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MIB 3
MIB 3 Review
MIB 3 Gallery
MIB 3 Cast
MIB 3 News
Men in Black 3 Poster: Back in Time
A new poster has hit the streets for Men in Black 3. The one sheet features all three stars: Will Smith, Tommy Lee Jones and the new guy to the franchise, Josh Brolin.
Feb 22, 11:54 am
Men in Black 3 Photos: Back in Black
Men in Black 3 gives us another go at one of Will Smith's greatest characters and we've got two new photos from the film. The film arrives May 25 and not only features Tommy Lee Jones back as Agent K, but gives us a look at his character as a young man (Josh Brolin).
Men in Black 3: Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones Erase Memory
A new picture has been released of Tommy Lee Jones and Will Smith from Men in Black 3. The latest MIB film adds Josh Brolin to the mix as a younger version of Jones' character.
Men in Black 3 Trailer: Watch Now!
The first Men in Black 3 movie trailer has been released. Watch Will Smith in action now!
Dec 12, 11:12 am
Men in Black 3 Posters Premiere
The first two posters for Men in Black 3 have premiered and they are unique. Each features the film series' stars, Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones.
Nov 29, 4:27 pm
Men in Black 3 Arriving May 25 in IMAX 3D
Men in Black 3 will arrive in theaters May 25. Men in Black 3 is being released in 3D and IMAX 3D.
Alice Eve Joins Men In Black III
Alice Eve will play the younger version of Emma Thompson character. The film is set to hit theaters in May 2012.
Sony Releases New Promo Posters for Men In Black 3, Spider-man 3D, and The Smurfs!
Sony has released new promotional posters for three upcoming major releases: Men In Black 3, the 3-D Spider-Man reboot, and The Smurfs.
Sep 23, 9:08 am
Jemaine Clement To Play Baddie in Men In Black 3?
Flight of the Conchords star vs. Will Smith.
May 19, 2:09 pm
Men In Black Are Officially Coming Back Summer 2012
In 3D, too!
May 7, 9:28 pm
Will Smith Signs on for Two Independence Day Sequels
Smith to kick more alien ass right after Men in Black 3?
Mar 30, 10:27 pm
Men in Black are Coming Back
Columbia Pictures has hired Etan Cohen to pen the script.
Oct 31, 12:02 am
Sometimes when films come back for a sequel or a third in a trilogy after a long absence, the result is less than savory. With Men in...
MIB 3 Photos


Cemeteries is part of our life not only because it is our last destination here on earth but because we love to be with our love ones who passed away. During my travels, I saw some cemeteries which are very interesting in aesthetics and its story. Let me show you some of the most fascinating cemeteries in the Philippines that I saw.
This is a work in progress article, I will be adding more whenever I see an interesting cemetery.
Located in the heart of Manila City, Paco Park today serves as a hang out place of students and a dating area. It also serves as a venue for weddings and movie shooting. Remember Starting Over Again by Piolo Pascual and Toni Gonzaga?
Paco Park no longer accept burials if you want to be buried here. The good news is, you can pray at this park during the Sunday whenever there is a mass. You can also, make your vow here. I saw a lot of weddings held in Paco Park.
Our national hero was first buried here in Paco Park.
According to the website of Tabaco Albay, this Cimburrio is a testament of the city's indelible Hispanic past. Indeed, you will mesmerized when you see this cemetery not far away from downtown Tabaco.
Who do not know this? For some they first saw this picture before they knew that it is in Camiguin.
The cross was erected in 1982 to remember the Cemetery which was sunken during the eruption of Mt. Vulcan in Camiguin during the late 17th century. Today, the spot is one of the most pictured attraction in Camiguin and its a cemetery.
To read more about the Sunken Cemetery and Camiguin, click here.
San Joaquin Church is a National Cultural Treasure along with the San Joaquin Church. It is interesting to note that San Joaquin is the southern most municipality of Iloilo, the next town will be part of Antique.
The Spanish Baroque mortuary chapel was built in 1892 by Augustinian priest. According to some local, the parish priest of San Joaquin commissioned an excavation to find a treasure under the chapel. The priest allegedly got treasures and is now on leave according to the locals.
Unlike the other cemeteries on the list, this cemetery in Lucban was not intended to be a cemetery. In fact, it is a church! There's no reliable literature about this ruined church. One of the visitors in the cemetery told me that the church was built in 1871.
Every local in Lucban knows this cemetery. Just tell the tricycle diver to drop you in the cemetery where the ruined church is. Its not far from the center.
Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery is very famous among weekenders and mountaineers in Metro Manila and nearby province. This church was build at the foot of Mt. San Cristobal to serve as resting place of the locals.
The cemetery is no longer open for burial but you can visit it for the amusement and history.
Did I miss something? Please feel free to suggest by commenting below.


Minority employees at a Pentagon that embraced political correctness under President Barack Obama are said to be unsettled by the incoming Trump administration.
U.S. officials told The Daily Beast that their Muslim colleagues are now less willing to share their thoughts about national security and fear they will no longer be seen as an asset to confronting terrorism.
A climate of 'anticipatory freakout' has engulfed the Pentagon's politically correct class.
It is not just Muslims who are hyperventilating, though. The fragile snowflakes of all classes dubbed minority by the politically correct are looking for safe spaces as the Trump revolution rolls into town.
Some analysts say the Obama administration advocated diversity over ability at the Pentagon, CIA and Department of Homeland Security at a cost to national security.
Departments at those agencies now are filled with younger staffers, "many of whom never anticipated anything other than a government that embraced diversity," the Daily Beast report said.
Last month, Obama issued a memorandum about "Promoting Diversity and Inclusion in the National-Security Workforce" that called for better data about the makeup of national-security employees and to help expand diversity within the national-security community.
President Donald Trump will not be required to adhere to any part of that memorandum.


Sustainable Marine Energy (SME) is a developer of tidal energy platforms hosting SCHOTTEL HYDRO tidal generators. SME also develops enabling technologies for its tidal energy projects with applications in other marine sectors, such as the RAPTOR rock anchor and installation ROV. All of this significantly reduces the cost of deploying and maintaining tidal energy systems. PLAT-I, SME's 280kW surface floating platform, has been built in Scotland and is currently undergoing power generation trials near Oban. It will be deployed in South East Asia in 2018 forming the first platform of a planned 5MW array. A second platform is planned for build in 2018 and deployment in Canada.


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Q: How to add dynamic values to java new Object[] with different type of values I am currently using like below this syntax working fine
Object[] oParams = new Object[] {
    Integer.valueOf(this.userId),
    Date.valueOf(this.startDate),
    Date.valueOf(this.endDate)
};
jdbcTemplate.queryForList(sql, oParams);

if it is in PHP we can simply add with index but in java the following syntax is throwing error
oParams[3] = Integer.valueOf(this.userId)

If I add values like below,
List<Object> oParams = new ArrayList<Object>();
oParams.add(Integer.valueOf(this.userId));
oParams.add(Date.valueOf(this.startDate));
oParams.add(Date.valueOf(this.endDate));
jdbcTemplate.queryForList(sql, oParams);

It causing the following error,
org.postgresql.util.PSQLException: Can't infer the SQL type to use for an instance of java.util.ArrayList. Use setObject() with an explicit Types value to specify the type to use.
    at org.postgresql.jdbc.PgPreparedStatement.setObject(PgPreparedStatement.java:949)
Thanks in advance.

A: Well.. if you really need an Object[] you could convert your List<Object> using .toArray().
List<Object> oParams = new ArrayList<>();
oParams.add(Integer.valueOf(this.userId));
oParams.add(Date.valueOf(this.startDate));
oParams.add(Date.valueOf(this.endDate));
jdbcTemplate.queryForList(sql, oParams.toArray());

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Former President Mahinda Rajapaksa, addressing the media after paying his final respects to former Parliamentarian V. K. Indika at his house in Punchihenayagama, Ambalantota, said Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe had recently requested him to speak on the allegations made against him by the New York Times.
He said the Prime Minister had pledged to produce Arjun Mahendran at Parliament, but it had not been done thus far, adding that therefore, he would not make a statement until Prime Minister Wickremesinghe held true to his promise.Commenting on the LTTE commemoration in the North, Rajapaksa said that it was as if the North was a separate state on its own and as such, citizens could carry out any act they wished.
The commemoration itself was not an issue for the present regime, he said, adding that if a similar event were to occur in the South, however, those persons would be brought to book immediately.


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Towards an Objective Theory of Rationality
6. A Realist Theory of Knowledge
6.1 Theory-Ladenness of Observation Language
That we gain knowledge of an external mind-independent world via our senses is a fundamental axiom of realism. However, this view raises important questions about how our senses function in the acquisition of such knowledge and what methods we use to improve our knowledge. The early empiricist view that by an unbiased use of our sensory organs we may gain direct knowledge about the external world is no longer tenable for a number of reasons. These objections are mostly well covered in the literature, so I shall discuss briefly the two that are most pertinent to developing a theory of rationality. In the process, I will demonstrate the methodological implications for such a theory. The two complications to the empiricist's story of how we gain knowledge of the external world are the theory-ladenness of observation language and the perceptual effects from subjective influences. I will deal with theory-ladenness in this section and leave the discussion about perceptual bias to the following section.
To assert an observation statement about the external world is to assert much more than that the observer is having a particular private sensory-experience. It is to interpret the phenomenological experience in terms of a number of theories. To assert even simple sentences as 'The cat is on the mat' or 'I see a cat on the mat' is to presuppose physical theories concerning the properties of objects called 'cats' and 'mats' and the causal interaction between these physical properties. Whereas in Europe during the middle-ages, people saw some women as witches and some afflicted with a mental illness as victims of demon possession, today we see these same people as quite ordinary women and as people suffering from psychosis. As these examples illustrate, our observation statements are permeated with a host of theoretical presuppositions.
To accept an observation statement as true is also to presuppose some, perhaps relatively inarticulate, theory of observation of how we come to know about the existence of cats, mats, women and the mentally ill and of their properties. If we accept the modern, scientific account of how we visually perceive objects, we will tell the story about how our visual experience of a cat is the result of light waves of particular frequencies and intensities reflecting off the cat, those waves focusing in our retina, electrical signals travelling along our visual cortex to the visual processing areas in our brain and finally resulting in our experiencing a visual image of a cat.
It is in this sense, in which observation terms gain their meaning by being interpreted in terms of a physical theory and in which assertions of observation statements presuppose an observational theory, that we can say that observation terms and statements are 'theory-laden'. The once hoped for theory-neutral observation language on which we could provide a secure foundation for our theories is now seen as a chimera.
The upshot here is that our observation statements are only as precise as the physical and observation theories that they presuppose. In those cases where an observation statement made in support of a new theory presupposes an unsupported observation theory or some other unverified auxiliary hypothesis, prudence demands that we do not accept the observation statement as true. In the following, I will incorporate this lesson into my set of criteria for rational theory appraisal.
Short URL:http://bit.ly/37l6dh4
2. The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
3. Is Science a Rational Enterprise?
4. An Objectivist Epistemology
4.1 Preliminaries
4.2 Criteria for Minimal Acceptance of Evidence
4.3 Criteria for Theory-Independence
5. Metaphysics and Epistemology
6.2 Perceptual Effects from Subjective Influences
6.3 Criteria for Accepting Observation Statements
7. Objective Criteria and MSRP
8. Logical and Rational Incommensurability
References – Epistemology
References – Psychology of Perception
Download complete essay on Imre Lakatos and a Theory of Rationality

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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College of Social Sciences and Law
School of Archaeology
Archaeology Research Collection
Untangling the Concept of Cultural Landscapes: A Critical Review
Untangling the Concept of Cultural Landscapes, a Critical Review.doc Book Chapter, Untangling the Concept of Cultural Landscapes, Irene Fogarty, 2020 118.5 kB Microsoft Word Download
Title: Untangling the Concept of Cultural Landscapes: A Critical Review
Authors: Fogarty, Irene
Date: Nov-2020
Abstract: In 1992, UNESCO's World Heritage Convention was the first global legal instrument to recognise and protect cultural landscapes, setting a precedent for adoption of the concept within numerous national and international conservation designations and conventions. However, despite its widespread recognition, there is no universal definition for what constitutes a cultural landscape. In response, this review disambiguates the concept as understood within internationalised conservation instruments. It begins with an examination of hegemonic Eurocentric heritage and conservation discourses, revealing how they construct culture and nature as separate entities with distinct value typologies. Using examples, the review then explores how cultural landscapes are interpreted by Australia ICOMOS' Burra Charter and IUCN's Category V Protected Areas. Subsequently, it outlays how cultural landscapes are constituted within the World Heritage Convention itself. It is revealed that while cultural landscapes offer a framework for understanding and protecting interlinkages between nature and culture, their realisation can be constrained by Eurocentric biases in discourses underpinning the processes of the World Heritage Convention. These biases are particularly problematic in recognising and inscribing the landscapes of Indigenous peoples.
Funding Details: Irish Research Council
Funding Details: National University of Ireland
Type of material: Book Chapter
Publisher: Mazu Press
Keywords: UNESCO World Heritage Convention; Critical heritage; Cultural landscapes; IUCN protected areas; ICOMOS Burra Charter
Other versions: http://store.mazupress.com/epages/960812986.sf/pt_PT/?ObjectPath=/Shops/960812986/Products/PAT.6
Is part of: de Carvalho Antunes, A., Angjliu, G., Bellanova, M. (eds.) Advances in Cultural Heritage Studies, Year 2020. Contributions of the European Students' Association for Cultural Heritage
Appears in Collections: Archaeology Research Collection


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American Student Punished for Refusing to Pledge Allegiance to Mexico
4 Comments / Communism/Socialism, Leftist moonbats, Mexico, Politics / By sfcmac
From Fox News Radio.
A Texas high school student has filed a federal lawsuit against her school and her teachers after she was punished for refusing to salute and recite the Mexican pledge of allegiance.
The Thomas More Law Center filed the suit on behalf of Brenda Brinsdon alleging the McAllen Independent School District violated the 15-year-old girl's constitutional rights when she was forced to recite the Mexican pledge and sing the Mexican national anthem.
Click here to read the lawsuit.
Brinsdon, who is the daughter of a Mexican immigrant and an American father, refused. She believed it was un-American to pledge a loyalty oath to another country.
Ironically, the school district has a policy that prohibits a school from compelling students to recite the American Pledge of Allegiance.
The district also has a written policy that excuses students from reciting text from the Declaration of Independence if the student "as determined by the district, has a conscientious objection to the recitation."
"There is a sad trend in public schools across our nation to undermine American patriotism," said Richard Thompson president of the Thomas More Law Center. "But it's encouraging to see students like Brenda stand up for America despite pressure from school officials."
The TMLC told Fox News the district ignored its own rules when Brinsdon refused to recite the pledge of a foreign country.
……The recitation of the Mexican pledge and the singing of the Mexican national anthem was part of a 2011 Spanish class assignment at Achieve Early College High School. The teacher, Reyna Santos, required all her students to participate in the lesson.
When Brinsdon refused to back down – she was punished, the lawsuit alleges. She was given an alternative assignment on the Independence of Mexico. The teacher gave her a failing grade – and then required the student to sit in class over a period of several days to listen to other students recite the Mexican flag.
……And while she is fluent in Spanish and English and is proud of her Mexican heritage, Brinsdon is a "true-blooded American," Mersino added.
Mersino said it was especially troubling to watch video of students in the class standing up, extending their arms straight out, palms down and reciting the pledge of a foreign country.
"It's disturbing – it truly was troubling," she said.
What the fuck?? Sieg Heil Mexico???
Newsflash for Santos: This is the United States of America, not the United States of Mexico. She can take that 'La Raza' shit and shove it up her ass.
This stunt of hers went way beyond classroom discussion of another culture; it was full blown leftwing indoctrination, which seems to be infecting the schools in this country at an alarming rate.
Contact the school district online:
http://www.mcallenisd.org/about-misd/misd-contact/
James Ponce, Ed. D., Superintendent of Schools
james.ponce@mcallenisd.net, 956-618-6027
Achieve Early College High School
South Texas College Pecan Campus
http://achieve.mcallenisd.org/
Tell them Santos should be fired.
4 thoughts on "American Student Punished for Refusing to Pledge Allegiance to Mexico"
Lissakrhumanelife
Reblogged this on USA COINTELPRO VICTIM OF 'POGs' PATRIOT & SPACE PRESERVATION ACTS.
I agree with you, the teacher has no business indoctrinating the children; it is ok to teach them about other cultures, but NEVER ok to teach them to hate their county. I fully support the lawsuit and I hope the student wins (it just struck me as funny that they talk about a pledge when I have never heard of it)
I live in the US (legally) and I have 2 children and I am doing my best to raise them to love and respect this country; to learn about it's history and understand that yes, they are half Mexican and it is ok to love Mexico, but their COUNTRY will always be the US and they will always be Americans. I guess I am one of those weird Conservative Hispanics.
Thank you for your service and thank your family for their sacrifice.
With all due respect (and I know what I am talking about because I am 100% Mexican, born and raised in Mexico)there is NO Pledge of Allegiance in Mexico; we do have a beautiful National Anthem, but nothing like the Pledge of Allegiance from the US, so I am curious to see what kind of crap that "teacher" was telling the kids.
We have other patriotic songs (like God Bless America) but a Pledge?? we do not do that!!
Momof2,
It's not just the "pledge of allegiance" to Mexico that Santos was propagating, it's the fact that she, along with other teachers and school administrators in this country, are trying to brainwash children with a perversion of "multicultural" indoctrination and hatred of America. They should fire her ass ASAP.


James Wolf is a founding brother of Epsilon Nu Tau and entrepreneurship graduate of the University of Dayton. He has been involved with the entrepreneurship fraternity for the past eight years. Currently living in Cincinnati, Ohio, James owns and operates an inbound marketing agency called Viral Wolf. As a proud husband and father of two boys, James loves spending time with his family, playing soccer, and listening to bluegrass music.


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Thomasville, AL Arrest Records
Thomasville, AL is among the most violent cities in the USA with 7.21 per 1,000 residents crime rate compared to national 4.69 average. It is the 82nd safest city in Alabama among the 197 cities.
Thomasville, AL property crime has lower rate than the national average of 28.42, with 25.85 average property crimes recorded in 2016 of which 83 larceny theft related arrests that decreased by 4.60% compared to 2015.
Thomasville Crime Rate
Total arrests in Thomasville 2016 increased by 3.1% compared to 2015 and has lower crime rate than national average of 33.12. Violent crimes increased from 16 to 29 while non-violent crime decreased by 7.96% from 113 to 104.
5 Crimes In Thomasville, AL in 2016 with the Most Arrests
Motor vehicle theft 7
Other Cities in Alabama with the Most Arrests
Among the 197 cities in state the most dangerous is Huntsville with 1,787 violent crimes that's 11.81% of total of 15,125. McIntosh has the highest number of records per 1,000 people that is above the state average of 46 and higher than national average of 33.
Bayou La Batre 124.66
Bessemer 119.06
Anniston 110.20
Lanett 98.90
Douglas 97.24
Safest Cities in Alabama
Are you planning a move to Alabama? Here are the safest cities in Alabama with the lowest arrest rates. Your chance of being a victim of a violent crime in Thomasville is 1 out of 155 up by 0.01% compared to previous year. The lowest rate of violent crime is in Henagar and the safest city to encounter a property crime is in Heflin.
Heflin 5.14
Margaret 5.90
Helena 7.56
Kimberly 8.53
Clayton 12.03
Violent crime rate in Thomasville increased by 81.25% from 2015 and decreased by 3.33% during the last 5 years since 2011 from 30 to 29. In 2016 violent crime rate in Thomasville was 53.61% higher than the national average. Your chances of being a victim of a violent crime is 0.721%.
Property crime rate in Thomasville decreased by 7.96% from 2015 and decreased by 38.46% in the last 5 years since 2011 from 169 to 104. In 2016 property crime rate in Thomasville was 9.05% lower than the national rate. Your chances of being a victim of property crime is 2.585%.
How Thomasville stands up against other cities
Thomasville vs. Haleyville
You'll be in more safety in Thomasville compared to Haleyville that had 64.91% higher crime rate compared to Thomasville according to the FBI.
Rape rates of 0.0000 per 1,000 people is lower than national of 0.0199 per 1,000 people and the same as average 0.0000 in Haleyville city.
Motor Vehicle Theft rates of 1.7400 per 1,000 people is lower than national of 2.8637 per 1,000 people and lower than average 1.9646 in Haleyville.
Thomasville vs. Elba
You'll be in more risk in Thomasville compared to Elba that had 24.65% lower crime rate compared to Thomasville according to the FBI.
Robbery rates of 0.2486 per 1,000 people is lower than national of 1.3602 per 1,000 people and higher than average 0.0000 in Elba city.
Burglary rates of 3.4800 per 1,000 people is lower than national of 5.0167 per 1,000 people and lower than average 8.4746 in Elba.
Names with the most arrests in Thomasville
John Pettway
Chinesia Washington
Jerome Norwood
Kyle Boutwell
The overall crime rate in Thomasville is 0% lower than the national average.
For every 1,000 residents, there are 9.06 daily crimes that occur in Thomasville.
Thomasville is safer than Haleyville.
In Thomasville you have a 1 in 30 chance of becoming a victim of any crime.
Year over year crimes in Thomasville have increased by 3.1%.


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The King's School
Council in blow to King's housing plan
Macclesfield town council does not agree that green belt at Fence Avenue should be developed by King's School
Stuart Greer
Green belt at Fence Avenue included in the Local Plan
THE town council is opposing plans for housing in the green belt which would allow a new King's School to be built.
The council held a consultation on three major planning applications which would allow King's School to build a new school on 70 acres of green belt next to its Derby Playing Fields in Prestbury.
As well as the application for the new school, King's has applied for permission for up to 300 homes at its current Fence Avenue site and up to 150 at the Cumberland Street site, on the Westminster Road playing fields.
But members of the town council's planning committee did not agree that green belt at Fence Avenue should be developed and recommended that Cheshire East rejects the application.
The decision followed a packed out consultation hosted by the town council, when more than 150 people attended to have their say, with many raising concerns about impact on the green belt, traffic congestion and drainage.
Councillors raised no objection to the development at Cumberland Street or the new school at Prestbury but agreed there are concerns about traffic and asked for highways impact assessments for both sites.
They also recommended a drainage assessment for Westminster Road and environmental report for the Prestbury site.
Cheshire East councillor Mick Warren welcomed the decision to object to the Fence Avenue proposal, saying: "It's a very contentious issue. But I'm surprised the town council has not objected to the new school at Prestbury because it's a development for a private school in the green belt. There was strong feeling against the application at the consultation.
Coun Philip Bolton, from the town council, said the Prestbury site is outside its remit, adding: "We can only look at the impact on Macclesfield and so raised concerns about the traffic into Macclesfield. I live in Prestbury and personally am not happy about any building on the green belt."
Dr Simon Hyde, King's School headteacher, said: "The school welcomes the Town Council's support for its relocation to Derby Fields and the development of Westminster Road for housing. We are disappointed it objected to Fence Avenue. Macclesfield needs to develop and grow if our town centre is to be regenerated."
The deadline for comments on the applications is Sunday, January 24.


Controversial MLA Carl Benito says he still hopes to be able to serve the community after being ousted by a local businessman in the Progressive Conservative nomination in Edmonton-Mill Woods.
In a vote Tuesday night, Benito lost out to Sohail Quadri, a local printer and entrepreneur, who emigrated from Pakistan more than 20 years ago.
Benito has made more than a few headlines since he was elected in 2008, first coming under fire when he reneged on a campaign promise to donate his MLA salary to a scholarship fund. But Benito claims he did not actually go back on that promise, he always intended to contribute the funds, but over time.
"I don't think any missteps were made on my part, these are words that (the media) put in my mouth," he said. "I can sit down and prove to you that I fulfilled my promise."
Benito took heat in 2010 when he failed to pay his property taxes. At the time, he said his wife forgot about it.
But again, Benito claims no gaffes were made, and instead blamed what he called false reporting by media.


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8 October, 2016 - 00:42 dhwty
Terrifying Mesoamerican Skull Racks Were Erected to Deter Enemies
A skull rack, known also as Tzompantli in the Nahuatl language, is an object documented to have been used in several Mesoamerican civilizations, including the Aztecs, the Toltecs, and the Mayas. Skull racks are recorded to have been used by these civilizations to display human skulls. Depictions of skull racks can be found in paintings and in written descriptions from the early colonial period. Several types of skull racks have also been discovered during archaeological excavations over the years.
Skull racks are recorded to have been built throughout Mesoamerica between the 7 th and 16 th centuries AD. Skull racks may be divided into two types – those that do not display real decapitated heads, and those that do. For the former, human skulls may be carved from stone, and arranged in rows. Examples of such skull racks can be found at sites such as the Maya capital of Chichen Itza, and the Toltec capital of Tula.
Unusual Aztec sacrificial skulls found in Mexico subway dig
New Research Shows that Gruesome Aztec Sacrifices included Locals of all Ages Too
It has been noted that the stone skulls possess subtle differences, and are not identical to one another. As these skulls seem to stare menacingly at onlookers, it has been suggested that these skull racks were created in order to reproduce the terror inspired by the actual structures that held the heads of decapitated victims.
Chichén Itzá Tzompantli ( CC BY 3.0 )
It is commonly accepted that skull racks displayed the heads belonging to victims of human sacrifice. Apart from this group, war captives who were executed also had their heads cut off and displayed on skull racks. In the case of the Aztecs, it has been suggested that this was a way that they could display their military prowess. Additionally, such structures were erected by the Aztecs as a tribute to their gods, and was also intended to instill fear into the hearts of any rivals visiting their city. Skull racks were associated with the culture of ball courts. It is believed that the players from the losing team would be decapitated, and their skulls displayed on a skull rack, as depicted in stone reliefs around the courts.
A tzompantli, illustrated in the 16th-century Aztec manuscript, the Durán Codex. ( Public Domain )
Skull racks have also been mentioned by the Spanish who encountered and colonized the Aztecs. A Dominican friar by the name of Diego Duran, for example, wrote that more than 80,000 people were sacrificed to celebrate the dedication of the Great Temple of Mexico-Tenochtitlan. The heads of these victims were displayed on a skull rack, and were replaced regularly with fresh ones after the sacrifices were carried out. Skull racks have also been depicted in paintings. One of these, for instance, shows the head of horses being displayed on a rack. As the Aztecs came across horses for the first time with the arrival of the Spanish, they are said to have place the heads of horses on skull racks as an offering to their gods.
Chichén Itzá MEX - Tzompantli Wall of Skulls. ( CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 )
It is reported that in 1962, archaeologists working at the site of Tlatelolco, Tenochtitlan's twin city, unearthed a total of 170 skulls with their mandibles still attached. On both sides of the cranium in the temporal and parietal areas, large holes were found. These holes, in addition to the alignment of the skulls in groups of five, suggest that they were once displayed on a skull rack. Analysis of these skulls allowed archaeologists to know more about the victims, for example, their sex and age when they were killed, as well as the way the heads were defleshed.
Archaeologists unearth Aztec human skull trophy rack in Mexico temple
Archaeological site in Mexico reveals sacrifice and cannibalization of Spanish conquistadors
In 2015, it was reported that archaeologists have found a skull rack on the western side of what was once the Templo Mayor complex in Mexico City. It was discovered that part of this rack was made by arranging rows of skulls mortared together roughly in a circle. The skulls were arrayed to look inward into a seemingly empty space in the middle of the circle. Experts, however, are unsure as to what was in the center, and the significance of this arrangement.
Top image: A tzompantli is illustrated to the right of a depiction of an Aztec temple. ( Public Domain )
By Wu Mingren
Associated Press in Mexico City, 2015. Aztec skull trophy rack discovered at Mexico City's Templo Mayor ruin site. [Online]
Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/aug/21/aztec-skull-trophy-rack-discovered-mexico-citys-templo-mayor-ruin-site
Aztecs and Tenochtitlan, 2016. Aztec Skulls. [Online]
Available at: http://aztecsandtenochtitlan.com/aztec-human-sacrifice/aztec-skulls/
Baquedano, E., 2006. Question for May 2006. [Online]
Available at: http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/ask-experts/what-was-the-point-of-the-skull-rack
Fordham University's Art History Department, 2016. Iconography of Tzompantli at Templo Mayor. [Online]
Available at: http://tenochtitlan.ace.fordham.edu/exhibits/show/tzompantli/tzompantli-at-templo-mayor
Hirst, K. K., 2016. Wall of Skulls (Tzompantli). [Online]
Available at: http://archaeology.about.com/od/archaeologic7/ig/Chichen-Itza/Wall-of-Skulls.htm
Stolze, D., 2015. Everything You Wanted To Know (And Then Some) About Skull Racks. [Online]
Available at: http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/everything-you-wanted-to-know-and-then-some-about-skull-racks
skull racks
mesoamerican
Toltecs
Ḏḥwty
I am a university student doing a BA degree in Archaeology. My interests range from 'conventional' to 'radical' interpretations of the archaeological/textual/pictorial data set. I believe that intellectual engagement by advocates from both ends of the spectrum would serve to... Read More
12 January, 2020 - 19:06 ashley cowie
Scientists Suggest Columbus' Caribbean Cannibals Might Be True
A new study of ancient Caribbean skulls suggests Christopher Columbus' accounts of fierce raiders abducting women and cannibalizing men 'might' be true. In 1492, under orders from King Ferdinand of...
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10 January, 2020 - 01:52 Ed Whelan
Niah National Park, Where the Caves Continue to Give 40 Thousand Years On
Because Malaysia has an amazing climate and incredible natural scenery, the country is popular with international visitors . It also has many remarkable national parks, such as Niah National Park...
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15 November, 2019 - 22:59 ashley cowie
Ecuadorian Infants Discovered Wearing Child Skull 'Helmets'
Archaeologists in Ecuador have found two buried infants wearing "helmets" fashioned from the skulls of two other children. The ritual complex and funerary platform of Salango on the central coast of...
Read more about Ecuadorian Infants Discovered Wearing Child Skull 'Helmets'
14 October, 2019 - 23:04 Refik
Was Göbeklitepe An Ancient Temple of Sacrifice?
Göbeklitepe, the world's oldest temple , is around 12,000 years old. It was built by hunter-gatherers in the pre-pottery Neolithic period, before writing and the wheel were invented. Göbeklitepe has...
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15 August, 2019 - 14:04 ashley cowie
Maya Sacrificial Victims Were Likely Young, Foreign and Skinned Alive
Scientists in Mexico have been studying tooth enamel from the skulls of 1,000-year-old Maya human sacrificial victims from the gloomy depths of a sacred cenote (sink hole). The new study was...
Read more about Maya Sacrificial Victims Were Likely Young, Foreign and Skinned Alive
The Dark Underworld of the Paris Catacombs
Paris, the capital of France, is often called La Ville Lumière (meaning 'The City of Light'), however, beneath this bustling European city of 12 million people, lies a dark subterranean world holding...
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The Best Online Business Magazine for the corporate world "Insights Success" magazine has recognized Acreaty among "The 10 Most Admired Corporate Recruitment Companies in 2018". Insights Success' editorial mainly paying attentions on emerging as well as leading companies, company's innovative styles of doing business and approaches to deliver effective and collaborative solutions.
April 13, 2018: Insights Success magazine (the best Online business platform for the leaders, executives of leading companies) has recognized "Acreaty Management Consultant", a leading provider of HR Consulting & Manpower solutions, in its list of the "The 10 Most Admired Corporate Recruitment Companies in 2018". Acreaty is a pioneer Consulting and Manpower Outsourcing Company providing a comprehensive range of staffing solutions to its valued clients. It is a multi-national company with global presence across countries like Africa (Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya, and South Africa), United States and the Middle East (Bahrain, Philippines and UAE). The core set of offerings include Process and People Outsourcing, Business Strategies, Recruitments/ Executive Search, Training & ITES.
Working on a strong technology platform, Acreaty Management Consultant has the proficiency and know-how to perform job-candidate matchmaking and deliver world class experience to the client's while at the same time managing cost and time efficiencies. The leading company has built a strong brand position and is increasingly adapting to new strategies and innovative tools like job mobile apps (job portals, etc.) and online assessments tools (performance appraisals, etc.). They offer improved Payroll Management services and allow Client Companies to focus on core business activities and stay away from the hassle of managing payroll. Acreaty has access to an illustrious group of professionals at senior, mid-level and executive-management level. The consultancy is known for its delivery of quality services to various industry verticals i.e. FMCG, Construction, Healthcare, Oil & Gas, Automobile, Real estate, IT, Pharmaceutical etc. Acreaty Global recruitment team is operating across several continents with an established network of qualified candidates. The consulting company is concentrating more on innovative technologies to broaden their networks and to stay at the top of the recruitment game.
Insights Success' editorial highlighted some of the emerging as well as leading companies, their innovative patterns and methods of delivering effective solutions. The Best Online Business magazine for the corporate world talks about leaders from the world of innovation and technology, who had set a benchmark in the revolution of the industry.
Insights Success is great online platform to all the Managers, 'C-suite' professional, for top leaders and HR executives and of the companies, to flaunt their challenges and confrontational style of doing business including the way of delivering collaborative solutions to fortify the market share.


Please be advised that our Spring General Meeting will be held on March 18 at 7:30 pm at the Clubhouse. The purpose of which is to inform the membership of recent operational and staffing developments, introduce a major capital fundraising campaign and ratify the Budget for the upcoming season.
The Board would urge all members to make a concerted effort to attend this very important meeting. In addition to the above noted agenda items, reports will be presented by various Committees and our 2017/18 Financial Statements will be presented by Colin Bruintjes, CPA.
Our Early Bird Membership Campaign has been very successful and we are in a solid financial position to start the 2019 season.
We look forward to bringing you up to date on the many, and significant initiatives we've been working on over the winter. Your attendance and participation is strongly encouraged.


Started in 2010, my goal with Iowa Healthy Homes was to offer a cleaning service to Pella that was both affordable and professional. Being independantly owned, and operated gives me the chance to keep my prices lower with no franchise fees. Take a look around, and feel free to contact us with any questions you may have!
How did you find us? Referral, Print, Warm Welcomes?


The Sea Girt Council defeated an ordinance restricting commercial property buildings to 20% of their lot size (a percentage usually identified with residential properties), which would have made nearly all properties in the commercial zone non-conforming. Realtors® worked with the Mayor and Council to set a four-tiered scale for coverage based on the size of the lot and whether it is an interior or corner lot.
Instead of proposing one firm number for a commercial lot coverage limitation, the amended ordinance adopted last week addresses four different lot sizes for both interior and corner lots: 50-by-150, 100-by-150, 150-by-150 and 200-by-150.
For interior lots, the ordinance at hand proposes maximum coverage to be roughly 30 percent, 38 percent, 41 percent and 43 percent, respectively.
For corner lots, the maximum coverage proposed is roughly 27 percent, 37 percent, 40 percent and 42 percent, respectively.