text:
/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 2 -*- */
/* ***** BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK *****
 * Version: MPL 1.1/GPL 2.0/LGPL 2.1
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
 * 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
 *
 * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
 * for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
 * License.
 *
 * The Original Code is JavaScript Engine testing utilities.
 *
 * The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
 * Mozilla Foundation.
 * Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2006
 * the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Contributor(s): Georgi Guninski
 *
 * Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under the terms of
 * either the GNU General Public License Version 2 or later (the "GPL"), or
 * the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later (the "LGPL"),
 * in which case the provisions of the GPL or the LGPL are applicable instead
 * of those above. If you wish to allow use of your version of this file only
 * under the terms of either the GPL or the LGPL, and not to allow others to
 * use your version of this file under the terms of the MPL, indicate your
 * decision by deleting the provisions above and replace them with the notice
 * and other provisions required by the GPL or the LGPL. If you do not delete
 * the provisions above, a recipient may use your version of this file under
 * the terms of any one of the MPL, the GPL or the LGPL.
 *
 * ***** END LICENSE BLOCK ***** */

gTestfile = 'regress-319872.js';

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
var BUGNUMBER = 319872;
var summary = 'Do not Crash in jsxml.c';
var actual = 'No Crash';
var expect = /(No Crash|InternalError: script stack space quota is exhausted|InternalError: allocation size overflow)/;

printBugNumber(BUGNUMBER);
START(summary);
printStatus ("Expect either no error, out of memory or catchable script stack " +
             "space quota is exhausted error");
expectExitCode(0);
expectExitCode(3);
expectExitCode(5);

try
{
  var i,m,str;
  str="<a xmlns:v=\"";
  m="";

  for (i=0;i<(1024*1024)/2;i++)
    m += "\n";

  for(i=0;i<500;i++)
    str += m ;

  str += "\">f00k</a>";

  var xx = new XML(str);

  printStatus(xx.toXMLString());
}
catch(ex)
{
  actual = ex + '';
  print(actual);
}
reportMatch(expect, actual, summary);


text:
using Contrib.Widgets.Models;
using Orchard.ContentManagement;
using Orchard.ContentManagement.Handlers;
using Orchard.ContentManagement.MetaData;
using Orchard.Data;
using Orchard.Environment.Extensions;

namespace Contrib.Widgets.Handlers {
    [OrchardFeature("Contrib.Widgets")]
    public class WidgetExPartHandler : ContentHandler {
        private readonly IContentDefinitionManager _contentDefinitionManager;
        private readonly IContentManager _contentManager;

        public WidgetExPartHandler(IRepository<WidgetExPartRecord> repository, IContentDefinitionManager contentDefinitionManager, IContentManager contentManager) {
            Filters.Add(StorageFilter.For(repository));
            _contentDefinitionManager = contentDefinitionManager;
            _contentManager = contentManager;
            OnActivated<WidgetExPart>(SetupFields);
        }

        private void SetupFields(ActivatedContentContext context, WidgetExPart part) {
            part.HostField.Loader(() => part.Record.HostId != null ? _contentManager.Get(part.Record.HostId.Value) : null);
            part.HostField.Setter(x => {
                part.Record.HostId = x != null ? x.Id : default(int?);
                return x;
            });
        }

        protected override void Activated(ActivatedContentContext context) {
            if (!context.ContentItem.TypeDefinition.Settings.ContainsKey("Stereotype") || context.ContentItem.TypeDefinition.Settings["Stereotype"] != "Widget")
                return;

            if (!context.ContentItem.Is<WidgetExPart>()) {
                _contentDefinitionManager.AlterTypeDefinition(context.ContentType, type => type.WithPart("WidgetExPart"));
            }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: What is the different between textExtraction and addParser on jQuery Tablesorter I don't understand what is the different, I am trying to figure out which one is in the end who know what is the text or whatever for sorting.

A: When tablesorter is initialized, it uses the textExtraction function to extract the content from the table. For example, if your table cell has this markup:

    42 Forty-Two
    Fred

The textExtraction function can be set to target specific text within a table cell.
textExtraction: function(){
    1: function(node, table, cellIndex) {
        return $(node).find('.value').text();
    }
}

A parser on the other hand takes the text from the textExtraction function and manipulates it so it is easier to sort. For example, if we had this table markup:

    Fred
    1/31/2014

A date parser (the shortDate parser in this case) will take that date "1/31/2014" and convert it into a number of milliseconds:
new Date("1/31/2014").getTime() // result: 1391148000000

this number is much easier to sort and compare.
Of course, there is some overlap between the two, because we can make the textExtraction function do this conversion as well; but internally, any value that is returned from the textExtraction function is trimmed (using jQuery $.trim()) and the result is always returned as a string. So the result would not be the exactly the same as it would be from a parser.
I hope that answers your question.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"1912 - Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1911"
Annual Report by the Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs for 1911.
Detailed report on the efforts by the US government to manage Indian affairs, educate the Indians, and legislation regarding the Indians. In part, issues covered relate to employees, farming, health, schools, specific tribes, irrigation, forestry, supplies, finances, and statistics.
"1912 - Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1911" (2017). US and Indian Relations. 35.


text:
JP2017138350A - Image display device - Google Patents
Image display device Download PDF
information image
達弘 冨山
Tatsuhiro Tomiyama
牧之内 卓美
Takumi Makinouchi
卓美 牧之内
拓哉 阿部
Takuya Abe
敏行 星
Toshiyuki Hoshi
アルプス電気株式会社
Alps Electric Co Ltd
2016-02-01 Application filed by アルプス電気株式会社, Alps Electric Co Ltd filed Critical アルプス電気株式会社
238000009740 moulding (composite fabrication) Methods 0 abstract 2
G06F3/011—Arrangements for interaction with the human body, e.g. for user immersion in virtual reality
G06F3/013—Eye tracking input arrangements
B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
B60J—WINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
B60J1/00—Windows; Windscreens; Accessories therefor
B60J1/02—Windows; Windscreens; Accessories therefor arranged at the vehicle front, e.g. structure of the glazing, mounting of the glazing
B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
B60R11/00—Arrangements for holding or mounting articles, not otherwise provided for
B60R11/02—Arrangements for holding or mounting articles, not otherwise provided for for radio sets, television sets, telephones, or the like; Arrangement of controls thereof
B60R11/0229—Arrangements for holding or mounting articles, not otherwise provided for for radio sets, television sets, telephones, or the like; Arrangement of controls thereof for displays, e.g. cathodic tubes
G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
G09G3/001—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes using specific devices not provided for in groups G09G3/02 - G09G3/36, e.g. using an intermediate record carrier such as a film slide; Projection systems; Display of non-alphanumerical information, solely or in combination with alphanumerical information, e.g. digital display on projected diapositive as background
G09G3/003—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes using specific devices not provided for in groups G09G3/02 - G09G3/36, e.g. using an intermediate record carrier such as a film slide; Projection systems; Display of non-alphanumerical information, solely or in combination with alphanumerical information, e.g. digital display on projected diapositive as background to produce spatial visual effects
G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
G09G3/3406—Control of illumination source
G09G3/36—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
G09G2320/06—Adjustment of display parameters
G09G2320/0626—Adjustment of display parameters for control of overall brightness
G09G2354/00—Aspects of interface with display user
G09G2380/00—Specific applications
G09G2380/10—Automotive applications
An image display apparatus capable of enhancing the perception efficiency of a displayed information image while maintaining high visibility. An image data processing unit that generates image data of an information image, an image forming unit that forms an information image in a predetermined display area on an image forming surface, and an importance level of the information image are determined based on the image data And a level control unit that changes the enhancement level of the information image according to the determination result by the importance determination unit. In addition, a gaze detection unit that detects the gaze of the user is provided, and the importance determination unit determines the importance based on the detection result of the gaze detection unit. [Selection] Figure 1
The present invention relates to an image display apparatus capable of changing an enhancement level of an information image according to importance.
The on-vehicle head-up display device described in Patent Document 1 corrects left and right binocular parallax by changing the direction in which light from each point on the display image is directed to the left and right eyes of the driver by reflection on the windshield. In this way, the right and left binocular parallax problem is solved, and the driver can visually recognize a clear display image without causing eye strain.
The image display device described in Patent Document 2 uses a semiconductor laser diode (LD) for the blue and red light sources and a light emitting diode (LED) for the green light source, thereby suppressing the influence of speckle noise. I am going to do that.
Japanese Patent No. 1854955 JP 2005-338520 A
However, in the in-vehicle head-up display device described in Patent Document 1 and the image display device described in Patent Document 2, it is difficult to realize image display with high user perception efficiency as described below. .
In general, humans tend not to be aware of visual information that is out of focus. In other words, it is possible for humans to be aware of visual information outside the central visual field, but is less conscious than visual information from the central visual field. For this reason, when thinking about alerting using display information in image display, even if alerting is performed outside the central field of view, it is assumed that the perception of the information is delayed because it is not in focus. . In the devices described in Patent Literature 1 and Patent Literature 2, there is a risk that alerting that is out of focus outside the user's central field of view may be performed, so it is difficult to perform prompt alerting with such information. Therefore, there is a problem that perceptual efficiency is lowered.
When an LED is used as a light source for displaying an image, the user can perceive the content of the image by directing his / her line of sight to the displayed image. In other words, it is difficult to perceive the contents of the image unless the line of sight is directed to the displayed image and the eye is focused. Therefore, it is possible to select and view information that the user wants to see at an arbitrary timing. However, since it is difficult to perceive information that the user does not turn his / her line of sight, there is a possibility that information with high urgency or information indicating danger may be overlooked.
On the other hand, when an LD (laser diode) is used as a light source for image display, speckles produced by coherent laser light are always imaged on the retina of the user's eye, and therefore displayed with laser light. The image can be always perceived by the user. Therefore, the user rarely overlooks information with high urgency or information indicating danger. However, since the user always perceives the display image, information such as instrument information that does not need to be perceived at all times can be seen. There is a problem that it is difficult to see the target object. In addition, when an image to be displayed is a part of augmented reality (AR) or the like, an object that actually exists may be hidden by the image or a user may be confused. When such an image is displayed on the display device, there is a risk of undesirable effects.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide an image display device capable of enhancing the perception efficiency of a displayed information image while maintaining high visibility.
In order to solve the above problems, an image display apparatus according to the present invention forms an information image in a predetermined display area on an image forming surface based on an image data processing unit that generates image data of an information image and the image data. An image forming unit, an importance determining unit that determines the importance of the information image, and a level control unit that changes the enhancement level of the information image according to the determination result by the importance determining unit.
As a result, it is possible to reliably alert the user to highly important information images without impairing the visibility, thereby improving the perceptual efficiency of the displayed information image while maintaining high visibility. Can do.
The image display device of the present invention preferably includes a line-of-sight detection unit that detects a user's line of sight, and the importance level determination unit determines the importance level based on a detection result of the line-of-sight detection unit.
Thereby, since an importance and an emphasis level can be changed according to whether the user is watching, the precision of alerting can be raised more.
In the image display device of the present invention, the image display device is mounted on a vehicle, the image display device includes a traveling state detection unit that detects a traveling state of the vehicle and a surrounding state of the vehicle, and the importance level determination unit includes the traveling state detection unit. It is preferable to calculate the degree of danger and the degree of urgency from the detection result of, and determine the degree of importance based on the degree of danger and the degree of urgency.
Accordingly, it is possible to display an information image that contributes to safe traveling at an accurate and appropriate timing in accordance with changes in the traveling state of the vehicle and surrounding conditions.
In the image display device of the present invention, the importance level determination unit determines the importance level of the information image that the user has not seen for a predetermined time based on the detection result of the line-of-sight detection unit from the importance level of other information images. It is preferable that the level control unit raises the enhancement level of the corresponding information image in accordance with the increase in importance.
Thereby, it becomes possible to call attention with higher accuracy based on the actual perception state of the user.
In the image display device of the present invention, the importance level determination unit lowers the importance level of the information image seen by the user from the importance level before viewing based on the detection result by the line-of-sight detection unit, and the level control unit It is preferable to lower the enhancement level of the corresponding information image as the importance level decreases.
Thereby, the alerting level of the information image perceived by the user can be reduced and the visual field of the user can be secured, and as a result, alerting to other information images can be ensured.
In the image display device of the present invention, the importance determination unit makes the importance of the information image formed outside the central visual field of the user in the display area higher than the importance of the information image in the central visual field, The level control unit preferably increases the enhancement level of the information image formed outside the central visual field of the user.
This makes it possible to focus attention on information images outside the central field of view, which are usually difficult to recognize, and to cover reactions to information outside the central field of view that is inherently difficult to recognize. As a result, it is possible to realize a state in which the range of the driver's perception ability is expanded.
In addition, driving beginners tend to focus attention only on the direction of travel due to tension, and notice external stimuli (attention) in the peripheral vision by narrowing the central and effective vision and reducing gaze movement. It is easy to fall into a difficult state. On the other hand, the importance of the information image formed outside the central visual field is made higher than the importance of the information image within the central visual field, and the enhancement level of the information image formed outside the central visual field of the user By raising the perception, it is possible to prevent the field of view from becoming extremely narrow by promoting the movement of the line of sight when an appropriate external stimulus is applied to the peripheral field of view.
In the image display device of the present invention, the line-of-sight detection unit detects a user's gaze point based on the detected line of sight, and the importance level determination unit is configured to detect the gaze point detected by the line-of-sight detection unit over a predetermined time. If the image remains on one or more individual images in the image, the importance of the individual image is made higher than the importance of the other images, and the level control unit increases the enhancement level of the individual image. It is preferable.
Since the individual image where the gazing point remains is an image that the user is staring at, the user's attention can be maintained by increasing the importance and increasing the emphasis level.
In the image display device of the present invention, the line-of-sight detection unit detects a user's gaze point based on the detected line of sight, and the importance level determination unit is configured to detect the gaze point detected by the line-of-sight detection unit over a predetermined time. If the image stays on one or more individual images in the image, the importance of the individual image is made higher than the importance of the other images, and the image forming unit It is preferable to form an image of information in the display area.
Since the individual image in which the gazing point remains is an image that the user is staring at, it can contribute to assisting the user's recognition by displaying unique information related to the individual image.
In the image display device of the present invention, the image forming unit includes a coherent light source that emits coherent light to form an information image, and a non-coherent light source that emits non-coherent light to form an information image. The unit preferably forms an information image with a high enhancement level using a coherent light source, and forms an information image with a low enhancement level using a non-coherent light source.
Thereby, the user's attention can be surely directed to the information image having the higher enhancement level than the information image having the lower enhancement level.
In the image display device of the present invention, the image forming unit is a coherent light source that emits coherent light to form an information image, and includes a mechanism that can reduce or eliminate speckle of the coherent light, and has a different enhancement level. It is preferable to change the speckle contrast of the coherent light.
In addition, an information image can be formed using only a coherent light source, and speckles in an arbitrary image display area can be reduced or removed by including a speckle reduction device that can reduce or eliminate speckles of coherent light. In this case, an information image with a low emphasis level is displayed with speckles reduced or removed.
Accordingly, the user's attention can be reliably directed to an information image with a high emphasis level depending on the strength of speckle and the presence or absence of speckle.
In the image display device of the present invention, it is preferable that the image forming unit forms an information image with a high enhancement level with a high luminance and an information image with a low enhancement level with a low luminance.
Thereby, the user's attention can be reliably directed to the information image with the higher enhancement level than the information image with the lower enhancement level.
In the image display device of the present invention, the image data processing unit generates image data by thickening characters and lines included in an information image having a high emphasis level and thinning characters and lines included in an information image having a low emphasis level. It is preferable to do.
In the image display device of the present invention, the image data processing unit may generate an information image with a high enhancement level as three-dimensional image data and generate an information image with a low enhancement level as two-dimensional or one-dimensional image data. preferable.
ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the image display apparatus which can improve the perception efficiency of the displayed information image can be provided, maintaining a high visibility.
It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the image display apparatus which concerns on embodiment of this invention. It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the gaze detection part in embodiment of this invention. FIG. 2 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of an image forming unit in the embodiment of the present invention. (A) is a top view which shows the example of the display area in the display area on a screen in the embodiment of this invention, and the virtual virtual image formation surface of the front position of a windshield. (B) is a top view which shows the display area in a modification. It is a flowchart which shows the flow of an example of the image display using the image display apparatus which concerns on embodiment of this invention.
Hereinafter, an image display device according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. The image display device according to the present embodiment is mounted on a vehicle and includes a line-of-sight detection unit that detects the line of sight of a driver as a user. Determining the degree. The image forming unit of the image display device includes a laser light source and an LED light source, and can select one of these light sources according to the enhancement level of the information image. The image display device of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments, and can be applied to, for example, night vision (night vision device) and augmented reality systems.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an image display apparatus 10 according to the present embodiment. As shown in FIG. 1, the image display device 10 includes a line-of-sight detection unit 20, a running state detection unit 31, an image data processing unit 32, an importance determination unit 33, a level control unit 34, and an image forming unit 40. And a control unit 50 and a memory 51. The control unit 50 is connected to the line-of-sight detection unit 20, the traveling state detection unit 31, the image data processing unit 32, the importance level determination unit 33, the level control unit 34, and the image forming unit 40, and controls the operations thereof. Information necessary for this control, data serving as a base for creating image data of an information image, detection and discrimination results in each unit, and the like are stored in a memory 51 connected to the control unit 50.
The line-of-sight detection unit 20 will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of the line-of-sight detection unit 20. The configuration of the line-of-sight detection unit 20 is not limited to the configuration illustrated in FIG.
As shown in FIG. 2, the line-of-sight detection unit 20 includes a first light source 21, a second light source 22, a camera 23, a light source control unit 24, an image acquisition unit 25, a bright pupil image detection unit 26, a dark pupil image detection unit 27, A pupil center calculation unit 28, a corneal reflection light center detection unit 29, and a line-of-sight direction calculation unit 30 are provided. The line-of-sight detection unit 20 is installed so as to face the driver's seat on the instrument panel, the upper part of the windshield, and the like.
The first light source 21 and the second light source 22 are each an LED light source. The first light source 21 emits infrared light (near infrared light) having a wavelength of 850 nm or a wavelength close to this as detection light, and the second light source 22 emits infrared light having a wavelength of 940 nm. . Here, infrared light (near-infrared light) having a wavelength of 850 nm or a wavelength close thereto is not easily absorbed by moisture in the eyeball, and the amount of light that reaches and is reflected by the retina located in the back of the eyeball is large. Become. On the other hand, infrared light having a wavelength of 940 nm is easily absorbed by moisture in the eyeball of a human eye, and therefore the amount of light that reaches the retina located at the back of the eyeball and is reflected is reduced.
The camera 23 includes an image sensor and a lens. The imaging device is composed of a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor), a CCD (charge coupled device), or the like. The imaging element acquires a face image including the driver's eyes that has entered through the lens. In the image sensor, light is detected by a plurality of pixels arranged two-dimensionally.
The light source control unit 24, the image acquisition unit 25, the bright pupil image detection unit 26, the dark pupil image detection unit 27, the pupil center calculation unit 28, the corneal reflection light center detection unit 29, and the gaze direction calculation unit 30 Each circuit is configured by a circuit or the like, and each calculation is performed by executing preinstalled software.
The light source control unit 24 performs switching between light emission of the first light source 21 and light emission of the second light source 22 and control of light emission times of the first light source 21 and the second light source 22.
The image acquisition unit 25 acquires a face image from the camera 23 for each frame. The image acquired by the image acquisition unit 25 is read into the bright pupil image detection unit 26 and the dark pupil image detection unit 27 for each frame. The bright pupil image detection unit 26 detects a bright pupil image, and the dark pupil image detection unit 27 acquires a dark pupil image. The pupil center calculation unit 28 calculates the difference between the bright pupil image and the dark pupil image, generates an image in which the pupil image is brightly displayed, and calculates the center of the pupil image from the generated image. The corneal reflection light center detection unit 29 extracts the corneal reflection light from the dark pupil image and calculates its center position. The gaze direction calculation unit 30 calculates the gaze direction based on the pupil center calculated by the pupil center calculation unit 28 and the corneal reflection light center calculated by the corneal reflection light center detection unit 29. The line-of-sight direction calculation unit 30 calculates an intermediate angle between the angles indicating the line-of-sight direction of both eyes of the driver as the direction of the gazing point.
Hereinafter, the configuration of the image display device 10 other than the line-of-sight detection unit 20 will be described.
The traveling state detection unit 31 is based on the detection results obtained by a speed sensor, a steering angle sensor, etc. provided on the vehicle, map information, GPS (Global Positioning System), information acquired from various traffic information, and the like. And the surrounding situation of the vehicle is detected. The driving state includes, for example, the driving speed and steering angle of the vehicle driven by the driver, and the peripheral situation includes, for example, the position of the vehicle driven by the driver, the shape of the road at the driving position, and the congestion state There are surrounding traffic conditions such as driving conditions and traffic lights of surrounding vehicles.
The image data processing unit 32 is an arithmetic circuit that generates image data of an information image formed in the display area of the image forming surface (the screen 54, the windshield 60, and the virtual image forming surface PS shown in FIG. 3). Based on the image data generated by the image data processing unit 32, the image forming unit 40 forms an information image in the display area of the image forming surface.
As shown in FIG. 1, the image forming unit 40 includes a laser driver 41, a laser light source 42, an LED driver 43, an LED light source 44, an LCOS driver 45, and an LCOS 46. Further, as shown in FIG. 3, the image forming unit 40 includes a lens 53, a screen 54, a mirror 55, and a windshield 60, and constitutes a head-up display device. Here, FIG. 3 is a plan view showing the configuration of the image forming unit 40. Note that the image forming unit 40 is not limited to the configuration shown in FIG. 3, and can be mounted in, for example, a night vision (night vision device) or an augmented reality system.
The laser light source 42 is a coherent light source that emits coherent light and forms an information image in the display area, and is driven by the laser driver 41 based on the control of the control unit 50. The mode of the oscillation beam of the laser light source 42 is preferably a single mode from the viewpoint of coherency.
The LED light source 44 is a non-coherent light source that emits non-coherent light to form an information image in the display area, and is driven by the LED driver 43 based on the control of the control unit 50.
An information image formed using coherent light emitted from the laser light source 42 is an image with a high enhancement level, and an information image formed using non-coherent light emitted from the LED light source 44 is obtained from the laser light source 42. The image has a lower emphasis level than the image by laser light.
Here, it is preferable that the laser light source 42 includes a speckle reduction mechanism that can reduce or eliminate the speckle of the emitted light. Examples of the speckle reduction device include a device that changes an oscillation mode, a wavelength of emitted light, and the like, and an optical filter that is disposed on the optical path of the emitted light. By providing the speckle reduction device, it is possible to adjust the strength and presence of speckle according to the enhancement level of the information image.
In addition, a combination of light sources other than the combination of the laser light source 42 and the LED light source 44 may be used as long as an image can be formed so that the level of enhancement level can be distinguished. For example, by using both light sources as laser light sources, a difference in coherency may be given depending on the oscillation mode. Further, both light sources may be unified as a laser light source or an LED light source, and the intensity and wavelength of emitted light may be changed.
The LCOS 46 is a reflective LCOS (Liquid Crystal On Silicon), and is a panel having a liquid crystal layer and an electrode layer such as aluminum. In the LCOS 46, electrodes that apply an electric field to the liquid crystal layer are regularly arranged to form a plurality of pixels, and in the thickness direction of the crystal layer in the liquid crystal layer due to a change in electric field strength applied to each electrode. The tilt angle of the laser beam changes, and the phase of the reflected laser light is modulated for each pixel.
Such a change in phase for each pixel is controlled by the LCOS driver 45 based on the control of the control unit 50, and the LCOS 46 generates predetermined phase-modulated light. The LCOS 46 can move or rotate relative to the main body (not shown) of the image display device 10 under the control of the control unit 50.
If phase modulation is possible, a transmissive LCOS or other modulation element may be used instead of the LCOS 46. Further, instead of the LCOS 46, a laser beam may be incident on the lens 53 using a scanner capable of scanning incident light. As this scanner, for example, there is a scanner using a digital mirror device (DMD) or a polygon mirror.
The phase-modulated light generated by the LCOS 46 is incident on a lens 53 as an imaging lens. The lens 53 is a biconvex positive lens, and as a Fourier transform lens (FT lens), the incident light is Fourier-transformed and the incident light is condensed to generate image light. This image light forms an image on the screen 54 as an intermediate image (hologram image). The screen 54 is arranged such that its optical axis 54 c overlaps with an extension line of the optical axis 53 c of the lens 53. The screen 54 is, for example, a diffuser (diffusion plate) that emits incident light as diffused light. The lens 53 is movable along the direction of the optical axis 53 c under the control of the control unit 50. Further, the screen 54 is movable along the direction of the optical axis 54 c under the control of the control unit 50.
Here, if the Fourier transform of the phase-modulated light is possible, instead of the lens 53, a lens having a positive refractive power of another shape or a positive refractive power optical system including a plurality of lenses may be used. good.
FIG. 4A is a plan view showing an example of the display area on the screen 54 and the display area on the virtual virtual image forming surface PS at the front position P (FIG. 3) of the windshield 60 in the present embodiment. . FIG. 4B is a plan view showing a display area in a modification of the present embodiment.
Based on the image data of the information image output from the image data processing unit 32, the image forming unit 40 displays the display areas A11, A12, A13 (FIG. 4A) of the screen 54 and the corresponding window. Information images are respectively formed in the display area of the virtual image forming surface PS assumed at the display area of the shield 60 and the front position P of the windshield. Here, the screen 54, the windshield 60, and the virtual image forming surface PS constitute an image forming surface.
The light transmitted through the screen 54 is incident on the mirror 55 as divergent projection light. The reflecting surface 55 a of the mirror 55 is a concave mirror (magnifying mirror), and the projection light including the hologram image formed on the screen 54 is magnified and reflected by the mirror 55. This reflected light is projected onto the display area of the windshield 60 of the vehicle. Since the windshield 60 functions as a semi-reflective surface, the incident image light is reflected toward the driver, and a virtual image is formed in the display area of the virtual image forming surface PS at the front position P of the windshield 60. By visually observing the virtual image in front of the windshield 60, it appears to the driver's eye E that an information image is displayed in front of the steering wheel. Here, the distance of the mirror 55 relative to the screen 54 or the windshield 60 can be changed according to control by the control unit 50.
The importance determination unit 33 is a calculation circuit that determines the importance of the information image, and the level control unit 34 is a calculation circuit that changes the enhancement level of the information image according to the determination result by the importance determination unit 33. The calculation result by the level control unit 34 is output to the control unit 50, and the emphasis level is changed according to the importance determination result as described below as an example. The following is an example of determination of importance and level control based on it.
The importance level determination unit 33 acquires the detection result by the traveling state detection unit 31 as information corresponding to the information image, calculates the risk level and the urgency level from the detection result, and calculates the importance level based on the risk level and the urgency level. Is determined. If either the risk level or the urgency level is high, it is determined that the information is high in importance. The determination of the importance level is performed regardless of the state of the driver's line of sight, but may be performed in consideration of the detection result by the line-of-sight detection unit 20. Further, it is preferable that the importance level, the risk level, the urgency level, and the emphasis level each have at least two stages.
The degree of danger is, for example, (a) presence / absence of pedestrians / bicycles / forward vehicles in the vicinity of the vehicle and in the traveling direction, (b) presence / absence of dangerous driving of the forward vehicles (for example, snoozing, meandering, etc.) Whether it is a signal or not, (d) the presence or absence of an object that may lead to a vehicle accident, such as the presence or absence of a large obstacle or falling object that impedes vehicle travel, is determined.
The degree of danger in the configuration in which the image display device 10 is not mounted on the vehicle may be determined based on the presence or absence of an object that may cause harm to the user.
Moreover, the urgency is, for example, (a) a distance between a vehicle driven by the driver and a pedestrian / bicycle / front vehicle / obstacle or other object, and (b) a distance to the object and a vehicle speed. The grace period up to the limit distance that can be safely avoided is determined. Here, since the limit distance varies depending on the size of the object and its moving speed, the object that is always close does not always have the shortest grace to the limit distance.
The urgency level information is used not only for determining the importance level and setting the emphasis level, but also for the brake assist system of the vehicle.
Furthermore, the importance determination unit 33 acquires the detection result of the gaze direction by the gaze detection unit 20 as information corresponding to the information image, and uses the detection result, for example, as in the following (1) to (3) Determine the importance.
(1) The importance of the information image that the driver has not seen for a predetermined time is increased more than the importance of the other information images. Here, the predetermined time can be arbitrarily set according to the traveling state or the like, and is preferably shortened as the traveling speed of the vehicle increases, for example.
(2) In addition to the determination of (1) above, or instead of this determination, the determination that the importance of the information image viewed by the driver is made lower than the importance before being viewed is during vehicle riding. It is preferable to carry out continuously.
(3) The importance of the information image formed outside the driver's central visual field in the display area is made higher than the importance of the information image in the central visual field. The central visual field applies a general visual field range to the display area according to the facial features of the driver's eyes. Here, in the screen 54 or the virtual image forming surface PS shown in FIG. 4A, a central display area A11 and two display areas A12 and A13 on the left and right sides thereof are set. The central display area A11 corresponds to the central visual field when the driver faces the front, and the display areas A12 and A13 are regions outside the central visual field. Note that the emphasis level may be changed between inside and outside the effective visual field.
Based on the importance determination result based on the detection result by the line-of-sight detection unit 20 as described above (1) to (3) and the importance determination result based on the risk level and the urgency level, the level control unit 34 For example, the emphasis level is changed as in the following (i) to (ii).
(I) The emphasis level of the corresponding information image is increased as the importance level increases, and the emphasis level of the corresponding information image is decreased as the importance level decreases. Note that the emphasis level of information images with high importance may be increased to maintain the emphasis level of information images with low importance, or the emphasis level of information images with high importance may be maintained and low with importance. The enhancement level of the information image may be lowered.
(Ii) Raising the enhancement level of the information image formed outside the driver's central visual field. In the example shown in FIG. 4A, the image data processing unit 32 displays the display areas A12 and A13 that are regions outside the central visual field with respect to the enhancement level of the image formed in the display area A11 corresponding to the central visual field. Image data is formed so as to increase the enhancement level of the formed image.
In the example shown in FIG. 4A, the central display area A11 is made to correspond to the driver's central visual field, and the two display areas A12 and A13 on the left and right sides thereof are set as regions outside the central visual field. However, as shown in FIG. 4B, the display area A21 at the center in the vertical direction is made to correspond to the central visual field, and the two display areas A22 and A23 on both sides in the vertical direction are set as regions outside the central visual field. good. Further, the areas and positions of the display area corresponding to the central visual field and the other display areas are not limited to those illustrated in FIGS.
(Iii) Increase the emphasis level of information where the driver has not turned his gaze for a predetermined time or where the gaze point is not placed. For this information, it is preferable to increase the emphasis level regardless of the degree of risk or urgency. Also, when the driver sees this information, the emphasis level is lowered.
(Iv) The emphasis level is also increased for information detected that the driver is watching for a predetermined time.
(V) After increasing the importance level, when the driver is looking at the relevant information, or when the gaze point is kept, the emphasis level is maintained, and the gaze is not directed for a certain time The emphasis level may be raised.
Examples of how to set the emphasis level are the following (A) to (D).
(A) The emphasis level is increased or decreased depending on the strength or absence of speckle in the light source for forming the information image. Speckle has the characteristic of being imaged on the retina of the eye, and by using this, it is possible to perceive an information image regardless of the focus of the driver's eye, and corresponds to the level of enhancement level It can be expected to alert the driver and improve the perceptual efficiency. In an information image without speckles or an information image with sufficiently low speckles, it is desirable that the speckle contrast Cs is smaller than 0.1. Here, the speckle contrast Cs is expressed by Cs = σ / I using the standard deviation σ of the luminance (light intensity) of each pixel of the displayed information image and the average value I of the luminance (light intensity). .
As an example of setting the emphasis level in the case of (A) above, an individual image with a high emphasis level uses a strong speckle or an image formed by a light source that generates speckle, and an individual image with a low emphasis level An image formed by a light source with weak speckles or no speckles is used. More specifically, (a) a laser light source that generates speckles is used to form an image with a high emphasis level, and an LED light source with less speckles is used to form an image with a low emphasis level. Further, (b) a single mode laser light source with strong speckles can be used for an image with a high enhancement level, and a multi-mode or ring mode laser light source with weak speckles can be used for an image with a low enhancement level. Furthermore, (c) means for reducing speckles, for example, a high-frequency superposition method or a depolarization method, can be used to form an image with a low enhancement level.
(B) The brightness of the individual image having a high enhancement level is increased, and the brightness of the individual image having a low enhancement level is decreased. It is also possible to hide the individual image with a low emphasis level by setting the brightness to zero.
(C) Characters and lines included in individual images with a high emphasis level are thickened, and image data with characters and lines included in individual images with a low emphasis level are generated. Further, the level of the emphasis level may be indicated by the color of characters or lines included in the individual image having a high emphasis level. In this case, for example, the character or information color included in the individual image with a high emphasis level is set to a color having a large contrast with the surrounding color, and the character or line color included in the individual image with a low emphasis level is set to the surrounding color. It should be the same color as.
(D) An individual image with a high enhancement level is generated as three-dimensional image data, and an individual image with a low enhancement level is generated as two-dimensional or one-dimensional image data.
(E) For an individual image having an increased importance among information images, an image of unique information associated with the individual image is formed in the display area, thereby increasing the enhancement level. Here, the specific information is, for example, information stored in the memory 51 in advance in association with the individual image, such as characters and pictures used in the individual image.
(F) An additional modification display is added to an individual image having a high emphasis level. Examples of the modified display include a display of a frame-like image surrounding the corresponding individual image, and a display in which a certain color is given to the entire area of the individual image.
(G) The above (A) to (F) may be combined. In addition, the load on the driver can be reduced by changing the emphasis level according to the order of the degree of danger and the degree of urgency.
In the above examples (A) to (E), the level of the emphasis level is given to the target information image itself. Instead of or in addition to this, the display area is defined as the emphasis display area. It is preferable to divide into normal display areas, and for information with high importance, display related character information and the like at a high emphasis level in the emphasis display area. The position and area of the highlight area can be arbitrarily set within a range that does not hinder driving. A plurality of highlight areas may be provided.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing a flow of an example of image display using the image display device 10 of the present embodiment.
First, as external information, a detection result by the line-of-sight detection unit 20 and a detection result by the traveling state detection unit 31 are acquired (step S1). The control unit 50 determines an information image to be displayed based on the acquired detection result.
Next, the control unit 50 determines, with respect to the importance determination unit 33, each image (individual image) constituting the information image based on the detection result by the line-of-sight detection unit 20 and the detection result by the traveling state detection unit 31. The importance is determined (step S2).
When there is an individual image determined to have a high importance level in step S2 (YES in step S2), the control unit 50 increases the enhancement level of the corresponding individual image with respect to the level control unit 34. Instructed, the level control unit 34 increases the enhancement level, and stores the level in the memory 51 in association with the individual image (step S3). Further, the control unit 50 instructs the image data processing unit 32 to generate image data for the entire information image, and causes the image forming unit 40 to form an image according to the generated image data.
Note that after the enhancement level is increased, the process may proceed to the next step S5 without instructing the image data processing unit 32 to generate image data.
On the other hand, when it is determined in step S2 that none of the individual images has high importance (NO in step S2), the control unit 50 does not change the enhancement level of the information image with respect to the level control unit 34. Without instructing, the image data processing unit 32 is instructed to generate image data, and the image forming unit 40 is caused to form a normal image in which the enhancement level is not changed according to the generated image data (step). S4).
After the display in step S3, the control unit 50 determines whether or not there is an individual image that the driver has not seen for a predetermined time for each individual image of the information image in the detection result by the line-of-sight detection unit 20 ( Step S5).
As a result of the determination, if there is an individual image that the driver as the user has not seen for a predetermined time (NO in step S5), the control unit 50 is important as the driver is not aware of the individual image. The degree discriminating unit 33 is instructed to increase the importance. Further, the control unit 50 instructs the level control unit 34 to increase the enhancement level of the corresponding individual image, and the level control unit 34 increases the enhancement level and associates the level with the individual image. It is stored in the memory 51 (step S6). Then, the control unit 50 instructs the image data processing unit 32 to generate image data for the entire information image, and causes the image forming unit 40 to form an image according to the generated image data.
On the other hand, regarding the individual image (YES in step S5) viewed by the driver within the predetermined time in step S5, the control unit 50 assumes that the driver is aware of the individual image, and The importance determination unit 33 is instructed to lower the importance of the image, and then the level control unit 34 is instructed to lower the enhancement level of the corresponding individual image. In response to this instruction, the level control unit 34 lowers the enhancement level for the corresponding individual image, and stores the level in the memory 51 in association with the individual image (step S7). Then, the control unit 50 instructs the image data processing unit 32 to generate image data for the entire information image, and causes the image forming unit 40 to form an image according to the generated image data.
In step S7, the information level is displayed by lowering the emphasis level of the individual image noticed by the driver so as to make the individual image unnoticeable stand out, but the driver notices. If there is a sufficient difference between the display of the individual image and the individual image that is not noticed, normal display may be performed without lowering the importance level and the emphasis level in step S7.
In the image display device 10, the above steps S <b> 1 to S <b> 7 are repeatedly executed from the start, and are completed by an end operation by the driver such as stopping the engine of the vehicle.
With the configuration as described above, the following effects can be obtained according to the embodiment and the modification.
(1) Since the importance level of the information is determined and the emphasis level of the information image to be displayed is changed according to the determination result, it is possible to reliably alert the user to the information image having a high importance level. Become. Therefore, it is possible to increase the perception efficiency of the displayed information image while maintaining high visibility without impairing it.
Even if the image to be displayed is a part of augmented reality or the like, by changing the emphasis level according to the importance level, information that does not interfere with the user's vision and has high importance level. It is possible to call attention to the image without fail.
(2) Since the importance level and the emphasis level can be changed according to whether the user is watching by determining the importance level based on the detection result by the line-of-sight detection unit 20, the accuracy of alerting can be further increased. it can.
(3) By calculating the risk level and the urgency level from the detection result by the travel state detection unit 31, and determining the importance level based on the risk level and the urgency level, according to changes in the vehicle travel state and surrounding conditions, Information images contributing to safe driving can be displayed accurately and at appropriate timing.
Here, based on the detection result by the line-of-sight detection unit 20, the importance of the information image that the user has not seen for a predetermined time is increased more than the importance of the other information images, and the level control unit By raising the emphasis level of the corresponding information image as the degree increases, it is possible to call attention with higher accuracy based on the actual perception state of the user.
Further, based on the detection result by the line-of-sight detection unit 20, the importance level of the information image viewed by the user is lowered from the importance level before viewing, and the enhancement level of the corresponding information image is reduced according to the decrease in the importance level. By lowering, the alerting level of the information image perceived by the user can be lowered, and as a result, alerting to other information images can be ensured.
(4) The importance of the information image formed outside the central visual field of the user in the display area is made higher than the importance of the information image within the central visual field, and the information image is formed outside the central visual field of the user. By raising the emphasis level of the information image, it is possible to focus attention on the information image outside the central field of view, where the line of sight is usually difficult to face, and to prevent the range of the user's line of sight from narrowing as the vehicle travels Can do.
(5) When the gazing point detected by the line-of-sight detection unit 20 remains on one or more individual images in the information image for a predetermined time, the importance of the individual image is set to the other image Higher than the importance of. Correspondingly, the level control unit 34 raises the emphasis level of the individual image, and the image forming unit 40 forms an image of unique information associated with the individual image in the display area.
(6) In the image forming unit 40, an information image with a high enhancement level is formed using a laser light source 42 as a coherent light source, and an information image with a low enhancement level is formed with an LED light source 44 as a non-coherent light source. Since the information image with a high emphasis level can be surely perceived regardless of the focus of the user's eyes, depending on the strength or absence of speckle, the perception efficiency can be improved.
(7) The image forming unit 40 forms an information image with a high enhancement level with high luminance, and an information image with a low enhancement level with low luminance. The image data processing unit 32 generates image data by thickening characters and lines included in an information image with a high enhancement level and thinning characters and lines included in an information image with a low enhancement level. Furthermore, the image data processing unit 32 generates an information image with a high enhancement level as three-dimensional image data, and generates an information image with a low enhancement level as two-dimensional or one-dimensional image data. The alerting level of the perceived information image can be lowered and the user's visual field can be secured. As a result, alerting to other information images can be ensured.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to the above embodiment, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment, and can be improved or changed within the scope of the purpose of the improvement or the idea of the present invention.
As described above, the image display apparatus according to the present invention is useful in that the displayed information image is easily perceived by the user.
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Image display apparatus 20 Eye-gaze detection part 21 1st light source 22 2nd light source 23 Camera 24 Light source control part 25 Image acquisition part 26 Bright pupil image detection part 27 Dark pupil image detection part 28 Pupil center calculation part 29 Corneal reflection light center detection part DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 30 Gaze direction calculation part 31 Running state detection part 32 Image data processing part 33 Importance discrimination part 34 Level control part 40 Image formation part 41 Laser driver 42 Laser light source 43 LED driver 44 LED light source 45 LCOS driver 50 Control part 51 Memory 53 Lens 54 screen 55 mirror 60 windshield
An image data processing unit for generating image data of the information image;
An image forming unit that forms the information image in a predetermined display area on the image forming surface based on the image data;
An importance determination unit for determining the importance of the information image;
An image display apparatus comprising: a level control unit that changes an enhancement level of the information image according to a determination result by the importance determination unit.
A line-of-sight detector that detects the line of sight of the user,
The image display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the importance level determination unit determines the importance level based on a detection result by the line-of-sight detection unit.
The image display device is mounted on a vehicle,
The image display device includes a traveling state detection unit that detects a traveling state of the vehicle and a surrounding state of the vehicle,
The importance level determination unit calculates a risk level and an urgency level from a detection result of the running state detection unit, and determines the importance level based on the risk level and the urgency level. The image display device according to claim 2.
The importance determination unit increases the importance of the information image that the user has not seen over a predetermined time based on the detection result of the line-of-sight detection unit more than the importance of the other information images. ,
The image display device according to claim 2, wherein the level control unit increases the emphasis level of the corresponding information image in accordance with the increase in the importance.
The importance level determination unit is configured to lower the importance level of the information image seen by the user from the importance level before viewing based on the detection result of the line-of-sight detection unit,
The image display apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the level control unit lowers the enhancement level of the corresponding information image in accordance with a decrease in the importance level.
The importance determination unit makes the importance of the information image formed outside the central visual field of the user in the display area higher than the importance of the information image in the central visual field,
The image display apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the level control unit increases an enhancement level of the information image formed outside the central visual field of the user.
The line-of-sight detection unit detects the gazing point of the user based on the detected line of sight,
The importance determination unit determines the importance of the individual image when the gazing point detected by the line-of-sight detection unit remains on one or more individual images in the information image for a predetermined time. Make the degree higher than the importance of other images,
The image display apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the level control unit increases the enhancement level of the individual image.
The image display device according to claim 2, wherein the image forming unit forms an image of unique information associated with the individual image in the display area.
The image forming unit includes a coherent light source that emits coherent light to form the information image, and a non-coherent light source that emits non-coherent light to form the information image,
The said image formation part forms the information image with the said high emphasis level using the said coherent light source, and forms the information image with the said low emphasis level with the said non-coherent light source. The image display device according to any one of the above.
The image forming unit is a coherent light source that emits coherent light to form the information image, and includes a mechanism that can reduce or eliminate speckles of the coherent light, and the coherent light may vary depending on the enhancement level. The image display device according to claim 1, wherein speckle contrast is changed.
11. The image forming unit according to claim 1, wherein the information image having a high enhancement level is formed with a high luminance and the information image having a low enhancement level is formed with a low luminance. The image display device according to item.
The image data processing unit generates the image data by thickening characters and lines included in the information image with a high emphasis level and thinning characters and lines included in the information image with a low emphasis level. The image display device according to any one of claims 1 to 11.
The image data processing unit generates the information image with the high enhancement level as three-dimensional image data, and generates the information image with the low enhancement level as generation as two-dimensional or one-dimensional image data. The image display device according to claim 1.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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4 cableways, 7 cable cabins, 7 chair lifts, 11 drag lifts. 58 ski runs, total length 220 km, snow park, halfpipe. Ski school, snowboard school, children's ski school. 56 km cross country ski tracks in the region, winter walking paths 60 km. 2 toboggan runs (long 6 km). Ice rink, curling, indoor tennis centre. Ski bus (free of charge).


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Nice Sam, still, The Pale King leaves no shadow.
I really enjoyed this (I am not sure if Wallace had so much influence, but it's a valid and interesting model).
I also liked parts of the posts preceding and following this one, but, together with insight, nastiness also seems to have come back, and i didn't enjoy that at all (there's a difference between satire and plain disrespect).


MVPNs have been lacking support for MPLS encapsulation. NG-MVPN supports the use of MPLS encapsulation and provides a lot of different profiles. When is a profile suitable and which one should you choose?


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The primary food source for indoor fungi is cellulosic matter. Cellulose is made of glucose units in a linear linkup with b-(1 -4) bonds. Cellulose chains are further crosslinked by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils and then cellulose fibers.18 Cellulose fibers may come from several different plant sources: wood, herbaceous stem (i.e., flax and jute), leaf (i.e., manila), or seed (i.e., cotton). The majority of cellulose fibers used in building materials are processed, delignified wood fibers, which become much more susceptible to fungal attack, due to chemical or physical means used in the pulping process, than in their native form. The susceptibility of cellulose fibers to fungal attack is associated with their chemicophysical form. Cellulose in its native state consists mostly of crystalline form with a few amorphous sites. The number of amorphous sites increases along native cellulose during the pulping process, which increases the susceptibility to fungal attack.18 This may also help explain the observation made by Chang et al. that used ceiling tiles were more susceptible to fungal growth than new ones in a moist-chamber study.19 Aging of the ceiling tiles may also increase the number of amorphous sites. The widespread use of cellulosic materials in building materials as well as in building construction increases the availability of food sources for fungal growth. Karunasena et al. studied colonization and growth of Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Stachybotrys on ceiling tiles made of inorganics or containing organics (i.e., cellulose).20 The results showed that inorganic ceiling tiles did not support the growth of fungi, while cellulose-containing ceiling tiles did. The authors suggested that inorganic ceiling tiles could serve as a replacement for cellulose-containing ceiling tiles to avoid fungal growth.
In wood, cellulose fibers are chemically bound to lignin. Lignin consists of large molecule units of complex polyphenolic polymers made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen elements.18,21 Lignin helps protect cellulose from microbial attacks by reducing the accessibility of susceptible amorphous sites.18 Stachybotrys chartarum, a known cellulolytic fungus22 that grows mostly on paper products rather than wood products, is a good example.
Although cellulose substrates are the primary carbon source for many cellulo-lytic fungi growing indoors, a study by Murtoneimi et al. demonstrated that other chemical components of building materials were found to influence growth and sporulation of Stachybotrys chartarum as well as cytotoxicity of the spores on 13 modified gypsum wallboards.23 The spores produced on the wallboards were also tested for the inflammatory potential. It was reported that, in comparison to the reference board (nonmodified), growth and sporulation of the fungus decreased on wallboards in which (1) the paper liner was treated with a fungicide, (2) starch was removed from the plasterboard, or (3) desulfurization gypsum was used in the core. Spores collected from all wallboards exhibited cytotoxicity to macrophages. Biocide application did not reduce fungal growth; however, spores collected from biocide-treated board exhibited the highest degree of cytotoxicity. The conventional additives (a foam, an accelerator, and a water-reducing agent) used in the core were found to have some inhibitory effects on growth. Recycled wallboard and the board without the starch triggered spore-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) production in macrophages. The study concluded that growth of a Stachybotrys chartarum strain on wallboard and the subsequent cytotoxicity of spores were affected by minor changes in the composition of the core or paper liners.
Temperature. Fungi, again like most organisms, usually grow in a wide range temperature. In this context, range, including minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures, can be defined as a temperature profile. Each species has its own profile. Some are narrow and some are wide. Fungi that can grow in a wider temperature range may also have a competitive edge, for example, A. fumigatus. Most fungi, known as mesophiles, grow best at a temperature range near room temperature. Some fungi are classified as psychrophilic, literally cold-loving, or thermophilic, literally heat-loving. Psychrophilic fungi are defined as not growing above 20°C and having a minimum temperature at or below 0°C and an optimum temperature in the range of 0-17°C.28 Thermophilic fungi, such as Aspergillus fumigatus and Absidia corybifera, have minima at or above 20°C, maxima at or above 50°C, and optima somewhere in the higher half of that range. Mesophiles are defined as those having minima above 0°C, maxima below 50°C, and optima between 10°C and 40°C. Unfortunately, fungi seldom follow this rigid artificial classification. Aspergillus fumigatus has a wide temperature range of 12-52°C and does not fit into a classification neatly. However, most fungi, particularly those commonly found growing indoors, are mesophilic.
In the indoor environment food is usually abundant and temperature is usually moderate. Moisture is usually the critical factor limiting the germination of fungal spores and subsequent fungal growth.26,29 It is biologically important for some fungi to regulate their spore release, such as some members of basidiomycetes and ascomycetes. Fungi, like all organisms, require water for various physiological as well as metabolic activities. Water serves as a solvent for carrying solutes in and out of hyphae and for enzymatic and other metabolic reactions.28 It is also used to regulate and maintain the turgor pressure inside the cell so that it does not collapse as a result of high external pressure. Various terms, including osmotic pressure, osmotic potential, water potential, and water activity, have been used to define or describe the role that water plays in a biological system. Water activity (aw), probably the most commonly used term, describes and defines the available free (not chemically or covalently bound) water in a substrate available for biological growth. It is measured when equilibrium is reached between atmospheric relative humidity and the water content in a substrate or a solution, or it expresses the available water in a substrate as a decimal fraction of the amount present when the substrate is in equilibrium with a saturated atmosphere (an equilibrium relative humidity of 70% around the substrate means that the substrate has a water activity of 0.70).30 Water activity can be calculated as aw = p/p0, where p is the partial pressure of water pressure in the substrate and p0 is the saturation vapor pressure of pure water under the same conditions.5 Water activity is numerically equal to equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) expressed as a decimal. If a sample of substrate is held at constant temperature in a sealed enclosure until the water in the sample reaches equilibrium with the water vapor in the enclosure, then aw = ERH/100. Another commonly used measurement of moisture in a substrate is moisture content in percentage of dry weight. It is often used in measuring moisture content of wood or wood products.
The use of ERH in calculation of aw often gives the false impression that relative humidity (RH) is critically important and an overriding factor in indoor fungal growth. Relative humidity is the measurement of water molecules and water droplets in a given airspace. Since fungi do not and cannot grow in air, RH has only secondary effects on fungal growth, condensation, and hygroscopicity of materials. In fact, most indoor fungal growth occurs as a result of incoming water but not just high RH and condensation on indoor surfaces.9'31'32 Scott suggested that Stachybotrys chartarum is a principal colonizer of paper products following water damage, but is rarely involved in materials subjected to condensation.7 He also referenced that Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. spheraospermum, Alternaria, Ulocladium, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. griseofulvum, and P. spinulo-sum were reported to cause disfiguration on interior surfaces of buildings due to con-densation.33 However, these observations may not be applied to every situation, since prolonged or large-scale condensation is no different from water damage. It is more likely that the difference in the observations was due to the duration of wetness and progession in fungal succession. Persistently high RH in a poorly ventilated condition does allow hygroscopic materials to increase aw to a level that favors growth of xerophilic fungi.
Clarke et al., on the basis of an extensive review of mycological literature and laboratory validations with mold samples' defined six groups of fungi ranging from highly hydrophilic to highly xerophilic.37 They used a growth limit curve, which is defined by the minimum combination of local surface temperature and humidity for which growth will occur on building surfaces, to define the six groups. The laboratory validation tests showed the minimum time for growth at the lowest RH to be 75 days. Highly xerophilic fungi have growth limited to >98% RH, while highly xerophilic fungi have growth limited to >75% RH. Aspergillus repens is considered highly xerophilic; A. versicolor, xerophilic; Penicillium chrysogenum, moderately xerophilic; Cladosporium sphaerospermum, moderately hydrophilic; Ulocladium consortiale, hydrophilic; and Stachybotrys chartarum, highly hydrophilic. The study did not determine the optimal RH for their growth. The authors suggested using such information to provide a design tool that can predict the likelihood and extent of mold growth.
In a moist chamber study of new gypsum boards just off the production line, Doll and Burge showed that 11 fungal genera were present on new gypsum board without artificial inoculation. Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were found at 95% RH in moist chambers only on the paper sides, and the number of fungi found on the new gypsum board increased with increasing moisture content.38 On one occasion Stachybotrys sp. was present on the gypsum boards. This study showed that new gypsum boards were not free from naturally occurring fungal spores, which will readily germinate and grow when a suitable moist condition was met.
To fungi, water is essential for growth whether it is clean, gray, or black.1 Although contaminated water may have a higher content of organics to serve as nutrients, the requirement of water for fungal growth is otherwise the same.
However, light in indoor environments is different from the light outdoors in spectra and intensity. It should be noted that there is literally no report on the responses of fungi to artificial light (fluorescent and incandescent light) and the light passing through window glass in indoor environments. Light normally is not considered a limiting factor for the development and reproduction of most indoor fungi. Further research on the effect of light on indoor fungi is necessary.
Oxygen and CO2. Most fungi are obligate aerobes. Moore50 noted that development of fungal fruit bodies requires oxidative metabolism [amplified glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity] and, subsequently, oxygen supplies. Oxygen is not a limiting factor for indoor fungi in most situations. It was observed that fungi did not develop on the building materials continuously submerged in water. CO2 is also very important to fungal development.50 Buston et al.51 found that elevated CO2 concentration was necessary for perithecium formation of Chae-tomium globosum, and the fungus developed the maximal number of perithecia in 10% of CO2. It was found that high CO2 concentration promoted mushroom stem elongation of agaricus whereas cap expanding was enhanced by lowered CO2 concentration.52'53 Poorly maintained or malfunctioning HVAC systems may lead to elevated CO2 concentration and deteriorating indoor air quality. However, the effects of oxygen and CO2 concentration on indoor fungi are not well understood because of lack of research.


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Q: Text to Speech (TTS) in background task in windows phone 8/8.1? I am trying to implement a background task in my windows phone app. I need to implement TTS in my task and I don't see it working with TTS. Below is my code snippet.
    protected override void OnInvoke(ScheduledTask task)
    {
        //Some logic here
        SpeechSynthesizer synth = new SpeechSynthesizer();
        await synth.SpeakTextAsync("My message from back ground task!");
    }

If I just replace the TTS with a toast message, I can see the toast message in the set interval. I also added the ID_CAP_SPEECH_RECOGNITION capability to the main application. How can I implement TTS in my background scheduled task (I am trying to implement periodic task). Can some one point me to a sample for this?

A: This is not supported. Text to speech is only available to the foreground app.
Background tasks can't do any UI other than toast and tile notifications.