text:
use diem_secure_push_metrics::{register_int_counter_vec, IntCounterVec};
use once_cell::sync::Lazy;

/// The metrics counter for the key manager.
static COUNTER: Lazy<IntCounterVec> = Lazy::new(|| {
    register_int_counter_vec!(
        "diem_key_manager_state",
        "Outcome for key operations",
        &["key", "state"]
    )
    .unwrap()
});

/// Metric counter keys.
const CHECK_KEYS: &str = "check_keys";
const CONSENSUS_KEY: &str = "consensus_key";

/// Metric counter states.
pub const KEYS_STILL_FRESH: &[&str] = &[CHECK_KEYS, "keys_still_fresh"];
pub const LIVENESS_ERROR_ENCOUNTERED: &[&str] = &[CHECK_KEYS, "liveness_error_encountered"];
pub const ROTATED_IN_STORAGE: &[&str] = &[CONSENSUS_KEY, "rotated_in_storage"];
pub const SUBMITTED_ROTATION_TRANSACTION: &[&str] =
    &[CONSENSUS_KEY, "submitted_rotation_transaction"];
pub const WAITING_ON_RECONFIGURATION: &[&str] = &[CHECK_KEYS, "waiting_on_reconfiguration"];
pub const WAITING_ON_TRANSACTION_EXECUTION: &[&str] =
    &[CHECK_KEYS, "waiting_on_transaction_execution"];
pub const UNEXPECTED_ERROR_ENCOUNTERED: &[&str] = &[CHECK_KEYS, "unexpected_error_encountered"];

/// Initializes all metric counter states.
pub fn initialize_all_metric_counters() {
    let metric_counter_states = &[
        KEYS_STILL_FRESH,
        LIVENESS_ERROR_ENCOUNTERED,
        ROTATED_IN_STORAGE,
        SUBMITTED_ROTATION_TRANSACTION,
        WAITING_ON_RECONFIGURATION,
        WAITING_ON_TRANSACTION_EXECUTION,
        UNEXPECTED_ERROR_ENCOUNTERED,
    ];
    let _ = metric_counter_states
        .iter()
        .for_each(|metric_counter_state| {
            COUNTER.with_label_values(metric_counter_state).reset();
        });
}

/// Increments a metric counter state.
pub fn increment_metric_counter(metric_counter_state: &[&str]) {
    COUNTER.with_label_values(metric_counter_state).inc();
}


. IT IS A BEAUTIFUL ENCYCLICAL AND ALL THE FAITHFUL SHOULD SPEND SOME TIME TO READ IT.
The Holy Father signs his first encyclical. I wonder if he gave it to the Cardinal as his autographed copy.
The Holy Father at Vespers talking about his encyclical.
The Curia announces to the International Press Pope Benedict's first encyclical.
Pope Benedict XIV presents his encylical. Notice how Heaven blesses and rejoices!
I'm sure heaven is blessing and rejoicing over Benedict XVI's first encyclical as well!
My goodness that painting is lovely!!
The encyclical is out, wonderful.
Oh yes Danny, I agree! What a blessing to have the Pope talk about God's Love during these times of sadness, pain and loss of faith.
Carmel, isn't that painting beautiful? It kind of gives us a hint of the infallibility of the Pope.
Thank you for the great photos. Your blog had the best ones.
Tima, thank you for the compliment and for dropping by again. It's always good to hear from you.
How powerful are those three words! They happen to be my favorite part of the entire Gospel. When someone asks what my favorite verse is, I quote those three words. So, I was overwhelmed with joy when I heard of the title of the encyclical.
I haven't been able to read too much yet, but what I have read is great. I'm trying to listen to the mp3 audio version and follow along.
Moneybags, wow, that scripture verse says it all! The encyclical must have special meaning for you, being it is your favorite verse.


The BYSA formed the Centre of Excellence which was to get the children who were taking their football careers/training to the next level and wanted to play league football.
Currently we have 4 teams playing League Football aged under 12's, 14's, 16's and 18's. We have team players that have progressed onto playing for Worcester City, Aston Villa, Birmingham City and Stoke City. We have also partnered up with The Albion Foundation who provide a training session for our under 8's this will then allow us to start an under 8's team in the near future.
The BYSA coaches who have gained alot of experience over the years have come on board to develop players both individually and as part of a team. They have taught the teams about the fundamentals of football with everything from stretching, warming, drills, circuits, small sided games and cool downs. The coaches are all FA qualified to a high standard and have football equipment to give the children an insight into what professional training entails so that they can see the difference between recreational football and being a part of a centre of excellence academy.
We have 2 training sessions in the week on Tuesday and Fridays, then a match on Sunday mornings which allows players to be part of an academy structured timetable working around school and other commitments. The coaches don't only work with the children on the pitch but off the pitch also and make sure their behavior, attitude, performance, health/diet, education is also improving, alongside this the children get a mentoring session which helps them develop all sides of life.
BYSA has since entered a number of tournaments played at high level clubs on the pitch, moved up divisions, guest appearances from ex-professional football players and a professional freestyler Mr Jamie Knight that attended and did a work shop with the children on free-styling, which was a great experience for the children at BYSA.
Alot of our teams have achieved bronze, silver and gold medals for finishing in league football, professional tournaments and general participation.
The BYSA has gained a club mascott aged 5 who attends all matches and events which represents a friendly face to all our members and supporters on and off the pitch.
Finally the BYSA is looking to aquire its own Hub, which will allow teams to train and have their own home pitch, changing rooms and recreational facility for its members to attend. In the long term we are looking to set up an inner city league for all kids from the community to take part and be involved.


本発明は、画像信号発生手段で生成される画像信号を、当該画像信号を制御する制御信号に基づいて出力装置に光伝送する光伝送装置に関し、特に光伝送により機器間や制御基板間を接続する光伝送装置に関するものである。 The present invention is an image signal generated by the image signal generating means, relates to an optical transmission apparatus for optically transmitting to the output device based on the control signal for controlling the image signal, connection between devices or between the control board, in particular by optical transmission to an optical transmission apparatus that.
従来、グラフィック信号(画像信号)発生装置で生成されたグラフィック信号を出力装置、例えばディスプレイ装置へ送信する場合、前記グラフィック信号をパラレルシリアル変換し、電気信号の状態でRED(以下、「R」という)、GREEN(以下、「G」という)、BLUE(以下、「B」という)の3ch、水平同期信号、垂直同期信号、データイネーブル(有効)信号の1ch、フレームクロック信号の1chの合計5chの形態で電気ケーブルを使って伝送している。 Conventionally, the output device a graphic signal generated by the graphic signal (image signal) generator, for example, when transmitting to the display device, the graphic signal is parallel-serial conversion, in the form of electrical signals RED (hereinafter, referred to as "R" ), GREEN (hereinafter, referred to as "G"), BLUE (hereinafter, the called "B") 3ch, horizontal sync signal, vertical sync signal, the data enable (enable) signal 1ch, the frame clock signal of total 5ch of 1ch It is transmitted using an electrical cable in the form.
図6は、従来技術で多く用いられている伝送系のブロック図であり、送信側として、グラフィック信号生成デバイス100とグラフィック信号送信手段102を備え、受信側として、グラフィック信号受信手段104と、ディスプレイ手段106を備える。 Figure 6 is a block diagram of a transmission system is widely used in the prior art, as a sender, with a graphic signal generating device 100 and the graphic signal transmitting unit 102, as a receiver, a graphic signal receiving unit 104, a display comprises means 106.
データは6ビット/色であり、各チャンネルのビット信号は、グラフィック信号生成デバイス100によって7ビット/色に変換される。 Data is 6 bits / color, bit signals of each channel is converted by the graphic signal generating device 100 to 7 bits / color. Hsyncは水平同期信号、Vsyncは垂直同期信号を示す。 Hsync is a horizontal sync signal, Vsync represents a vertical sync signal.
DE(Data Enable)はデータ有効信号であり、アサート期間中に同期しているデータは有効データを意味するために使用される。 DE (Data Enable) is a data valid signal, data synchronized during assertion period is used to mean a valid data.
グラフィック信号送信手段102ではパラレル−シリアル変換が実行され、グラフィック信号受信手段104ではシリアル−パラレル変換が実行されており、このグラフィック信号送信手段102とグラフィック信号受信手段104との間は、基板間伝送であれば通常銅線ケーブル108が使用されている。 In the graphic signal transmitter 102 parallel - serial conversion is executed, the graphic signal receiving means 104 serial - and parallel conversion is performed, between the graphic signal transmitting means 102 and the graphics signal receiving means 104, between the substrates transmission Usually copper cables 108 are used as long. 伝送距離にもよるが多くの場合、差動信号によって伝送するため1ch当たり2本の銅線ケーブル(電線)が必要となり、ツイストさせるのが一般的である。 If Depending on the transmission distance many, two copper cables (wires) are required per 1ch to transmit a differential signal, cause twist is common.
さらに特性インピーダンスを調整するためや放射ノイズを押える為にグランドアースを強化することも施されている。 It is also applied even more to enhance the grounding in order to suppress the order and radiation noise to adjust the characteristic impedance. 銅線ケーブルで伝送するにはケーブル自体の構造が複雑になる原因はここにある。 To be transmitted in copper cable causes the structure of the cable itself becomes complicated here.
クロック(Clock)は、データをシリアル化したクロックをフレームクロックとしてデータ(グラフィック信号をシリアル化したもの)と並送して伝送する方式をとる(ソースシンクロナス方式)。 Clock (Clock) takes the method of transmitting the clock data is serialized as frame clock data (graphics signal obtained by serializing) and Namioku to (source synchronous scheme). 通常、パラレルデータの同期を取る周波数で伝送することが多い。 Usually, it is often transmitted in synchronization frequency of the parallel data. シリアル化したときの周波数をそのまま送るのでは早すぎるためである。 Of sending frequency when serialized as is for premature.
上記構成では、伝送媒体はRGB3ch、制御信号1ch、フレームクロック1ch、計5ch必要となっており、チャンネル数が多く、伝送速度を十分確保することができない。 In the above configuration, the transmission medium RGB3ch, control signal 1ch, frame clock 1ch, has become required total 5ch, the number of channels is large, it is impossible to sufficiently secure the transmission rate.
また、グラフィック信号を示すビットデータのDCバランスも考慮されていないため、伝送時に信号化けが発生する可能性もある。 Further, since the DC balance of the bit data indicating a graphic signal is not taken into consideration, there is a possibility that signal corruption occurs during transmission.
さらに、銅線ケーブル等の電気ケーブルを使った伝送では、高速なグラフィック信号が伝送されるため放射ノイズの低減や、チャンネル間相互干渉の低減のためケーブル自体の構造が複雑になり製造コストも高くなる傾向にある。 Furthermore, the transmission using the electric cables such as copper cables, reduction and radiation noise for high-speed graphic signal is transmitted, the manufacturing cost structure of the cable itself is complicated because of the reduction of inter-channel interference increases there to tend. グラフィック信号の速度が高まれば、さらにその課題が大きくなる。 If the speed of the graphic signal is Takamare, the problem is increased further. さらに電気ケーブルの場合、特性インピーダンスを調整しても損失の問題より長距離伝送には弱い問題がある。 Further, in the case of electrical cables, a weak problem in long-distance transmission than problems of loss by adjusting the characteristic impedance.
ここで、特許文献1に記載の技術においては、RGBのグラフィックデータをシリアル化して光伝送する光伝送装置が提案されている。 Here, in the technique described in Patent Document 1, an optical transmission apparatus for optically transmitting the RGB graphic data serialized are proposed.
この特許文献1によれば、1本の光ファイバーで伝送するため、電気的な伝送方法から生じるチャンネル間の信号干渉現象、チャンネル間の伝送遅延及び電磁波を除去して長距離伝送が容易になる、としている。 According to this Patent Document 1, for transmission on one optical fiber, signal interference phenomenon between channels, transmission delay and long-distance transmission by removing the electromagnetic wave between channels becomes easy arising from an electrical transmission method, It is set to.
しかしながら、特許文献1の技術では、ある単位毎にRGBグラフィック信号を圧縮してシリアル化し、変調符号をしたのち光伝送媒体で伝送するとしているが、圧縮しているとはいえ、RGBグラフィック信号を一つにしているためデータ量はそれ相当に大きくなる可能性があり伝送速度は速くなる傾向にある。 However, in the technique of Patent Document 1, and serialized by compressing an RGB graphic signals for each certain unit, although the transmission in the optical transmission medium After the modulation code, be said to be compressed, the RGB graphic signal the amount of data since you have one in it considerably larger potential there transmission speed becomes faster trend.
光伝送のため光伝送媒体自体には伝送速度による影響は少ないが、電−光変換部、光−電変換部において高周波回路設計など高度技術が必要となり、また高額部品の使用となる可能性があるため、外部連結・機外配線などには有効かもしれないが万能とも言えない。 Although less affected by the transmission speed in the optical transmission medium itself for optical transmission, electric - optical conversion section, the light - high technology such as high-frequency circuit design is required in the photoelectric conversion unit, also it can be a use of expensive components some reason, it may be effective for an external consolidated and outside wiring is not thought of as a universal.
本発明は上記事実を考慮し、画像信号(特にフルカラー大容量グラフィック信号)を多数チャンネルで伝送する場合において、伝送品質を確保するための複雑な構造、製造コストを軽減すると共に、実機における放射ノイズを軽減することができる光伝送装置を得ることが目的である。 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the above, in case of transmitting an image signal (in particular a full-color large graphic signal) with many channels, complicated structure for ensuring the transmission quality, while reducing the manufacturing cost, radiation in actual noise it is an object to obtain an optical transmission device that can be reduced.
また、上記目的に加え、伝送速度が速くなった場合や、長距離伝送などに起因するノイズ発生によるチャンネル間信号干渉等や伝送遅延、電磁波発生を回避することができる光伝送装置を得ることが目的である。 In addition to the above object, and when it becomes faster transmission speed, inter-channel signal interference, etc. and the transmission delay due to noise caused by long-distance transmission, it is possible to obtain an optical transmission apparatus capable of avoiding the electromagnetic wave generating it is a purpose.
本発明は、 グラフィック信号発生手段で発生されるグラフィック信号をディスプレイ手段に伝送する光伝送装置であって、 前記グラフィック信号である複数のカラー信号毎に伝送線路を形成する光伝送媒体と、少なくとも水平同期信号、垂直同期信号、及びデータ有効信号を含む制御信号を、前記複数のカラー信号のチャンネルの余りビットに入れ込むことにより、前記複数のカラー信号のそれぞれと前記制御信号とを伝送信号として合成する合成手段、前記伝送信号のそれぞれを前記伝送媒体に適するようにDCバランスさせる変調符号化手段、前記変調符号化手段により変調符号化された前記伝送信号をパラレルシリアル変換するP/S変換手段、並びにシリアル化された前記伝送信号のそれぞれを光信号に変換して、前記複数のカラー The present invention provides an optical transmission apparatus for transmitting a graphic signal generated by the graphic signal generating means to a display means, an optical transmission medium to form a transmission line for each of a plurality of color signals is the graphic signal, at least the horizontal and vertical sync signals, and a control signal including a data valid signal, the input is write Mukoto too bit channels of said plurality of color signals, transmission signals and respective said control signal of said plurality of color signals as combining means for combining said modulation encoding means for each of the transmission signal is DC balanced to suit the transmission medium, the modulation encoding means by the modulation encoded the transmission signal P / S conversion for parallel-serial conversion to means, and converts the respective serialized the transmission signal to an optical signal, said plurality of color 号ごとに対応する前記光伝送媒体に送出する光送信手段を含む送信インタフェース手段と、前記伝送媒体を介して受信された前記光信号のそれぞれをシリアル化した電気的な伝送信号に変換する光受信手段、前記シリアル化した電気的な伝送信号をシリアルパラレル変換してパラレル化するS/P変換手段、前記パラレル化された伝送信号のそれぞれを復調する復調手段、及び前記復調された伝送信号から元の前記グラフィック信号と前記制御信号とを抽出する抽出手段を含む受信インタフェースと、を有している。 And transmitting interface means including an optical transmitting means for transmitting to said optical transmission medium corresponding to each issue, the light reception for converting each of the optical signal received via the transmission medium to the serialized electric transmission signal means the serialized electric transmission signal S / P conversion means for parallelized by the serial parallel conversion, demodulation means for demodulating each of the parallelized transmission signal, and the original from the demodulated transmission signal wherein it is closed and receiving interface, the comprising extracting means for extracting graphic signal and said control signal.
本発明によれば、 カラー信号の各チャンネルの余りビットを制御信号として有効利用することができ、 伝送線路を減らすことができる。 According to the present invention, it is possible to effectively utilize the remainder bits of each channel of a color signal as a control signal, it is possible to reduce the transmission line.
本発明において、送信インタフェース手段は 、 伝送信号に対して、チャンネル毎にDCバランスを施す変調符号化を実行する変調符号化手段を備える 。 In the present invention, the transmit interface means, to the transmission signal includes modulation encoding means for performing a modulation and coding applying DC balance for each switch Yan'neru.
これにより、伝送の際に起こりうるDCバランスの偏りを防止することができる。 Thus, it is possible to prevent the deviation of the DC balance may occur during transmission.
また、本発明では 、複数のカラー信号毎に伝送線路が形成され、この伝送線路を用いてグラフィック信号を伝送する場合、当該カラー信号のチャンネル毎の余りビットに、制御信号(少なくとも、画像を構成する場合に必要な水平同期信号、垂直同期信号、データ有効信号を含む)を表現するビットデータを入れ込む。 Further, in the present invention, the transmission line is formed for each of a plurality of color signals, when transmitting a graphic signal using the transmission line, the remainder bits per channel of the color signal, the control signal (at least, configure the image horizontal synchronizing signals that are required for the vertical synchronization signal, comprising a data valid signal) Komu putting bit data representing the. その後、光信号に各々変調し伝送信号として光伝送媒体を介して送信インタフェース手段から受信インタフェース手段へ伝送する。 Then, transmission from the transmission interface unit through an optical transmission medium as each modulated transmission signal to an optical signal to the receiving interface means.
光伝送媒体から送信された伝送信号を基のグラフィック信号と制御信号を復調してディスプレイ手段に送出する。 And a transmission signal transmitted from the optical transmission medium and demodulates the graphics signal and the control signal group is sent to the de Isupurei means. これにより、ディスプレイ手段には、グラフィックデータに忠実な画像が表示される。 Thus, the display unit, faithful image is displayed on the graphic data.
さらに、本発明において、送信インタフェース手段は、 少なくとも水平同期信号、垂直同期信号、及びデータ有効信号を含む制御信号を、前記複数のカラー信号のチャンネルの余りビットに入れ込むことにより、前記複数のカラー信号のそれぞれと前記制御信号とを伝送信号として合成する合成手段、前記伝送信号のそれぞれを前記伝送媒体に適するようにDCバランスさせる変調符号化手段、前記変調符号化手段により変調符号化された前記伝送信号をパラレルシリアル変換するP/S変換手段、並びにシリアル化された前記伝送信号のそれぞれを光信号に変換して、前記複数のカラー信号ごとに対応する前記光伝送媒体に送出する光送信手段を含み、受信インタフェース手段は、伝送媒体を介して受信された光信号のそれぞれをシリアル Further, in the present invention, the transmit interface means, at least a horizontal synchronizing signal, vertical synchronizing signal, and a control signal including a data valid signal, by interleaving the remainder bits of the channel of said plurality of color signals, said plurality of combining means for combining the transmission signals respectively and said control signal of the color signal, the modulation code catheter stage to DC balanced to suit each of the transmission signal to the transmission medium, and more modulation and coding to the modulation encoding means P / S converting means for said transmission signals the parallel-serial conversion that is, as well as sending each serialized the transmission signal is converted into an optical signal, the optical transmission medium corresponding to each of the plurality of color signals includes an optical transmission means for, receiving interface means, the serial each optical signal received via the transmission medium した電気的な伝送信号に変換する光受信手段、シリアル化した電気的な伝送信号をシリアルパラレル変換してパラレル化するS/P変換手段、パラレル化された伝送信号のそれぞれを復調する復調手段、及び復調された伝送信号から元のグラフィック信号と前記制御信号とを抽出する抽出手段を含む 。 Optical receiver means for converting the electrical transmission signal, serialized electrical S / P conversion means to parallelize and serial-parallel conversion of the transmission signal, demodulating means for demodulating each of parallelized transmission signal , and an extraction means for extracting said control signal to the original graphic signal from the demodulated transmission signal.
すなわち、送信インタフェース手段は、グラフィック信号と制御信号とを、ひとつの伝送信号として合成し、当該伝送信号を光伝送媒体に適するようにDCバランスをさせてパラレルシリアル変換した後、光信号に変換して光伝送媒体に伝送する。 That is, the transmitting interface means, the graphic signal and the control signal, synthesized as one transmission signal, after parallel-serial conversion is not a DC balanced to suit the transmission signal to the optical transmission medium, and converted into an optical signal Te is transmitted to the optical transmission medium.
一方、受信インタフェース手段は、光伝送媒体から送信された光信号をシリアル化して電気的な伝送信号に変換し、シリアルパラレル変換した後、復調してグラフィック信号と制御信号とを抽出する。 On the other hand, the reception interface means, the optical signal transmitted from the optical transmission medium turned into serial converted into an electrical transmission signal, after serial-parallel conversion, and extracts the graphic signal and the control signal by demodulating.
これにより、ノイズ等に影響されず、かつ高速にグラフィック信号を伝送することができる。 Thus, without being affected by noise or the like, and can transmit the graphic signals at a high speed.
また、 本発明では 、 前記送信インタフェース手段が、前記P/S変換手段で前記伝送信号の変換に適用するクロック信号を生成するクロック信号生成手段を含み、前記受信インタフェース手段が、前記S/P変換手段で前記伝送信号の変換に適用するクロック信号を、前記光受信手段から出力される前記シリアル化した電気的な伝送信号に基づいて再生するクロック再生手段を含む 。 Further, in the present invention, the transmission interface means comprises a clock signal generating means for generating a clock signal to be applied to the conversion of the transmission signal by the P / S conversion unit, said receiving interface means, the S / P converter a clock signal to be applied to the conversion of the transmission signal by means comprises a clock reproducing means for reproducing based on an electrical transmission signal the serialized output from the optical receiving unit.
これにより、クロック信号を、送信インタフェース手段から受信インタフェース手段のシリアル伝送信号の伝送時に、受信インタフェース手段側で再生することで、クロック信号用の伝送線路を削減することができる。 Thus, a clock signal, when the transmission of the serial transmission signal receiving interface means from the transmission interface unit, by playing on the receiving interface means side, it is possible to reduce the transmission line for the clock signal.
また、本発明では、前記送信インタフェース手段が、所定周期のクロック信号を生成するクロック生成手段、前記クロック生成手段により生成された前記クロック信号を逓倍して前記P/S変換手段で前記伝送信号の変換に適用するクロック信号を出力する第1の逓倍手段、及び前記クロック生成手段により生成された前記クロック信号を光信号に変換して出力するクロック信号出力手段を含み、前記受信インタフェース手段が、前記クロック信号出力手段から出力された前記光信号を受信して電気信号に変換することにより前記光信号に応じたクロック信号を出力するクロック信号受信手段、及び前記クロック信号出力手段から出力された前記クロック信号を逓倍して前記S/P変換手段で前記伝送信号の変換に適用するクロック信号を出 In the present invention, the transmitting interface unit, a clock generating means for generating a clock signal having a predetermined period, by multiplying the clock signal generated by the clock generating means of the P / S said transmission signal conversion means comprises a first multiplying unit, and a clock signal output means for converting the optical signal to the clock signal generated by said clock generating means for outputting a clock signal to be applied to the conversion, the receiving interface means, said clock signal receiving means for outputting a clock signal corresponding to the optical signal by converting it into an electric signal by receiving the optical signal output from the clock signal output unit, and the clock output from the clock signal output means by multiplying the signal out of the clock signal to be applied to the conversion of the transmission signal by the S / P converter する第2の逓倍手段を含む 。 Comprising a second multiplying means for.
クロック信号を生成し、生成したクロック信号を用いてグラフィック信号を電気的なシリアル伝送信号に変換し、送信インタフェース手段によって光信号に変換され光伝送媒体で伝送する。 It generates a clock signal by using the generated clock signal to convert the graphic signal into an electrical serial transmission signals, transmitted by being converted into an optical signal by the transmit interface means optical transmission medium. このとき、生成したクロック信号を 、送信インタフェース手段から受信インタフェース手段へ送信することで、確実な同期を図ることができる。 At this time, the generated clock signal, by transmitting from the transmission interface unit to the receiving interface means, it is possible to secure synchronization.
また、 本発明においては 、前記送信インタフェース手段の前記光送信手段に設けられる前記光信号の光源が、LE Dとしている。 In the present invention, the optical signal of the light source provided in the light transmitting means of the transmitting interface unit, and the LE D.
光源は、用途に応じて選択すればよいが、例えば、ディスプレイ手段に表示される画像として要求される解像度が400Mbps程度であれば、この400Mbpsを伝送するにはLEDが適していると言える。 The light source may be selected depending on the application, for example, if the resolution is about 400Mbps required as an image displayed on the display unit, it can be said that LED is suitable for transmission of this 400Mbps. LEDは、光源の拡がり角が広いため、伝送媒体はコア経の大きいPOF(Plastic Optical Fibre)の選択が適切である。 LED, since the divergence angle of the light source is broad, the transmission medium selected for the core through large POF (Plastic Optical Fibre) is appropriate. POFは製造コストが安価で、取り扱いがし易い。 POF is inexpensive to manufacture cost, easy to be handled.
また、本発明では、 前記変調符号化手段が、8B10B変換を行うことにより前記伝送信号を符号化し、前記復調手段が、前記8B10B変換に基づいた8B10B逆変換を行うことにより前記伝送信号を復調する 。 In the present invention, the modulation encoding means encodes the transmission signals by performing 8B10B conversion, the demodulation means demodulates the transmission signal by performing 8B10B inverse transformation based on the 8B10B conversion to.
以上説明したように本発明によれば、グラフィック信号の伝送を、例えば発光ダイオードを採用して光信号化し、さらにグラフィック信号の余ったビットに制御信号を結合させることによって伝送するチャンネル数を削減し、コストを抑制しつつ、高速伝送における伝送品質を獲得できるという優れた効果を有する。 According to the present invention described above, the transmission of the graphic signals, for example, employs a light emitting diode turned into optical signals, further reducing the number of channels to be transmitted by coupling the control signal to the remaining bits of the graphic signal has an excellent effect that while the cost, can obtain the transmission quality in high-speed transmission.
また、電気ケーブルを用いて伝送するにおいての課題であった、伝送品質を確保するための複雑な構造、製造コスト、また実機における放射ノイズ対策などの課題に対して解決することができる。 Also, has been a problem of the transmitted using an electric cable, complicated structure for ensuring the transmission quality, production cost, also can be solved with respect to issues such as radiation noise countermeasure in the actual device.
図1は、本発明の光伝送装置10が適用された画像表示システムにおける主装置12とユーザーインタフェース14との関係を示すブロック図である。 Figure 1 is a block diagram showing the relationship between the main device 12 and the user interface 14 in the image display system optical transmission device 10 of the present invention is applied.
主装置12には、バスブリッジ(BUS Bridge)16が設けられ、マスターCPU(Master CPU)18によって制御され、PCI BUS20を介して外部との信号送受信を司っている。 The main unit 12 is provided a bus bridge (BUS Bridge) 16 is controlled by the master CPU (Master CPU) 18, are responsible for the signal transmission and reception with the outside via the PCI Bus 20.
主装置12には、画像データ(グラフィック信号)を管理するための画像データ管理部22が配設されている。 The main unit 12, the image data managing section 22 for managing the image data (graphic signal) is disposed. この画像データ管理部22は、PCI/IF24が設けられており、前記PCI BUS20と接続状態にある。 The image data management unit 22, PCI / IF 24 is provided, in a connected state with the PCI Bus 20.
PCI/IF20は、マスターCPU18の制御によって画像データが取り込まれ、VGA&VRAM26に格納されるようになっている。 PCI / IF 20, the image data is captured under control of the master CPU 18, adapted to be stored in the VGA & VRAM 26. このVGA&VRAM26に格納されるデータが、グラフィック信号である。 Data stored in the VGA & VRAM 26 is a graphic signal.
この、VGA&VRAM26は、グラフィック信号生成デバイス28(図2参照)を含んで構成されている。 This, VGA & VRAM 26 is configured to include graphic signal generating device 28 (see FIG. 2). このVGA&VRAM26では、水平同期信号、垂直同期信号、データ有効信号(総称して制御信号という)が管理され、グラフィック信号と共に送信インタフェース部30へ送出されるようになっている。 In the VGA & VRAM 26, a horizontal synchronizing signal, vertical synchronizing signal, a data valid signal (collectively referred to as control signal) is managed, and is sent to the transmitting interface 30 together with the graphic signal.
送信インタフェース部30は、ユーザーインタフェース14の受信インタフェース部32に光伝送媒体である光ファイバー34を介して接続されている。 Transmission interface unit 30 is connected to the receiving interface unit 32 of the user interface 14 via an optical fiber 34 is an optical transmission medium.
受信インタフェース部32では、前記送信インタフェース部30から伝送された光信号に基づいて、出力装置(ディスプレイ装置)であるLCD36へ画像を表示するようになっている。 The reception interface unit 32, based on the transmitted optical signal from the transmission interface unit 30, an output device adapted to display an image to the LCD36 is (display device).
前記VGA&VRAM26(グラフィック信号生成デバイス28)、送信インタフェース30、受信インタフェース部32によって光伝送装置10(図2参照)が構成されている。 The VGA & VRAM 26 (graphic signal generating device 28), the transmission interface 30, the optical transmission apparatus 10 by the reception interface unit 32 (see FIG. 2) is formed. なお、光伝送装置10には、クロック生成用PLL(Phase Locked Loop)38が設けられ、オシレータ(OSC)40からの基本周波数信号に対して、N逓倍のクロック信号を生成するようになっている(詳細後述)。 Incidentally, the optical transmission device 10, a clock generation PLL (Phase Locked Loop) 38 is provided, for the fundamental frequency signal from the oscillator (OSC) 40, is adapted to generate a clock signal of N multiplying (details will be described later).
なお、LCD36は、CPU42によって表示制御がなされるようになっており、タッチパネル44及びテンキー46との同期がとられ、LCD36上に表示された画面を見ながらタッチ操作或いはテンキー操作を行うことで、CPU42からその操作に応じた信号が、主装置12側のUART Device48へ送出され(このときの送受信信号は、従来どおり電気信号(LVDS)である)、マスターCPU18において、操作信号を解析し、実行が指示されるようになっている。 Incidentally, LCD 36 is adapted to be made the display controlled by CPU 42, the synchronization of the touch panel 44 and the ten key 46 is taken, by performing a touch operation or a ten-key operation while looking at the screen displayed on the LCD 36, signal corresponding to the operation from the CPU42 is delivered to the UART Device48 of the main apparatus 12 side (reception signal at this time is conventionally an electric signal (an LVDS)), in the master CPU 18, and analyzes the operation signal, run There has been adapted to be instructed.
図2は、本実施の形態に係る前記光伝送装置10の詳細を示したブロック図である。 Figure 2 is a block diagram showing details of the optical transmission device 10 according to this embodiment.
この光伝送装置10は、その全体概略構成は、送信側として、グラフィック信号生成デバイス28と、送信インタフェース部30を具備している。 The optical transmission device 10, the overall schematic configuration, as a sender, and includes a graphic signal generating device 28, a transmission interface unit 30. 一方、受信側としては、受信インタフェース部32と、ディスプレイ装置(LCD)36を具備している。 On the other hand, the receiving side, a reception interface unit 32, and includes a display device (LCD) 36.
グラフィック信号生成デバイス28では、3チャンネルのグラフィック信号と1チャンネルの制御信号が生成されるようになっている。 The graphic signal generating device 28, 3 graphics signal and a channel control signal for the channel are generated.
グラフィック信号(6ビット/色)、制御信号(3ビット)は、このグラフィック信号生成デバイス28から送信インタフェース部30へ送出される。 Graphic signal (6 bits / color), the control signal (3 bits) is sent from the graphic signal generating device 28 to the transmission interface unit 30.
送信インタフェース部30のビット結合部50では、前記3ビットの制御信号が、グラフィック信号のそれぞれのチャンネルに振分けられると共に、当該グラフィック信号に対してそれぞれ1ビットずつのダミービットが結合され、8B10Bコーディング部52へ送出されるようになっている。 The bit connecting unit 50 of the transmission interface 30, the control signal of the 3 bits with is distributed to each channel of the graphic signal, a dummy bit of one bit respectively the graphic signal are combined, 8B10B coding section It is adapted to be sent to 52.
8B10B変調部(Coding)部52は、周知の変調符号化手段であり、ビットデータのDCバランスを維持するために変調符号化される。 8B10B modulation unit (Coding) unit 52 is a well-known modulation encoding means, is modulated encoded in order to maintain the DC balance of the bit data. 例えば、REDは6ビット+Hsync1ビット+ダミービット=8ビットとなる。 For example, RED is 6 bits + Hsync1 bits + dummy bits = 8 bits. (図3参照)。 (See Figure 3).
この10ビットに変調符号化されたデータは、パラレル−シリアル(P/S)変換部54によってシリアルデータに変換され、光コネクタ送信部56へ送出され、前記シリアルデータが電−光変換されるようになっている。 Data modulated coded in this 10-bit parallel - to be light converted - converted by serial (P / S) conversion unit 54 into serial data, is sent to the optical connector transmitting unit 56, the serial data collector It has become.
このシリアル変換化のときパラレルデータに同期しているクロックをPLL(Phase Locked Loop)58にて10逓倍されたクロックでシリアルデータを生成する。 The clocks are synchronized to the parallel data when the serial conversion of generating the serial data in PLL (Phase Locked Loop) 58 in which is 10 multiplied clock.
光コネクタ送信部56には、光源としてのLEDが備えられており、このLEDの発光光を受信インタフェース部32へ送信するための光伝送媒体である光ファイバー34の一端が接続されている。 The optical connector transmitting unit 56, LED as a light source are provided, one end of the optical fiber 34 is connected an optical transmission medium for transmitting the light emission light of the LED to the reception interface section 32.
ここで、変調符号化について簡単に説明する。 Here, briefly explained modulation coding.
伝送線路における信号の減衰量が大きく変化しても、信号を正しく再生できるようにするには、直流成分を含んだ伝送符号は適切ではない。 Even if the attenuation of the signal in the transmission line is changed largely, to be able to correctly reproduce a signal, the transmission code is not appropriate for containing a DC component.
「1」か「0」かを判定するための閾値を受信信号の減衰量に応じて変える必要が出てくることや、受信側でのタイミング再生(クロック再生)に必要な変化数が大きく変わり、タイミング設計が難しくなるなどの問題があるためである。 "1" or "0" or or the need to come out vary depending on the attenuation of the received signal threshold for determining varies greatly change the required number of timing recovery at the receiver (clock recovery) This is because there is a problem, such as timing design becomes difficult.
つまりグラフィック信号をそのままシリアル化したデータパターンを送信すると直流成分が変化してしまうため受信側で正しく再生できない可能性が生じる。 That may not be correctly reproduced on the receiving side for varies the DC component and to transmit the data pattern is directly serialized graphic signals.
そこでデータ、パターンに依存しないで直流(DC)バランスのとれた符号(1と0の発生する割合が等しい符号)への変換が必要となってくる。 Therefore data, conversion will be needed to direct without depending on the pattern (DC) balanced code (1 a code rate equal to the occurrence of 0) balance.
その技術として基幹系通信で一般的に使われている8B10B符号化技術を用いることが多い。 It is often used 8B10B encoding techniques that are commonly used in mission-critical communication as a technique. 本実施の形態でも、上記8B10B変調符号化を適用している。 In the present embodiment, by applying the above 8B10B modulation coding.
前記光コネクタ送信部56において電−光変換された光信号は光ファイバー34を介して、受信インタフェース32の光コネクタ受信部60へ伝送されるようになっている。 Electrodeposition in said optical connector transmitting unit 56 - light converted optical signal through an optical fiber 34, and is transmitted to the optical connector receiver 60 of the receiving interface 32.
この光コネクタ受信部60では、前記光信号が電気信号に変換(光−電変換)される。 In this optical connector receiving portion 60, the optical signal is converted into an electrical signal - is (photoelectric conversion). 光コネクタ受信部60には、シリアル−パラレル(S/P)変換部62が接続されており、このシリアル−パラレル(S/P)変換部62において、電気信号は、パラレルデータに変換される。 The optical connector receiving portion 60, a serial - parallel (S / P) converter 62 is connected, the serial - in parallel (S / P) converter 62, an electric signal is converted into parallel data.
シリアル−パラレル(S/P)変換部62は8B10B復調部(Decoding)64に接続され、10ビット信号が8ビット信号へと復号化されるようになっている。 Serial - Parallel (S / P) converter 62 is connected to the 8B10B demodulator (Decoding) 64, 10-bit signal is adapted to be decoded into 8-bit signals. 受信インタフェース部32の最終段には、ビット振分部66が設けられており、前記複合化されたビットデータ(8ビット×3chのパラレルデータ(24ビット))を、グラフィック信号(6ビット×3色)、制御信号(3ビット)、ダミー信号(1ビット)に振分ける。 The last stage of the receiving interface unit 32 is provided with a bit distributing unit 66, the composite bit data (8 bits × 3ch parallel data (24 bits)), and the graphic signal (6 bits × 3 color), the control signal (3 bits), allocates a dummy signal (1 bit).
振分けられた各データ(グラフィック信号と制御信号)は、ディスプレイ装置(LCD)36に送出されるようになっている。 Each data sorted (graphic signal and the control signal), and is sent to the display device (LCD) 36.
以下に本実施の形態の作用を説明する。 Illustrating the operation of the present embodiment below.
グラフィック信号生成デバイス28では、3チャンネルのグラフィック信号と1チャンネルの制御信号が生成される。 The graphic signal generating device 28, 3 graphics signal and a channel control signal for the channel is generated. このグラフィック信号は6ビット/色、制御信号は3ビットである。 The graphic signal is 6 bits / color, control signal is three bits.
上記ビットデータは、送信インタフェース部30のビット結合部50へ送出される。 The bit data is transmitted to the bit coupling portion 50 of the transmission interface unit 30.
このビット結合部50では、前記3ビットの制御信号が、グラフィック信号のそれぞれのチャンネルに振分けられ、さらに、当該グラフィック信号に対してそれぞれ1ビットずつのダミービットが結合される。 In the bit connecting unit 50, the control signal of the 3 bits, is distributed to each channel of the graphic signal, further, a dummy bit of one bit respectively the graphic signal are combined. この結果、各色のビットデータは8ビットとなる。 As a result, bit data of each color is 8 bits.
8ビットデータは、8B10Bコーディング部52において、10ビットデータに変調され、この結果、伝送時のDCバランスを維持することができる。 8-bit data, the 8B10B coding unit 52, is modulated into 10-bit data, the result, it is possible to maintain DC balance at the time of transmission.
図3は、グラフィック信号の余ったビットに水平同期信号、垂直同期信号、DataEnableを夫々入れ込むことを示したものである。 Figure 3 is a graph showing that the bits left over the graphic signal horizontal and vertical sync signals, Komu respectively placed DataEnable. 本実施の形態では、制御信号が3ビットであるため、1ビットずつ各色チャンネルに結合し、さらに1ビットずつダミービットを結合した。 In this embodiment, since the control signal is 3 bits, one bit attached to each color channel, and further coupled to the dummy bit by one bit. 結果的に8ビットデータとすることで、8B10Bコーディングが可能となるため、制御信号の増減、色データのビットの増減があっても、その分ダミービットを増減することで、ある程度の対応が可能となる。 By result in a 8-bit data, since the 8B10B coding is possible, increase or decrease of the control signal, even if increase or decrease in bit color data, by increasing or decreasing the amount dummy bit, allows a certain degree of correspondence to become.
この10ビットに変調符号化されたデータは、パラレル−シリアル(P/S)変換部54によってシリアルデータに変換され、光コネクタ送信部56へ送出されて、前記シリアルデータが電−光変換されるが、このとき、パラレルデータに同期しているクロックをPLL(Phase Locked Loop)58により10逓倍されたクロックでシリアルデータを生成する。 Data modulated coded in this 10-bit parallel - converted by serial (P / S) conversion unit 54 into serial data, is sent to the optical connector transmitting unit 56, the serial data collector - is optical conversion but this time, to produce a serial data clock that is synchronized to the parallel data in PLL (Phase Locked Loop) 58 by 10 multiplied clock.
光コネクタ送信部56では、10ビットのシリアルデータ(3色)とクロック信号が電−光変換され、光信号となって光ファイバー34によって、受信インタフェース部32の光コネクタ受信部60へ伝送される。 In the optical connector transmitting section 56, 10-bit serial data (three colors) and a clock signal is conductive - is optically converted by the optical fiber 34 is an optical signal is transmitted to the optical connector receiver 60 of the receiving interface unit 32.
この光コネクタ受信部60では、前記光信号が電気信号に変換(光−電変換)され、次いで、シリアル−パラレル(S/P)変換部62において、パラレルデータに変換される。 In this optical connector receiving portion 60, the optical signal is converted into an electrical signal - is (photoelectric conversion), then the serial - in parallel (S / P) converter 62, is converted into parallel data.
パラレル変換された10ビット信号は、8B10B復調部(Decoding)64で8ビット信号へと復号化され、ビット振分部66において、グラフィック信号(6ビット×3色)、制御信号(3ビット)、ダミー信号(1ビット)に振分ける。 Parallel converted 10-bit signal is decoded into 8-bit signals in 8B10B demodulator (Decoding) 64, the bit allocation unit 66, a graphic signal (6 bits × 3 colors), the control signal (3 bits), It distributes the dummy signal (1 bit).
振分けられた各データ(グラフィック信号と制御信号)は、ディスプレイ装置36に送出される。 Each data sorted (graphic signal and the control signal) is sent to the display device 36.
以上説明したように本実施の形態では、光ファイバー34を用いた光伝送によってグラフィック信号を伝送する構成とし、さらに、色信号を表現するビットデータの余りビットを利用して、制御信号に対応するビットデータを結合することで、伝送ラインの削減を図ると共に、8B10Bコーディング、デコーディングによって、DCバランスを維持するようにしたため、簡単な構成でコストを抑制しつつ、高速伝送における伝送品質を獲得でき、放射ノイズを軽減することができる。 Bits in the present embodiment as described above, a configuration for transmitting the graphic signal by light transmission using an optical fiber 34, further that by utilizing the remainder bits of the bit data representing the color signal, corresponding to the control signal by combining the data, there is ensured a reduction of the transmission line, 8B10B coding, the decoding, since in order to maintain DC balance, while the cost with a simple configuration, can acquire the transmission quality in high-speed transmission, it is possible to reduce the radiation noise.
また、ディスプレイ装置36には、グラフィック信号生成デバイス28で生成されたグラフィック信号に忠実な画像を表示することができる。 Further, the display device 36 can display an image faithful to the graphic signal generated by the graphic signal generating device 28.
例えば、パソコン等のディスプレイ画面に標準的に使われているモードのひとつにSVGA(Super Video Graphics Array)がある。 For example, there is an SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array) in one of the modes that are standard in use on the display screen of a personal computer or the like.
SVGAシステムは、解像度に800×600ドット、1024×768ドット、1280×1024ドットの各モードがある。 SVGA system, 800 × 600 dots resolution, 1024 × 768 dots, there are modes 1280 × 1024 dots.
複写機、プリンターなどへの応用では、コントロールパネルとして機械操作画面に用いられることが多い。 Copier, in applications of the printer to such, it is often used in a machine operation screen as the control panel. 画面表示には機械操作用のボタンや絵を表示するが、解像度としては800×600ドットで実用的に問題はない。 The screen displays the buttons and pictures for machine operation, but no problem in practical 800 × 600 dots as a resolution. よりきめ細かな表示を求めるならば解像度を精細化し、表示可能色を上げることになる。 And definition resolutions if obtaining a more detailed view, thereby increasing the displayable color.
メモリ容量の増加、データ速度の増加など回路構成が複雑になるため要求仕様、製造コストのバランスで決定されることになる。 Increase in memory capacity, the required specifications for the circuit structure and an increase in data rates is complicated, will be determined by the balance of the manufacturing cost. 解像度800×600ドットの場合におけるグラフィック信号の伝送速度であるが、画面のリフレッシュレートを75Hzとすると約40MHz同期でグラフィック信号が生成、伝送されることになる。 Is a transmission rate of the graphic signal in the case of resolution 800 × 600 dots, graphic signal generator, will be transmitted at approximately 40MHz synchronization When 75Hz refresh rate of the screen. つまりグラフィック信号は約40Mbpsである。 That graphic signal is about 40 Mbps.
図3における送信インタフェース部30でパラレル−シリアル(P−S)変換部54から出力されるシリアル信号の伝送速度は先に述べた10逓倍のクロックで生成されるため400Mbpsとなる。 Parallel with the transmitting interface unit 30 in FIG. 3 - the transmission rate of the serial signal output from the serial (P-S) converter 54 becomes 400Mbps to be generated by the 10 multiplier previously described clock.
光コネクタ送信部56では、この伝送速度に適した光源が必要となる。 In the optical connector transmitting unit 56, a light source suitable for this transmission rate is required. 一般的に光伝送に用いられる光源には半導体レーザ、面発光型レーザなどがあるが、用途が数Gbps〜と伝送速度が速い帯域である。 Generally to semiconductor laser light source used for the optical transmission, it is like the surface emitting laser, applications transmission speed and the number Gbps~ a fast band. このため、製造コストや回路構成が複雑になるなど課題が多い。 Therefore, there are many problems such as manufacturing costs and circuit configuration becomes complicated.
一方、昨今の技術では発光ダイオード(Light Emitting Diode ; LED)は、500Mbps程度まで性能があがってきており、従来の技術に近いことや製造設備もほぼ使えることから製造コストも半導体レーザと比較して低く抑えられている。 Meanwhile, in the recent technological emitting diode (Light Emitting Diode; LED) has come up performance up to about 500 Mbps, compared to production cost semiconductor laser since it is also possible and production facilities close to the prior art generally use are kept is low.
これを勘案すると400Mbpsを伝送するにはLEDが適していると言える。 In consideration of this transmitting 400Mbps can be said to LED is suitable. LEDは、光源の拡がり角が広いため、伝送媒体はコア経の大きいPOF(Plastic Optical Fibre)の選択が適切である。 LED, since the divergence angle of the light source is broad, the transmission medium selected for the core through large POF (Plastic Optical Fibre) is appropriate. POFは製造コストが安価で、取り扱いがし易い。 POF is inexpensive to manufacture cost, easy to be handled.
図4には、本実施の形態(図2参照)に対する変形例1が示されている。 4 shows a modification 1 is shown relative to the embodiment of the present invention (see FIG. 2).
上記実施の形態(図2参照)と異なるところはフレームクロックを伝送していないところである。 The embodiment (see FIG. 2) differs from the is where not carrying frame clock. フレームクロックを伝送しない代わりに、クロックリカバリー部68によって受信側で伝送されるデータよりクロックを生成する方式をとることに特徴がある。 Instead not transmitting frame clock, it is characterized by taking the method for generating a clock from the data transmitted by the receiving side by the clock recovery unit 68. これによって伝送媒体の総数を削減することが可能となる。 This makes it possible to reduce the total number of transmission medium.
図5には、本実施の形態に対する変形例2が示されている。 FIG. 5 is a modified example 2 is shown relative to the embodiment of the present invention.
データは、6ビット/色、制御信号3ビット、ダミー信号1ビットを送信インタフェースに入力する。 Data inputs 6 bits / color, control signal 3 bits, a dummy signal 1 bit to the transmission interface. 6ビット/色に前記制御信号のいずれか1ビットとダミービット(1ビット)を結合させて全体を8ビットとする。 6 bits / color is bound either 1 bit and dummy bits (1 bit) of the control signal and 8 bits overall. 例えばRED6ビット+Hsync1ビット+ダミー1ビット=8ビット。 For example RED6 bits + Hsync1 bits + dummy 1 bit = 8 bits.
同じくGREEN6ビット+Vsync1ビット+ダミー1ビット、BLUE6ビット+DE1ビット+ダミー1ビットとする。 Also GREEN6 bit + Vsync 1 bits + dummy 1 bit, and BLUE6 bits + DE1 bits + dummy 1 bit.
このとき前述したように伝送線路における信号の減衰量が大きく変化しても、信号を正しく再生できるようにするには、直流成分を含んだ伝送符号には向かない。 In this case it changes the attenuation amount is large signal in the transmission line as described above, to be able to correctly reproduce the signal, not suitable for a transmission code including the DC component. つまりデータが固定ビットで連続しているとき直流成分が高くなることになる。 That will be the DC component is increased when the data is continuous at a fixed bit.
ここで余りビットに入れ込んだいずれかの制御信号の1ビットは、動作中は一定周期で信号が変化する。 Here one bit of any of the control signals elaborate remainder put into bits, the operating signal changes at a constant period. Hsyncは、水平同期信号であるため800×600ドットの画面においては800ピクセル毎に1回信号が変化する。 Hsync is once signal changes every 800 pixels on the screen of 800 × 600 dots for a horizontal synchronizing signal. Vsyncは、垂直同期信号であるため画面1枚分(800×600=480000ピクセル)毎に1回変化する。 Vsync changes once every one sheet screen for a vertical synchronization signal (800 × 600 = 480000 pixels). DE(Data Enable)は、データ有効信号であるため800ピクセル毎に1回変化する。 DE (Data Enable) is changed once every 800 pixels for a data valid signal.
このことから最長で480000ピクセルに1回の信号変化でも受信側のDCバランスがとれる回路となっていれば信号を正しく受信できることになる。 This maximum once also be a signal if a circuit DC balance on the receiving side take can be received correctly by a signal change of the 480000 pixels from. この結果、図2及び図4に示している8B10B変調部52、8B10B復調部64を省略することが可能となる。 As a result, it is possible to omit the 8B10B modulation unit 52,8B10B demodulator 64 are shown in FIGS.
なお、上記実施の形態、並びに変形例1,2においては、RED,GREEN,BLUEのカラー毎に伝送線路を有するもので説明したが、これとは異なる色空間、例えばYMCKなどの色信号やL*a*b*などの色空間の信号によって伝送される場合にも適用できることは明らかである。 The above embodiment and in the modified example 1, 2, RED, GREEN, has been described in those with the transmission line for each color BLUE, color signals and L such as a different color space, for example, YMCK from this * it is obvious that can be applied to the case where a * b * is thus transmitted to the signal of a color space, such as.
本発明の光伝送装置が適用された画像表示システムの概略構成図である。 Is a schematic diagram of an image display system optical transmission device of the present invention is applied. 本実施の形態に係る光伝送装置の詳細を示す制御ブロック図である。 It is a control block diagram showing details of an optical transmission device according to this embodiment. ビットデータの変換の状態を示す概念図である。 It is a conceptual diagram showing a state of transformation of the bit data. 変形例1に係る光伝送装置の詳細を示す制御ブロック図である。 Deformation is a control block diagram showing details of an optical transmission device according to Example 1. 変形例2に係る光伝送装置の詳細を示す制御ブロック図である。 Deformation is a control block diagram showing details of an optical transmission device according to Example 2. 従来例に係る信号伝送装置の制御ブロック図である。 It is a control block diagram of a signal transmission device according to the related art.
を有する光伝送装置。 The optical transmission device that have a.
前記受信インタフェース手段が、前記S/P変換手段で前記伝送信号の変換に適用するクロック信号を、前記光受信手段から出力される前記シリアル化した電気的な伝送信号に基づいて再生するクロック再生手段を含む請求項1記載の光伝送装置。 Said receiving interface means, said S / P-clock signal to be applied in the conversion means the conversion of the transmission signal, a clock reproducing means for reproducing based on an electrical transmission signal the serialized output from the optical receiving means the optical transmission apparatus according to claim 1 comprising a.
前記受信インタフェース手段が、前記クロック信号出力手段から出力された前記光信号を受信して電気信号に変換することにより前記光信号に応じたクロック信号を出力するクロック信号受信手段、及び前記クロック信号出力手段から出力された前記クロック信号を逓倍して前記S/P変換手段で前記伝送信号の変換に適用するクロック信号を出力する第2の逓倍手段を含む請求項1記載の光伝送装置。 It said receiving interface means, clock signal receiving means for outputting a clock signal corresponding to the optical signal by converting it into an electric signal by receiving the optical signal output from the clock signal output unit, and said clock signal output the optical transmission apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a second multiplying means for outputting a clock signal to be applied by multiplying the clock signal output from the means for converting the transmission signal by the S / P converter.
前記送信インタフェース手段の前記光送信手段に設けられる前記光信号の光源が、LEDである請求項1から請求項3の何れか1項記載の光伝送装置。 Said transmitting the optical signal of the light source provided in the optical transmission means interface means, an optical transmission device according to any one of claims 1 to 3 which is an LED.
前記復調手段が、前記8B10B変換に基づいた8B10B逆変換を行うことにより前記伝送信号を復調する請求項1から請求項4 の何れか1項記載の光伝送装置。 The demodulation means, the optical transmission device according to any one of claims 1 to 4 for demodulating the transmission signal by performing 8B10B inverse transformation based on the 8B10B conversion.


text:
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iOS vs. Android App Development: What's the Difference?
Mooc Blog Team
The two most popular smartphone operating systems are Apple's iOS and Google's Android. When making mobile apps, you must first choose whether to develop for iPhones or Android devices.
Apps made for the Apple App Store differ in various ways from apps made for the Google Play Store:
Developers use different programming languages when developing for iOS versus developing for Android.
iOS apps and Android apps require different budgets and maintenance tasks.
Different mobile operating systems are popular depending on the country one wants to target.
Android is more customizable than iOS, but not necessarily more popular in every country.
Creating cross-platform apps is a challenge. Trying to publish an app for both iOS and Android at the same time leads to technical issues, expensive costs, and many more challenges. So it is important to choose.
Before choosing, you might wonder:
Is iOS easier to develop than Android?
What is the main difference between iOS and Android?
Is one platform better than the other?
Do iOS or Android apps earn more revenue?
Keep reading to learn more.
Are iOS apps easier to develop than Android apps?
For both new and experienced programmers, iOS is generally easier to develop for. iOS apps generally require less development time and are cheaper to build and maintain than Android apps.
iOS developers use Swift, Apple's native programming language, whereas Android developers typically use Java and/or Kotlin. When it comes to native mobile app development, Swift is generally more convenient and requires less coding work. Less coding means cutting costs in terms of time and money for developing an app for iOS products like the iPhone or the iPad.
Which device is better to learn: iOS or Android?
If you want to target Apple product users, learn iOS development; if you want to target different consumer bases, then consider learning Android.
You need to know Swift to develop for iOS. Swift is a modern programming language designed specifically for Apple products. The code is relatively straightforward and easy-to-read for beginner programmers. However, Swift is unique to Apple products and generally not commonly used outside of iOS app development.
Android products rely on Java and Kotlin. While Kotlin is largely confined to just Android app development, Java is a popular programming language that has been around since 1995. The Java programming language has many use-cases outside of Android products; if you are a programmer who is interested in mobile app development but want to keep your options open, then learning Android app development would be helpful for you.
What is the main difference between developing iOS and Android?
There are some crucial differences between iOS and Android app development:
iOS app developers use Swift, whereas Android app developers use Java or Kotlin.
With Apple devices, there are standardized screen sizes for iPhones and iPads. With Android devices, there is a large variety of screen sizes—meaning you need to work more on interface design and case-by-case programming to ensure compatibility and functionality across devices.
Android apps take longer to develop because of device fragmentation—the fact that there are so many different Android OS versions on the market. Different devices get important security updates at different times, and this makes maintaining and developing Android apps more challenging.
iOS and Android apps have different user demographics—age, income, hours spent on apps, locations, and so on. Apple users tend to be younger and more affluent than Android users.
When developing apps, consider these differences, analyze your target audience, and ask yourself whether you want to minimize the amount you spend on development time and maintenance.
Do iOS or Android apps make more money?
Mobile apps are a great way to generate revenue. Both iOS and Android apps make a lot of money:
The Android market has a broad global reach and has a lot of earning potential.
The Apple App Store has an arguably larger market with more profit.
As of 2019, the Apple App Store had earned $155 billion in revenue for its app developers since the store launched in 2008. By comparison, in 2019, Android developers have only earned $80 billion since launch.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to create a List> list from a linq query I have the following code that does what I want however I was wondering if there was a way to do the same thing directly from a linq query.
        XElement xmlData = XElement.Parse(items.Xml);
        var itemsNotSynched =
            (from a in xmlData.Descendants(XName.Get("row", "#RowsetSchema"))
             group a by new
             {
                 employeeID = (string)a.Attribute("ows_EmployeeID"),
                 courseID = (string)a.Attribute("ows_CourseID"),
                 title = (string)a.Attribute("ows_LinkTitle")
             } into ex
             select new
             {
                 ex.Key.title,
                 ex.Key.courseID,
                 ex.Key.employeeID
             } into eb
             select eb).ToArray();

        List<Dictionary<string, string>> list = new List<Dictionary<string, string>>();
        foreach(var item in itemsNotSynched)
        {
            Dictionary<string, string> itm = new Dictionary<string, string>();
            itm.Add("employeeID", item.employeeID.ToString());
            if(item.courseID != null)
            {
                itm.Add("courseID", item.courseID.ToString());
            }
            itm.Add("title", item.title.ToString());
            list.Add(itm);
        }

Thanks in advance,
-EC-
Edit 1.
I managed to get what I wanted with using the suggestion from SLaks... I'll give it another shot at the .Distinct()
    XElement xmlData = XElement.Parse(items.Xml);
    List<Dictionary<string,string>> itemsNotSynched =
        (from a in xmlData.Descendants(XName.Get("row", "#RowsetSchema"))
         group a by new
         {
             employeeID = (string)a.Attribute("ows_EmployeeID"),
             courseID = (string)a.Attribute("ows_CourseID"),
             title = (string)a.Attribute("ows_LinkTitle")
         } into g

         select new Dictionary<string, string>
         {
            {"employeeID", g.Key.employeeID },
            {"courseID", g.Key.courseID },
            {"title", g.Key.title}
         } into f
         select f).ToList();

A: select new Dictionary<string, string> {
    { "employeeID", ex.Key.title },
    ...
}

A: Using dot/fluent syntax, this is what I believe you want:
XElement xmlData = XElement.Parse(items.Xml);
List<Dictionary<string,string>> itemsNotSynched =
     xmlData.Descendants(XName.Get("row", "#RowsetSchema"))
     .Select(a => new
     {
         employeeID = (string)a.Attribute("ows_EmployeeID"),
         courseID = (string)a.Attribute("ows_CourseID"),
         title = (string)a.Attribute("ows_LinkTitle")
     })
     .Distinct()
     .Select(a => new Dictionary<string, string>
     {
        {"employeeID", a.employeeID },
        {"courseID", a.courseID },
        {"title", a.title}
     })
     .ToList();

Distinct() accomplishes the same thing as grouping but only using the keys. As written, this Distinct() implementation is nearly identical to what you already had, but it may perform better and/or use less memory.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


(NaturalHealth365) Weeks before his untimely deathin July 2015, Dr. Nicholas Gonzalez, M.D., met with Camilla Rees, founder of ElectroMagneticHealth, to discuss his concerns about the proliferation of wireless technologies found in our everyday life and their link to serious health concerns, including cancer.
We, at NaturalHealth365, appreciate the opportunity to share some of Dr. Gonzalez's knowledge of this critical, often controversial, issue.
With nearly 7 billion active cellular phones worldwide, the amount of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure from these and other consumer electronics continues to climb at alarming rates. But while an existence seemingly reliant on a wealth of technology may be a reflection of current lifestyles, EMFs are nothing new, with a history stretching as far back as the discovery of electricity itself.
Electromagnetic fields, or EMFs, are created anytime electric current flows through a wire. Obvious sources of EMFs include not only mobile phones and Wi-Fi, but also power lines, kitchen appliances, televisions—even dimmer switches. But the steep climb in vast numbers of electronic devices that have been introduced into everyday living the past couple of decades has fueled the fires over EMF pollution.
Why are we ignoring this issue – as a society?
What many people – even some physicians – either forget or do not realize, according to Dr. Gonzalez, is that the human body is reliant on its own electromagnetic field and ultimately our existence is reliant upon electric chemical reactions. It is no wonder, then, that the immense influx of EMF pollution all around us has a grave effect on our wellbeing.
Dr. Gonzalez believed there is no question that the proliferation of EMF activity in the environment is not only raising havoc with human health, but also leading to an increase in many common diseases, including cancer. Many other health experts would agree.
The World Health Organization (WHO)/International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), declared EMFs a potential carcinogen back in 2011, following a week-long assessment by a face-to-face meeting of 31 scientists from 14 countries.
Dr. Gonzalez points out that the explosion of consumer electronics has occurred without prior research to determine short-term and long-term impacts on human health. Now it is akin to a speeding freight train, due to consumer demand and the huge amounts of dollars invested in the many industries now reliant on the electronics sector of the economy.
As Dr. Gonzalez noted, parents have also come to rely on entertaining their young children with electronic devices.
A large share of the concerns over damage from EMF comes from the fact that today's electronic devices are used in very close proximity to our brains and bodies. Studies show more than two-thirds of all adults, and an astounding 90 percent of those aged 18 to 29, sleep with their mobile phone near their head. But these adult habits are not the only reason for heightened concern.
To learn more about the biological and health effects of electromagnetic fields from cell phones, wireless devices, neighborhood RF-emitting infrastructure, smart meters, and other hazards of EMF pollution, go to ElectromagneticHealth or the International EMF Alliance.


text:
/**
 * SearchQualificationTypesRequest.java
 *
 * This file was auto-generated from WSDL
 * by the Apache Axis 1.4 Apr 22, 2006 (06:55:48 PDT) WSDL2Java emitter.
 */

package com.amazonaws.mturk.requester;

public class SearchQualificationTypesRequest  implements java.io.Serializable {
    private java.lang.String query;

    private boolean mustBeRequestable;

    private java.lang.Boolean mustBeOwnedByCaller;

    private com.amazonaws.mturk.requester.SortDirection sortDirection;

    private com.amazonaws.mturk.requester.SearchQualificationTypesSortProperty sortProperty;

    private java.lang.Integer pageNumber;

    private java.lang.Integer pageSize;

    private java.lang.String[] responseGroup;

    public SearchQualificationTypesRequest() {
    }

    public SearchQualificationTypesRequest(
           java.lang.String query,
           boolean mustBeRequestable,
           java.lang.Boolean mustBeOwnedByCaller,
           com.amazonaws.mturk.requester.SortDirection sortDirection,
           com.amazonaws.mturk.requester.SearchQualificationTypesSortProperty sortProperty,
           java.lang.Integer pageNumber,
           java.lang.Integer pageSize,
           java.lang.String[] responseGroup) {
           this.query = query;
           this.mustBeRequestable = mustBeRequestable;
           this.mustBeOwnedByCaller = mustBeOwnedByCaller;
           this.sortDirection = sortDirection;
           this.sortProperty = sortProperty;
           this.pageNumber = pageNumber;
           this.pageSize = pageSize;
           this.responseGroup = responseGroup;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the query value for this SearchQualificationTypesRequest.
     *
     * @return query
     */
    public java.lang.String getQuery() {
        return query;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the query value for this SearchQualificationTypesRequest.
     *
     * @param query
     */
    public void setQuery(java.lang.String query) {
        this.query = query;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the mustBeRequestable value for this SearchQualificationTypesRequest.
     *
     * @return mustBeRequestable
     */
    public boolean isMustBeRequestable() {
        return mustBeRequestable;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the mustBeRequestable value for this SearchQualificationTypesRequest.
     *
     * @param mustBeRequestable
     */
    public void setMustBeRequestable(boolean mustBeRequestable) {
        this.mustBeRequestable = mustBeRequestable;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the mustBeOwnedByCaller value for this SearchQualificationTypesRequest.
     *
     * @return mustBeOwnedByCaller
     */
    public java.lang.Boolean getMustBeOwnedByCaller() {
        return mustBeOwnedByCaller;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the mustBeOwnedByCaller value for this SearchQualificationTypesRequest.
     *
     * @param mustBeOwnedByCaller
     */
    public void setMustBeOwnedByCaller(java.lang.Boolean mustBeOwnedByCaller) {
        this.mustBeOwnedByCaller = mustBeOwnedByCaller;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the sortDirection value for this SearchQualificationTypesRequest.
     *
     * @return sortDirection
     */
    public com.amazonaws.mturk.requester.SortDirection getSortDirection() {
        return sortDirection;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the sortDirection value for this SearchQualificationTypesRequest.
     *
     * @param sortDirection
     */
    public void setSortDirection(com.amazonaws.mturk.requester.SortDirection sortDirection) {
        this.sortDirection = sortDirection;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the sortProperty value for this SearchQualificationTypesRequest.
     *
     * @return sortProperty
     */
    public com.amazonaws.mturk.requester.SearchQualificationTypesSortProperty getSortProperty() {
        return sortProperty;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the sortProperty value for this SearchQualificationTypesRequest.
     *
     * @param sortProperty
     */
    public void setSortProperty(com.amazonaws.mturk.requester.SearchQualificationTypesSortProperty sortProperty) {
        this.sortProperty = sortProperty;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the pageNumber value for this SearchQualificationTypesRequest.
     *
     * @return pageNumber
     */
    public java.lang.Integer getPageNumber() {
        return pageNumber;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the pageNumber value for this SearchQualificationTypesRequest.
     *
     * @param pageNumber
     */
    public void setPageNumber(java.lang.Integer pageNumber) {
        this.pageNumber = pageNumber;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the pageSize value for this SearchQualificationTypesRequest.
     *
     * @return pageSize
     */
    public java.lang.Integer getPageSize() {
        return pageSize;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the pageSize value for this SearchQualificationTypesRequest.
     *
     * @param pageSize
     */
    public void setPageSize(java.lang.Integer pageSize) {
        this.pageSize = pageSize;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the responseGroup value for this SearchQualificationTypesRequest.
     *
     * @return responseGroup
     */
    public java.lang.String[] getResponseGroup() {
        return responseGroup;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the responseGroup value for this SearchQualificationTypesRequest.
     *
     * @param responseGroup
     */
    public void setResponseGroup(java.lang.String[] responseGroup) {
        this.responseGroup = responseGroup;
    }

    public java.lang.String getResponseGroup(int i) {
        return this.responseGroup[i];
    }

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Lee Mattinson
The Season Ticket: a prize above all prizes
December 5, 2016 June 9, 2020 chrisontheatreLeave a comment
Sometimes touching, sometimes brutal, The Season Ticket is a great four-way collaboration portraying lives on the fringe of society.
Could you assemble a better team? Lee Mattinson has already shown how skilled his writing is with Donna Disco and Chalet Lines. Pilot Theatre wowed us with one of the best staged plays ever with The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner. Northern Stage, of course, as an excellent track record of mainstream productions. And Purely Belter, the film adaptation already made of the book this is based on, is a cult classic in Newcastle. And yet seemingly surefire collaborations don't always work out. Such high expectation can set up such bitter disappointments. But not here. The Season Ticket is every bit as good as I hoped it would be, and more.
Gary and Sewell are two young lads at the very bottom of the pile. Gary has a sister who is desperate to get her A-levels so that – it is quietly understated – she can get out and move on to a better life – Gary has given up on going to school, and best friend Sewell has seemingly given up in general ever since his father died. The two of them begin in the middle of an inept petty crime, looking for suitable luxury household appliances to burgle from their headmaster's house. Perhaps, it's suggested early on, it's got something to do with Gary having a half-inattentive alcoholic mother. But it emerges that she, too, has her own reasons to give up, once it emerges what sort of person Gary's father was and what he did to them. Continue reading →
ReviewsKatie Posner, Lee Mattinson, Northern Stage, Pilot Theatre
Teechers and Donna Disco
March 3, 2015 March 3, 2015 chrisontheatreLeave a comment
(Prologue: Chris Neville-Smith sits as his computer, thinking that he really can't be arsed to write two articles about two plays he's already seen. "What I really need" he thinks, "is a contrived theme to connect the two together." Suddenly, he realises they're both set in schools. Problem solved.)
Who would be a secondary school teacher? Here you are, trying to help teenagers learn the stuff they ought to know unless they want to spend the next forty years in the beef caracass factory, and what do they do? Have a riot. And who would be a secondary school pupil? It's like Lord of the Flies, but with thick oversized schoolboys in charge. The only consolation is that it gives teachers and pupils alike the chance to write plays about what schools are like.
So two plays that are doing to rounds now are Teechers and Donna Disco. Both plays are smash hits, and having seen them before I can vouch they are smash hits for a reason. I also had high expectations for the companies producing them. And so, in perhaps the least surprising turn of events in the history of the blog, both productions were exactly as good as I was expecting. I won't give a detailed appraisal of the plays as they're already getting praise from pretty every Tom, Dick and Harry, but I'll give a quick run-down. Continue reading →
ReviewsBlackeyed Theatre, John Godber, Laura Lindlow, Lee Mattinson, Paula Penman
Warning: this is not Hi-di-Hi
October 7, 2012 March 13, 2013 chrisontheatre
Lee Mattinson's Chalet Lines isn't the gentle drama about Butlins it's made out to be – but when you take it for what it is, it's very enjoyable.
Live Theatre has always taken risks with its new writing. As a result, it's very much a hit-and-miss affair. It's worth it for the hits, because when it gets it right it produces runaway successes such as And a Nightingale Sang and The Pitman Painters. The first half of this year, however, has been on the the other end of the scale. By almost all accounts, Nativities was a disappointment and Utopia was a disaster. Geordie Sinatra and Close the Coalhouse Door were successes, but they were co-productions where the lion's share of artistic credit really goes to the Stephen Joseph Theatre and Northern Stage respectively. Fortunately, Live can call upon playwrights with past successes and loyal followings. Steve Gilroy brought The Prize to Live last month, and now it's the turn of Live veteran Lee Mattinson to bring Chalet Lines, directed by Madani Younis, artistic director of the Bush Theatre where this play was co-produced.
I'll start with the problem: this is a play that doesn't do what it says on the tin. I got this impression that this was going to be a play about what made families who went to Butlins in the 70s and 80s. In a modern world of package holidays and Easyjet, it would have very interesting subject to see what made people go to the same British resort year after year. Instead, this is play focuses on a disintegrating family, mostly set in the last two decades, and the setting of Butlins is only incidental. I noticed several people (presumably people who were expecting something gentle like Hi-di-Hi!) not return to their seats after the interval. You could argue that the play's not for those people, and that you've already got their money anyway, but Live is pushing their luck. They've frequently marketed their plays differently to what's in them: recently we've had Faith and Cold Reading which little to do with faith or cold reading, and I haven't a clue what Nativities had to do with the Nativity. This is a bad habit and will cost Live future ticket sales if they're not careful.
ReviewsBush Theatre, Lee Mattinson, Live Theatre, Madani Younis


text:
Сульфат ртути — неорганическое соединение, соль металла ртути и серной кислоты:

 Сульфат ртути(I)
 Сульфат ртути(II)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
March 1, 2021 March 2, 2021 by sweensryche
New Songs to Quarantine To, February 2021
Cardi B, Danny L Harle, Haim, King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard, Nervous Dater, Nick Cave, Noname, Syd, Thundercat, Van Halen, Victoria Monét, Warren Ellis
Ever since I started these monthly playlists last January, I have posted them on the last day of the month. But in February 2021, it wasn't in the cards. Because February 2021 was tough. Grey skies, freezing temps, a deadly virus, a new Tom & Jerry movie – it was all too much. So I hope you can forgive me for posting a bit late. I promise, the songs are worth it.
1. Nervous Dater – "Farm Song"
Rachel Lightner sings about depression so cleverly – "When it gets real bad I call it movie theater mode / Watching myself from the dark of the very last row" – it doesn't register as sadness. And that twangy power-pop melody doesn't hurt either.
2. Cardi B – "Up"
Three piano notes – that's all Cardi B needs to make rap music that sounds like a goddamn event.
3. Nick Cave & Warren Ellis – "White Elephant"
Anytime we have a conversation about what's holding society back from achieving racial harmony, there's an elephant in the room. And we know what color it is. On Nick Cave's stunning new album with his long-time Bad Seed and film score partner Warren Ellis, he sings from the perspective of a white supremacist with an itchy trigger finger. "I'll shoot you just for fun / I'm a statue lying on my side in the sun," he sneers over menacing synthesizers, trying his hardest to ensure that, like an elephant, we never forget.
4. Noname – "Rainforest"
If any artist could make an ambitious anti-capitalist polemic feel like a slow ride down a gentle stream, it's Noname. "How you make excuses for billionaires / You broke on the bus" the Chicago rapper posits on the chorus, backed by a low-key Latin groove that even the mind-boggling logic of poverty-stricken Republican voters can't spoil.
5. Danny L Harle & DJ Danny – "Take My Heart Away"
As the world continues to mourn the tragic death of pop visionary SOPHIE, an artist who twisted club music into shapes that would shock a geometrist, a fellow artist on SOPHIE's PC Music label carries the torch, drilling a mindlessly catchy dance hook into our brains with the commitment of a modern artist.
6. King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard – "See Me"
I have no idea what these genre-hopping New Zealand psychedelic rockers do when they're not in the studio – they've dropped nine LPs in our laps since 2017 – but you can't accuse them of running out of ideas. "See Me" sounds like an out-of-tune xylophone soundtracking a descent into madness, aka February during a pandemic.
7. Victoria Monét – "F.U.C.K."
My vote for the worst album title of all time probably goes to Van Halen's 1991 experiment in brain-dead acronyms, For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge. I have no idea if R&B singer/songwriter Victoria Monét is familiar with this Hagarrible moment in music history, but her riveting new single resuscitates the concept by playing against expectations, demanding something more meaningful than casual sex: "I wanna be a Friend You Can Keep."
8. Vektor – "Activate"
The sci-fi thrash-metal behemoths in Vektor are back, screaming about "gyroscopic spires" and doing things with guitars and drum kits that definitely seem scientifically impossible.
9. Syd – "Missing Out"
This synth-drenched R&B virtuoso shared her first new solo track in four years – a hushed, moonlit ode to how breaking up can be the best thing for your self esteem. Just in time for Valentine's Day.
10. Haim (feat. Thundercat) – "3 AM"
What's a surefire way to make this "you up?" ballad from Haim's Women In Music Pt. III album even better? Add a guest verse from Stephen "Thundercat" Bruner – one of the most convincing, and non-threatening, sonic pick-up artists in the game.
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Lots of people enjoy video games these days. Video games can provide terrific entertainment for people of all ages. To make you game playing the most beneficial, use the tips that follow.
If you are buying for a child, ask them to tell you about a few games they like. There are many things that determine what is age appropriate. You should only buy the game after doing your research.
TIP! If you are gifting a game to a child, make sure they have given you several options of what they will want. There are many things that determine what is age appropriate.
If your are going to a store to buy a gift game for a young person, make sure you have a number of choices. There are tons of things to think about when choosing a game for a child, and you may not be able to get only one thing. This is why you have to have many options in case one isn't appropriate.
When a game is a gift, always look at the ESRB rating, particularly when you are buying for a child. ESRB ratings help you measure the appropriate age level for the game in question and will indicate its degree of violence. This rating is helpful in deciding which game to purchase.
Uncertain whether or not your computer is capable of running a game? See if your system is compatible through a website designed to provide that information. This type of site checks out your computer to see if it's adequate. If you don't like downloading anything, delete it when you are done.
There are several websites that you can visit to determine if a game meets certain requirements for the computer. Once you download it, this can tell you if your system can play a specific game. If you don't want to download something then be sure that you get rid of it as soon as you check if you're able to play it.
Be sure to save your game at different areas, and not in the same slot all the time. Save new files frequently instead of using old slots. For some games, especially JRPGs with branching routes, you might want to go back to a key point in the game and make a different decision. Saving in the same spot every time makes this tactic useless.
TIP! Utilize multiple save slots instead of overwriting the same one. Instead, save to a new slot every so often.
Game store employees will be able to make suggestions to you. They will more than likely know more than you about new releases and be able to suggest titles similar to the ones you already enjoy. Most video store employees will be able to show you some great games to choose from.
A lot of Internet games only allow players to earn game rewards slowly, but give them the chance to pay real money to advance faster. Make sure you choose the right option! Maybe they don't actually benefit you much. Purchased items are a quick way to get to levels that may take massive amounts of time otherwise.
It is important that parents have a look at the video game's ESRB rating. Some games look like they are for kids, but they are actually completely inappropriate. Make your purchase decision after you have reviewed what aspects the rating is applied on, like violence or language.
TIP! Parents should remember to check ESRB ratings. Some games look like they are for kids, but they are actually completely inappropriate.
If you would like to try a game out before purchasing it, get it from your local library. Your community library should have a selection of games that you are able to play free of charge. Call and see if your library offers video games and systems for rental and check out their selection.
You should make sure you seek nourishment when playing your video games. It's easy to get so caught up in the game that you're playing, that you forget to stay hydrated. This can lead to headaches, nausea, constipation and even passing out.
Find games that you and your children both enjoy and spend some time together playing them. Children love to play video games. There are quite a few titles that are educational. Video games also help with eye-hand coordination and reflex skills.
TIP! Spend time with your kids by playing video games you both enjoy. Lots of kids enjoy playing games and they're able to learn quite a bit from them.
As a parent, you need to set appropriate time limits for your kids when they play video games. Your children should not play for more than a couple of hours a day since there are other activities they should focus on.
Don't just wait for the release date. Reserve video games you know you are going to buy. If you pre-order a game before release, you can often get special bonuses with your purchase. You may get a bonus that helps you gain a winning edge, enhance your avatar or game features that cannot be acquired with a later date purchase.
Do not let a child play a game without checking its rating beforehand. Certain games that contain violence are rated 18 and up. Young children should not be allowed to play these kinds of games. It can give them nightmares and bad ideas on how to behave.
Do some research, and test-drive games before buying. These video game trials are extremely helpful in helping you determine if you want to spend your hard earned cash on a game. If the video game trial version is a lot of fun, then you know what you are getting before you purchase the full version.
Even though the PS2 may not be the cream of the gaming system crop, if cheap is what you are after, it's probably your best bet. The games for the PS2 cost half as much as the games for Xbox and PS3. It has been around for 10 years, so there are plenty of games out there available for it.
TIP! Although the PS2 system is not the state of the art console gaming system, if you are looking for an inexpensive system to own, this one is for you. PS2 game prices generally run about 50% of the price of games for a modern console.
Be sure you have all the equipment you need for a particular video game. You don't want to buy a game and then learn later on that you don't have the ability to play it. Carefully read the box before you buy the game so that you know if you will need game specific controllers to operate it. By doing this, you will find out what is needed and will have a chance to get it.
If you use consoles that are connected to the internet, you can try the demo prior to purchasing a game. This is a good way to try new games without spending any money. You will get a chance to practice and know what to expect from this game. Try the demos so you don't get disappointed.
When attempting to locate video games that are on sale, find out what the game's Metacritic score is. The game may be on sale because no-one enjoys playing it. And you won't save money buying a game on sale if you don't end up liking it. The game's score will tell you whether it's worth buying or not.
TIP! If you are trying to find video games on sale, make sure you know the Metacritic score before you purchase one. Cheap games may be cheap for a reason, meaning they are no fun.
When playing a very popular game, you probably want to purchase every add-on and update that comes with it. This can cost you quite a bit of money! Instead, wait awhile before you purchase any downloadable content. Before you go looking for more games, do an inventory of what you already have at home.
Arcades are a fun place to game in! Many people now enjoy playing video games at their homes by themselves. When you go to an arcade out of town, you can get the chance to socialize with people of similar interests.
TIP! GO to a video game arcade not in your own town. Many people play games in the comfort of their own home.
Video games are being enjoyed by all sorts of different people. By utilizing these tips, you can utilize your fun playing video games. Follow these tips to have lots of fun and enjoyment with video gaming.


text:
Marsdenia satureiifolia är en oleanderväxtart som beskrevs av Achille Richard. Marsdenia satureiifolia ingår i släktet Marsdenia och familjen oleanderväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Oleanderväxter
satureiifolia


Charlie Appleby's speedster was a fluent winner of the Al Quoz Sprint on Saturday.
Blue Point again looks certain to be a major player in this year's QIPCO British Champions Series after a fluent success in the Al Quoz Sprint at Meydan on Saturday.
Charlie Appleby's speedster gained an assured victory in the hands of William Buick and is now a general 5/1 to successfully defend his King's Stand Stakes crown at Royal Ascot in June.
Blue Point was a little keen during the early stages and took a while to engage top gear once asked to go about his business.
However, the 4-6 favourite eventually reeled in 66-1 shot Belvoir Bay and was well on top at the line in the six-furlong feature.
Buick said: "He had to dig a little bit deeper tonight, but he did it. He travelled so well through the race – with so much confidence running through his body – and when he had to find a bit extra, he did that as well.
Appleby said: "I was confident looking at William's body language that he would pick up when he needed to and put the race to bed.
"William and Blue Point are a great combination and buzz off each other, but let's not forget that it was a great effort from the team in Dubai.
"I'll give him a little break now. We decided that as long as he finished in the first three tonight, he would then go straight to Ascot for another crack at the King's Stand.
The other British-trained runner in the field was Richard Fahey's Sands Of Mali.
Making his first appearance since landing the QIPCO British Champions Sprint at Ascot last October, the four-year-old forced the pace for a long way before fading out of contention and passing the post in sixth place.


I'm not really going for step-by-step thorough explanation, because the pictures already speak for themselves :p The treatment takes about 45-60 minutes, that's why I suggest you to book an appointment beforehand, at least 2 days before your appointment day.
Left the eye makeup untouched :p They will give you a good massage before cleaning it up with wet sponge to remove all makeup, dirts, and oil from your face.
Mask is being left to dry for about 5-10 minutes.
After the mask is dry, it will be removed from your face. This helps to remove dead skin cells from your skin. After this, they apply soft peeling to prepare the skin for the flashing treatment.
Cool gel's applied all over your face. Your eyes will be covered with cotton to protect them from the flash which is really really bright, I could even feel the light even with my eyes closed and covered. If you're doing hair removal treatment, you'll be given sunglasses for that.
And the flashing starts! They will ask you for couple of times if you're comfortable with the heat (it doesn't sting at all, you'll just feel a bit warm, that's it!), just tell them what you feel especially if you can't take the heat, some people have more sensitive skin than the others.
It goes pretty much like this for 10-15 minutes, in different spots all over your face.
Lastly, your skin will be cleaned up and moisturised.
It was really easy for me to apply my makeup, because all dirts and dead skin cells had been removed!
It was at least 6 hours after I applied my makeup, and it still looks good, and I didn't need to blot my face throughout the night! I recommend you to try this treatment if you haven't already, especially if you're planning on spending special days/events ahead like prom night, wedding, birthday, or any kind of celebrations.


text:
Science & Astronomy
Auroras Over Earth: Amazing Northern Lights Photos from Space
By Space.com Staff
Aurora Near Australia
The northern lights are a spectacular night sky phenomenon when viewed from Earth, but from space they transform into something truly amazing. See amazing photos of the Earth's auroras as seen by astronauts on the International Space Station in these images released by NASA. You can see the original NASA aurora gallery here.
Related: How to See the Northern Lights
Aurora Australis Over Indian Ocean
A wish-bone shaped display of Aurora Australis over the Indian Ocean serves as a very colorful backdrop for the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft which is docked to the International Space Station. Image taken on April 26, 2014.
Aurora Borealis Over Russia and Finland
This nighttime view featuring the aurora borealis, the moon and Moscow was photographed by an Expedition 39 crew member on the International Space Station. Image taken April 2, 2014.
This beautiful image of the multi-colored aurora australis over Earth was photographed by one of the Expedition 38 crew members aboard the International Space Station. This image was taken on July 25, 2015.
Aurora Australis Over Tasmania
The Aurora Australis or Southern Lights, photographed by one of the Expedition 37 crew members on the International Space Station as the orbital complex flew over Tasmania on Oct. 30, 2013.
Auroras over Midwestern U.S. at Night
The Midwestern United States at night with Aurora Borealis is featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 29 crew member on the International Space Station. Image taken Sept. 29, 2011.
Aurora Borealis Over Colorado
One of the Expedition 34 crew members aboard the International Space Station captured this night panorama featuring a display of Northern Lights, also known as Aurora Borealis, and scattered lights in Colorado. Image taken Feb 10., 2013.
Aurora Australis by Expedition 32
The Expedition 32 crew onboard the International Space Station, flying an altitude of approximately 240 miles, recorded a series of images of Aurora Australis, also known as the Southern Lights, on July 15, 2012,
Aurora Australis, South Pacific, New Zealand
This picture, recorded by one of the Expedition 31 crew members aboard the International Space Station, features Aurora Australis with star streaks while the vehicle was over the South Pacific Ocean. Image taken on May 22, 2012.
Moscow at Night
Moscow, Russia appears at the center of this nighttime image photographed by one of the Expedition 30 crew members aboard the International Space Station, taken March 28, 2012.
Aurora Over Eastern North Atlantic at Night
One of the Expedition 30 crew members photographed this nighttime scene while the International Space Station was flying at an altitude approximately 240 miles over the eastern North Atlantic. Image taken March 29, 2012.
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Space.com is the premier source of space exploration, innovation and astronomy news, chronicling (and celebrating) humanity's ongoing expansion across the final frontier. Originally founded in 1999, Space.com is, and always has been, the passion of writers and editors who are space fans and also trained journalists. Our current news team consists of Editor-in-Chief Tariq Malik; Editor Hanneke Weitering, Senior Space Writer Mike Wall; Senior Writer Meghan Bartels; Senior Writer Chelsea Gohd, Senior Writer Tereza Pultarova and Staff Writer Alexander Cox, focusing on e-commerce. Senior Producer Steve Spaleta oversees our space videos, with Diana Whitcroft as our Social Media Editor.
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