, CategoricalIndex):
                pass
            else:
                assert tm.equalContents(intersect, second)

            # GH 10149
            cases = [klass(second.values) for klass in [np.array, Series, list]]
            for case in cases:
                if isinstance(idx, CategoricalIndex):
                    pass
                else:
                    result = first.intersection(case)
                    assert tm.equalContents(result, second)

            if isinstance(idx, MultiIndex):
                msg = "other must be a MultiIndex or a list of tuples"
                with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
                    first.intersection([1, 2, 3])

    def test_union_base(self):
        for name, idx in self.indices.items():
            first = idx[3:]
            second = idx[:5]
            everything = idx
            union = first.union(second)
            assert tm.equalContents(union, everything)

            # GH 10149
            cases = [klass(second.values) for klass in [np.array, Series, list]]
            for case in cases:
                if isinstance(idx, CategoricalIndex):
                    pass
                else:
                    result = first.union(case)
                    assert tm.equalContents(result, everything)

            if isinstance(idx, MultiIndex):
                msg = "other must be a MultiIndex or a list of tuples"
                with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
                    first.union([1, 2, 3])

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("sort", [None, False])
    def test_difference_base(self, sort):
        for name, idx in self.indices.items():
            first = idx[2:]
            second = idx[:4]
            answer = idx[4:]
            result = first.difference(second, sort)

            if isinstance(idx, CategoricalIndex):
                pass
            else:
                assert tm.equalContents(result, answer)

            # GH 10149
            cases = [klass(second.values) for klass in [np.array, Series, list]]
            for case in cases:
                if isinstance(idx, CategoricalIndex):
                    pass
                elif isinstance(idx, (DatetimeIndex, TimedeltaIndex)):
                    assert result.__class__ == answer.__class__
                    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(
                        result.sort_values().asi8, answer.sort_values().asi8
                    )
                else:
                    result = first.difference(case, sort)
                    assert tm.equalContents(result, answer)

            if isinstance(idx, MultiIndex):
                msg = "other must be a MultiIndex or a list of tuples"
                with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
                    first.difference([1, 2, 3], sort)

    def test_symmetric_difference(self):
        for name, idx in self.indices.items():
            first = idx[1:]
            second = idx[:-1]
            if isinstance(idx, CategoricalIndex):
                pass
            else:
                answer = idx[[0, -1]]
                result = first.symmetric_difference(second)
                assert tm.equalContents(result, answer)

            # GH 10149
            cases = [klass(second.values) for klass in [np.array, Series, list]]
            for case in cases:
                if isinstance(idx, CategoricalIndex):
                    pass
                else:
                    result = first.symmetric_difference(case)
                    assert tm.equalContents(result, answer)

            if isinstance(idx, MultiIndex):
                msg = "other must be a MultiIndex or a list of tuples"
                with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
                    first.symmetric_difference([1, 2, 3])

    def test_insert_base(self):

        for name, idx in self.indices.items():
            result = idx[1:4]

            if not len(idx):
                continue

            # test 0th element
            assert idx[0:4].equals(result.insert(0, idx[0]))

    def test_delete_base(self):

        for name, idx in self.indices.items():

            if not len(idx):
                continue

            if isinstance(idx, RangeIndex):
                # tested in class
                continue

            expected = idx[1:]
            result = idx.delete(0)
            assert result.equals(expected)
            assert result.name == expected.name

            expected = idx[:-1]
            result = idx.delete(-1)
            assert result.equals(expected)
            assert result.name == expected.name

            with pytest.raises((IndexError, ValueError)):
                # either depending on numpy version
                idx.delete(len(idx))

    def test_equals(self):

        for name, idx in self.indices.items():
            assert idx.equals(idx)
            assert idx.equals(idx.copy())
            assert idx.equals(idx.astype(object))

            assert not idx.equals(list(idx))
            assert not idx.equals(np.array(idx))

            # Cannot pass in non-int64 dtype to RangeIndex
            if not isinstance(idx, RangeIndex):
                same_values = Index(idx, dtype=object)
                assert idx.equals(same_values)
                assert same_values.equals(idx)

            if idx.nlevels == 1:
                # do not test MultiIndex
                assert not idx.equals(pd.Series(idx))

    def test_equals_op(self):
        # GH9947, GH10637
        index_a = self.create_index()
        if isinstance(index_a, PeriodIndex):
            pytest.skip("Skip check for PeriodIndex")

        n = len(index_a)
        index_b = index_a[0:-1]
        index_c = index_a[0:-1].append(index_a[-2:-1])
        index_d = index_a[0:1]

        msg = "Lengths must match|could not be broadcast"
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
            index_a == index_b
        expected1 = np.array([True] * n)
        expected2 = np.array([True] * (n - 1) + [False])
        tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index_a == index_a, expected1)
        tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index_a == index_c, expected2)

        # test comparisons with numpy arrays
        array_a = np.array(index_a)
        array_b = np.array(index_a[0:-1])
        array_c = np.array(index_a[0:-1].append(index_a[-2:-1]))
        array_d = np.array(index_a[0:1])
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
            index_a == array_b
        tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index_a == array_a, expected1)
        tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index_a == array_c, expected2)

        # test comparisons with Series
        series_a = Series(array_a)
        series_b = Series(array_b)
        series_c = Series(array_c)
        series_d = Series(array_d)
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
            index_a == series_b

        tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index_a == series_a, expected1)
        tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index_a == series_c, expected2)

        # cases where length is 1 for one of them
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Lengths must match"):
            index_a == index_d
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Lengths must match"):
            index_a == series_d
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Lengths must match"):
            index_a == array_d
        msg = "Can only compare identically-labeled Series objects"
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
            series_a == series_d
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Lengths must match"):
            series_a == array_d

        # comparing with a scalar should broadcast; note that we are excluding
        # MultiIndex because in this case each item in the index is a tuple of
        # length 2, and therefore is considered an array of length 2 in the
        # comparison instead of a scalar
        if not isinstance(index_a, MultiIndex):
            expected3 = np.array([False] * (len(index_a) - 2) + [True, False])
            # assuming the 2nd to last item is unique in the data
            item = index_a[-2]
            tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index_a == item, expected3)
            tm.assert_series_equal(series_a == item, Series(expected3))

    def test_hasnans_isnans(self):
        # GH 11343, added tests for hasnans / isnans

        for name, index in self.indices.items():
            if isinstance(index, MultiIndex):
                pass
            else:
                idx = index.copy()

                # cases in indices doesn't include NaN
                expected = np.array([False] * len(idx), dtype=bool)
                tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(idx._isnan, expected)
                assert idx.hasnans is False

                idx = index.copy()
                values = np.asarray(idx.values)

                if len(index) == 0:
                    continue
                elif isinstance(index, DatetimeIndexOpsMixin):
                    values[1] = iNaT
                elif isinstance(index, (Int64Index, UInt64Index)):
                    continue
                else:
                    values[1] = np.nan

                if isinstance(index, PeriodIndex):
                    idx = index.__class__(values, freq=index.freq)
                else:
                    idx = index.__class__(values)

                expected = np.array([False] * len(idx), dtype=bool)
                expected[1] = True
                tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(idx._isnan, expected)
                assert idx.hasnans is True

    def test_fillna(self):
        # GH 11343
        for name, index in self.indices.items():
            if len(index) == 0:
                pass
            elif isinstance(index, MultiIndex):
                idx = index.copy()
                msg = "isna is not defined for MultiIndex"
                with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=msg):
                    idx.fillna(idx[0])
            else:
                idx = index.copy()
                result = idx.fillna(idx[0])
                tm.assert_index_equal(result, idx)
                assert result is not idx

                msg = "'value' must be a scalar, passed: "
                with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
                    idx.fillna([idx[0]])

                idx = index.copy()
                values = np.asarray(idx.values)

                if isinstance(index, DatetimeIndexOpsMixin):
                    values[1] = iNaT
                elif isinstance(index, (Int64Index, UInt64Index)):
                    continue
                else:
                    values[1] = np.nan

                if isinstance(index, PeriodIndex):
                    idx = index.__class__(values, freq=index.freq)
                else:
                    idx = index.__class__(values)

                expected = np.array([False] * len(idx), dtype=bool)
                expected[1] = True
                tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(idx._isnan, expected)
                assert idx.hasnans is True

    def test_nulls(self):
        # this is really a smoke test for the methods
        # as these are adequately tested for function elsewhere

        for name, index in self.indices.items():
            if len(index) == 0:
                tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index.isna(), np.array([], dtype=bool))
            elif isinstance(index, MultiIndex):
                idx = index.copy()
                msg = "isna is not defined for MultiIndex"
                with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=msg):
                    idx.isna()
            else:

                if not index.hasnans:
                    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(
                        index.isna(), np.zeros(len(index), dtype=bool)
                    )
                    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(
                        index.notna(), np.ones(len(index), dtype=bool)
                    )
                else:
                    result = isna(index)
                    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index.isna(), result)
                    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index.notna(), ~result)

    def test_empty(self):
        # GH 15270
        index = self.create_index()
        assert not index.empty
        assert index[:0].empty

    def test_join_self_unique(self, join_type):
        index = self.create_index()
        if index.is_unique:
            joined = index.join(index, how=join_type)
            assert (index == joined).all()

    def test_map(self):
        # callable
        index = self.create_index()

        # we don't infer UInt64
        if isinstance(index, pd.UInt64Index):
            expected = index.astype("int64")
        else:
            expected = index

        result = index.map(lambda x: x)
        tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
        "mapper",
        [
            lambda values, index: {i: e for e, i in zip(values, index)},
            lambda values, index: pd.Series(values, index),
        ],
    )
    def test_map_dictlike(self, mapper):

        index = self.create_index()
        if isinstance(index, (pd.CategoricalIndex, pd.IntervalIndex)):
            pytest.skip("skipping tests for {}".format(type(index)))

        identity = mapper(index.values, index)

        # we don't infer to UInt64 for a dict
        if isinstance(index, pd.UInt64Index) and isinstance(identity, dict):
            expected = index.astype("int64")
        else:
            expected = index

        result = index.map(identity)
        tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)

        # empty mappable
        expected = pd.Index([np.nan] * len(index))
        result = index.map(mapper(expected, index))
        tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)

    def test_putmask_with_wrong_mask(self):
        # GH18368
        index = self.create_index()

        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            index.putmask(np.ones(len(index) + 1, np.bool), 1)

        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            index.putmask(np.ones(len(index) - 1, np.bool), 1)

        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            index.putmask("foo", 1)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("copy", [True, False])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("name", [None, "foo"])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("ordered", [True, False])
    def test_astype_category(self, copy, name, ordered):
        # GH 18630
        index = self.create_index()
        if name:
            index = index.rename(name)

        # standard categories
        dtype = CategoricalDtype(ordered=ordered)
        result = index.astype(dtype, copy=copy)
        expected = CategoricalIndex(index.values, name=name, ordered=ordered)
        tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)

        # non-standard categories
        dtype = CategoricalDtype(index.unique().tolist()[:-1], ordered)
        result = index.astype(dtype, copy=copy)
        expected = CategoricalIndex(index.values, name=name, dtype=dtype)
        tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)

        if ordered is False:
            # dtype='category' defaults to ordered=False, so only test once
            result = index.astype("category", copy=copy)
            expected = CategoricalIndex(index.values, name=name)
            tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)

    def test_is_unique(self):
        # initialize a unique index
        index = self.create_index().drop_duplicates()
        assert index.is_unique is True

        # empty index should be unique
        index_empty = index[:0]
        assert index_empty.is_unique is True

        # test basic dupes
        index_dup = index.insert(0, index[0])
        assert index_dup.is_unique is False

        # single NA should be unique
        index_na = index.insert(0, np.nan)
        assert index_na.is_unique is True

        # multiple NA should not be unique
        index_na_dup = index_na.insert(0, np.nan)
        assert index_na_dup.is_unique is False

    def test_engine_reference_cycle(self):
        # GH27585
        index = self.create_index()
        nrefs_pre = len(gc.get_referrers(index))
        index._engine
        assert len(gc.get_referrers(index)) == nrefs_pre


Right on cue with the cooler temps and upcoming foliage, frequent flier favorite Away is giving us major wanderlust for fall, partnering with Rashida Jones on a dreamy capsule collection of luggage and travel accessories.
Inspired by Jones's travels to Stockholm, Away: Edition RJ includes a full range of suitcases (spanning four sizes from carry-on to "enormous checked bag") that feature the brand's signature sleek, tech-friendly designs in an array of limited edition muted tones—think "cactus" green, "clay" red, and "violet" purple. Additionally, the collection also features four-piece packing cubes in matching colors (a multi-purpose must for any packing pro), plus an ultra-functional, go-with-everything tote designed exclusively by Jones and retailing for $95. A portion of all proceeds goes to the International Rescue Committee.
Rashida Jones with one of her Away designs.
As with all of Away's core styles, the rolling luggage is incredibly lightweight and features built-in charging docks, while the various shapes of the packing cubes make for customizable organization and easy nesting within the black hole of a suitcase. And if you're looking for something to keep in-flight essentials handy, the Stockholm Tote looks deceptively unfussy, yet has plenty of interior and exterior pockets, a laptop sleeve, and even a strap to secure it to your luggage—ideal for both work trips and vacations. The collection ranges from $45 for the packing cube sets to $295 for the large case.
Jones, who has a self-proclaimed "thing" for luggage, let her frequent travels inform her designs. "I love that you can use everything in the line in several different ways: you can store your suitcase with the dust bag or use it as an extra laundry bag, and then do the same with the packing cubes—they were designed not to have a lot of structure, so you can put anything in them because of the way they're shaped," she says. "And the built-in laundry bag is such a great save when you're traveling."
Away's new collection of packing cubes.


In Szentendre you'll experience a Mediterranean atmosphere that few other Hungarian settlements can offer you. No wander that lots of artists come to find inspiration and work here. Let this unique aura enchant you too. The picturesque town of Szentendre sits at the foot of the Pilis Hill, on the Danube bank north of Budapest. Its closeness to the Hungarian capital make it an ideal daytrip destination for visitors coming to Budapest. During summer flock of tourists flood Szentendre so if you don't like crowd time your visit during autumn or spring but and you'll love this town even in winter.
Szentendere was part of the limes the Eastern frontier of the Roman Empire under the name Ulcisia Castra from the 2nd centuty AD.
The Mongols in the 13th century than the Turks in the 15-16th century destroyed the town. It was rebuilt in Baroque style in the 17th century and has preserved the townscape since than. After the Turks left mainly Serbian refugees settled down than Hungarians, Slovaks, Germans, Greeks and Romanians. Each ethnic group had establsihed its own town part adding a versatility to the townscape.
Szentendre boasts a well-preserved 18th century Baroque townscape. Start you exploration from the Main Square (Fő tér) where the Baroque cross was erected in 1763 to commemorate the lucky fact that plague avoided the town.
Winding streets lead off from the Main Square packed with architectural masterpieces, museums, restaurants, cafes and souvenir shops.
Old but well-kept merchant houses encircle Main Square like the block on the eastern side of the square (2-5. Fő tér) that was rebuilt under the same roof after a fire.
Out of the 9 churches of Szentendre the Baroque-Rococo Greek-Orthodox Blagovestenska church is the best known, built in the mid 18th century by settlers living in the Greek quarter next to the church.
The House of Prisoner Ráby (Rab Ráby Ház) stands on the Rab Ráby Square a centre of the former Dalmatian quarter.
The Austrian Emperor sent Mátyás Ráby to look into local corruption issues. He lived in this modest Baroque house built in 1768. He found out tax evasions and other unlawful acts commited by the local noble men who tried to bribe Ráby. After refuring bribery he was imprisoned. The famous Hungarian writer, Mór Jókai wrote an epic about his story.
Stroll down Görög utca form Main Square lined with apartments of Greek families and you'll reach the peaceful promenade on the the Danube bank.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The vision of SBCA�s Professional Leadership Academy (PLA) is to provide a world class leadership training and development service for the structural building components industry. The curriculum is designed to enhance the skills, performance and success of owners, managers, sales associates and other personnel involved in this industry.
Sign up to receive the SBCA Leadership Tip of the Week provided by Leaders Edge 360. This insightful weekly email will keep you thinking about small change that can bring big results.
SBCA is pleased to be working with these outstanding educators to offer component manufacturers powerful leadership training.


This page may not contain all items available from Marking Sampler. If you do not see what you are looking for please email us and if possible we will add the item to this page or order it for you.
Elizabeth Foster completed her sampler in 1822. She stitched several beautiful and bold alphabets as well as flowers that are traditionally found on other Quaker Samplers. Our model was stitched on 32-count Hand Dyed Linen -- Vintage Meadow Rue, from Lakeside Linens and Designs, Inc. with Au Ver A Soie – Soie D' Alger. The stitch count for this sampler is 235 stitches wide by 199 stitches high. We have provided a DMC conversion for the silk colors.
This wonderful German sampler came from the area of Saxony or Thuringen, which are states located in Eastern Germany. The style of this sampler is especially representative of the Thuringen area. Distinguishing characteristics include: a square shape; borders and alphabets; its dividing line down the middle and; it was "stitched all around, from side to side and then from the other half of the sampler". This reproduction was stitched on Heirloom Linen from Norden Crafts (Oyster) with Needlepoint Silk. The stitch count is 260 stitches wide by 193 stitches high. This sampler is completed entirely in cross stitch. A DMC conversion has been provided for your convenience. But, please remember that there is never a perfect match.
L Haworth attended the Ackworth School from 1813thru 1815. Lucy was student No. 3522 and she was from Marsden, England. Our exact reproduction was stitched on Spice Blend Sand Storm, Edinburgh 36-count distressed linen from Stitches and Spice with Needlepoint Silk. The stitch count for this sampler is 210 wide by 191 high. A photo of the antique of "L Haworth 1815" is included with this chart.
Stitched on 40ct Cream Linen.
Shaker box must be ordered separately.


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text:
Покро́вськ (, ) — село у складі Ковилкінського району Мордовії, Росія. Входить до складу Троїцького сільського поселення.

Населення — 383 особи 2010; 455 у 2002).

Національний склад станом на 2010 рік:
 Росіяни — 92 %
 Мордва — 8 %

Джерела

Примітки

Посилання
 На Вікімапії

Населені пункти Ковилкінського району
Села Мордовії

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Features Biofuels Biogas
Waterloo researchers developing methanation system for manure
By University of Waterloo
March 8, 2018 - Researchers at the University of Waterloo are developing technology to produce renewable natural gas from manure so it can be added to the existing energy supply system for heating homes and powering industries. That would eliminate particularly harmful gases released by naturally decomposing manure when it is spread on farm fields as fertilizer and partially replace fossil natural gas, a significant contributor to global warming.
"There are multiple ways we can benefit from this single approach," said David Simakov, a professor of chemical engineering at Waterloo. "The potential is huge."
Simakov said the technology could be viable with several kinds of manure, particularly cow and pig manure, as well as at landfill sites.
In addition to being used by industries and in homes, renewable natural gas could replace diesel fuel for trucks in the transportation sector, a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.
To test the concept, researchers built a computer model of an actual 2,000-head dairy farm in Ontario that collects manure and converts it into biogas in anaerobic digesters. Some of that biogas is already used to produce electricity by burning it in generators, reducing the environmental impact of manure while also yielding about 30 to 40 per cent of its energy potential.
Researchers want to take those benefits a significant step further by upgrading, or converting, biogas from manure into renewable natural gas. That would involve mixing it with hydrogen, then running it through a catalytic converter. A chemical reaction in the converter would produce methane from carbon dioxide in the biogas.
Known as methanation, the process would require electricity to produce hydrogen, but that power could be generated on-site by renewable wind or solar systems, or taken from the electrical grid at times of low demand. The net result would be renewable natural gas that yields almost all of manure's energy potential and also efficiently stores electricity, but has only a fraction of the greenhouse gas impact of manure used as fertilizer.
"This is how we can make the transition from fossil-based energy to renewable energy using existing infrastructure, which is a tremendous advantage," said Simakov, who collaborates with fellow chemical engineering professor Michael Fowler.
The modelling study showed that a $5-million investment in a methanation system at the Ontario farm would, with government price subsidies for renewable natural gas, have about a five-year payback period.
A paper on modelling of a renewable natural gas generation facility at the Ontario farm, which also involved a post-doctoral researcher and several Waterloo students, was recently published in the International Journal of Energy Research.
Registration opens for Atlantic BIOCON
Rotochopper University attracts machine owners from across North America


text:
Eddie Guerrero vs Shawn Michaels Planned For Wrestlemania Before Tragic Death
One of the dream matches for the ages in wrestling is Eddie Guerrero vs Shawn Michaels. Both men were at the top of their games in WWE and were considered two of the best in the world. However, they never managed to wrestle each other, although a match was planned to take place at the biggest stage of them all – Wrestlemania 22.
Eddie Guerrero vs Shawn Michaels
Eddie Guerrero was planned to take on Shawn Michaels in a huge match at Wrestlemania 22. The Latino star was a fan favourite in WWE, having won the WWE Championship from Brock Lesnar just two years prior, retaining the title against Kurt Angle at Wrestlemania XX. Being 38 years old he was in his prime, and approaching legendary status in wrestling, looking poised to remain a main event player for years to come.
But shockingly, he died in 2005 suddenly. On November 13, 2005 he was found dead in his hotel room by his nephew Chavo Guerrero. His cause of death was an acute heart failure and his death sent shockwaves across the wrestling world. A tribute show was put on in his name and Rey Mysterio would win the Royal Rumble in tribute to Latino Heat.
Eddie Guerrero wrestled with Rey Mysterio at his final WrestleMania in 2005, in a match that harkened back to the pairs battles in WCW in the 1990s. It was a classic WWE match and had fans excited for future matches involving the Latino Heat.
However, he passed away before we could get many more legendary matches. He was planned to have a number of dream matches in the future, with Bruce Prichard revealing that WWE planned to have Eddie Guerrero vs Shawn Michaels at Wrestlemania 22.
Bruce Prichard revealed on his Something to Wrestle podcast that Guerrero was talked about to face Shawn Michaels at WrestleMania 22, and was pencilled in for a dream match that the former WWE Executive would "Love to have seen".
"It was kicked around as a possibility because they never worked together, and that was, at least in my head, a dream match," Prichard said. "That was one of those that I definitely would love to have seen."
It's a travesty that two of the all time greats never managed to go one-on-one in the ring together. Sadly, Eddie Guerrero passed away 6 months before the big event. Shawn Michaels would go on to fight Vince McMahon at Wrestlemania, whilst Rey Mysterio paid tribute to his late friend by winning the World Heavyweight Championship from Kurt Angle at Wrestlemania 22.
How Did Eddie Guerrero Die?
Eddie Guerrero died as a result of acute heart failure due to underlying atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. His heart was said to be enlarged due to years of steroid use, and his addition to drugs and pain pills over the years all as noted causes to his untimely death.
Chavo Guerrero explained that Eddie had passed out in the hotel room bathroom with a toothbrush in his hand, and was barely clinging to life when Chavo discovered him. He discussed this on an interview with Dark Side of the Ring, revealing he was the man to find his uncle dying in his hotel room.
The Monday Night Raw after his death was dedicated to Latino Heat. The Eddie Guerrero Tribute episode of Raw had many wrestlers, such as Rey Mysterio, Edge and Batista all speaking about their favourite memories of Guerrero and how much they were going to miss him.
It was a wholly emotional episode and one of the saddest episodes of wrestling TV ever produced. 17 years on, the memory of Eddie Guerrero lives on with a number of wrestlers doing his famous "Frog Splash" and "Three Amigos" signature moves in honour of the Latino star.
Guerrero was set to win the World Heavyweight Championship from Batista on the Smackdown after he died, meaning fans missed out on a second legendary World Championship run in the WWE.
It is a shame we never got to see Eddie Guerrero vs Shawn Michaels, which was sure to be one of the greatest Wrestlemania matches of all time.
Tags Eddie GuerreroShawn Michaels
Chris Jericho vs Claudio Castagnoli For The ROH Championship Booked for Grand Slam
Who Is Bryan Danielson's Father-In-Law? (Max Caster's Rap Explained)


An original handcoloured and hand titled print, with gouache signature.
An original handcoloured print with watercolour title.
Frame: 1" plain black, framed to edge.
Steeplechase Jockey - Foxcatching: No thank yer miss, I don't do that sort of thing for pleasure.
Published by Fores in 1913.
Frame & Image: 20x21ins. 1" plain black replacement.
In excellent condtion with fresh colour.
Frame: 1" Black to edge.
- That Goes Laughing Along.
Published by Fores in April 1913.
Image & Frame Size: 15x39ins.
Excellent condition very fresh colour.
This is a large bronze and is cast in ythe Ukraine by this amazing Ukraine arist.
It imounted on a green marble base .
The artist has signed on the base.
the piece measures : L.22 x H.18 x W.9 ins.
Beautiful piece to grace any homes hallway or living room.
Original bronze statue of Pumba from the Lion King.
Mounted on a marble plinth.
Artist has signed the plinth.


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Ideas For October
As trees turn colour in the UK, southern Europe is still a great destination for a sunny beach holiday. Depending on your budget and preferences, we have an excellent selection of hotels on the beautiful south coast of Turkey. Perhaps you would prefer Tenerife, Santorini or Madeira. October is also, arguably, the best month to visit Morocco. How about enjoying a few nights in exotic Marrakech, a couple of nights in the Atlas Mountains, and then finish off with a few days on the beach? The Arabian Gulf is also a popular destination for those looking for some Autumn sunshine and we have a fabulous selection of hand-picked resorts throughout the region, both in the desert and on the coast. We also would recommend Sri Lanka at this time of year and the Caribbean where we can recommend numerous fabulous beach resorts. For families, a half term holiday in Mauritius is a superb option.
Spa in Bodrum
Bodrum	, Turkey
Lefay Resort and Spa
Italian Lakes	, Italy
Belmond Reids Palace
Madeira	, Portugal
Bahiazul Villas and Club
Fuerteventura	, Spain
Kempinski San Lawrenz
Gozo	, Malta and Gozo
Villa des Orangers
Fusion Maia
Constance Lemuria Resort
Rancho La Puerta
Baja California	, Mexico
About The New York Times doesn't call Bodrum the St Tropez of Turkey for nothing… Along with its secluded bays, hidden coves and historic treasures, Bodrum also offers all the delights of
About Renowned for their beauty and timeless elegance, the Italian Lakes have long been a destination for peace and relaxation. Located a couple of hours north of Milan, the legendary Italian Lakes
About The majestic volcanic Portuguese island of Madeira is an excellent year-round destination even in the winter months the sea rarely falls below a balmy 18C. Come to Madeira for a
About With three thousand hours of sunshine a year, Fuerteventura is the closest Canary Island to the African coast and is the second largest (after Tenerife) of all the islands.
About The islands of Malta and Gozo are located a few miles apart in the centre of the Mediterranean, about 60 miles due south of Sicily. First inhabited about 5,000 BC, the
About Tenerife is known throughout the world as the Island of Eternal Spring and enjoys more hours of sunshine than any other part of Spain, with an average annual temperature of
About The 'Red City', surrounded by ancient walls, is a truly remarkable place. So different, so exotic and so chaotic! We've taken hundreds of guests to Marrakech over the years, many
About Head south from Marrakech into the magnificent Atlas Mountains for a truly memorable holiday. We have taken hundreds of guests into the Atlas Mountains since 2003 and know it well. The
About Adjacent to the United Arab Emirates and facing the Arabian Gulf, Oman is a jewel of a destination. It's an excellent destination for sunshine during Europe's winter months. Oman, a diverse
About Abu Dhabi is the capital of the UAE and boasts year-round sunshine, pristine beaches, spectacular sand dunes and a pulsating cosmopolitan lifestyle. These, combined with the famous Arabian hospitality and
About It's name alone conjures up images of azur blue seas, white sandy beaches and tropical luxury. In recent years, Mauritius has become synonymous with excptional spa resorts and first class
About The Seychelles are justly famous for their gorgeous year-round climate, stunning white sandy beaches and emerald green and turquoise seas. Dotted amongst the islands are some of the world's finest
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Edward Moore Kennedy, popularly known as Ted Kennedy, was the second oldest member of the US Senate. He hailed from Massachusetts and was lovingly referred to as the 'Lion of the US Senate'. So, let us look at his journey of life.
Ted Kennedy has a long political history of service within the Democratic Party. He was the youngest brother of the late American President John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy. His son, Patrick J. Kennedy is also into active politics.
Sadly, in May 2008, after a seizure in Massachusetts, it was confirmed that Ted Kennedy had malignant brain tumor. He underwent a complex brain surgery at the Duke University Medical Center and stayed in the capital thereafter.
Ted Kennedy, who was born on February 22, 1932, in Massachusetts, was the youngest of the nine children born to Irish-American parents, Rose Fitzgerald and Joseph P. Kennedy. By the age of eleven, he attended ten different schools! He received his Communion in the Vatican city, from Pope Pius XII.
He grew up amidst consistent comparisons with his older brothers. In quick succession, between the ages eight and sixteen, he suffered the deaths of his sisters Rosemary and Kathleen and brother Joseph, in the World War II.
Kennedy graduated from Milton Academy Prep School in 1950. He played American football, tennis and hockey and was an active member of the drama and debate clubs, while in school. Kennedy joined the army in 1951 and requested for Intelligence Training, but did not make it to the course.
He trained for Military Police Corps at Camp Gordon and in 1952, was assigned to Paris city as an honor guard. His father used his political clout to ensure that Ted was not assigned tasks at the Korean War sites.
He was discharged off his service in the army in 1953, as a private first-class. Thereafter, he rejoined Harvard University in 1953. Although he made it to Harvard Crimson football program, he declined the offer from coach Lisle Blackbourn to play professionally. Kennedy graduated from Harvard with a B.A. in politics and history, in 1956.
He attended the University of Virginia School of Law and Hague Academy of International Law between 1956 and 1958. In 1959, he graduated in Law. He married Virginia Joan Bennett on November 29, 1958. They had three children: Kara Anne, Edward Jr. and Patrick. However, the marriage was annulled in 1982, on account of her alcoholism and his womanizing.
Ted managed John Kennedy's campaign for the Presidential elections in 1960. Upon John's victory, Ted was expected to wait for two years before he could campaign for the Massachusetts office.
He proved his mettle by working as an assistant district attorney for Suffolk County at a remuneration of $1, cracking down on crime, touring overseas and interacting with a number of political organizations.
In the Massachusetts Senate special election, 1962, Kennedy proved himself as the "people's man". He won by a two-to-one margin, defeating George Cabot Lodge II of the Republican party. Although, Ted Kennedy avoided publicity to much an extent, he was loved by the people, just as much as his famous siblings, John and Robert.
After the death of his brothers, Ted Kennedy stood in for their thirteen children. He even negotiated the marriage between Aristotle Onassis and Jacqueline Kennedy, wife of John Kennedy. He backed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 and the creation of the National Teachers Corps. In 1969, Kennedy became the youngest Senate Majority Whip.
Things went wrong in the life of Ted Kennedy when on the night of July 18, 1969, Kennedy drove from a Chappaquiddick Island party with a woman called Mary Jo Kopechne, and dived straight into the Poucha Pond. Though, Ted Kennedy swam to safety, Kopechne died.
Not calling the authorities, made matters worse for the politician. Kennedy pleaded guilty and served two months in jail. He admitted to the guilt of being part of an indefensible act. Kennedy won re-election to yet another Senate term in 1970. He took over as chairman of the Health Care subcommittee.
Kennedy decided against running for the 1972 U.S. presidential election. In 1973, his son Edward who was diagnosed with chondrosarcoma had a leg amputated, and later on, succumbed to it, while his other son, Patrick suffered severe asthma attacks. The pressure took a toll on Ted's first wife, Joan Kennedy, who gave in to alcoholism.
Kennedy became a popular contender in the U.S. presidential election of 1976, in the absence of a strong possible candidature. But he stepped down for 'family reasons'. Kennedy remained an important part of the senate and a successful politician.
The Chappaquiddick incident somehow always loomed large over his presidential running. Kennedy remained in office all through till 2006, becoming the second longest serving senator, after Robert Byrd.
He was the Chairman of the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee and he served on the Armed Services Committee and Congressional Joint Economic Committee. Kennedy lived in Massachusetts with his second wife, Victoria and her children, Curran and Caroline.
Despite the complex brain surgery in June 2008, Kennedy attended the first night of that year's Democratic National Convention in August, where he delivered an eloquent speech. In the speech, he mentioned that he would attend Obama's Presidential inauguration, which he did on January 20, 2009.
In March 2009, he was awarded honorary knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II. His health issues kept him from being a part of the Senate Judiciary Committee. By spring of 2009, his condition had worsened and the tumor had spread. In July 2009, he was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
On August 25, 2009, Ted Kennedy breathed his last and his body was flown past many important landmarks named after the Kennedys and brought back to Washington D.C. He was buried in the Arlington National Cemetery and his funeral was attended by many important people across the country.
His death meant the loss of a great leader. What's most inspiring about this man is that during the last days of his life, when he was fighting cancer, death wasn't far, but he continued to say, "I've had a wonderful life."


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Biografia
Proveniente da una famiglia di coloni inglesi, entrò nella Disney nel 1939, nel gruppo di Ward Kimball. Il suo primo lavoro fu l'assistenza all'animazione in Fantasia (1940) e Bambi (1942). Negli anni '70 fu promosso a regista, lavorando alla supervisione e alla produzione di alcuni Classici Disney. Il suo ultimo lavoro per la Disney fu la sceneggiatura del classico Taron e la pentola magica.

Sposatosi nel 1939, ha avuto due figli, Craig e Kent. È morto nel maggio 2007 a 92 anni per infarto.

Filmografia

Regista
Le avventure di Bianca e Bernie (1977)
Red e Toby - Nemiciamici (1981)

Produttore
Red e Toby - Nemiciamici (1981)

Sceneggiatore
Taron e la pentola magica (1985)

Animatore
Le avventure di Peter Pan (1953)
La carica dei 101 (1961)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Pomi d'ottone e manici di scopa (1971)
Robin Hood (1973)
Le avventure di Winnie the Pooh (1977)
Le avventure di Bianca e Bernie (1977)

Collegamenti esterni


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Here's everything coming to and leaving Netflix in February 2021
Samsung Galaxy S11: Release Date, Price, Specs, & More Leaks
As the day of Samsung's upcoming event is coming near, more and more rumors are spreading about the next Samsung Galaxy S11 mobile. After the release of Galaxy S11, people are expecting more from the upcoming Galaxy S11 device, while none of the use is sure about the name of the upcoming Samsung device as we are expecting Galaxy S11.
If you are also a huge Samsung fan and wondering about the next Samsung Galaxy phone, then here we have some latest Galaxy S11 leaks with the release date and specs of Samsung Galaxy S11. Let's check out!
One of the Galaxy S11 leaks suggested the design of the front is all display and there will be a hole at the top of the display for the camera. And five different cameras may come to the new S11 device as the primary camera with 108 megapixels. One leak on Twitter also told this feature on Galaxy S11 Plus.
We know that the upcoming 5G technology is spreading, and smartphone manufacturers are now focusing on developing the new 5G device, Samsung's Galaxy S11 leaks also expecting the 5G modem with powerful Qualcomm's latest Snapdragon 865 processor. So we may see Galaxy S11 and S11 Plus as a 5G variant alongside LTE models. Hence, the price of Galaxy S11 would be higher because of the 5G modem.
Talking more about Galaxy S11 specs, the device will come with the latest Qualcomm's Snapdragon 865. The device will have a 120Hz refresh rate for the screen for better improvements in gaming and app. Also, many S11 leaks indicated a larger battery and a more prominent display. Talking about the size of Galaxy S11, the leaker Evleaks Tweeted that the S11 display sizes will be 6.4 inches, 6.7 inches, and 6.9 inches for the S11e, S11, and S11 Plus, respectively.
Larger displays, better cameras, and powerful processors on S11 also need a good battery life. So the one image posted by Ice Universe revealed the battery of S11 as it will have a massive 5,000mAh battery life.
The company does not yet reveal the Samsung S11 launch date, but just like every year, Samsung will follow the same pattern to announce S11 in February and officially release the Galaxy S11 in March 2020.
Are you excited about the next Samsung Galaxy S11 model? Which feature do you want to see on S11? Do you think it would encounter Apple's latest line up? If you have anything to share about Samsung's upcoming Galaxy S11, feel free to share it with us in the comment box.
TagsSamsung Galaxy S11 Samsung Galaxy S11 Leaks Samsung Galaxy S11 Price Samsung Galaxy S11 Release Date Samsung Galaxy S11 Specs
She loves being herself. He is interested in the current tech trend, entertainment buzz, sport event, and a lot more. She does travel a lot as exploring the world helps her to write more about surrounding stuff. You contact her @ laura@rexweyler.com.
Top Google Searches of 2019: Let See Google's Most Popular Searches
Prologue: A new game from PUBG creator announced at The Game Awards 2019


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Dave sees the sun go down on last harvest after 50 years
On 16 August 1968, 16-year-old Dave Oxley joined Massey Ferguson distributor Peacock and Binnington at their busiest time of year right in the middle of harvest.
Now, half a century later, he is about see out his last season and retire from his job as an Agricultural Technician with the Brigg-based company.
"I took a week's holiday after leaving school and signed up as an apprentice," explains Dave who hails from Barnetby le Wold in North Lincs. "My dad worked on a farm which dealt with P&B and I was really keen to work with tractors and machinery."
Throughout his career repairing and servicing machines in the workshop and out in the field, Dave has been heavily involved with MF tractors, combines and balers. There's not much he doesn't know about these machines!
"Everything has changed in farming compared to 50 years ago," he comments. "Technology has really made a difference. Tractors virtually drive themselves now and we use laptops to help diagnose faults."
"When I first started, tractors such as the MF 100 Series were between 45 and 75hp. Now you are looking at least an average of 200hp, with big models like the MF 8700 S at 400hp."
"As for combines, they've got bigger and faster but the principle is still the same – the crop goes in at the front and comes out at the back!"
During the hectic summer period, it often means early morning starts for Dave and he can be out working until 10pm, ensuring the equipment is in perfect condition to bring home the harvest.
"I've really enjoyed my time with P&B but I'm ready for retirement after 50 years on the job," Dave adds. "I'm going to take a few days off and then hope to do some part-time work – perhaps working on a local farm."
It's true what they say, you can't keep a good man down.


What is software architecture, and how do you think about it in relation to making a game in Unity?
Software architecture is the organization and layout of code in a program. I think about software architecture when tying to make my scripts as responsive and simple as possible, so that it handles any changes I make automatically.
What is your primary goal when prototyping, and how does that conflict with "best practices" for software architecture?
When prototyping, I usually try to make sure that a specific task happens. I don't have the time to code this as effectively as I'd want which means that unless I eventually clean it up, any code relating to that specific task could become messy and time consuming.
What is decoupling, and why is it essential to software architecture?
Decoupling is basically making specific parts of code self sufficient, so that they don't require some other part of code to be fixed or changed. This is essential to software architecture because it reduces the need to make multiple adjustments per any change or fix you make to the code.
This code begins the game with "space" but is also in charge of switching cameras throughout. This code changes cameras by checking when the ball collides with certain objects throughout its course. Because the ball is not present throughout the entire play through, half of the cameras had to be switched independently of the ball. I could have just decoupled all of the cameras since it would have made it more organized since i had to decouple more than half of them.


Athens, Ga. – Ovarian and pancreatic cancers are among the most deadly, not because they are impossible to cure, but because they are difficult to find. There are no screening tests that can reliably detect their presence in early stages, and most diagnoses are made after the disease has already spread to lymph nodes and vital organs.
But University of Georgia cancer researchers Karen Abbott and Michael Pierce are exploring new methods of detecting these silent killers using the most advanced technologies available. They recently received two, five-year grants from the National Institutes of Health totaling more than $4.1 million to support their projects. Their work promises to help find the cancers early, when doctors have the best chance to help their patients fight the disease.
Both researchers are searching for ways to detect specific kinds of glycans-tiny sugar molecules found on the outside of proteins-that sometimes appear in blood and tissue during the earliest stages of cancer formation. If Abbott and Pierce can isolate these glycomarkers and detect them in blood, they may develop new, non-invasive tests that physicians could use to screen for cancer as part of a regular checkup.
Working at UGA's Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, a state-of-the-art facility dedicated to medical glycobiology and carbohydrate research, Abbott and Pierce will identify new cancer-related glycans and further define the role of those they have already discovered related to pancreatic, ovarian and breast cancers.
Abbott's project focuses particularly on the early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer, one of the most common forms of the disease that frequently eludes early detection.
"The problem for finding a marker for cancers like that is that they are all so different," said Abbott, assistant research scientist and director of the Post-Translational Modification Program at the UGA Cancer Center.
The only available blood test for ovarian cancer searches for elevated levels of a protein called CA-125, but this test, as well as protein-based diagnostics for other cancers, are notoriously unreliable because proteins tend to undergo significant changes as the cancer develops and grows. Glycans, on the other hand, remain relatively stable.
"What we're finding is that glycan changes happen early as the cells transition and become cancerous, and this is something that the cell holds onto," Abbott said.
Pierce's lab is developing new ways to detect glycomarkers associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and invasive ductal carcinoma, the two most common forms of pancreatic and breast cancer, respectively. His lab identified and characterized these targets under a previous NIH grant, but he now hopes to refine them into accurate, repeatable tests.
As part of this new grant, Pierce and his colleagues are also expanding their search for more disease-specific glycomarkers by studying two types of cells associated with the early development of pancreatic cancer.
One cell type is called a tumor-initiating cell, because it is believed to be involved in the first stages of cancer development. The other cells are called stellate cells, which surround tumors as they grow. Pierce hypothesizes that these two cell types will secrete cancer-specific glycans into the bloodstream that may be discovered using a simple test.
Ultimately, both Pierce and Abbott hope the glycans they identify and study not only will serve as reliable diagnostics for extraordinarily deadly cancers but also pave the way for future research and collaborative projects exploring these important and understudied molecules.
Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health under award numbers 1U01CA168870-01 and 2U01CA128454-06.
The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center was founded at the University of Georgia in 1985, and is one of only three centers worldwide dedicated to the study of complex carbohydrates, which play critical roles in cellular communication, gene expression, immunology, organism defense mechanisms, growth and development. The 140,000 square foot facility is home to 17 interdisciplinary research groups, including four federally designated centers for carbohydrate research. In addition to UGA research projects, the center also provides analytical services and training to university, government and industrial scientists interested in complex carbohydrate molecules. For more information, see www.ccrc.uga.edu.
The University of Georgia Cancer Center is composed of more than 40 teams of researchers from across campus working to discover new drug targets, develop diagnostic tests, create cancer vaccines, and educate the public through about cancer treatment and prevention. The center is also committed to educating undergraduate and graduate-level students who will become the next generation of cancer researchers and physicians. For more information, see http://cancercenter.uga.edu.


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Stem cell patches could help mend hearts after heart attack
Human trials will begin within two years after treatment shows promise in animals
Tue 4 Jun 2019 01.00 EDT
The patches contain up to 50m human stem cells programmed to turn into working heart muscle cells. Photograph: British Heart Foundation/PA
Scientists have developed heart patches that could benefit hundreds of thousands of people who have a heart attack.
The British Heart Foundation (BHF) said the patches, which are grown in a lab and help repair damaged hearts, could one day provide an off-the-shelf treatment. They have shown promise in animals, and clinical trials in humans will begin in the next two years.
The thumb-sized (3cm x 2cm) patches of heart tissue contain up to 50m human stem cells programmed to turn into working heart muscle cells.
Experts say one or more patches could be implanted on to a patient's heart to prevent or reverse damage to the organ.
During a heart attack, the heart is starved of vital nutrients and oxygen, killing off parts of the heart muscle. This weakens the heart and can eventually lead to heart failure, which affects an estimated 920,000 people in the UK.
The patches are intended to physically support the damaged heart muscle and help it pump more efficiently. Chemicals are also released that stimulate the heart cells to repair and regenerate.
Lab tests show that the patches start to beat after three days and start to mimic mature heart tissue within one month.
In animals, the patches led to an improvement in the function of the heart after a heart attack, and blood vessels from the heart were able to grow into the patches.
The ultimate goal is to have a stock of pre-made patches that are compatible with all patients, so that a person having a heart attack could quickly have one implanted.
Dr Richard Jabbour, from the London BHF Centre of Regenerative Medicine, said: "One day we hope to add heart patches to the treatments that doctors can routinely offer people after a heart attack. We could prescribe one of these patches alongside medicines for someone with heart failure, which you could take from a shelf and implant straight into a person."
Prof Metin Avkiran, an associate medical director at the BHF, which is funding the research, said: "This is a prime example of world-leading research that has the potential to mend broken hearts and transform lives around the globe. If clinical trials can show the benefits of these heart patches in people after a heart attack, it would be a great leap forward for regenerative medicine.
"Heart failure is a debilitating and life-changing condition with no cure, making everyday tasks incredibly difficult. If we can patch the heart up and help it heal, we could transform the outlook for these people."


How to send some variables with wp_redirect() from function.php file in my theme folder?
And on homepage I will catch the variable in if-else condition to show some confirmation or not depending if $variable_to_send = '1' or not.
How to do that in WordPress?
I'm afraid that you can't do it this way.
wp_redirect is a fancy way to send header Location and the second argument of this function is request status, and not custom variable. (404, 301, 302, and so on).
Then you can use these variables as $_GET['my_variable'] or register it as custom get variable.
This will initiate a redirect to http://my.website/?variable_to_send=1. You'd be able to capture the variable, then, on the homepage (or blog page, depending on how your home_url() is setup) by accessing $_GET['variable_to_send'] in your PHP code.
If you're going to do this in functions.php, make sure to hook onto init or a similarly early hook or else you will get a "Headers already sent" error.
Hopefully this helps someone who stumbles across this post.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged wp-query redirect or ask your own question.
Does WP_Query 'responds' badly to empty arguments?


The above command will print the 101th and 106th lines of the specified file.
The -n switch will make sed not print all lines by default.
The -e switch is to specify a sed command, you can use it multiple times at once.


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STEM is the hottest buzzword in education as a technology-driven future will be created by students learning science, technology, engineering, and math. But STEM is not just for labs or think tanks, it's for sports, too! In this series, explore the ever-expanding connections between STEM and sports. Digital playbooks, high-tech fitness gear, analytics that build championship teams, new stadiums using the latest design innovations, and much more. See how top pro and college teams—along with weekend athletes—are using the advances in STEM to further their games.
$95.80(USD)
Volume count: 4
Dimensions: 7.25 x 9.25
SLJ Review
These fascinating titles examine innovations in scientific fields that "are giving…athletes a wide array of tools to improve performance and success." The books cover engineering advances such as lightweight shirts and safer equipment as well as high-tech sports stadiums and scientific breakthroughs that include preventing and rehabilitating player injuries, designing prosthetics, and creating new guidelines for training and nutrition. Most innovations are cast in a favorable light, such as Math's description of Sabermetrics, the stats-based analysis pioneered by Bill James that's now used in many sports. However, the authors also highlight concerns: commercial interests drive many new developments and may tip the scale in favor of wealthy athletes or teams. Readers are encouraged to think through these issues through text-dependent questions and suggestions for research projects. Sidebars and color photos are an additional plus. VERDICT Great resources for report writers and fans alike. -School Library Journal SMS April 2015
STEM in Sports: Engineering
by Tim Newcomb
You can't play sports without a place to play. Inside, find out how engineers are changing the way people view and play sports around the world. Read how talented engineers are becoming all-stars by creating arenas and stadiums that thrill fans. Check out advances in engineering that are changing how athletes dress and coaches coach. From the giant size of stadiums to the micro-engineering of uniform fabric, from 3-D printing of running shoes to growing grass indoors, engineers find themselves atop the victory stand over and over again. The entire STEM in SPORTS series tells the story of how science, technology, engineering, and math are not just an exciting and innovative part of education, but also part of the winning formula for success in sports. In this series, find out how these fields of study are hard at work on the fields of play.
STEM in Sports: Math
by James Buckley Jr.
In sports, 2 + 2 now equals winning. In this book, explore the many relationships between mathematics and sports. Start with the obvious—uniform numbers and stats—and continue with high-level analytics that are changing how teams are formed and how games are played. Math can make a basketball player more accurate and a football coach more successful. Knowing the numbers can make an everyday athlete more efficient and turn a racing team into a champion. Count it up: Math in sports is Number One! The entire STEM in SPORTS series tells the story of how science, technology, engineering, and math are not just an exciting and innovative part of education, but also part of the winning formula for success in sports. In this series, find out how these fields of study are hard at work on the fields of play.
STEM in Sports: Science
by Jim Gigliotti
Science and sports are coming together to create winning teams around the world, and this book tells that story. Read how scientists are making sports safer and easier to play; how engineers are creating ways for disabled athletes to excel; and how nutritionists are using science to change the way athletes eat to win. From auto racing to baseball, from football to soccer, science has become as big a part of sports as wins and losses. The entire STEM in SPORTS series tells the story of how science, technology, engineering, and math are not just an exciting and innovative part of education, but also part of the winning formula for success in sports. In this series, find out how these fields of study are hard at work on the fields of play.
STEM in Sports: Technology
Technology is revolutionizing sports around the world; find out how inside. Wearable tech is turning athletes into walking computers. Stadium video technology is ending debates caused by official decisions. Personal video devices are changing the way we view sports, on land and in the air. From basketballs that talk back to social media that lets athletes talk back, too, technology and sports have become a winning team. The entire STEM in SPORTS series tells the story of how science, technology, engineering, and math are not just an exciting and innovative part of education, but also part of the winning formula for success in sports. In this series, find out how these fields of study are hard at work on the fields of play.


Man Your Own Jackhammer: More detail! More words!
1) I'm using twice as many words. That doesn't mean I'm throwing in a lot of "gasps" and adjectives, which is what it could mean. What it means is that I'm taking my time to be thorough in describing things. I did not, as I usually do, rush through and assume that my brilliant images will communicate psychically, my concepts and designs will be clear even though there's no reason they should make sense. Rather I take my sweet time with all the little pieces and use sufficient words and time to describe how they all look, smell, sound, and fit together. Every moment can last a lifetime.
2) I'm giving my characters space to contemplate and to expand on their situations. In the past, I've always assumed that my characters would take care of themselves. I tended to write quite cinematically, just describing what it would look like people did and I'd assume that readers could keep up. That would work all right in the movie version when my characters are acted out as well as they are in my mind, with all the emotional states sort of dancing across their faces. My descriptive powers are not yet where they need to be to keep up with my imagined acting skills, however. And besides, I'm writing a mythologically inclined fantasy. Putting in poetic thought process lends itself to the storytelling.
3) I'm including damn subplots. I've always left subplots out of the novel proper, assuming that the hints and vagueness with which the main characters treated the subplots would be sufficient for the story. Subplots often feel less interesting to me than main plots. But when I started to explain the actions of my main characters to myself during my world-building kick recently I realized that the subplots I needed were really good and very interesting. In exploring my subplots I've managed to discover that my novel as it is can be a good conduit for me to expostulate and explore something I really like, which is various classical story structures. If I imagine character X as the main character, my novel is a classical tragedy--if character Y is the lead it becomes a stereotypical Hero's Journey with a personal touch--and the rest. I now enjoy subplots.
Those are the main reasons. I explain the doubling in words briefly as an increase in thoroughness.
Why I'm explaining: The way I see it, care and thorough treatment are often lacking in creative endeavours. Sometimes we meet writers with a proclivity toward intentional fantasy bloat, and we should not err in their direction. However, if you find that your attempts at novels often seem to stop on page twenty-four, and you don't know how the story goes from there, you may be leaving out half of what needs to be said. I suggest relishing the moments.


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Q: SQL - Query for array elements inside hash in json I have a table with a jsonb column of the below given structure.

my_json: {"records": [{"id":1, "name":"first"}, {"id":2, "name":"second"}, {"id":3, "name":"third"}]}

What i need is select all the ids present inside the records key. And I couldn't find any help anywhere for this json structure.
I have tried for the following queries, but couldn't actually get to a point that i want to reach.
"select my_json->>'records' from my_table where my_json->>'records' is not null AND my_json #> '{records}' != '[]'"

this actually gives the complete array, but what i need is the value of all the 'id' key in that.
could somebody help in sorting it out please.
Note: I use Postgres 9.5

A: you look for json_array_elements:
t=# with c(my_json) as (values (' {"records": [{"id":1, "name":"first"}, {"id":2, "name":"second"}, {"id":3, "name":"third"}]}'::json))
select json_array_elements(my_json->'records')->>'id' from c;
 ?column?
----------
 1
 2
 3
(3 rows)

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