DNA methylation changes are associated with a wide array of biological processes. Bisulfite conversion of DNA followed by high-throughput sequencing is increasingly being used to assess genome-wide methylation at single-base resolution. The relative slowness of most commonly used aligners for processing such data introduces an unnecessarily long delay between receipt of raw data and statistical analysis. While this process can be sped-up by using computer clusters, current tools are not designed with them in mind and end-users must create such implementations themselves.
Here, we present a novel BS-seq aligner, Bison, which exploits multiple nodes of a computer cluster to speed up this process and also has increased accuracy. Bison is accompanied by a variety of helper programs and scripts to ease, as much as possible, the process of quality control and preparing results for statistical analysis by a variety of popular R packages. Bison is also accompanied by bison_herd, a variant of Bison with the same output but that can scale to a semi-arbitrary number of nodes, with concomitant increased demands on the underlying message passing interface implementation.
Bison is a new bisulfite-converted short-read aligner providing end users easier scalability for performance gains, more accurate alignments, and a convenient pathway for quality controlling alignments and converting methylation calls into a form appropriate for statistical analysis. Bison and the more scalable bison_herd are natively able to utilize multiple nodes of a computer cluster simultaneously and serve to simplify to the process of creating analysis pipelines.
DNA methylation involves the covalent modification of cytosine bases and serves to epigenetically regulate a large variety of biological properties, from imprinting to development and its dysregulation is associated with diseases such as cancer . While there are a number of methods currently available to probe DNA methylation (e.g. MeDIP-seq and MRE-seq), the gold-standard for single-base resolution is bisulfite sequencing, sometimes referred to as BS-seq. Here, DNA is treated with bisulfite, which results in the conversion of unmethylated Cytosine (C) to Uracil (read by the sequencer as Thymine (T)), leaving methylated Cs unconverted.
Mapping of bisulfite-converted short reads, such as those commonly produced by the Illumina HiSeq, creates a number of difficulties. Firstly, if both Cs and Ts in reads can map to Cs in the genome, then methylation metrics will be systematically skewed, as methylated reads will map preferentially, given that they contain more information. The alternative is to in silico convert both the reads and the genome prior to alignment, thereby producing unbiased, but less efficiently mapped, alignments. This creates a second difficulty in that the two DNA strands are no longer complementary, requiring them to be treated separately. Finally, PCR amplification during library preparation results in the creation of an additional two DNA strands, complementary to the original bisulfite converted strands. The presence of multiple non-complementary strands is a situation for which standard short-read aligners are generally unequipped.
For these reasons, a number of bisulfite aligners have recently been created, the most popular of which is Bismark [2, 3] (see  for a general comparison of BS-seq aligners). Bismark, like BSmooth  and BS-Seeker2 , exploits the short-read aligners bowtie or bowtie2  to perform alignments. While these aligners generally produce good results, they are quite slow, due to running up to 4 instances of bowtie simultaneously on the same computer as well as other implementation issues. Bismark and BS-Seeker2, in particular, have a higher than necessary false-positive rate due to not producing alignments with associated mapping qualities (MAPQ scores), which could otherwise be used to filter out methylation calls from alignments with too high a probability of being wrong, and how they decide which alignment to report. Similarly, while BSmooth produces alignments with MAPQ scores, they are based only on alignment to a single strand, so a read aligning equally well to multiple strands will have an aberrantly high MAPQ score. As an example, given a read that aligns with a MAPQ score of 42 to one strand and 40 to another, BSmooth will output the alignment with a MAPQ score of 42 and leave that MAPQ score unchanged. Had this MAPQ score instead been calculated in a context within which the alternative (MAPQ score of 40) alignment was known, the resulting MAPQ score would have appropriately been much lower. BSMAP , an older aligner, has previously been reported to require a similar amount of time as bismark to run but, because it uses its own aligner, produces somewhat better coverage . Other recent bisulfite aligners, e.g. GNUMAP-bs , purport to have higher speed and accuracy at the expense of significantly increased memory requirements. In practice, though, the speed increase is marginal and accuracy increases are non-existent. As the alignment step is simply an intermediate between receiving raw data and actual statistical analysis, this creates an unnecessary experimental impediment.
To combat these issues, we have developed a novel bisulfite aligner, Bison (BISulfite alignment On Nodes of a cluster), written in C that exploits the increasing prevalence of computer-clusters to rapidly align BS-seq reads. Bison can utilize either 3 or 5 nodes, a master node to process alignments and one worker node per DNA strand for aligning reads. We also provide a second version, bison_herd, which scales to run on a semi-arbitrary number of cluster nodes, rather than being limited to 3–5 nodes, depending on library type. Like Bismark, BSmooth and BS-Seeker2, Bison utilizes bowtie2 to perform actual alignments, but produces alignments with recalculated MAPQ scores (a more general feature comparison is shown in Table 1). Because Bison can simultaneously use multiple nodes it requires less memory per-node. Furthermore, as the algorithm used by Bison to judge the best alignment is different from that used by the other aligners, its false-positive rate is decreased to that of bowtie2. Even when using identical resources, Bison performs its alignments in a fraction of the time required by all of the other compared aligners, except BSMAP. Bison produces more accurate results than all of the other compared aligners on simulated datasets. Unlike most other BS-seq aligners, bison_herd does not create temporary files, decreasing both I/O and space requirements. To easily facilitate statistical analysis, Bison comes with methylation extraction and conversion programs. Bison also provides the facility for easy quality control of aligned data and it can compute methylation metrics dependent upon these quality control results. Finally, bison is accompanied by a helper program that, unlike similar programs, uses both alignment position and methylation calls to mark likely PCR duplicates, which are then ignored during the methylation extraction and quality control process.
The general workflow is depicted in Figure 1, with recommended steps external to Bison/bison_herd noted. As with other aligners, an index of the genome is created to facilitate faster mapping. This step needs to be performed only once. Two temporary copies of the genome are created, one C- > T and the other G- > A in silico converted. Prior to alignment, low quality bases and incorporated adapter sequences should be removed, as previously recommended . We recommend Trim Galore! (http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/trim_galore/), as it is tailored toward bisulfite-converted reads and supports paired-end reads. An alternative to trimming is using local alignment. While Bison is capable of producing local alignments, the likelihood of incorrect methylation calls due to partial adapter alignment has caused us to default to producing end-to-end alignments. For the same reason, the comparisons included below contain only trimmed datasets.
Standard bisulfite-seq processing workflow. Programs and steps for which Bison provides solutions are on a blue background.
Both Bison and bison_herd accept the resulting trimmed fastq files, which may also be compressed to save space. Bison_herd can also process a list of single or paired-end files, writing results to individual files. This is particularly convenient when processing multiple samples, as the genome and its indices only need to be read from disk and loaded into memory once. Bison in silico converts these reads on the master node as appropriate and writes the results to a file or files. The number and nature of the conversion is dependent upon whether the libraries were directional or non-directional and run single or paired-end. These converted reads are then aligned as appropriate by bowtie2 on the worker nodes. In bison_herd, the process is similar, except reads are sent unconverted via MPI from the master node to the worker nodes, where they are converted prior to being given via named-pipes to bowtie2.
As each worker node creates alignments, they are sent via MPI to the master node. There, the alignments are collated and a best alignment is selected (process described below). Subsequently, the methylation state of each base in each read is determined. If a read contains a mismatch, the methylation state of that base is set to '.', to denote "not applicable". The results are then written to a BAM file using the samtools C API . Unmapped reads may optionally be written to fastq files.
After performing quality control (see below), methylation metrics are normally extracted and written in bedGraph format. For paired-end reads, overlapping portions of each pair are processed as a unit so to not double-count methylation calls. It sometimes occurs that reads in a pair disagree on a methylation call, either because one read contains an N at a given position, or because both reads simply contain different high quality base calls. In the former case, Bison will always use the methylation call of the read not containing an N at the position in question. In the latter case, neither methylation call is used. The resulting methylation metrics are written for every C in a CpG, CHG, or CHH context to separate bedGraph files. A helper program is also included to merge metrics from both C's in a CpG context. Other auxiliary scripts are provided to produce various metrics (e.g. per-CpG coverage), merge bedGraph files from technical replicates, and convert files for easy input into R for processing by methylKit , BSseq , BiSeq , BEAT  and MethylSeekR .
Like Bismark, Bison uses the alignment score (the auxiliary AS tag) of each alignment from each strand to determine the correct alignment to output. As mentioned above, if multiple strands produce equally good alignments for a read then that read is marked as being unmapped. This is in contrast to Bismark, which will declare the first alignment in its list as being best in these cases. For paired-end reads, the alignment scores are summed. When multiple valid alignments are found with one of them having a single highest score, the XS tag for that alignment is set to the highest alignment score of the other alignments. In cases where the best alignment already has a secondary alignment and that score is higher than those produced by alignment to other strands then the XS tag is unmodified. This modification of the XS tag allows for recalculation of the alignment mapping quality (MAPQ), which greatly increases the reliability of the resulting alignments (see below).
As in bowtie2, Bison calculates MAPQ scores using the aforementioned AS and XS values. As these values are set using alignments from all strands, the resulting MAPQ score will be more accurate than simply passing through the value calculated by bowtie2 (as is done by BSmooth). The actual algorithm used is a heuristic based on the percentile score of an alignment's AS score after normalizing for the minimum valid and maximum possible such score. The higher this percentile, the higher the resulting MAPQ score. The difference between the AS and XS values further alters this score, where a smaller difference results in a lower MAPQ score.
As is also the case in SNP calling, the presence of PCR duplicates can vastly inflate the coverage of a given region, resulting in false-positive findings in downstream analyses. Because of this, Bison also comes with a helper program, bison_markduplicates, to mark likely PCR duplicates. Bison will consider two alignments to be PCR duplicates if they align to the same strand of the same chromosome/contig and have identical 5' coordinates. Furthermore, the methylation calls of the reads or read pairs are also compared and must match. For this, only methylation calls resulting from bases with Phred scores of at least 5 are included, to decrease errors due to a low quality base in one read/pair. In cases where a methylation call is made in one read/pair and not the other (e.g., due to a low Phred score or presence of a base other than C or T), the reads are declared to not differ at that position. This method, then, is somewhat conservative, though less so than if methylation calls were not included in determining duplicates. As paired-end reads are considered as a unit, rather than each read being considered separately, a duplicate can only occur if another pair of reads has these identical properties. The read or pair with the highest sum of base-call Phred scores is kept unmarked (this is also the case for samtools rmdup and picard markduplicates (http://picard.sourceforge.net)). Like picard markduplicates, bison_markduplicates also incorporates soft-clipped bases when determining the 5' coordinate.
Aside from adapter and quality trimming, the most important quality control step in BS-seq involves the creation of an M-bias plot (Figure 2), first introduced in . While the reliability of the methylation calls should be constant across the length of the reads, there are often biases at both the 5' and 3' ends. This can be due to end-repair and decreasing read quality, among other reasons. For this reason, the methylated-C percentage of CpGs is calculated per read position and then plotted. As different strands may produce different biases, these metrics are calculated per strand. Likewise, the first and second read in each pair of paired-end reads often have different biases, so they are handled separately. The program used to compute M-bias metrics in Bison also performs filtering according to MAPQ and base Phred score in a manner identical to that in the methylation extractor.When bias, such as that seen in Figure 2, is found in a dataset, the methylation extractor that accompanies Bison can be instructed to ignore the affected portions of reads. As above, this ignored portion can depend on the strand to which a read aligns and, in the case of paired-end reads, on whether the read was the first or second in the pair. The program that produces the M-bias graphs prints suggested regions to ignore to the command line and labels the regions on the resulting graphs.
M-Bias plots are useful for quality control. The methylation level averaged per position in the reads should be nearly constant, but often shows bias at the 5′ and/or 3′ end of reads. The first (red) and second (blue) read in each pair is plotted separately. Likewise, results of reads mapping to the original top (OT, left) strand and original bottom (OB, right) are kept separate. When a non-directional library is used, graphs for the complementary to original top (CTOT) and complementary to original bottom (CTOB) are also produced. Vertical lines indicate the suggested bounds of the region for inclusion during methylation extraction.
To compare the performance of Bison/bison_herd against Bismark (version 0.10.0), BSmooth (version 0.8.1), BSMAP (version 2.74), BS-Seeker2 (version 2.0.3) and GNUMAP-bs (GNUMAP version 3.0.2), we simulated 20 million 50 bp paired-end reads from a directional library with typical error profiles using Sherman (http://www.bioinformatics.bbsrc.ac.uk/projects/sherman/). As these reads originated from known locations, we were able to assess not just the speed and resource requirements of each of the aligners, but also their accuracy. The results are presented in Tables 2 and 3 and Figure 3. As the output of bison_herd is identical to that of Bison, only Bison is included in Table 2. Using only reads that aligned with MAPQ scores of at least 10, as only these would be used for methylation calculations by default, Bison produced more correct and fewer incorrect alignments than Bismark. While BSmooth produced more correct alignments than Bison, it produced an equivalent increase in incorrect mappings, due to not recalculating MAPQ scores after determining to which strand each read (or pair, as is the case here) aligns. Other differences to BSmooth are due to Bison excluding from output reads that map equally well to multiple strands, as such alignments are highly inaccurate. Differences between the alignment accuracy of Bison and Bismark are due not only to recalculation of MAPQ scores by Bison, but also to incorporation of base quality scores in the calculation of alignment scores and Bismark's more conservative threshold for calling an alignment valid. BSMAP produced a similar percentage of correct alignments to Bison, but had higher numbers of incorrect alignments even after filtering non-uniquely aligned reads. BS-Seeker2 performed similarly to BSMAP when only uniquely aligned reads were output. While GNUMAP-bs purports to have higher accuracy than Bismark or BSmooth, this is an artifact of it producing multiple alignments for each read. If a read produces multiple equally good alignments, only the first of these is counted here, since including all of them, as was presumably done by the GNUMAP-bs authors, would produce meaningless metrics (e.g., an aligner could always produce perfectly correct alignments by simply outputting all conceivable alignments). A violin plot of the correct and incorrect mappings produced by each program as a function of MAPQ is show in Figure 3, with the correct and incorrect metrics scaled independently. Table 3 illustrates how both Bison and bison_herd have much higher performance than any of the other tested aligners, except for BSMAP, even when limited to the same hardware and using the same version of bowtie2 with similar settings and identical numbers of threads. While earlier versions of BSMAP had a similar alignment rate to Bismark, more recent versions seem vastly faster than any of the aligners when using the same hardware, though there is a notable commensurate decrease in accuracy.
Numbers in parentheses are metrics when only alignments with MAPQ > =10 are included, expect for BSMAP, where they indicate metrics using only uniquely aligned reads (using the "-r 0" option).
*All cores in the master node are used for the calculation, even though they will not all be in use. Values are generally ~290 read pairs per core per second if this is not done.
Bison produces more accurate results than BSmooth or GNUMAP-bs. The MAPQ density of correctly (red) and incorrectly (blue) aligned reads from the test dataset for alignments performed by Bison, BSmooth, and GNUMAP-bs. Bismark, BSMAP and BS-Seeker2 are not shown as they do not produce alignments with MAPQ scores. Scaling of the correct and incorrect metrics is performed separately, as the incorrect density would otherwise not be visible.
The accuracy of alignments produced by Bison and bison_herd are consistent with varying read lengths, Figure 4A and Table 4. It should be noted that the number of errors per read in these simulated datasets increases with read length, explaining the increase in discarded reads in the 100 and 150 bp datasets. The time required for alignments scales linearly with read length and is fairly stable with increasing numbers of available nodes, though this can become limited by the underlying MPI implementation and network architecture of the cluster, Figure 4B.
Bison's accuracy is consistent across read-length and its speed is generally consistent with increasing nodes. Sherman was used to generate simulated directional datasets of variable length, as described above. The accuracy of the resulting alignments is consistent regardless of read-length, A. The percentages in parentheses under each read-length label are the total percentage of aligned reads (from 20 million original reads). The speed with which bison_herd produces alignments decreases with increasing read-length, B. This rate, however, is generally consistent when increasing numbers of cluster nodes are used. Note that in the test dataset, the MPI overhead required to use 11 nodes with shorter reads was sufficient to over-tax the MPI implementation and network. When this will occur will vary by cluster.
Numbers in parentheses are metrics when only alignments with MAPQ > =10 are included.
We compared the various aligners on three publicly available datasets. ERR192350 is a whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) dataset using DNA from E6.5 mouse epiblasts and has 100 bp paired-end reads from a directional library . SRR306438 is a human WGBS dataset using DNA from human sperm and has 100 bp paired-end reads from a directional library . ERR034786 is a reduced-representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) dataset, using DNA from mouse sperm and has 40 bp paired-end reads from a non-directional library . Each of these datasets was quality and adapter trimmed prior to alignment. For the whole-genome datasets, Bison had a higher alignment speed (measured in read pairs per CPU core per second) than the other aligners except for BSMAP, Tables 5 and 6. Further, Bison aligned a higher percentage of reads than all but BSmooth, however, the latter output inaccurate alignments that can originate from either strand. We looked at how concordant the alignments produced by Bison are to those produced by the other aligners. Here, a pair of alignments is termed concordant if both have the same start coordinate. As can be seen in Figures 5 and 6, the overwhelming majority of alignments are concordant between Bison and the other aligners. Discordant alignments are typically those Bison gives a low MAPQ, indicating that they would normally be ignored by it during methylation level calculation. As many of the other aligners do not produce alignments with MAPQ scores, they would include these likely incorrect alignments in this process. Alignments produced only by the other aligners would generally have very low MAPQ scores if they had been output by Bison, again due to mapping equally well to multiple strands.
*Numbers in parentheses are metrics when only reads with MAPQ > =10 are included.
MAPQ distribution of concordant, discordant, and unique alignments produced by Bison and the other compared aligners on the mouse WGBS dataset. Reads from ERR192350 were aligned by both Bison and the other compared aligners (A, Bismark; B, BSMAP; C, BSmooth; D, BS-Seeker2; and E, GNUMAP-bs) and the resulting alignments compared according to the MAPQ score given to them by Bison. For alignments not reported by Bison, the MAPQ scores are what they would have been had Bison reported them. Alignments are considered concordant if both programs aligned them to the same position. Otherwise, they are considered discordant. Percentages below the labels are the percent of total mapped reads falling into each category.
MAPQ distribution on the human WGBS dataset. Reads from SRR306438 were aligned by Bison and the other compared aligners (A, Bismark; B, BSMAP; C, BSmooth; D, BS-Seeker2; and E, GNUMAP-bs) and the resulting alignments compared as in Figure 5.
For the mouse WGBS dataset, we marked duplicates using bison_markduplicates and removed duplicates using Bismark's deduplicate_bismark program to compare how Bison's duplicate finding method compares to that of Bismark. Bismark found 55,860,458 pairs of duplicate alignments from the ERR192350 alignment produced by Bismark. Bison's method marked 35,127,808 pairs of duplicate alignments from the same original file. The approximately 20 million fewer alignments marked as duplicates by Bison's method are due to differences in methylation state within the reads.
For RRBS datasets, Bison, BSMAP and BS-Seeker2 offer the possibility to map to an in silico generated reduced representation genome. The time requirements, mapping rate and percentage alignment of the various aligners is presented in Table 7. For RRBS, a typical question is not just what the alignment rate is, but also how CpG coverage varies by aligner. As indicated in Table 1, Bison, Bismark and BSmooth can produce methylation-bias graphs and information from these was incorporated when calculating methylation levels from alignments produced by these aligners. Similarly, both Bison and BSmooth allow filtering methylation calls by both base Phred score and alignment MAPQ and both of those were utilized (the default for Bison is a minimum MAPQ score of 10 and a minimum Phred score of 5, so that was used for BSmooth as well). CpG coverage metrics are plotted in Figure 7 and shown in Table 8. For reference, there are 1,471,973 CpGs in the mm9 mouse reference genome sequence. Bison generally produces higher CpG coverage than the other aligners. BS-Seeker2 produces higher coverage than Bison, though this is likely due to it not filtering methylation calls by MAPQ and Phred score. It should be noted that GNUMAP-bs spreads fractional methylation calls arising from a single read across multiple positions, inflating its coverage metrics. The Pearson's correlation of the methylation percentage and coverage produced by each aligner is shown in Figure 7. Only CpGs covered by both aligners are included in each comparison. The bowtie2-based aligners produce the most similar results, unsurprisingly. BS-Seeker2 and GNUMAP-bs are notable outliers, likely due to their low percentage alignment.
Methylation percentage and coverage comparison using the RRBS dataset. The Pearson's correlation coefficients of the per-CpG estimated methylation percentages produced by each aligner are generally high, A, upper triangle. The correspondence between GNUMAP-bs and BS-Seeker2 and the other aligners, however, is notably lower, possibly due to their lower alignment rate. The Pearson's correlation coefficients of the per-CpG coverage, A, lower triangle, is also generally high. The number of CpGs with a given coverage decreases rapidly as a function of coverage regardless of aligner, B. Note that CpGs with 251 or greater methylation calls are binned together. This binning produces the large spike at 251x coverage, which is likely due to PCR duplication.
While Bison produces alignments more quickly than the other tested aligners, except for BSMAP, and had higher accuracy in the simulated dataset, there are still cases for which its use is less ideal. Bison does not handle color-space reads, which Bismark, for example, can handle easily. As Bison uses bowtie2 for alignment, its accuracy and speed are limited to that afforded by bowtie2. Furthermore, as Bison utilizes MPI and requires compilation, its setup is more complicated than aligners like Bismark or BSmooth, making it a less attractive option for small-scale or one-off experiments. Finally, while Bison can process targeted bisulfite sequencing datasets (e.g., those produced with Agilent's SureSelect MethylSeq kits), the alignment process is not optimized to exploit the expected strand-bias of these datasets.
Bison and bison_herd enable rapid and accurate alignment of BS-seq reads, such as those produced by the Illumina HiSeq. Both have equivalent to superior accuracy when compared to many previously published aligners. These programs also make performing quality control of the resulting mapped reads simple. As computer clusters are becoming increasingly prevalent in research settings, the speed of these tools removes the time-burden of alignment and simplifies the process of creating alignment pipelines, allowing the researcher to begin statistically analyzing experiments in a fraction of the time previously required. The open source nature of these programs and their usage of standard formats enable further adaptation and extension by end-users.
The authors would like to thank Meeshanthini Dogan from the University of Iowa for contributing one of the example datasets included in the Bison tutorial. We would also like to thank Daniel Bayer for assistance in coming up with the Bison name.
DPR conceived and implemented the program. DE provided oversight and resources. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.


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/en/n-956-cernogoria-i-albania-dolzny-rabotat-vmeste-ctoby-ponat-potencial-skadarskogo-ozera
Montenegro and Albania should cooperate in the field of tourism, and not be competitors ...
23.11.2018 10:00 2837 10 0
Montenegro and Albania, as the neighboring countries of the Balkan region, should cooperate in the field of tourism and jointly promote their offers on the world market, and not be competitors, said the Minister of Sustainable Development and Tourism of Montenegro, Pavel Radulović and the new Ambassador of Albania to Montenegro, Ridi Kurtezi.
The Ministry of Tourism of Montenegro reported that P. Radulovic and R. Kurtesi discussed further relations between Montenegro and Albania, as well as opportunities for deepening economic and cross-border cooperation between the two neighboring countries.
"The interlocutors agreed that cooperation in the field of tourism is crucial and that the countries of the Balkan region, including Montenegro and Albania, should jointly advance in the world market, and not be competitors," the statement said.
Also, Pavel Radulovich said that Skadar Lake and the National Park Prokletije are those areas in which there is a huge potential for tourism and they can be used to the maximum thanks to the close cooperation of two countries - Montenegro and Albania.
The meeting also discussed the latest agreements on the possible construction of small hydropower plants on the river Cievna in the Albanian part.
"The Ministry sent an official letter to the Albanian side requesting the submission of relevant documentation for the construction of hydropower plants in accordance with the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment," the statement added. Reedy Kurtezi reported that the Albanian side respects this international agreement, initiated by the UN Economic Commission for Europe, and will send the requested documentation to Montenegro.
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Athletes from Montenegro took part in the opening of the XXIII Winter Olympic Games
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The first flight Dubai-Sarajevo-Podgorica from FLYDUBAI
FLYDUBAI airline carried out the first plane on the route Dubai-Sarajevo-Podgorica, the airport of Montenegro reported. "Thanks to the signed agreement, Podgorica joined the network of the...
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All the ski resorts in Montenegro are ready for the winter season, and most of the hotels in Montenegro have already been booked for New Year and Christmas holidays. "This year, in addition to...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


WIDOWATI, Dyah. SIMULATION MODULE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT SKILLS to IMPROVE BUSINESS MANAGERIAL STUDENTS PRODI ADMINISTRATION in NSC POLITEKNIK SURABAYA. Jurnal of Applied Management and Administration Science, [S.l.], v. 1, n. 1 July, p. 14-19, nov. 2018. ISSN 2599-1884. Available at: <https://nscpolteksby.ac.id/ejournal/index.php/jamas/article/view/79>. Date accessed: 22 apr. 2019.


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We're celebrating mothers with a t-shirt giveaway as we celebrate our book, It's Momplicated!
Alsdorf, founder of Design4Living Ministries, teams up with marriage and family therapist Edwards Kay in this compassionate exploration of the relationships between mothers and daughters. Looking at both their own lives and the anonymous case studies of others, the authors interweave self-assessments, personal stories, and prayers to encourage readers to identify and reflect on past traumas that might still require healing. Close attention is paid to early childhood attachment styles and their potential effects on a woman's behaviors, choices, and feelings later in life. The authors also encourage readers to look beyond early negative experiences and to place them in a context of larger meaning, and provide a six-step approach to changing false beliefs and unhealthy patterns: pray, identify core lies, explore their impact, apply God's truth, acknowledge the good, and live out of one's spirit-led self. With gentleness and acuity, Alsdorf and Edwards Kay provide insight to Christian women looking to turn past tribulations and pain into redemption and peace.


text:
> Home > Soccer > Team > San Carlos
3 Oct 00:00 crP Mu Pere Zel San Carlos 3.00 3.40 2.54 | 1.96 2.00 1-1 (0-0)
13 Oct 01:00 crP San Carlos Cartagines 2.30 3.30 2.94 | 1.80 2.14 0-1 (0-1) 1
17 Oct 21:00 crP ADR Jicaral San Carlos 2.04 3.60 3.20 | 1.96 1.84 0-4 (0-1) 3
23 Oct 02:00 crP San Carlos CS Herediano 2.80 3.40 2.90 | 1.94 2.00 0-0 (0-0)
28 Oct 02:00 crP San Carlos Sp San Jose 2.26 3.65 3.40 | 2.05 1.89 3-1 (1-1) 1
1 Nov 20:00 crP Guanacasteca San Carlos 3.15 3.35 2.50 | 1.78 2.22 0-1 (0-0)
20 Nov 23:00 crP San Carlos Sant Guapiles 2.36 3.75 3.15 | 2.04 1.94 2-4 (0-3)
24 Nov 02:00 crP Dep Saprissa San Carlos 1.43 5.20 8.40 | 2.34 1.70 3-0 (0-0)
28 Nov 00:00 crP San Carlos Grecia 2.18 3.60 3.55 | 1.92 2.00 1-3 (1-2)
16 Jan 22:00 crP Dep Saprissa San Carlos 1.68 4.00 5.50 | 2.16 1.84 1-2 (0-1)
17 Jan 22 07:06 Thomas Tuchel sends clear Chelsea transfer message after seeing title hopes ended | Mirror
17 Jan 22 07:00 Six things you missed from the Premier League weekend including another Jadon Sancho snub | Mirror
17 Jan 22 06:18 Transfer news LIVE: Arsenal in Vlahovic and Tielemans boost as Man Utd linked with Dybala | Mirror
17 Jan 22 06:00 Tim Sherwood notices Jordan Henderson's sly move during Liverpool's win over Brentford | Mirror
17 Jan 22 06:00 Liverpool fans show football's fickle nature as Jurgen Klopp focuses on what's next | Mirror
17 Jan 22 05:30 Mikel Arteta deploys Arsenal's secret weapon in Dusan Vlahovic transfer talks | Mirror
17 Jan 22 05:15 Man Utd transfer round-up: 'Surprising' Erling Haaland update, Jesse Lingard sent advice | Mirror
17 Jan 22 05:00 Arsenal transfer round-up: Dusan Vlahovic nears exit as fresh Arthur talks planned | Mirror
17 Jan 22 04:00 Liverpool transfer round-up: Reds could swoop for Barcelona duo but handed Raphinha blow | Mirror
17 Jan 22 03:30 Chelsea transfer gossip: Barcelona's Frenkie de Jong and Ronald Araujo on Blues radar | Mirror
17 Jan 22 03:00 Man City transfer gossip: Erling Haaland update as Southampton star targeted | Mirror
17 Jan 22 02:30 Thomas Tuchel is in danger of a slump unless Chelsea can break a bad cycle | Independent.ie
Costa Rica Primera Spring 2022
1 Alajuelense 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 +1 1.00
2 San Carlos 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 3 +1 3.00
3 Cartagines 2 1 0 1 4 4 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 3 0 4.00
4 Guadalupe 2 1 0 1 3 3 1 1 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 3 0 3.00
5 Grecia 2 0 2 0 2 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 0 2.00
6 CS Herediano 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 2.00
7 Mu Pere Zel 2 0 1 1 2 3 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 -1 2.50
8 ADR Jicaral 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
9 Guanacasteca 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
10 Sp San Jose 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
11 Sant Guapiles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
12 Dep Saprissa 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 3.00


Before fall practice begins Aug. 3, the Memphis coaching staff went on a retreat to plan for the 2018 season and reinforce staff unity.
Every summer for one day, the Memphis coaching staff gathers somewhere to plot what lies ahead.
It's an annual retreat coach Mike Norvell has done to not only build staff unity but also get one last chance to relax before fall practice begins Aug. 3.
"For all of us to have a getaway and focus on our vision and our plan of attack for the next 365 days, it's a lot of fun," Norvell said.
The retreat took on greater value this year with the addition of five new assistant coaches. As much as the spring helped them get on the same page, it was important to make sure they stayed there with a pivotal year coming up.
Norvell has won 18 games in his first two seasons, and Memphis earned national respect being ranked most of last year. The Tigers have even higher expectations after being picked to win the AAC West this week in the preseason media poll.
That made it even more important for the coaches to get away and refocus on their mission the same way they demand it from their players.
The continuity is important, especially with three new assistants on the offensive side in wide receivers coach Desmond Lindsey, tight ends/associate head coach Will Hall and running backs coach Anthony Jones, who joined the team for the Liberty Bowl against Iowa State.
On defense, defensive backs coach TJ Rushing and inside linebackers coach Scott Symons were added to a group that looks to remain one of the nation's best in creating turnovers but improve from being among the nation's worst in pass defense.
Norvell said that even in the spring, he saw the chemistry begin developing with his staff immediately and said the retreat further validated that he made the right hires.
It's a confidence that has him ready to begin his third year at the helm and trusting the work he's done the previous two will continue despite the staff changes.
"I knew with the group I hired that I had the right guys and that was something that I believed in. Every day they prove me right," Norvell said.


Livingston County Chiropractic provides the most comprehensive and caring environment for your arthritis pain relief and joint pain treatment. Chiropractic care operates in conjunction with your body's natural ability to heal. Arthritis joint pain can be relieved through chiropractic adjustments which help decrease symptoms of arthritis. We use a variety of techniques to work with your unique arthritis condition to find the approach that brings the most joint pain relief. For over 15 years, Livingston Chiropractic has been trusted by our patients in and around Chenoa.
In McLean County, Illinois the city of Chenoa was initially founded to provide a trade center for retail in the 1800's. As it is conveniently located at what is presently the intersections of Interstate 55, Route 66, and U.S. Route 24. With approximately 1,800 residents, Chenoa is a thriving small city about 110 miles southwest of Chicago. Livingston Chiropractic nearby Chenoa offers options for arthritis pain relief in a comfortable environment with a comprehensive plan specified to your arthritis and joint pain concerns.
At Livingston Chiropractic we want you to be a participant in your joint pain relief and overall health care needs. At your consultation we will discuss all treatment options and how chiropractic care can help relieve arthritis joint pain. Our professional staff will assist you with the initial paperwork and can even provide complimentary insurance verification or go over a flexible payment plan for your specific arthritis pain relief treatment. If you are ready for joint pain relief, call Livingston County Chiropractic at (815) 844-4631 to schedule your appointment.


Capable roadside hotel with some of the comfiest beds in Stafford. The Premier Inn adds a dash of purple magic to your stay in Staffordshire.
If you have meetings and appointments planned at the nearby Tollgate Industrial Estate, this couldn't be better placed. Located very practically off Junction 14 of the M6, the Premier Inn Stafford North Spitfire offers the kind of affordable yet comfortable accommodation that those with busy schedules tend to favour. There's no frills, no gimmick just the absolute necessities. In the hands of other chains this can often produce a less than favourable outcome, but the big and purply motel giant are above average players in this particular market and the amenities, though basic, are always first-class.
As with most other members in the group, the Premier Inn offers ample free parking, 24-hour reception and family-friendly guest rooms.
The good news for those with young families in tow is that children get a free full breakfast, when accompanied by an adult eating a full breakfast. The all-you-can-eat breakfast includes cooked items, vegetarian options and a wide continental selection.


Students are to be given the chance to earn NCEA credits by obtaining driver licences, Education Minister Hekia Parata and Associate Transport Minister Craig Foss announced today.
"Too many young people are missing out on jobs because they don't have a licence and too many others are entering the courts system because they are driving without licences," says Ms Parata.
She says schools and tertiary education providers will not be obliged to include driver training in their curricula, but many will find doing so makes learning more relevant for students.
The granting of licences will remain the responsibility of the relevant driver licensing agents.
Students will be able to gain 2 credits towards NCEA Level 1 by passing the learner licence theory test, 4 credits towards NCEA Level 2 by earning a restricted licence and a further 2 credits towards NCEA Level 2 by gaining a full licence. The administrative systems to support this change will be in place from April 1 next year.
Mr Foss says a major benefit of the initiative, which a Government inter-agency group has been working on for the past 12 months, will be to open up employment opportunities for young people.
"Employers are telling us that not having a driving licence is holding many 16-24 year olds back. Removing barriers that some young people face in gaining their licence is an ongoing focus for the Government.
"One way we can help is to assist young people to obtain a licence as part of their NCEA aspirations.
"Assisting young people to undertake driver education and training will also support young drivers to become safer on our roads," says Mr Foss.


I am SO happy to see Marianna and her husband back with Travelers Journey. I wondered what happened with them since I didn't see them on HSN for some time. I always LOVED their jewelry. Will continue to purchase their exquisite designs !!!
I'm happy to see them back, they always have a lot of really pretty and unique designs.
Hi smellgreat. The Jacobs left HSN and were with Evine under the name of Offerings. Recently I saw where all their jewelry was on sale and hoped and prayed they were returning to HSN. Like you, I really enjoy their designs especially the drusy. Unfortunately I missed their show and consequently went on waitlist. By the way, they do have a website on line under their original name of Sajen Silver.


You don't really need an excuse to stop and admire this gorgeous bridge, but there is another reason apart from the sheer beauty of it.
Catia from Giocondo has opened a wonderful shop where you can buy products from her agriturismo in Lugliano. It is opposite the bridge and there is parking beside the bridge.
Click here to see more about Catia…she is a very busy woman.
This entry was posted in Eating in Bagni di Lucca and tagged Bagni di Lucca, food, Giocondo agriturismo, Italy, local produce, photography, Ponte Maddelena, travel by Debra Kolkka. Bookmark the permalink.
It looks great and I will certainly top by. I wish Catia lots of success.
Catia's products are great. I bought some of her delicious salami and her dried tomatoes. She also does fresh sausages and I will be trying this next time I call in.
We drove by that bridge a few years ago, at exactly this time of year, and I recall looking at the little row of houses and shops and thinking that everything would be closed up so we didn't stop. Now I wish we had! Next time I will.
I wish she had opened in Ponte a Serraglio, but that is selfish.
Italians, masters of food. I envy this kind of trips, it must be marvelous. Happy Easter.
We certainly don't go hungry here.
Great place to open a business – no lack of 'passing trade'!
Lots of people stop at the bridge. She also does tastings for tour groups.
I will be in Bagni di Lucca in July and will make it a point to stop there on my way to Gombereto.
It is not far away from Ponte.
Catia does a great job.
Looks like a great shop! I have been to that bridge twice and hope to get back there again. If I do, I'll definitely head into the shop.
It is a great addition to the bridge area.
I have a little house in Verni and when we visit we have made it tradition to stop and climb the bridge… It reminds us we are nearly there and we love the traditional tale. We used to share this with our children and although they have grown it always sevens to work its magic and make us smile. We have more photos of it than I would like to admit… Early morning, evening, night time , during the rain… You name it!
We will return to Verni in May for a week and will definitely stop and shop….
Thank you for your wonderful blog….
Sisto lives directly below our house in Vergemoli and I love it when he plays his music. Did you visit his house? Did you know he is 80? We were delighted the day we went to Verni and Trassilico and could hear his music.
Unfortunately we didn't get to meet him – he must be quite an eccentric character. We love the music, it really conjures up the summer for us.
Unfortunately, or should I say fortunately, you are not able to drive down to it, it's necessary to leave the car on the road and have a little hike. We have just had a pool built and will use it for the first time this summer which is going to be very exciting as we normally swim in Barga.
Have you eaten at the Agroturismo in Verni – it is run by Sylvia who is, as I write about 8 months pregnant and is a most amazing cook… she has themed nights – does lots of foraging and the setting is delightful. If you haven't already experienced it I would recommend that you add it to your to do list this summer.
Lovely to eventually catch up… I have been taking notes on places to visit for a while.
He is eccentric in the nicest possible way. His house is also amazing and he doesn't seem to mind visitors. I have not been to the restaurant, but I will certainly look for it. We don't have a pool at Casa Debbio and we won't be putting one in, but we do have a spring which runs all year and I hope to have a place where we can sit under the water somehow…a work in progress.
We have watched with interest as your house developed…. Ours was already converted ( previously a barn) … We decided to go for the swimming pool but not sure it was such a wise decision as I feel that it may end up being more work than we ever envisaged… You'll have to come and visit if you are around in the summer… We both teach and so have a long summer break which we can spend in Verni..
I look forward to the water feature…. In progress!


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SIA orders 20 777Xs and 19 787-10s
By Aaron Chong2017-02-09T09:35:00+00:00
Singapore Airlines is set to place a firm order for 20 Boeing 777-9s and 19 787-10s, after agreeing a letter of intent with Boeing.
The airline has confirmed the deal, valued at $13.8 billion, which includes six options for each type. If exercised, it will bring the total to as many as 51 aircraft.
The 777-9s will be delivered from 2021 onwards, while the 787-10s will start to arrive a year earlier. SIA will also have the option to substitute the 787-10 orders for other variants of the 787 family.
SIA says the 777-9s will be primarily used on long-haul routes, while the 787-10s will be operated on medium-range routes. It has chosen the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 to power the 787s, while the General Electric GE9X remains the sole powerplant on offer for the 777X.
"Today's major order for widebody aircraft enables us to continue operating a modern and fuel-efficient fleet, providing the SIA Group with additional expansion opportunities to ensure that we retain our industry-leading position," said SIA chief executive Goh Choon Phong.
"We are continuing to invest for the future of the SIA Group. This order is also another demonstration of our commitment to further growing the Singapore hub, as we will be able to offer even more travel options for our customers."
SIA is already a launch customer for the 787-10, having placed an initial order in 2013 for 30 due for delivery from 2018 onwards. Flight Fleets Analyzer shows that SIA operates a fleet of 109 aircraft and has another 57 Airbus A350-900s on order.
More Orders & Deliveries
CMA CGM second to commit to A350 freighter
French logistics firm CMA CGM Group has become the second customer for the new Airbus A350 freighter after signing a memorandum of understanding covering the purchase of four of the type.
GE to close GECAS sale to AerCap on 1 November
General Electric expects to complete the sale of its GECAS unit to Irish aircraft lessor AerCap Holdings on 1 November.
Why two aircraft lessors have not jumped into the electric-aircraft craze
Some top aircraft lessors remain unconvinced about the viability of electric passenger aircraft and whether in-development air taxis and other first-generation electric types even fit within their leasing business models.


text:
Department of Criminal Justice
A.S. in Law Enforcement
The following curriculum is offered to better assist law enforcement officers in the performance of their duties. The A.S. degree program requires a minimum of 60 hours, 20 of which must be sophomore level (2000 level) or above. All of the 60 hours may be applied to a 120 semester hour Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree. The Associate of Arts may be completed in four semesters of full-time work (two years).
General Education Requirements:
MATH 1302, College Algebra, or MATH 1315, College Math
RHET 1311, Composition I
RHET 1312, Composition II
POLS 1310, American National Government
SPCH 1300, Speech Communication
Pattern Requirements:
Three (3) semester hours from among the following courses:
JOUR 2330, Mass Media and Society
SOCI 2300, Introduction to Sociology
PSYC 2300, Psychology & the Human Experience
Required Courses for the A.S. Degree:
CRJU 2300 – Introduction to Criminal Justice, CRJU 3304 – Police and Society, plus nine (9) hours chosen from 3000 and 4000 level Criminal Justice courses. At least nine (9) hours must be taken within the Department.
Electives:
Twenty-nine (29) hours to be selected in consultation with an advisor. Students who may pursue a bachelor's degree at a later date are advised to select their electives from the UALR core.
Students who are contemplating study for the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree after obtaining an A.S. degree should be advised of the pattern requirements. They include:
English 2337, 2338 or Philosophy 2320;
A foreign language fluency of no more than nine (9) hours;
Six (6) hours of fine arts courses;
Eight (8) hours of laboratory science;
History 1311 and 1312; and,
Six (6) hours of introductory social sciences courses.
At least forty-five (45) hours of upper level (3000 and 4000 level) courses are required. A thirty (30) hour major and an eighteen (18) hour minor are also required.
For further information consult the Undergraduate Catalog or contact the Department of Criminal Justice at (501) 569-3195.
Benefits of a Bachelor's Degree in CJ
College provides a sterile learning environment in which to hone and perfect invaluable skills required in all criminal justice fields. Report writing, for example, is a major component of any criminal justice job.
Ross Hall 5th Floor
888.311.6831 (toll-free)
Email: cjdept@ualr.edu
The Rap Sheet
Check out the newest edition of the Criminal Justice Department's annual newsletter.


text:
require_relative '../item'

module Gemwarrior
  class Tent < Item
    def initialize
      super

      self.name           = 'tent'
      self.name_display   = 'Tent'
      self.description    = 'A magical, two-room suite pops up when you flick this otherwise folded piece of canvas just right, perfect for a night\'s rest.'
      self.takeable       = true
      self.number_of_uses = 5
    end

    def use(world)
      { type: 'tent', data: self.number_of_uses }
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Time to snag a bargain on this nice looking 4 bedroom 2 bathroom raised ranch home in small quiet town in Saint Genevieve County Missouri. The exterior of this home is clean and maintenance free with metal roof, vinyl siding, decorative bricked foundation, and attached carport. With mostly a cosmetic face lift throughout, the spacious interior can easily be updated on a budget making this property a great buy or a great flip!
0.29 Acres |5002215 Sq. Ft.
I am interested in 838 Spruce St, Saint Mary, MO 63673.


This is my latest original track "Watch Me Fly" from my forthcoming album "Somewhere Near Saturn (Volume One)".
This track is a tribute to one of my favorite groups, Tosca. These two guys from Europe have had a very large influence on me musically, so I wanted to do something that sounded like their work. I hope I pulled it off, but they are way better at this than I.
This was recorded and mixed/mas on on iMac Pro using Logic Pro X and an assortment of loops and synths. The voice is me.
I like this especially the double bass (is it actually a double bass?). I think I'll listen to some Tosca on the basis of this.
Try the song Outta Here and John Lee Huber. They were the reference songs that I got the idea from. They WAAAAAY better at this that I am.


Explore Malta's history, culture, sightseeing and nightlife before unwinding within our tranquil gardens while saving 30% on your room rate.
Embark on a gastronomical journey, from the Mediterranean to the Far East, or travel back in time at the Caprice Lounge. Sink into blissful repose by our pool, or see more of Malta with a courtesy bus service is available to and from Valletta, St Julians and the Malta Golf Course.


text:
Zoram Nationalist Party, India
Keywords: zoram nationalist party |
image by by Jaume Ollé, 11 August 2004
Source: Flag Report
Description of the sun flag
Description of the disk flag
Indian Political Parties
The Zoram Nationalist Party, which was formed in 1997 after the split from the Mizo National Front, uses twelve-pointed star (or sun) as its electoral symbol, so it is very probable that the flag is already adopted as Jaume shows. I tried to get info from the party HQ, but so far to no avail.
Chrystian Kretowicz, 2 October 2003
Some time ago I posted a image of the supposed Zoram Nationalist Party: white flag with a red sun like a star of 12 rays. The image was a reconstruction according to a written description researched by Chrystian Kretowicz. An article about this topic was published in issue 36 of Flag Report. Later, while I was printing the list of political symbols in India, I noticed that the ZNP has as its symbol a red sun without rays. I found a photo of the flag that is very similar to the Japanese national flag but square: a white flag with a red sun (1/3), no rays.
Notice that some parties in India have two flags: the party flag and the electoral flag, both similar but the latter one bearing the election symbol, while the party flag does not always have the electoral symbol on it. It is also possible that the party changed its electoral symbol.
Jaume Ollé, 11 August 2004
image by Tomislav Todorovic, 17 September 2012
The party Constitution:
http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/mis-Political_Parties/Constitution_of_Political_Parties%5CConstitution_of_Zoram%20Nationalist%20Party.pdf describes the party symbolism as follows:
CHAPTER - 1
NAME, SYMBOL & FLAG OF THE PARTY
1. The name of this party shall be 'Zoram Nationalist Party'.
2. The emblem and election symbol of the party shall be The Sun.
3. The flag shall be of White colour with the party's emblem at the centre.
It shall be noted that the party seal, which is imprinted on the first page of the above text scan, clearly shows the sun disc as its central charge. The same form of the sun is defined as the election symbol of by the Election Commission of India:
http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/HandBooks/HANDBOOK%20OF%20SYMBOLS.pdf
Two photos of the waving flag can be seen here and here, as well as a photo of two flags used as the table decoration at an official gathering here (all images saved from the party website - see above). Although that the site is no longer available online, the latest available info on election symbols assignment:
http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/Notification_symbol_29122011.pdf still lists the "sun (without rays)" as the election symbol of Zoram Nationalist Party, so the party probably still exists.
Tomislav Todorovic, 17 September 2012


Just a little something from my sketchbook.
Now I'm not up north very often, book launches here for graphic novels happen less often, and book launches for New Zealand graphic novels happen even less often. I almost peed my pants when I realised I'd still be in town for it.
Of course I went and mostly stood in the corner feeling nervous and overwhelmed. Joe quite happily wandered around picking up books and looking at the panels of Hickville for sale on the wall. But, it was awesome.
I picked up a nice stash; the NZ edition of Hicksville (wonderfully signed by Dylan Horrocks), Hunter and Painter by Tom Gauld, and Jessica's Rival (an issue of Jessica of the Schoolyard by the Comic Book Factory – I seriously heart these guys).
Tagged books, comic book radness, i'm lucky, kiwi comics, Oh look this is awesome!
As promised: our finished newsletter!


text:
coltene.com
kol-nam.coltene.com
Digital and Bioactive Technologies in Endodontics
Dr. Adham Adel Azim
New philosophies in surgical endodontic treatment
The success rate of endodontic surgery has shown significant improvement over the past two decades. To this day, many clinicians consider endodontic surgery as the last resort for saving an endodontically treated teeth and often present the outcome as guarded to the patients. If the need of endodontic surgery is combined with a compromised periodontal or restorative condition, extraction is often recommended and implant placement is advocated.
Discuss the best evidence available regarding micro-surgical endodontics and factors contributing to its long-term success
Review new considerations in planning and dealing with complicated surgical cases to restore the supporting structure and provide a predictable outcome
Biography - Dr. Adham Adel Azim
Dr. Azim is the Division Head & Director of the Endodontic Post-Graduate Program at the University at Buffalo (UB) in New York and he maintains a private practice limited to Endodontics. He is also the Founder and Chief Editor of Endolit.
Dr. Azim earned his BDS from Cairo University, where he also did his endodontic training. He practiced as an Endodontist in Cairo for a few years in several private practices and his own clinic. In 2010, he joined the Endodontic Post-Doctoral program at Columbia University, where he was first a resident and later a part-time faculty. Dr. Azim later joined the Endodontic Department at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center where he worked as an Assistant Professor.
Dr. Azim is a Diplomate of the American Board of Endodontics. He has lectured all over the world and has been awarded several times for his research work including the 1st prize in the American Association of Endodontics research Award Competition (Boston 2012) and 1st prize in the Pan Arab Endodontic Conference (Dubai 2012). He has numerous publication in peer-reviewed journals. He is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Journal of Endodontics. He is also a reviewer for multiple other Endodontic journals such as International Endodontic Journal and Journal of Dental Traumatology.
Evening Welcome Reception
6.00 pm - Cocktails
7.00 pm - Dinner to Follow
8.30 am - Endo Day
"Digital and Bioactive Technologies in Endodontics"
Chairman: Dr. Adham Adel Azim
8.30 am - Resto Day
"Adhesive Technology Innovations for Esthetic Dentistry"
Chairman: Dr. Dennis Fasbinder
Don't miss your chance to attend one of the most exciting CE events of 2018! Sign up now to reserve your spot by clicking on the link below.
© 2020 COLTENE Group - All rights reserved


Twenty-one aviation organizations are urging U.S. NTSB chairman Christopher Hart to convey that general aviation is one of the safest modes of transportation. Last week, the organizations wrote to the chairman expressing concerns about a recent NBC news segment that highlighted NTSB data to question general aviation safety, the groups said.
The organizations noted that from 2008 to 2014, general aviation aircraft accidents resulted in 3,628 fatalities. This compares with 277,310 automobile accident fatalities; 38,343 fatalities on motorcycles; 5,561 on bicycles; and 5,831 fatalities in recreational boating accidents.
The associations stressed that the NTSB has an "inherent responsibility" to provide a comprehensive view of safety trends and outline the improvements in general aviation safety over the years.


text:
Here for a Season and a Career
The history of television, Jeff Bridges, and Amazon's propaganda machine.
Alex Sayf Cummings December 9, 2021 1980s, 2000s, class, labor, Popular culture, television
Shake That Cola, Make That COLA!: The UC Santa Cruz Wildcat Strike and the Shape of What's To Come
Irony prevails when the person formerly in charge of the Empire's security apparatus, which kidnapped and deported upwards of 2 million people under her reign, is now threatening to fire a bunch of bookworms and science enthusiasts for withholding grades.
troytalkshow February 21, 2020 academia, Academic job market, California, Education, labor, teaching
The Future Is a Land of Contrasts
Butt implants, labor victories, and celibate mice make for a weird week.
Casey Baskin November 7, 2019 Aneurysms, Best of, gender, Japan, labor, South America, the body, transgender
Homeownership Is Not Great, and Renting Sucks. Is There an Alternative?
Historian Kristin Szylvian schools us about the forgotten history of mutual housing in America
Guest September 29, 2019 Doomed to Repeat, Housing, SACRPH, Urban History, urban studies
Interracial Coalitions and the Hawaiian Sugar Strike of 1946
A divide-and-conquer strategy for plantation labor led to the building of an extraordinary interracial coalition in Hawaii, argues historian Miyako Martinez.
Miyako Martinez July 15, 2019 Asian American history, Asian Americans, Asian Pacific American Heritage Month, capitalism, Hawaii, immigration, labor, Philippines, race
Your Nightmares Only Need a Year or Two to Unfold: This Week's Best-Of
Life often gives us unlikely symmetries. We see Wisconsin, Michigan, and North Carolina falling into a diligently designed […]
Guest December 12, 2018 Best of, Germany, Housing, labor, science, transgender
Money for Nothing & Your Clicks for Free: Catherine Fisk on the History of Writers and Organized Labor
Many Americans might assume that copyright is a simple equation: someone creates a work, and then they own […]
Alex Sayf Cummings October 8, 2018 book reviews, film, intellectual property, labor, law, writing
Blasey Ford and the Baying Pack at the Door
The horrifying Kavanaugh saga seems to be hurtling toward its inevitable conclusion: an emotionally unstable alcoholic and rapist getting to make decisions about the lives of hundreds of millions of people for the next 50 years. It remains possible that three Republican Senators will find it within them to follow whatever inner convictions they possess and do something decent and courageous — but we're not holding our breaths.
Whatever the outcome, the historical facts will not really change. America is not only the country that would bully and humiliate Anita Hill in order to elevate a — let's be honest — unqualified man to the Supreme Court. It is not only the country that could somehow, against all comprehension, elect an aphasic rich-boy bigot who never did anything in his life to the White House, after hearing him malign whole races of people and brag about committing sexual assault. Maybe that last one, we could convince ourselves, was just a fluke of world-historical proportions.
No — we are the country that will most likely appoint an unhinged man to the Supreme Court, after hearing the gut-wrenching testimony of but one of his victims; the country whose president just led a raucous rally to mock the victim's trauma, to the uproarious laughter of his followers; the country where Dr. Christine Blasey Ford's courageous and harrowing account actually increased voter enthusiasm among the pro-life, pro-rape constituency of the GOP.
"Trump that bitch," indeed. This is where we are.
Dr. Blasey Ford has heard the baying pack of misogynists and fanatics at her door; perhaps the unfolding of all this has been even worse than she feared before coming forward, perhaps not. But she is the only person in this whole grotesque circus who demonstrated the dignity and bravery and steadfastness of heart that we hope still remains somewhere in the American character, hidden and muffled as it may be by the barking of the dogs.
Having said all that, we have much to share in our weekly round-up: excellent journalism and fascinating stories that were being published even as this unfortunate week of news paraded past. We have stories of people trying to solve real problems: the unjust conditions of freelancers and graduate student employees; efforts to empower workers and solving the endemic problems they face, such as finding housing or making bail; ways to build a better economy. Then there is an underwater tour Lake Tahoe, plus Frank Lloyd Wright and his crazy cars.
My Rapist Apologized (Atlantic)
A Story Told Twice: 18 Years Ago, Graduate Students Tried to Unionize (Columbia Spectator)
The Real Cost of Working in the House of Mouse (Topic)
How Unions Can Solve the Housing Crisis (In These Times)
In North Carolina, co-ops are building a more democratic economy (Facing South)
Don't Mess With the Jiu-jitsu Suffragettes (Messy Nessy Chic)
To Hurray for the Riff Raff's Alynda Segarra, the personal is political (Los Angeles Times)
Assisting the Poor to Make Bail Helps Everyone (NYT)
Going It Solo: The Complicated Financial Lives Of Freelancers (NPR)
This Podcast Can't Legally Tell You Amway Is a Pyramid Scheme (Vanity Fair)
We Subconsciously Punish People Who Seem Too Nice (Tonic)
New trail gives underwater peek of Tahoe's past (CNN)
Frank Lloyd Wright's Lincoln Continental (Car Design News)
A New Magnesium Alloy Developed in Japan – Light, Strong, and Flame-Resistant! (NHK Science View – because why not?)
Alex Sayf Cummings October 4, 2018 Aneurysms, Best of, conservatism, Donald Trump, feminism, gender, labor, more conservatism


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"I refuse to be the ashes": Jennifer Garner and Jennifer Lopez Hated Ben Affleck For His Weird Choice, Joined Forces to Make Him Get Rid of It
Tulika Shreshthi
Even though celebrities generally do an excellent job of remaining diplomatic and avoiding pointed questions involving their ex-partners, both Jennifer Garner and Jennifer Lopez offered the same insight to a certain extent into Ben Affleck's weird choices, bad habits, and body adornment, including his giant tattoo on his back. As Ben Affleck appeared on the Los Angeles set of Live By Night in 2015 wearing a gaping hospital gown, he revealed a surprisingly large back tattoo, which quite shocked his fans and gave a glimpse of his interest then.
The Batman actor married Jennifer Garner in 2005 and finalized his divorce in 2018 with her. He later married his old love Jennifer Lopez in 2022. When in December 2015, the 50-year-old actor revealed his back tattoo, his then-wife Jennifer Garner already announced her divorce from the actor in June 2015. Regardless of how long their relationship lasted, the two Jennifers seemed somewhat upset by Ben Affleck's strange interests and habits during their relationship.
Also Read: 'He's booked an appointment with a surgeon': Ben Affleck Reportedly Sh*t-Scared of Looking Older Than 53-Year-Old Wife Jennifer Lopez, Wants Surgery to Look Younger
Ben Affleck's Now-Wife And Ex-Wife Have The Same Views About His Huge Back Tattoo
Throughout the years, Ben Affleck, 50, claimed his back tattoo was fake, telling outlets and interviewers it was for a movie. His first admission to the tattoo came in 2019 when he sat down with Ellen DeGeneres for her talk show. He confirmed the rumors about his real tattoo when he recently separated from Jennifer Garner in 2018.
Ben Affleck's back tattoo
But his tattoo rumors sparked when his few pictures leaked in 2015, and the world eagerly awaited Jennifer Garner's reaction to his back tattoo when the duo was married but had already announced their divorce. In 2016, Garner sat with Vanity Fair for an interview where she discussed her thoughts on her ex's new artwork. Despite photos showing her estranged husband's entire back covered in a tattoo, she refused to take responsibility for it and said,
"You know what we would say in my hometown about that? 'Bless his heart.' A phoenix rising from the ashes. Am I the ashes in this scenario? I take umbrage. I refuse to be the ashes."
She also discussed her efforts toward her marriage with Affleck and said,
"I definitely put a lot of time towards my marriage that I will now have for myself. I don't know how I will use that."
Similarly, in 2019, the show host Andy Cohen asked Jennifer Lopez about her then-ex's infamous back tattoo on Watch What Happens Live With Andy Cohen. She first giggled and then said,
"It's awful! What are you doing? It has too many colors. His tattoos always have too many colors. They shouldn't be so colorful. They should be, like, cooler."
However, in 2022, despite Ben Affleck's weird choices, JLo and Affleck rekindled their 20-year love and married.
Also Read: "I miss you": Jennifer Lopez's Ex-Lover Alex 'A-Rod' Rodriguez Starts New Year With Heartbreaking News While JLo Tries to Save Marriage With Ben Affleck
Jennifer Lopez Feds Up With Ben Affleck's Alcohol And Smoking Habits
The singer Jennifer Lopez and actor Ben Affleck have consistently been in the spotlight since they got married. She has had several heartbreaks in her life, including a painful split with her now husband in the early 2000s, which has led to trust issues in her relationship with Affleck. Amidst rumors of a divorce, the 53-year-old singer keeps a peaceful bond with her husband, avoids problems, and does everything she can to ensure her fourth marriage doesn't end in divorce.
Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez
Affleck's bad habits of consuming alcohol and smoking became the main point of contention in the couple's argument. Their arguments made JLo insecure, and she became concerned about every aspect of their life that could affect their marriage and tried to save her fandom simultaneously.
Also, Lopez was rumored to be encouraging Affleck to undergo plastic surgery to improve his appearance. According to reports, it appears that even JLo is triggering Affleck to get surgery due to an inferiority complex he's facing regarding his aging skin. Simply, the singer wants her husband to be a little glitzier and more glamorous.
Also Read: "She's ready to put him in her rear view mirror": Jennifer Lopez Didn't Disappoint Ex-Partner Marc Anthony's Prediction, Dumped Alex Rodriguez to Get Back With Ben Affleck in Minutes
Source: Vanity Fair, Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen
# Ben Affleck# Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez# jennifer Garner# Jennifer Lopez
Tulika Shreshthi is a professional content writer at Animated Times in an entertainment niche. She has years of experience in Content Management and SEO-based digital Content Writing. Also, she has a specialization in technical content writing. As an illustrator, she loves to draw something on her iPad while not writing professionally. She is passionate about the children's digital illustrations segment. Aside from illustrating, she also enjoys cooking and singing as her hobby.
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This article will guide you How To Root Xiaomi Mi A2 Android Smartphone easily. Xiaomi Mi A2 is an awesome and good quality Android Smartphone among the varies types of Android Devices. HTC Desire 826 is included the feature of 5.9 inches IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen display along with 6 GB RAM and the device runs on Android V 8.1 (Oreo)OS. Do you hope to root and customize your Smartphone, don't worry, you are in the right place as this article will be given a step by step required everything to make rooted Xiaomi Mi A2 Smart Phone easily without any issues.
Rooting of Xiaomi Mi A2 Smartphone gains the ability to install custom-built Android applications, custom-made recoveries (TWRP or CWM recovery), install custom ROM firmware's, etc. We know this guide helps you to make Huge Android experience easily.
WARNING: Rooting of Xiaomi Mi A2 Android smartphone will be voided device's warranty as well as you won't be able to claim it until you unroot your device. So, think well about it before getting started with the Android Rooting.
This chapter will explain your requirements for how to root Xiaomi Mi A2 Android Smartphone easily. If you will fulfil this needs before beginning android rooting when you can success your rooting process easily and safely.
1. Make a complete backup on your smartphone using by suitable Backup Methodology.
2. Make sure your device has charged at least 50% to 60 %, during Android rooting process is always an energy-consuming process. if your device gets switched off in the middle of the rooting process due to lack of battery backup when it may get bricked.
Settings ->Developer Options -> USB Debugging. If you can't see the developer options in your device Settings, then enable it by following this path: Settings -> About Phone (tap on the Build Number for 5-7 times to enable it).
Download Xiaomi Mi A2 USB driver and install it on your computer. If you need to connect your smartphone truly to your PC when you should install USB driver for PC before connecting your Andriod Smartphone. However, your smartphone can't detect from your PC without USB drivers. You can find Xiaomi Mi A2 USB drivers from their official website.
Once you have completed above all steps, you can move ahead to the rooting tutorial given below.
Download Kingoroot for Windows/PC and install it on your computer. After the installation has finished, launch its window.
Now, you must connect your smartphone to the PC using the original USB data cable. If you couldn't install the USB driver of your device in the computer properly when Kingo Root will download the required USB drivers and install automatically it.
After the installation of USB driver, you can see the following message: Xiaomi Mi A2 Normal Mode. Root Status: No. Now, you should click on the "Root" button to begin the rooting process.
The Android Rooting with KingoRoot takes one or two minutes to finish the rooting process.once Android Rooting has finished, you can see the message "Root Succeeded".
That's enough. Now you have successfully rooted Xiaomi Mi A2 smartphone. To confirm root status, you must install Root Checker for Android in your device and confirm your device's root privileges.


We are very excited to be launching our new Parents Forum in January 2019. It has a similar structure to the TSA with a Chair, Secretary and parent representative, however, all parents are invited to attend meetings to hear any information about the school and the curriculum. There will be agreed agendas which will focus on a variety of school topics such as Learning Logs, behaviour, the premises, etc.


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RAG's top priority is eliminating the potential risks and dangers facing all of the people employed by the group and those living in the areas where we operate, as well as avoiding damage to the environment.
But preventing accidents does not just mean complying with statutory requirements. We have set a goal of zero accidents in all of our activities, and in order to achieve this we have established a dedicated managerial unit which systematically monitors adherence to our targets on the basis of the internal health, safety and environment (HSE) management system, and supports their consistent application and improvement.
In addition to implementing workplace safety measures aimed at the company's own employees, we also work closely with contractors on safety-related initiatives.
Clearly defined processes, efficient communication and specific guidelines and instructions enable us to meet the highest possible health and safety standards for external contractors' staff.
All of RAG's processes are designed to maximise environmental soundness. Minimising energy use and emissions, and using cutting-edge technology and methods to reduce waste and monitor the company's plant and pipelines are particularly important.
RAG has a long and successful record of operating its own rigs. To date, the company has drilled over 1,200 wells with a total length of about 2,000 kilometres. Cutting-edge technology and a highly trained team are behind the continuous improvements in our quality, safety and environmental standards.
Monitoring of all rigs is computer controlled. This makes it possible to immediately identify deviations from normal operating conditions and take corrective action. RAG Energy Drilling has obtained unrestricted certification under the international SCC** work safety standard, and was also certified under the ISO 14001:2004 environmental management standard in spring 2014. In 2015 RAG Energy Drilling implemented a quality management system in accordance with ISO 9001:2008 as well as an occupational health and safety management system in accordance with the OHSAS 18001:2007 standard. Both systems underwent external audits in January 2016 and certification was obtained in March 2016, meaning that RAG Energy Drilling now has a certified quality, occupational health and safety and environmental management system.
RAG's state-of-the-art storage facilities are monitored and inspected on an ongoing basis. Highly skilled staff run the installations from a dispatching centre, working around the clock to maximise efficiency and optimise environmental and technical performance.
RAG introduced an internal control system for its storage operations in 2011, meaning that it began systematically collecting, analysing and interpreting all energy-related data. This information feeds into energy-saving programmes. Additionally, in 2013 RAG's energy management system for its storage operations, which is based on the ÖNORM EN ISO 50001:2011 standard, was evaluated by an external auditor and certified accordingly. Certification in accordance with the standard was extended to the entire group in 2015. This is also in accordance with the provisions of the Bundes-Energieeffizienzgesetz (Federal Energy Efficiency Act), which transposes the EU's Energy Efficiency Directive (2012/27/EU). In addition, our storage operations have received the Technical Safety Management (Technisches Sicherheitsmanagement, TSM) certificate from the German Technical and Scientific Association for Gas and Water (Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches e.V., DVGW).


Those living in Yangon, the country's largest city, are worried that they may become targets of attacks by Buddhists.
Religious violence in Myanmar is moving closer to its largest city, Yangon.
Fighting between Muslims and Buddhists erupted last year in neighbouring Rakhine state.
Since then, hundreds of people have been killed and more than 100,000 displaced.
Those living inside Yangon are growing increasingly nervous.


Stock analysts continue to believe DWA is in for rough sledding.
Zacks lowered shares of Dreamworks Animation Skg (NYSE:DWA) from a neutral rating to an underperform rating in a report released on Friday. Zacks currently has $20.00 price objective on the stock.
The studio has the same challenges that it's owned from the beginning: When the bulk of your revenue is dependent on each film being a hit, and one or more films under-perform (as some invariably will), the stock will ricochet around a lot.
This is why Jeffrey is keen to sell DWA to a larger entity. DreamWorks won't have to live and die on it slate of films. But it's good that the company continues to diversify with more merchandising, television, and amusement parks. They're all smart moves to make, and it's good to be making them.


So in the end we made it to Walcot Wood for one day this Spring and experienced the whole range of weather that nature could provide!
After the high winds of Saturday which caused a cancellation, an early Sunday start saw blue skies and dry as we arrived on site – a delight. However soon after heading up the hill, grey skies arrived and hail – or was it sleet – came down briefly!
As work continued clearing the hawthorn stands to reveal more of the aged oaks and encourage more flora – which was already starting to peak through, as we spotted the first spring primose flowerheads – showery spells were interspersed with sunny skies.
Cake o'clock and lunch came and went in the sunshine – should we have a long Sunday lunchtime BBQ next time?…. and as the day came to a close with more of the hillside revealed – hopefully Countryside Manager Pete will like what we've done – the peace and tranquility of the remote site became clear to all as the wind subsided and the sun shone to round off the day.
…You know you've been to Walcot – the flipside of the views and rolling green hills are the steep slopes – your aching knees remind you of that when you get home!
New Workday Programme March to July 2019 – Now Live!
Our EVENTS page has been updated with new dates for your diary.
If you have volunteered with us before…., then you know how to book onto the workdays.
If you're interested to volunteer with us for the first time…., then please contact us for more info – just pop over to our CONTACTS PAGE and send us your details so our web fairy can put you in touch with us.
In the meantime, don't forget that we are also on Facebook.
Just click the Facebook link in the sidebar to read recent workday reports and see more pictures (don't worry, you don't have to have a Facebook account to read the updates!).
As we bask in hot and sunny weather, it seems weird thinking about autumn and winter. However, our planners are always thinking a season or two ahead. Our latest programme of workdays is now finalised with dates through to November 2018. Have a look on our events page for the latest news. Enjoy our summer programme of workdays and note the autumn dates in your diary as something to look forward to. If you'd like to join us for any of our workdays, please contact us and we'll give you more information.
We enjoy winter as it gives us a chance to work in some of our favourite places but we also love the approach of spring and the promise of warmer weather. Our latest programme ofworkdays is now finalised with dates through to July 2018. Have a look on our events page for the latest news. Our July working week to Northumberland is our "Great Escape" – get your passports ready, we are heading north! If you'd like to join us for any of our workdays, please contact us and we'll give you more information.
If you are wondering what we get up to at weekends, you can find our programme of workdays on our EVENTS Page.


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The Equity Revolution within Economics and Australia's Cognitive Dissonance
In "The Republic", Ancient Greek philosopher Plato lays out his ideal society: 'the gap between rich and poor', he stipulates, 'would be at a ratio of four to one'.
Were it so, the wealth gap between the Aussie battler and Gina Rinehart (Australia's richest person) would be around $500,000 Australian dollars. The real gap is over $10 billion. In fact, if net worth determined height, Gina would be five times taller than Mount Everest. A human ladder of around 500,000 of Australia's poorest households (6 per cent of the population) would be needed to see her eye to eye. This gap between rich and poor has been rising in Australia and most other rich countries for the last 30 years.
The antecedent factors that have led to rising inequality amongst rich nations trace back to the writings of Adam Smith in 1776 in Wealth of Nations. He observed that the self-interested decisions of individuals often lead to an outcome that benefits society. Early 20th century economists took this notion much further, assuming that individuals are not just self-interested, but selfish.
With this stronger assumption, it could be shown that in a competitive market, selfish behavior maximizes economic gains. This analysis laid the foundations of modern economics - the quest for efficiency. The issue of distribution lay on the periphery of economic analysis, or was ignored entirely. Figure 1 illustrates this obsession with efficiency that commenced from the early 20th century.
Yet it was not until the early 1980s, when the great academic economist and neoliberal propagandist, Milton Friedman, convinced Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher of the predominance of the market, that 'trickle down' economics began to permeate government policy. Whilst these reforms brought incalculable efficiency increases to many markets – for example the airline industry – they were applied overzealously. After Reagan came to power, social welfare was reduced, taxes on ordinary workers doubled whilst taxes on the super-rich were reduced by three quarters. Friedman leveraged his academic reputation to assert that such policies, despite increasing inequality, would eventually benefit the poor. Yet this claim had no theoretical basis; it was a guess. Subsequently, countries around the world, to varying extents, began emulating these trickle down policies, with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) propagating their transfer to the developing world.
In Thomas Piketty's 'Capital in the 21st Century', he shows how the initiation of free-market policies coincide with the onset of rising inequality in numerous countries. In the US, despite a 'golden age' of growth, male median incomes were actually higher in 1973 than in 2013.
Yet the average American, believing this growth would trickle down, began consuming well beyond their means. Wall Street bankers, rationalising that selfishness was good for society, were happy to entertain this fantasy. The result was the global financial crisis.
Thus, inequality itself was a key driver of the crisis. IMF researchers, Ostry & Berg (2011) have since confirmed this empirically; finding a robust link between high inequality and macroeconomic instability. This has caused a fundamental shift within economics; attention to inequality is now a matter of prudent economic management, rather than of one's intrinsic notions of social justice. As Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman puts it 'the left was right'. Resultantly, the IMF and World Bank, known for their economic conservatism, have named 'inclusive growth' and the battle against inequality, a key challenge of the 21st century.
Yet unlike our rich world counterparts Australia's experience of rising inequality has been tempered by a decade long commodities boom. This has seen median income growth of 3.3 per cent; almost twice the OECD average[1]. With wages rising at the bottom it is not surprising that the larger rises at the top have gone largely unnoticed. Yet Figure 2 shows just how large this differential is. In 2010, the average worker's income rose $17,000 from its 1991 level, whilst the wages of the top 1 per cent more than doubled from $200,000 to $450,000.
Similarly, for wealth holdings, Figure 3 shows that from 2003 to 2010, the top quintile netted an extra $600,000 per household, compared to just $3,000 for the lowest quintile.
Whilst inequality has not yet reached the extremes seen in the US or UK, the rate at which the wealthy in Australia are increasing their share of national income is amongst the highest in the advanced nations; and yet, just the use of the word 'inequality' is eerily absent from the Government's lexicon. It was used twice in official G20 reports whilst Australia was chair, and just once in the entire 2014-15 Budget (and as a footnote).
As such, the Government's stance on rising inequality can only be gleaned from informal speech. In early 2013, Prime Minister Tony Abbott stated, "in the end, we have to be a productive and competitive society and greater inequality might be inevitable". In a similar vein, Hugh Jorgensen of the Lowy Institute reports Joe Hockey's response during a post-speech Q&A from April 2014:
Picking individual groups to benefit is not going to actually deliver the long-term gain. We have to have the structural changes to the global economy that lift the tide for all.
The economic argument being made is that inequality is a 'necessary evil' in achieving prosperity; synonymous with 'trickle down economics'. Indeed the language Hockey employs stems from an aphorism used by the Reagan administration to justify rising inequality, that 'a rising tide lifts all boats'.
In November 2014, Nobel Laureate Joseph Stiglitz arrived in Australia to remind us that the American model had failed most Americans, and it is certainly nothing to emulate. He further argued that the 2014 Budget is an unambiguous move in this direction.
A budget justified by trickle-down economics is oddly out of step with the myriad of international evidence that there is no trickle-down effect. Australia is unique to other advanced countries, in that, the topic of inequality has largely failed to 'trickle' into Australian debate, let alone government policy. Perhaps our strong growth has created an illusion that things are somehow different in the lucky country.
Yet with the commodity boom over growth has slowed sharply and unemployment is at its highest in 13 years. Without a growing economic pie, the increasing proportion of that pie going to the top may receive the recognition it's received in the rest of the developed world. Australia should be proactive about stemming rising inequality. Not only does it fit with our egalitarian ethos, it is also vital for our future economic prosperity.
There is already a body of research from Oxford, the Paris School of Economics, Berkeley, Oxfam and the IMF on how such inclusive growth could be achieved. The main impediment is politics; established powers have much to benefit from the continuation of trickle-down policies. That is precisely why Nobel Prize winning economists are jet setting around the world, spreading this new evidence. Australia would be wise to take heed.
Charlton Martin is the International Trade and Economics Fellow at Young Australians in International Affairs.
This article can be republished with attribution under a Creative Commons Licence. Please email publications@youngausint.org.au for more information.
[1] Median is superior to mean when assessing income distribution as mean has an upward bias through its inclusion of the super-rich.
Image credit: Kate Ausburn (Flickr: Creative Commons)
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