text:
My Brachiosaurus talk for Dinosaur Journey is now on YouTube
My Oct. 13 National Fossil Day public lecture, "Lost Giants of the Jurassic", for the Museums of Western Colorado – Dinosaur Journey is now up on their YouTube channel. First 48 minutes are talk, last 36 minutes are Q&A with audience, moderated by Dr. Julia McHugh. New stuff from the 2021 field season — about which I'll have more to say in the future — starts at about the 37-minute mark. Hit the 44-minute mark (and this and this) to find out what to do with all of the unwanted bird necks that will be floating around at the upcoming holidays.
Finally, big thanks to Brian Engh for finding our brachiosaur and for letting me use so much of his art, to John Foster, Kaelen Kay, Tom Howells, Jessie Atterholt, Thierra Nalley, and Colton Snyder for such a fun field season this year, and to Julia McHugh for giving me the opportunity to yap about one of my favorite dinosaurs!
Posted by Matt Wedel
Filed in Brachiosaur Gulch, brachiosaurids, Brachiosaurus, Brian Engh, Dinosaur Journey Museum of Western Colorado, DIY, museums, timely, video
My favorite t-shirt
If you've been around SV-POW! for long, you've seen me in this shirt:
"Retro Brontosaurus Dinosaur T-shirt" by Dinosaur Tees, modeled by Matt Wedel, cast right forelimb of Brachiosaurus for scale.
I found it on Amazon. Well, actually the first one I found was this rather dapper plesiosaur:
One of the things I like best about the recent movies in Legendary Pictures' MonsterVerse — Godzilla (2014), Kong: Skull Island, Godzilla: King of the Monsters, and the upcoming Godzilla vs Kong — is Monarch, the shadowy organization tasked with finding and studying giant monsters. By the time of King of the Monsters, Monarch is basically SHIELD, with bases scattered around the globe and a giant flying carrier-aircraft, the USS Argo.
I prefer the scrappier, always-on-the-verge-of-being-shut-down Monarch from the 1973-set Kong: Skull Island. And, as you've probably guessed by now, I was instantly taken with that plesiosaur t-shirt because in my headcanon it was the official garb of Monarch's Loch Ness division in the 1970s. I had to go with the sauropod version, though, for obvious reasons — maybe Monarch has a Mokele-mbembe division (not so far out since old M-M shows up as a dot on a map in King of the Monsters).
I have zero stake in Dinosaur Tees, mind. I just dig their retro dinosaur shirts. Find them here.
And as for Monarch — at least in its early incarnation, as a ragtag group of underfunded folks from wildly differing backgrounds that goes to remote places to search for monsters — I flatter myself that I have a not-entirely-different job.
Filed in brachiosaurids, Brachiosaurus, Dinosaur Journey Museum of Western Colorado, movies, museums
Nature's CT machine, part 2: an apatosaurine in the Salt Wash
In the last post, we looked at some sauropod vertebrae exposed in cross-section at our field sites in the Salt Wash member of the Morrison Formation. This time, we're going to do it again! Let's look at another of my faves from the field, with Thuat Tran's hand for scale. And, er, a scale bar for scale:
And let's pull the interesting bits out of the background:
Now, confession time. When I first saw this specimen, I interpeted it as-is, right-side up. The round thing in the middle with the honeycomb of internal spaces is obviously the condyle of a vertebra, and the bits sticking out above and below on the sides frame a cervical rib loop. I figured the rounded bit at the upper right was the ramus of bone heading for the prezyg, curved over as I've seen it in some taxa, including the YPM Barosaurus. And the two bits below the centrum would then be the cervical ribs. And with such big cervical rib loops and massive, low-hanging cervical ribs, it had to an apatosaurine, either Apatosaurus or Brontosaurus.
Then I got my own personal Cope-getting-Elasmosaurus-backwards moment, courtesy of my friend and fellow field adventurer, Brian Engh, who proposed this:
Gotta say, this makes a lot more sense. For one, the cervical ribs would be lateral to the prezygs, just as in, oh, pretty much all sauropods. And the oddly flat inward-tilted surfaces on what are now the more dorsal bones makes sense: they're either prezyg facets, or the flat parts of the rami right behind the prezyg facets. The missing thing on what is now the right even makes sense: it's the other cervical rib, still buried in a projecting bit of sandstone. That made no sense with the vert the other way 'round, because prezygs always stick out farther in front than do the cervical ribs. And we know that we're looking at the vert from the front, otherwise the backwards-projecting cervical rib would be sticking through that lump of sandstone, coming out of the plane of the photo toward us.
Here's what I now think is going on:
I'm still convinced that the bits of bone on what is now the left side of the image are framing a cervical rib loop. And as we discussed in the last post, the only Morrison sauropods with such widely-set cervical ribs are Camarasaurus and the apatosaurines. So what makes this an apatosaurine rather than a camarasaur? I find several persuasive clues:
If we have this thing the right way up, those prezygs are waaay up above the condyle, at a proportional distance I've only seen in diplodocids. See, for example, this famous cervical from CM 3018, the holotype of A. louisae (link).
The complexity of the pneumatic honeycombing inside the condyle is a much better fit for an apatosaurine than for Camarasaurus–I've never seen that level of complexity in a camarasaur vert.
The bump on what we're now interpreting as the cervical rib looks suspiciously like one of the ventrolateral processes that Kent Sanders and I identified in apatosaurine cervicals back in our 2002 paper. I've never seen them, or seen them reported, in Camarasaurus–and I've been looking.
Crucially, the zygs are not set very far forward of the cervical ribs. By some rare chance, this is pretty darned close to a pure transverse cut, and the prezygs, condyle (at its posterior extent, anyway), and the one visible cervical rib are all in roughly the same plane. In Camarasaurus, the zygs strongly overhang the front end of the centrum in the cervicals (see this and this).
But wait–aren't the cervical ribs awfully high for this to be an apatosaurine? We-ell, not necessarily. This isn't a very big vert; max centrum width here is 175mm, only about a third the diameter of a mid-cervical from something like CM 3018. So possibly this is from the front of the neck, around the C3 or C4 position, where the cervical ribs are wide but not yet very deep. You can see something similar in this C2-C5 series on display at BYU:
Or, maybe it's just one of the weird apatosaurine verts that has cervical rib loops that are wide, but not very deep. Check out this lumpen atrocity at Dinosaur Journey–and more importantly, the apatosaur cervical he's freaking out over:
UPDATE just a few minutes later: Mike reminded me in the comments about the Tokyo apatosaurine, NSMT-PV 20375, which has wide-but-not-deep cervical ribs. In fact, C7 (the vertebra on the right in this figure) is a pretty good match for the Salt Wash specimen:
NSMT-PV 20375, cervical vertebrae 3, 6 and 7 in anterior and posterior views. Modified from Upchurch et al. (2005: plate 2).
UPDATE the 2nd: After looking at it for a few minutes, I decided that C7 of the Tokyo apatosaurine was such a good match for the Salt Wash specimen that I wanted to know what it would look like if it was similarly sectioned by erosion. In the Salt Wash specimen, the prezygs are sticking out a little farther than the condyle and cervical rib sections. The red line in this figure is my best attempt at mimicking that erosional surface on the Tokyo C7, and the black outlines on the right are my best guess as to what would be exposed by such a cut (or pair of cuts). I've never seen NSMT-PV 20375 in person, so this is just an estimate, but I don't think it can be too inaccurate, and it is a pretty good match for the Salt Wash specimen.
Another way to put it: if this is an apatosaurine, everything fits. Even the wide-but-not-low-hanging cervical ribs are reasonable in light of some other apatosaurines. If we think this is Camarasaurus just because the cervical ribs aren't low-hanging, then the pneumatic complexity, the height of the prezygs, and the ventrolateral process on the cervical rib are all anomalous. The balance of the evidence says that this is an apatosaurine, either a small, anterior vert from a big one, or possibly something farther back from a small one. And that's pretty satisfying.
One more thing: can we take a moment to stand in awe of this freaking thumb-sized cobble that presumably got inside the vertebra through one its pneumatic foramina and rattled around until it got up inside the condyle? Where, I'll note, the internal structure looks pretty intact despite being filled with just, like, gravel. As someone who spends an inordinate amount of time thinking about how pneumatic vertebrae get buried and fossilized, I am blown away by this. Gaze upon its majesty, people!
This is another "Road to Jurassic Reimagined, Part 2″ post. As before, Part 1 is here, Part 2 will be going up here in the near future. As always, stay tuned.
Upchurch, P., Tomida, Y., and Barrett, P.M. 2005. A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA. National Science Museum Monographs No. 26. Tokyo. ISSN 1342-9574.
Wedel, M.J., and Sanders, R.K. 2002. Osteological correlates of cervical musculature in Aves and Sauropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia), with comments on the cervical ribs of Apatosaurus. PaleoBios 22(3):1-6.
Filed in #JurassicReimagined, Apatosaurus, Brontosaurus, BYU Museum of Paleontology, cervical, cervical ribs, cross sections, Dinosaur Journey Museum of Western Colorado, diplodocids, field photos, hands used as scale bars, I'm stupid, Morrison Formation, museums, stinkin' appendicular elements, stinkin' mammals, stinkin' SV-POW!sketeers
Arm lizard
Reconstructed right forelimb of Brachiosaurus at Dinosaur Journey in Fruita, Colorado, with me for scale, photo by Yara Haridy. The humerus is a cast of the element from the holotype skeleton, FMNH P25107, the coracoid looks like a sculpt to match the coracoid from the holotype (which is a left), and the other elements are either cast or sculpted from Giraffatitan. But it's all approximately correct. The actual humerus is 204cm long, but the distal end is eroded and it was probably 10-12cm longer in life. I don't know how big this cast is, but I know that casts are inherently untrustworthy so I suspect it's a few cm shorter than it oughta be. For reference, I'm 188cm, but I'm standing a bit forward of the mount so I'm an imperfect scale bar (like all scale bars!). For another view of the same mount from five years ago, see this post.
So I guess the moral is that even thought this reconstructed forelimb looks impressive, the humerus was several inches longer, even before we account for any shrinkage in the molding and casting process, and the gaps between the bones for joint cartilage should probably be much wider, so the actual shoulder height of this individual might have been something like a foot taller than this mount. A mount, by the way, that is about as good as it could practically be, and which I love — I'm including all the caveats and such partly because I'm an arch-pedant, and partly because it's genuinely useful to know all the ways in which a museum mount might be subtly warping the truth, especially if you're interested in the biggest of the big.
All of which is a long walk to the conclusion that brachiosaurs are pretty awesome. More on that real soon now. Stay tuned.
Filed in brachiosaurids, Brachiosaurus, Dinosaur Journey Museum of Western Colorado, humerus, museums, public galleries, stinkin' appendicular elements, stinkin' mammals, stinkin' SV-POW!sketeers
The other side of the other side of that one cool specimen
Way back in 2009–over a decade ago, now!–I blogged about the above photo, which I stole from this post by ReBecca Hunt-Foster. It's a cut and polished chunk of a pneumatic sauropod vertebra in the collections at Dinosaur Journey in Fruita, Colorado.
This is the other side of that same cut; you'll see that it looks like a mirror image of the cut at the top, but not quite a perfect mirror image, because some material was lost to the kerf of the saw and to subsequent polishing, and the bony septa changed a bit just in those few millimeters.
And this is the reverse face of the section shown above. As you can see, it is a LOT more complex. What's going on here? This unpolished face must be getting close to either the condyle or the cotyle, where the simple I-beam or anchor-shaped configuration of the centrum breaks up into lots of smaller chambers (as described in this even older post). It's crazy how fast that can happen–this shard of excellence is only about 4 or 5 cm thick, and in that short space it has gone from anchor to honeycomb. I think that's amazing, and beautiful.
It's probably Apatosaurus–way too complex to be Camarasaurus or Haplocanthosaurus, not complex enough to be Barosaurus, no reason to suspect Brachiosaurus, and although there is other stuff in the DJ collections, the vast majority of the sauropod material is Apatosaurus. So that's my null hypothesis for the ID.
Oh, back in 2009 I was pretty sure these chunks were from a dorsal, because of the round ventral profile of the centrum. I'm no longer so certain, now that I know that the anchor-shaped sections are so close to the end of the centrum, because almost all vertebrae get round near the ends. That said, the anchor-shaped sections are anchor-shaped because the pneumatic foramina are open, and having foramina that open, that close to the end of the vertebra still makes me think it is more likely a dorsal than anything else. I'm just less certain than I used to be–and that has been the common theme in my personal development over the last decade.
Filed in Apatosaurus, cross sections, Dinosaur Journey Museum of Western Colorado, diplodocids, museums, mystery vertebra, pneumaticity
Dystylosaurus reminds you to beware of taking measurements from casts
I had an interesting opportunity when I was in Utah and Colorado a couple of weeks ago. At Dinosaur Journey in Fruita, Colorado, I went looking for a cast of the Potter Creek Brachiosaurus humerus. I found it — more on that another time — and I also found a cast of BYU 4503, the holotype dorsal vertebra of Dystylosaurus (now almost universally regarded as Supersaurus [but then…]), lurking with it in a corner of the collections room.
Dystylosaurus cast, posterior view.
Somehow I had overlooked the Dystylosaurus cast on all of my previous visits to DJ, which is a shame, because the cast is easy to pick up, flip over, and manipulate. Very much unlike the actual fossil, which combines the charming attributes, shared with many other sauropod vertebrae, of weighing hundreds of pounds but still being awfully fragile.
Dystylosaurus cast, anterior view.
So, hey ya, I had a chance to photograph and measure both sides of the vertebra. You're not supposed to take measurements from casts, but I figured what the heck, no-one was going to lock me up for it, and I could compare the measurements from the cast to the measurements of the real thing when I visited BYU later in the trip. And that's exactly what I did. It was easy to make sure I took the second set of measurements the same way I had done the first set, because I took them just a few days apart.
The real deal at BYU.
Here's what I got. For each measurement, the actual value measured from the real fossil at BYU comes first, followed by the same measurement from the cast at Dinosaur Journey, followed by the difference as a percentage of the first (true) measurement.
Total Height (as preserved): 1050mm / 1022mm / -2.6%
Max Width (as preserved): 905mm / 889mm / -1.8%
Anterior Centrum Height: 400mm / 394mm / -1.5%
Anterior Centrum Width: 470mm / 454mm / -3.4%
Posterior Centrum Height: 365mm / 352mm / -3.5%
Posterior Centrum Width: 480mm / 473mm / -1.5%
They're not the same! On average, the measurements of the cast are 2.4% smaller than the same measurements taken from the actual bone. (Incidentally, you may be wondering how I measured the posterior centrum faces of the BYU vertebra without flipping it. I used a couple of wooden blocks as orthogonators and measured between them, and I did it at several points to make sure they were truly parallel. In essence, I made giant redneck calipers, a method that Mike and I have had to employ many times when measuring huge, weirdly-shaped fossils. Remind me to show you John Foster's giant caliper setup sometime.)
Dinosaur Journey cast in right lateral view, big doofus for scale.
Anyway, the discrepancy in the measurements should not be surprising. It is a known phenomenon that when an object is molded and cast, there is a little bit of shrinkage. You can see it bedevil Adam Savage in his quest for the ultimate Maltese Falcon replica in this charming video:
So, on one hand, no outright disasters here; all of the cast measurements are within a few percent of the real measurements, so if all you had was a cast, you could get a pretty good sense of the size of the real thing. But precision counts, even among giant sauropods. In a world where the largest vertebra of Argentinosaurus is only 1cm bigger in diameter than the largest vertebra of Patagotitan, differences like I got with Dystylosaurus would be enough to scramble the order of giant vertebrae. So if you're ever stuck measuring something from a cast, be forthright and say as much, so that no-one mistakes the cast measurements for the real thing.
Here are some more measurements from BYU 4503, the real thing, for you completists. Note that the vertebra is sheared a bit from right postero-ventral to left antero-dorsal, so figuring out how to take the centrum length is not straightforward. I ended up doing it twice, once orthogonal to the posterior centrum face, and once following the slant of the centrum, both at the mid-height of the centrum, as shown in the little diagram from my notebook (above).
Centrum Length, left side, orthogonal: 295mm
Centrum Length, left side, on the slant: 310mm
Centrum Length, right side, orthogonal: 280mm
Centrum Length, right side, on the slant: 305mm
Max Width across prezygs: 305mm
Min gap between prezygs: 19mm
Max Width across parapophyses: 620mm
Max antero-posterior length of prezyg articular surfaces: 55mm
Max antero-posterior depth of hypantrum: 95mm
Max antero-posterior depth of fossa between spino-prezyg laminae (SPRLs): 80mm
Neural spine cavity, max antero-posterior extent: 40mm
Neural spine cavity, max medio-lateral extent: 70mm
Finally, a huge thanks to Julia McHugh at Dinosaur Journey and Brooks Britt and Rod Scheetz at BYU for letting me come play with their huge toys er, hugely important scientific specimens. Rod was particularly helpful, shifting giant things about with a forklift, helping me measure bones that are longer than I am tall, and boxing up loan specimens for me. Mike and I have had really good luck with pro-science curators and collections managers, but the folks at DJ and BYU have always been standouts, and I can't thank them enough.
Back into the Corner of Shame, artificially tiny Dystylosaurus!
Filed in BYU Museum of Paleontology, Dinosaur Journey Museum of Western Colorado, dorsal, Dystylosaurus, museums, stinkin' mammals, stinkin' SV-POW!sketeers
A nice pneumatic Allosaurus cervical dorsal
Spotted this beauty in the collections at Dinosaur Journey this past summer. With the front end of the centrum blown off, taphonomy once again proves to be the poor man's CT machine, giving us a great look at the pneumatic spaces inside the vertebra.
EDIT, Oct. 13, 2019 — WHOOPS! That ain't a cervical. Based on the plates in Madsen (1976), it's a dead ringer for the second dorsal vertebra.
Vertebrae C7 through D3 of Allosaurus fragilis in anterior view, from plates 14-16 in Madsen (1976). Abbreviations: dp, diapophysis; li, interspinous ligament scar; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pp, parapophysis; pr, prezygapophysis.
Madsen, Jr., J.H. 1976. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mining Survey Bulletin 109: 1-163.
Filed in Allosaurus, cervical, collections, Dinosaur Journey Museum of Western Colorado, museums, pneumaticity, stinkin' theropods
Supersaurus, Ultrasaurus and Dystylosaurus in 2019, part 4: what is the holotype of Supersaurus?
Before we get on to the home stretch of this series — which is turning out waaay longer than I expected it to be, and which I guess should really have been a paper instead — we need to resolve an important detail. We all know there are two scapulocoracoids in the BYU Supersaurus material, and that one of them is the holotype: but which one?
The two elements
Since we don't know the actual specimen numbers yet, we'll refer to the two specimens as Scap A and Scap B for now.
Both specimens are on loan from BYU to other museums. We're not sure where Scap A is, but there is a good cast at the Dinosaur Journey Paleontological Museum in Fruita, Colorado; and Scap B is at the North American Museum of Ancient Life (NAMAL) in Lehi, Utah. Happily, we saw both on the Sauropopcalypse. Unhappily, we were in a rush both times, and didn't pay them anything like the attention they deserve.
Scap A
We don't have many photos of this, because we only had a single day at Dinosaur Journey museum and we had a lot of specimens we wanted to hit in collections. But it's still shameful that we have as little as we do. Here's one from Matt's earlier visit in 2014:
Cast of one of the scapulocoracoids of Supersaurus, which we here refer to as Scap A, at the Dinosaur Journey musuem in Fruita, Colorado. Matt Wedel for scale.
And here is an anaglyph made from the only two photos I took on our 2016 Sauropocalypse visit:
Sort-of-OK anaglyph of the cast of the Supersaurus scapulocoracoid A. It's not great because we don't have a good pair of source photos, but it's still way more informative than a 2d photograph.
If you think our images are disappointing, check out Jensen's own illustrations of this specimen. It crops up in line-drawing form as part B of figure 8 in his 1985 paper:
Jensen 1985:figure 8B and G. For comparison only, not to scale. Profiles of various sauropod scapulae and scapulocoracoidae. B, Supersaurus vivianae, first specimen. G, Supersaurus vivianae, second specimen. (Other, non-Supersaurus, parts removed.)
And that seems to be all we have of this specimen.
Well … almost all. There is just one other photo …
I really really wish I'd spent less time making out with this specimen and more time studying it. There's a lesson there for all of us, kids!
This scap has really nice, clear ridges running along the ventral border of the proximal end, and up from there to the acromion process. That makes it very clear that we're looking at the lateral side of the scap, which means it's a left scapulocoracoid.
By the way, I am a little short of six feet tall. Using myself as a very crude scalebar, it looks like this scap is a hair over eight feet long. (Why am I using Imperial measurements? Because, as will become clear below, that's what Jensen used, and so what we want to compare with.)
Scap B
This occurs in Jensen's (1985:figure 8G) line drawing, as shown above. But there are a few more photos out there. For a start, this is the scap which Jensen is measuring and then lying next to in the photos in his descriptive paper:
Jensen 1985:figure 6. A, Measuring Supersaurus vivinae scapulocoracoid. D. E., Vivian Jones; J. A. Jensen. B, The author, 6'3″ tall beside Supersaurus vivianae scapulocoracoid.
This is evidently the scap that we photographed at NAMAL, although it's been flipped since the photos were taken of it in the ground:
Supersaurus vivianae scapulocoracoid, photographed at the North American Museum of Natural Life. The exhibit text reads: "Supersaurus scapula and coracoid. This is the actual Supersaurus bone that the world saw when the announcement was made of the new animal's discovery in 1972. The scapula lay in the ground for five more years, waiting for the collection of other fossils that lay in the path of excavation. The flatness of the bone presented a challenge to "Dinosaur Jim" Jensen, who had to figure out a way to get the bone safely out of the ground. He finally accomplished this by cutting the scapula into three pieces. In 1988, Cliff Miles, Brian Versey and Clark Miles prepared the bone for study. It is still one of the largest dinosaur bones known in the world. Specimen on load from Brigham Young University's Earth Science Museum. Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous (about 144 million years ago)
A similar photo turns up in Lovelace et al.'s (2008) description of the WDC Supersarus specimen, where a specimen number is given. This is welcome, as neither museum display includes a specimen number, and none of the Jensen's illustrations do, either. It's the first specimen number we've seen in this post.
Lovelace et al. 2008:figure 10. Lateral view of Supersaurus right scapulacoracoid (BYU 9025).
Also, Lovelace et al. (2008) provided a scalebar. If it's reliable — which is always open to question with scalebars — the scapulocoracoid is 2.34 m long (based on 687 pixels for the scap, 147 for the scalebar), which is about 7'8″.
I don't know where Lovelace et al. got the specimen number for this element: it's certainly not on display in the NAMAL public gallery. Elsewhere, Lovelace et al. (2008:527) say that "The name Supersaurus was erected for a single scapulocoracoid, BYU 12962″, contradicting Jensen's designation of BYU 5500 (i.e. BYU 9025) as the holotype.
Is this in fact a right scapulocoracoid, as claimed? I did wonder, because based on my own photos and the Lovelace et al. illustration the surface we're looking at is pretty flat and featureless, which would suggest it's the medial side of the bone. If that were so, it would be a left scap viewed from inside, not a right scap viewed from outside. But I was able to recover a very rough-and-ready anagylph from my NAMAL photos, and that was enough to persuade me that there is some surface structure on this bone, and that we are indeed therefore looking at the lateral face of a right scap.
(If you can't make out the 3d structure here, it's because you don't have any red-cyan anaglyph glasses. Get some red-cyan anaglyph glasses. You'll thank me.)
Anyway: I am satisfied that Scap A is a left scapulocoracoid and Scap B is right scapulocoracoid. So that's something.
Which is the holotype?
This should be a simple question to resolve. But it's not, for several reasons. First, although the earliest literature on Supersaurus refers to the scapulocoracoids, it doesn't give specimen numbers. Second, Jensen's (1985) description is vague about specimen numbers, sometimes using them and sometimes just referring to "first specimen" and "second specimen". Third, the specimen numbers that Jensen used have since been changed. Fourth, the subsequent literature contains contradictions and perhaps straight-up mistakes. And finally, as though all that were not enough — and as we've already noted — the two museums that have the actual bones on display have omitted specimen numbers from their signage.
Yeah. It's pretty crazy stuff. Let's see if we can sort it out.
That Reader's Digest article
The earliest reference to the name "Supersaurus" we've been able to find in the literature is George 1973a, which was subsequently condensed into George 1973b in Reader's Digest. (These both predate George 1973c, cited by Curtice and Stadtman 2001, which I have been unable to obtain a copy of, if indeed it is actually a real article, as it does not seem to be.)
Aaanyway, here's what George (1973b) says about "Supersaurus" scapulae. It doesn't amount to much.
A shoulder blade, still partially encased in clay, spanned eight feet. Breaks and cracks were sealed with a mixture of sand and plaster, the bones were wrapped in burlap soaked with plaster of paris, braced, then swung aboard a special trailer for the journey to B.Y.U. in Provo, Utah. There, "Supersaurus," as we shall call him, awaits an official name and taxonomic classification.
This certainly sounds like the eight-foot-long scap was destined to be the type specmen, but it doesn't come out and say it.
Jensen 1985
As far as I know, the next published reference to this material is eight full years later, in Jensen's (1985) formal description. It needs careful reading. But what seems clear (from page 701) is:
HOLOTYPE.—BYU 5500, scapulocoracoid 2.44m (8′) long.
REFERRED MATERIAL.—BYU 5501, scapulocoracoid 2.70 m (8′ 10″) long. [And other material not of interest for our purposes.]
[… and a little later …]
DESCRIPTION.—(Holotype BYU 5500; right scapulocoracoid) Scapula long but not robust; distal end expanding moderately; shaft not severely constricted in midsection. [There is more, but it's not relevant here]
REFERRED MATERIAL.—BYU 5501, scapulocoracoid 2.70 m (8′ 10″) long. Description same as Holotype, BYU 5500.
So based on this, the "description" of the two scaps is the same, and the only recognised difference is in length: the holotype, at eight feet in length, is ten inches shorter than the referred element.
On that basis, Scap B might seem the more likely contender to be the holotype, as the scalebar in Lovelace et al. 2008:figure 10 suggests a length of 2.33 m which is closer to the 2.44 m given for the type than to the 2.7 m given for the referred specimen.
(On the other hand, the photo of me in love with Scap A at Dinosaur Journal suggests it's about eight feet long, which would mean that it might be the type. *sigh*)
As we have seen, the captions in Jensen 1985 do not give specimen numbers, so we can't tell whether the scap in his figure 6 is the holotype. And in the comparative figure 8 which shows both scaps, he maddeningly calls them "first specimen" and "second specimen" instead of giving numbers. We might guess that "first specimen" is the type; but it might instead refer to the order in which they were found or excavated. And we might guess that the specimen appearing in Jensen's photos is the type, but it really would only be a guess — and one contradicted by the guess based on "first specimen", since the photographed bone is the "second specimen".
Jensen's 1987 paper is primarily about brachiosaur material, but it does contain information relevant to to the present problem. Its figure 9 replicates Jensen 1985:figure 8 (the comparaive scapula line-drawings) but with an even less informative caption that doesn't even say "first specimen" or "second specimen" for the two Supersaurus scaps. But then the text on page 602 may contain a key bit of information, given away in passing as though by accident:
I here remove the vertebra, BYU 5003, from Brachiosauridae and provisionally refer it to the Diplodocidae. This referral is based on two factors: principally, a bifurcate neural spine, and, secondly, the fact that two unusually large scapulocoracoids (Figs. 9B, 9G), found in the same (Dry Mesa) quarry, were referable to the Diplodocidae. One of these (BYU 5500, Fig. 9B) is the holotype of Supersaurus vivianae Jensen (1985).
Astonishingly, this is the first time in any of Jensen's papers that he associates a specimen number with an illustration of either of the Supersaurus scaps. Jensen was notoriously careless with specimen numbers, but BYU 5500 does match his designation of the holotype in his 1985 paper, so we can perhaps be somewhat confident in this case.
The old specimen number BYU 5500 corresponds with the new number BYU 9025, which suggests that BYU 9025 is the the scap illustrated in Jensen 1987:figure 9B — which is scap A.
Curtice and Stadtman 2001
Curtice et al.'s (1996) paper referring the Ultrasauros holotype dorsal vertebra to Supersaurus does not say anything about the two Supersaurus scapulae. But the followup paper on Dystylosaurus (Curtice and Stadtman 2001) does. As noted in part 3 of this series, the "Supersaurus vivianae roll call" section remarks:
When [Supersaurus was] formally described (Jensen, 1985) a number of elements were referred to the holotype including the left scapulocoracoid discovered in 1972 (BYU 9025), a right scapulocoracoid (BYU 12962) …
This is not as helpful as it could be, as it lists both scapulae as "referred" without stating explicitly which was the holotype. But based on the evidence so far, we can be fairly confident that it it really was BYU 9025 (BYU 5500 of Jensen's usage). The really useful information here is the designation that 9025 is a left scap and 12962 is the right. Since scap A is clearly left sided, this offers corroboration that is is the holotype, BYU 9025.
As we discussed before, Curtice and Stadtman (2001:39) went on to say:
Jensen never referred the two Supersaurus scapulocoracoids to the same individual due to a 260 mm discrepancy in length. Stripping away the paint and resin on BYU 9025 revealed the proximal end had been inadvertently lengthened during preservation. Close examination of the actual bone surface nets a total scapulocoracoid length less than 50 mm longer than BYU 12962, an amount easily accounted for by scapular variation and thus here both are referred to the same individual.
But this doesn't make sense for two reasons. Most importantly, BYU 9025 is BYU 5500 of Jensen's usage, and his 1985 paper makes it clear that this was the shorter of the two scaps at 8 feet, compared with 8 feet 10 inches for his BYU 5501 (i.e. BYU 12962). Shortening BYU 9025 would increase the discrepancy in length between the two scaps, not decrease it. Perhaps Curtice and Stadtman got the two scapulocoracoids' specimen numbers reversed?
It's also surprising because of the claim that the it was the proximal end that was inadvertently lengthened. The proximal end of a scapulocoracoid is the coracoid bone, which is thick and sturdy, and has a well defined proximal margin that would be difficult to inadvertently lengthen. Whereas the distal end — the farthest part of the scapula blade — is thinner and easily broken, and potentially shades into cartilage where the cartilaginous suprascapula attached. We could easily imagine the latter being subject to interpretation, but not really the proximal end. Perhaps Curtice and Stadtman (2001) were using the terms "proximal" and "distal" in the opposite sense to how they are generall applied to scapulae?
Dale McInnes's involvement in preparation
In a comment on the first post in this series, Dale McInnes took issue with aspects of Curtice and Stadtman's account of the repreparation of the scaps. According to McInnes, Jensen sent "the second specimen" (i.e. what we're calling Scap B, if the caption to Jensen 1985:figure 9 is to be trusted) to RAM, and Phil Currie had McInnes prepare it in the late 1970s (i.e. after the initial popular publications on "Supersaurus" but well before Jensen's formal publication in 1985). In an 11-foot-long field jacket, they found 9'2 of bone, which they reduced to 8'10 by closing four inches of open cracks.
So far, this account is consistent with that of Jensen (1985), who quotes only the final prepared length of 8'10". But it doesn't help us to make sense of Curtice and Stadtman's account of re-preparing BYU 9025 to reduce its length, thereby creating a larger gap between its length and that of BYU 12962.
If Curtice and Stadtman were here reporting on the wrong scapula (i.e. they "stripped away the paint and resin" from BYU 12962) then it seems they may have undone some of the careful work done by McInnes and colleagues to preserve "an area that had an ultra thin section that at best could only be described as a sharply defined delineation of the distal termination (literally powdered bone) [which might have been] an imprint of the cartilage". If so, that is unfortunate indeed.
So which is which?
Jensen 1985 designated BYU 5500 (= BYU 9025) as the holotype and said it was 2.44 m (8′) long. He referred BYU 5501 (= BYU 12962) and said it was 8'10" long — but neither scap in its present form seems to be longer than 8′, so the differences in length reported by Jensen don't help much.
Scap A (at the Dinosaur Journey Paleontological Museum in Fruita, Colorado) is a left scapulocoracoid. Curtice and Stadtman (2001) noted that BYU 9025 is a left scap (and BYU 12962 is a right scap), so that suggests that Scap A is BYU 9025.
Scap B (at the North American Museum of Ancient Life in Lehi, Utah) is a right scapulocoracoid, maybe 2.34 m long (7 feet 8 inches), based on the scale bar from Lovelace et al. (2008:figure 10). Their caption for that figure says it's BYU 9025, but elsewhere they claim (incorrectly as far as I can tell) that BYU 12962 is the holotype, so something is wrong there.
The single most helpful thing in the literature is Jensen's (1987:602) almost parenthetical comment that "(BYU 5500, Fig. 9B) is the holotype of Supersaurus vivianae", as it's the only published work that ties any specimen number to any illustration. Figure 9b shows Scap A — which indeed seems to be about eight feet long, according to the very fallible Mike-as-scalebar method.
But Curtice and Stadtman's (2001:39) comments on re-prepping BYU 9025 suggest that it is the longer of the two elements, and therefore (according to Jensen's 1985 description) the referred element and not the holotype. We know that one of the scaps at least at one time measured 8'10, becausde of McInnes's account of reducing the length of "the second specimen" to 8'10. But neither of them presently seems to be that long. (I hope Dale comments again, on this post, and is able to tell us whether the bone her worked on was Scap A or Scap B — and whether its present state is different from how he left it.)
Putting it all together, I think the weight of evidence says that Scap A is the holotype (BYU 9025, previously known as BYU 5500), with Jensen's (1987:603) comment being our smoking gun. Other evidence includes Curtice and Stadtman's (2001) observation that BYU 9025 is a left scap; its being about the right length (I trust my own scalebar, however informal, ahead of Lovelace et al.'s); and the fact that it is the better preserved of the two elements, making it a stronger candidate for having been selected as the holotype.
If that's correct, then it is not without problems. It would follow that Lovelace et al. (2008:figure 10) is miscaptioned, being BYU 12962 and not 9025 as stated. It would also follow that Curtice and Stadtman were in error in describing the re-preparation of what was in fact the referred specimen BYU 12962 and not 9025 as stated.
Addendum: a cautionary tale
When I started this series of articles, I assumed that the NAMAL scap was the holotype (as you can see in the caption for the illustration of it in the first article). Why did I think that? Well, the Wikipedia article [archived link] says so: it has a photo of it captioned "The holotype of Supersaurus, scapulocoracoid BYU 9025″.
But as I got deeper into writing this series, I checked out the provenance of that photo on Wikipedia, only to find that it's my own photo, as edited by Stephen O'Connor. Then I checked my emails to see whether I'd ever corresponded with Stephen, and I found that he'd emailed me three years ago including a link to this old SV-POW! photo of Scap A, and asking "I'm a little confused if the scapular in the image is a cast of holotype BYU 9025 or is it the opposing side, BYU 12962?" And I replied as follows:
Hi, Steve. I am attaching Jensen 1985, which is the canonical reference for this. Very poorly illustrated, though […]. Based on Figure 8 (page 708), the photo is a cast of "second specimen". I'm attaching my photo of the holotype ("first specimen") at NAMAL in Utah, in case it's helpful.
So what happened here is that I over-interpreted a vague bit of hand-waving in Jensen 1985, fed it via Steve into Wikipedia, then trusted my own forgotten authority to reinforce the apparent legitimacy of my incorrect guess. I trusted Wikipedia on the identity of the NAMAL scap only to find it was my own assumption fed back to me.
A couple of days ago I read "Ninety percent of online journalism these days is nothing more than wannabe reporters summarizing other people's assumptions from web sites that know how to game a search engine". I am pleased to find that I am efficient enough to cut out the wannae-reporter middle man from this process, and just summarise my own assumptions.
Curtice, Brian D. and Kenneth L. Stadtman. 2001. The demise of Dystylosaurus edwini and a revision of Supersaurus vivianae. Western Association of Vertebrate Paleontologists and Mesa Southwest Museum and Southwest Paleontologists Symposium, Bulletin 8:33-40.
Curtice, Brian D., Kenneth L. Stadtman and Linda J. Curtice. 1996. A reassessment of Ultrasauros macintoshi (Jensen, 1985). M. Morales (ed.), "The continental Jurassic". Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 60:87–95.
George, Jean. 1973a. giant of the giants. Denver Post, Empire Magazine. May 13, 1973, pp 14ff.
George, Jean. 1973b. Supersaurus, the biggest brute ever. Reader's Digest (June 1973):51–56.
George, Jean. 1973c. Supersaurus, the greatest of them all. Readers Digest (August 1973), page-range unknown.
Jensen, James A. 1985. Three new sauropod dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado. Great Basin Naturalist 45(4):697–709.
Jensen, James A. 1987. New brachiosaur material from the Late Jurassic of Utah and Colorado. Great Basin Naturalist 47(4):592–608.
Lovelace, David M., Scott A. Hartman and William R. Wahl. 2008. Morphology of a specimen of Supersaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 65(4):527–544.
Filed in coracoid, Dinosaur Journey Museum of Western Colorado, North American Museum of Ancient Life, paleontologists behaving badly, public galleries, scapula, Supersaurus
Apatosaurus is — still — Just Plain Wrong
We've posted a lot here about how crazy the cervical vertebrae of apatosaurines are (for example: 1, 2, 3), and especially the redonkulosity of their cervical ribs. But I think you will agree with me that this is still an arresting sight:
That's MWC 1946, a mid-cervical from the Mygatt-Moore Quarry that was figured by Foster et al. (2018: fig. 18 A-B) and referred with the rest of the Mygatt-Moore apatosaur material to Apatosaurus cf. louisae (entirely correctly, in my view). This is a ventral view, with the condyle down by the scale bar.
Here's the same thing cropped from the background to emphasize its unbelievableness:
and mirrored and restored a bit in GIMP to give a taste of its probable appearance in life (if you had an apatosaur, an x-ray machine, and a lot of confidence about not getting stepped on):
For obvious reasons, my nickname for this specimen is the Brontosmasher.
Keep in mind that the centrum was full of air in life, whereas the cervical ribs and the bony struts that support them are just huge slabs of bone. I strongly suspect that the volume of bone in the cervical ribs and their supporting struts is vastly more than in the centrum and neural arch. I will soon have the ability to test that hypothesis–I have this specimen on loan from Dinosaur Journey for CT scanning and 3D modeling. Watch this space.
Many thanks to Julia McHugh at Dinosaur Journey for access to the specimen and assistance during my frequent visits.
Foster, J.R., Hunt-Foster, R.K., Gorman, M.A., II, Trujillo, K.C., Suarez, C.A., McHugh, J.B., Peterson, J.E., Warnock, J.P., and Schoenstein, H.E. 2018. Paleontology, taphonomy, and sedimentology of the Mygatt-Moore Quarry, a large dinosaur bonebed in the Morrison Formation, western Colorado—implications for Upper Jurassic dinosaur preservation modes: Geology of the Intermountain West 5: 23–93.
Filed in #Brontosmash, Apatosaurus, cervical, cervical ribs, collections, Dinosaur Journey Museum of Western Colorado, diplodocids, Just Plain Wrong, museums
CT scanning a caudal vertebra of Diplodocus
John Yasmer, DO (right) and me getting ready to scan MWC 8239, a caudal vertebra of Diplodocus on loan from Dinosaur Journey, at Hemet Valley Imaging yesterday.
Alignment lasers – it's always fun watching them flow over the bone as a specimen slides through the tube (for alignment purposes, obviously, not scanning – nobody's in the room for that).
Lateral scout. I wonder, who will be the first to correctly identify the genus and species of the two stinkin' mammals trailing the Diplo caudal?
A model we generated at the imaging center. This is just a cell phone photo of a single window on a big monitor. The actual model is much better, but I am in a brief temporal lacuna where I can't screenshot it.
What am I doing with this thing? All will be revealed soon.
Filed in 3D models, caudal, Dinosaur Journey Museum of Western Colorado, diplodocids, Diplodocus, People we like, stinkin' heads, stinkin' mammals, stinkin' SV-POW!sketeers, teaser, timely


text:
Q: Bad warning reference to temporary I have defined a operator[](size_t) which returns a warning on compilation.

warning: returning reference to temporary [-Wreturn-local-addr]
    T const & operator[](std::size_t i) const {return (*m_dataRef)[i];}

Note that I am using gcc 4.8.4.
My code is shown below:
template <class T>
class Property<std::vector<T> >
{
public:
    Property(std::vector<T>* dataRef);
    ~Property() {}

    // Return a const ref to make sure no one can modify the data via this function.
    T const & operator[](std::size_t i) const {return (*m_dataRef)[i];}

protected:
    std::vector<T> * m_dataRef;
};

The reference returned is not to a temporary, or is it? Any idea of what I can do to sort this out?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The best anti bark collar that you can find is one that has a bark counter - this allows you to know if you have set the right level of training your dog to quit the nuisance barking.
No matter how much we love almost everything about dogs, nuisance barking isn't one of them. If you have ever asked the question - 'How Do I Stop My Neighbour's Dog from Barking' and have lost sleep or can't concentrate, then have a look at these steps to follow… Check out these 4 steps to stop your neighbour's dog from barking.
How Long Do You Need To Use A Barking Dog Training Collar For?
Timing is everything - this is a cliche but hey, it's true. Your dog's bark collar training requires the right time to start, the best time to stop… and the perfect time to do it all over again. Yes, your dog may need a refresher course on the dog bark collar training.


text:
Home / Announcements / Latest News / Call for Applicants: Media Consultant for the Justice for Wage Theft Campaign
Call for Applicants: Media Consultant for the Justice for Wage Theft Campaign
The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted millions of migrant workers in destination countries, many of whom have experienced job loss or non-payment of wages, been forced by employers to take unpaid leave or reduced wages, been confined in poor living conditions. Countries of destination and origin have begun
repatriation procedures of these workers, without giving thought to their predicament and presenting the returns as inevitable. Under these repatriation programs, millions of workers are repatriated to situations of debt bondage as they will be forced to pay off recruitment fees and cost.
On June the 1st, 2020, a large coalition of civil society organizations and global trade unions launched a campaign to demand an urgent justice mechanism for repatriated workers as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Three calls for action were launched in June, July and August 2020.
Migrant Forum in Asia (MFA) is seeking a media consultant to develop the campaign's communication strategy and maximize all communication and content efforts created by MFA under this initiative. The media consultant will be responsible for the production and publication of media and communication content and the coordination of the campaign's communication efforts.
6 months from 19 October 2020 to 19 April 2021. Extension of the duration of the contract will be upon the agreement of the two (2) parties.
The media consultant will be responsible to carry out the following tasks:
1) Communication Strategy:
– Develop a campaign communication strategy for different types of audiences including the general public, governments, and UN agencies. The communication strategy should be targeted at both traditional
media and social media.
– Develop campaign communications content including the writing of news articles, press releases, and other material as requested.
– Develop key messages for communication in consultation with campaign partners.
– Identify and ensure campaign coverage in global English language media, including securing coverage in outlets with a wide distribution that are well-positioned to influence target audiences.
– Produce special content for the campaign website and ensure website is up-to-date.
2) Media Relations:
– Compile media lists, set up briefings for campaign partners and/or spokespersons with key reporters, editors and producers, as well as write and pitch op-eds and identify public speaking opportunities, and
conduct media trainings.
3) Social Media: Identify opportunities to engage across social media platforms, work with the organization to provide guidance on best practices that can help expand their reach, and advise them on when and how to take advantage of key opportunities
4) Capacity Building:
– Meet with MFA secretariat staff and work with them to build the communications capabilities of the organization, including around key messaging, handling media interviews, and pitching to journalists.
– Towards the end of the consultancy, work with MFA secretariat staff to ensure hand-over of all communication related tasks.
The following deliverables are expected to be produced at the end of the consultancy:
1- Campaign communication strategy developed in consultation with campaign members. Campaign strategy expected to be developed and presented in the first month of the consultancy.
2- Campaign Coverage: 25 substantial pieces of coverage in print English language media and 8 television interviews and secures appearances for MFA staff and/or key partners in major media outlets.
3- A database of global media contacts is produced.
4- Website is revamped and updated and social media interaction is more targeted and improved.
5- A number communication training sessions are carried out as agreed with MFA.
To apply: Please email mfa@mfasia.org indicating your interest, and
please include:
• A maximum 1 page cover note outlining why you are suitable for the role and please indicate your payment expectation
• Curriculum Vitae (CV)
• Work Portfolio.
Deadline for submission of application is on 05 October 2020 (Monday), 23:59 Manila (GMT +8)
TOR- Media Consultant
« Previous Article ILO launches sixth Global Media Competition on Labour Migration and Fair Recruitment
Next Article » Defending the "Activist Lawyers" fighting for the rights of asylum seekers in the UK

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Please like/share to help other Ford Thunderbird owners and enthusiasts find our website!
General forum for the 1955-1966 Classic Thunderbirds.
General forum for the 1967-1988 Thunderbirds.
For sale listings for automobiles only. All model year Ford Thunderbirds 1955 through 2005 models.
Feel free to post off topic here!
Please support our website design company! Website World if you need a website or website hosting!
Engine Mods. Disc Brake Booster is next.


text:
Дэвид Джеймс Стюарт Митчелл (; род. 14 июля 1974 года) — британский актёр, комик и писатель. Вместе с Робертом Уэббом, с которым он познакомился в Кембриджском университете, сформировал дуэт Митчелл и Уэбб. Вместе они снимались в телесериале канала Channel 4 Пип-шоу, где он играл роль Марка Корригана. В 2009 году за эту работу он получил премию BAFTA в номинации лучший комедийный актёр. Вместе они также снимались в британской версии рекламной серии Apple . Их первый фильм Фокусники вышел в 2007 году.

Митчелл частый участник Британских телевикторин, является капитаном команды на шоу Would I lie to you?; бывший ведущий The Bubble и Was It Something I said; частый гость в таких телешоу как : QI, The Big Fat Quiz of the Year, Mock the Week,8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown и Have I Got News for You. Также Дэвид является ведущим радиошоу The Unbelievable Truth и был соведущим комедийно-новостной программы 10 O'Clock Live.

Помимо этого Митчелл регулярно пишет статьи для The Observer и The Guardian.

22 мая 2015 года у Митчелла и Виктории Корен родилась дочь Барбара Элизабет Джун Митчелл.

Избранная фильмография

Примечания

Ссылки

Выпускники Кембриджского университета
Выпускники Питерхауса (Кембридж)
Актёры телевидения Великобритании
Лауреаты премии BAFTA TV

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Bonaparte's Retreat is dedicated to providing nurturing care for dogs when their allotted time at the shelter has elapsed. Our mission is to prevent these wonderful animals from being euthanized and to place them in permanent, loving homes. Founded in 2004 by Grammy-winning singer-songwriter Emmylou Harris, Bonaparte's Retreat is named after one of Emmylou's own beloved dogs.
Bond County Humane Society is based on the core value that all animals deserve to be treated in a humane manner. Dogs and cats with no homes need temporary shelter until a permanent, loving home can be found for them. We belive that awareness and education allow animals and humans to come together, for the benefit of both.
BCIN rescues Border Collies mostly from various shelters, rehabilitates them, provides necessary veterinary care and adopts them into forever homes. BCIN accomplishes this by attending monthly adoption events at PetsMart and other adoption venues. BCIN is also an ambassador to Purina Pro Plan Rescue To Rally which brings national awareness to homeless pets.
Born Again Pit Bull Rescue (BAPBR) partners with overcrowded animal facilities to create room for more dogs in need, by matching good dogs to the families that desire them. We educate the community about the importance of giving equal treatment and opportunity for all dogs, regardless of physical appearance. We strive to instill responsible pet guardianship amongst all dog owners in the community.
Boston Buddies, Inc. is a recognized 501(c)(3) non-profit organization dedicated to the rescuing and rehoming of any Boston Terrier or Boston Terrier mix in need. We adopt our rescue Bostons from shelters, take in owner surrenders and rescue strays. Boston Buddies operates primarily throughout Los Angeles, Orange, Kern and Ventura counties and surrounding areas.
The mission of B.A.R.C. is to aid and rescue homeless boxers throughout the north Florida and south Georgia region by obtaining for them appropriate medical care; providing a behavioral assessment during their rehabilitation, and placing them into permanent pre-screened homes with adopters who will treat them as a member of the family; as well as; to educate the public about issues related to boxers as companion animals.
Boxer Rescue LA, believes that every Boxer deserves a chance to live a happy life in a loving home. Abandoned or homeless Boxers will always find shelter, medial care and ultimately a new home through the efforts of Boxer Rescue LA. Working in conjunction with city and county groups BRLA works to educate the public to help end animal overpopulation.
Our mission is to rehabilitate the reputation of Pit Bull type dogs, while reducing fear in the community. We do a small amount of rescue while focusing on education, advocacy and providing resources to keep pets in their homes.
Brookes Legacy Animal Rescue is a volunteer only, foster home-based rescue. Our mission is to rescue adoptable pets (dogs and cats) from euthanasia at the kill shelters here in Florida and give them a second chance for a loving and permanent home. Pets remain with our organization until placed. They are spayed and neutered, vaccinated, and most are microchipped.
The Brookhaven Animal Rescue League's mission is to assist and reduce the homeless animal population in Copiah, Franklin and Lincoln counties located in Southwest Mississippi.
Brooklyn Animal Action strives to make a difference. We are a Brooklyn-based group of volunteers committed to improving the lives of animals in distress. Working with our communities, we facilitate Trap-Neuter-Release programs, find homes for adoptable animals, perform community outreach and education, and engage in advocacy. Since our founding in 2010, BAA has rehomed nearly 500 cats, as well as the occasional dog or pigeon.


Contura 655 wood burning stove installation from Kernow Fires.
Customer Requirements: Required area for the stove is slightly awkward.
The position of the stove within the room wasn't awkward from the point of view of where it looks nicest- it looks great in this position, but it did mean that to be able to get a good run on the flue we had to add a bend into the flue within the room which we always try avoid, however the Contura 655 with it's reflective side panels looks amazing and our bespoke circular hearth finishes it perfectly.


text:
Rose was launched in 1786 as an East Indiaman. She made six voyages between 1787 and 1800 for the British East India Company (EIC). She also participated as a transport for a military expedition to the West Indies. She then made one more voyage for the EIC, bringing rice back to England  from Bengal. Next she sailed as a general trader, but also made one voyage seal hunting. She was last listed in 1820.

Career

EIC voyage #1 (1787–1788)
Captain John H. Dempster sailed from The Downs on 21 February 1787, bound for Madras and China. Rose reached Madras on 2 June and arrived at Whampoa anchorage on 19 September. Homeward bound, she crossed the Second Bar on 6 January 1788, reached St Helena on 16 April, and arrived at The Downs on 22 June.

EIC voyage #2 (1789–1790)
Captain Dempster sailed from The Downs on 6 March 1789, bound for Madras and Bengal. Rose reached Madras on 19 June and arrived at Diamond Harbour on 29 June. Homeward bound, she was at Saugor on 28 October, reached St Helena on 28 January 1790, and arrived at her moorings on 26 April.

EIC voyage #3 (1792–1793)
Captain Dempster sailed from Torbay on 24 April 1792, bound for Madras and Bengal. Rose reached the Cape of Good Hope on 8 July and Madras on 25 August, and arrived at Diamond Harbour on 21 September. Homeward bound, She was at Saugor on 18 January 1793 and Madras on 17 February. She reached St Helena on 19 May, and arrived at The Downs on 21 August.

EIC voyage #4 (1794–1795)
War with France had broken out in 1793. Captain Dempster acquired a letter of marque on 21 August 1793. However, the British government held Rose at Portsmouth, together with 38 other Indiamen in anticipation of using them as transports for an attack on Île de France (Mauritius). It gave up the plan and released the vessels in May 1794. It paid £456 6s 8d for having delayed her departure by 22 days.

When she sailed, it was Captain ALexander Gray who sailed from Portsmouth on 2 May 1794, bound for Madras and Bengal. Rose reached Madras on 3 September and arrived at Diamond Harbour on 23 September. Homeward bound, she was at Cox's Island on 29 November, reached St Helena on 18 March 1795, and arrived at the Downs on 22 July.

West Indies Expedition (1795–1796)
The Admiralty chartered Rose as a transport for Admiral Hugh Cloberry Christian's expedition to the West Indies. Her captain was Smyth. She sailed for the West Indies on 9 December, but bad weather delayed the start of the expedition and the vessels had to put back to England. After numerous false starts aborted by weather issues, the fleet sailed on 26 April to invade St Lucia, with troops under Lieutenant-General Sir Ralph Abercromby. St Lucia surrendered to the British on 25 May. The British went on to capture Saint Vincent and Grenada.

Rose, Smith, master, arrived at Gravesend on 28 July 1796 from St Vincent.

EIC voyage #5 (1797–1798)
Captain Alexander Gray sailed from Portsmouth on 18 March 1797, bound for Madras and Bengal. Rose reached the Cape on 3 June and Madras on 7 August, and arrived at Diamond Harbour on 20 September. Homeward bound, she was at Saugor on 17 November, reached St Helena on 1 March 1798 and Cork on 30 June. She arrived at The Downs on 7 July.

EIC voyage #6 (1799–1800)
Captain Wemyss Orrok sailed from Portsmouth on 24 April 1799, bound for Madras and Bengal. Rose reached Madras on 21 August,  and arrived at Diamond Harbour on 16 September. Homeward bound, she was at Saugor on 6 January 1800, reached St Helena on 13 June, and arrived at the Downs on 23 September.

EIC voyage #7 (1801–1802)
Mr. John Kymer tendered Rose to the EIC to bring back rice from Bengal. She was one of 28 vessels that sailed on that mission between December 1800 and February 1801.

Captain Christopher Kymer acquired a letter of marque on 23 December 1800. He sailed from the Downs on 19 January 1801. Rose reached Diamond Harbour on 25 May. Homeward bound, she was at Kedgeree on 17 August, reached St Helena on 31 December, and arrived at the Downs on 25 February 1802.

General trader
In 1802 Rose was sold. She thereafter served a variety of owners in a variety of trades.

In 1805 Rose, John Leith, master, M'Taggert, owner, made one voyage to the Isle of Desolation to gather seal skins. She returned on 13 May 1808.<ref>[http://www.britishwhaling.org/voyage-and-crew-databases.html British Southern Whale Fishery website: Voyages – Rose.]</ref> The Register of Shipping for 1806 has the same information as to master, owner, and trade. It also shows her as having undergone a "large repair" in 1802.

The Register of Shipping provided the following information:

FateRose was last listed in the Register of Shipping in 1820. The Customs Registers show that she had been broken up by 1821.

Citations

References

 Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''.

1786 ships
Age of Sail merchant ships of England
Ships of the British East India Company
Sealing ships


Summary version of a living trust which can be used to prove that a trust exists without revealing the property included in the trust or the beneficiaries. Allows trustor or creator of trust to submit appropriate documentation to financial institutions (for example) without losing confidentiality of contents of the trust.
Trust in which income is deposited into trust rather than distributed. Income may be paid to beneficiaries when and as provided in the trust.
Statement in front of a notary or other person who administers oaths that the signature on that document belongs to you (the person who is signing the document).
Failure of a bequest of property because the property in question is no longer owned by the person making the will or estate plan.
Court-supervised distribution of an estate after a person has died. The Executor administers the estate when there's a will. Without a will, the executor is called an "administrator".
A person, adult or child, who is legally adopted and becomes the legal child of another person. A probate court proceeding is required. Adopted children have the same rights as biological children in estates and inheritances.
Written statement made under oath, often under penalty of perjury.
Is a person or organization you name to receive a gift you left to direct beneficiary, if that direct beneficiary dies before you do.
Today, many options are available for how you handle your divorce. Mediation, collaborative divorce, and use of private judges or arbitrators are a few of these options. Many cases which are mediated result in an uncontested divorce, and the spouses aren't even required to go to court.
Federal law allows you to give property worth $11,000 or less per person (or noncharitable institution) per year. A couple can give $22,000 a year tax free to one person.Click Here for Current Gift Tax Exemption.
Investment which pays a fixed sum of money to a specific person at specific intervals.
An agreement made between a man and a woman before marrying in which they give up future rights to each other's property in the event of divorce or death.
One who is legally appointed to transact business on another's behalf. Nowadays, most attorneys specialize in just 1 or 2 areas of the law. If you're looking for a family law attorney, be sure that you ask what percentage of their practice is family law, and [generally] don't choose anyone whose practice is less than 50% family law.
Generally referred to simply as an "attorney". Nowadays, most attorneys specialize in just 1 or 2 areas of the law. If you're looking for a family law attorney, be sure that you ask what percentage of their practice is family law, and [generally] don't choose anyone whose practice is less than 50% family law.
Also called Family Law Attorneys or Matrimonial Attorneys, these are attorneys who focus their practices in family law.
A tax term which refers to the value of property for the purposes of determining whether or not a profit or loss has been realized upon sale or transfer. For the purchase and subsequent sale of a home, the basis generally refers to the original sale price plus any capital improvements and costs of closing. Stepped Up Basis refers to the value at the time of the death of an owner or co-owner. Rather than using the original purchase price, the deceased owner's basis is calculated as the value as of date of death.
Person or legal entity which receives gifts of bequests made under a will, trust, retirement plan, insurance policy, etc.
The gift made to a beneficiary, an older term describing the gift made through a will provision leaving property to a person.
A guarantee of payment. Generally, in estate planning, this is a document which guarantees payment in the event that a person responsible for money or property distribution does not act in accordance with the will or trust, the law, or his or her fiduciary duties. Bonds are generally purchased through a bonding company for 10% of the face value of the bond, which is based on the amount of money or property at stake.
A trust which creates a life estate for a beneficiary with the trust principal going to a final beneficiary when the life beneficiary dies. For example, money may be left for a child, with the child's parent as the life beneficiary. The parent may, according to the terms of the trust, use the income and/or property during his or her life, with the principal going to the child when the parent dies.
The one-half of the community property that belongs to the decedent under Section 100.
The one-half of the quasi-community property that belongs to the decedent under Section 101.
A share of the separate property of the decedent equal in value to that which the spouse would have received if the decedent had died without having executed a testamentary instrument, but in no event is the share to be more than one-half of the value of the separate property in the estate.
All gifts left to a tax-exempt charitable organization are exempt from federal tax.
Trust which leaves money or property to a charity. Often results in income tax or estate tax savings for the grantor (person giving the money or property).
The legal designation of who is authorized to make decisions about a child's health, education and welfare, as well as where he or she lives. Custody is broken down into categories legal custody means decision making power, and physical custody is where a child lives, and how he or she spends time with parents or other custodians, often called a Parenting Plan.
The obligation for a periodic payment made by a non-custodial parent to a custodial parent, caregiver or guardian for the support and care of a child. Child support in California is broken down into 2 categories the monthly amount which one parent pays the other each month, and child support "add-ons", i.e., work-related childcare, uninsured medical bills, and lessons, camp and activities for a child.
The amount of time, and the schedule, which a child spends with each parent. The more modern term is "parenting plan", since a parent isn't really a "visitor" with his or her child. Visitation falls under the designation of physical custody, and isn't impacted by legal custody (decision-making power).
Rights that award visitation to the non custodial parent, caregiver, or guardian. Generally, biological parents have the right to see their children, whether it's 50% of the time in their physical custody or whether it's a supervised visit at a correctional facility. It's generally a question of amount of time and where that time is spent.
All property you leave to a child in a trust is established and managed under the terms of the trust.
You are able to specify the trustee's power and select the age the beneficiary must reach before the trust property is turned over.
This trust allows property to be held legally separate from the other Children's property.
For purposes of planning your estate, your children include your biological and adopted children. For children born out of wedlock, paternity must be proved or the children must be legally acknowledged to be the child of the parent(s).
A modern term for child custody which implies a cooperative style of parenting for parents who are no longer married or living together but who wish to maintain a good relationship for the sake of their children.
a document which amends an existing will.
Parties who are living together as if they are married, but who have never had a legal marriage ceremony. California does not recognize common law marriages, but does, under certain circumstances, recognize palimony.
Gift which is only to be made if certain conditions are met. Example Grandpa can specify that you will inherit grandpa's estate only if you are married when he dies.
Person appointed by a court to manage the finances and affairs of a mentally incompetent person.
Agreement, generally in writing, between two or more people or legal entities. Each entity promises to do something in exchange for the promises made in the contract.
Many couples go to couples' counseling before making a final decision to marry, making sure their values, goals and priorities are in line, and to learn how to communicate better. If you are not sure if you have found "the one", exploring your options and feelings with a therapist, whether it's an individual therapist or couples' counselor, may be a good investment.
Person or legal entity to whom money or a debt is owed.
Right of a surviving spouse to receive or enjoy a percentage of the deceased spouse's property if the spouse dies without a will or estate plan, or if the will or estate plan attempts to disinherit the spouse without a valid premarital or post marital agreement permitting the spouse to be disinherited. In California, this is 1/3 of the entire estate.
Person in charge of caring for property left to a minor under the Uniform Transfers or Uniform Gifts to Minors Act.
Taxes assessed on the property of a deceased person. Death taxes are called estate taxes for Federal tax purposes. Also referred to as Inheritance Taxes.
Document which transfers title to property.
Person who is an offspring of a person or family.
Real estate given by a will. Also may be referred to as a gift.
Is a person or institution you name in a will, trust, or pay on death account to receive a gift of specific property.
For estate planning purposes, a disclaimer is the right to refuse to accept money or property left to you in someone else's estate plan, trust or will.
Legal term for divorce. When a marriage is dissolved, the parties are single and unmarried after the final decree enters with the court.
When a marriage is dissolved, the parties are single and unmarried after the final decree enters with the court.
California is a "no fault" state, which means that in order to get divorced you can simply tell the court that you have "irreconcilable differences" and that your marriage is over. You don't need to give any specifics about why you feel your marriage is over. And, if your spouse feels your marriage is over, but you want to stay married, your spouse has an absolute right to get divorced from you. You can't legally stop someone from divorcing you (except by reconciling, of course).
Once your divorce has been finalized by the court, certified copies of your paperwork is available through the clerk's office for a reasonable fee.
The divorce estate is the total amount of assets which is available for distribution between the spouses by the court.
In response to consumer demand, financial planners have developed certification for Certified Divorce Financial Planners who can help divorcing spouses figure out the best way to divide their assets and income based on their current situation, investment priorities and styles, and long term goals.
The financial divorce is one component of a divorce. Typically, this encompasses the assets (cars, house, etc.) and sometimes it also includes spousal support and child support. Components of a typical divorce include the financial settlement (assets), support orders (spousal support, child support) and parenting plans (custody).
California uses community property laws to divide assets in divorces. Community property laws provide, basically, that all assets and debts accrued during the marriage are to be divided 50/50. There are many exceptions to this rule, but this is the basic guideline. All states, including California, also provide Guidelines for Child Support. Using your income, tax rates, and, in many states, the amount of time each parent spends with the children, child support orders are set in accordance with the Guidelines formula.
Mediators, your local bar association, the local Legal Aid office, accountants and therapists are often great sources of divorce information and help. Don't hesitate to reach out. As consumers become more enlightened about the shortcomings of the court system, divorce consultants have become a more prevalent choice in the decision of how to divorce. Divorce consultants include such professionals as mediators, Certified Divorce Financial Planners, Collaborative Family Lawyers and divorce coaches in addition to the traditional family law attorneys and accountants.
Each state has different divorce laws, and these laws fall into 2 categories equitable division and community property. Equitable division laws give the court the power to order whatever the court feels is fair given your individual circumstances, and community property laws require the court to divide the assets and debts accumulated during the marriage 50/50, with some exceptions. In mediation and collaborative law, you're free to negotiate whatever you and your spouse feel is fair, with the laws in mind, of course. Mediation lets you figure out what will work best for your family, not just the law.
Also known as a family law attorney, or matrimonial attorney, divorce lawyers help clients with divorce related issues divorce, legal separation, custody, support, parenting plans, financial settlements, legal drafting, litigation, or a mix of all of these things.
And custody mediation typically consist of several joint meetings between spouses (or parents, if you are not married) which last 3-4 hours each. During those meetings, you and your spouse discuss the issues which need to be resolved in your case. The mediator is there to facilitate the discussion, assist with communication, provide information and suggestions, and use specialized training to assist the two of you to resolve your differences and write up an agreement which is fair to both of you, and, if you have children, in their best interests as well.
Each state has laws which govern how property and income is divided in a divorce. Before you file for divorce, you'll want to be sure you understand how your state's laws work and that you're prepared for what to expect. An accountant or Certified Divorce Financial Planner can be a great resource before, during and after a divorce.
About 41,000 couples file for divorce every year in Los Angeles County. 98% of those couples are able to settle out of court, many using mediation. Over 70% of divorcing couples in Los Angeles County get divorced without using any lawyers at all. Only 10% of the divorce cases have 2 lawyers involved.
Power of attorney which is effective even if the person who created it 9the principal) becomes incapacitated, allowing the person who holds the power of attorney (the person authorized to act) to make healthcare decisions and handle the money and affairs of the principal. The person who holds the power of attorney is called the attorney-in-fact.
Debt or liens against property. For example, when property is used as collateral for payment of a debt, such as a mortgage, the property is said to be encumbered. The mortgage is an encumbrance.
Marriages may end in separation, Legal Separation, or divorce.
The division of the marital assets acquired during a marriage, including marital debts according to what the court feels is fair under the circumstances.
Value of property less all debt owed (encumbrances).
Property which goes to the state government because no one can lay legal claim to it.
The total value (market price of your property minus anything you owe on it) of all the property you own at your death.
Planning how your property will pass to your intended recipients upon your death.
Person named in your will who will manage your estate, deal with the probate court and distribute your assets.
Although divorce may end the marital relationship, families endure. Divorce doesn't need to end your ability to be good co-parents or even friends. The old model of scorched-earth litigation is quickly becoming a thing of the past as more and more people realize the collateral damage that a high conflict divorce causes for children, relatives, friends, and for the individuals involved.
This term may refer to family law attorneys who act as mediators and who have specialized mediation training, or family law attorneys who represent premarital agreement clients whose cases are in mediation with a 3rd party mediator. Sometimes these are referred to as mediation friendly attorneys, meaning that while the attorney may handle litigation cases, he or she also understands the value of settlement and mediation.
A pot trust is often used by parents with younger children. This type of trust allows the family money be kept together, so that it can be used on any child as required. The trustee named in the trust decided how much money shall be spent on each child. Therefore, if one child needs braces and the other child wants to go to private college, the trustee has discretion over the property to provide.
You can give away a total of $1million during your lifetime without paying gift taxes. The federal government imposes a tax on substantial gifts made during life. This tax is imposed on the giver of the gift, and not the recipient.
If your estate is worth more than the amount of the personal estate tax exemption for the year of your death, your estate will owe taxes unless other exemptions or deductions apply.
The people or institutions named to receive the remaining principal upon the death of a life beneficiary.
As much as people who get married rarely see marriage as a financial contract, certainly according to the laws of each state a marriage is a financial contract. married Couples have a legal duty to support one another, and may have automatic joint liability for things like medical bills and shelter.
A CPA with specialized training to determine the value of assets and income. For example, you might use a forensic accountant trained in business valuation to put a value on your family business before you get married so that you can make a full disclosure to your fiance before you sign your premarital agreement.
Transferring assets into a trust, by changing the title of the assets to list the owner as the trust, in the name of the trustee or trustees.
Right to property which cannot be enforced at the present time, but which shall be enforceable in the future.
Estate tax saving trust which leaves the principal in trust for grandchildren with one's children receiving only the trust income.
Taxes assessed by the government on gifts made during your lifetime.
For estate planning purposes, any property given to a person or organization during your life, or left by will or living trust after your death.
On a deed, the person who is receiving title to the property.
Person who establishes a trust. Synonyms include settler and trustor. On a deed, the person who is transferring title to someone else.
Trusts in which the grantor retains some interest in the trust property during his life rather than relinquishing all interest to the money or property.
Also called a property guardian or financial guardian. The guardian cares for your minor child's property which isn't part of a minor's trust or other legal vehicle.
Document in which you state your wishes as to your health care in the event you're unable to speak for yourself. Health care directive may also appointment someone else to make your healthcare decisions in the event you're unable to make those decisions for yourself.
Will which is not witnessed and which is handwritten by the person making the will. Legal in some states, but not recommended.
Any ownership or control over a life insurance policy.
An agreement to pay or repay an obligation. For example, you may agree that if your mom will co-sign a car loan that you will indemnify her if mom ever has to make a payment on your behalf.
Individual retirement programs allow you to name beneficiaries to receive any money left in the account at the time of your death. Therefore, the money goes directly to your beneficiaries and is not subject to probate.
To receive property from someone who has died.
* A tax on a decedent's net estate that is levied after the estate is transmitted to the inheritors. Estate Taxes – federal taxes assessed on the property of a deceased person. Death or inheritance taxes are called estate taxes for Federal tax purposes.
People or legal entities who inherit property.
Dying without a will or other estate plan in place.
State law which dictates how your estate is distributed in the event you die without a will or other estate plan in place.
Trust which cannot be revoked, voided, or amended in any way once it is set up.
Legal term referring to one's children or direct descendents.
A way to take title when property is jointly owned which provides that if one owner dies, the other joint tenant(s) take the deceased person's share as their own. Joint tenancy title transfers take place outside of probate court, and title transfers immediately upon death (although paperwork may need to be filed to memorialize this transfer on the land records).
Official standardized forms created by the courts for all disputes filed with the court.
Gift from someone passing on.
The completion of a court Judgment which dissolves your marriage.
A court order or written agreement in which a married couple agrees to live separately while still remaining legally married. Many people confuse the idea of separating (living apart) from Legal Separation. Legal Separation is a legal term which describes a process which is very similar to divorce, with the same rights and responsibilities, but which does not result in your being divorced at the end. Some people choose Legal Separation for religious reasons, or in order to stay on a spouse's health insurance plan.
Document issued by the probate court allowing the executor to discharge his or her responsibilities.
Right to use trust property and receive income from it during one's lifetime.
Life insurance is a good way to provide quick cash for debts, living expenses, and estate taxes for surviving family members. Because beneficiaries are named in life insurance policies, the proceeds do not go through probate.
Irrevocable trust which owns a life insurance policy. A life insurance trust is designed to reduce the size of the insured person's taxable estate.
Cash or assets which are easily turned into cash.
* A document in which the signer requests to be allowed to die rather than be kept alive by artificial means if disabled beyond a reasonable expectation of recovery. See also Healthcare Directive.
All property left by a deceased spouse to a surviving spouse is exempt from tax.
Deduction allowed by federal estate tax law for all property which passes to a surviving spouse, irrespective of the amount, free of tax.
Gifts between spouses are exempt from gift tax. However, the marital deduction does not apply to gifts from a citizen spouse to a non-citizen spouse.
A written document that outlines the financial, support, and custody arrangements which is signed by both parties and approved by the court.
This term may refer to the legal contract implied by getting married, i.e., in California, by getting married you are subjecting yourself to the California family court laws and marriage laws. It may also refer to a premarital agreement, prenuptial agreement, or antenuptial agreement, which is an agreement made between a man and a woman before marrying in which they give up future rights to each other's property in the event of divorce or death.
* intervention between conflicting parties to promote reconciliation, settlement, or Compromise. Divorce Mediation and Custody Mediation are a way to resolve your divorce or custody dispute which lets you keep full control of the outcome. The only people making decisions are those involved in the dispute, unlike arbitration or litigation where a judge or an arbitrator makes the final decision.
This term may refer to attorneys who act as mediators and who have specialized mediation training, or attorneys who represent clients whose cases are in mediation with a 3rd party mediator. Sometimes these are referred to as mediation friendly attorneys, meaning that while the attorney may handle litigation cases, he or she also understands the value of settlement and mediation.
Person under the age of 18 years.
Security instrument which is recorded on the land records to prove the security for the repayment of a debt, typically against real property.
Value of all property of an estate at the death of the owner, less all encumbrances and debts.
Parent who does not have physical custody of a child. Today, with more and more parents sharing custody and participating in their children's lives, we more often refer to the parenting plan rather than designating one parent as "non-custodial".
An income replacement– like alimony or spousal support –that may be awarded under a contract theory rather than an alimony law. The difference is that palimony is for people who are not married. Palimony claims are not easy claims to win in court, but that doesn't stop some people from trying.
The written court orders which outline how often and when the children will be with each parent and how child-focused decisions will be made. Parenting plans typically include decision making protocols, a day-to-day schedule, vacations, holidays and travel, as well as other parenting issues such as how to handle a relocation request.
Also called a pay on death account. Bank account which balance will be paid upon the owner's death to the person specified as the pay on death beneficiary.
Constance Arons' book, The Good Divorce, was one of the first (and most enduring) books to illustrate how a peaceful divorce might be possible. Allowing yourself to grief the end of your relationship is an important part of healing, and, eventually, you'll allow the new chapter of your post-divorce life to begin. Handling your divorce in a civil, pro-active and thoughtful way will help the healing process begin, leaving you with a clear path toward happiness in the future. We believe that mediation is a good first step in working through your divorce issues in a sane, sensible way.
If no parent is available to raise your child, another adult must be legally responsible to do so. This person is called the child's personal guardian.
All property except for land or real estate. Personal items, cash, investments, cars, etc.
A private contract that defines certain issues within a marriage (which has already taken place), typically debt, spousal support and property division, as well as certain provisions in the event of a marital partner's death. Synonym postnuptial agreement.
A private contract that defines certain issues within a marriage (which has already taken place), typically debt, spousal support and property division, as well as certain provisions in the event of a marital partner's death. Synonym post-marital agreement.
A will which automatically deposits money or assets into a trust. Property left through a will must go through probate before it can "pour over" into the trust.
Legal authority to decide who shall receive property held in a trust.
* A legal instrument authorizing one to act as the attorney or agent of the signer. See also durable power of attorney.
Child (or child of a deceased child) who is either not named in or not provided for in a will but who are entitled to a share of an estate. Designed to prevent accidental disinheritance of a child not yet born when a will is made, or for the children of a child who was alive when you made your will but who predeceases you.
A private contract that defines certain issues within a marriage (which hasn't yet taken place), typically spousal support and property division, as well as certain provisions in the event of a marital partner's death. Synonym prenuptial agreement.
Trust used to delay estate taxes.
Real property (e.g., land, houses).
Land, houses, and items attached to the land..
Person who receives trust property after death of a life beneficiary, or ultimate beneficiary of property left by will or trust which wasn't otherwise disposed of in the will or trust.
All property not specifically devised or given away as part of your will or trust. Basically, whatever is left over after all assets which were specified in the will or trust are distributed.
Right of surviving joint tenant to take title to deceased joint tenant's share of property.
All property which is not community property. This typically includes property acquired before marriage (pre-marital) or post-separation as well as inheritances and gifts.
Many people confuse the idea of separating (living apart) from Legal Separation. It's legal to live separately, but some people need help in figuring out who will pay which joint bills, where the children will spend their time, and how you'll handle support while you're separated and either working on reconciliation or deciding to get divorced. Mediators can be very helpful in facilitating your discussions about these tough issues, especially when your separation is new. Legal Separation is a legal term which describes a process which is very similar to divorce, with the same rights and responsibilities, but which does not result in your being divorced at the end. Some people choose Legal Separation for religious reasons, or in order to stay on a spouse's health insurance plan.
When a divorce is started, a Petition or Complaint is filed with the court. That document needs to be given to the other party, which is called Service of Process. This insures that all parties to the divorce are aware that papers have been filed with the court, giving them an opportunity to respond and participate in the case.
Person to whom you are [legally] married.
Refers to the value at the time of the death of an owner or co-owner. Rather than using the original purchase price, the deceased owner's basis is calculated as the value as of date of death.
Final settlement agreement which is submitted to the court in a divorce in which all issues are settled. Your signed Stipulated Judgment paperwork is submitted to the court for approval. Many cases which are mediated result in an uncontested divorce, and the spouses aren't even required to go to court.
Person or legal entity who takes over when the first named trustee steps down or is unable to fulfill his or her trustee duties.
Choice by surviving spouse to receive his or her statutory share of an estate rather than what has been provided for him or her in the will. See dower and curtesy.
That part of an estate which is subject to federal or state estate taxes.
Form of marital property ownership with a right of survivorship between the spouses. See also joint tenancy.
Form of joint ownership which provides that if one joint owner dies, his or her share becomes part of his or her estate rather than automatically becoming the property of the other joint tenants. See also joint tenancy and tenancy by the entirety.
Trust created by a will.
Someone who dies and leaves a valid will or estate planning device in place.
Document which proves ownership of property.
Designation of ownership of property which provides for a direct transfer to the named person upon the death of the owner.
* Legal document which designates one person or institution (trustee) to control property given by another person (trustor) for the benefit of a 3rd party (beneficiary). The property included in a trust is called the principal of the trust.
Property inside of a trust.
Trust which automatically is terminated when there is one sole beneficiary left and that person is also the sole remaining trustee.
Person(s) or legal entity which manages a trust and trust property according to the terms of a trust.
Provisions in a trust which define what a trustee may or may not do and what the trustee controls. Generally includes the ability to choose investments for property, for example.
Divorce in which all issues are settled and paperwork setting forth the spouses' agreement is submitted to the court for approval. Many cases which are mediated result in an uncontested divorce, and the spouses aren't even required to go to court.
State statutes which provide rules for transferring property to minors.
A written instrument legally executed by which a person makes disposition of his or her estate to take effect after death.


text:
VAN March/April 2013
Cecily Brennan. Man with Eczema. Egg tempera on gesso. Image courtesy of the artist. Recently shown at 'Living Loss', Lewis Glucksman Gallery, Cork (23 Nov 2012 – 10 March 2013).
5. Roundup. Recent exhibitions and projects of note.
5. Regional Column: Northern Ireland. Feargal O'Malley. Artist Residencies.
6. Column. Jonathan Carroll. The Life of Ryan.
8. News. The latest developments in the visual arts sector.
9. Regional Profile. Visual arts resources and activity in Mayo.
12. Tribute. Valerie Earley. On these pages, with friends and colleagues, we celebrate Valerie Earley, Visual Artists Ireland's Membership Manager, who sadly passed away 9 January 2013, after a two-year fight with cancer.
14. Art writing award. Commemoration – A Forward-Looking Act. Joanne Laws, winner of the Visual Artists Ireland / Dublin City Council Arts Office critical writing award (2013), addresses the subject of the visual arts responses to the 'decade of centenaries' (Archived)
16. How is it made. Time, Liberty And Atonement. Remco De Fouw details the conception, fabrication and installation of his commissioned work 'A Voice' for the Irish Prison Services headquarters in Longford.(Archived)
17. Art and philosophy. Art & Philosophy – Why Now? In the first of three articles prompted by a growing interest in certain strands of philosophy by artists and curators, Sinead Hogan considers the nature of the relationship between art and philosophy.
18. International. O'Doherty Un-Freezes A Beating Heart. Mary-Ruth Walsh reflects on Brian O'Doherty's keynote address 'Strolling With The Zeitgeist: Five Decades' at last year's Frieze Art Fair (11 Oct 2012).
19. Critique. Reviews of recent exhibitions, events, publications and projects. (Archived)
23. Advocacy. Moving Beyond Token Fees. Noel Kelly, CEO Of Visual Artists Ireland reports on how the findings of VAI's 'Survey On Payments For Visual Artists' show the direct results of the cutting of public funding for the arts. (Archived)
24. Residency. Language That Tells. Bridget O'Gorman profiles 'Dig Where You Stand', a year-long residency-based project in South Tipperary.
25. Career Development. Creating Work & Context. Peter Richards tracks the development of his career as an artist, highlighting how he has combined this with his work as a curator.
26. How is it Made? Doctor in the House. Ciara McMahon discusses the concepetion and delivery of her project The Aesthetic Screening Clinic.
27. Project Profile. Productive Perambulators. Michelle Browne discusses some of the initial outcomes of 'Walking (with a buggy) in the City: A Research Project in the Public Realm'.
28. Opportunities. All the latest grants, awards, exhibition calls and commissions.
30. International. Breaking Bread. Sheena Barrett, Arts Officer And Gallery Curator For The Lab, Dublin profiles Break Bread Open, an event held at the 2012 Liverpool Biennale as part of Liverpool and Dublin's Cultural Corridor.
31. Art in the Public Realm. The Mercurial Challenge Of Collaborative Arts. Annette Moloney reports on 'AIC10', an event held at IMMA (27 Nov 2012) marking a decade of collaborative art projects funded through the Arts Council Of Ireland's Artist In The Community Scheme and managed by Create.
33. Art in the Public Realm: Roundup. Public art commissions, site-specific works, socially-engaged practices and other forms of art outside the gallery.
34. Career Development. Alphaville to Anti-Tour. Dennis McNulty retraces some formative projects and experiences that have contributed to the evolution of his working methods.
September – October 2021 issue of The Visual Artists' News Sheet
March-April 2021 Issue of The Visual Artists' News Sheet
The May – June 2021 issue of The Visual Artists' News Sheet
July – August 2021 issue of The Visual Artists' News Sheet