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HomeRoman Coinage in Britain
Roman Coinage in Britain
Roman coins circulated in Britain from Celtic times, even before the conquest by the emperor Claudius in A.D.43. Following the occupation normal Roman coins were then used for some 250 years before Britain had its own mint. However, the Romans issued many coins with reference to Britain, including gold coins of Claudius showing a triumphal arch inscribed DE BRITANN, commemorating the conquest.
The initial phase of the conquest established a frontier from roughly the Severn Estuary to the Wash. The Britons were mostly allowed to retain their rulers, serving as client-kings of the Romans. Unfortunately for the Britons, Roman ambitions did not stop there and after a series of punitive raids beyond the frontier, the suppression of the Boudiccan rebellion and a period of consolidation which saw Roman rule extended into Wales, a decision was made to occupy the whole of the country. Accordingly Cnaeus Julius Agricola, governor of Britain, was given the task of subduing the whole of the country, which he did with typical Roman thoroughness in a bloody campaign that lasted some seven years from A.D. 77-83.
*Image* Silver denarius of Hadrian
Following a visit by the emperor Hadrian A.D. 122, the frontier was set from the Tyne to the Solway Firth, along what we now call Hadrian's Wall, abandoning those lands in Caledonia (Scotland) conquered by Agricola which extended as far north as the glens. This proved only temporary as Hadrian's successor, Antoninus Pius (A.D. 138-161) moved the frontier back to Scotland, building a new wall in the isthmus between the Clyde and the Forth following attacks by the northern tribes in A.D. 140-144. This Antonine Wall remained the border until the reign of Commodus when, in A.D. 180, the northern tribes overran the frontier and inflicted a heavy defeat on the Roman army. This rebellion was ruthlessly suppressed by a newly appointed governor, Ulpius Marcellus, and peace restored.
Coins commemorating the visit of Hadrian included sestertii with reverse legend BRITANNIA, depicting a seated Britannia. This was the prototype of the figure used 1300 years later on British coins. Others referred to the garrison and were inscribed EXERC(itus) BRITAN(niae). They show Hadrian addressing a group of soldiers.
Bronze sestertius of Antonius Pius AD 138-160 depicting Britannia
The Britannia coin was repeated by Antoninus Pius (see photo above), together with others struck in gold and bronze, with reverse legend IMPERATOR II BRITAN, which have either a winged figure of Victory or Britannia. These are thought to commemorate the victories of Lollius Urbicus against the tribes around the Wall. Commodus also issued coins with either BRITANNIA or VICT(oriae) BRIT(annicae) on them.
The respite proved only temporary, as civil war followed the death of Commodus in A.D. 193. The garrison of Britain was withdrawn to fight the cause of Clodius Albinus and perished with him at the Battle of Lugdunum (Lyons, France) in A.D. 197. Taking advantage of the Roman garrison's temporary weakness, the northern tribes again devastated the province. Hadrian's Wall was so badly damaged during the attacks that in places it required completely rebuilding. Although order was restored with some difficulty, the new emperor Septimius Severus arrived from Rome in A.D. 208 with a vast army intending to resolve the problems with the northern tribes once and for all. In three years of campaigning, which took the Roman army to the north of Scotland, they obeyed the command "Let nobody escape destruction, no one, not even the babe in the mother's womb". The decimation of the highlands caused by this was such that it was over 100 years before the inhabitants of Scotland were able to mount an effective attack again. This population vacuum was, in the interim, filled by Gaelic tribes from Ireland, the Hibernae, replacing or augmenting the surviving Scots.
In A.D. 211, Severus died at York. His two sons, Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius - Antoninus III in some old books) and Geta hastily returned to Rome to secure their inheritance. The Severans issued coins in gold, silver and bronze commemorating their campaign in Britain, all bearing the legend VICTORIAE BRITANNICAE in full or abbreviated, as well as adding the honorary title Brit(annicus) to their name on the obverse.
*Image* Silver denarius of Septimius Severus with VICTORIAE BRIT reverse
Thereafter, Britain enjoyed nearly a century of peace and relative prosperity before being subjected to the next series of attacks. These began in the late 3rd Century A.D. when sea-going pirates from Ireland in the west and Saxons from Scandinavia in the east began raiding the coastal towns of Britain. To meet these attacks, two fleets of ships were set up, that in the east being based on Boulogne and called the "Classis Britannica". It was commanded by a Menapian called Carausius who rebelled and proclaimed himself as emperor of Britain and Gaul. Six years later he was assassinated by enemies within his own court and his finance minister Allectus became emperor in his place. The reign of Allectus was brief because in A.D. 296 the newly appointed ruler of the western provinces of Rome, Constantius Chlorus (Constantius I), invaded Britain and recovered it for the Empire.
During the reigns of Carausius and Allectus, coins were minted in Britain for the first time for 250 years. Two mints were involved, one with mintmark including the letter L which had to be Londinium (London) and another with signature C or CL. The attribution of this mark has been questioned for many years and at one time Camulodum (Colchester) was favoured, then Clausentum (Bitterne, near Southampton). It has never been satisfactorily resolved where this mint was situated. Other coins of Carausius bear no mintmark at all, while others have the letters RSR. For the early part of his reign, Carausius controlled a large part of Gaul along the Channel coast and one mint, whose coins are sometimes marked R, is thought to have been Rotomagus (Rouen) in northern France.
Above: Silver "denarius" of Carausius, "RSR" mint
British Museum Collection
Four denominations were involved, in gold, silver and silvered bronze for Carausius and Allectus and a smaller, unknown, bronze denomination for Allectus, usually called a quinarius as they always have the letter Q on them. Among the antoniniani of Carausius were coins showing conjoined busts of himself with the two rightful joint-emperors, Diocletian and Maximian and the legend CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI (Carausius and his brothers).
*Image* Silver-washed antoninianus of Allectus, "C" mint
Reverse: PAX AVG
With the restoration of official Roman rule, a decision was made to continue minting coins in London. This was an extension of the decentralising policies of Diocletian, which included splitting up the Empire into four administrative areas and increasing the number of mints producing coins instead of just relying on one mint in Rome. Coins in silvered bronze were produced in London from A.D. 296 to A.D. 325. Initially these were a large denomination called a follis, struck in the name of Diocletian and his co-emperors, Maximian, Constantius and Galerius, who formed the First Tetrarchy. When Diocletian and Maximian abdicated in A.D. 305 Constantius and Galerius were promoted to Augusti (emperors) they were replaced by two others as juniors, Severus II and Maximinus II to form the Second Tetrarchy.
This arrangement did not last for long. While in Britain to repulse an invasion of the north by a new enemy called the Picts, Constantius died and his troops elevated his son Constantine (later known to history as Constantine the Great) to replace him without waiting for the agreement of the other Tetrarchs. A period of confusion followed, with others making their play for power, among them Maxentius, son of Maximian, who rebelled against Severus II and killed him. Constantine, who had been downgraded to a subordinate rank by the Tetrarchs, formed an alliance with Maximian and marched on Rome, defeating Maxentius at the battle of Milvian Bridge, to become sole ruler of all the western provinces in A.D. 312. Galerius had died the previous year and his two successors in the east, Licinius and Maximinus II quarrelled A. D. 313 over territorial claims and in the ensuing battle Licinius was victorious. For another eleven years there was an uneasy peace between the two halves of the empire until A.D. 324, when victories over Licinius at Hadrianople and Chrysopolis left Constantine as sole ruler of the whole of the Empire.
During this period the London mint produced coins for all of the various rulers. The cost of wars meant that the original follis was gradually reduced in weight and size from circa 10 gm and a diameter of 27 mm in A.D 296, to only 3 gm by A.D. 322. The later coins were struck on thinner flans and maintained an average diameter of around 17mm to 19 mm. After A.D. 317 and the final split with Licinius, Constantine only issued coins for himself, his mother Helena, wife Fausta and his three sons, Crispus, Constantine II and Constantius II, ignoring Licinius completely.
During the whole of its operations the London mint produced no less than 587 different combination of obverse and reverse types and mintmarks, 287 in the period A.D. 296-312, the rest up to A.D.325. Thereafter the mint was closed. During this time the system was that the two co-emperors had the rank of Augustus (abbreviated to AVG) and the two junior emperors the rank of Most Noble Caesar (NOB CAES or just N C on the coins).
Constantine divided Britain into four administrative areas, First and Second Britain, Maxima Caesariensis and Flavia Caesariensis, partly to prevent any commander doing what Constantine himself had done. By this time Britain had become the granary of the western provinces, as Egypt was to those of the east, and too important to take risks with. The size of the legions was reduced but the number of auxiliary and cavalry units was greatly increased. The fleet was similarly strengthened. In the process the Roman army became much more mobile.
When the Picts invaded the north in A.D. 343, Constantine's son Constans, now emperor of the West, crossed hurriedly to Britain and drove them off. Again, in A.D. 360 when the same tribes broke the treaty, the new emperor, Julian, had to send reinforcements from Gaul. These were minor compared with the attack a few years later A.D. 369, when all the barbarians, Picts, Scots, Saxons together with a new enemy called the Attacotti, attacked in unison. The most able general of the Roman army, Count Theodosius, father of the later emperor with the same name, defeated them so effectively he was able to annexe a new province to the empire, presumably from beyond Hadrian's Wall, naming it Valentia after the reigning emperor.
Peace was short-lived. In A.D. 383 the commander of Roman army in Britain, Magnus Maximus, was proclaimed emperor by disgruntled troops and invaded Gaul, taking most of the army with him. The emperor Gratian was defeated and killed and Maximus became ruler of Britain, Gaul, Spain and North Africa. Then in A.D. 388 he decided to advance on Rome, was beaten at Poetovio by the emperor Theodosius I and killed.
*Image* Gold solidus of Magnus Maximus minted in Augusta (London)
Mintmark: AVGOB ( Augusta Obryziacum)
During the brief reign of Maximus a mint was set up in London (renamed Augusta) producing gold and silver coins with the mintmark AVG, all of which are extremely rare.
That Britain did not fall victim to another barbarian invasion after being denuded of its garrison is a tribute to a system of foederati, which at first worked extremely well. This entailed settling barbarian tribes in frontier areas liable to attack, thus two Germanic tribes, the Votadini and the Damnoni were allocated to North Wales and the north of England respectively and other mercenaries were employed in Kent. North Saxon mercenaries were also employed against a new attack by the Picts. Stilicho, a Vandal general in the army of the emperor Honorius, came to Britain late in the fourth century to organise the country's defences. His efforts were negated a few years later when in A.D. 407 the legions in Britain declared one of their number, Constantine, as emperor and invaded Gaul to lay claim to the throne, chosen, apparently, because of his name and it was the centenary of Constantine the Great's elevation. Following his eventual defeat in A.D. 411, the garrison of Britain was never replenished and when a deputation from Britain was sent to Rome in A.D. 446 it carried a letter with the famous phrase "The barbarians drive us into the sea and the sea drives us back to the barbarians". No help was forthcoming. A few years later a foederati king called Vortigern invited the Saxons to occupy the south and effectively Roman rule was at an end. The Romano-British tribes were gradually pushed back into Wales, Devon and Cornwall and by the late 7th Century all of England had come under the control of the invaders.
Appendix 1. THE ROMAN COINAGE SYSTEM
From the time Augustus (27 B.C.-14 A.D.) until the middle of the 3rd Century, the Roman monetary system consisted of a number of denominations struck in four different metals, gold, silver, orichalcum (a kind of brass) and copper. During the latter half of the 3rd century on coins of gold and a silver-washed bronze alloy were issued. Silver coins made their appearance again in the early 4th Century, and were produced in substantial numbers from about AD 350 onwards until the joint reigns of Arcadius and Honorius at the end of the Century. Thereafter, silver coins are quite scarce.
An important point to remember concerning Roman coins is that after AD 214 we are mostly unaware of what the Romans called the various new denominations introduced. Most names in common use are those allocated to them buy latterday numismatists.
Very often these coins are listed with a set of relative values ascribed to them, for example the gold coin or aureus is quoted as being worth 25 silver denarii. A reading of Roman documents shows that this is a modern interpretation. The actual system is more complicated.
What needs to be understood is that the medium of exchange was the base metal coinage and that gold and silver were only for the convenience of storing or transporting large sums of money. Only when silver coins had themselves become so debased they were virtually copper did they supplant the base metal coins for transactions. All prices were therefore quoted in terms of the brass sestertius, with a nominal value of a quarter of a denarius, and all payments in the market place were made using that coin or one of the smaller brass or copper denominations. Before spending a gold or silver coin it had first to be exchanged with the money-changers for its current value in these base metal coins. You could also buy gold and silver coins from the money-changers. Either way you paid a premium, rather like today when obtaining foreign currency.
What the table below shows therefore, is what is thought to be the approximate relative value of the various denominations, but there is no certainty of their correctness or for how long a period they applied.
Aureus denarius
25 silver denarii
Aureus quinarius
121/2 silver denarii
Denarius
4 sestertii or 16 copper asses
Quinarius
2 sestertii or 8 copper asses
Sestertius
4 copper asses
Dupondius
4 copper quadrantes
Copper or orichalcum
Half an as or two quadrantes
Quadrans
Quarter of an as
The first 200 years of the Roman Empire saw little change in this system, except that the silver denarius was progressively debased from the time of Nero onwards (A.D.54-68) and was accompanied by a series of downward adjustments in the weight of the gold coins (which were always struck pure).
Silver antoninianus introduced by Caracalla AD 214.
During the reign of Caracalla (A.D.211-217) a new denomination was introduced, a base silver coin which we call the antoninianus after a passage in the Scriptores Historiae Augustae, which refers to a gift of "argentos antoninianos mille" ("one thousand silver antoniniani "- SHA, Firmus, Saturninus, Proculus and Bonosus, XV.8). This coin always shows the emperor wearing a radiate crown (see photo above) or, in the case of empresses, showing the portrait bust set on a crescent. These coins weighed about one and a half denarii but were probably valued at two denarii. Following what proved to be the last major issue of denarii by Gordian III (A.D. 238-244), the antoninianus virtually supplanted the denarius as the main silver coin produced. In the reign of Trajan Decius (A.D.249-251) antoniniani were overstruck on denarii from earlier reigns. At the same time an orichalcum double-sestertius was introduced but was not continued into following reigns, though some were struck by Postumus in the breakway Gallic Empire (A.D. 259-268), just before the sestertius ceased to circulate.
*Image* Denarius of Gordian III AD 238-244
Reverse: LAETITIA AVG N
After the financial collapse during the sole reign of Gallienus (A.D. 260-268) the antoninianus was reduced to a small coin of less than 4% silver with a silver wash to keep up its appearance. All the orichalcum and copper coins ceased production because they were worth more intrinsically than the so-called higher denomination. During the whole of this period, because it was pure, the gold coinage occupied what at first sight looks like an anomalous position, but it is fairly obvious that the money changing system would have coped by adjusting the number of base metal coins obtained for it, or required for its purchase.
*Image* Post reform silver-washed antoninianus of Aurelian circa AD 273-275
Reverse: ORIENS AVG
Mintmark: XXIA
Aurelian (A.D. 270-275) attempted a currency reform that brought a measure of stability. The antoninianus was produced at something like its original size and although the outer silvering was improved, the actual silver content remained low. These reformed antoniniani often bear the mark XXI (or the Greek letters KA which mean the same), thought to refer to the ratio of 20 parts copper to one of silver in their composition. There was brief experiment in producing smaller denominations, including a base metal denarius. The antoninianus remained the standard coin until the reforms of Diocletian in A.D. 296. The gold coinage was struck at a variety of weights, which stabilised into two distinctive denominations by the reign of Carus and his sons (A.D. 282-285)
Diocletian's first step was to improve and stabilise the weight of the gold coins at 1/60th of a Roman pound in weight, then reintroduce a pure silver coin, which we call the argenteus, which weighed 1/96th of a pound. Both coins approximated to standard of the coins in the time of Nero over 200 years earlier; with, possibly, similar relative values. The silver-washed antoninianus was abandoned, it's place taken by a similar coin without the silver content. For want of a better name this coin is called a "post-reform radiate". A new denomination, weighing some 10 grams appeared. Again, we do not know what this coin was called but it is usually referred to as a follis. Like the antoninianus it was of approximately 4% silver with a silver wash and consequently the XXI mark was transferred to this coin. It is possible that this coin was initially valued at approximately 1/100th of an aureus
As part of Diocletian's reforms the number of mints was greatly expanded. In the early empire the sole central mint at Rome sufficed, but the numbers had grown considerably in the 3rd Century because of the vast quantities of coins needed to be produced. The follis was minted at all of them, initially with a standard reverse type, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI (The Genius - i.e. spirit - of the people of Rome). Mintmarks, the use of which had also been developing in the late 3rd Century, were included on nearly every coin, made more necessary because of the standardisation of reverse types.
The large folles barely survived Diocletian's reign and from A.D. 307 were progressively reduced in size and weight to a coin of only 17 mm diameter and under 2 grams by A.D. 330. By then, Constantine the Great (A.D.307-336) had in his turn initiated his own reforms. The gold coinage was reduced in weight to a standard of 1/72nd of a pound, a weight which continued for several hundred years, as a consequence of which it became known as the solidus. Late in his reign, the argenteus was reintroduced, but is usually referred to as a siliqua, together with a silver coin weighing the same as the solidus which we call a miliarense (to compound matters there were so-called heavy miliarensia of 1/60 th of a pound which occupied the same position relative to the earlier gold coins of the reign.
*Image* Constans centenionalis minted at Rome
Reverse: FEL TEMP REPARATIO
Mintmark: R*Q
In A.D. 346, Constantine's sons and successors, Constans and Constantius II, discontinued the small follis derivatives and replaced them with a new silver-washed bronze coin of about 23 mm diameter. The name of this new denomination is unknown but has been called the centenionalis, which suggests that the value assigned to it was at first the same as the follis of Diocletian, the lighter weight because it was 1/100th of a gold solidus. At first they always bore the reverse legend FEL TEMP REPARATIO (Restoration of times of felicity). During his sole reign, after the death of Constans, Constantius II discontinued the original siliqua and replaced it with a coin of 1/144th of a pound. His coinage, therefore, consisted of the gold solidus and its half piece, the semis, occasional production of the miliarense, which seemed to have a ceremonial significance, and the light siliqua in silver and the centenionalis. By then, the centenionalis had followed the pattern of earlier silver-washed bronzes and declined to a quarter of its original weight and a size of 18mm.
Valens silver miliarense minted at Trier
Reverse: VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
Mintmark TRPS.
During the reigns of Julian, Jovian, Valentinian and Valens, following the example of the ururper Magnentius in Gaul, attempts were made to introduce a larger silver-washed bronze approximating to the original centenionalis. Similar attempts with a slightly smaller coin in the reigns of Gratian and Theodosius I were equally short-lived. With only minor adjustments to the weight and size of the bronze coinage, this continued to be the monetary system until the reforms of Anastasius in A.D. 498, by which time the western provinces had all been lost to the Roman empire.
*Image* Julian silver washed large bronze minted at Cyzicus
Reverse: SECVRITAS REIPVB
Mintmark: CYZB
Appendix 1.
Late Roman bronze coins are usually defined by their size as a handy notation. These are:
AE1 Over 25 mm diameter
AE23 23 mm to 25 mm diameter
AE3 17 mm to 23 mm diameter
AE4 less than 17 mm
Occasionally, borderline coins are referred to as AE3/4 or AE2/3.
Appendix 2. BARBAROUS COINS
Forgers exploited ignorance of newly introduced coin types and the illiteracy of the population, by producing imitations of Roman coins on a huge scale. These contemporary forgeries are interesting and worthy of study in their own right and appear to emanate from specific centres of production in, for example, Gaul. They can usually (but not always) be distinguished by poor workmanship, blundered legends, and incorrect die axis (with official Imperial Roman coins the die axis of the reverse is exactly the same as obverse, with the design either the same way up or upside down - with forgeries the axes are usually at an angle with one another).
These forgeries come in two types. Copies of early silver denarii were made which have a base metal core inside a thin "envelope" of silver. These were especially prevalent during the Roman Republic and virtually ceased when the silver coins became heavily debased. Money-changers took to testing silver coins by striking with a sharp instrument designed to pierce through the outer covering and show the core. Many early denarii exhibit these test marks.
The others were copies of bronzes, which come in waves and tend to follow the introduction of new coin types. In the 1st century, copies of the copper as of Claudius abound. Thereafter there was a lull until the 3rd Century when cast copies of base silver denarii were made. Following the collapse of the Gallic Empire (A.D. 260-273) set up by the rebellion of Postumus, there was a vast outpouring of what are called "barbarous radiates", forgeries of the last greatly debased antoniniani. No sooner had this coinage subsided than the rebellion of Carausius provided the impetus for more copies. A high proportion of so-called Carausian coins are nothing more than contemporary copies, and their uncritical inclusion in reference works greatly hampered studies of his coinage.
The constant changes to the bronze coins in the 4th Century brought successive waves of imitations. Especially favoured were the URBS ROMA and CONSTANTINOPOLIS coins of Constantine and the FEL TEMP REPARATIO coins of Constantius II.
In the final phase many of these copies were extremely small, some barely 5 mm diameter and are often called minims or minimissimi.
A final note concerns the late 4th Century siliquae. Many of these are found clipped, something that was difficult to do on earlier silver coins but relatively easy on the thin flan siliqua. These are not, of course, forgeries as such.
Appendix 3. COIN HOARDS & SITE FINDS
There is a wide divergence between the sort of coins found on an average Roman archaeological site in Britain and in hoards. A common feature of early sites is the large number of "plated" forgeries of denarii that are found, coins that are rarely hoarded. This was because possession of a forgery was high treason and rather than risk execution, anyone finding that they had one quickly got rid of it. There is a major difference in the coins that are found. Large bronzes are rarely hoarded but abound in site finds, the exception being mid-3rd century hoards from the reign of Postumus when they had acquired a significant value. Emperors whose coins are rarely found on sites sometimes occur commonly in hoards. For example, antoniniani of Gordian III to Valerian I; in fact the pattern of site finds is such that absence of what appears to be common coins does not mean that the site was unoccupied during that period.
Coin hoards tend to be deposited following major coinage reforms. At one time it was thought that they were the result of some disaster, an argument that had to be strained at times to equate the end of a hoard by the date of the latest coin in it with some known event, with all kinds of special arguments being put forward to explain the gap. For example, a 30 year lapse in time had to be explained as the time it took for a coin to be minted in Rome and then arriving at the frontier. The trouble with that argument was that it had to be equally applied to hoards of a similar type found nowhere near the frontier and in areas that had not suffered the same disaster. Nowadays the economic arguments are more widely accepted.
Appendix 4. ROMAN EMPERORS KNOWN TO HAVE VISITED BRITAIN
Julius Caesar 55 and 54 B.C.
Claudius A.D. 43
Vespasian A.D. 43 as Legate of Legion II during the invasion
Hadrian A.D. 122
Pertinax - Governor of Britain during the late 2nd Century
Clodius Albinus - Governor of Britain A.D. 193
Septimius Severus A.D. 207-211, died in York
Caracalla A.D. 207-211
Geta A.D. 207-211
Carausius A.D. 287-293
Allectus A.D. 293-296
Constantius I A.D. 296 and A.D. 306, died in York
Constantine the Great A.D. 306-307
Constans A.D. 346
Magnus Maximus - Army commander A.D. 383 (and possibly his son Flavius Victor as well)
Constantine III - Army commander A.D. 407 (and possibly his son, Constans)


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Passive aggressive behaviour is the most destructive behaviour in the workplace and is often the death nail for any relationship. Its tempting to fall into this behaviour as it often feels safer, kinder and easier than being honest and assertive, but it just creates a ticking time bomb.
Passive aggressive behaviour takes many forms but can generally be described as a non-verbal aggression that manifests in negative behaviour. It is where you are angry with someone but do not or cannot tell him or her. Instead of communicating honestly when you feel upset, annoyed, irritated or disappointed you may instead bottle the feelings up, shut off verbally, give angry looks, make obvious changes in behaviour, be obstructive, sulky or put up a stonewall. It may also involve indirectly resisting requests from others by evading or creating confusion around the issue. Not going along with things. It can either be covert (concealed and hidden) or overt (blatant and obvious).
A passive aggressive might not always show that they are angry or resentful. They might appear in agreement, polite, friendly, down-to-earth, kind and well meaning. However, underneath there may be manipulation going on – hence the term "Passive-Aggressive".
Passive aggression is a destructive pattern of behaviour that can be seen as a form of emotional abuse in relationships that bites away at trust between people. It is a creation of negative energy in the ether, which is clear to those involved and can create immense hurt and pain to all parties.


The Bridge Alliance Education Fund hosted our first annual Summit on October 17, 2018 for Bridge Alliance membership and invited guests. Over 170 members, philanthropists, foundations, journalists, and academics attended. The agenda for the event is here. Links to some of the speeches from the Summit are below.
We want to extend our sincere appreciation to BA member National Conference on Citizenship (NCoC), as our space host. The annual NCoC conference began on the evening of October 17th and ran all day October 18th. We hope our members were able to take part in NCoC's conference as well. You can view the agenda for the conference here.
We hope the Summit was useful our members, and we're excited to harness the energy and momentum created by the Summit.


Andrew Lilico: On Europe, beware of "the tyranny of the status quo"
Any good Conservative recognises a bias towards the status quo; one should need more reason to change things than to keep them the same. This natural, healthy tendency has been seen in the results of referendum around the world, on all kinds of topics. We saw it in the UK in the AV referendum. We saw it, also in the EEC referendum of 1975. Opinion poll leads for change evaporated under the pressure of the argument against change.
Given this, in any referendum in which one of the options could potentially be seen as involving less change and one more, if you favour the more-change option, the one thing you definitely do not want to argue, if you can possibly avoid it, is that the less-change option is a no-change option.
For example, if there were to be a referendum on our status within the EU within the next few years, with perhaps two or three options, ranging from less change to more, if you favour one of the more-change options, you would be crazy to concede that the least-change option is a no-change option. That will be what your opponents, who favour as little change as possible, want to argue. Doing their work for them is potty.
Consequently, if someone comes along trying to change the terms of the debate on the EU (choosing someone at random, let's say...me), saying any referendum in the future will not be a choice between "in" and "out", but only between different variants of "out", then if you would favour "out" in an "in/out" referendum, the electorally smart thing to do would be to say "Absolutely. That's totally correct. There isn't any option of keeping things the same - no conservative status quo. The right question isn't about how things might stay the same, but only how they'll change." If, on the other hand, your ambition would be to achieve an "in" vote in an "in/out" referendum so that you'll carry on having things to complain about or because you actually believe in "staying in", then of course the smart thing to do is to say: "No. That's not true. Unless we vote "out" then everything will carry on much as it is. You workers will carry on in much the same jobs. Travel will be much the same. Business regulation and taxes will be fairly similar to now. Britain's role in the world will be the same. If we vote "in" then things will cary on. It's only if we vote "out" that your lives will be over-turned, that we will be taking a gamble on who-knows-what future, that we might change Britain's role in the world, that our prosperity might rise but also might fall."
Now it doesn't surprise me that get-out-ers haven't the foggiest idea how to frame their arguments in the best way to win a referendum, and so when I try to re-frame the debate in a way that would be helpful to their cause, it's they who attack me most and most consistently. That's no surprise at all. It's barely even a disappointment. But it is, perhaps, telling as to why they've been so unsuccessful these past 37 years.
It's also silly, because although what I say is a spin on things - after all, we shall probably still have an EU membership card with the words "in" on it at the time of the referendum - it is, nonetheless, an illuminating and truthful spin. And I don't think get-out-ers are grasping what I'm saying at all. There are those that have started saying "Britain has already, to all intents and purposes, left the EU". That's not what I'm saying - and it also isn't true. I'm saying that once the EU federation is in place our status even as EU members will change profoundly - indeed change so much that describing us as "in" or "out" will be mere semantics, since our status then as "ins" will be almost identical to the current status of Norway as an "out" - contributing to the EU budget (as Norway does); not being involved in most of the EU's state-building projects (as Norway isn't); being subject to Single Market rules even though one plays no material role in setting them (as Norway is).
So my point is concrete, not vague. I'm saying precisely in what sense I mean we will be effectively "out".
Others seem to imagine I'm saying that since we are going to be "out" already, in a Norway sense, there isn't any need to seek any more reform of our EU position. Where they get that idea from I can't begin to imagine. You think I reckon a Norwegian-style "membership-that-isn't" of the EU is a good idea??
No! What I'm saying is that I don't want the discussion to be about whether we should or should not leave the EU, and I don't want the debate and choices in the referendum to be about whether we leave or do not leave the EU. I want a totally different, and much more productive and forwards-looking debate, instead. I want the debate to be: "What should Britain's next phase of geo-political / deep trading relationships be, given that there is no possibility of continuing with the ones we've had?"
The right debate about the EU is not "Should we stay or should we leave?" The right debate is: "Since our membership of the EU is over, should we go for A alternative to EU membership or B alternative to EU membership?"
If get-out-ers insist on framing the debate as "Should we stay, continuing much as we have done, or should we change everything?" there is a good chance they will lose, and that Britain will lose the chance to choose some fruitful alternative. I appeal to you: Frame it my way! Say: "Britain's membership of the EU is, in the terms you have been used to it, about to be over. Even staying as formally an "in" would really mean being out, but being out in a particularly unattractive way. Here is a better way to be out." Then tell us what that better way to be out is going to be.


text:
Édouard Autant, né le  à Paris  et mort le  à Sceaux, est un architecte français libre-penseur.

Il a contribué à prouver l'innocence du capitaine Dreyfus en publiant la correspondance du commandant Esterhazy.

Biographie
Édouard Nicolas Autant est le fils d'Alexandre Autant, architecte et le père du cinéaste Claude Autant-Lara (1901-2000). Alexandre Autant était le gérant de l'immeuble du 49 de la rue de Douai où logeait le commandant Esterhazy. En octobre 1897, ce dernier demanda au gérant de mettre le bail au nom de sa maitresse Marguerite Pays, qu'il recevait chez lui. Cette dernière insista, puis demanda de garder le secret. Le , Autant père témoigna contre Marguerite Pays au procès Esterhazy qui fut acquitté le 11.

En 1919, il fonde avec sa femme, Louise Lara, le groupe de théâtre Art et Action, « laboratoire de théâtre pour l'affirmation et la défense d'œuvres modernes », qu'ils animent jusqu'en 1939.

Œuvre
 1897 : Immeuble début Art nouveau au 32, rue de la République, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Yvelines, avec Alexandre Autant. Cet immeuble de cinq étages est construit en brique et en pierre.
 1901 :
 immeuble Art nouveau au 14, Rue d'Abbeville, Paris , avec Alexandre Autant. Grès flammés du céramiste Alexandre Bigot. Cet immeuble de six étages construit en brique et en pierre fait l'objet d'une inscription au titre des monuments historiques depuis le .
 premier casino d'Enghien-les-Bains.
 1903 : Hôtel particulier de l'architecte au 2, rue Émile-Menier, Paris . Détruit.
1903 : Hotel particulier au 20, rue Emile Menier, Paris.

Voir aussi
 Paul Desachy, Répertoire de l'affaire Dreyfus 1894-1899, 1905 Epreuve (les pages de recto sont les seules à être imprimées)

Notes et références

Architecte français du XXe siècle
Architecte de l'Art nouveau
Dreyfusard
Personnalité de la libre-pensée
Directeur français de théâtre
Naissance en janvier 1872
Naissance dans le 10e arrondissement de Paris
Décès en mars 1964
Décès à 92 ans
Décès à Sceaux (Hauts-de-Seine)
Décès dans le département de la Seine
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière de Montmartre

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


If you want to know if I can help you, then just send me a message and I will let you know! I split my time between Oxford, London and Sheffield.
I currently work as an environmental research consultant for Eunomia Research & Consulting. I have published a range of reports, including 'Rethinking Waste Crime', which was subsequently presented to Parliament in May 2017.


text:
12 must-have Christmas toys for 2016 that all 80s and 90s kids will recognise
FURBIES!
By Alison Lynch, 09 November 2016
It's beginning to look a lot like Christmas - Christmas 1986 that is.
Just take a look at some of the must-have Christmas toys for 2016 and it's like you've stepped back in time to Christmas past.
All you 80s and 90s kids out there might even be tempted to add a few to your own Christmas wish-lists.
From Furbies to Millennium Falcons, this year's predicted top sellers will delight all nostalgia-lovers. They also prove that, while the technology might - and very probably will - change, some toys will never go out of fashion.
Here are all the toys that are topping little kids' wish-lists and making big kids nostalgic this Christmas (plus a couple we really wish they'd bring back).
1. Star Wars Millennium Falcon
Star Wars is back and, with it, the must-have toys. If you were one of the kids who begged their parents for a Millennium Falcon back in Han Solo's 80s heyday, then you'll be really jealous of kids today - the 2016 model comes with a pop-up Nerf launcher, lights, motion-activated sound effects, and a BB-8 figure.
2. Barbie
Good old Barbs (not to be confused with Barbs from Stranger Things) is always in fashion. Back in our day, it was all about Peaches N Cream Barbie, in all her 80s taffeta glory. These days, she's updated her wardrobe a little, got herself a snazzy pink convertible and they even throw Ken in for free.
3. Trolls
With the new DreamWorks film comes with the return of those ugly, yet strangely endearing, little dolls everyone used to stick on the end of their pencils at school.
4. Furby
We never really knew what it was - a hamster? An owl? - and it was definitely more demanding than a real pet, but, for some reason, every 90s kid still wanted one.
In 2016, the new and improved Furbies still have blinking eyes, moving ears and a commanding grasp of Furbish, but, because we're living in the future, they now come with their own interactive app (hopefully, so you can stop them talking in the middle of the night).
5. Scalextric
The Scalextric still tops the list of nostalgic toys that Brits struggle to throw away - it's probably all those memories of hours spent driving your sibling(s) round the bend. Literally. Of course, it's come along way since the 80s. These days, you get to race Jaguar C-X75 and the McLaren P1 supercars over leap ramps and around 180 degree curves.
6. Marvel superhero action figures
It really doesn't matter how old we get, we still all secretly want to build dens and battle with action figures. Spider-Man, Iron Man and Captain America are still just as cool as they were when we were growing up.
7. Teletubbies
If you thought Tinky-Winky, Dipsy, Laa Laa and Po had all disappeared back to Teletubby land never to be seen again, you're in for a shock. Possibly one of the most surreal children's programmes of the late 90s returned to our screens in 2014 and the toys, which giggle, sing and jump up and down, are set to be top sellers again this year.
8. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
We were obsessed with them back in the early 90s and the Ninja Turtles are seeing the benefit of another movie reboot this Christmas. Cowabunga dude! (We have no idea what that means either, sorry).
9. Mr Frosty
Top of every single child's Christmas list for years was a little plastic snowman who basically just crushed ice.
Well, the good news is that Mr Frosty is still around and he now appears to be running his own ice cream shop. Fancy.
10. Teddy Ruxpin
Remember this guy?! My favourite toy as a child!!#teddyruxpin
A photo posted by Bec Hewitt (@bechewitt23) on Nov 2, 2016 at 4:29am PDT
The original talking teddy bear was very much on our wish list back in the 80s and, sadly, he still is. However, not for too much longer, it seems, as a new app-friendly Teddy Ruxpin was unveiled back in September at an American toy fair and is set for a re-launch in 2017.
11. Hatchimals
Hatchimals are one of the most popular toys of 2016. We may not have had them back in the 80s and 90s, but the description will sound familiar to anyone who used to spend their lives caring for their Tamagotchi. Hatchimals are magical creatures that live inside eggs. To get them to hatch, you need to care for them and play with them.
In other words, they're basically a real life version of a Tamagotchi.
12. A La Carte Kitchen
A photo posted by Sophie Banks (@sophrob807) on Dec 18, 2014 at 4:39am PST
This little plastic kitchen was highly desirable back in the 80s. Sadly, it's no longer around - please someone bring it back - but if you do have any budding chefs who are looking for a 'professional' kitchen, there's this Little Tikes ultimate cook kitchen, complete with oven, fridge and microwave.
Is it bad that we're slightly jealous of the kids this year?
If you're quick and get your list into Santa soon, he might even be able to take advantage of Asda's Big Toy Rollback, where you'll find discounts on many of this year's most sought after toys in store and online, for a limited time only.
8 ways with clementines
Meals you need between Christmas and New Year
Alcohol-free Christmas mocktails that everyone can enjoy
The advent calendars your kids are going to love this Christmas
Christmas crafts and bakes to keep the kids entertained
How to throw a stress-free Christmas party
Is this how you'd secretly like to celebrate the New Year? Go for it!
Homemade edible gifts to make this Christmas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


FULTON, Mo. - Westminster softball earned its 11th and 12th straight conference wins in a doubleheader sweep of Fontbonne.
The Blue Jays improve to 16-14 overall and a perfect 12-0 in St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference play.
In game one, the Blue Jays got off to a quick start with a two-run home run from Amber Tepen to take a quick lead.
The Griffins quickly responded, adding a run in the next inning to cut the lead in half.
In the bottom of the second, Westminster scored two more runs on RBI from Brooke Laidley and another from Tepen.
Two errors in the third and the fifth caused Westminster to allow two more Fontbonne runs, but Katie Price was able to hold the lead to earn her 10th win of the season, 4-3.
In game two, the bats were quiet to start the game except for Laidley, who slammed a two-run shot to center field to go up 2-0 in the third.
Fontbonne came back to tie the game after scoring in the fourth and the six, but Westminster recorded a six-run sixth inning to take the lead back and earn the win.
Angela Vanderpluym reached first after attempting to lay down a sacrifice bunt, and an overthrow from the Fontbonne pitcher scored Price and Tepen, who both reached on singles.
Madison Washington stepped to the plate and hit a single to earn an RBI, scoring Vanderpluym. A single from Emily Holloway added two more runs, and a long triple from Brooke Laidley added the eighth and final run for Westminster.
"Brooke did a great job of hitting today," said Westminster Head Coach Joe Henderson. "Our bench really sparked us and helped us to a defining win."
Madison Ingram started the game for Westminster, pitching five innings and giving up two runs on four hits. Price stepped in to pitch the final two innings and earn the win.
Westminster plays back-to-back-to-back days to finish the regular season Wednesday through Friday, including the final home series of the year Friday against Spalding.
"The big wins today with the tough remaining schedule for the week is obviously huge, but the ownership the girls have in this program and the pride I have for them is carrying the weight," said Henderson.


text:
Listings for Challenge on Sunday, July 21 2019
06:00 Wheel Of Fortune Nicky Campbell hosts the word puzzle game show with glamorous assistant Angela Ekaette. Contestants spin the wheel to determine how many points are up for grabs.
10:00 Dale's Supermarket Sweep Dale Winton hosts the game show in which contestants race to fill their supermarket trolleys with as many items as possible.
12:00 Family Fortunes Two families play against each other in the big money survey-based gameshow presented by Les Dennis. (S16, ep 9)
14:00 Take Your Pick Des O'Connor hosts the classic game show in which contestants play the yes/no game before deciding whether to take the money or open the box. (S2, ep 3)
22:00 Classic Who Wants To Be A... ...Millionaire. A classic episode of the award-winning quiz show presented by Chris Tarrant in which contestants can win up to one million pounds.


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text:
Cameron Duodu
collected pieces
ghana slavs
brazil world cup arriving-ahead-of-time acclimatization in south africa
"football is too important to be left to football officals"
art exhibition british musem ife sculptures Asante gold
THE SENSELESSNESS OF TERRORISM
THE BOOBY-TRAP HIDDEN WITHIN AFRICAN ELECTIONS MUST BE DEFUSED
I'D NEVER HAVE BELIEVED OBAMA WAS SO INSENSITIVE
By admin in Uncategorized
I WOULD NEVER HAVE BELIEVED OBAMA WAS SO INSENSITIVE by CAMERON DUODU
THIS week, President Barack Obama is meeting with nearly 50 African heads of state in Washington DC, at a summit that is the first of its kind ever held by an American President.
Among the issues to be raised are trade relations between Africa and the United States, and, of course, the threats to Africa's security that Al Qaeda and its affiliates pose to countries such as Nigeria, Kenya, Mali and Cameroon. No doubt the US will offer assistance to the threatened countries in particular, and Africa as a whole, in fighting the terrorists who are threatening the lives and limbs of our people.
If I were an African head of state who had gone to Washington to discuss such security issues with President Obama, I would tell him politely that I would not accept any help from him because he has made himself an accessory to terrorism, as inflicted upon the people of Gaza, by Israel.
I would tell him that I understood the determination of the United States to assist Israel to resist any attempts by its Arab neighbours to wipe her off the face of the earth. That while the birth of Israel had displaced millions of Palestinian people, the answer was not to wipe Israel off the face of the earth, but to try and salvage something out of the situation into which Israel and its Arab neighbours had been placed by the Great Powers. (It was their selfish desire to accommodate Zionist aspirations that had led them to create the state of Israel in 1948, on land that was then inhabited by Palestinians.)
In doing this, the Great Powers had turned millions of Palestinians into refugees overnight. These refugees were forced to live in other Arab countries, such as Lebanon, which already had their own internal problems. The Arabs reacted by trying to use war as a means of recapturing the land stolen from them. They fought in 1948. And they lost. They fought again in 1967. And lost again. They still tried once more – in 1973. And again, they lost.
What the Arabs did not seem to fully grasp was that in fighting against Israel, they were fighting against the United States. The US did not do anything as crude as sending troops to help Israel (though it is not beyond belief that they sent "military advisers" secretly to help Israel.) What the US did openly was to t provide Israel with some of the most sophisticated weaponry in the American arsenal. Plus intelligence gathered by satellites focused on the Arab-Israeli theatre(s) of war.
Now, if your "secret" military communications are being sent in real time to your enemy, seconds after you have transmitted them, you have already lost the war. But the Arabs ignored such realities and somehow seemed to believe that they could defeat the American deployment of military prowess on behalf of Israel, through the help of – possibly – metaphysical entities.
The Arabs are in fact snookered. The creation of Israel by the Great Powers is a fait accompli. Wars have not been able to reverse it. So a negotiated settlement is the only possible answer.
However, the current politicians of Israel do not want that. For unless they can dangle the threat of extermination-by-Arabs before the eyes of the Israeli electorate they will lose power. Hence the Israeli penchant to create, through their intelligence organisation, Mossad, to create movements within Arab states like Lebanon, which can be used as agents provocateurs to ratchet up incidents that continually remind the Israeli voters of the Arab "danger". The Arabs should use political finesse to try and avoid the traps laid for them by the Israeli politicians, in this regard. Anwar Sadat tried that approach. But he was misunderstood and gunned down.
In fact, the "enemy" which Israel is currently "fighting" in Gaza, Hamas, was initially created by Israel to act as a foil against genuine Palestinian freedom fighters. This fact was revealed by The Wall Street Journal on 24 January 2009:
QUOTE: How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas
By ANDREW HIGGINS
WSJ Jan. 24, 2009 12:01 a.m. ET
Moshav Tekuma, Israel
Surveying the wreckage of a neighbor's bungalow hit by a Palestinian rocket, retired Israeli official Avner Cohen traces the missile's trajectory back to an "enormous, stupid mistake" made 30 years ago. "Hamas, to my great regret, is Israel's creation," says Mr. Cohen… [For] more than two decades, [Cohen was an Israeli official responsible] for religious affairs in the region until 1994. Mr. Cohen watched the Islamist movement take shape, muscle aside secular Palestinian rivals, and then morph into what is today Hamas, a militant group that is sworn to Israel's destruction.
Instead of trying to curb Gaza's Islamists from the outset, says Mr. Cohen, Israel for years tolerated and, in some cases, encouraged them as a counterweight to the secular nationalists of the Palestine Liberation Organization and its dominant faction, Yasser Arafat's Fatah. Israel cooperated with a crippled, half-blind cleric named Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, even as he was laying the foundations for what would become Hamas. Sheikh Yassin continues to inspire [Hamas] militants today; during the recent war in Gaza, Hamas fighters confronted Israeli troops with "Yassins," — primitive rocket-propelled grenades named in honor of the cleric. UNQUOTE
I would remind President Obama that he had been briefed on all this, and ask him, How can you turn a blind eye to the mistakes of Israel? Were you elected by the Israelis? Are you at all interested in how the world sees the United States, vis-a-vis its unshakable support for Israel?
Mr President: a lot of people in my country perceive Israel as a sort of "playground bully" who, having been offended by a tiny but insolent tot, then goes ahead to engage in a mammoth overkill, by giving the tot the pasting of his life. When the impudent tot's cries reach the school teachers, do you think they will ask why the bully beat him up so badly? No! They will just punish the bully for beating up someone less than one-third his size.
, Mr President (I would add) having watched Israel destroy most of Gaza city with bombardments from the air; having seen on TV, the destruction by the Israelis of homes, hospitals and schools; having been told that about 2,000 Gazans, many of them women and children had been killed and thousands injured; knowing from the UN that Israel had bombed UN schools despite being told by UN officials that hundreds of civilians were taking refuge there: you, President Obama, nevertheless authorised your Army to replenish the arms and munitions that Israel had expended in its destruction of Gaza.
You, Mr President, knew that the whole world was appalled by the unequal contest Israel was
waging against Gaza. About 2,000 Gazan civilians had been killed, Yet Israel had lost less than soldiers! Is that a war or a massacre? You know fully well that the rockets Hamas fires into Israel are almost always intercepted. In fact, according to USA Today,
"The rockets are less of a threat since many are intercepted by Israel's Iron Dome defensive system that protects populous areas."
You know all this, Mr President. Yet you resupplied Israel with weapons at a time when the emotions of most of the world's TV audiences were aroused to fever pitch by the unequal punishment Israel was dishing out to the people of Gaza. Why should Africa believe that you want to help African countries defeat Boko Haram in Nigeria or Al Shabab in Kenya? What is the difference between dead children in Gaza and dead children in Tombuctoo?
I would end thus: President Barack Obama, your election as President of the United States was an unusual occurrence that filled many of us with the fantasy that having risen from the Black section of American society – a section that had been subjected to enslavement, brutal treatment at the hands of law enforcement officials and racial discrimination in every sphere of life — your sense of justice would be far more heightened than that expected of the usual run of American Presidents. But you have disappointed me and proved that my hopes were just what I now know they were – a mere fantasy.
In particular, your decision, announced publicly, to replenish Israeli weapons at this time when many hearts in the world are bleeding for the children that have been slain or disfigured by precisely such weapons in Gaza, was an act of insensitivity such as I would never thought you capable of. I don't need any assistance from you. For life is indivisible. If you do not respect the lives of civilians in Gaza, I don't see why you would value the lives of my people, either. Sorry.
african heads of state, children maimed, civilians killed, fatah, gaza, hamas, Israel, obama
Permanent link to this article: http://cameronduodu.com/uncategorized/id-never-have-believed-obama-was-so-insensitive
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SO WHAT AT ALL IS KATANGA?
FRANTZ FANON, PROPHET OF THE AFRICAN REVOLUTION
THE COMPLEX ART OF RUNNING A GOVERNMENT
WHY ARE OUR PUBLIC UTILITIES SO CONTEMPTUOUS OF GHANAIANS? asks CAMERON DUODU
CONGO!…CONGO! by CAMERON DUODU
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text:
NH Seacoast State Parks Needs To Fill Awesome Outdoor Jobs for the Summer
Sarah Sullivan Published: May 17, 2021
If you need a job and you like to be outside, there is no better time than now to apply for one with the NH State Parks.
According to their website:
We are looking for people that want to make a difference in the experience of visitors to New Hampshire State Parks. From assisting visitors to park maintenance, park employees are the key factor in success of our park system.
One of the best parts of being on the New Hampshire State Park team is that you get to work outdoors in some of the most extraordinary places in New Hampshire. But the most rewarding part of working in a state park is creating some of the best memories of kids and adults alike as they enjoy the outdoors and share these wonderful places.
NH has 18 positions available at Hampton Beach, Hampton Beach South, Odiorne and Wallis Sands. 18 positions! That's a lot of fun in the sun!
It's not always fun in the sun, however. From the articles I've read recently, there are a few things about the jobs that aren't so great. For instance, people are far more dangerous than anything you'll encounter in the ocean. Yeah, like those sharks. Another thing I've read about is that you can not freak out if you see a fin in the water. People will take your lead, so if you panic, so will they, so you need to keep your head about you and remain calm.
Some say that sunscreen is the number one thing that you don't want to forget. Others say bug spray. Whatever the case may be, here are more things you want to keep in mind before you apply for these positions.
READ ON: See the States Where People Live the Longest
Stacker used data from the 2020 County Health Rankings to rank every state's average life expectancy from lowest to highest. The 2020 County Health Rankings values were calculated using mortality counts from the 2016-2018 National Center for Health Statistics. The U.S. Census 2019 American Community Survey and America's Health Rankings Senior Report 2019 data were also used to provide demographics on the senior population of each state and the state's rank on senior health care, respectively.
Read on to learn the average life expectancy in each state.
Source: NH Seacoast State Parks Needs To Fill Awesome Outdoor Jobs for the Summer
Filed Under: jobs, NH, NH State Parks, seacoast
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Funny Video Shows Manchester, New Hampshire, Dog Sing Along Only to Luke Combs Songs


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Its very hard to make a kitchen area with out some type of club stool. In fact, barstools have become so popular that its very hard not to locate one inside a kitchen area. That's for a simple reason, although, given that they permit friends, loved ones, along with other visitors to merely sign up for you in the kitchen for any scrumptious dinner and some excellent conversation. But buying the right bar stools for your kitchen can be a little bit challenging, and this is especially the situation if you dont understand how to choose one. In the end, because this is among the most utilized and many essential areas in the house, its only natural that you will get the very best barstools for this. Fortunately, we currently did the study for you personally, as well as in the sentences below we came up with a list of the top 10 barstools you can buy for the kitchen or bar. After you evaluation their list, you will effortlessly have the ability to buy the correct barstools for your requirements. Allows check them out!
The term this is actually the comfort and ease and sophisticated appear. This set includes a tufted backrest and toe nail mind accent that gives it the subtle look. Its gray color adds to its impressive appear. It may match as much as 8 inches mattress. That alone lets you know how comfortable the set can be. Particularly, it doesn't include a mattress. So you may need to purchase one. The trundle features a castor to enable easy access. You may even draw the trundle for people to take a seat on. Just to mention, it may need putting together, but again its very easy to assemble.
The Bridgewater is really a couch style that's mainly informal and definitely comfortable. This style may be the beloved of numerous a designer because it can be used to produce a informal, friendly room. Bridgewater couches are flexible, depending on the furniture you choose. Done in a neutral material, this kind of sofa does not compete with other elements in the room that may be much more remarkable, such as artwork or other large functions. Much more formal material will yield a far more stately type of sofa. A number of characteristics differentiate Bridgewater sofas: Usually they have low hands and a higher back, which plays a role in the casual appear. Most in addition have a customized skirt that hides the legs and loose cushions for the chair and back. This particular style was created to accommodate slipcovers, which also give a casual atmosphere towards the sofa.
The Lawson might be known as perfect American sofa style. It is comfortable and simple: The boxy form is large and usually has three back soft cushions in addition to three chair soft cushions. The traditional Lawson also has A higher back and box-shaped cushions which have welts at the edges, just like the back pillows. Ideal for cuddling and sleeping, this sofa style was designed for Jones Lawson, a united states copper mineral magnate in the change of the hundred years. He desired a sofa which was quite different from the picky Victorian designs that were common in those days. Present variations from the Lawson may also include metal or wood contained in the arms. Most importantly, this couch style is the one which will morph its vibe using the fabric you select for that furniture. The shape is really flexible that it can be glamorous, luxurious, industrial, informal or formal based on your fabric choice.
Although this reclining loveseat has a heftier price tag, its classic design, options for personalization and automatic reclining system make it well worth the money. Its hand made wood frame is cushioned with lower blend soft cushions for a much softer feel than youd get from high-density foam cushions, and also the furniture is available in an astonishing 72 colour and material combinations. The supply of a lot of options causes it to be additional simple to pair this lying loveseat with different patterns, materials, accents and decorations styles. In addition, if you have children or pets (or each!), you have the option to choose a stronger, spot-proof fabric. 1 customer shared that the Sunbrella canvas material has held up nicely towards her children and pets. This reclining loveseat may have a classic, aged-school appear, nevertheless its constructed-in tech is not. It doesn't only have an automatic lying program (that will give you a full recline, with your foot rest totally parallel towards the chair), but it has a Universal serial bus interface for using or just getting your iPad, apple iphone, Kindle or laptop.
English folded arm couches are extra comfy because of the big, soft cushions at the back as well as for the chairs. Reduced hands are comfortable for lying down and also the uncovered thighs bare this couch style from sensation overweight or imposing. It actually came from in the turn from the hundred years and can be associated with some thing usual for the British countryside. Distinguishing characteristics generally include low uncovered thighs, soft, generous cushions, a tight back and recessed arms. Though it may be considered a vintage style, it is also a perfect accessory for a modern day room thanks to its comfy and versatile look.
Carolina Mild Grey Material Sectional Couch is celebrated because of its stunning comfort and impressive style. It has a modular design that allows for many agreement options to suit your needs.The established features gentle fabric and forces cushions to bring about the desired comfort. More to the point, its of the good size to accommodate you together with the family of friends. Depending on the space and your desired shape, you are able to combine the I seats to create an impressive form. Its recommended for those with small areas and needs a sofa.
This reclining loveseat takes the 2nd spot because its an excellent inexpensive, super comfortable choice that can participate in most house decorations styles. Its solid wood body is cushioned with circles (for many spring) and-density foam (for many soft), and padded with dark brown faux leather that makes it an extremely-versatile piece of furniture. Combine it with the person cave for a cozy destination to view the sport (and dont worry about any spillsits vinyl upholstery tends to make clean-up easy) or perhaps your living room with a couple of decorative toss cushions for that perfect spot to comfortable up following a long day. Real-existence customers adore this lying loveseat because its comfy, long lasting, easy to put together 1 rater even noted that they was able to assemble two units within forty-five minutes! and delivery in the merchant is a breeze.
The Lawson might be known as perfect American sofa style. It's comfortable and straightforward: The boxy shape is large and usually has 3 back again cushions as well as three seat cushions. The classic Lawson also has A taller back and container-shaped soft cushions that have welts in the sides, as do the rear pillows. Ideal for snuggling and sleeping, this couch style was created for Thomas Lawson, an American copper tycoon at the turn from the century. He wanted a sofa that was very different from the picky Victorian designs which were typical in those days. Current variations of the Lawson may also include metal or wood contained in the arms. Most significantly, this sofa style is the one that will morph its vibe with the textile you select for that furniture. The shape is really flexible that it can be attractive, magnificent, industrial, casual or official depending on your fabric choice.
Does your room display room needs? Are you inclined to throw a sleep party in the light of the absence of room to rest? This DHP Futon could be ideal for you in this situation. This Futon mattress couch by DHP includes the performance of the couch mattress having a contemporary and elegant look. Place it inside your living room to achieve an extra tired mattress at night. A micro-fiber ground that took off in the centre will be a perfect combination. This amazing couch accompanies a tapestry with gleaming chrome locks and legs. Bringing together these results with each other inside a comfy well-liked style couch. You may choose to get it in Fake Leather-based, Velvet or Bed linen. A component that is really worth indicating is its back again design. In light of the different seats, DHP encourages the alteration from the couch to your comfort and ease amounts. You are able to gain levels for an animated babble, or quiet shifting image night.
You cant discuss this sofa without talking about its remarkable design, durability, and comfort. Should you ever required a comfortable chair, then transfer fast and obtain your self Rollercoaster Samuel Selection Cream Leather-based Couch. You'll like it. This 3 seater couch has thoroughly clean lines and great soft cushions. The soft cushions are attached to the seat and behind. It is made from leather and that is a certain wager that its durable. Additionally, it features tufted back again and seats that definitely adds to its remarkable look. More importantly, it has a spring base that gives it the required comfort and durability. Its wooden body causes it to be really sturdy. The long and also the lacking it is that this couch is remarkable in every aspect. You might or might not accept this. But the only method you are able to appreciate this is to buy and check out it.
Copyright © Belz Armchair By Langley Street in Loveseats All right reserved.


It probably doesn't surprise you that there are many reasons not to buy real estate before marriage.
The data tells us that marriage is getting less popular and homeownership is in even more demand.
According to the this article, marriage rates are plummeting.
And Time's MONEY recently found that 40 percent of millennials actually think it's a good idea for couples to buy real estate together before they marry.
What you don't know, though, is that buying a house with someone you aren't married to, could be a terrible mistake.
Most people don't realize that a civil marriage is little more than a contract that establishes both obligations and rights.
One of the most time-consuming and detailed aspects of adequate contracts is guiding the handling and disposition of real estate in cases of likely and unlikely outcomes.
The marriage contract does this very nicely without the parties having to foresee and negotiate every potential turn of events.
Many issues between unmarried real estate co-owners can be avoided by hiring two attorneys to draft a legal agreement. And yes, you each should have your own attorney.
A cohabitation agreement protects both parties from unnecessary costs and litigation if your cohabitation breaks down for any reason.
The major issue here is that lawyers are expensive.
For example, you can get married in most county courthouses for less than $100. But a good and airtight cohabitation agreement can run you anywhere from $5,000 to $10,000 or more.
The most obvious potential trigger that could turn the real estate purchase sour is that you decide to go your separate ways.
If a breakup becomes unavoidable, who stays in the house? What if neither of you can afford the full mortgage? Does the person who stays rent out a room? For how much? And if the rent doesn't cover costs like utilities and taxes, who pays the remaining?
Will you sell the house? Who pays for the water heater that explodes the week after you move out? What if you want to sell and your former partner doesn't?
While these questions aren't fun to think about, they'll be even less fun in the unfortunate event of a breakup.
There could be titling issues.
Did you know that how you title the property dictates what happens to your share of the home? And that's not only if you sell the real estate. It's also a consideration in the event one of you dies. Again, not fun, but it has to be considered.
Titling occurs the day you sign the paperwork and the house becomes legally yours. It's critical that you do your research beforehand. The escrow officer will NOT act as your attorney or advise you of your rights.
For example, if you sign as Joint Tenants with Rights of Survivorship, each of you owns exactly 50 percent of the property. Even if one of you paid more for the deposit or will pay more of the mortgage!
In this arrangement, if you die, your half of the property automatically becomes your partner's.
In other words, you don't have the option to leave your equity to your parents, siblings, nieces, or other heirs.
If you take title as Tenants in Common, you can stipulate that someone owns a larger share of the property. This is really the only arrangement that allows you to leave your portion of the ownership to someone other than your partner.
You can title the property to a living trust, but again, drafting that document requires an attorney.
If you don't understand titling, which is very complex and varies by state, you could make big and expensive mistakes. Titling affects taxes, distributions, payments, and your rights.
But by getting married, you've handled the titling issue upfront because each partner's rights in the transaction are clear.
You might have to think about injuries and illnesses.
Should you or your partner become unable to work, who would continue to pay the bills?
If the disabled partner remains in the home, it'll be tough to rent out a room to help pay the mortgage. While the well partner might be willing to pay the medical and mortgage bills, those expenses could become overwhelming.
Injuries and illnesses are extremely expensive. If you aren't married, you probably won't have much say in your partner's medical care and rights. This can turn what is already an emotional situation into a financially devastating one.
If one of you happens to die, everyone suffers more than necessary.
Say you happen to have more financial resources than your partner. You contribute 70 percent of the down payment and will pay 70 percent of the mortgage, so you take title as Tenants in Common in a 70/30 arrangement. If your partner dies, and leaves his 30 percent to his parents, life will get pretty complicated for you.
Not only have you just lost your partner, but you've also lost 30 percent of your cash flow, making money very tight.
Did you purchase life insurance? Most people don't.
Do you have joint bank accounts, and therefore access to your partner's money or savings? Emotions can run high, and to make matters worse, 30 percent of your home now belongs to the parents of your recently deceased partner.
How well do you know them? Will they pay their share of the expenses? What if they want to sell the real estate? Will they allow you to buy them out? Can you even afford to do so?
You can see how these scenarios get complicated quickly when everything doesn't go according to plan.
If you and your partner have been considering buying a home before getting married, take a look at this article together, and discuss the option of rearranging things.
If your relationship is solid, why not get married?
And if you're really not going to get married, but still want to buy a home together, there are options. Just think of all the money you're saving by not hosting a wedding and go get yourselves a good cohabitation agreement!


Our client is searching for Residential Property Solicitors to join their team (more than one role is available). Candidates have the option to be located in their offices in either in Leicester, Birmingham or London.
The candidates must be able to "hit the ground running", be able to generate work and show an interest in further business development. It is important for the ideal candidates to work on their own initiative whilst being comfortable to ask for guidance where needed.
This position is suited to Residential Property Lawyers who have experience of New Build and Right to Buy transactions and who have a sound knowledge of all aspects of residential property law. This opportunity is a full-time permanent role in a forward thinking and fast paced firm with a friendly working environment. Remuneration will be individually negotiated at a competitive market rate.


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Montescourt-Lizerolles is een gemeente in het Franse departement Aisne (regio Hauts-de-France). De plaats maakt deel uit van het arrondissement Saint-Quentin. Montescourt-Lizerolles telde op   inwoners.

Geografie
De oppervlakte van Montescourt-Lizerolles bedraagt 6,29 km², de bevolkingsdichtheid is 257 inwoners per km² (per 1 januari 2019).

De onderstaande kaart toont de ligging van Montescourt-Lizerolles met de belangrijkste infrastructuur en aangrenzende gemeenten.

Verkeer en vervoer
In de gemeente ligt spoorwegstation Montescourt.

Demografie
Onderstaande figuur toont het verloop van het inwonertal (bron: INSEE-tellingen).


Copyright law does not protect domain names, but Trademark law may. Generally, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has tried to apply traditional trademark law to the examination of domain name service mark applications. A domain name qualifies as a mark when it is used in connection with the sale or advertising of goods or services. This includes all sites conducting e-commerce and also sites that provide Web-related services. Unlike a trademark, which is restricted by country and class of goods, domain names can be global and not limited by goods or service.
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), a nonprofit organization that has assumed the responsibility for domain name system management, administers the assignation of domain names through accredited registers.
unfair competition claims asserted in cases in which the trademark was not federally registered.
In November 1999, Congress added a new cause of action to the Lanham Act with the Anti-cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which was expressly designed to prevent cybersquatting.
One is at risk of losing a chosen domain name if the owner of an existing trademark convinces a judge or arbitrator that the use of the domain name makes it likely that customers would be confused as to the source or quality of the products. To be protected, a trademark must be distinctive. If the trademark owner has been able to register a name with the USPTO, it is probably distinctive.
Many domain names are potentially powerful domain names but they are generic because they describe whole categories of products or services. Generic terms can never be trademarks.
Domain names are used like telephone numbers and addresses. They often provide information as to how to contact the entity rather than functioning as identifiers of a service. Specimens of this type will be refused in the USPTO because they do not show service mark use of the matter presented for registration. The more distinctive the presentation of the domain name, the more it will be perceived by the USPTO as functioning as a service mark and not just as contact information for a particular entity. The domain name must be used as a source identifier and not just as an entity locator.
Some uses that may qualify as good service mark use of domain names include hard copy advertisements for a Web site in which the significant portion of the domain name has been highlighted or set off in some other way. A domain name used as a banner headline on the Web site itself would probably be seen as functioning as a service mark.
This entry was posted in Attorneys, Intellectual Property, Trademark News, United States Patent Office, USPTO and tagged intellectual property, intellectual property attorney, intellectual property protection, Trademark Infringement, trademark law, trademark protection. Bookmark the permalink.


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Q: Python int too large to convert to C long appears on string I am trying to save a df as a .parquet file. However I get the error
Python int too large to convert to C long
Now I tested which column is the source of the problem and to my surprise it is not an integer at all.
The column contains strings of the following structure:
text&R.<Default>.text.Text_Text.Text[56]

And the dtype is 'object'. The max length is 85.
I tried using .astype('|S') but still the same error when using df.to_parquet('path//file.parquet')
Extra info, the df has 70930678 rows.
Any guidance would be greatly appreciated!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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SALVATION ARMY NEWS
Giving Tuesday More Important Than Ever
Dec 1, 2020 | by Joseph Cohen
joseph.cohen@usn.salvationarmy.org
Country's largest nongovernmental provider of social services urges Americans to rescue Christmas from COVID-19
ALEXANDRIA, Va. (Dec. 1, 2020) – With just 25 days left until Christmas, financial support on Giving Tuesday is critical to providing help and hope for millions in need. The Salvation Army and its supporters are working to rescue Christmas and encourage generous Americans to help those who rely on The Salvation Army. Based on the increased services that have already been provided this year due to COVID-19, The Army projects that potentially 6.6 million people will come to them for support throughout the next six weeks.
For the first time in history, the organization's iconic Christmas campaign began in September to combat the impacts COVID-19 has had on their busiest fundraising season: less retail foot traffic, fewer people carrying cash or coins, and more retail stores closed. As a result of these impacts, The Salvation Army could see up to a 50 percent decrease in funds raised through its red kettles. With new shelter-in-place mandates beginning to be issued across the nation, the need for urgent support is now even greater.
"As we reflect and give thanks for our blessings during this time of the year, it's also a time to think of our neighbors," said Commissioner Kenneth G. Hodder, national commander of The Salvation Army. "We've already seen a tsunami of need this year, and we don't anticipate that changing for many months, if not years. Since March, The Salvation Army has served over 100 million meals, provided over 1.6 million nights of shelter, and given emotional and spiritual care to nearly 900,000 people. Those services cannot be sustained at such unprecedented rates without generous support. We are thankful for those who help bring hope to those who might not otherwise have any."
Salvation Army supporters are encouraging their networks to help rescue Christmas on Giving Tuesday:
Actress, executive producer and New York Times best-selling author Candace Cameron Bure will host an online fundraiser on her Instagram Live (@candacecbure) at noon PST to highlight the importance of Giving Tuesday and giving back to those in need this holiday season. "I'm grateful to once again have the opportunity to be part of The Salvation Army's Red Kettle Campaign to help rescue Christmas for those in need," said Bure. "I've had the chance to volunteer with The Salvation Army and see their extraordinary impact in person. On Giving Tuesday – and every day – your generosity will ensure that those who seek The Salvation Army for help in these challenging times will be able to put food on the table, pay their rent or mortgage, and put gifts under the Christmas tree."
Television host, author and activist Karamo Brown has been volunteering at Salvation Army centers and will share his experience on social media to talk about the importance of giving.
DJ, media personality, record executive and record producer DJ Khaled has adopted Angels in Fort Lauderdale and his hometown of Miami, and is encouraging others to do the same, including entrepreneur and top Walmart executive, Marc Lore. This year, donors can adopt online at www.walmartangeltree.org. Through this site, customers can shop for gifts and have them delivered directly to their local Salvation Army.
Across the nation, volunteers and supporters will participate in Giving Tuesday in new and socially safe ways to raise awareness of the need for support. In New York City, The Salvation Army will unveil the biggest red kettle the city has ever seen. This giant kettle (32 feet tall) will be in Times Square for five days before traveling around Manhattan for the month of December, bringing with it holiday cheer and a call for digital donations.
The Red Kettle Campaign provides toys for kids, coats for the homeless and food for the hungry, as well as support for countless social service programs year-round and taking action to break the cycle of crisis and intergenerational poverty. These Salvation Army programs and services are open to anyone in need, regardless of sexual or gender identity or orientation, personal beliefs, or any other factor. To make an impact on Giving Tuesday, The Salvation Army offers several ways to donate:
Visit RescueChristmas.org to turn your passion into action.
Sign up to give a sustaining monthly gift of $25 to help The Salvation Army year-round. A $25 monthly gift over the course of one year provides:
240 meals to those most vulnerable
11 nights of shelter for those living on the streets
12 years of Christmas presents for one child
Donate digitally with Apple Pay or Google Pay at any of the iconic red kettles around the country.
Use Amazon Alexa by saying, "Alexa, donate to The Salvation Army," then specifying the amount.
Encourage friends and family to give virtually through options like Facebook Fundraisers.
Last Chance to Help Rescue Christmas With The Salvation Army
Kane Brown To Help "Rescue Christmas" During Cowboys Thanksgiving Day Game
The Salvation Army Announces Three Additions to its National Advisory Board
The Salvation Army Sets Out to "Rescue Christmas" Due to Immense Impact of COVID-19
The Salvation Army Braces for Category 4 Hurricane Laura
The Salvation Army Teams Up with Candace Cameron Bure, Walmart to "Stuff the Bus"
National Basketball Referees Association Teams Up with The Salvation Army


Brrr…it sure gets cold on the coast in Ecuador. Just kidding.
The coldest month is August with an average low temperature of 67 degrees F and a high of 77 degrees F. The warmest month is March with a low of 72 and a high of 82. Not bad.
Escape the cold and head to Ecuador!


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Q: How i can use local ms-access db file in Silverlight 4 How i can use local ms-access db file in Silverlight 4.
I want to read records from local ms-access file of any user who installed Out Of Browser Application on his/her system.
Same as we do with excel records. Looking forward to get results from experts.

A: In OOB with Elevated Trust you can use the AutomationFactory to get access to COM objects on Windows:-
dynamic conn = AutomationFactory.CreateObject("ADODB.Connection");

In C# you use the new dynamic type to hold references to COM objects that you can then manipulate in "Script" like manner.


How to become a part of our Summer story?
Registrations for the tournament "Jarun Cup 2019" are open until 15.04.2019. until 23:59 h.
The registration fee for the senior teams is 125€. This price is valid for early bird registrations (until 10.02.2019.), after which the registration fee will be 225€.
Registration fee for the young age categories for this competition is 50€ per team (categories 2000. and 2002.).
The registration fee in the competition of the categories 2004. and 2006. is 30€ per team.
When making mandatory payments under the description you should put -participation fee for JARUN CUP 2019- Your team name.
A detailed program schedule and schedule of the competition will be announced after the deadline on official tournament page. Please note that the tournament will take place regardless of weather conditions.
You can register the team online.