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Peter F. Drucker – Management Needs MORAL Values
"The only basis of freedom is the Christian concept of man's nature: imperfect, weak, a sinner, ... yet made in God's image and responsible for his actions."
(The Future of Industrial Man. p. 110. 1942)
Manfred J. Hoefle
Peter F. Drucker is the management theorist. He is considered to be the founding father of modern management.1 Peter Drucker, whose life spanned the past century (1909 – 2005), was a highly educated citizen of the world: a creative spirit who wrote thirty-nine books including many classic works on business management. He was a man of many parts: a sharp observer, a life-long student, a teacher, coach of renowned corporate leaders, and the founder of an executive school in Claremont, California, that bears his name.
Much has been said and written of his achievements, and yet there is a lesser-known side to Peter Drucker; that other side is the subject of this essay. He was reticent about his personal philosophy of life. He also strongly objected to being called a 'management guru' – an epithet often tied to him. Instead of being a provider of answers, Drucker always remained a questioner: his teaching method was Socratic.2 What mattered most was the questions that arose from his observations of society and, above all, major corporations, as well as his reflections on those analyses, and how people affected by such institutions could turn his conclusions into action. His adherents have previously shown little interest in Drucker's innermost convictions and motives. Only after his death are questions of that type now being asked.3
Early interest in religion and institutions
Born in Vienna, at a time when the Austro-Hungarian empire was dissolving, Peter Drucker was raised in a liberal-minded and educated family. His father was a high-ranking civil servant in the Ministry of Economics. His mother, a former medical student, was a talented musician. She devoted herself to his upbringing and ensured him a culturally and intellectually stimulating environment.4
Peter Drucker, as a young man with many interests, attracted attention immediately after leaving high school due to several articles he wrote for business and economics publications. Drucker demonstrated a precocious talent for teaching and writing, and remained a life-long student in many fields: law, theology, philosophy, literature, history, political science, polical institutions, economics and statistics and even Japanese calligraphy.
Arising from his experiences as a youth in a world being torn apart, he independently and soon drew conclusions that shaped his character and mind. Three conflicting ideas impressed the young Peter Drucker:
1. In his dissertation Die Rechtfertigung des Völkerrechts aus dem Staatswillen. Eine logisch-kritische Untersuchung der Selbstverpflichtungs- und Vereinbarungslehre Drucker analysed the emerging legal positivism and its leading representative Hans Kelsen (1881 - 1973): the architect of the Austrian constitution of 1920. Drucker considered such an absolutist and pure theory of law to be ominous; he believed that all laws must relate to a fundamental general law of morality, a Jus Gentium. This, his first scientific work, reflected his lifelong conviction that every social order requires a basis in morality.
2. In his next scientific work he discussed the work of Friedrich Julius Stahl (1802 - 1861) the great Prussian legal philospher and lawyer who developed a theory of law and the state based on a Christian world view (Weltanschauung). Stahl's principle idea is that power must be legitimate and accountable and founded upon absolute moral values; this was something Drucker continued to advocate throughout his life. Drucker applied this same principle to business corporations: he argued they must always be embedded in their community (Gemeinschaft) and integrated within society (Gesellschaft).
3. When Peter Drucker, then a trainee bank clerk in Hamburg, first studied the works of Sören Kierkegaard (1813 - 1855): the existentialist philosopher, theologist, religious essayist and proponent of the Idea of Christianity, Kierkegaard was still relatively unknown. Drucker was fascinated by the methodology adopted by this theological individualist, namely, to employ philosophy as a instrument for reflecting upon Christianity. Kierkegaard thought that humans existed in a dynamic relationship as both spiritual beings and members of society. According to Kierkegaard, it is belief that imbues our spirituality with the conviction that we are not alone, with meaningfulness, and with an absolute point of reference, namely God. The recognition on one hand that evil is part of human nature and on the other that a bearable coexistence5 is still possible became inherent to Peter Drucker's personal philosophy.
According to Drucker himself, two liberal thinkers had a major influence on his thinking.6
The first was Ferdinand Tönnies (1856 - 1936): sociologist, political economist and philosopher, who believed that humans or citizens were in an interrelationship between status (in a community) and function (in a society) and were members of both a community and a society.
The second was Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767 - 1835) the founder of Berlin University. Based on his analysis of the French Revolution, Humboldt argued that limits should be set to state power and that autonomy of individual citizens should be rigorously defended. Peter Drucker returns to these ideas repeatedly in his books on social matters.7
Drucker wrote his first book while barely 30 years of age. After preliminary work in England it was published in 1939 after he migrated to the United States; The End of Economic Man – The Origin of Totalitarism8 was an unashamedly political book with an original conclusion: it was the widespread hopelessness across Europe that paved the way for fascism; and this coincided with the failure of Marxism as an economic system that proved incapable of giving a meaning and purpose to life, as was then becoming clearly apparent. Drucker identified "the impotence of religion, especially when it was needed most", and considered this "the most discouraging aspect of the current situation in Europe".9 As he saw it, the absence of spiritual belief exposed the masses ... to the unrealistic false promises of totalitarianism and the two secular religions of fascism and communism. That book – still highly readable today – affords early evidence of Drucker's prophetic insights based on a deep understanding of social undercurrents: that capacity proved to be one of his special strengths.
Christian thinking as a basis for management theory
Drucker's interest in questions of management and major corporations arose from his never-ending interest in religion, society and institutions. He was one of the first after the second world war to recognize that management was assuming a new central role in the leadership of business corporations and society.10
The fundamentally Christian aspect of Drucker's thinking is demonstrated by reference to quotations from his writings. These are followed by summaries that should also serve to encourage further reading of Drucker's works.
The nature of humanity
"The large corporation must offer equal opportunities for advancement. This is simply the traditional demand for justice, a consequence of the Christian concept of human dignity." (Concept of the Corporation. p. 141. 1946)
The Christian concept of the dignity of mankind embraces the autonomy and responsibility of the individual based upon a higher principle.11 Humans are social and spiritual beings who are imperfect sinners whose journey through life is erroneous, sinful, God-denying, and who need salvation and orientation. According to this concept of humanity, the reduction of human beings to mere economic entities is fundamentally wrong. The personal development of humans who work in business enterprises should be one of that enterprise's primary goals. The strict separation of work and life is an obstacle to personal development.12
Role of business enterprises
"Business enterprises ... are organs of society. They do not exist for their own sake, but to fulfill a specific social purpose and to satisfy a specific need of a society, a community, or individuals." (Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices. p. 39. 1973)
Managerial power requires social legitimacy. The latter derives from the provision of valuable economic performance, the development of employees as human beings, and ensuing positive social consequences. Good business leadership presupposes a healthy feeling for community and for the purpose of the business enterprise.
Role of management
"Management is deeply involved in spiritual concerns – the nature of man, good and evil." (The New Realities. p. 223. 2003)
Management is what used to be called a liberal art. It presupposes a comprehensive understanding of religious and social philosophy, history, sociology, psychology and, of course, political economics and business administration. This knowledge is the foundation for prudence and leadership. Management is an art or skill that demands practical experience: his adage management is about human beings must be the guiding principle for every manager. This is why management has an inherent mission to act as a moral force: to accept the moral spectrum of human behavior and employ it to best purpose for both the business enterprise and the people themselves.13 It follows that management is a moral science.
"But if (a man) lacks in character and in integrity – no matter how knowledgeable, how brilliant, how successful – he destroys. He destroys people, the most valuable resource of the enterprise." (Management. p. 287.2008)
Ethics is all-embracing. Business ethics understood as a means to an end is an unacceptably restricted and improper form of a general moral imperative.14 Drucker considers belief to be the only true basis for ethical behavior. Laws must be clear and consistent so that they can serve as clear unambiguous and binding rules of behavior. Regulations need sanctions. Freedom is only acceptable in combination with responsibility. Self-determination requires moral justification. It is worthy noting that Drucker believed Confucianism can offer us a means of moral orientation that is supportive of community life, above all due to the secondary virtues of Confucianism that correspond to those of Western civil society.
In wise old age: scepticism but public profession of Christian beliefs
In the final two decades of his life, Peter Drucker distanced himself from the growth of big business, the selfish behavior of managerists, of insatiable American consumerism, and the hegemony aspired to by the United States of America. This was wholly consistent with his own personal philosophy.
As early as the 1980s, he criticized the high compensation of top management in public corporations. He was especially critical of the self-service mentality of business executives while simultaneously large numbers of employees were being dismissed. He directed further crisism, but typical for Drucker, in mild form, at the power-obsessed growth of businesses via takeovers of other firms, and the weak role of retirement pension funds as shareholder representatives, due to their unhealthy proximity to executive management. He was wholly opposed to the ascent of short-termism in management.
Peter Drucker described himself as a Christian-conservative anarchist. This is wholly consistent with his essays in which he repeatedly identifies an inherent contradiction between conservatism and progress. However, Peter Drucker was undoubtedly a man of integrity. He often said that he considered himself no different to any other Christian; what really mattered was an unrelenting effort to become a true Christian; as he put it, "You can only hope to become a Christian". He was convinced that human beings required noble goals and, applying this principle to himself, he said that he always hoped to achieve higher goals, but was never conceited enough to believe he had already reached them.
As far as the state is concerned, Drucker was a historically-aware observer who believed the state should be a strong guarantor of law and order, but should not attempt to alleviate all of mankind's cares and worries. He concluded that a perfect society can never be achieved, only a bearable one. You may aim for improvement but not for perfection15: this is a conservative concept, but also a Christian one, since it focuses on individuals and their beliefs, and upon an end that is not of this world, but rather outside of it.
These concluding words stand as a will and testament to the ideas of Peter Drucker.
An understanding of responsibility in the economy and society – his noble inheritance
As a social-ecologist – and that is how Drucker described himself throughout his life – the world of institutions, of corporations and their managers, became the primary object of his studies, conclusions and teaching during the middle years of his life. Banks that are innovative, value-creating and and serve the real economy were a particular focus of interest. Especially in his later years, Drucker attached great importance to non-profit organizations that assume responsibility for beneficial social progress: schools, universities, hospitals, welfare facilities, charitable trusts and organizations. He considered himself a trustee of effective, properly functioning institutions and an advocate of proper leadership. At the same time, he was historically aware of the propensity for civilized order to collapse.16 He was deeply skeptical of the human desire for power.17
An abiding concern of Drucker's was the duality of freedom and power, authority and responsibility, progress and conservation, good and evil, worldly actions and spiritual fulfillment.
Drucker believed in the sanctity of spiritual creation. He considered traditional Christian values to be a form of practical wisdom and an essential ethical foundation for responsible corporate leadership.
Special Report in The Economist (19 Nov. 2005) entitled The one management thinker every educated person should read.
A typical statement by Drucker is, "...but I'm giving you the questions that you should be asking."
According to Timo Meynhardt, University of St. Gallen, and Peter Paschek, Vienna/Berlin (author and friend of Peter Drucker) and above all in the USA, by Joseph A. Maciariello, like-minded theorist and professor in Claremont, California, and Jack Beatty.
Drucker shared a similar background to other outstanding Austrian scientists who resumed their life's work after emigrating to Britain and above all the United States: political economists such as August F. von Hayek, Joseph Schumpeter, Ludwig von Mises, Fritz Machlup, Gottfried Haberler; all representatives of the Austrian School of Economics (also known as the Vienna School).
Often referred to by Peter Drucker as the "bearable society".
Drucker remained true to the Austrian school of polical economics: anti-Keynesian, critical of excessive theory, with a preference for systemic individualism, self-evident axioms and logical reasoning. He also generally agreed with the idea of price as an indicator of value, the impossibility of central planning, and the unavoidability of economic cycles.
He was greatly influenced by his friend Joseph Schumpeter's analyses of entrepreneurship and innovation.
He was also influenced by: Edmund Burke (political philosopher and originator of conservatism), Alexander Hamilton (creator of American political economics), Alexis de Tocqueville (politician, historian, founder of comparative political science), Walter Bagehot (British economist, theorist of political constitutions, publisher of The Economist), and Alfred Sloan (CEO and President of General Motors, who commissioned a study of GM by Peter Drucker).
The book was reviewed by Winston Churchill and recommended as reading for British officers. The German translation first became available in 2010 (see Bibliography).
Note by author: Analogies with the present are speculative, but not necessarily irrelevant.
In Drucker's words, "That I established the study of management as a discipline in its own right; and that I focused this discipline on People and Power, on Values, Structure and Constitution; and above all, on Responsibilities." (Management, revised edition 2008, with Joseph A. Maciarello).
Theodore Levitt, Marketing Professor, editor of Harvard Business Review and friend of Drucker, reviewed the first part of Concept of the Corporation (1970), and called it a "noteworthy catholic analysis".
Noteworthy is the conclusion that "The circumstance that the masses replace order through organizationability if order is not available to them, that they pray to a demon if they cannot find a god to worship or a sense of humanity to respect, proves by the inherent intensity this takes, that people need order, belief and a rational concept of humanity." (p. 210)
"... can turn man into a biological machine run by manipulation of fears and emotions, a being without beliefs, without values, withoutprinciples, without compassion, without pride, without humanity altogether."
(Landmarks of Tomorrow. p. 258. Transaction Publishers¸ Brunswick, N.J., USA.1996.)
"The problem is one of moral values and moral education; a separate ethics of business does not exist nor is one needed."
There is a general conformity here with the piecemeal (social) engineering concept of Karl Popper, the great philosopher and scientific theorist; also born in Vienna and of the same generation as Drucker.
Peter Drucker drew attention to the spiritual collapse of social order in the thirteenth century, the intellectual collapse in the sixteenth century, and the collapse of civilized society in the twentieth century. Whether he would have thought an economic crash, climate change, cultural decline or a clash of civilizations possible in the twenty-first century remains speculation, but it is something we cannot rule out.
He concluded that "... the desire for power is the basic sin of humanity...". He concluded that "........ the desire for power is the basic sin of humanity." (Kardinaltugenden, p. 225).
• Meynhardt, Timo, The practical wisdom of Peter Drucker: roots in the Christian tradition. Journal of Management Development. Vol. 29, No 7/8, pp. 616-625. 2010.
• Drucker, Peter, F. Ursprünge des Totalitarismus – Das Ende des Homo Oeconomicus. Karolinger Verlag. Vienna and Leipzig. (quoted in English version). 2010.
(The end of economic man: The origins of totalitarism, Fifth printing 2011, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick (U.S.a.) and London (U.K.).
• Drucker, Peter, F. The Future of Industrial Man. John Day. New York. 1942.
• Drucker, Peter, F. Concept of the Corporation. John Day. New York. 1946.
• Drucker, Peter, F. Adventures of a Bystander. Harper & Row. New York. 1978.
• Drucker, Peter, F. Kardinaltugenden effektiver Führung. Redline. Heidelberg. 2004.
• Drucker, Peter, F. Management, rev.ed., with Joseph A. Maciariell, Harper & Row. New York. 2008.
• Paschek, Peter (Editor), The New Realities: In Government and Politics; in Economics and Business; in Drucker, Peter, F. Society and World Views, Transaction Publishers. New Brunswick. N.J. 2003.
• Hoefle, Manfred: Managerismus – Unternehmensführung in Not. Wiley. Weilheim. Germany. 2010.
• Maciariello, Joseph, A., Linkletter, Karen- Drucker's Lost Art of Management. McGrawHill. New York. 2011.
• Pearce, Craig, L., Marciariello, Joseph, A., Yamawaki Hideki: The Drucker Difference – What the World's Greatest Management Thinker Means to Today's Business Leaders. McGrawHill. New York. 2009.
www.drucker.cgu.edu
www.druckerarchives.cgu.edu
www.pfdf.org
The author first studied the ideas of Peter Drucker at the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland. Hans Ulrich recommended that Drucker, by then a renowned management theorist in the USA and Japan, be awarded his first honorary doctorate in the German-speaking world in 1970. Drucker's book Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practice was a source of inspiration to the author during his stay in the USA in 1975. Managerismus/managerism is an attempt to describe responsible corporate leadership in the spirit of Peter F. Drucker. For further information please visit www.managerismus.com / www.managerism.org
Translation: Derek Brocklehurst
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Amy E. Weldon
Writer. Teacher. Seeker.
Mycelia, manuscripts, and me: 360 degrees of life.
"[We must think of fungi] not as a thing but as a process: an exploratory, irregular tendency." – Merlin Sheldrake, Entangled Life: How Fungi Make Our Worlds, Change Our Minds, and Shape Our Futures
A new creature, growing in the basement: my new oyster mushroom bucket from workshop by Adam Bohach of Tailwind Acres.
Oyster mushrooms fruiting from a bucket, via the Tailwind Acres website.
Fungi burst borders and boundaries. Of matter, of thought, of mental categories. They tendril between previously discrete things and knit them together in a web of life that is always becoming, always questing outward, downward, and sideways in 360 directions of curious, businesslike survival. They made it possible for single-celled organisms to develop into plants by showing them how to make roots. And this week – in one of the sudden flushes of growth they're famous for, strong enough to lift asphalt and crack rock – they knit me a whole new set of fresh ideas about teaching, writing, and mentoring students in a world where building capacities for curiosity, resilience, and joy matters more than ever.
Thursday night, I traveled through a blustery wind to the warm basement of the public library, where about twenty community members had come to learn how to grow mushrooms in a bucket. Luther alum, farmer, and high school biology teacher Adam Bohach hauled out supplies: bags of spawn (a born teacher of adolescents, he could repeat this word without cracking a smile) and old pillowcases full of straw he'd sterilized by soaking them in barrels of water mixed with pickling salt (still bearing traces of ice from the sudden freeze we've just had). He taught us the basic microbiology involved: with our buckets, we're replicating the trunk of a tree, where a mycelial body can feed on the interior matter and then flower toward the light through cracks in the bark. Sterilizing the straw with the salt water helped kill off organisms that could outcompete the oyster spawn inside the bucket: "and oysters are good for beginners," he said, "because they're aggressive. Shiitakes are slow, take more practice." And then we set to work. With a drill, we made holes in the bucket, then rubbed the whole bucket, inside and out, with alcohol and donned gloves and a mask "to protect the mushrooms," Adam explained, "from us." With a layer of straw in the bottom, we were ready to gather a small chunk of spawn from the specialized bags and sprinkle it over the straw. Pale brown and crumbly, a mix of mushroom spores and specially prepared growing matter, it smelled sweet and earthy, with a savory tang. Another layer of straw went on top, packed down to ease the mycelial growth: "even a centimeter between one piece of straw and another," Adam explained, "is like Decorah to LA for a cell. You want to reduce that distance." And we continued all the way to the top in alternating layers, then put the lid on and sealed it down tight. Now each bucket is ready to become a harbor for a mycelial network that should fruit in a few weeks, then again, in two or three flushes (cycles of mushroom growth) until the mushrooms slow and stop and you can empty the straw as compost into your garden. (Worms love it, Adam notes – which made me wonder if it's time to bring back my vermicomposting bin.) You can mist the holes to mimic rain as the mushrooms begin to appear, but mostly you can let them be to do their own thing in the dark.
(The video below, from Merlin Sheldrake's website, is "Oyster mushrooms sprouting from a copy of Entangled Life with song by Cosmo Sheldrake. All sounds apart from voice and double bass are recordings of the fungus devouring the book (more info)."
Until I found myself excitedly describing this process two days later to a student who is developing an original manuscript over the course of a year – and the patience to keep writing, exploring, sitting with it, writing some more, letting it tell him what it is trying to be – I didn't realize how deeply mycelia as metaphor and structure of thinking had grown in me. It helped that I had been listening to Merlin Sheldrake's wonderful Entangled Life walking to and from school – a book worth buying to read and underline as well as hear. Now I remembered my childhood fascination with fungi: the giant shelves of spongy rosy golden-brown flesh I'd haul down from the woods and into my junior-high science fair to display on paper plates; the humming, patient, not-quite-animal presence they seemed to emanate, so like what I'd later name with Wordsworth's line "There is a spirit in the woods;" my constant desire, only barely suppressed, to break off a crumb from their leathery frilled edge and take a bite. And as I cooked mushrooms and peppers and onions and melted down a pumpkin into sweet golden pudding in my own kitchen last night, cold wind howling outside, I was stopped by Sheldrake telling an anecdote: when Haddon Hall in Derbyshire was renovated, a fruiting fungal body was found in an oven that was then traced all the way back to – and helped the owners to detect – a case of dry rot in a room some distance away. That anecdote was there when I sat down this morning to write a scene for my next novel – and the network of stubborn, gentle, nameless life, the constant growth-ward and 360-exploring tendency, that mycelia embody has become a structural engine for the whole evolving book. (Thank you, Merlin Sheldrake!!) If reading, thinking, dreaming, notetaking, walking, and all the invisible idea-growings writers do are the mycelial body, then the words on the page are the fruit – which may, once readers pick them up, seed themselves anywhere.
But even more, mushrooms – and the place I stand on the shore of all the learning I want to do, all the geeking-out any teacher and any human must never stop being able to do – are turning me back toward my deepest mission: living more fully in this world as it is and might be, and helping students build their own capacites to do the same.
Recently in my first-year course, Paideia, we've been reading together George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four and the graphic edition of Timothy Snyder's On Tyranny, with Nora Krug's wonderful designs enriching both. Students were struck by how Big Brother creates a climate of paranoia and fear by turning people against themselves, and against the mycelial-spore of self deep inside each of us that it's Big Brother's ultimate goal to hunt down and eradicate. "In principle a Party member had no spare time, and was never alone except in bed," Orwell writes." It was assumed that when he was not working, eating or sleeping he would be taking part in some kind of communal recreation: to do anything that suggested a taste for solitude, even to go for a walk by yourself, was always slightly dangerous. There was a word for it in Newspeak: ownlife, it was called, meaning individualism and eccentricity." In Sheldrake's terms, ownlife is also the growing space for entangled life — the deep network of questions about and relationships with human and nonhuman others that teaches, feeds, corrects, draws out, and creates our own selves and ideas and words and dreams every day. Anything that expresses this entanglement is a crime. "So," I asked, "what's your favorite crime? And why, in this novel, is it something Big Brother will get you for?" Students dug deeply and brilliantly into the idea that curiosity, sensuality, wonder, joy, geeking out, privacy for pondering and not-being-responsible-to-anyone, love — all those outward-questing, 360-degree-radiating tendencies that fall under the heading of pleasure — are such a threat to Big Brother because they build a self that is entangled with the 360-degree-radiating, outward-questing tendencies of all of life in the world. In the novel, a fictional Asian version of Big Brother is called by a name that means "death cult." To isolate the self and focus it only on the central figure of Big Brother, to un-entangle it, is to kill it. To deny multiplicity, beauty, everything not reducible to a singularity and an "efficiency" – this is to deny the very nature and reality of biological and spiritual life itself. It is, at every level, to die.
In a time when rebukes to cults of aridity and death are springing up, even on the verge of another savage and dizzying season of climate change, mycelia as metaphor and fact are teaching me new, matter-of-fact routes and pathways of hope. Election-denying and conspiracies (and the notion that we can't "afford" support for Ukraine) were rebuked across America on Nov. 8, as a "red wave" was more like a pink trickle. Crypto-currency ("yield-farming all the way down," with no actual roots that build anything) and Twitter (revealed, with $7.99 authenticity stamps and dumpster-fire "management," as the fake community it always was) are collapsing. (Surprise, surprise!) I hope and pray we are learning anew to ask that vital question: "Is it life-giving or death-dealing?" Hope lies in growing, doing, reaching out, putting your body in the new place and letting it feed you. Work with what you have. Keep questing. Entangle your life, and your art, with the world.
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Q: Migrating from .NET 2.0 to .NET 4.0 What are the changes I need to make to a  application built with .NET 2.0 /C# in order to use the C# 4.0 features . Recently I ran into a problem, when trying to add optional paramters in a product which was developed on .NET 2.0 / C# 2.0 .

A: Most 2.0 programs works without any changes on 4.0. It was only on 1.1 to 2.0 that there was a lot of incompatible changes.

A: One problem, that I ran into recently when upgrading a 3.5 project to 4.0 (Visual Studio 2008 to Visual Studio 2010), was that after upgrading to 4.0 I did not have a reference to System.Core and was unable to add it via Visual Studio instead displaying a message:

A reference to 'System.Core' could not be added.  This component is already automatically referenced by the build system.

You will need to have a reference to System.Core if you want to use the var keyword and LINQ extension methods.
It can be manually added (or readded if removed). See the blog post System.Core in VS2010 Projects for details.

A: Maybe you migrated your Visual Studio solution to 2010, but you forgot to change the target framework to 4.0 in projects' properties.
Just go to properties in your solution projects (obviously, the migrated to Visual Studio 2010 solution) and change the target framework to 4.0.
That's all your C# code base will be using .NET Framework 4.0 and C# 4.0. I'm pretty sure you won't need to change your code, but, maybe, you'll find that some classes, methods, properties are now obsolete, but it'll compile anyway.
Comment out if you don't know how to do that.

A: In theory, C# 4 should be backwards compatible with C# 2.
In practice, I've done it several times with no problems, and I think the only obvious problem is if you have named some classes that are defined by the .net 4.0 framework.

A: You cannot use .NET 4.0 specific features in an application targeting .NET 2.0. You will need to migrate to .NET 4.0.

A: You can't easily convert form a higher version to a lower version.
You can easily convert form a lower version to a higher version.

A: C# in .NET 2.0 does not support optional parameters if I remember correctly.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Real Estate | Ryan Cos. Begins $3 Million Renovation of City Center
Rendering courtesy of Ryan Cos.
Ryan Cos. Begins $3 Million Renovation of City Center
Later this summer, "several new tenants" are slated to be revealed, the company says.
By Dan Niepow
Ryan Cos. today kicks off a $3 million renovation of City Center's facade at 7th and Nicollet in downtown Minneapolis.
As part of the project, the company is building a second-floor covered patio space overlooking the intersection of 7th and Nicollet. Crews also will replace the City Center's precast concrete panels with updated structural materials.
Ryan, which began managing the City Center complex a year ago, also plans to install additional lighting, glasswork, and signage.
The company became property manager after the building changed hands in a record-breaking $320 million sale in 2018. China-based HNA Property Holdings sold City Center to South Korea-based Samsung Life Insurance. (HNA had purchased the property from a San Francisco firm just two years prior.)
"When we took over this project last year, we along with new ownership envisioned a repositioning of the property that would align it with what the property once was, a vibrant active city center featuring a variety of solid retailers and experiences for those who lived, worked and shopped in downtown Minneapolis," said Jim Durda, a Ryan employee who serves as general manager of City Center.
In his view, the renovation marks the historic building's "next chapter."
The City Center complex covers almost two city blocks in downtown Minneapolis. The complex includes a 51-story skyscraper, hotel, and a more than 380,000-square-foot retail mall.
The mall hosts a range of retail tenants, including Marshalls Saks Off 5th, and Brooks Brothers.
City Center's retail leasing agents have seen a "positive response" to the forthcoming renovations and expect to announce "several new tenants" this summer, Ryan officials said in a news release. The release didn't mention any specific tenants.
See all stories by this author >
Dan Niepow
Dan Niepow is TCB's digital editor.
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The Uptown Theatre's Next Chapter
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How wonderful it must be to look back at your families tree and see generation after generation of past family members who are now with the Lord. For many of us, a Christian heritage and tradition is one that has begun in this or only the one previous generation.
In Paul's letter to Timothy, he makes note of Timothy's mother and grandmother as being true Born Again Washed in the Blood of the Lamb Christians. Reading verse 5; When I call to remembrance the unfeigned faith that is in thee, which dwelt first in thy grandmother Lois, and thy mother Eunice; and I am persuaded that in thee also. It always saddens me, for my grandmother and my mother were devote Roman Catholics, as were, to the best of my knowledge, my father and grandfathers. Timothy could look forward to a wonderful reunion with his mom and grandmother, but, alas, not me, and not some of you.
Let's look at 1 Timothy 1:5-10 and see what we can learn and pray to God for.
When I call to remembrance the sincere with no hypocrisy faith that is in thee, which dwelt first in thy grandmother Lois, and thy mother Eunice; and I am persuaded that in thee also.
Wherefore I put thee in remembrance that thou stir up the gift of God, which is in thee by the putting on of my hands. For God hath not given us the spirit of fear; but of power, and of love, and of a sound mind.
Yes, Timothy, like many of you, was blessed by being born into a family of believers. But alas some of us are the very beginning of a Christian heritage for our families.
If you have been so blessed as to come from a lineage of Christians, praise God for that Christian heritage. But, if you are the first or even the second generation, in your family, to be true Born Again Washed in the Blood of the Lamb Christians, then pray that God will give you the strength to be a true and honest, a devote and faithful beginning to your families Christian heritage.
In either case, pray for a spirit that will faithfully and without compromise pass on the tradition of true Christianity to your future generations.
Lord Jesus, we live in a time of Christian compromise, please allow the Holy Spirit within us to give us the moral and spiritual strength to be both strong and courageous in our passing of the faith on to our children, our grandchildren and even our great grandchildren. Thanks You Jesus. Amen.


The sixteen year power-struggle between the Knesset and Supreme Court over judicial decisions may come to a head in Beit El.
Ministers in the Netanyahu government on Monday said the Supreme Court's decision to reject the State's appeal for more time to find a way to normalize the status of Beit El's threatened Ulpana neighborhood would force them to pursue "a legislative solution."
Minister of Education Gideon Sa'ar (Likud) said, "The High Court decision on the Ulpana neighborhood is simply unfair. We must consider the possibility of legislation to prevent the demolition of houses there."
Minister of Culture and Sport Limor Livnat (Likud) said, "Given the Court's decision in this case, as well as in Migron, it seems inevitable legislation is the only way we can normalize the status of communities that have - for many years - existed with permission and assistance from the state."
Minister of Transportation Israel Katz (Likud) said the High Court had reached "a wrong decision and overrode the public will. We can't stand for it. The Israeli government must act quickly and legislate a solution that will prevent the destruction of these homes."
Minister Daniel Hershkowitz (Jewish Home) said he had begun coordinating with the other coalition factions to postpone dissolving the Knesset in order to enact legislation to normalize the Ulpana neighborhood.
He said the Supreme Court should not be allowed to usurp the Cabinet and dictate the government's political agenda, "We must reject the [immediate] dissolution of the Knesset and pass legislation that will legalize the Ulpana neighborhood."
Vice Premier Silvan Shalom (Likud) said, "We cannot dissolve the Knesset without making arrangements for such a law" to save the Ulpana neighborhood.
"The Likud, which flies the flag of settlement, cannot leave behind a legacy of destroyed homes and evicted residents," he added.
Minister of Information and Diaspora Yuli Edelstein (Likud), also sharply rebuked the court, "These are normal families paying a mortages on houses built with the assistance of the Ministry of Housing!"
"As we warned more than once," Edelstein said, "If we are not allowed to negotiate a solution, then we will legislate one. I want to meet the hero who will dare to turn the Dicksteins, who lost family members on a bloody terror attack, out of their home."
Earlier on Monday, the Supreme Court rejected a government request for an additional 90 days in which to find a way to legalize five homes slated for destruction after it the the seller of the land on which they were built had his ownership questioned by an Arab of the same name who claimed to be the owner - and who wanted it back.
It took the government a year to file its request to give it time to find a solution. The courts were outraged that their decision was left hanging for a year and that the government then decided to ask for it to be changed.
Should the ministers succeed in delaying the dissolution of the Knesset and passing legislation to normalize the Ulpana neighborhood, Prime Minister Netanyahu could be faced with an [informal] constitutional crisis.


For the New Zealand cricketer, see Amanda Green (cricketer).
Amanda Green (born December 29, 1963) is an American actress, singer, and songwriter.
Green and her husband, Jeffrey Kaplan, who is an orthopedic surgeon, reside in Manhattan, New York.
^ a b c Reifer, Jodi (October 15, 2009). "Lyricist Amanda Green to Perform at Lorenzo's Cabaret" silive.com.
^ a b c d Kaufman, Joanne (December 3, 2006). "Broadway Lyrics: The Family Business". The New York Times.
^ "Once Upon a Primetime listing". powerhousetheatre.com. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
^ Manus, Willard (August 8, 2000). "Neurotic Young Urbanites Premiere Paddle at L.A.'s Celebration" Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Playbill.
^ Gans, Andrew (February 20, 2003). "Murney, Butz, Testa Plus Mom Newman Celebrate Amanda Green's New CD at March 17 Concert" Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Playbill.
^ Gans, Andrew (July 18, 2003). "Nancy Opel to Star in Amanda Green Musical, For the Love of Tiffany" Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Playbill.
^ Gans, Andrew (June 14, 2004). "Newman and Green to Premiere Bernstein, Comden and Green July 3" Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Playbill.
^ BWW News Desk. "Amanda Green Plays Feinstein's, 11/1". broadwayworld.com, October 21, 2009.
^ Review. The New York Times.
^ "Bring It On" listing Archived March 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. alliancetheatre.org. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
^ Gioia, Michael; Jones, Kenneth (April 8, 2013). "Hands on a Hardbody Will Close April 13" Archived April 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Playbill.


FaceTime is a wonderful invention.
I have a strong marriage.
How to say "thank you" in about 10 languages.
Being homeless makes it possible to travel the world. I'm glad I don't own a house.
Not owning a car for a full year and only using public transportation is relatively painless, easy and cheap – at least in Europe!
I've (mostly) successfully taught Europeans how to use an American credit card, as we don't have an electronic chip in our cards.
I've learned that seafood isn't so bad when it's caught locally that morning.
Every country in the world has some form of delicious dried meat and some cheese – all very different, all very delicious.
Standing on the Dune of Pyla with Brian's arm around my waist, watching the sun set.
Watching a little boy thank a police officer by offering him a piece of candy in Paris.
Eating a crepe under the Eiffel Tower.
Hearing our wine guide say the name "Eleanor of Aquitaine" in Bordeaux.
Sharing our wedding anniversary with a couple on their honeymoon.
Staying on the houseboat in Amsterdam was pretty rad.
The evidence of Christianity throughout the world has reaffirmed my beliefs, such as seeing incredibly well preserved 1st century prayers by people who had met Paul etched onto rock tablets in the catacombs under Rome.
It was pretty cool to stand on top of a sand dune in France and stare out at the Atlantic Ocean.
It's amazing how wonderful people are, all over the world. From toasting with a British couple on 4th of July, sharing our honeymoon with a couple from Denver in Brugge and hanging out with a fun (and very funny) Swiss-Canadian in Nice.
I'm overwhelmed with joy and appreciation for all the things Bonnie does for me.
Delicious Morraccan food from a restaurant in Bordeaux.
Amazing mussels on the coast of Montenegro.
Yummy kebabs in Athens – with french fries on top!
Gross pickled onion soup in Budapest.
Also gross; mushy, slightly cold, deep-fried frog legs in Paris.
Raw oyster shooters in Arcachon, France – ugh.
Mussels (a big step for me) in Nice.
Hungarian Goulash and spaetzle in Budapest.
Some of the best chicken wings I've ever had in Dublin.
Bangers and mash, and fish and chips in London.
Spicy kebabs in Istanbul, oh sooo good, uhhhh.
Free Hup Holland Hamsters from our grocery store in Amsterdam.
Bonnie's scarf collection from; Athens, Paris, Rome and Istanbul.
Brian's Germany Jersey from Cologne.
Beer glass from Delirium in Brussels.
Apple spiced tea from Turkey.
Adorable sundress from a French boutique in Nice.
Belgium (but probably not Bruges or Brussels) -Â just for the beer.
Munich – because it will always feel a little like home.
Ireland – because there is still so much to see.
Greece – because I want to see summer there and check out the islands.
Budapest – in twenty years to see how the country is progressing away from communism.
Paris – to not be a tourist and just enjoy Paris.
Lisbon – It's not that big.
Bordeaux – we just aren't that into wine.
Dublin – it's a small city, I think we did it all.
Dubrovnik – way over touristed.
The Vatican City – I might go back to Rome, but I'd probably skip the Vatican.
Hearing the St. Patrick's choir doing warm ups before mass.
A German pop band singing ABBA – in German.
Listening to angry Amish rappers at Distortion in Copenhagen.
Rocking out to jazz along the Promenade in Nice.
Street performer in Brussels performing "Chasing Cars" by Snow Patrol.


text:
Preview Citation
Preview citation in APAMLAChicagoAMA Download
Griffin, J. (2008-02-01). The Metaphysics of Human Rights. In On Human Rights. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 16 Jan. 2021, from https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238781.001.0001/acprof-9780199238781-chapter-7.
Griffin, James. "The Metaphysics of Human Rights." On Human Rights. : Oxford University Press, May 01, 2010. Oxford Scholarship Online. Date Accessed 16 Jan. 2021 <https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238781.001.0001/acprof-9780199238781-chapter-7>.
Griffin, James. "The Metaphysics of Human Rights." In On Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Oxford Scholarship Online, 2010. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238781.003.0007.
Griffin J. The Metaphysics of Human Rights. In: On Human Rights. Oxford University Press; 2008. https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238781.001.0001/acprof-9780199238781-chapter-7. Accessed January 16, 2021.


text:
Senior Corporate Counsel, Securities
Jazz Pharmaceuticals
Competitive base salary and ge
7-10 years experience
Jazz Pharmaceuticals has engaged Major, Lindsey & Africa on an exclusive basis to conduct a search for Senior Corporate Counsel, Securities to be located in its Philadelphia, PA or Palo Alto, CA. offices. Jazz Pharmaceuticals is an equal opportunity employer. Please do not contact Jazz Pharmaceuticals directly.
Overview: Jazz Pharmaceuticals is a publicly traded global biopharmaceutical company dedicated to developing life-changing medicines for people with serious diseases. Jaz has a diverse portfolio of marketed medicines and novel product candidates, from early to late-stage development, in key therapeutic areas.
Company: Jazz is a global biopharmaceutical company dedicated to developing life-changing medicines for people with serious diseases — often with limited or no options. The Company has a diverse portfolio of marketed medicines and novel product candidates, from early- to late-stage development, in key therapeutic areas. Its focus is in neuroscience, including sleep medicine and movement disorders, and in oncology, including hematologic and solid tumors. Jazz is headquartered in Dublin, Ireland and has employees around the globe, serving patients in more than 90 countries.
Compensation: Competitive base salary and generous benefits commensurate with experience.
Location: Philadelphia, PA or Palo Alto, CA. A remote work environment will be considered for exceptional candidates.
Relocation: On a case-by-case basis.
Experience: Minimum 8 years' relevant experience in-house or with a national law firm; experience in pharmaceutical industry preferred. Strong corporate and securities law background required. Ability to manage and develop a team and work effectively with outside counsel.
About Jazz Pharmaceuticals
Founded in 1982, Major, Lindsey & Africa is the world's largest and most experienced legal search firm. Combining local market knowledge and a global recruiting network, MLA has earned recognition for its track record of successful General Counsel, Corporate Counsel, Partner, Associate and Law Firm Management placements. With offices throughout the U.S., Hong Kong, London, and Tokyo, MLA recruiters are dedicated to understanding and meeting clients' and candidates' needs while maintaining the highest degree of professionalism and confidentiality. MLA considers every search a diversity search, and has been committed to diversity in the law since its inception. For these reasons, MLA was voted "Best Legal Search Firm in the U.S." in the most recent national survey of America's top law firms. To learn more about MLA, please visit our website at www.mlaglobal.com.
Connections working at Jazz Pharmaceuticals
Associate General Counsel Lincoln, Nebraska
Duncan Aviation Today
Senior Marketing Manager London, United Kingdom
University Data Officer Princeton, New Jersey
Princeton University Yesterday


text:
Blue Jays notes: Matt Dominguez claimed, Michael Saunders to be tendered
By Minor Leaguer Sep 6, 2015, 4:27pm EDT
Share All sharing options for: Blue Jays notes: Matt Dominguez claimed, Michael Saunders to be tendered
Alex Anthopoulos pictured with a now out-of-date roster route map
Minor Leaguer
During Sunday's tilt between the Orioles and Blue Jays, Toronto announced that they have claimed third baseman Matt Dominguez from the Milwaukee Brewers and to make room, they have designated recent claimee Danny Dorn for assignment.
The worst player in baseball, and why he still has a job
From spring training: The Houston Astros featured one of baseball's worst performers at third base in 2014. While he no longer has a full-time role, he's still part of the plan going forward.
Dominguez, who turned 26 just a week ago, was with the Astros in spring training but was claimed by the Brewers in mid-June. Although he was very, very bad, Dominguez was the Astros' starting third baseman the past couple of years. But since Houston is a good team now, he had spent all of this season in triple-A between Fresno and Colorado Springs. He has been hitting .269/.310/.410 in the rarefied air of the Pacific Coast League.
With the triple-A Bisons season wrapping up tomorrow, and having no reason to promote him to the big leagues, I doubt we will see Dominguez in any more action this season. Danny Dorn played six games with the Bisons, hitting .227/.250/.318 and is also most likely done for the season as he waits clears waivers.
These moves mean that the copy of Blue Jays Roster Tree Route Map Alex Anthopoulos received yesterday at Pitch Talks Hamilton is now out of date. He doesn't read blogs (or any media) so someone should tell him that he can download (and print) an updated copy here.
Keeping Saunders
After looking at the roster route map, Anthopoulos told us not to worry about losing the SAUNDERS line as the Blue Jays "plan on keeping [Michael Saunders] around" next year. I interpret that to mean that the Blue Jays plan to tender the injured left fielder a contract in the offseason. He and the Jays settled on a $2,875,000 contract to avoid arbitration last offseason.
Although one shouldn't count on Saunders to remain healthy all season, it seems that without further moves, Toronto will have a bit of a logjam in the outfield with Jose Bautista, Kevin Pillar, Ben Revere, Dalton Pompey, and Michael Saunders all able to be major league contributors.


The exhibition "Orient" is a meditation on the Eastern European identity. As the unifying aspect of this unclear region, it considers the failure of its own identity. The contradictory longing for pride and patriotism, and the simultaneous shame of where we come from (1), leading to suppression, and the negation of this belonging. The embarrassment growing from the internalisation of the collapse of the surrounding context, once built upon a social and political utopia. The expectation of catching up with the western capitalist standards, for which the integration into Europe, meaning Western Europe, was so often reduced on both sides. The slipping of the Second World from the frame (2), and hence belonging neither to Europe, nor to the West, nor to "non-Western".
Built on expectations, desires, stories, experiences and stereotypes, it stages a drama that takes the viewer through five genre scenes following the historical dialectics of the region's development since the end of 1980s. A muddle of most ironic and most earnest intents for creating the new museum of (in)famous national histories. A therapeutic reenactment of our surprises, victories, traumas and humiliations. A dark satirical comedy of "The Fateful Adventures" (7) in the non-existent region after The End of History (8).
The exhibition is co-organised by BOZAR Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels and Bunkier Sztuki Gallery of Contemporary Art in Krakow in the framework of "Trauma and Revival," a European project on cultural relations between Eastern and Western Europe. The project partners are BOZAR Center for Fine Arts, ZKM Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie Karlsruhe, Kim? Contemporary Art Centre, Cittadellarte – Fondazione Pistoletto, Bunkier Sztuki Gallery of Contemporary Art in Krakow, Jyvaskylan Yliopisto, Austrian Culture Forum Moscow, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, State Museum and Exhibition Center ROSIZO, Tretyakov State Gallery.
1 "Farewell, Poland, farewell, empty wasteland, forever covered in snow and ice (…) Barbaric people, arrogant and fickle, Braggarts, blabberers, having nothing but language, Who, day and night shut up in a heated room, Amuse themselves with a glass for every pleasure, Smore at the table and sleep on the ground." Philippe Desportes: Adieu à la Pologne, 1574, translated from French in Philippe Desportes's "Adieu à la Pologne" and Jan Kochanowski's "Gallo Crocitanti" by Rory Finnin in Comparative literature studies, Vol. 44, No.4, 2007.
2 Lucy Steeds in "How We Talk About East-European Art?" conference by tranzit.sk: "There was only one Eastern European artist included in Les Magiciens de la Terre (…) We're now gonna shift to Havana, to consider the 3rd Art Biennale of 1989, which as you can see here, was the subject of the first of the two volumes, under the "Making Art Global" title. And I can tell you right away that no Eastern European Artists were included, but if you look at the catalogue, no Western artists, as strictly, were represented either.
5 unknowingly killing his father and marrying his mother, questions of who is who remains.
6 Katarzyna Murawska Mathesius in "Mapping Eastern Europe: Cartography and Art History" adds many different names for this region: Marchlands, shatter zone, the belt of political change, the other Europe, New Europe, Mitteleuropa, Zwischeneuropa and many others.
7 Jaroslav Hašek: The Fateful Adventures of Brave Soldier Švejk.
8 Francis Fukuyama: The End of History and The Last Man.
9 "In November 1956, the director of Hungarian News Agency, shortly before his office was flattened by artillery fire, sent a telex to the entire world with a desperate message announcing that the Russian attack against Budapest had begun. The dispatch ended with these words: We are going to die for Hungary and for Europe." Milan Kundera in "The Tragedy of Central Europe", The New York Reviews of Books, 1984.


text:
Q: Can I get the ID of an inserted / linked image? I am using this code to get the url of first inserted image in a post. Is there any way I can get the ID of that image.
      global $post, $posts;
      $first_img = '';
      ob_start();
      ob_end_clean();
      $output = preg_match_all('/<img.+src=[\'"]([^\'"]+)[\'"].*>/i', $post->post_content, $matches);
      $first_image = $matches [1] [0];

A: No, an image placed inside a post/page content don't reference in your database other than inside your content only.
That's why an image attached is better: you have full control over your images since they are in your server and referenced in your database. An attachment is a child post, once you attach an file to a post/page you can use get_children for retrieve file description, title etc.


This basket features four tins of Harney & Sons Master Tea Blender hot tea sachets. Each tin contains 20 sachets of tea. This basket alone creates 80 cups of high quality, Harney and Sons hot tea. Flavors included are Earl Grey Supreme, Citron Green, Paris, and English Breakfast - a must have for a hot tea lover!


text:
Tech Website
Frp Unlock
Soulmate Episode 7
SoulMate❤🔞
Written By:Abike 💋
💄 Episode 7💄
Mr Robert came out of his room, He was fully dressed for the dinner party, He met his mum in the living room, she was on the phone with someone, He waited for her to finish, After she was done calling, He said "Mum can you see your grandson, Can you see what Chris is doing to me, But why is he like this, Deon told Dave that Chris is not ready to leave the clubhouse, and my friends are almost here, They are coming with their families, imagine them sitting with their kids while my own son is still in the clubhouse" Mr Robert said angrily, He sat down on the chair with his head down, His mother moved closer to him and said "Robert, We have to take things easy, Honestly I don't understand Chris anymore, I talked to my pastor, He told me to bring him along to the church tomorrow, By God's grace am dragging him to that church tomorrow, Just take it easy when he com… Chris's grandmother was cut short by the sound of the door, it was Chris who walked in, He was putting on a black leather jacket,a White singlet,Black leather pant with white sneakers, Chris who was extremely drunk walked in and sat on the chair, His Grandmother who was so mad at him moved closer to him and spanked his head, He groaned out and said "Mama what was that for" He said while touching his head "Will you keep your mouth shut, Your father told you to come home quickly, Just to get dress before his friends arrive,But you choose to stay at that club forever, Do you want to be grounded again" his grandmother asked angrily "Of course he won't do that shi….. Before he could finish his statement, His grandmother spanked his head again "Fuck! Grandma that hurts" His father who was so mad at him walked out of the living room to Welcome his friends to the garden while Dave followed him out, "Chris stop doing this,Stop it" His grandmother said while he just smiled at her and said "Am sorry Nanna" He slept off immediately, Chris's grandmother who stared at him for awhile told Drew and Deon to help him to his room….
In the church, Chris's grandmother was discussing with the pastor while Chris was sitting on the car, outside the church, Both Drew and Deon stood outside with him, waiting for his grandmother to finish, Chris who was already getting fed up brought out his phone to press. "But madam do you remember what I told you about Chris" The pastor asked "I remembered Sir, You told us to be patient with him, You told us to leave him alone and stop shouting on him, You told us that when the time comes, he will change his bad attitude by himself, But sir till when, everyday is a new story, it seems like he is getting worse every single day, There is no changes in him sir" Chris's grandmother replied while the pastor smiled and said "You have to take more patient with him, Just have more patient please, little time left, Trust me he will change very soon" The pastor concluded, Chris's grandmother came out of the church, She walked up to the car while Chris said "Seriously you delayed me, What exactly is going on, You asked me to come here but your pastor told me to get the fuck out" His grandmother's eyes almost popped out " Chris for Goodness sake this is a church, how dare you use that word here" His grandmother cautioned him "But why would he told me to Escuze you both, Is he your boyfriend" He asked "Wait are you sure you took the right breakfast this morning" His grandmother asked "Of course I do, Oh are you thinking that you are older than the pastor, Mama forget it, age is nothing but num…. His grandmother moved closer to him and spanked him so hard "That was hard Granny" He said "Get down from that car and let's go home" His grandmother said while Chris smiled and said "My Mama, Momma, My Nanna, My Woman" His grandmother looked at him for awhile thinking if he is ok or not, He smiled and got down from the car, He moved closer to his grandmother and gave her a short peck on the cheek, He smiled and went in Straight to the car while his grandmother looked so done with him….
Chris and his friends arrived at a big supermarket which happened to be Adunola's working place, Jamal was the first to got down from his car, Followed by Max who also got down from the car, Drew got down from the car to opened the door for Chris, Deon also got down from the car, Chris who was the last to got down from the car said "Max you brought us here because you told us they have the best wines here" Max and Jamal moved closer to him. "Are you sure they have good wines here" Chris asked "Trust me, This is where my Dad always get his wines from, He dosen't have two places" Max replied "Then let's check it out" Jamal said while they all walked Inside, There were some ladies in the supermarket buying some items, It was one of them who saw Chris and his friends "Oh my God! It's Chris" The lady shouted, Everyone lifted up their faces with surprise, The ladies all moved closer to them, Bukola and Bewaji who were the only one at the counter got shocked with goosebumps "Oh my God, Jamal! Hi Max!" Another lady said "D… Do yo…. Do you want, I mean wh…..what will you like to buy" Bukola asked with her last strength, Bewaji who was still lost in her imagination forgot to attend to them, The ladies who came to buy things couldn't stop drolling, Chris and his friends who were full of pride got shocked when Adunola came out in white turtleneck, she has a blue Jean trouser on her with a white sneakers, There was a golden necklace on her neck, Adunola who wasn't aware about them was busy tieing up her long hair, Chris and his friends who got goosebumps for her long hair suddenly forgot about the other ladies, Suddenly Adunola raised up her head which made the guys to be speechless, The moment she saw Chris, she recognized him but she decided not to care about him, she walked straight to the counter, still packing her
hair, After she was done, she sat down on her chair to write some things down in a book,Seeing the way she reacted like he dosen't exist made Chris walked up to her and said "Yo… You don't see me" Adunola raised up her head and said "Escuze me, what do you mean" Chris made a smirk and said "You don't know me" Adunola made a smirk and said "Sorry who are you" Everyone was surprised with her reply while one of the customers said "What do you mean by who is he" Adunola who was already getting pissed off suddenly said to the lady "But Sorry, Who are you" Everyone got more surprised "Adunola stop it" Bewaji spoke to her silently, Chris who was extremely angry said "I can see you are rude" Adunola rolled her eyes and said "Have you check yourself out, Stop telling me if am rude or not,Check yourself out first before you judge people, you asked me if I know and I said I don't know you, sorry is there a crime In it if I don't know you" Chris moved closer to her and said "You said you don't know me, I don't know if you are kidding or something, But it's me Chris! Chris Robert" Adunola smiled and said "It's my first time hearing that name, Who are you"….
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text:
Phuket | Police on lookout for Toyota in Phuket shop hit-and-run
Police on lookout for Toyota in Phuket shop hit-and-run
PHUKET: Phuket Police are on the lookout for the driver of a Toyota vehicle – make and model unknown – that slammed into a motorbike repair shop in Thalang early yesterday morning.
The driver reportedly backed his vehicle out of the shop and fled the scene, leaving behind as evidence his front bumper and the Toyota logo badge usually found fixed to the front of vehicles.
Thalang Police were notified of the accident in Baan Lipon at 2:15am, and when they arrived a crowd had gathered on the street to view the damage, said Maj Kittiphum Tinthalang.
"The car had smashed a concrete bench, a trash bin, damaged a motorbike with a sidecar parked in front of the shop and brought down the wire mesh screens at the front of the shop," he said.
Kritsana Krailerd, the 37-year-old shop owner, was woken by the sound of the impact.
"At first I thought it was a car accident in front of my shop, but when I came out to see, my shop was in ruins. The screens was smashed and the car had damaged my customers' vehicles," he said.
"I didn't see the vehicle at all. I don't know if it was a pickup truck or a car," Mr Kritsana said.
Police found a Toyota badge in the grass nearby and parts of the front end of the vehicle involved in the impact, indicating to police the vehicle was white in color.
"At this stage we believe the driver might have been drunk or had fallen asleep at the wheel, but so far we have not identified any suspects" Maj Kittiphum said.
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Badcall is a remote crofting township, located on the northern shore of the sea loch, Loch Inchard, in Sutherland, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.

The township is located 1.5 miles east of Kinlochbervie.

References

Populated places in Sutherland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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