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Why Lake Superior Is Rising and What That Means for the City of Duluth
Audrey Ramming
Duluth, Minnesota has been identified as a potential refuge for climate migrants who are fleeing from the damaging effects of climate change occurring in their respective hometowns. The city was selected based on qualitative, social criteria that makes it more appealing than other places, but was not deeply examined in terms of environmental impact or in terms of how climate change might be affecting the water level rise of Lake Superior. Ironically, long-term geological processes as well as recent heavy precipitation events linked to climate change, threaten even the most "climate-proof" city in the United States.
Duluth Skyline. (Credit: Evan Kane/Flickr)
The surface of the Great Lakes region is still in the process of bouncing back from the weight of massive glaciers that began retreating near the end of the last ice age 11,000 years ago. These glaciers and ice sheets, which were miles thick, literally pushed the Earth's crust into its upper mantle. Now, with the glaciers gone, the earth's surface is rising back upwards, a process known as isostatic rebound. The same way a yoga mat takes some time to return to its original shape after bearing weight––because of the thick consistency of the earth's mantle––it will take many thousands of years for the land to return to its original equilibrium level.
However, the amount and rate of rise is not uniform across the Great Lakes region; it all depends on the amount of ice that was pushing the land down and how long ago it melted away. For instance, the Hudson Bay area was home to some of the most massive glacial ice sheets, and was the last to see its ice melt away. Thus, the land surface there is rising more than half an inch per year, which sums to over four feet per century.
Isostatic Rebound. (Credit: Brian McNamara/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
Moreover, rising land in some areas can cause the land to sink elsewhere, creating a sort-of seesaw effect. North America's Great Lakes lie along the fulcrum of the seesaw: land north of the lakes is bouncing back up from the retreat of Canadian glaciers, causing the land south of the lakes to subside. As a result, residents on the southern shores are seeing water levels rise very slowly over time.
Lake Superior itself is experiencing rising water levels on its southern shorelines while its northern shorelines are experiencing the opposite. In fact, a paper published by Lee and Southam in 1994, which examined water level limits for Lake Superior for the purposes of hydropower water diversion, stated: "Due to these natural changes, the upper regulation limit is now 0.21 m higher at Duluth, Minnesota, and 0.26 m lower at Michipicoten, Ontario, than in 1902. By 2050, these differences will be as much as 0.34 m higher and 0.43 m lower, respectively." They concluded that the effects of crustal movement should be considered in long term planning, especially with regard to establishing flood levels along Lake Superior's southwestern shore.
The contribution of isostatic rebound to water levels in the Great Lakes is just part of the lake level rise story. Andrew Gronewold, a professor in the school for environment and sustainability (SEAS) at the University of Michigan, explained to GlacierHub that while glacial isostatic rebound is indeed occurring over the Great Lakes region, it is not the reason why water levels are so high in Lake Superior right now. "Water levels are driven primarily by rainfall that enters the Lake Superior basin, and by the amount of water that leaves through evaporation," Gronewold said, and "this increase in precipitation is largely the response to climate change across the region."
Waves crashing in Lake Superior. (Credit: Tom Ruppe/Flickr)
Gronewold has been researching how changes in precipitation and evaporation lead to both short and long term changes in water levels in the Great Lakes. He mentioned that as recently as five or six years ago, water levels in the lakes were dangerously low. However, as a result of recent heavy precipitation events, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario just broke their all-time record for high water levels, and that goes back over 100 years. Lake Superior rose one meter in just five years. "It's important to mention that the rate of change due to glacial isostatic rebound is not nearly as fast as the water level rise by precipitation," said Gronewold. Researchers believe that rapid transitions between extremely high and low water levels could be the new normal as interactions between the global climate and regional hydrological cycles become more variable with climate change.
Not only has there been an increase in the number of precipitation events, but there has also been an increase in the number of heavy rainstorms. This trend is the result of a warming atmosphere, which can hold more moisture, Gronewold explained. Indeed, for every degree (Celsius) of temperature rise, the atmosphere can hold about seven percent more moisture. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) pointed out that eastern North America is one region especially at risk of seeing the largest increases in heavy precipitation as the climate warms.
According to the IPCC, Earth's surface warmed an average of approximately one degree C above pre-industrial levels by 2017. This rise might seem small, but the amount of energy that is required to heat the entire surface of the earth by one degree is extremely large. We are already seeing intense sea level rise along the Eastern Coast of the US, worsening wildfires in California, an immense decline in fishery productivity, and the exposure of hundreds of millions of people to climate related risk and poverty. This is forcing millions, especially those in coastal communities, to migrate places that are more climate safe.
Time series plot of Lake Superior water levels: When working for NOAA, Gronewold helped develop the Great Lakes Water Level Dashboard as a tool to look at long term water level data in the Great Lakes. Notice the recent rising trend. The red line represents the average water level for the period of record while the blue dots represent the average water level in a given month. (Credit: Andrew Gronewold/NOAA).
Duluth, a major port city on Lake Superior, was identified among several other cities in the Upper Midwest as a potential climate refuge for those escaping the damaging effects of climate change in their own hometowns. Jesse M. Keenan, a lecturer in architecture at Harvard University, served as the principal investigator in the "Duluth Climigration" (climate migration) project. "We are seeing the northerly migration of flora and fauna, and the idea is that people will follow," said Keenan.
"No city can be 'climate proof,' no one is immune from climate change," Keenan explained in his lecture to Duluthians this past April, but there are places that are better insulated than others. Right next to Lake Superior, Duluth the "air-conditioned" city, makes a good case for being quite climate proof. Moreover, recent research out of the University of Maryland suggests Duluth may see a similar climate as Toledo, Ohio, a city 550 miles southeast of Duluth, by 2080.
The video above is a lecture given by Dr. Jesse M. Keenan in April of this year, and is geared towards informing Duluthians about why their city would make an outstanding "climigration" refuge.
"What do people look for when they move?," Keenan proposed to GlacierHub. Duluth boasts urban affordability, a strong health care system, strong primary and higher education systems, and it also displays core infrastructure that would capture mid- and upper-income consumer preferences. Furthermore, the city has excess capacity for new housing and businesses because it is a residual of the rust belt which saw industrial decline and gradual depopulation starting around 1980. "It has been in a long, long population decline, so any measure of additional population resonates," Keenan explained. Within the past decade, the entire town gained just 56 people. Though his team did not take into account the environmental impact component of migration in their decision, Keenan affirmed, "I do not discount the associated challenges of water management in terms of stormwater management and managed lake levels, but Duluth itself, has qualitative aspects that make it a good 'refuge.'"
Downtown Duluth on the shore of Lake Superior (Credit: Jacob Norlund/Flickr)
Keenan argued that if refugees were to move there, they should settle in high density housing downtown, rather than expand suburbanization, as it provides an opportunity to revive mass transit and build sustainably. "I think this is the most interesting part of the project, actually, because when people move, land becomes very inundated, and this is a chance to move away from the suburban high carbon footprint and build sustainable high-density housing," Keenan remarked, "and it could easily be like the brownstones of Brooklyn – very nice and beautiful."
The important thing to figure out is who will be on the move, which market and demographics they will represent, and what this will mean for the housing lifecycle, tax base, and development. Many Floridians currently imperiled by intense storms and sea level rise may choose to relocate here because Lake Superior resembles the ocean. There have been people who have actually relocated to Duluth as a result of Keenan's research – "They've read these papers and have said 'That's it, we're moving to Duluth!' Keenan said, and "I want to meet these people."
The massive glacial ice sheets that carved the Great Lakes make Duluth a deepwater port. Ocean-going ships can reach it, even though it is situated far inland. (Credit: Sharon Mollerus/Flickr)
When asked whether Duluth might make a good climate refuge, Gronewold explained: "As a citizen of the region, I can say that Duluth is an amazing city and the Upper Midwest is a great place to live, but it's really hard to untangle all the impacts that climate change might have, not only on water and temperature, but also on the economy." Duluth's location on Lake Superior provides a cool climate, fresh potable water, and a stable, deepwater shipping hub favorable for climate migration. But now the Great Lakes, to which Duluth owes so much, are changing as a result of slow geological processes as well as much more rapid climate change.
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Tags: climate refuge, climate safe, climigration, Duluth, isostatic rebound, lake superior, Minnesota
Russian Navy Confirms Emergence of Five New Islands in the Arctic Ocean
The physical geography of the Arctic Ocean is evolving as the climate warms. Most recently, the Russian Navy discovered five new islands off the coast of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, which were exposed as a result of glacial melt. Novaya Zemlya is situated in a remote corner of the world, northwest of the Russian mainland. There are two islands in the archipelago, and while the whole area is remote, the northern Severny Island is uninhabited and contains more glaciers than the southern Yuzhny island.
"Red arrows indicate 1990 terminus positions, yellow arrows 2015 terminus positions and purple arrows upglacier thinning. An island has formed at the second red arrow from the bottom." (Source: Mauri Pelto)
The time-lapse map above shows one of the five new islands being exposed off the coast of Novaya Zemlya. To see the emergence of the other four islands via time-lapse images, visit From a Glacier's Perspective, by Mauri Pelto, professor of environmental science at Nichols College and director of the North Cascades Glacier Climate Project.
Russia's New Discoveries
Located in St. Petersburg, the Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping has long been one of Russia's leading maritime technical institutions, dating back to 1781 when Empress Catherine II opened the first nautical schools in the Russian Empire. Thus, this university is linked to the foundation of Russian maritime navigation and continues to perfect the operation of the Russian fleet. In 2016, Marina Migunova, then a student at the university, noticed five new islands along the coast of Severny while examining satellite images of the Vize (or Wiese) Bay. Migunova is now an engineer of the Oceanographic Measurement Service for the Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy.
Interestingly, the Wiese Bay is named after Vladimir Yulyevich Wiese, an early twentieth century Russian scientist, member of the Soviet Arctic Institute, and founder of the Geographico-hydrological School of Oceanography. He spent his life studying the Arctic ice pack, and in 1930, aboard the Icebreaker Sedov, he and his crew discovered the Wiese Island in the area north of Novaya Zemlya. Its hydrometeorological research station, that was established in 1945, is one of the northernmost in the world.
The red arrow points to Wiese Island. Novaya Zemlya is circled in brown. Franz Josef Land is circled in blue. (Source: Demis/Mohonu)
It took three years, but the Northern Fleet has finally visited and confirmed the discovery of these five new islands. The voyage to the Novaya Zemlya archipelago occurred this past summer, and carried scientists and filmmakers from the Russian Geographical Society and the Russian Arctic National Park. According to the Russian Ministry of Defense, these islands emerged in the wake of retreating glaciers situated near the Vylki glacier and range from 900 to 54,500 square meters in size.
"NASA's Terra satellite captured this true-color image of Novaya Zemlya on July 27, 2009… Before the turn of the twentieth century, Arctic sea ice used to linger along the coast of Novaya Zemlya's larger island each July. After the turn of the century, however, increased summertime melt made open ocean more common." (Source: NASA)
In addition to confirming the existence of Migunova's five new islands on the North Island of Novaya Zemlya, the crew also surveyed the depth of many straits, as well as the topography of the ocean floor of the Barents and Kara Seas. On this expedition, the Northern Fleet was also searching for the remains of a Soviet scientist who died in 1950 as he was compiling maps of the "New Earth," Novaya Zemlya. They found his remains along with a weather station that had been destroyed in 1943 by Nazi submarines. The crew then identified the islands of Littrow and also confirmed the presence of a new island in the Gunter Bay of the Franz Josef Land archipelago, which is another remote group of islands located north of the Russian mainland in the Arctic Ocean. It was explored by the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the 1800's during a period of geopolitcal competition between the Austro-Hungarians and Russians in the Arctic Ocean, and one of its isolated islands may have even served as a secret Nazi war base during World War II.
Franz Josef Land in the Arctic Ocean (Source: Flickr/ Christopher Michel)
The expedition follows a recent surge of coastline surveying by the Russian Navy. The Russian Ministry of Defense has reported that since 2015, the Northern Fleet hydrographic service has identified over thirty new islands, capes, and bays near the Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya archipelagos using remote sensing techniques. Additionally, the Russian Ministry of Defense noted that "critical points" in the boundary waters have been clarified to describe the territories of the Russian Federation as well as their economic reach. As you might guess, both of these archipelagos are important locations for military infrastructure and personnel.
In 1933, the Soviets established a small research station on Rudolf Island of the Franz Josef Land, which is located only 200 km from the North Pole. (Source: Flickr/Christopher Michel)
Russian Military Activity in the Arctic
During the Cold War period, Novaya Zemlya was the site of Soviet atmospheric and underground nuclear tests. In fact, it hosted over 130 nuclear detonations, including the "Tsar Bomba," which was the largest nuclear weapon ever detonated – almost four thousand times more powerful than the bomb that destroyed Hiroshima.
Dr. Kristian Åtland, a senior research fellow at the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, told GlacierHub that since the Cold War period, Russia has reinvigorated much of its old military infrastructure as well as built new Arctic infrastructure on Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, and the East Siberian Islands. These include airfields, naval port facilities, radar and early warning installations, and air defense systems. According to Åtland, defense of the coastline is of critical importance to the Russians.
More than half of Russia's naval nuclear forces are positioned to the immediate east of Norway on the Kola peninsula, and the Russian Navy uses the Barents and Kara seas, which surround Novaya Zemlya, as their patrol and transit areas. "They [submarines] venture into the Arctic Ocean too, where water depths are much greater. Here, it's easier to hide under the cover of ice or along the ice edge where ambient noise conditions are more favorable, and where their submarines are more difficult to track by western forces," said Åtland. "The ice cover is shrinking, and Novaya Zemlya's new islands are showing the changes in the physical geography of the region."
Polar bears approach a submarine near the North Pole. (Source: United States Navy/ Chief Yeoman Alphonso Braggs)
While the shallow maritime area closest to the coast of the new islands is not very strategic in terms of submarine activity, the changing physical geography is affecting security in a number of ways. "Nuclear subs are more difficult to locate and track under ice, so the shrinking ice cover could be a challenge for strategic forces," Åtland told GlacierHub. Still, he noted, "the strategic significance of the Barents Sea for Russia should not be underestimated. To ensure safe operations of subs, the Russians can use a number of assets, such as surface vessels, maritime patrol aircraft and different sensors on the sea beds to optimize their monitoring skills and exercise what we call 'sea control' over the Barents Sea." This is especially important as the level of activity in the Arctic Ocean increases with climate change.
"Seasonally, the ice sort of comes down during the winter, and expands and retracts over the seasons, over the years," said Åtland. He mentioned that this will continue to be the status until the end of the 2030's, when we are likely to see a total disappearance of Arctic ice in the summer months. It is projected that, by the end of the century, the ice will expand and retract until it is completely gone in every season. "That will be a whole new situation and could change the strategic dynamics of the region. It could lead to a significant increase in sea traffic and other economic activities in the region as a whole."
Geopolitical Shifts in the Arctic
In the Arctic Ocean, "not only is the ice melting, but it is also thinning," stated David Titley, a retired Rear Admiral of the US Navy and a professor of Meteorology and International Affairs at Penn State University. As these waterways become clearer, the Russians are making large efforts to monetize their northern sea routes. They have been working with the Chinese to transport natural gas through the Arctic Ocean, and the fact that they are able to run their ships "without ice-breaker assistance, in the winter, in the Arctic, shows just how much the ice is thinning."
Krasin, the first "icebreaker," built in 1917 for the Imperial Russian Navy. "In 1933, Krasin became the first vessel to reach the inaccessible northern shores of Novaya Zemlya in the history of navigation." She is now docked at St. Petersburg where she serves as a museum ship commemorating Arctic Convoys. (Source: Flickr/Andrey Korchagin)
One pressing issue is, of course, the so-called "straits" issue. This raises the question of whether or not the newly formed waterways are part of the internal waters of the Russian Federation, or if they should be seen as international straits where the right of transit applies. This same case is occurring in the northwest passage by Canada, according to Åtland. Indeed, economic zones are expanding with the warming climate. Therefore, "in addition to the changing physical environment, you also have a changing geopolitical environment," said Titley, "and there are lots of issues that must be worked out before we can see any shift in shipping."
Because the geopolitical climate suggests transformation, the Suez Canal authority is now promoting their shipping path. Titley noted that we could see an increase in competition between Russia trying to reorient shipping along their Northern Sea route in the Arctic Ocean versus Egyptians promoting shipping through their Suez Canal. "If you're a shipper, before you can sanction routes, there are questions of insurance, and how much the Russians will charge to move through the route, as well as for ice-breakers and escorts. Shippers will start to get a choice between route options," said Titley. An "over-the-top" shuttle service across the North Pole to Iceland may even become a possibility in the future, he added.
Ships of the Northern Fleet (Source: Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation)
The Arctic is incredibly rich in oil and natural gas: "there are huge amounts of it up there," but since working underwater, especially in the Arctic, is hard, "at what cost are we willing to extract it, given how easy it is to obtain elsewhere?" proposed Titley. Ice is dangerous stuff if it drifts around oil infrastructure. Titley laughed, "My guess is, if that becomes the last place to get a barrel of oil, chances are we're gonna go get it."
The discovery of Novaya Zemlya's five new islands is simply the most recent chapter in the escapade of Arctic melt. In Mauri Pelto's blog, "From a Glacier's Perspective," he writes: "Climate change has been driving the recession of glaciers and ice sheets, which in turn has been changing our maps." Indeed, all the mapping and exploration the Russians are doing in the Arctic gives it the feel of a new frontier exposed from beneath the ice. While exciting in some ways, it is important to consider the potential damaging effects to the planet's ecosystems and geophysical processes. Titley put it perfectly: "We didn't leave the Stone Age because we used every last stone, so we shouldn't leave the fossil fuel age because we used every last drop of fossil fuel."
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Tags: arctic, Franz-Josef Land, geopolitics, island, ministry of defense, navy, Novaya Zemlya, russia
Photo Friday: "Antarctica" – An Exhibit Showcasing Lamont Scientists' Photos from the Field
The Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) is a part of the Earth Institute at Columbia University where roughly 200 PhD researchers and 90 graduate students are involved in earth-science research. "Its scientists study the planet from its deepest interior to the outer reaches of its atmosphere, on every continent and in every ocean, providing a rational basis for the difficult choices facing humanity."
Miriam Cinquegrana, administrative coordinator at LDEO, has initiated a series of photo exhibits "to provide a space for members of the Lamont community to explore their passion for photography and to share their artistic work." The hope is for these individuals to make connections and engage their research in new ways, noted Cinquegrana. Previous landscape exhibits have included Patagonia and Easter Island, as well as The Aleutians.
The newest exhibit, Antarctica, is the third display to feature photos taken by scientists as they perform their research in the field. Pieces from this exhibit are displayed here, and highlight photos taken by the following scientists: Isabel Cordero, Nick Frearson, Jonathan Kinslake, David Porter, Margie Turrin, Martin Wearing, Carson Witte, and Robin Bell.
"Each year Lamont scientists travel the globe with their research. This exhibition provides a small glimpse into the beauty and fragility that is Antarctica. These images were taken by Lamont Scientists as they went about their daily research studying topics as diverse as ice dynamics to tectonic origins and ranging from the Antarctic Peninsula to the Ross Ice Shelf and beyond into the East Antarctic interior."
Nick Frearson
Source: Isabel Cordero
"Sea ice cracking in the pressure ridges near Scott Base (the New Zealand Antarctic base). Some of it melts in the sunlight and creates these blue ice pools on the surface, and some of the blue ice just peeks through the folding ice."
Source: Nick Frearson
"An emperor penguin stands near the edge of the Cape Washington Penguin Colony in Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. The penguin studies me with no trace of fear while I frame the picture. During peak season the colony can contain over 20,000 breeding pairs. This area has now become the 73rd Antarctic Specially Protected Area."
"Our Rac-Tent during a storm in Antarctica in 2014. This extremely strong military tent is used as a logistical command center in the field. We use them as science tents during our field seasons, and when we are not out gathering data, we can be found inside them huddled over laptops. On one trip, our Rac-Tent had markings from the Korean War stenciled onto the frame."
Source: Jonathan Kinslake
"An iceberg floating past Rothera Research Station, Antarctic Peninsula, Nov 2013. S67 35 8; W68 7 59. Altitude 0 m a.s.l. In the background are the glaciated peaks of Adelaide Island."
"A "Scott Tent" in the Weddell Sea Sector of West Antarctica, Jan 2014. S77 50 22.0; W74 47 24.7; Altitude 536 m a.s.l. We're there using radar to measure the internal structure of the ice and observe how it flows."
Source: David Porter
"The LDEO Icepod — flying aboard a ski-equipped LC-130 just 1500 feet above the Ross Sea in Antarctica — images and maps sea ice and glaciers as part of the NSF-funded ROSETTA-Ice Project in November 2017."
Source: Margie Turrin
"Cape petrels soaring against the Antarctic landscape. Common in the Southern Ocean, they are known to track ships hoping for food scraps or fish churned up in the ship's wake."
"Going ashore to Deception Island. The Island is the caldera of an active volcano in the South Shetland Island archipelago, Antarctica."
"The remains of the Governoren Shipwreck, in Foyn Harbor off the West coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. A 1915 "whaling factory ship" that caught fire, igniting the whale oil and destroying the vessel. The crew was rescued by another whaling vessel."
Source: Martin Wearing
"Fractured sea ice in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Photo taken during the ROSETTA-Ice fieldwork campaign in November/December 2017."
"The calving front of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Photo taken during the ROSETTA-Ice fieldwork campaign in November/December 2017."
Source: Carson Witte
"Pancake ice rides the swell in Terra Nova Bay, where the stratovolcano Mt. Melbourne looms ever present to the north."
Source: Robin Bell
"The snow is hard atop the East Antarctic Ice Sheet and the sky is an incredible blue. At the high elevations (3500m) far from the sea, the silence is so intense that you can hear grains of snow knocking into one another as the wind flows past. The flags in the distance mark the skiways where the Twin Otters and the New York Air National Guard LC_130's land. This picture was taken during the International Polar Year expedition (2009) to the Gamburtsev Mountains. Together with scientists from seven nations, we mapped the Pyrenees-sized mountain range beneath the surface. The skiway was busy as we kept the survey plane in the air almost around the clock."
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Tags: #field research, antarctica, Columbia University, lamont
Around the world, researchers seek to understand just how fast glaciers are melting as the planet's climate warms. In Grand Teton National Park, two new studies are underway as researchers investigate glaciers from different, but complementary perspectives. The first is a study by National Park Service (NPS) scientists who have begun tracing the melt and movement of five glaciers in the park. The second study reflects upon research by a Washington State University biologist, who, in turn, is analyzing how these melting glaciers will affect downstream biodiversity.
Mount Owen and the Grand Teton viewed from the North Fork of Cascade. (Source: NPS Photo/J. Bonney)
Study 1: Tracking Glacial Melt
The crests and canyons of the Teton Range in the Rocky Mountains were shaped during the Ice Ace of the Pleistocene era 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, when the earth experienced its latest period of repeated glaciations. These giant glaciers retreated 10,000 years ago, and the smaller glaciers we see today are the result of the Little Ice Age that lasted from about AD 1400 to 1850.
Glaciers tend to be highly responsive to climate change because they react both to temperature and precipitation. In 2014, NPS scientists and climbing rangers began measuring the health of several glaciers in Grand Teton National Park. They include Peterson, Schoolroom, Teton, Falling Ice, and the revered Middle Teton Glacier. Located on the eastern slope of the third highest peak in the Teton Range, Middle Teton is one of the first sights noticeable from the highway, and is a popular mountaineering route for visitors.
Park scientists record GPS locations on Schoolroom Glacier
(Source: National Park Service)
Each year, scientists busy themselves planting PVC stakes in the ice, setting up time lapse cameras, and using GPS systems to quantify ice surface change. This year, from June through September, approximately 25 feet of the snowpack melted on Middle Teton. While this certainly sounds like a large loss, it is still unclear whether this level of melting is normal given the sparse collection of historical data. Because this study has just begun, it will take about ten years before park scientists can really see how their data fits in with climate change models.
While there has been some intermittent monitoring over the past few decades, little prior research has been done to track the rate of glacial melt in the park. Mauri Pelto, professor of environmental science at Nichols College and director of the North Cascades Glacier Climate Project, says this is probably because the Teton glaciers are not very large in comparison to other glaciers in the region, and thus are not as far-reaching in terms of their water contribution to the overall watershed. In contrast, said Pelto, glaciers in Montana's Glacier National Park are much bigger and thus affect the surrounding ecosystems on a much larger scale, so more information has been collected regarding their melt rate.
Check out: From a Glacier's Perspective
A blog by Mauri Pelto
Study 2: The effect of surface glaciers on downstream biodiversity
Nevertheless, the glaciers of the Grand Tetons do have a direct impact on their local environment, especially on the ecosystems located downstream. "I am very interested in the Grand Teton glacier study as it directly informs my research," said Scott Hotaling in an interview with GlacierHub. Hotaling is a postdoctoral biological researcher at Washington State University analyzing biodiversity in high elevation alpine streams.
Hotaling and his crew have trekked up the steep alpine slopes every year since 2015, sometimes in very bad weather, to collect diversity samples in various types of alpine streams. They examine streams fed by groundwater aquifers, permanent surface glaciers, snowfields, and subterranean ice (also called "icy seeps"). In the field, stream type can be identified by a variety of characteristics such as temperature and the specific conductivity of water, explained Hotaling.
For instance, glacier fed streams are very cold and display a rugged stream channel while groundwater streams are warmer, at 3-4 degrees Celsius. Icy seeps have lobes like a glacier so they look like a flowing mass of rock and come out at about 0.2 degrees Celsius. Moreover, streams that interact with rock have a much higher ionic content than snowmelt or glacier fed streams.
Scott Hotaling sampling an alpine stream under Skillet Glacier in Grand Teton National Park
(Source: Wyoming Public Media/Taylor Price)
Most of Hotaling's work focuses on high-elevation stream macroinvertebrates like stoneflies. However, in order "to fully understand the breadth of climate change threats, a more thorough accounting of microbial diversity is needed." Therefore, his recently published study in Global Change Biology focused on the diversity of microbial communities in high elevation alpine streams in both Grand Teton National Park and Glacier National Park.
He found that the microbial biodiversity of alpine streams does not differ between these two subranges of the Rockies, but does indeed differ depending on the origin of its water source. Streams fed by the parks' iconic surface glaciers support microbes that are not found in other alpine stream types, and thus increase environmental heterogeneity. Importantly, results from Hotaling's research show that patterns of microbial diversity correlate strongly with overall trends in biodiversity.
Should the park's glaciers disappear, alpine stream water will warm, causing them to become more biodiverse because more organisms thrive in warmer streams than extremely cold ones. However, this diversity will instead represent warm-adapted species. Consequently, the glacier-fed streams will become more similar to the landscape, and biodiversity will therefore become more homogenous.
Visit Wyoming Public Media.org
to learn more about Hotaling's research on Lednia tetonica, a macroinvertebrate that can only be found in alpine streams of the Grand Teton Mountain Range
Lednia tetonica nymph found in Grand Teton alpine stream (Source: Wyoming Public Media/Cooper McKim)
Interestingly, while snowmelt-fed streams and glacier-fed streams each have their own unique biotic communities, icy seeps boast representative species from both communities. Because icy seeps are shaded from solar radiation by insulating debris cover, researchers are hopeful that some of the rare glacial species will persist even after the surface glaciers are gone. We do not know how long the subterranean rock glaciers will last, but "we do know that the Beartooth Mountains support subterranean ice blocks that have been there for a long time in places where there aren't glaciers around them," noted Hotaling.
Just like the NPS glacial melt study, Hotaling's study is in its infancy. There is a lot of "noise" collecting environmental data in such high locations, and so far, his team has only collected five years-worth of data. "We are aiming for the ten-year mark," said Hotaling, in order to determine if there is a trend in overall biodiversity over time as the glaciers of Grand Teton and Glacier National Park diminish due to a perpetually warming climate.
It is hard to say just how long the Tetons' glaciers will last. While some research shows that Glacier National Park could be glacier-free within the next few decades, there is also contradicting research that suggest some glaciers are shrinking more slowly than others. Whether this is due to high altitudes, persistent shading by the mountain slopes they have retreated into, heavy avalanching, or a persistent snow accumulation zone, it seems some glaciers may hang in there a bit longer, noted Pelto. Still, the overall trend is negative.
"I monitor glaciers in mountain ranges around the world – two-hundred and fifty of them – and they're all doing the same thing. They're all showing the same climate signal" said Pelto. "They [the Tetons] are not unique. We are fooling ourselves if we think they are doing something differently."
Schoolroom Glacier retreat from 1987 (left) to 2007 (right)
[Source: National Park Service/Cushman (left), National Park Service (right)]
Sarah Strauss, who lived in Wyoming for over twenty years, expressed: "I can say that people in Wyoming are very proud of the National Parks in the state, both Yellowstone and Grand Teton, and also identify strongly with being part of a mountain culture. Glaciers, as part of that mountain culture context, are an essential feature of the landscape." Losing them will surely impact both the natural and cultural dynamic of the region.
Photo Friday: Flashback with Historical Photos of Glacier National Park
Huge Cracks in Antarctic Glacier Foreshadow Epic Calving Event
Tags: glacial melt, glacier national park, Grand Tetons, Hotaling, microbiota, National Park Service, Wyoming
Glacial Ice Core Samples Reveal Sustainable Land-Use Practices in the Ancient Incan Empire
In the Eastern Cordillera of Bolivia, pollen grains travel from near and far to become sandwiched in layers of snow in the Andean mountaintops, ultimately becoming trapped as the layers turn to ice. Such is the case on the Illimani Glacier, which towers approximately 2,500 meters over Lake Titicaca. The lake sits at an altitude of 3,800 meters above sea level in what was the heart of the ancient Incan Empire.
University of Bern paleoecologist Sandra Brugger headed a team of researchers from various European universities to investigate the vegetative history of the Andean region. Their findings, published in Quaternary Scientific Reviews, indicate that the Inca used sustainable land use practices and that large scale ecological changes did not occur until 1740, long after the Spanish invasion and fall the Inca. The study is one of the first to reconstruct past ecology using pollen grains pulled from glacial ice.
The goal of Brugger's study was to determine the resilience potential of the Andean mountain-forest ecosystem to a varying intensity of anthropogenic land-use practices. The researchers constructed a timeline of vegetation from 10,000 BC through to the present day. Of particular interest were the years following 1438, which represented the transition from the rise to the demise of the ancient Inca, which was then followed by the the reign of their Spanish conquerors. The degree to which the indigenous peoples altered their environment is a topic still deeply debated amongst researchers.
The Moray Agricultural Terraces (Source: Flickr/Shawn Harquail)
Much like tree rings, glacial ice accumulates in distinct annual layers; therefore, scientists can date ice core samples by ring counting, analyzing the layer's isotopic signature, or by finding evidence of volcanic eruptions that have been well-dated throughout history. These methods are extremely accurate. Ice from the uppermost layers, which correspond to the last two-hundred years, can be dated within two to five years, while the ice corresponding to the time period of the Incas can be pinpointed to within two decades of accuracy.
The methods for extracting ice cores are actually quite challenging, Brugger said. An experienced team is required to extract samples from high altitudes because conditions become increasingly treacherous with elevation. Moreover, they must ensure that samples remain frozen throughout the delivery process—in this case, from Bolivia to Switzerland. "If they melt, samples are no good," said Brugger.
The team of Margit Schwikowski at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland undertook these dangerous drillings, climbing to an elevation of approximately 6,000 meters above sea level. Additionally, they analyzed the chronology and measured many chemical species in the ice cores. Two core samples from the Illimani Glacier were extracted: one in 1999 and another in 2015.
Ice core drilling in Barrow, Alaska (Source: Flickr/NASA: Kathryn Hansen)
Once in the lab, Brugger applied a series of evaporative and chemical-processing techniques to isolate pollen grains from samples corresponding to specific time periods. Each of the samples held approximately 500 pollen grains. "A good sample took me two to three hours to identify," she said. A bad sample, she added, could take an entire day. The whole process took about three months.
The trickiest part, according to Brugger, was the patience required to identify the pollen. Not only is the catchment area of Illimani large, but the Amazon basin is also one of the most biodiverse regions on the planet, so many different species of pollen were represented in the samples. Undoubtedly, the identification process was painstaking work that required long days behind a microscope at a lab bench – far from the charm of the Bolivian Glacier.
Sandra Brugger counting pollen with a light microscope (Source: Manu Friederich)
Much of the previous research on Andean vegetation was constructed using pollen grains from lake sediments, noted Brugger, which ultimately captures more of a local signal from vegetation directly surrounding the lake. In what was the heart of the Incan Empire near Lake Titicaca, archaeological records suggest that pre-European cultures were highly advanced, domesticating llamas and alpacas, harvesting a wide variety of crops, and practicing metallurgy. Together, these practices could have brought about significant land-use impacts.
Digging deeper, researchers found that llama dung was an important maize fertilizer for the indigenous Andeans.
The switch to agricultural reliance allowed the Inca to abandon traditional hunting and gathering methods and supported the growth of society. An article recently published in the Journal of Archaeological Science details how oribatid mites that once dined on llama feces have been found in sediment cores from wetlands such as Lake Marcacocha, high in the Andes. As merchants passed through these areas with their llamas and maize yields, they boosted the oribatid mite population of the wetlands. This population boom strongly correlates with the time period dominated by the Inca (1483-1533), and the mites' eventual decline corresponds to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors, who wiped out the Inca and replaced their llamas with cows, horses, and sheep.
Interestingly, a study published in Applied Animal Behaviour Science suggests that llamas are not as impactful on the landscape as the Old World animals brought over by the Spanish. While llamas graze evenly among the various plant types, cows and sheep appear to be more scrupulous in their dietary decisions. Llamas do not eat plants down to their roots and have padded feet that are less environmentally destructive than hooves. Additionally, explained Brugger, while the native Puna grasses declined around 1740, the population of nutrient-loving weedy species escalated due most likely to the increase European cattle grazing activity. Therefore, the Incan llama grazed the land in a way that was sustainable to the Andean ecosystem, while their European counterparts decimated the land.
Unlike lakes, glaciers trap pollen on a larger scale, as particles drift in from a catchment area of approximately 200-300 kilometers in each direction. Brugger's research suggests that, on a large scale, the Incan people did not change the Andean forest composition. It is important to note that local versus regional pollen collection methods do not necessarily contradict one another, said Brugger. Instead, they reveal that pockets of disturbance may have occurred closer to the lake where paths and roads were constructed, but overall, the Incan empire did not leave a significant ecological footprint.
Puna vegetation, typical of the Bolivian altiplano (Source: Flickr/Geoff Gallice)
The team identified vegetation that dates as far back as 10,000 BC, establishing an ecological baseline of plant diversity prior to human intervention in the landscape. The baseline served as the control for which human-induced vegetation change over time could be compared.
Brugger found small signs of maize, quinoa, and amaranth, after AD 1, suggesting that the Incas, as well as the indigenous populations before them, grew agricultural crops. Despite signs of human impact, Puna composition did not deviate from previous centuries.
Likewise, the expansion of Polylepis and Alnus after the year 800 followed a warming climate trend. Although Alnus, commonly know as alder, was favored for agroforestry, its range did not dissipate during the Incan regime. According to the book An Environmental History of Latin America, the Incan emperor himself maintained a sustained population of Alder and inflicted harsh punishments for unauthorized logging. In an area naturally defined by so little trees, the alder's continued existence suggests strict environmental regulation. Its population soon declined with the arrival of Europeans.
A eucalyptus plantation (Source: Flickr/Hari Priyadi)
According to Brugger's data, changes in the mountain forest composition didn't occur until around 1740 (two hundred years after the fall of the Incan Empire), implying a long transitional period before the Spanish were able to establish a stable land-use system. After 1740, the pollen record showed a rapid increase in dry grasses and nutrient-loving, weedy species, typical of pasturelands. Then, around 1950, signs of eucalyptus and pine appear in the pollen record, a result of the Bolivian land reform that promoted timber plantations.
Picture from Illimani sitting above La Paz (Source: Margit Schwikowski)
Brugger is now stationed at the Desert Research Institute in Reno, Nevada, analyzing pollen and charcoal in ice cores from Central Greenland in order to reconstruct the response of sensitive Arctic ecosystems to past climate change. "It was a sensation that the approach actually worked," said Brugger, "as the site was extremely remote from any plants — and pollen." The prestudy to the project is published in The Holocene.
Glaciers provide an incredible glimpse into the past because they safeguard microscopic clues that allow researchers to uncover our most ancient secrets. For instance, Brugger's study suggests that the Incan people, though large in number, were able to form a society that peacefully coexisted with its environment. Modern society has largely degraded the Bolivian ecosystem, but might learn a thing or two by studying ancient Incan methods of sustainable agriculture and agroforestry. Brugger's research is part of a larger project that examines glacial cores from around the world to explain our past. As the project gains momentum, scientists can begin to unravel other fascinating mysteries trapped within glacial ice.
Read More on GlacierHub
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Photo Friday: Turkey's Glaciers
New Satellite Imagery Shows Rapid Pace of Andean Glacier Melt
Tags: Andes, Boliva, Illimani glacier, Incan Empire, pollen


Keeping a child entertained in hospital is no easy task, particularly when the ward doesn't have much in the way of toys or games.
But one local mum is hoping to change that with the launch of a Christmas Toy Appeal in aid of the children's ward in Altnagelvin Hospital.
Lisa Storey's one-year-old son, Abel, has spent a lot of time in ward six during his short life.
He had a prolonged stay in the hospital in December last year as a result of a rare liver condition, Billiary Atresia.
Abel had a liver transplant in July and Lisa now wants to give something back to the hospital.
"When we stayed recently we soon learnt they were very low in toys and their budget is so stretched that sometimes they can't buy the toys they need for the children or have enough to share amongst the children staying on the ward," she said.
The children's ward caters for babies to young adults, and these are two areas of particular need.
Lisa has compiled a list of toys on Abel's Facebook Page to give people an idea of what to buy.
All the toys need to be easily cleaned for infection control purposes, so toys containing fabric are not suitable.
Since Lisa posted the appeal on the social media site, more than 300 people have shared it.
Starbucks in Crescent Link have kindly agreed to be the drop off point for the toys.
All toys musts be dropped into Starbucks by Sunday, December 18, so they can be delivered to the hospital in time for Christmas.


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Gone are the dogs: governments have totally abandoned their promises on greyhound welfare
The greyhound racing industry is still being showered in taxpayer funding, even as it slaughters dogs.
Remember those state government pledges to better protect greyhounds in the wake of 2015 revelations of a brutal, corrupt industry? They've been all but abandoned. The industry continues to slaughter large numbers of dogs and revel in millions of dollars in taxpayer handouts.
According to data collected from the racing industry by the Coalition for the Protection of Greyhounds (CPG), 12 dogs have already been killed in races across the country in the first half of January alone. These deaths are a result of the dogs incurring racing injuries — many of them treatable — despite a taxpayer-funded rebate scheme designed to fund injury treatment.
Victoria is the centre of this carnage, with five dogs killed after racing accidents this year already. This is despite the Andrews government purporting to have introduced a code of practice in the industry from January 1, backed by a million dollar handout to the industry.
However, racing minister Martin Pakula is keener to spruik the "$11.5 million in grants to the greyhound racing industry" he has provided since late 2014 to expand the industry, and played down recent sickening revelations of more scandals in Victoria.
The attitude of the Victorian industry to the casual euthanising of injured dogs is reflected in the fact that the industry body, Greyhound Racing Victoria, cheerfully describes dogs that have been killed for incurring injuries as "retired".
Latinize, a dog killed on January 8 in Ballarat after fracturing her radius, is "retired" according to GRV. Ditto Bakali Jet, killed the same day at the same meeting for suffering a fractured radius.
The death toll is almost as great in Queensland, where four dogs have been killed so far this month.
The Queensland government also likes to talk of its handouts to the greyhound racing industry — it recently boasted of funding a $39 million track that would be the "nation's most advanced".
This government has at least accepted the extensive research which shows dog injuries can be significantly reduced by using straighter tracks; however the evidence of how restriction of racing numbers to six reduces injuries has been steadfastly ignored.
In NSW, where a dog was killed on January 3 in Wagga Wagga after breaking its neck, the backdown of the NSW government from Mike Baird's initial ban on greyhound racing is now almost complete. As part of Baird's cave-in to the industry, its far-right media supporters and a cynical Labor opposition, Baird promised "whole of life" dog management to track racing dogs and their ownership.
The so-called Greyhound Welfare and Integrity Commission (GWIC), which took over greyhound welfare in 2018, in turn promised that "a whole of life-cycle tracking system for greyhounds will also be developed". In its strategic plan, the commission committed to "introducing whole-of-life monitoring to identify welfare risks across the greyhound life cycle and support compliance".
But it turns out that the body charged with protecting the welfare of greyhounds in NSW think dogs' lives end when their trainers dispose of them.
Last October, GWIC added the caveat that "greyhounds that retire and are re-homed with a non-industry participant will not be included on the register. New owners will be responsible for registering these animals on the companion animals register."
That means that greyhound racing owners can simply sell, or give, their dogs to a third party as a "companion animal" and the poor dog will vanish from even this limited attempt to monitor its welfare.
GWIC has thus opened up a perfect mechanism for dog disposal for the greyhound racing industry, which slaughters thousands of unwanted racing animals a year while making a pro forma attempt to re-home a few hundred.
When the NSW Animal Justice Party's MLC Mark Pearson asked about how this squared with the government's commitment to whole of life monitoring, he received a nonsensical non-answer from the government that GWIC is committed to whole-of-life tracking.
The NSW government's real priorities instead are reflected in its pride that it is now funding the world's richest dog race.
The CPG says if governments won't ban racing, they can at least cut the huge death toll from owners eager to kill dogs sustaining treatable injuries. CPG's Dennis Anderson says:
If they won't ban greyhound racing, governments must implement transparent whole-of-life tracking, so greyhounds can't be 'disappeared' anymore. They must implement funding for greyhound rescues and sanctuaries, so wastage is not an issue, as well reduce breeding. They must increase penalties for greyhound cruelty and they must make tracks safer.
Based on the first weeks of 2020, it seems like governments couldn't care less.
What action would you like to see from state governments on this issue? Send your comments to [email protected] Please include your full name.
Here at Crikey, we saw a mighty surge in subscribers throughout 2020. Your support has been nothing short of amazing — we couldn't have got through this year like no other without you, our readers.
greyhound welfare
Mike Baird
NSW's new greyhound 'welfare' code offers anything but
Anti-Cup protesters not horsing around when it comes to animal cruelty
How to address outrage around live export
Tips and rumours
klewso
So they've dogged it? What's new? Check the form guide.
Dogs. Horses. Poor people. People on Newstart. People subject to Robodebt. Those ripped off by banks. Those children abused by religious. People in aged care homes. Volunteer firefighters.
There is hardly a week goes by that we do not learn of some new group whose welfare has been totally abandoned by government. It is the reason that ordinary people no longer trust governments.
eric.m
Very fast animals are physiologically prone to break.
Further, the best chance of producing a winner is to breed a lot and cull heavily.
The political cost of eradicating the cruelty inherent in all racing industries is greater than the cost of allowing it to continue. The best political solution is to enact laws that purport to outlaw cruelty but are in fact ineffective.
As a dog lover, I have a stronger emotional response to what goes on in greyhound racing but the situation is much the same in horse racing.
No politician without a wish to retire more rapidly than a dud nag would even dream of seriously regulating horse racing from an animal welfare perspective.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Braves look to rebound from feeble plate performance in second game against Brewers
The Braves, quite literally, repeatedly went down swinging last night. Hopefully tonight isn't a repeat.
By Demetrius Bell@fergoe May 17, 2022, 2:38pm EDT
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After getting utterly dominated by Milwaukee's pitching staff in the first game of this series, the Braves will be looking to find a way to bounce back tonight as their return series with the Brewers continues.
Following Tyler Matzek's trip to the IL due to shoulder inflammation, Tucker Davidson was called up to replace him on the pitching staff and he'll also be starting tonight's game. Davidson only has 2.2 major league innings under his belt this season and they didn't go well at all — he finished with five earned runs allowed against the Washington Nationals back in mid-April.
The clear hope is that April 11 was just a bad night for Davidson, and he'll have to put that in his rearview mirror if the Braves are going to have any sort of chance at winning tonight. For what it's worth, Davidson has been striking out Triple-A batters at a 31.2 percent clip so far in 2022 and he's counted that with a walk rate of 8.3 percent. That's definitely not going to be the same as facing the likes of Willy Adames, Rowdy Tellez and Christian Yelich but hopefully Davidson will be able to give the Braves some good innings on the mound tonight.
Meanwhile, Davidson's counterpart for Milwaukee will be Adrian Houser. Houser's past two starts haven't been great, and it's especially concerning for the Brewers when you consider that those two starts came against the Reds, who are currently in the midst of a colossal struggle. In fact, both of those starts against Cincinnati were Houser's two worst starts of the season — he only went five innings and gave up five runs (four earned) in the first start at home, and then followed that up with another stint were seven runs were scored while he was out there, with three of them earned. Houser will surely be looking for a bounce-back start this evening — similar to when he threw six shutout innings against the Cubs in the start before he found torment in the form of the Reds.
Also, the main hope for the Braves is that anybody in their lineup wakes up. Atlanta has already racked up some ugly losses this season but I'd rank last night pretty highly since the Braves lineup responded to a good pitching outing from Ian Anderson and the bullpen by getting befuddled and mystified by Milwaukee's pitching staff. I want to say that ending a night where eight of the final nine batters struck out is rock bottom for this team in terms of offense, but I don't want to tempt fate any further than I already have. Whether they have Ronald Acuña Jr. in the lineup or not, most of the guys in the lineup know that they have to start doing better soon in order to avoid a one-for-one repeat of the first half of last season.
Following last night's debacle at the plate, there's nowhere to go but up for Braves hitters. It would be nice if they were able to take advantage of Adrian Houser being on a bit of a downturn at the moment while also giving Tucker Davidson the help that he is likely going to need. This is probably going to be another tough night for the Braves, but hopefully they can deliver a better performance than what we saw on Monday night.
Game Date/Time: Tuesday, May 17, 7:40 p.m. ET
Location: American Family Field (they really had a perfect name with Miller Park, come on), Milwaukee, WI
TV: Bally Sports South
Streaming: MLB.tv
Radio: 680 AM / 93.7 FM The Fan
May 17: Braves 3, Brewers 0
Tucker Davidson sets the tone as Braves blank Brewers, 3-0
Battery Power 2023 Preseason Top 25 Braves Prospects: 6-10 The pitching is getting started, with four arms among the sixth through tenth best in the Braves system.


Spike's Guys Choice Awards is getting an unprecedented amount of social media promotion, as the cable network is teaming up with Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Shazam, Foursquare, Tumblr, Smilebooth, GetGlue and GroupMe for the awards show. The social media blitz is designed to raise awareness for the awards show and increase broadcast tune-in while also tapping second-screen apps to help drive engagement with viewers.
The Guys Choice Awards were filmed last Saturday night, but will see its first broadcast Friday, June 10 evening beginning at 9 p.m. EDT (and 9 p.m. PDT on the West Coast). Spike (s via) has already leveraged social networks like Facebook, which was used for pre-show voting, and Twitter, with live show talent tweeting during the taping.
According to MTV Networks Entertainment Group EVP of Digital Media Erik Flannigan, with whom we spoke by phone, the social media strategy was designed to tap the specialty of each network to amplify interest in the broadcast. "Why not let social interactions amplify what was happening in the taping," Flannigan said, so that users would tune in and see what people were talking about. "We felt like we had incredible access to talent… and we thought, hell, let's try everything," he said.
Spike turned to actress and WWE diva Stacy Keibler to tweet from the show's red carpet, during the show and in the week leading up to the broadcast. In doing so, the network is hoping to tap into her 128,000 Twitter followers. The network has also been heavily promoting the #GuysChoice hashtag, both online and during the broadcast.
One of the cooler partnerships involves mobile app Shazam. Users will be able to tap Shazam's audio fingerprinting technology during the broadcast to unlock exclusive additional content on their mobile phones or tablets. Users will also be able to "check in" to the show with GetGlue to receive special "Guys Choice" stickers.
Backstage during the taping of the Guys Choice Awards, Spike had a SmileBooth that talent could take pictures in, which will be shared during the show. The networks also had a roving photographer taking pictures from around the show, which Spike will distribute using the Instagram photo app. Those photos will also be posted to Facebook, Twitter and the network's recently created Tumblr account, tagging photos with the #GuysChoice hashtag and talent's Twitter handles.
Finally, Spike will have an official GroupMe channel for viewers to chat about the event together. GroupMe will also promote the Guys Choice Award on its homepage. The network will also partner with Foursquare to create a page and suggest recommendations to users.


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package org.apache.myfaces.trinidadinternal.skin.parse;

/**
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 * @deprecated This class comes from the old Java 1.2 UIX codebase and should not be used anymore.
 */
@Deprecated
public class SkinAdditionNode implements Comparable<SkinAdditionNode>
{

  /**
   *
   */
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    String skinId,
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  /**
   * Returns the resource bundle name. The actual ResourceBundle will
   * be resolved by the Skin by using the LocaleContext.
   */
  public String getResourceBundleName()
  {
    return _resourceBundleName;
  }

  public void setResourceBundleName(String rbName)
  {
    _resourceBundleName = rbName;
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  /**
   * Returns the translationSource value expression String. This could
   * resolve to a Map or a ResourceBundle.
   */
  public String getTranslationSourceExpression()
  {
    return _translationSourceExpression;
  }

  // Sort by the name of the stylesheet
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    return getStyleSheetName().compareTo(node.getStyleSheetName());
  }

  private String _skinId;
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


You are here: Home » Will this mildew spread to my other plants?
This week's question is about one of the most common diseases of garden plants, powdery mildew. In fact is is not one disease but a group of fungal diseases that affect a wide range of plants. If you grow border phlox (above), polemoniums (below) roses, monardas or delphiniums you are bound to encounter this problem and, by this stage of the season you will be very lucky if you have not had mildew on your courgettes or cucumbers.
The spores are spread by the wind and are more able to 'germinate' and invade the leaf tissues in dry conditions than most fungal pathogens and powdery mildews are associated with late summer and dry conditions. In fact, plants in drought conditions are the most likely to get mildew – healthy, vigorous plants in moist soil are less likely to succumb. This is one good reason to divide and replant your phlox, monardas and perennial asters every few years, to renew their vigour.
Many plants have been bred to be resistant to mildew (including some courgettes, roses, phlox and monardas) but the disease usually does not damage the plant too much, though it inevitably reduces vigour and looks unsightly.
Because there are many individual mildew species, it is not likely that the mildew on your rose will hop onto your phlox. But, since the air is full of spores and if the conditions are ripe for powdery mildew, it is likely that different mildews will affect a wide range of plants.
Good cultivation can reduce the incidence of mildew and you can spray with a fungicide. But these chemicals cannot get rid of existing disease, just protect new foliage from infection so, if a plant is vulnerable, it is sensible to spray in future as a preventative measure.
Powdery mildew is one of the most obvious garden diseases and affects a wide range of plants but good cultivation can reduce its presence and it you shouldn't get too hung up about a white patch on the leaves here and there.


The Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey 2000 is part of phase 4 of the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) series, a comprehensive, nationally representative household survey. Topics in DHS commonly include education, health, nutrition, family planning, and household characteristics.
Macro International, Inc, National Office of Population (Rwanda). Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey 2000. Fairfax, United States: ICF International.


Search the newest Hidden Creek homes for sale in Grovetown, Georgia! This neighborhood has been divided into three distinct sections, known as Creek Side, the Cottages and the Estates. The price points of these homes range from $150,000 to $300,000. Hidden Creek homes come in a range of shapes and sizes, averaging between 1,600 square feet to well over 6,000 square feet.
The Hidden Creek community offers many amenities such as a junior Olympic community pool, clubhouse, playground, park, fitness track, sidewalks and streetlights. Hidden Creek homes are also in walking distance to new public schools! Check out the video to get a better sense of the neighborhood layout, types of properties and materials used to build these homes.


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Tragic Slaying in Silay
Published by Stephen Bentley on May 18, 2018
Many murders have an element of tragedy but this is truly a tragic slaying in Silay. Silay City is only a fee kilometers from Bacolod so the entire expat community and thousands of locals were saddened to hear about this tragedy, I reproduce the story below as reported by Lifestyle Bacolod, a Facebook page. Let's help Erik… Your P50s can go a long way. Erik was shot dead as 5-year-old son waits in vehicle in Silay City. The victim identified as Erik Norman Hendrickson, 57, of Wisconsin, United States, was declared dead on arrival at the Teresita Lopez Jalandoni Provincial Hospital in Silay City, according to Supt. Noel Polines, officer-in-charge of the Silay City Police Station. Hendrickson, who was temporarily residing at Loney Burgos in…
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Watch UK TV in the Philippines – No Dish Needed
Published by Stephen Bentley on June 9, 2017
There are times when British expats want to watch UK TV in the Philippines. Now you can and no dish is required. With UK Expat Media, you can access over 300 channels of premium UK TV including many sports, drama, movie channels as well as the BBC, ITV, Channel 4, and virtually anything else you care to watch. Sports includes all the Sky Sports, BT Sports, Eurosports channels as well as some U.S. sports channels. There are also the MUFC TV, LFCTV and Chelsea FC channels available. Movies include every single Sky Movies channel. Not only do you get all that, but also catch-up TV and a whole vast library of movies and documentaries. So, whatever your tastes there is something for everyone. To find…
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Why I Support the James Bulger Memorial Trust
Published by Stephen Bentley on December 20, 2016
This post first appeared on my author website. James Bulger Was Murdered in 1993 Below I republish an old post from my personal blog Expat in Bacolod. I was prompted to write about why I support the James Bulger Memorial Trust because I answered that very question when I was the subject of an author interview in connection with Mystery Thriller Week. This is how I answered the question: James Bulger was a toddler murdered in the Merseyside area of the UK in 1993. It became a high-profile case and shocked the nation not just because he was a toddler but the fact his killers were aged about 10 or 11. My early detective experiences were on Merseyside. About one year ago, Stuart Fergus contacted…
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Bamboozle: Word Wednesday (Improve Your Word Power)
Published by Stephen Bentley on November 16, 2016
Bamboozle – now that is a word and a half! Merriam-Webster as usual – verb bam·boo·zle \bam-ˈbü-zəl\ Popularity: Top 40% of words Simple Definition : to trick or confuse (someone) Full Definition of bamboozle transitive verb 1 : to deceive by underhanded methods : dupe, hoodwink 2 : to confuse, frustrate, or throw off thoroughly or completely <a quarterback bamboozled by an unexpected defense> bamboozlement noun Examples in a sentence <bamboozled by con men into buying worthless land in the desert> <she's completely bamboozled by the latest changes in the tax code> Did You Know? In 1710, Irish author Jonathan Swift wrote an article on "the continual Corruption of our English Tongue" in which he complained of "the Choice of certain Words invented by some…
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Spycops! Is There Such a Thing as Ethical Undercover Policing?
My inaugural HuffPost UK blog post – it first appeared on Huffington Post UK on November 15, 2016. Twitter is awash with the #spycops hashtag. It is an omen of things to come relating to the Undercover Policing Inquiry. I hope that the Pitchford Inquiry asks, "Is there such a thing as 'ethical undercover policing'?" To some that appears to be an oxymoron. Perhaps it comes as no surprise when learning about some of the antics of former Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) undercover officers in particular. First allow me to make full disclosure – I am a former undercover police officer and was deep undercover on one of the UKs largest drug busts back in the 1970s. I now write, after careers as a…
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Jingoism By Jingo!
Published by Stephen Bentley on October 12, 2016
Hard times, tough times do foster a wonderful feeling of resilience in people. War time is possibly a good example of that. I mean war as in WW2, not the futile war fought in the Falklands at the whim of a whiskey-dependent mad woman in charge of the UK at the time. That was jingoism at its worst. Jingoism in its modern-day form (aka racism) was also seen in the UK before and since Brexit. The sense of resilient feel-good -pull-together-because-we -are -all- in -the- shit feeling was possibly last experienced en-masse during the heavy bombing of the UKs major cities and dockyards during WW2. I guess it was also felt to a degree in the aftermath of some terrorist attacks in London. I lived…
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Scion: Word Wednesday (Improve Your Word Power)
Scion is today's word and taken from the Merriam-Webster 'Word of the Day.' Let's get straight to it 🙂 noun SYE-un Definition of Scion 1 : a detached living portion of a plant (as a bud or shoot) joined to a stock in grafting and usually supplying solely aerial parts to a graft 2 : descendant, child; especially : a descendant of a wealthy, aristocratic, or influential family 3 : heir Examples "The duke was the billionaire owner of swaths of central London, a friend of Britain's royal family and the scion of an aristocratic family stretching back to the Norman Conquest." — The Boston Herald, 14 Aug. 2016 "The vibe of the place is a mixture of old-school cool and Brit eccentric. There are…
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Will This BBC Article Sell More Books?
Will This BBC Article Sell More Books? Now that is a good question and I have no idea of the answer. Generally speaking I am happy with the article as it is 99% accurate. Here it is in full and it can be found on the BBC news site.: Operation Julie: How I infiltrated a drugs gang By Dominic Blake BBC Radio Solent 2 October 2016 From the section Hampshire & Isle of Wight Image copyright STEPHEN BENTLEYImage caption As Steve Jackson, Stephen Bentley lived out of the back of a van during the surveillance operation At the age of 29, Stephen Bentley, a fresh-faced detective, turned himself into Steve Jackson, a dope-smoking, hard-drinking hippy. His time spent undercover with a gang making and distributing LSD helped bring…
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How To Write A Novel In 17 Killer Steps
This post first appeared on my author website. Many of you are writers and some bloggers – if there is a difference? Some of you will have no intention of writing a novel but it doesn't matter. What matters is the powerful writing tool called ProWritingAid. Read more to find out all about it. Writing a novel is not easy. If you are a writer of fiction then you probably fall into one of two broad categories – a plotter or pantster. If you are definitely in the second category then read no further. There is an excellent new eBook available that shows even the novice how to write a novel in 17 killer steps. How to write a novel in 17 killer steps The beauty…
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Alarm Starboard!: Book Review
Alarm Starboard!: A Remarkable True Story of the War at Sea by Geoffrey Brooke My rating: 5 of 5 stars This is truly a remarkable story. In fact it is several remarkable stories resulting from the author's career in the British Royal Navy from pre-WW2 1939 to the end of WW2 in 1945. It is remarkable and fascinating. So fascinating that I read all 288-pages of the hardcover version inside two days. I simply could not put it down! The author's easy writing style certainly assists as the story gallops along from one life-threatening incident to another, and some of them were not related to ships or the sea. I seriously wonder whether the world will ever see another generation of young men like Geoffrey…
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text:
Obama praises Jewish compassion, perseverance
US president makes appearance at Jewish leaders, luminaries event attended by Jewish US Supreme court justices, Eli Wiesel among others.
By HILARY LEILA KRIEGER, JPOST CORRESPONDENT
Obama 311 reuters
(photo credit: Reuters)
WASHINGTON – US President Barack Obama praised American Jews for standing up for the rights of others, even as they themselves have faced significant obstacles, at a reception honoring Jewish American Heritage Month on Tuesday.
"Jewish Americans have always stood up for freedom and democracy around the world, and that includes our unshakable support and commitment to the security of the State of Israel," he said. "The Jewish people have always persevered."
White House denies draft of Obama speech was leaked
Obama reaffirms 'unshakable commitment to Israel'
Obama made a brief appearance at the event for Jewish leaders and luminaries, including Holocaust survivor and Nobel laureate Elie Wiesel, two of the three Jewish US Supreme court justices and several Jewish members of the House and Senate.
The event, which grew to 300 people this year according to the White House, was a much more modest undertaking than the first Jewish American Heritage Month reception held last year, which included former pitching ace Sandy Koufax and author Judy Blume.
This year the guests were serenaded by the Yeshiva University a capella group "The Maccabeats," whose video went viral on YouTube over Hanukah, and treated to an exhibit of Jewish memorabilia from the Library of Congress.


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War Crimes and How Putin Could Be Prosecuted
Three weeks after Russia's horrific invasion of Ukraine and its continued assault on the citizens and military of Ukraine, President Joe Biden declared that Russian President Vladimir Putin is a war criminal.
Specifically, Biden thinks that war crimes committed by Putin can be deemed crimes of war due to the relentless targeting of Ukrainian civilians.
What Are War Crimes?
Under Article 8 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), a war crime is a "grave [breach] of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949." The Rome Statute provides the following specific acts as examples of war crimes that fall under the Geneva Conventions:
Wilful killing;
Torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments;
Wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health;
Extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly.
The statute provides further examples of war crimes that fall outside of the Geneva Conventions, including in the relevant part:
Intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians not taking direct part in hostilities;
Intentionally directing attacks against civilian objects, that is, objects which are not military objectives.
The ICC's Rome Statute is extensive in its description of what constitutes a war crime, including many more provisions that may not apply to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Also read:Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: The Role of International Law
On February 24, 2022, the world watched in horror as Russia invaded its neighbor, Ukraine, via land and sky in an unprovoked act of ag...
What Are the Allegations of War Crimes in Ukraine?
According to a recent address before the United Nations Human Rights Council, Russia is being investigated for conducting "indiscriminate attacks" on Ukraine, mainly targeting civilian areas with no military ties.
There have been 77 verified attacks on medical institutions in Ukraine, at least 50 of which were hospitals. Confirmed civilian casualties number in the thousands, with actual numbers unknown due to issues accessing some of the areas hit hardest by Russian forces.
In addition to allegations of attacks on civilian locations and a high incidence of death among Ukrainian civilians, U.S. human rights envoy Michele Taylor alleged there are reports of abductions by Russian officials of political leaders.
If found to be accurate, such allegations are a clear violation of the Rome Statute of the ICC as actions prohibited explicitly by the Geneva Conventions.
How Are Suspected War Criminals Pursued and Prosecuted?
The International Criminal Court (ICC) is responsible for investigating and prosecuting "atrocity crimes," an umbrella term used to encompass crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide. Potential violations of the Geneva Conventions transfer to the ICC for investigation in three ways:
By referral of a state party that has ratified the Rome Statute, where the alleged crimes have taken place (such as Ukraine)
By referral of the U.N. Security Council
Proprio Motu investigations or preliminary investigations without a formal referral
Of these three options, only one or three is applicable in investigating Vladimir Putin war crimes because a veto from one permanent member of the U.N. Security Council (in this case, Russia itself) is sufficient to halt their referral entirely.
The investigative process consists of five primary steps:
1. inspection of the area where the crime allegedly occurred
2. collection of evidence
3. interviews with witnesses and victims
4. consultation with specialists and other experts
5. a thorough analysis of financial interactions that may provide further information
Can The ICC Prosecute the Offenses in Ukraine?
Based upon the definition of a war crime as provided in the Rome Statute and the known testimony of Human Rights experts to the United Nations, the ICC can prosecute the offenses committed by Russia in Ukraine, specifically including the attacks on civilian hospitals and abductions of political leaders.
The ICC can investigate its judgment, or it may investigate based upon a referral from Ukraine. As of March 2, 2022, the ICC has begun its formal investigation of Russia's war crimes based upon a referral received from Ukraine, negating any possible issues that may arise from Russia's veto of the referral as a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council.
However, the ICC must first prove it has jurisdiction to prosecute these crimes. There are four types of relevant jurisdiction the ICC must establish to bring charges against Russian officials for their crimes:
Temporal jurisdiction (that the crime occurred after 2002);
Territorial jurisdiction (that the crime occurred within the territory of a state party);
Subject matter jurisdiction (that the crime falls within the specific definitions of the aforementioned "atrocity crimes");
Personal jurisdiction (that the prosecution is against a "natural person," instead of an entire political party or group, who lives within a state party).
The ICC can easily prove the first three forms of jurisdiction, but trouble arises as to personal jurisdiction. While the entire Russian government could not be prosecuted, it appears at first glance that Vladimir Putin, as an individual and as the architect of the invasion and its subsequent atrocities, can be accountable.
However, the personal jurisdiction of the ICC requires both the crime to have occurred in a state party and the accused person to live within a state party. Russia is not a state party within the Rome Statute, so the ICC cannot try it under this statute. While Ukraine is not a state party (because at the time the signatories signed the Geneva Conventions, Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union), Putin war crimes could lead to a trial. Certain war crimes committed by Putin within the Geneva Conventions, including pillaging and recruitment of child soldiers, could make them liable to the ICC.
These crimes are a carve-out from specific requirements for ICC investigation and prosecution. Other options include the World Court, which treaty provisions that require mediation before prosecution may prevent, or the European Court of Human Rights, which can only prosecute specific crimes resulting from the invasion.
Still, its jurisdiction is limited to recovering property damaged during the attacks. Of course, there is always a possibility that Putin's war crimes could come under scrutiny with an improbable regime change in Moscow.
The Russian government could hold war crimes of Putin accountable since he is violating Russian own statutory laws prohibiting "crimes of aggression." The odds of this occurring any time soon are infinitely small. The most likely route to Putin's prosecution is through the ICC, a process that is not without its own controversy.
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Amnesty International Has Published a Report on Russian War Crimes
How Can You Help Ukraine During the Russian Invasion?
Amnesty Accuses Russia of War Crimes Committed in Kharkiv
Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: The Role of International Law
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text:
Makovité (Papaveraceae), alternativně také mákovité, je čeleď vyšších dvouděložných rostlin z řádu pryskyřníkotvaré (Ranunculales). Jsou to byliny nebo řidčeji i dřeviny s jednoduchými, dělenými až zpeřenými listy a oboupohlavnými pravidelnými nebo souměrnými květy. Květy mohou být velké a nápadné i velmi drobné. Čeleď zahrnuje asi 770 druhů ve 43 rodech. Je rozšířena zejména v mírném pásu a subtropech severní polokoule. V české květeně ji zastupují rody mák, dymnivka, vlaštovičník, zemědým a rohatec.

Popis

Zástupci makovitých jsou jednoleté až vytrvalé byliny nebo méně často keře i menší stromy s měkkým dřevem. Listy jsou obvykle jednoduché střídavé, s čepelí často laločnatou nebo dělenou a s víceméně zpeřenou žilnatinou, bez palistů. Okraj čepele je celokrajný nebo zubatý až ostnitý. Stonky jsou často s mléčnicemi obsahujícími bílý nebo barevný latex. Květy jsou oboupohlavné, pravidelné nebo souměrné, v květenstvích různého typu. Květní obaly jsou rozlišené na kalich a korunu, vzácně zcela chybí. Kališní lístky v počtu nejčastěji 2 nebo 3, obvykle rychle opadavé. Korunní lístky v počtu 4 nebo 6 (vzácněji více). Tyčinek je mnoho, zřídka 2 nebo 4. Semeník je svrchní, srostlý ze 2 až mnoha plodolistů s parietální placentací a s jedním, několika nebo nejčastěji s mnoha vajíčky. Plodem je tobolka, šešule nebo šešulka, méně často oříšek.

Rozšíření

Makovité je velká čeleď zahrnující asi 770 druhů ve 43 rodech. Největší rody jsou dymnivka (Corydalis, asi 400 druhů), mák (Papaver, 100), zemědým (Fumaria, 50) a pleskanka (Argemone, 30 druhů). Centrum rozšíření je v mírném a subtropickém pásu severní polokoule, mimo tuto oblast je čeleď zastoupena v Jižní a Střední Americe (kromě Amazonie) a ve východní a jižní Africe.
V tropické Americe rostou celkem 3 rody (Argemone, Bocconia a Hunnemannia).

V květeně České republiky je čeleď makovité zastoupena 5 původními rody. Vyskytuje se zde mák (6 druhů), dymnivka (4), zemědým (4 druhy), dále vlaštovičník větší (Chelidonium majus) a rohatec růžkatý (Glaucium corniculatum). Některé další pěstované druhy zplaňují, zejména mák setý, sluncovka kalifornská a chocholačka žlutá.

V celé Evropě roste celkem 11 původních rodů makovitých. Největším počtem druhů je zastoupen rod zemědým (asi 40 druhů zejména ve Středomoří), mák (asi 19 druhů, některé i v arktických či vysokohorských oblastech) a dymnivka (11 druhů). Další rody jsou (mimo vlaštovičníku) rozšířeny převážně ve Středomoří, příp. v západní Evropě: pamplina (Hypecoum, 6 druhů), Sarcocapnos (4 druhy na Pyrenejském poloostrově), Platycapnos (3 druhy v západní části Středomoří), chocholačka (Pseudofumaria, 2 druhy), rohatec (Glaucium, 2 druhy) a Ceratocapnos (2 druhy). Zbývající 3 rody jsou zastoupeny jediným druhem: mákovník velšský (Meconopsis cambrica) v západní Evropě, Roemeria hybrida ve Středomoří, vlaštovičník větší (Chelidonium majus) v téměř celé Evropě.

Ekologické interakce

Květy makovitých jsou převážně opylovány hmyzem, zejména včelami, vosami a mouchami. Květy zástupců podčeledi Papaveroideae netvoří nektar a navštěvuje je hmyz sbírající pyl, zejména včely, mouchy a brouci. U některých rodů s drobnými květy dochází k přenosu pylu větrem (bokonie a makleja). Drobná semena bývají z tobolek vytřásána větrem, u některých zástupců (např. sluncovka kalifornská) jsou vystřelována. Semena některých druhů jsou opatřena míškem a rozšiřována mravenci. Bokonie (Bocconia) má dužnaté plody, které zůstávají po puknutí plodů viset na rostlinách a vyhledávají je ptáci.

Obsahové látky

Charakteristickou obsahovou látkou jsou isochinolinové alkaloidy. U podčeledi Fumarioideae je přítomna i kyselina fumarová.

Taxonomie

Dříve rozlišované čeledi dymnivkovité (Fumariaceae), Hypecoaceae a Pteridophyllacee byly v systému APG vřazeny do čeledi makovité. V současném pojetí je tato čeleď rozdělována na dvě podčeledi a šest tribů:

 Fumarioideae (zemědýmové)
 Hypecoeae – jediný rod (Hypecoum) zahrnující 17 druhů a rozšířený od Středomoří po Čínu
 Fumarieae – téměř 600 druhů ve 20 rodech, Eurasie, Afrika i Amerika, většina druhů v Himálaji a Číně
 Papaveroideae (makové)
 Papavereae – asi 100 druhů v 8 rodech, téměř na všech kontinentech mimo Austrálie a jihovýchodní Asie
 Chelidonieae – 48 druhů v 9 rodech, Eurasie, Amerika
 Eschscholtzieae – 16 druhů ve 3 rodech, západ Severní Ameriky
 Platystemoneae – 5 druhů ve 3 rodech, Severní Amerika

Zástupci

Význam

Mák setý je známá plodina poskytující potravinářský mák. Tento druh je rovněž zdrojem různých alkaloidů, známých jako opiáty a využívaných v medicíně. Některé opiáty náležejí mezi nelegální drogy. Některé druhy, např. zemědým lékařský, mák setý, mák vlčí a pleskanka (Argemone), jsou využívány v lékařství či léčitelství. Vlaštovičník větší a bokonie (Bocconia) jsou používány k odstraňování bradavic.

Jako okrasné rostliny jsou pěstovány zejména různé druhy máku (Papaver), mákovníky (Meconopsis), srdcovka nádherná (Lamprocapnos spectabilis), pleskanky (Argemone), sluncovka kalifornská (Eschscholzia californica), makleja srdčitá (Macleaya cordata) či chocholačky (Pseudofumaria).

Seznam rodů

Adlumia, Arctomecon, Argemone, Bocconia, Canbya, Capnoides, Ceratocapnos, Chelidonium, Coreanomecon, Corydalis, Cryptocapnos, Cysticapnos, Dactylicapnos, Dendromecon, Dicentra, Dicranostigma, Discocapnos, Ehrendorferia, Eomecon, Eschscholzia, Fumaria, Fumariola, Glaucium, Hunnemannia, Hylomecon, Hypecoum, Ichtyoselmis, Lamprocapnos, Macleaya, Meconella, Papaver (včetně Meconopsis, Roemeria, Stylomecon), Platycapnos, Platystemon, Platystigma, Pseudofumaria, Pteridophyllum, Roborowskia, Romneya, Rupicapnos, Sanguinaria, Sarcocapnos, Stylophorum, Trigonocapnos

Odkazy

Reference

Literatura

 Judd et al. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. 2. ed. Sinauer Associates Inc, 2002. .
 Valíček P. et al. Užitkové rostliny tropů a subtropů. 2. vyd. Praha: Academia, 2002. .
 Hejný S. et al. Květena České republiky 1. 2. vyd. Praha: Academia, 1997. .
 Mártonfi P. Systematika cievnatých rastlín. Košice: Univ. P. J. Šafárika, 2003. .

Externí odkazy

 Angiosperm Phylogeny
 Flora of China: Papaveraceae
 Flora of North America: Papaveraceae
 The Families of Flowering Plants: Fumariaceae
 The Families of Flowering Plants: Hypecoaceae
 The Families of Flowering Plants: Papaveraceae
 The Families of Flowering Plants: Pteridophyllaceae

Botanické čeledi
Pryskyřníkotvaré

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia