text:
Jonathan Ned Katz: Writing, Work
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Legal Cases Appealed: January 1, 1800-December 31, 1899
OutHistory.org Legal Research Project
Origin date: November 10, 2010. Last revision: June 18, 2013.
OutHistory enlisted a group of Harvard law librarians in a project to copy and place on OutHistory.org the published reports and the original records of all the 19th-century U.S. legal cases (about 150) that include the terms "buggery," "crime against nature," or "sodomy."
The Project was conceived by Jonathan Ned Katz, the Co-Director of OutHistory, who approached William B. Rubenstein, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, for assistance.
Rubenstein enlisted several Harvard law librarians in this ambitious reclamation project. The librarians' recent database searches have already revealed about 45 additional cases mentioning buggery, crime against nature, and sodomy that had not shown up in Katz's earlier research.
Katz believes that "the original legal records in these cases will certainly reveal fascinating new details about U.S. social life and legal history in the 19th Century."
W. L. Jones V. The State, 1897
An example is the published report, brief and abbreviated, of an 1897 Texas case. It involved a libel charge against the publishers of a newspaper that had alleged discrimination against African American women.
The paper had alleged that Irish conductors employed by a Galveston street car company, who discriminated against "colored ladies," were "the descendants of Oscar Wilde [meaning that they commit the crime of sodomy]." The bracketed explanation is in the published report.
The libel was affirmed by the appeals court. The brief published account and other documents relating to this case are reproduced or cited on OutHistory.org at W. L. Jones v. The State (Texas): November 24, 1897.
"That case touched tellingly on race, class, sexuality, and gender as indicated in the brief published report," says Katz, "and the original legal records, and any newspaper accounts and other documents about it will, I'm convinced, provide additional intriguing details about what was going on."
One startling document referring to this case has already been discovered and is reprinted on OutHistory.org at:William Cowper Brann: "The Complete Works", 1898. It contains extremely derogatory language about, and threats against, the African Americans said to have committed the libel.
The Legal History Project
This OutHistory project involves, first, online research to find and copy the old published reports of these cases. The original publications are in the public domain. An example is the case already cited: W. L. Jones v. The State (Texas): November 24, 1897
Second, the Project involves research in the archives of many states or territories, including: Alabama, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington, and in the archives of the U.S. Supreme Court.
"The original legal records in at least some of these 19th century cases do exist," says Katz, as indicated by his earlier success in locating these document in two cases, the earliest, in Maryland in 1810 (Davis v. State), and a case in Texas, in 1867 (State v. Campbell). Katz found those original court records in the Texas State Archives, Austin, and the Maryland State Archives, Annapolis. The original records will be added to OutHistory.org.
Researchers will need to discover which archive holds each state's or territory's legal case appeals records or lower court rulings, send for copies, receive the copy, and upload it to OutHistory.org. In some cases, handwritten early legal records will need to be transcribed. Katz says that OutHistory.org will reimburse the researchers for the cost of copies if necessary.
Third, the Project involves research in old newspapers and secondary sources to see if any relevant additional information about the cases or the accuser, accused, prosecutor, attorneys, or judges can be found. "The public can help with that research," suggested Katz who can be contacted at the OutHistory.org email address: jnk123@mac.com.
A chronological, annotated timeline of all the 19th century cases that mention "buggery," "crime against nature," or "sodomy" appear with the case citations on OutHistory.org at:
Timeline: Published U.S. State Appeals Case Reports, 1800-1899
Annotated list of about 150 published case reports including the terms terms "buggery," "crime against nature", and "sodomy". These are cases appealed to and decided during the nineteenth century by the high courts of American states (or districts or territories), or by federal courts, and sumarized in brief, published reports. They are isted here chronologically, from earliest to latest.
Note that Lexis and Westlaw searches in numbers of instances provided different dates for the same cases. When known, state names are added to facilitate searches by state. Cases known to involve "oral-genital" acts are tagged as such to facilitate searches for those cases. One case referring to "colored ladies" (and Irish street car conductors) is tagged as "African American - women".[1]
Listed in descending order, from earliest to latest:
1802, November 16: Charges to Grand Jury, 2 Del.Cas. 168, 1802 WL 321, , Del.Com.Pl., November 16, 1802
...passing or uttering notes of the Bank of North America as checks or orders on the Bank of Dela-ware, bigamy, sodomy, women concealing their bastard children, plundering of wrecks, disturbing religious meetings, voting at the general election not being legally qualified. (Added January 17, 2011)
1810: Davis v. State: 3 Har. & J. 154; 3 MD Rep 154 (1810) (attempted "sodomy;' "buggery," man with male "youth," 19). Maryland.
The original legal records in this case are available in the state's legal archive: see William S. Davis, Court of Appeals (Judgments, Western Shore). William S. Davis v. State of Maryland, 1806-1810, nos. 267 and 268, MdHR 683-122, 1-62-8-32 (19 pages). Maryland State Archives, Annapolis. Also see: William S. Davis. MSA no. C183, Baltimore County Court of Oyer and Terminer and Gaol Delivery (Docket and Minutes), William S. Davis September 22, October 3, October 9, 1810, Minutes, MdHR 16654, 3-29 (4 pages). Copies in the papers of Jonathan Ned Katz, New York Public Library, Rare Books and Manuscripts Division.
1812, Jun 16: Commonwealth v. Thomas, 1 VA Cases 307 (Gen. Ct.) (1812, Jun 16) ("buggery," man with mare). Virginia.
1814: Andrews v. Vanduzer, 11 Johns. 38, 1814 WL 1099, , N.Y.Sup., 1814
...that he, the plaintiff, "had had connection with a mare, " &c. meaning thereby that he had been guilty of the crime against nature with a beast. The defendant pleaded the general issue, with notice that he would give in evidence that the plaintiff, before, &c., committed the detestable crime against nature on a certain beast called a cow; and also that he, afterwards, &c., committed the crime against nature with a certain beast called a mare. At the trial, the defendant offered to prove, that the plaintiff had been ...
...Weight and Sufficiency 237 112(3) k. Justification and Mitigation. If the charge alleged was that plaintiff has committed the crime against nature with a mare, defendant cannot justify by showing that plaintiff committed the crime with a cow. 190 Sudam, for the... (Added January 17, 2011)
1817, Jan: State v. Jernagan, Taylor 44, 4 N.C. 483, 1817 WL 132, , N.C., January Term 1817
...Foster 356. 3. But when the benefit of clergy is taken away from the offence (as in case of murder, buggery, robbery, rape and burglary) a principal in the second degree, being present, aiding and ab-etting the crime, is as well... (Added January 17, 2011)
1817, Jul: State v. Cox, Taylor 165, 4 N.C. 597, 1817 WL 151, , N.C., July Term 1817
...conspirator may be convicted after the other is dead. 2 Str. 1227 Persons have been tried and con-victed of the crime against nature, though the agent was separately charged, and the offence could not have been committed without the concurrence of the patient... (Added January 17, 2011)
1820: Scott v. Com., 1820 WL 1853, 6 Serg. & Rawle 224, , Pa., 1820
...and battery with an intention to commit a capital offence, as rape or murder, or an attempt to com-mit the crime against nature, offences in their nature infamous, would fall within that class of of-fences described by the 4th section of the act... (Added January 17, 2011)
1821, Jun: State v. Buchanan, 5 H. & J. 317, 1821 WL 482, 9 Am.Dec. 534, , Md., June Term 1821
...193, was a case of conspiracy to extort money from Lord Sunderland, by charging him with an attempt to commit sodomy with one of the defendants. It was not charged as a conspiracy to accuse him in a course of justice ...
...a conspiracy to accuse a man of being the father of a bastard child, or of an attempt to commit sodomy, before those who had cognizance of such matters, was not an indictable offence, but be-cause it was, what was not ...
...cards--1 Strange 144. Indictment against Kinnersley and Moore, for a conspiracy to charge Lord Sunderland with endeavouring to commit sodomy with said Moore, in order to extort money from Lord Sunderland. The whole court gave judgment in support of the... (Added January 17, 2011)
1822, Dec: Coburn v. Harwood, 12 Am. Dec. 37; Minor 93 (AL; 1822, Dec) (slander; words charging crime against nature, unspecified). Alabama.
1824: Goodrich v. Woolcott, 3 Cow. 231 (NY; 1824, Aug) (slander; words charging "person of unnatural passions" with "crime against nature" (man with sow) (see also Woolcott v. Goodrich). New York State.
1825, Dec: Woolcott v. Goodrich, 5 Cow. 714 (NY; 1825, Dec) (slander; words charging "He has been with a sow"). (See also Goodrich v. Woolcott). New York State.
1832, Mar: United States v. Gallagher, 25 F. Cas. 1241 (1832, Mar) (cites PA law re rape, murder, or attempted "crime against nature"). Pennsylvania.
1846, Jan: Edgar v. McCutchen, 9 Mo. 768 (1846, Jan) (slander, charging man's "carnal knowledge" of mare, using word "fuck"). Missouri.
1847, Dec: Haywood v. Foster, 6 OH 88 (Westlaw; LEXIS 6 OH 98) (1847, Dec) (slander, charging "unchastity and bestiality" [unspecified]). Ohio.
1851, Nov: Harper v. Delp, 3 IN 225 (1851, Nov) (slander, charging "bestiality" and "buggery," man with cow). Indiana.
1856, Dec: Dial v. Holter, 6 OH St. 228 (1856, Dec) (slander, libel; reference to "sodomy," unspecified, as charge involving "great moral turpitude"). Ohio.
1858, Jun 2: Ausman v. Veal, 10 IN 355; 71 Am. Dec. 331 (1858, Jun 2) (slander; charging "bestiality," "crime against nature," woman with dog (a male dog is assumed).
1859: McKean v. Folden, 2 OH Dec. 248 (1859) (slander; words charging "bestiality," "buggery," unspecified). Ohio.
1860 Apr 18: Estes v. Carter, 10 IA 400 (Sup. Ct.) (1860 Apr 18) (slander; words charging "sodomy," unspecified). Iowa.
1860, Dec: State v. Gray, 8 Jones (N.C.) 170 (1860, Dec) (reference to "buggery," unspecified, in case of "carnally knowing and abusing an infant female under the age of ten years"). North Carolina.
1860, Dec 11: Enos v. Sowle, 2 HA 332 (1860, Dec 11) ("sodomy"; man with "boy," youth," age unspecified. Hawaii.
1860, Dec 14: Vieira v. Sowle, 2 HA 346 (1860, Dec 14) ("sodomy"; man with "boy," age unspecified). Hawaii.
1861, May: Lambertson v. People, (Sup. Ct. Gen. T.) 5 Park. Crim. (N.Y.) 200 (1861, May) ("crime against nature," "buggery," "carnal knowledge," man with man). New York State.
1865, Apr 10: Cleveland v. Detweiler, 18 IA 299 (1865, Apr 10) (slander, charging "sodomy;' woman with dog, sex unspecified). Iowa.
1867: State v. Campbell, 29 TX 44; 94 Am. Dec. 251 (1867) ("crime against nature," "sodomy," man with mare). Texas.
Original legal records cited as: Warren Campbell . . . v. Texas. October 19, 1866. Filed November 27, 1866. Texas State Archives, Austin. Copy available in the papers of Jonathan Ned Katz, New York Public Library, Rare Books and Manuscripts Division.
1869: Fennel v. State, 32 TX 378 (Sup. Ct.) (1869) ("crime against nature," "sodomy," unspecified). Texas.
1869, Oct: Ex parte Smith and Keating, 38 CA 702 (1869, Oct) (reference to laws against "rape," "crime against nature," "prostitution," "abortion"). California.
1870, Oct 24: Haynes v. Ritchey, 30 IA 76; 6 Am. Rep. 642 (1870, Oct 24) (slander, charging "sodomy," "beastility" [sic]). Iowa.
1873: Frazier v. State, 39 TX (Sup. Ct. 1873) (1873) ("crime 'against nature';" unspecified, "sodomy," unspecified). Texas.
1873, Jan: Commonwealth v. Snow, 111 MA 411 (1873, Jan) ("sodomy," man with boy [implicitly], age unspecified). Massachusets.
1873, Jan: People v. Murat, 45 CA 281 (1873, Jan) (reference to "assault" with intent "to commit murder, rape, the infamous crime against nature, mayhem, robbery, or grand larceny"). California.
1875, Dec: Davis v. Brown, 27 OH St. 326 (1875, Dec) (slander, charging "crime against nature," "sodomy," man with unspecified beast). Ohio.
1876, Dec: State v. Grusso, 28 LA Ann. 952 (1876, Dec) ("crime agaInst nature," man with man). Louisiana.
1878, Jan: Territory v. Mahaffey, 3 MT 112 (1878, Jan) ("crime against nature," man with "boy," 14). Montana.
1880, Jan: Melvin v. Weiant, 36 OH St. 184; 38 Am. Rep. 572 (1880, Jan) (slander, charging "sodomy," unspecified). Ohio.
1881 Jul: People v. Williams, 59 CA 397 (Ct. App. 1881) (1881 Jul) ("crime against nature," "sodomy," man wIth man). California.
1882, Jan: State v. Williams, 34 LA Ann. 87 (Sup. Ct. 1882) (1882, Jan) ("crime against nature," unspecified). Louisiana.
1883, Apr 13: Ex parte Bergen, 19 TX App. 52 (1883, Apr 13) (sodomy," "crime against nature," unspecified). Texas.
1884: Collins v. State, 73 GA 76 (1884) ("bestiality," unspecified). Georgia.
1885, Jan 31: Cross v. State, 17 TX App. 476 (1885, Jan 31) ("sodomy," "crime against nature," "carnal connection," man with mare). Texas.
1885, Feb 27: People v. Miller, 66 CA 468; 6 P. 99 (1885, Feb 27) ("crime against nature," man with "boy," 13). California.
1885, Jun 15: Wood et al. v. State, 47 N.J.L. 180 (1885, Jun 15) (cites NJ law re "murder, manslaughter, sodomy [unspecified], rape, arson, burglary, or robbery"). New Jersey.
1886, Apr: Foster et al. v. State, 1 OH C.D.; 1 OH Cir. Ct. R. 467 (1886, Apr) ("sodomy," "carnal copulation against nature," three men with man). Ohio.
1887, Feb 10: Hughes v. Detroit ... Railway Company, 65 MI 10; 31 N.W: 603 (1887, Feb 10) (negligence case, referring to outrage of girls under age seven and to "such crimes against nature"). Michigan.
1887, Jun 23: Lamb v. State, 10 A. 298 (MD; 1887, Jun 23) ("abortion" referred to as a "crime against nature"). Maryland.
1888, Mar 1: Paterson v. State, 50 N.J.L. 421; 14 A. 125 (1888, Mar 1) (cites NJ law referring to "treason, murder, manslaughter, sodomy [unspecified], rape, arson, burglary, robbery, forgery, or larceny," etc.). New Jersey.
1889, Feb 9: Medis v. Hill, 27 TX App. 194; 11 S.W. 112; 11 Am. St. Rep. 192 (1889, Feb 9) ("sodomy," two men with man). Texas.
1889, Apr 16: Green v. Superior Court of San Francisco, 78 CA 556; 21 P. 307 (1889, Apr 16) (extortion case referring to persons convicted of "a capital offense, a crime against nature, or ... forgery, perjury," etc.; on appeal, a dissenting CA Supreme Court judge mentions that "At common law, persons convicted of petty larceny and whipped were held incompetent witnesses because infamous, but no matter how infamous the punishment, unless it was inflicted for, or some other species of crimen falsi, infamy did not attach"). California.
1889, Dec 20: Lefler v. State, 122 Ind. 206; 23 N.E. 154 (1889, Dec 20) ("sodomy," man with man). Indiana
1890, May: Louisiana v. Deschamps, 7 So. 703 (1890, May) (reference to "homicide" committed while engaged in a felony "such as rape or sodomy"). Louisiana.
1890 Dec 1: State v. Chandonette, 10 MT 280; 25 P. 438 (1890 Dec 1) ("crime against nature," unspecified). Montana.
1890, Dec 16: Houston v. Commonwealth, 87 VA 257; 12 S.E. 385 (1890, Dec 16) (robbery case referring to threat of "sodomy"). Virginia.
1891, Feb 10: State v. Frank, 103 MO 120; 15 S.W. 330 (1890, Feb) (attempted "sodomy," man with dog). Missouri.
1891, Jun 19: Mascolo v. Montesanto, 61 CT 50; 23 Atl. 714; 29 Am. St. Rep. 170 (1891, Jun 19) (civil suit, completed "buggery"; Mascolo, twelve, by Montesanto, fifteen). Connecticut.
1892, Jan 4: Commonwealth v. Randolph, 146 PA 83; 23 A. 388 (1892, Jan 4) (murder case referring to English decision "that to solicit or make overtures to another to commit sodomy was a crime; but to threaten to accuse another of having made such overtures, was not a threat to charge him with having committed the crime of sodomy"). Pennsylvania.
1892, May 13: People v. Graney, 91 MI 646; 52 N.W. 66 (1892, May 13) ("crime against nature," man with man). Michigan.
1892, Nov 7: Hallinger v. Davis, 146 U.S. 314; 113 S. Ct. 105 (1892, Nov 7) (murder case appealed to U.S. Supreme Court; quotes article of NJ constitution which says that murder "committed in perpetrating or in attempting to perpetrate arson, rape, sodomy, robbery, or burglary, shall be deemed murder in the first degree"). United States. New Jersey.
1892, Dec 3: People v. Hodgkin, 94 MI 27 (1892, Dec 3) (A case involving an alleged act of bestiality [man with a mare] called "sodomy" and "buggery" in the final appeals court report which does not specify the character of the act). Michigan.
1893, Feb 15: Prindle v. State, 31 TX Cr. R. 551; 21 S.W. 360; 37 Am. St. Rep. 833 (1893, Feb 15) ("sodomy," "crime against nature," man in mouth of "child," age unspecified). Texas. Oral-genital.
1893, Feb.18: State v. Place, 5 Wash. 773 (1893, Feb.18) (attempted "crime against nature," "sodomy," man with man). Washington.
1893, Aug 23: People v. Gleason, 99 CA 359; 33 P. 1111 (1893, Aug 23) (incest; refers to "solicitation to commit incest, adultery, or sodomy"). California.
1893, Dec 6: People v. O'Brien, 26 N.Y.S. 812 (1893, Dec 6) ("crime against nature," man with "boy," 11). New York State.
1894, Feb 28: Commonwealth v. Dill, 160 MA 536, 36 N.E. 472 (Sup. Jd. Ct. 1894) (1894, Feb 28) ("sodomy," "crime against nature," "unnatural and lascivious act," unspecified; man with "another person," sex unspecified). Massachusets.
1894, May 5: Strange v. State, 33 Tex. Crim. 315; 26 S.W 406 (1894, May 5) (extortion by threat of criminal prosecution for "crime against nature," "sodomy" with beast, unspecified). Texas.
1894, Jun 4: Hodges v. State, 94 Ga. 593; 19 S.E. 758 (1894, Jun 4) ("sodomy," anal intercourse of "boy," under 14, with "child"). Georgia.
1894, Jun 26: Thibault v. Sessions and Phipps, 101 MI 279; 59 N.W. 624 (1894, Jun 26) (libel/slander; teacher accused of "sodomy" with students, sex, age unspecified; "bestiality" referenced). Michigan.
1894, Aug 9: Bradford v. State, 104 AL 68; 53 Am. St. Rep. 24 (1894, Aug 9) ("crime against nature," man with cow). Alabama.
1894, Aug 11: People v. Moore, 103 Cal. 508; 37 Pac. 510; (1894, Aug 11) ("crime against nature," man with man). California.
1895, Mar 9: Green v. State, 29 S.W: 1072 (TX; 1895, Mar 9) ("sodomy," unspecified). Texas.
1895, Apr 1: Bergemann v. Backer, 157 U.S. 655; 15 S. Ct. 727 (U.S. Supreme Court; 1895, Apr 1) (murder; cites section of New Jersey Crimes Act that murder "committed in perpetrating, or attempting to perpetrate, any arson, rape, sodomy, robbery or burglary, shall be deemed murder of the first degree"). United States.
1895, Jun 3: State v. Desforges, 47 LA Ann 1167; 17 S. 811 (1895, Jun 3) (attempting to prevent witness from testifying; court quotes Wharton that solicitations to commit a crime "are indictable . . . when they are . . . offences against public decency, as in the case with solicitations to commit sodomy"). Louisiana.
1895, Sep: Meigs County Court v. Anonymous, 3 OH Dec. 450; 2 OH N.P. 342 (1895, Sep) ("sodomy," man with beast, unspecified). Ohio.
1895, Sep 19: Williams v. Commonwealth, 22 S.E. 859 (VA; 1895, Sep 19) ("buggery," unspecified, by boy, between 10-12). Virginia.
1895, Sep 30: People v. Hickey, 41 P. 1027; 109 CA 275 (1895, Sep 30) ("sodomy," man with person, unspecified; sodomy may also involve a beast, unspecified). California.
1896, Jan 15: Mootry etal. v. State, 41 P. 1027; 109 CA 275 (1896, Jan 15) (murder; cites Medis v. State (see above), in which accused "were jointly tried for sodomy," unspecified here). California.
1896, Jan 22: Wright v. State, 35 TX Crim. 367; 33 S.W. 973 (1896, Jan 22) ("sodomy," unspecified). Texas.
1896, Jan 27: Hawaii v. Parsons, 10 HA 601 (1896, Jan 27) ("sexual intercourse," man with female under age fourteen: cites law referring to "Polygamy," "Adultery," "Fornication," "Incest," "Sodomy," unspecified). "C. G. Parsons argues that the statute under which the charge is made is unconstitutional, for technical reason, and that even if it did set forth the full title of the alleged amended act, namely, 'Chapter XIII, it would still be insufficient (for technical reasons).'" Hawaii.
1896, Feb 12: Hall v. State, 34 S.W: 124 (TX; 1896, Feb 12) ("sodomy," unspecified). Texas.
1896, Apr 29: Lewis v. State, 36 TX Cr. R. 37; 35 S.W. 372; 61 Am. St. Rep. 831 (1896, Apr 29) ("sodomy," anal intercourse, man with woman; accusation of "copulating in the mouth" with same woman). Texas. Oral-genital.
1896, May 13: Little v. State, 35 S.W. 659 (TX; 1896, May 13) ("sodomy," unspecified). Texas.
1896, Jun ([LEXIS]; Nov 17 [WESTLAW]: Singleton v. State, 38 FL 297; 21 So. 21 (1896, Jun ([LEXIS]; Nov 17 [WESTLAW]) (quotes section of FL law "that persons convicted ... of murder, perjury, piracy, forgery, larceny, robbery, arson, sodomy, or buggery shall not be competent witnesses"). Florida.
1896, Sep 21:Benedict v. People, 23 CO 126; 46 P. 637 (1896, Sep 21 [WESTLAW]; Sep [LEXIS]) ("crime against nature," unspecified). Colorado.
1897, Jan 19: State v. Smith, 137 Mo. 25, 38 S.W. 717 (Missouri; 1897, Jan 19) (attempted "sodomy or buggery," man with "boy," age unspecified). Missouri.
1897, Jan 21: Davis v. State, 37 TX Crim. Rep. 47 (1897, Jan 21) (robbery by threatening illegal act; notes: "In England, and perhaps in this country, in the absence of statute, a threatening charge of sodomy [unspecified] is the only threat of prosecution for a crime from which can be inferred the fear necessary to constitute the crime of robbery"). Texas.
1897, Mar 29: People v. Frey, 112 MI 251; 70 N.W. 548 (1897, Mar 29) (extortion; threat to accuse "sodomy," "bestiality"). Michigan.
1897, May 6: People v.Boyle, 48 P 800; 116 CA 658 (1897, May 6) ("crime against nature," man in mouth of "boy," age unspecified). California. Oral-genital.
1897, Jun 25: Stewart v. Major, 17 WA 238; 49 E 503 (1897, Jun 25) (libel; quotes section of WA Code referring to "words falsely spoken of any person charging such person with incest or the infamous crime against nature either with mankind or the brute creation"). Washington.
1897, Sep 7: State v. Dolan, 17 WA 499; 50 P. 472 (1897, Sep 7) (murder; citing WA law referring to "assault with intent to commit murder, rape, the infamous crime against nature, mayhem, robbery, or grand larceny"). Washington.
1897, Nov 1: Honselman v. People, 168 IL 173, 48 N.W. 304 (1897, Nov 1) ("crime against nature," penis of accuser, fourteen-and-a-half-years-old, in man's mouth). Illinois. Illinois. Oral-genital.
1897, Nov 24: Jones v. State, 38 TX Crim. 364; 43 S.W: 78 (1897, Nov 24) (libel; Irish men, employed as conductors by the Galveston Railroad, who discriminated against "colored ladies," were called "the descendants of Oscar Wilde [meaning that they commit the crime of sodomy]"; bracketed quote in original report). Texas.Research Request: Original legal records? African American women. The published case report is republished on OutHistory.org. In the same publication also see: W. H. Noble v. The State. No. 1565. Decided November 24, 1897.
1897, Dec 1: Bresnan v. State, 43 S.W. 111 (TX; 1897, Dec 1) ("sodomy" unspecified, man with man). Texas.
1897, Dec 20: People v. Wilson, 51 P. 639, 119 CA 384 (1897, Dec 20) (attempted "crime against nature," man, implicitly with boy, age unspecified). California.
1898, Feb 9: McCray v. State, 8 TX Crim. 609; 44 S.W. 170 (1898, Feb 9) (assault; reference to earlier "sodomy," unspecified, of accused). Texas.
1898, Apr 20: Hawaii v. Luning, 11 HA 390 (1898, Apr 20) (attempted "sodomy," unspecified). Hawaii.
1898, Jun ([LEXIS]; Nov 5 ([WESTLAW]): Roberson v. Florida, 40 FL 509; 24 So. 474 (1898, Jun ([LEXIS]; Nov 5 ([WESTLAW]) (cites FL law that "persons who have been convicted in any court . . . of murder, perjury, piracy, forgery, larceny, robbery, arson, sodomy or buggery shall not be competent witnesses"). Florida.
1898, Jun 8: Red v. State, 39 TX Crim. 414; 46 S.W. 408 (1898, Jun 8) (murder; "Appellant proposed to prove ... that the witness. . .was guilty of incest with his daughter, and was guilty of sodomy [unspecified], and had assaulted the wife of appellant, ... his granddaughter, with intent to rape her"). Texas.
1898 Jul 8 ([LEXIS]; Sep 28 ([WESTLAW]): Roesel v. New Jersey, 62 N.J.L. 216; 41 A. 408 (1898 Jul 8 ([LEXIS]; Sep 28 ([WESTLAW]) (murder; cites NJ law referring to persons "committing or attempting to commit sodomy, rape, arson, robbery or burglary, or any unlawful act against the peace of this state, of which the probable consequence may be bloodshed"). New Jersey.
1898, Nov 4: Hawaii v. Edwards, 11 HA 571 (conviction for attempted "sodomy," man with Hawaiian, "Kui" [no sex specified]). Hawaii.
1898, Nov 30: Darling v. State, 47 S.W 1005 (TX, 1898, Nov 30) ("sodomy," unspecified). Texas.
1899, Jan 16: Commonwealth v. J., 21 PA Co. Ct. 625 (1899, Jan 16) (attempted "buggery" with young cow). Pennsylvania.
1899, Mar 6 [WESTLAW]; May 6 [LEXIS]): Brown v. New Jersey, 62 N.J.L. 666; 42 A. 811, 1899, Mar 6 [WESTLAW]; May 6 [LEXIS]) (murder; cites NJ law "that every person indicted for treason, murder or other crimes punishable with death, or for misprision of treason, manslaughter, sodomy, rape, arson, burglary, robbery, or forgery," was allowed to challenge peremptorily twenty jurors). New Jersey.
1899, Apr 24: Wells v. New England Mutual Life Insurance, 191 PA 207; 43 A. 126 (1899, Apr 24) (abortion; Court quotes its earlier decision that abortion "violates the mysteries of nature in that process by which the human race is propagated. It is a crime against nature which obstructs the fountain of life...."). Pennsylvania.
1899, May 2 [WESTLAW]; Jan Term [case report; LEXIS]: Simmons v. State, 41 FL 316, 25 So. 881 (1899, May 2 [WESTLAW]; Jan Term [case report; LEXIS]) (robbery; cites FL law that "Property obtained by trick or artifice, or by threats of illegal arrest, criminal prosecution, or insinuations against character, except they relate to sodomitical practices, is not taken by 'putting in fear'"). Florida.
1899, May 6: State v. LaForrest, 45 A. 225 (Sup. Ct.); 71 VT 311 (1899, May 6) ("sodomy,"' unspecified). Vermont.
1899, May 31: Hawaii v. Edwards, 2 HA 55 (1899, May 31) ("sodomy," unspecified; argues that 5th and 6th amendments of U.S. Constitution extended to Hawaii at time of Edwards' conviction, August 16,1898, four days after transfer of Hawaiian sovereignty to U.S.). Hawaii.
1899, Jun 15: Bishop v. Florida, 41 FL 522; 26 So. 703 (1899, Jun 15) (cites FL law: "Persons ... convicted in any court in this State of murder, perjury, piracy, forgery, larceny, robbery, arson, sodomy or buggery shall not be competent witnesses"). Florida.
1899, Jun 22: State v. Romans, 57 E 819, 21 WA 284 (1899, Jun 22) (attempted "crime against nature," "buggery," man with man). Washington.
1899, Oct 11: Willson v. State, 53 S.W. 112 (TX; 1899, Oct 11). ("sodomy," unspecified). Texas.
1899, Nov 29: Peak v. State, 53 S.W. 853 (1899, Nov 29) ("sodomy," unspecified). Research Request: state?
1899, Nov 29: Stratham v. State, 53 S.W. 847 (1899, Nov 29) ("sodomy," unspecified). Research Request: state?
1899, Dec 19: Waits v. State, 54 S.W. 1103 (1899, Dec 19) ("sodomy," unspecified). Research Request: state?
Does the chronological ordering of these cases suggest any insights not revealed by looking at them in some other order?
What in U.S. legal history and social life explains the increasing number of cases at the end of the 19th century?
What does this timeline of "buggery", "crime against nature", and "sodomy" cases reveal about changing meanings of those terms and the acts thought to be included in them?
Are there any other search terms that would reveal other related cases or relevant legal decisions? "Unnatural acts"? "unnatural crime"?
What is the link the cases reveal between human beast intercourse, the anal intercourse of men with men, men with women, and men with children, and oral-genital contacts, and what explains these changing references?
What, if anything, do these cases reveal about the difference between sexual acts and sexual identities?
Do these cases reveal anything about changing ideals of gender (femininity and masculinity)?
What do these case records reveal, if anything, about the difference between forced acts and voluntary acts?
What references exist in these cases to class, ethnicity, and race, and what do they suggest?
Does an examination of each state's or territory's cases reveal any new insights into local or national developments?
Do the original case records in these cases reveal any important new information about U.S. legal history or social history?
Can the names of the persons accused or accusing, or the names of the defense lawyers, prosecutors, or judges in these cases tell us anything more about U.S. legal history or social history?
Are there reports of any of these cases in local newspapers or other published sources?
What other questions might be asked of these documents?
What already published articles or books tell us about these cases, or cases like them?
↑ The original list of 105 cases is reproduced from Jonathan Ned Katz, Love Stories: Sex Between Men Before Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), Chapter 5, "Abominable and Detestable Crimes," pages 402-406. See also 390, 391, 402-406. The chapter contains an analysis of these cases. Subsequent research in expanded databases has increased the numbers of cases found.


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Q: How do I get the first error from CodeIgniter's validation_errors() method Following the documentation here, suppose I have these validation checks in a controller
$this->form_validation->set_rules('username', 'Username', 'required');
$this->form_validation->set_rules('password', 'Password', 'required');
$this->form_validation->set_rules('passconf', 'Password Confirmation', 'required');
$this->form_validation->set_rules('email', 'Email', 'required|valid_email|is_unique[users.email]')

I can use <?php echo validation_errors(); ?> to give me all the rules which failed.
How do I get the first rule that failed validation?

A: It should be in form_helper
function validation_error_first() {
    if (FALSE === ($OBJ = & _get_validation_object())) {
        return '';
    }

    return array_shift($OBJ->_error_array);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


On Thanksgiving Day 2014 I woke up at 6am, far earlier than anyone else at my house. I was not thrilled about being awake at all. It was dark and it was cold (really cold– more on that later), and my reason for being awake did not thrill me either.
A few weeks before Thanksgiving I agreed to do the Turkey Trot 5k in St. Paul with three of my friends. Now I had done one 5k, about a month before Thanksgiving I ran my first one in honor of breast cancer. That one meant something to me. I was running it on the 5 year anniversary to the date of the day my cousin passed away from breast cancer. She was only 28. I did it to honor her memory and her hard fight against that awful disease. That 5k I could get behind and I felt a little spiritual push the whole way.
The Turkey Trot? Not so much. This one felt more like peer pressure to me, but kind of like fun too.
Now if you would have ever told me that I said a 5k was fun I would have laughed at you. Laughed hard until I cried. You see I vowed never to be one of those people that was going to run for fun. I was never going to be one of those "crazies." I hated running and had no desire to be a runner.
Yet here I was, this very cold November morning getting ready to run the Turkey Trot. It was -6 in temperature, not wind chill, but temperature, at race time. It was the coldest Thanksgiving in the Twin Cities in 30 years. I was here ready to run the Turkey Trot. Something I vowed I would never do and especially not in the dead cold of winter. Even worse, I had barely slept the night before as my youngest was up every hour because of a cold. I wasn't in the best of moods and I had a million excuses running through my head of why I didn't have to go to this race. Even my friends were shocked when they came to pick me up that I came out the front door.
Sure peer pressure got me here and a little bit of fun got me here, but you want to know what really got me to that starting line? Taking a leap out of my comfort zone and doing something that challenged me. A giant leap. I am not a runner, I don't even consider myself in shape, but I was up for trying something new, something different and something that would be a challenge. Why not? As long as it wouldn't kill me, I was game for it. I was nervous and I was scared of course. I was worried that I would be the only one there that would have to walk, that my friends would leave me in the dust, and would be waiting for me for an hour at the finish line. I was even kind of scared that I would trip and fall flat on my face or even worse break something. But I was determined to step out of my comfort zone and try something new. Something that was for me, something that would challenge me, something that was for personal growth.
In 2016 I took a huge leap of faith and stepped outside of my comfort zone. You see I had been involved in the real estate industry as far back as I could remember. I remember "working" in the family business as early as age seven. By the time I was 10 I was being paid to type real estate appraisals. Over the years I worked as an assistant to appraisers, title closers, and Realtors. I spent time working as a Loan Officer for five years and got out just before the market tanked. But right around that time I took off on my own branch of real estate and began doing real estate marketing.
Then last year happened and something inside of me said, after 27 years in the same industry, it was time to be done. It was time to try the dream that had been on my heart for the last few years. I would love to say "and just like that Women Winning Online was born." But that wouldn't be the whole story. That wouldn't tell you how absolutely terrified I was to leave an industry that I knew like the back of my hand, to pursue something that was just a dream. Something that I had no idea what I was doing and if it would work or not.
But just like the Turkey Trot, I knew if I didn't do it, I would always wonder if I could. I would always wonder if I missed something that would be good for me. That would stretch me and take me far outside of my comfort zone of real estate.
On February 8th, one day after my 37th birthday, Women Winning Online was officially born. I was officially outside of my comfort zone and on a new journey.
Every day we have the opportunity to step outside our comfort zones, but we rarely do. We have a million excuses of why we don't have to. It's scary. We don't want to fail. We don't want to look dumb. We don't have time. We don't have money. Yet when we take that challenge and do something different, a small piece of us changes and usually for the better.
As a blogger you have the opportunity to step outside of your comfort zone on a daily basis and become better at what you do. To take a challenge that will push you as a blogger. To do something different that you haven't done before like sending out your first email newsletter or finally launching that program that has been on your mind for years.
You have the opportunity to evaluate what is and isn't working for your blog. Is it time to let go of your Facebook page because it isn't bringing you in much traffic and focus on Instagram instead? Or is it worth it to start investing in your blog and in yourself to learn marketing ideas that will help you grow? It's hard to invest in ourselves isn't it? We worry that we aren't worth the investment or that our efforts won't work. We worry that we will waste our time and our money and end up right where we were before. Or worse, right where we were before with nothing to show for it and less money in our pocketbooks too.
But what if you stepped outside of your comfort zone? What if you took the time to invest in you? It could mean the difference between saying stuck where you are right now or taking that leap of faith and watching your blog grow in ways you've only dreamed of. Then would it be worth it to step outside of your comfort zone?
As the summer comes to a close, we are gearing up to get back to our blogs. Back to the routine and the consistency that this season brings before the holidays hit. Before we know it we are going to be knee deep in blog planning and goal setting for next year. I would venture to guess that you had a good year blogging but you want to do even more in 2017.
You know how you get there? You add working outside your comfort zone into your plans for next year. Yes, keep doing the blogging tasks that you know, that you love, and that you are good at, but take it one step further next year. Do marketing that you have always wanted to try but were too scared to do. Launch a program that will help your niche become better. Step outside of your comfort zone. That is where the magic happens, where growth as a blogger happens. This is the point where you and your blog really starts to grow and change for the better.
As for me, I can look back at 2016 and feel thrilled that I took that leap of faith. Whew! That scary leap of leaving the only industry I had known for 27 years. Not only did I get to follow my true passion, but I have met and helped some amazing women along the way. I know that 2017 is going to be a great year for all of us and that for me, my leap of faith outside of my comfort zone was worth it.
Oh and by the way it's been almost two years since that 5k and I am still doing them and I still don't love them! I wonder if that will ever change?!
What are your goals for your blog this fall and into 2017? Are you going to do the same things you did in 2016 or are you going to up your game and try new things? Please tell me about your plans in the comments below! Thank you!
I love this! I am slowly but surely stepping out of my comfort zone and it's working!!! Isn't it crazy how that works out? 🙂 😉 Great post!
Yes! Taking that bold action results in some pretty incredible things doesn't it?! Congratulations!
Hi Jen, I couldn't stop myself commenting! Well done on the run, that is one mighty achievement right there! I completely get what you mean about running for fun, it's not everyone's kettle of fish is it?
Hi Jess– thank you for your comment!
Yes they do don't they! They feel just comfortable right?! And stepping into that unknown or trying to go after that dream, well that sounds quite scary. But I have often found that everything I have ever wanted is on the other side of fear….
Great article Jen. Love how you tied everything together about getting out of your comfort zone. For me I am at a stage in life I am facing being done with what I have done for 16 years…homeschooling. I was a SAHM for 18 years. Now my youngest is a senior and I am wondering what next. So I am trying to figure that out for my health coaching business as a whole, not just my blog. It will come, I just have to be patient, but it all will be outside of my comfort zone.
Thank you so much Karen! It really made me realize how much better things can be when you make that leap. I know it won't always be easy and I won't always win, but I feel good about at least trying.
Wow you are at a big life change! A big shift outside of the normal and your comfort zone. One step at a time right? At least that's what I tell myself. I am glad we are here together and can support one another!
I'm so not a runner either! Or a morning person too. But, this is inspiring for sure. I love the fall and holidays so I'm looking forward to September and blogging away!
Stepping out of your comfort zone is a challenge for me, but I know to grow you have to step up!
Elna I am so glad this post inspired you! I am hoping that one day I will enjoy running but I am not counting on it.
I'm so glad that you followed your passion and started Women Winning Online! 🙂 There's a free lance writing course that I'm saving up for right now. Writing is what I've always wanted to do, and this post helped affirm that this is the right direction for me. Thank you!
Oh I am so glad Paula! Yes, life is just too short. We have to go after what we love!
And thank you– I am so grateful every day that I chased my dream and followed Women Winning Online!


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JASAL had a busy weekend! On Friday there was a tour of the self-access centre at Akita International University. Take a look at the photos! And on Saturday we held an open discussion forum at the JALT PanSIG 2017 conference, attended by around 40 people and led by Andy Tweed. Photos and details here. Thanks to everyone who attended, and thanks, Andy, for all your hard work in making both events successful.


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CAE Designer II
CAE Designer II Salary in Ashford, Connecticut
How much does a CAE Designer II make in Ashford, CT? The average CAE Designer II salary in Ashford, CT is $85,648 as of December 27, 2022, but the range typically falls between $75,182 and $96,268. Salary ranges can vary widely depending on many important factors, including education, certifications, additional skills, the number of years you have spent in your profession. With more online, real-time compensation data than any other website, Salary.com helps you determine your exact pay target.
About Ashford, Connecticut Ashford is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States. It is part of the Connecticut Quiet Corner. The population was 4,317 at the 2010 cens....More
Ashford, Connecticut area prices were up 1.7% from a year ago View the Cost of Living in Ashford, Connecticut
Recently searched related titles: Furniture Designer, Building Scientist
Utilizes computer-aided engineering (CAE) software tools to support and optimize the design engineering process for products, components, or structures. Creates prototypes, layouts and models for product components, a system, or a manufacturing process using CAE tools. Performs analysis to find flaws or inefficiencies in designs and to model solutions. Collects and assembles data. Employs CAE tools to enable benchmarking, concept design, prototype development, simulation, and testing protocols. Requires a bachelor's degree in engineering or related discipline. Typically reports to a manager. Occasionally directed in several aspects of the work. Gaining exposure to some of the complex tasks within the job function. Typically requires 2-4 years of related experience. (Copyright 2023 Salary.com)
Salary range for a CAE Designer II
View Similar Jobs To CAE Designer II
View CAE Designer II Hourly Wages
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Understand the total compensation opportunity for a CAE Designer II, base salary plus other pay elements
These charts show the average base salary (core compensation), as well as the average total cash compensation for the job of CAE Designer II in Ashford, CT. The base salary for CAE Designer II ranges from $75,182 to $96,268 with the average base salary of $85,648. The total cash compensation, which includes base, and annual incentives, can vary anywhere from $76,831 to $100,131 with the average total cash compensation of $88,042.
CAE Design Manager, CAE Design Technician I, CAE Design Technician II, CAE Designer I, CAE Designer III
CAE Designer I
CAE Designer III
Job Openings for CAE Designer II in Ashford, CT
About Ashford, Connecticut
Ashford is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States. It is part of the Connecticut Quiet Corner. The population was 4,317 at the 2010 census. It was founded in 1714. Eastford was a part of Ashford until 1847, when the former split off to organize its own town. For this reason North Ashford is located in northeast Eastford. Ashford is home to the largest boy scout camp in Connecticut, the June Norcross Webster Scout Reservation; to Paul Newman's Hole in the Wall Gang Camp for children with cancer and other serious illness; to the Salvation Army CONNRI Lodge and Conference Center; an...
Job TitleCAE Design Manager Experience5 + EducationBachelors Salary Compared to This Job
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Dheepa Ramanujam (born August 31), is an Indian film actress and director.
Dheepa Ramanujam started her career in the media industry as a TV host in 1995. She has acted in popular television serials including Premi by renowned director K. Balachander. Around that time, Bombay Gnanam of Mahalakshmi ladies group introduced Dheepa to the stage.
After moving to USA, she took courses on direction and film making. She founded Krea, a Bay Area based theater group. Dheepa has directed 9 full length productions and multiple shows across USA and Edmonton, Canada. She is currently directing a futuristic science fiction play 'Chillu" written by Era Murukan to be staged in September in Chennai and in November in USA.
She is currently acting in Tamil movies while waiting for her debut directorial venture to take off.
Dheepa did her Masters in Food and Nutrition from Women's Christian College, Chennai. She was working as a Dietitian in a private hospital before getting into media.
She is married to Ramanujam A Thirumalai and they have one daughter. Dheepa's family lives in Fremont, California and she shuttles between Chennai and USA balancing her profession and family. She is fortunate to have a family who supports her in all her endeavors.
This page was last edited 05:00, 22 August 2015 by Kasper's bot.


The intersection of social media and automation was an idea whose time was inevitable. The sheer amount of posting traffic measured against the limited number of hours available to interact per day forced social media account holders to find ways to stay engaged while saving time. Many turned to bots to help pull the weight of timely posting.
Social media posts can automatically post, follow and unfollow other users, send direct messages, repost, or share, other users' messages, and more. However, depending on the platform, it still has shortcomings in its lack of sophistication.
Twitter bots, in particular though, have been a great counteraction for helpful automation. Here are some Twitter bots that are using their powers for good to make authentic news reporting more efficient.
Los Angeles Times reporter Ken Schwencke understood the meaning of quality time for the newsroom when he created this bot. Prior to its release, journalists reported on every single earthquake happening in California regardless of its size and impact. Quakebot taps into the US Geological Survey and only reports when earthquakes are above a predetermined size. The bot automatically writes, publishes, and tweets a bare-bones report about the quake and journalists can follow up.
Imagine being able to see a news story as it evolves, including original text, deletions, updates, and other shifts. This puts transparency on the front line. This bot allows viewers to see the changes happening to The New York Times homepage by capturing and highlighting text and copy edits for viewers.
In a play on the name of The New Yorker, this bot adds humorous captions to the cartoons of that publication. Started by data analyst Shaun McAvinney, this bot has a small following, but it scores good Samaritan points for keeping humor in a field that is often quite serious.
Although current US President Donal Trump needs no public announcements about his tweets, there is a bot that scans for his colorful statements, places them on White House letterhead, and retweets them. Russel Neiss, an educator, coder, and activist was inspired by former Obama staff writer Pat Cunnane to create this. It is a helpful resource for reporters.
In a climate that seems watchful against falsification and corruption, it is intriguing to watch how information about current leaders or events changes on the Internet. This bot monitors changes in Wikipedia information that are made from any US Congress IP address.
Glancing back in history can always give journalists lessons for the present. Snippet_jpg aims to do that by posting parts of newspaper front pages from 100 years ago on a given day. The articles come from the Chronicling America archives at the Library of Congress and have a modest following.
There are a few good reasons a journalist might want to know when a story is published with an anonymous source. It gives them leads for follow-up stories and a chance to try to get a similar source on the record. It also gives the public an idea of how often the media might rely on this to tell a story. This bot lets followers know when any New York Times story has an anonymous source.
Bot creator Eric Mill is trying to remove some of the secrecy from the Foreign Intelligence Court by tweeting its docket. He reminds viewers that although this is a public service agency, there is no sign on the door of its office and no way for the public to interact, even with unclassified information.
Ph.D. student Jia Zhang takes US Census data from 2009 to 2013 and creates short biographies of people who might be represented by that data. She removes the anonymous face from that data and makes the statistics more human. This might inspire journalists to write about real lives instead of lone Census figures.
Activists Darius Kazemi and DeRay Mckesson have created a bot that gives basic answers to questions about race and social justice that journalists ask activists all the time. For journalists who do their homework, this allows interviews and stories to get to the heart of the real issues.
What do you think about the use of Twitter bots for better journalism and audience development? Are there any Twitter bots that haven't been covered in this post? Please leave your comments below.


ANN ARBOR, Mich.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--RetroSense Therapeutics LLC, a privately-held biopharmaceutical company, today announced the Company's Investigational New Drug (IND) application for RST-001 received clearance from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). RetroSense is developing RST-001 for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a genetic condition that leads to the progressive degeneration of rod and cone photoreceptors (cells found in the retina that sense light), resulting in severe vision loss and blindness. With its IND now in effect, RetroSense expects to initiate a Phase I/II clinical trial by year-end in order to evaluate the safety and, potentially, efficacy of RST-001.
RetroSense Therapeutics is developing RST-001 as a first-in-class gene therapy application of optogenetics. Optogenetics refers broadly to means of conferring light sensitivity to cells that were not previously, or natively, light sensitive. By applying optogenetics to retinas in which rod and cone photoreceptors have degenerated, RetroSense is working to confer new light sensitivity to the retina, with the expectation of some degree of improved or restored vision for affected patients.
In 2014, the FDA granted Orphan Drug designation for RST-001 based on its development as a treatment of RP, a rare disease that affects an estimated 100,000 people in the United States. As a designated Orphan Drug, RST-001 is eligible for various development incentives under the Orphan Drug Act, including a potential waiver from FDA's application user fees, certain tax incentives and Orphan Drug exclusivity.
RetroSense Therapeutics is a privately-held biotechnology company developing life-enhancing gene therapies designed to restore vision in patients suffering from blindness due to retinitis pigmentosa and advanced dry age-related macular degeneration. There are currently no FDA-approved drugs to improve or restore vision in patients with these retinal degenerative conditions. The Company's approach to using optogenetics in vision restoration is based on pioneering, proprietary research conducted at Wayne State University and Massachusetts General Hospital. RetroSense has worldwide exclusive rights to the relevant intellectual property from both institutions. RetroSense is led by a team of seasoned veterans with deep experience in taking products from the discovery stage through to the clinic.


text:
Q: Run telerik test with TFS BDT failed with Microsoft.VisualStudio.Shell.11.0.dll can not find error We are working on integrate telerik test case to tfs BDT.
While test controller run test case, it throws following error:

Error adding test case [14621] to test run: Could not load file or assembly 'Microsoft.VisualStudio.Shell.11.0, Version=11.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a' or one of its dependencies. The system cannot find the file specified.

We have installed Team Explorer for Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 both on test controller and test agent.
We can run telerik test case from command line successfully on test agent.

"C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio
  11.0\Common7\IDE\MSTest.exe" /testcontainer:"C:\Test-Code\Binaries\LoginTest.tstest"
"C:\Program Files (x86)\Telerik\Test Studio\Bin\ArtOfTest.Runner.exe"
  test="C:\Test-Code\Binaries\LoginTest.tstest"

A: Just now we have tried to restart test controller.
Now telerik test case can run and pass now.
So the issue can be resolved by following solution:

*

*Install Team Explorer for Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 both on test controller and test agent

*Restart test controller and test agent


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Is America Awakening To The Changes In Iraq
Published by AJStrata at 12:19 pm under All General Discussions,Iraq
I ran across an interesting poll trend regarding America's views on Iraq (see here for the graph of opinion trends and here for the rationalized denial things are changing). The trends in public opinion track, with a reasonable rersponse delay due to some reasonable 'wait and see' hesitancy, with the results of the Surge on violence in Iraq. My expectation is that as the trends in Iraq violence continue downward and demonstrate these are not simply some temporary condition that the public opinion will shift back to Bush and his determination to succeed.
The level of denial things will rebound for Bush is seen in this one comment noted by Andrew Sullivan:
For one, even if we do achieve something close to victory in Iraq the media narrative will be that it was in spite of Bush rather than because it.
Someone is dreaming. The fact is if things turn around Bush will be given credit and the Dems will be seen as the Surrendercrats they are. How can people ignore "these statistics?
"Murder victims are down 80 percent from where they were at the peak" he said. "(Improvised explosive device) attacks are down 70 percent."
As someone pointed out (I lost the link) Americans are not happy with the war, but they don't want to lose it either. Americans want to succeed and will credit those who pull out the upset in the fourth quarter. They will not reward those who gave up and laid down in the third quarter (end of my football analogies).
15 Responses to "Is America Awakening To The Changes In Iraq"
Most of the left side today is touting a poll that says Iraq war rejection has reached new highs. Still trying to find a copy to look at the internals.
HuffPo has a post up with a laundry list of attempts to debunk every piece of news out of Iraq which is almost laughable in it's content. They are consulting everyone short of witchdoctors and one source sounds like a second cousin to one.
Murtha and Pelosi are both jumping on the no funding without withdrawal pledges which is actually a good sign considering their track record.
HuffPo is trying so hard to really steer clear from the issue events that the biggest story over there for the last three days has been the writers strike for crying out loud.
Next up they are crying in their beer over a toss up between Paul McCartney and his gal and Rosie losing her show before she got it.
Poor Kos is flailing around trying to figure out how to get his game on bleging to try to raise 100k for some of his favorite progressive candidates among his followers which he hasn't been able to do in 2 or 3 weeks trying and is getting flak from the peanut gallery as to why Ron Paul can get err done but he is in a stumble.
Also Kos has really been catching it since about 2 weeks ago when he suddenly hit the maybe Hillary ain't so bad message after 2 years of wanting to rip her guts out and there are open suggestions over in their neck of the woods that maybe Hillary has decided to spend some Chinatown cash to modify Kos's position.
kathie says:
How about this from "counterterrorism blog" the Shea are speaking out and doing something about it.
Thu Nov 8, 8:53 AM ET
KARBALA, Iraq (AFP) – Police on Thursday accused the Mahdi Army militia of radical cleric Moqtada al-Sadr of carrying out a four-year killing spree in Iraq's central shrine city of Karbala which left hundreds dead.
The killings and other gross human rights violations were carried out by the militiamen in their attempt to impose Sharia law on the people of Karbala, the police directorate of Karbala province said in a statement.
"The Mahdi Army murdered and tortured and kidnapped people under Sharia law," the statement said. "They are the cause of the deaths of hundreds of people. They also committed numerous violations of human rights in Karbala."
The statement marks the first time the Iraqi authorities have directly accused Iraq's most powerful Shiite militia of carrying out killings.
Karbala, home to some of Shiite Islam's holiest shrines, was the scene of a slaughter in August when suspected Mahdi Army militiamen clashed with police and turned a major pilgrimage into a bloodbath which killed 52 people.
Just days later, Sadr announced a six-month suspension of the activities of his militia.
"Gunmen and outlawed armed groups represented by the Mahdi Army militia caused chaos and confusion in (Karbala) province and perpetrated many human rights violations," the police statement said.
"This militia tried to impose a system of Sharia law on Karbala citizens. They caused chaos in the town through corruption and harsh laws. They tried through different means to undermine the state authority and the law to control everything about people's lives."
Karbala provincial police chief Brigadier General Raed Shakir gave reporters a year by year tally of what he said were killings carried out by the militia.
"In 2004, 127 men and five women (civilians) and six police officers and 24 policemen were killed," Shakir said.
"They carried out 13 robberies and 23 abduction operations and planted five roadside bombs."
The following year, he said, 158 men and 25 women were killed and eight civilians were kidnapped. The militia carried out seven robberies and planted 11 roadside bombs.
"In 2006, 160 men and 17 women were killed. Three police officers and one policeman were killed. There were nine robberies and 49 abduction operations. Twenty-four roadside bombs were planted."
So far this year, the police chief said, 92 men and 22 women have been killed by the militia. Three police officers and 25 policemen have been killed.
"The Mahdi army carried out 15 robberies and 53 abduction operations. They planted 11 roadside bombs."
The police statement and comments appear to have been prompted by accusations by the Mahdi Army that police in Karbala two weeks ago shot dead two children of militiamen.
The statement said in fact the children had been killed because the militiamen had used them as human shields.
If the Iraq government is more concerned about BlackWater than the JAM or AQI then indeed the times they are a changing.
stevevvs says:
Rush has been saying for weeks, and repeated it today, The 2008 Elections will NOT be about Iraq. They will be about 2 main things:
I think he's probubly right.
Yesterday he said that if the Republicans would run conservatives rather than those who they did, many of the Election results from yesterday would have been different.
Of course, many areas were very positive for the GOP yesterday, despite Aj's diatribe.
Prince William County was a positive, as was Haselton Pa.
And on the tax front, Oregon rejected a Tax Increase on smokes, and in New Jersey, they rejected a Stem Cell Taxing measure.
Take Care folks.
Talk again in a few weeks.
Terrye says:
It is hard to change minds once an idea is firmly in place, so these kind of attitudes will take time to change and the truth is there will always be people who will think it was not worth it. Just because they are so tired of hearing about it all.
lurker9876 says:
After today's vote on the water bill, the Republicans can no longer promote themselves as the fiscal conservatives. It would be a serious mistake for them to do so.
Dc says:
I don't think whatever is happening in Iraq will ever be a factor in changing anyone's mind politically for election 08. Any "good news" out of Iraq simply will not be reported. It will just go on the backburner as it was before. And people will just continue on down the road that has been carved for them.
Barring any other international crisis…it's going to be the illegal immigration issue… that's going to be the big gun in this election. Just watch them squirm everytime questions are asked about it. Because the politicans who are actually doing polling outside…know…what's waiting out there for them on this issue.
Rush is not always right. Case in point: I don't think illegal immigration will work out for the right the way they think it will. Thus far it has been a negative for them. If the Democrats do what Spitzer did and go too far to the left on the issue however, it might balance out.
In fact I am not sure that Rush would not like a Hillary Clinton administration. Think of all the material he would get out of that. His ratings might even go up. Lots of money for certain political pundits in a Hillary Clinton White House. That is after all, how he makes his living. He does not actually run anything.
What everyone is ignoring is that on generic polling the Democrats, not known for being fiscal conservatives or hardliners on immigration, have a 13 point advantage over Republicans.
And a Republican did win in Indianapolis as mayor. Greg Ballard is a lot like the former mayor of Indianapolis, Dick Lugar. Lugar wanted to get rid of the IRS, Ballard ran against high property taxes.
ivehadit says:
It's time to clarify this point: What is a conservative?
AJStrata says:
Ivehadit,
"a conservative" is an individual with independent views. A governing coalition of conservatives is a group large enough to gain majority rule in elected government offices which COMPROMISE across individual views to generate a consensus view of what they will all work together to make happen legislatively and policy-wise.
The problem with the far right is they destroyed the coalition by being bitter, harsh critics of their allies. Now they have no allies.
Conservatives in general are people who oppose liberal policies to varying degrees, and wish to see conservative policies enacted – to varying degress. Go beyond the comfort level of too many people and the coalition splits.


The Global Windows Azure Bootcamp this year will include Lisbon. Next saturday, at Microsoft in Lisbon, starting at 09:00, a bunch of great speakers will present on Azure topics. My session will be an evolved version of the last session I did at last year's Microsoft Developer TechRefresh, on Windows Azure Web Sites. I expect to do a demo-filled session with (hopefully) something new to show you.
ps: a few months back I participated with "Equipa 23" on BPI's Appyday hackaton. 24 hours of coding of a mobile app at a great venue. We went with a PhoneGap+Telerik Kendo UI Mobile powered solution, with Azure Mobile Services as a backend, which proved itself to be almost perfect for the app. All the regular features were great (database, custom api, git), but the social integration (besides authentication, that is) and features such as image upload + transformation were more lacking. A topic for another post.


@IN-bryan-90 is a 29 year old Bisexual Male from Hardout, Madhya Pradesh, India. He	is looking for Friendship, Relationship, Chat and Casual.
Here to have fun and meet good simple ppl for great friendships and evn better mt som1 to embrace life with.


text:
The emergence of the sustainable development concept has considerably tightened the criteria that materials and processes should satisfy, in terms of energy and commodity consumption, in addition to strength and durability. Materials should be thermally insulating, light, easily workable and recyclable in environmentally friendly processes. Even if in the last few years many progresses have been made, many problems remain to be solved. The only way to meet these new challenges is to combine multidisciplinary approaches in engineering, as scientific, technical and industrial challenges should be successfully tackled.
The SMCD Master's program offers the necessary scientific bases for a multidisciplinary and multi-scale approach to building materials engineering, with the optimization of their production, their properties in use and their durability under defined environmental conditions.
Master's Benefits
Multidisciplinarity: Physics, Chemistry, Mechanics and Applied Mathematics
Wide open vision of the research and innovation in construction
Opportunity to meet internationally recognized researchers
Close contact with industrial and academic research
Personalized monitoring
The partnership between École des Ponts ParisTech and Paris-Est University offers the opportunity to gather teachers specialized in different disciplines whose research focuses on building.
The SMCD Master's Program offers students the prospect of a career in the research and innovation professions in the field of materials science, innovation and construction.
Extended studies in the form of a PhD thesis are recommended.
Laboratories and companies where former students of the Master prepared a Phd: Aarhus University (Danemark), École des Mines de Douai, École Polytechnique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, ESPCI, IFSTTAR, Imperial College, Insa de Strasbourg, Institut Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Harvard University, Laboratoire Navier, Lafarge Centre de Recherche, Michelin, Saint Gobain Recherche, Université de Bourgogne, Université Claude Bernard, etc
Companies former students of the master work for: CEA, Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, École des Ponts ParisTech, École Nationale Supérieure des arts et Métiers, Électricité de France, Eurinnov, Géodynamique et Structures, IFP-Énergies Nouvelles, IFSTTAR, Lafarge, Saint Gobain, Schlumberger, Socotec, etc.
Download the flyer of the Master


text:
A Juilliard School (popularmente identificada somente como Juilliard) é uma escola de Ensino superior de Música, Dança e Dramaturgia localizada em Nova Iorque, nos Estados Unidos. É uma prestigiada escola e conhecida por alguns dos seus famosos alunos graduados em Música, entre os quais Leontyne Price, Itzhak Perlman, Renée Fleming, Toninho Horta, Ray Conniff, Nina Simone, Yo-Yo Ma e também em Drama - Representação, tais como Jessica Chastain, Adam Driver, Christine Baranski, Finn Wittrock, Robin Williams, Christopher Reeve, Marcia Cross, Corey Hawkins, Viola Davis, John Williams, entre muitos outros.

Atualmente sediada no Lincoln Center, a Juilliard gradua alunos nas áreas de dança, música e dramaturgia. A instituição foi considerada pela QS Universty Rankings como a melhor do mundo na área de artes performáticas em 2016.

História
A escola foi fundada em 1905 com o nome de Institute of Musical Art, localizando-se na Fifth Avenue com a 12th Street. No seu primeiro ano, possuía cerca de quinhentos estudantes matriculados. Mudou-se para a Claremont Avenue no ano de 1910, e em 1920 foi criada a Juilliard Foundation, recebendo tal nome em homenagem ao comerciante de produtos têxteis Augustus Juilliard, conhecido como um grande incentivador das atividades musicais nos Estados Unidos.

Criada em 1924, a Juilliard Graduate School - pertencente à Juilliard Foundation - fundiu-se com o Institute of Musical Art em 1926. Desde 1946, essa nova instituição passou a ser conhecida como Juilliard School of Music. Nesse período, o presidente da escola era William Schuman, o primeiro vencedor do Prêmio Pulitzer de Música.

A escola se expandiu gradualmente, sendo a divisão de dança a primeira incorporada. Desde 1968, quando se mudou para o Lincoln Center, a Juilliard School preserva seu atual nome. Em 2001, a escola estabeleceu um programa de treinamento para performances de jazz.

No mês de setembro de 2005, o maestro britânico Sir Colin Davis regeu uma orquestra composta por estudantes da Juilliard e da Royal Academy of Music de Londres numa apresentação na The Proms, da BBC.

Referências

Ligações externas

Instituições de ensino superior de Nova Iorque
Escolas de música dos Estados Unidos
Lincoln Center

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home > Company > Our Story
The real fuel behind a company's success is its people.
Peter and Olaf Harken recognized this basic business principle almost 50 years ago when starting Harken/Vanguard in the snow and corn country of southeastern Wisconsin. Since those early days, Harken has grown from a backyard dream of two brothers to a global reality with offices and distributors around the world. Harken gear dominates events like the America's Cup, the Volvo Ocean Race, and the Olympics with blocks, travelers, winches, and hydraulics aboard everything from the smallest dinghies to the largest megayachts.
The Harken story has been full of twists, turns, successes, and reinventions, but through it all the goal of challenging the status quo and commitment to excellence has always remained the same.
Where it all started
Peter and Olaf Harken were born of Dutch and Swedish parents in Indonesia at the beginning of World War II.
In 1941 the Japanese attacked Indonesia. During the fighting and nightly bombings, Peter, Olaf, and their Swedish mother managed to escape to Borneo. Their Dutch father, Joe, who represented the Caterpillar Tractor Company in Asia, joined the very small Dutch army and helped fight the Japanese until his capture. Joe was imprisoned for five years and was not liberated until the end of the war. In the meantime, Peter, Olaf, and mother Ulla lived first in Borneo, were then troop-shipped to New Zealand for a year, to Australia for another year, and finally shipped to San Francisco in 1944. Here they were miraculously reunited with their father in 1946 after the war was over.
The family traveled to Peoria, Illinois, home of Caterpillar, and subsequently lived a few years in Larchmont, New York. Joe then had an offer to move to the Philippines where he would develop and supply heavy-duty, earth moving equipment to be used in the reconstruction of the badly damaged, war-torn nation.
Peter and Olaf lived in the Philippines all through their school years, attending the American International School in Manila until they left for college in the United States.
"We both received swimming scholarships due to the many years we swam competitively in the Philippines," said Olaf, who majored in industrial engineering at Georgia Tech in Atlanta, Georgia. Peter enrolled at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin where he first majored in engineering but finally graduated in International Economics. "It was a faster way to get out of school and get on with real life," he said.
Peter joined the UW Hoofer Sailing, Skiing, Whitewater Canoeing, and Mountain Climbing clubs. Sailing on both water and ice quickly distracted him from more studious pursuits. After squandering his father's college money on sailing, skiing, girls, and other non-academic adventures, his father pulled the plug saying, "You're on your own; I'm not going to pay for your playing." So Peter, with $50 to his name, packed up his 1951 Chevy jalopy with his skis, his dog, about 30 peanut butter and jelly sandwiches and ski-bummed in Colorado for a semester instead.
To pay for his education after his return to Wisconsin, Peter worked part-time at Gilson Medical Electronics, staying after hours to design and build his own sailing hardware for his E-Scow and iceboats. One night some of the plastic ball bearings rolled off his bench and onto the floor. "I was amazed at how high they bounced," he recalled. "The less mass, the faster things accelerate. That's what pulleys do on a boat-stop and start all the time." Peter replaced the stainless steel needle bearings in his pulleys with 1/4" nylon ball bearings. His boats became the test platform for his designs, and as competitors saw Peter's sails releasing faster and his equipment working more smoothly than theirs, word about the "black blocks with white plastic balls" began to spread.
During his freshman year at Georgia Tech, Olaf also squandered his father's money by driving to Wisconsin on breaks to help Peter and make sure he was having fun. After graduating, Olaf did a stint in the Navy for 3 1/2 years as an officer on a destroyer in the North Pacific. His ship was one of the first combat ships in the Vietnam conflict. Upon his return in 1967, the brothers and a couple of friends started a short-lived boat building/sailmaking/ball bearing block business called Scanda. However the sailing world did not beat a path to their door and Scanda was left with only one principle - Peter.
Peter Soldiered On; Olaf Jumped Aboard
Olaf had taken an engineering job in New York City, but in 1967 he returned to Wisconsin to help Peter build boats for the college market. "Why I made that decision then I'll never know," said Olaf. Home for the newly-formed Vanguard Boats (and later Harken Yacht Equipment) was a run-down garage in Waukesha, Wisconsin. The building had a small office in front with a 60-foot long garage behind, and an overhead door in the back. Inside the office were a couple of doors on saw horses used as desktops, an old typewriter, a telephone, and a file cabinet. A plastic polyethylene sheet separated the offices from the fiberglass and assembly area. A fan jammed in a window blew out the fumes. Needless to say OSHA was dumbfounded, but amazingly didn't shut them down. Marketing consisted of all-night drives with Peter at the wheel and Olaf typing brochures in the back seat of an old Chevy wagon. That first year they made $3,800-together.
Harken/Vanguard Launched
Peter and Olaf hadn't forgotten about their homemade ball bearing blocks. In a fortuitous decision, they put blocks into an old cigar box and showed them to Gary Comer, an old friend and founder of Lands' End, a marine mail-order business (now a North American clothing retailer). Gary said, "If I put them in my catalog, you'll have to make them." Gary also suggested they market the blocks under Harken rather than Vanguard because boat manufacturers might not want hardware labeled with the name of a competing boat builder.
LeRoy and Al Stippich, owners of a tool and die business (Accurate Products), had rented their first shop to Peter and Olaf, and learned that they did not have the funds to get the expensive injection molds and stamping dies built for the full-scale production of their ball bearing blocks. The Stippich's felt a kinship to Peter and Olaf. They saw two young brothers starting out like they did-with very little money. They offered to build the tooling at their expense and fabricate the blocks for them. The four made an agreement with a handshake that stood until Harken bought Accurate Products in 2010.
Gary sold some of these early blocks to Lowell North and Buddy Friedrichs who were both Gold medalists (Star and Dragon) at the 1968 Olympics. Bruce Kirby, editor of One Design & Offshore Yachtsman (now Sailing World) let Peter and Olaf run an ad about their victory and wrote a tongue-in-cheek editorial that said Harken blocks were dangerous because they let the boom out so fast. "These diabolical devices are called Harken ball bearing blocks, and in my opinion it will take years for yacht designers to come up with boats fast enough to stay under the sails that are sheeted with them." Some readers thought he was serious. The ensuing controversy got invaluable publicity and the block business took off.
The business was growing and Harken/Vanguard needed a secretary/bookkeeper/receptionist/office manager. One applicant answered the ad. Rose Sorensen was cute, had never missed one day of school, and knew how to spell. She's probably still asking herself why she accepted the job. Rose became an invaluable employee and held the title of U.S. HR Manager and Corporate Secretary until she retired in 2010.
As the boat business got busier, Peter and Olaf put an ad in the local paper for a fiberglass laminator-salary $3 an hour. Bob Gramins and Don Michaelson applied for the job and told Peter and Olaf they came as a team and wanted $5 and hour-each. They proved they were worth this big investment by building a beautiful Flying Junior from scratch in half the time it took Peter and Olaf. The "Plastic Fantastics" earned a reputation among colleges for their high-quality Flying Juniors and Badger Tech dinghies. Don stayed with Vanguard until Peter and Olaf sold the boat business.
Growth and borrowing were synonymous for the new business with small loans granted by an understanding local bank, but when Vanguard needed $10,000, Olaf (company treasurer) was told his request needed approval from the bank's board of directors. After reading Olaf's financial report, a hand-scribbled mix of fantasy and bad addition on a yellow legal pad, the bemused loan officer shook his head and said, "OK, I'm just going to wing it."
With the success of the collegiate dinghy range and the international popularity of the growing block line, Harken/Vanguard soon moved into a bigger building in Pewaukee, Wisconsin, in 1971. To pay for it they needed to build more boats and decided to try for the U.S. rights to build the International 470. They suspected the double-handed, high-performance trapeze dinghy would become an Olympic Class in 1976 (it did and still is). During the haggling, designer André Cornu announced that since the U.S. was much bigger than France, he wanted a guarantee of 5,000 boats a year. Peter explained the U.S. market wasn't that big and Cornu lowered the number to 2,000 boats a year. Peter said he couldn't promise even one boat but would work hard and do his best. Vanguard built 350 boats, in the first year, a fantastic number for the U.S. market.
Harken/Vanguard 470s focused on providing complete deck layouts for Olympic hopefuls. Young sailors like 2003 Rolex Sailor of the Year winner, Augie Diaz, arrived in droves to work on their boats and gave Peter and Olaf many ideas on improvements. The fun that typified those early days didn't stop. Peter writes, "In the hay day of the 470, our affection and respect was numbered by the amount of insults and pranks we heaped on each other during the many regattas we attended. Augie was one of the top 470 sailors and very well liked, so one dark night we rigged his boat for him. It was ready to go, sails and all. The following morning we heard a flurry of four-letter Spanish words. There was Augie's boat, floating serenely but ready, in the Davis Island Yacht Club swimming pool.
Plummeting boat sales during the gasoline crisis forced employees to take turns being laid off. To keep the fiberglass shop busy, Peter and Olaf planned to build rudders, centerboards, kayaks, and model boats to help the bottom line. At this low ebb, Art Mitchel, Peter's college roommate and VP of the Trust Department at a large bank, saw the fun his buddies were having slopping fiberglass and joined them. Mitch brought organization to the business. Now Corporate Navigator, he is semi-retired, but is still figuring out how to fully retire because no one will let him.
Vanguard Finn to the Rescue
As boat production continued to sputter, Finn Gold Cup winner Joerg Bruder designed a Finn for sailmaker Peter Conrad and asked Vanguard to build two. They were named Blue Dog and Yellow Dog and were both exceptionally slow. Joerg was the only guy who could sail them fast. Peter scratched his head and started over. His new design combined the narrow bow of the Newport Finn (phenomenal upwind and dicey downwind) and the flat rear end of the Teal Finn (fast downwind, but slow upwind). In between, Peter kept the lines as straight as possible. He figured that when the water molecules hit the bow, they wanted to get to the stern as fast as possible. When Finn measurer John Christianson arrived to bless the new Finn, he discovered the bow was way too narrow and didn't measure in. "This is a really neat boat, a gorgeous boat," said John. "Too bad it's not a Finn." After Peter and Olaf fixed their small error, John Bertrand and Bill Allen took the boats to Southern Yacht Club for the North Americans. They were seriously razzed by competitors for their sissy hiking pads. After finishing first and second in the regatta, the orders for the Vanguard Finn poured in.
Going Big
Peter and Olaf wanted to develop a line of big boat blocks to complement the successful small boat line, but they ran into a major snag. The Delrin® bearings they used couldn't handle the higher loads. "We figured somewhere in the world some crazy scientist would have the goop we needed," said Peter. "Amoco had just released Torlon® plastic for commercial use. It was the toughest plastic in the world. The material was perfect for our prototype mainsheet block."
"We were small boat builders and didn't know many big boat sailors in the U.S. We met the Swedish America's Cup team at the 1976 SORC in Florida, and asked if they would test our prototype block on the 12-meter Sverige, their entry in the 1977 America's Cup. After the series, the team told us our mainsheet block was the only one they didn't have to replace."
Contract with the Russian Sailing Federation
Harken and Vanguard were selected to provide the molds, parts, boats, and equipment for the 1980 Olympic Games in Russia. The Estonian boat building group and their Russian chaperones arrived on Halloween from the Tallinn Shipyard to learn the secrets of laminating strong, lightweight Finns and 470s. They were completely bewildered when all the employees greeted them in costume. During the visit the Russians played American football in the back forty, became Harken rock band groupies, visited Chicago, and learned all about Jack Daniels. After they left, U.S. State Department reps wearing trench coats and pulled-down hats arrived and told Peter and Olaf to make sure the group stayed in Pewaukee. Oops!
France Welcomed to Harken Family in 1986
Early on only four people staffed Patrick Rieupeyrout's small office (called Barlow Marine-Europe) in La Rochelle. Specializing in Harken hardware and Barient and Barlow winches, everyone did everything-from packaging to technical service and regatta support. Today this active Harken division supplies gear and superb technical support to everything from one-designs, offshore racers, and giant multihulls, to OEM yards.
Good-Bye Vanguard
The hardware business was growing the boat business rapidly, and running both became too much. About that time Steve Clark and Chip Johns of Quarter Moon, Inc., made an offer to buy the Vanguard part of the company, and Peter and Olaf reluctantly sold the tooling and Vanguard name to them. Vanguard employees spent a jam-packed week sharing boat building information and methodology with the new owners, but to the people it was so much more than boat building. It was the comradery, the "we can do it" attitude, and the pride in building the best dinghies in the world. Boats were often shipped with a crazy note from the boys in the shop. Finns were packed up and labeled 'To Russia with Love' complete with a bottle of champagne and a message assuring a customer that HIS boat was undoubtedly the BEST boat Vanguard had ever built.
Nothing ever got out the door without the approval of Peter and Olaf. Their quality control checks were famous. Inevitably they would find something that was "not quite right" as the container was being loaded-usually late at night. The offending object was always repaired or replaced to the despair of an overworked and tired crew but never was a finger pointed.
One Door Closes, Another Opens
In another providential decision, Harken acquired the Italian winch company, Barbarossa, from brothers Luca and Tony Bassani. It wasn't long before Harken aluminum winches became the winch of choice.
To celebrate the new alliance, Harken employees took Italian lessons and Italian-Pewaukanese became a new language.
The chief engineer at Harken Italy was Luciano Bonassi. He gained a reputation for hand-drawing winch designs with incredible speed, and generating more than 36,000 signed drawings during his Harken career. He was a brilliant engineer with friends on both sides of the Atlantic.
"We knew if we got into the America's Cup winch game, we'd really have to commit ourselves," said Peter. "It would be dangerous, because if we failed, the whole world would know. It's like entering the bullring. Don't go looking for praise, cheering, and backslapping because you're going to get bloodied. We told our guys here, 'Guys, the pressure is going to be horrendous. At times we'll be working 24/7. No whining.' "
A longstanding friendship between Aukland-based Harken distributor John Street and New Zealand syndicate head Sir Peter Blake opened the door for Harken. When talking with him he asked us, "Can you guarantee your winches will be successful?" We said, "We can't guarantee anything other than that we'll work our butts off around-the-clock to keep you sailing." Our winches had carbon-fiber drums (an industry first), and were much lighter than the competition's. Blake also liked the idea of our direct, honest approach and commitment to service and he took a chance. New Zealand won the Cup. It was the first time in modern Cup history that one company had provided complete deck hardware and winch packages to both America's Cup finalists.
Amoco Procyon - A Yacht with a Futuristic Design
A severe downturn in the boating market prompted Olaf and a group of other sailing industry leaders to develop a concept yacht with the hopes of revitalizing the industry. The 65 foot Amoco Procyon (named after the brightest star in the constellation Canis Minor) promoted an innovative ease-of-sail philosophy through its push-button method of operation. Many of Procyon's custom systems were designed by Harken engineers: the keel canting, dual station steering, rudder bearings, mainsail furling, and the track/car portion of the bipod mast's raising/lowering system. Although common today, these ideas were unheard of at the time. That year Procyon won the Popular Science Award for recreation.
Welcoming new Divisions
With at least half its business overseas, Olaf Harken and Assistant Marketing Manager, Bill Goggins (now Managing Director USA) realized the importance of continuing to establish Harken subsidiaries to better support its customer base in Europe and Asia.
Harken Sweden
In 1998 Erich Hagen joined Harken as an exclusive distributor for Sweden and Norway. After a successful 12 year association, Erich retired. Today Fredrik Bergström leads the Harken Sweden team as they work toward making Harken products an even stronger presence in these marine markets.
Harken Australia
An independent distributor for many years, Harken Australia shifted status and became a Harken owned operation in 2006. "This provides us with the opportunity to control our own destiny in this important market," said Peter Harken. Industry veteran Carl Watson was appointed head of the new sales and service division. After Carl retired, Grant Pellew became managing director.
Harken New Zealand
Fosters, a Harken distributor since 1978, was also acquired and renamed Harken New Zealand in 2006. Garry Lock, a 15-year employee of Cookson Boats and an experienced keelboat and dinghy racer, became managing director of the new division. Under Lock's management, Fosters' skilled staff continues to expand the company's presence in the Pacific region.
Harken UK
In 1999, when distributor Clyde Marine restructured and sold Harken distributor Simpson Lawrence, the company's Harken connection, Andy Ash-Vie (now Managing Director), dug in his heels and said, "Enough is enough. Harken should stand on its own." He and his wife, Cathy (now commercial manager), dragged Olaf and Peter to the UK and convinced them that it was a good idea to set up a dedicated Harken company. Initially they ran the business out of the front room of their home, but with boxes full of parts all over the house, garage, and garden, they moved the operation to a larger premises. Today's home for the growing Harken UK team is a 6,200 square foot building with planning permission to more than double its size.
Sales and Service Office in Warsaw Poland
In 2009 Managing Director Magdalena Rakowicz hit the ground running as head of Harken's wholly-owned sales and service office in Warsaw, Poland. With the growth of production and custom boatyards as well as an increased interest in sailing, Magdalena was quick to firmly establish Harken in the Polish market. Today Zofia Truchanowicz is building on the solid foundation initiated by Magdalena. "With her sailing and administrative experience she has already led a very full life," said Peter. "She fits into our culture very well. A big welcome, Zofia, from everyone at Harken."
"We're planning ahead and investing in our future with our greatest asset-our people and our team's experience," explained Peter and Olaf. "With these changes we're hoping to get involved in areas where we can best serve our customers and grow our people. To do so we have promoted key leaders from within the Harken organization, and will continue our involvement in our company and the industry we love."
As the newly-named Chairmen of the Board, Peter and Olaf meant what they said. They have not backed off or slowed down, but continue to keep everyone hopping with new ideas and big plans.
New Homes for Harken Headquarters & Harken Italy
The Harken Italy winch manufacturing facility was the first to build a new facility and to embrace lean manufacturing principles. Harken USA followed, purchasing Accurate Products, the company that first believed in Peter and Olaf. The brothers consolidated both the Waukesha and Pewaukee operations into a larger, more efficient, new 175,000 square-foot lean-manufacturing facility. Located on 26 acres in Pewaukee, the building's first floor holds the manufacturing, assembly, shipping, and warehousing operations; the second level is for offices. Outside, a large holding pond surrounded on three sides by plenty of rich grass and marshland is a haven for deer, geese, cranes, egrets, and ducks. "Watch out for wildlife" signs are posted along the drive.
A New Course
Harken engineers have charged into a new arena-hydraulics. As always, the company reached high, using the monster America's Cup trimaran Oracle Team USA as a development platform for the systems. Each afternoon, work ground to a halt as Harken employees gathered to watch the nail-biting series.
To everyone's amazement, Team Oracle beat Emirates Team New Zealand in the wildest and longest America's Cup ever. Harken hydraulics had arrived!
Harken also decided to get serious about an area they had long dabbled in-Industrial. Harken adapted its winches, pulleys, and travelers for use in a range of industries including utility, access and rescue, wind power, architectural, and stage/theater. One of the most popular products is the PowerSeat®; the powered ascender was featured on The CBS Morning News showing workers cleaning the Grand Canyon's glass Skywalk and accessing the canyon's depths to haul out accumulated garbage.
The growing Canvas division supplies customers with boating and industrial canvas products. Harken boat covers are custom measured and fit; the popular soft luggage line is designed and handmade here. Harken Canvas ramped up its industrial production with contract cutting and sewing for commercial businesses: law enforcement, medical, drilling industries, and entrepreneurial start-ups.
The Harken Hoister is also going strong with a variety of garage storage lifting systems for canoes/kayaks, Jeep® and truck hard tops, bikes, and the popular SUP.
Robotics and expanded manufacturing capabilities have allowed growth outside the sailing industry with our in-house machine shop supplying companies with valves, shafts, plates, terminals, and a myriad of other outsourced products. In another big move, Harken block, winch, traveler, and furling systems are being adapted for use in the industrial sector. The low weight, strength, and compact sizes make these products the perfect choice when creating rope management systems in a range of industries: commercial marine, utility, rescue, wind power, architectural, and stage and theater to name a few.
As our business continues to expand, Harken has never strayed from our core values of product excellence and customer first approach-from the friendly voice that answers the telephone, to one-on-one support from our expert technical and customer service staff. These guiding principles established by Peter and Olaf Harken all those years ago will never change as Harken looks to the future.
Västmannagatan 81 B, SE-113 26
Tel: 0303-618-75 | Fax: 0303-618-76
Email: harken@harken.se