text:
Le HMS Edgar est un vaisseau de 74 canons en service dans la Royal Navy. Lancé en 1779, il participe à la guerre d'indépendance américaine, pendant laquelle il combat à la première bataille du cap Saint-Vincent, puis aux guerres de la Révolution française et de l'Empire, pendant lesquelles il est présent à la première bataille de Copenhague.

Le HMS Edgar est le théâtre d'une mutinerie en 1808. Après avoir été retiré du service actif, il est utilisé comme prison flottante puis est démoli en 1835.

Conception et construction
Le HMS Edgar est le troisième navire de la classe Arrogant. Commandé le  et construit par le chantier naval de Woolwich à partir d', il est lancé le . Long de 168 pieds (soit environ ), large de 46 pieds et 9 pouces (soit environ ) et d'un tirant d'eau de 19 pieds et 9 pouces (soit environ ), il déplace .

Le pont-batterie principal est armé avec 28 canons de 32 livres et le pont-batterie supérieur avec 28 canons de 18 livres. Le navire embarque de plus 14 canons de 9 livres sur ses bastingages et 4 canons de 9 livres sur son gaillard d'avant. L'ensemble totalise 74 canons et une bordée de .

Service actif

Guerre d'indépendance américaine

Le HMS Edgar est lancé alors que la Grande-Bretagne est engagée dans la guerre d'indépendance américaine. Le navire est mis en service en , sous les ordres du capitaine John Elliot, et connaît son baptême du feu le , à la première bataille du cap Saint-Vincent. Après deux heures de chasse, le HMS Edgar est l'un des premiers vaisseaux britanniques à rattraper les navires espagnols.

En , le HMS Edgar fait partie de l'escadre commandée par l'amiral Kempenfelt qui capture une partie d'un convoi français à la bataille d'Ouessant. Au cours de la bataille, le HMS Edgar est engagé par le vaisseau français de 74 canons lActif.

Le , le HMS Edgar participe à la bataille du cap Spartel au sein de la deuxième division de l'avant-garde britannique. L'équipage ne compte que six blessés dans la bataille.

Le HMS Edgar passe la fin de la guerre dans la flotte de la Manche sous les ordres de l'amiral George Darby.

 Période de paix
Après la fin des hostilités en 1783, le HMS Edgar est affecté comme gardien du havre de Portsmouth. En 1787, le capitaine Charles Thompson en prend le commandement, et au printemps 1788 le navire porte la marque du contre-amiral  pendant les deux mois de sa croisière au large des côtes irlandaises et à l'ouest des Sorlingues. Le HMS Edgar retourne ensuite monter la garde à Portsmouth.

En , lEdgar est réarmé et affecté à la Home Fleet.

 Guerres de la Révolution française

Après la déclaration de guerre de la France à la Grande-Bretagne en 1793 qui marque le début des guerres de la Révolution française, le HMS Edgar, commandé par le capitaine Bertie, escorte le navire espagnol San Jago à Portsmouth après sa reprise aux Français. L'attribution des parts de prise sur ce navire pose de nombreux problèmes et les  ne sont répartis entre les équipages des HMS Edgar, , ,  et , qui constituaient l'escorte, que le .

En 1794, l'équipage du  se mutine alors que le navire est en rade de Leith. LEdgar reçoit l'ordre de se placer contre le flanc du vaisseau et d'ouvrir le feu si cela est nécessaire à rétablir l'ordre. Un témoignage d'un membre d'équipage du HMS Edgar laisse penser que celui-ci aurait refusé d'ouvrir le feu si l'ordre en avait été donné, car l'équipage considérait les revendications des mutins comme justifiées.

En 1800, l'''Edgar fait partie de la flotte de la Manche de l'amiral Gardner assurant le blocus de Brest. De retour à Plymouth le  pour réparer son grand-mat, le navire repart pour Brest avec le  et rejoint la flotte le . Endommagé par une violente tempête le , il retourne de nouveau à Plymouth.

Le , le capitaine George Murray prend le commandement du HMS Alfred. Le , le navire participe à la bataille de Copenhague. Dans le plan du contre-amiral Nelson, lEdgar est chargé de débarquer 500 marins commandés par le capitaine Fremantle et le  régiment d'infanterie pour s'emparer des batteries des Trois-Couronnes. Le navire mène la ligne de bataille britannique et est le premier à ouvrir le feu sur les vaisseaux danois. Il combat pendant un long moment sans soutien, les  et  qui le suivent dans la ligne de bataille restant bloqués sur les hauts-fonds. Au cours de la bataille, l'équipage compte 31 morts et 115 blessés.

 Guerres napoléoniennes
En , après la conclusion de la paix d'Amiens, le HMS Edgar est envoyé à Chatham pour réparations. Il reprend du service en 1805 et sert de navire amiral à Lord Keith au large du Texel, où il assure le blocus de la flotte hollandaise.

Le , une mutinerie éclate à bord alors que le navire se trouve dans la baie de Cawsand. Les mutins, rassemblés sur le gaillard d'avant, sont dispersés par une salve tirée par la compagnie de bord des Royal Marines. Cinq membres d'équipage, dont le Bosco, sont mis aux fers et jugés à bord du . Tous sont reconnus coupables, bien que les maîtres de lEdgar témoignent qu'ils ne se sont associés à la mutinerie que sous la menace des autres membres de l'équipage. Chacun subit le supplice de la cale, le maître du pont principal, Henry Chesterfield, reçoit de plus 700 coups de fouet et deux ans d'isolement, le bosco, John Rowlands, 300 coups de fouet et 1 an d'isolement, deux des autres accusés 200 coups de fouet et le dernier 500 coups de fouet.

 Guerre des canonnières
En , le HMS Edgar est affecté à la flotte de douze navires, sous les ordres du vice-amiral James Saumarez, envoyée dans la mer Baltique après la déclaration de guerre du Danemark à la Suède, alors alliée du Royaume-Uni. La mission de Saumarez, qui porte sa marque sur le , est de garder ouverte la Baltique pour le commerce britannique et d'y défendre les intérêts du Royaume-Uni.

Lorsque la nouvelle de la déclaration de guerre entre la France et l'Espagne atteint le Danemark, environ  espagnols commandés par le marquis de la Romana décident de quitter le service de la France et de regagner leurs pays. Ils prennent contact avec le contre-amiral Richard Goodwin Keats, sur le , qui commande une petite division dans le Cattégat. Le , les Espagnols s'emparent du port de Nyborg et le 11, les embarcations de lEdgar s'emparent de deux petits navires danois situés dans le port. Les Anglais parviennent à évacuer environ  espagnols. En 1847, l'Amirauté autorise la création d'une médaille commémorative de ce combat, intitulée 11 Aug. Boat Service 1808, et son attribution à tous les survivants de ce combat.

Au début du mois de , le HMS Edgar, accompagné des HMS  et , repère un groupe de trois canonnières danoises. Celles-ci, qui avaient capturé le  au mois d'avril précédent, se réfugient à Grenå, à l'est du Jutland, sous la protection de trois canons côtiers et d'une compagnie d'infanterie. En dépit de cette protection, les Anglais lancent à l'assaut dans la nuit du  hommes sur dix chaloupes et capturent les trois canonnières danoises.

 Dernières années
Le HMS Edgar est retiré du service actif en 1811. En 1813, il est transformé en ponton et renommé Retribution'' en 1815. Le navire est démoli en 1835.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Classe Arrogant (vaisseau de ligne)
Bateau lancé en 1779
Navire construit en Angleterre
Navire démoli en 1835
Ponton (prison flottante)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
var lineHeight = require('../lib/line-height.js'),
    assert = require('proclaim'),
    domify = require('domify'),
    cssControls = require('css-controls');

// Create common fixture actions
function fixtureNode() {
  before(function () {
    var node = domify(this.html);
    document.body.appendChild(node);
    this.node = node;
  });
  after(function () {
    document.body.removeChild(this.node);
  });
}

function processNode() {
  before(function () {
    this.lineHeight = lineHeight(this.node);
  });

  it('has a line-height which is a number', function () {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof this.lineHeight, 'number');
    assert.notEqual(isNaN(this.lineHeight), true);
  });
}

function styleBody(css) {
  before(function () {
    document.body.style.cssText = css;
  });
  after(function () {
    document.body.style.cssText = '';
  });
}

var styleSheet = cssControls.createStyleSheet();
function globalStyle(selector, rule) {
  var index;
  before(function () {
    index = cssControls.addRule(styleSheet, selector, rule);
  });
  after(function () {
    cssControls.removeRule(styleSheet, index);
  });
}

// Basic tests
var _defaultLnHeight;
describe('An unstyled div', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '
abc
';
  });
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    processNode();

    before(function () {
      // Save the line height for other tests
      _defaultLnHeight = this.lineHeight;
    });

    it('has a line-height equal to its height', function () {
      var height = this.node.offsetHeight;
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, height);
    });
  });
});

describe('A line-height styled div', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '
abc
';
  });
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    processNode();

    it('has the styled line-height\'s height', function () {
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, 50);
    });
  });
});

// DEV: Tests and disproves that an element has a constant ratio for its font-size
describe('A font-size styled div', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '
abc
';
  });
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    processNode();

    it('has the styled line-height\'s height', function () {
      var height = this.node.offsetHeight;
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, height);
    });

    it('has a line-height greater than the its font-size', function () {
      var lnHeight = this.lineHeight;
      assert.ok(lnHeight > 50, 'Expected: > 50, Actual: ' + lnHeight);
    });
  });
});

// Intermediate tests
describe('A percentage line-height div', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '
abc
';
  });
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    processNode();

    it('has a line-height equal to its height', function () {
      var height = this.node.offsetHeight;
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, height);
    });

    it('has a line-height greater than the default', function () {
      // DEV: In IE6, 150% !== default * 1.5; 24 !== 28.5 (19 * 1.5)
      var lnHeight = this.lineHeight;
      assert.ok(lnHeight > _defaultLnHeight, 'Expected: > ' + _defaultLnHeight + ' (default), Actual: ' + lnHeight);
    });
  });
});

describe('A relative line-height div', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '
abc
';
  });
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    processNode();

    it('has a line-height equal to its height', function () {
      var height = this.node.offsetHeight;
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, height);
    });

    it('has a line-height greater than the default', function () {
      // DEV: In IE6, 1.3em !== default * 1.3; 22 !== 24.7 (19 * 1.3)
      var lnHeight = this.lineHeight;
      assert.ok(lnHeight > _defaultLnHeight, 'Expected: > ' + _defaultLnHeight + ' (default), Actual: ' + lnHeight);
    });
  });
});

// DEV: This is redundant but the test name is practical
describe('An absolute line-height div', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '
abc
';
  });
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    processNode();

    it('has a line-height equal to 50px', function () {
      var height = this.node.offsetHeight;
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, 50);
    });
  });
});

describe('A numeric line-height div', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '
abc
';
  });
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    processNode();

    it('has a line-height equal to its height', function () {
      var height = this.node.offsetHeight;
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, height);
    });

    it('has a line-height greater than the default', function () {
      // DEV: In IE6, 2.3 !== default * 2.3; 37 !== 43.6999... (19 * 2.3)
      var lnHeight = this.lineHeight;
      assert.ok(lnHeight > _defaultLnHeight, 'Expected: > ' + _defaultLnHeight + ' (default), Actual: ' + lnHeight);
    });
  });
});

// Verify ancestor -> descendant works on global styling to node level
describe('An inherit line-height div', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '
abc
';
  });
  styleBody('line-height: 40px;');
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    processNode();

    it('has a line-height equal to the inherited amount', function () {
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, 40);
    });
  });
});

// Verify ancestor -> descendant works on node to node level
describe('A child in a styled div', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '

abc

';
  });
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    before(function () {
      var childNode = document.getElementById('child');
      this.lineHeight = lineHeight(childNode);
    });

    it('has a line-height equal to the parent\'s line-height', function () {
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, 50);
    });
  });
});

// Advanced tests
// Verify more global styling inheritance
describe('A globally styled body and an unstyled div', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '
abc
';
  });
  styleBody('font-size: 40px;');
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    processNode();

    it('has a line-height equal to its height', function () {
      var height = this.node.offsetHeight;
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, height);
    });

    it('has a line-height greater than the body\'s font-size', function () {
      var lnHeight = this.lineHeight;
      assert.ok(lnHeight > 40, 'Expected: > 40, Actual: ' + lnHeight);
    });
  });
});

// Kitchen sink tests
// Testing a pt unit type explicitly
describe('A pt line-height div', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '
abc
';
  });
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    processNode();

    it('has a line-height equal to its height', function () {
      var height = this.node.offsetHeight;
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, height);
    });

    // DEV: This verifies our conversion is correct
    it('has a line-height of 36px', function () {
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, 27 * 4/3);
    });
  });
});

// Testing a mm unit type explicitly (IE6)
describe('A mm line-height div', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '
abc
';
  });
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    processNode();

    it('has a line-height equal to its height', function () {
      var height = this.node.offsetHeight;
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, height);
    });

    // DEV: This verifies our conversion is correct
    it('has a line-height of 192px', function () {
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, 192); // 50.8 * 96/25.4
    });
  });
});

// Testing a cm unit type explicitly (IE6)
describe('A cm line-height div', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '
abc
';
  });
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    processNode();

    it('has a line-height equal to its height', function () {
      var height = this.node.offsetHeight;
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, height);
    });

    // DEV: This verifies our conversion is correct
    it('has a line-height of 96px', function () {
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, 96); // 2.54 * 96/2.54
    });
  });
});

// Testing a in unit type explicitly (IE6)
describe('A in line-height div', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '
abc
';
  });
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    processNode();

    it('has a line-height equal to its height', function () {
      var height = this.node.offsetHeight;
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, height);
    });

    // DEV: This verifies our conversion is correct
    it('has a line-height of 192px', function () {
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, 192); // 2 * 96
    });
  });
});

// Testing a pc unit type explicitly (IE6)
describe('A pc line-height div', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '
abc
';
  });
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    processNode();

    it('has a line-height equal to its height', function () {
      var height = this.node.offsetHeight;
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, height);
    });

    // DEV: This verifies our conversion is correct
    it('has a line-height of 32px', function () {
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, 32); // 2pc * 12pt/1pc * 4px/3pt
    });
  });
});

// Mass test all other unit types
// DEV: Units taken from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/length
var cssLengths = ['em', 'ex', 'ch', 'rem', 'vh', 'vw', 'vmin', 'vmax', 'px', 'mm', 'cm', 'in', 'pt', 'pc', 'mozmm'],
    i = cssLengths.length;
function testCssLength(cssLength) {
  describe('A ' + cssLength + ' line-height div', function () {
    before(function () {
      this.html = '
abc
';
    });
    fixtureNode();

    describe('processed by line-height', function () {
      processNode();

      it('has a line-height equal to its height', function () {
        var height = this.node.offsetHeight;
        assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, height);
      });
    });
  });
}
while (i--) {
  testCssLength(cssLengths[i]);
}

// Verify there is no bleeding between
describe('An em line-height with a pt font div', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '
abc
';
  });
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    processNode();

    it('has a line-height equal to its height', function () {
      var height = this.node.offsetHeight;
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, height);
    });

    it('has a line-height greater than the default', function () {
      var lnHeight = this.lineHeight;
      assert.ok(lnHeight > _defaultLnHeight, 'Expected: > ' + _defaultLnHeight + ' (default), Actual: ' + lnHeight);
    });
  });
});

// Verify we return a line-height specific for a the tag type (e.g. h2 over div)
describe('A div-specific font-size style and an h2', function () {
  before(function () {
    this.html = '
abc
';
  });
  globalStyle('div', 'font-size: 60px;');
  fixtureNode();

  describe('processed by line-height', function () {
    processNode();

    it('has a line-height equal to its height', function () {
      var height = this.node.offsetHeight;
      assert.strictEqual(this.lineHeight, height);
    });

    it('has a line-height under the div font-size', function () {
      var lnHeight = this.lineHeight;
      assert.ok(lnHeight < 60, 'Expected: < 60, Actual: ' + lnHeight);
    });
  });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home › Celebrity › Actors
Real nameHugh Michael Jackman
Date of birthOctober 12, 1968
Zodiac signLibra
BirthplaceSydney, Australia
Christopher John Jackman
Grace McNeil
Sonya Jackman, Zoe Jackman
Ralph Jackman, Ian Jackman
Hugh Jackman wife
Deborra-lee Furness
Hugh Jackman 2 kids
Oscar Jackman
Adoptive son
with Deborra-lee
Ava Jackman
Adoptive daughter
Hugh Jackman is most famed for the part of Wolverine in the X-Men franchise. However, he is a much more interesting and multi-talented personality who earned Grammy, Tony, Golden Globe awards along with being a nominee for Oscar and BAFTA.
Hugh drew his first breath in the family of accountant Christopher John Jackman and his spouse. Following his parents' divorce, he and his brothers, Ian and Ralph, remained with their dad while their sisters Sonya and Zoe relocated to England with their mom. The celebrity also has a maternal half-sister.
Though he loved performing arts since childhood, Hugh didn't believe that it could be his steady job until he obtained a part in Correlli television series. After that, he worked on stage before turning into an international star in 2000 thanks to starring in X-Men. He proceeded with playing in other movies of the series as well as embarked on independent project The Wolverine.
Today, Hugh Jackman is also noted for starring in Kate & Leopold, Swordfish, Van Helsing, The Prestige, Deception, Real Steel, Eddie the Eagle and The Greatest Showman movies. He established production company Seed Productions and executive produced the series Viva Laughlin.
Furthermore, his other passion is music. Hugh sings and is good at playing the guitar, piano and violin. He performed in many musicals and even went on a tour in 2019.
Apart from the entertainment industry, Jackman dedicates much time to philanthropic work and supports numerous charities. In 2011, he launched Laughing Man Coffee company, donating the profits to needy children plus supporting educational and social programs for entrepreneurs.
On April 11, 1996, Hugh got hitched to Deborra-Lee Furness. They wanted to have kids but passed through two miscarriages. In 2000, the spouses adopted son Oscar and in 2005, their family was expanded by a baby girl named Ava.
A curious fact: Hugh doesn't smoke in real life and hates doing that on screen.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Tax deduction about led lighting systems is not unique nor specific. This is due to the fact that there is currently a law or a decree that makes express reference to led lamps.
However, in the context of restructuring and upgrading, you can make purchases for led lighting systems and subsequently the deduction.
You should remember that the led lighting has several benefits: it does not pollute, save energy compared to other lighting systems, low maintenance costs, has a lifespan of up to 50,000 or 100,000 hours and high luminous efficiency.
The first referenced law is the Law 296/2006 in terms of Rehabilitation, which introduces concessions towards the cost of renovation of buildings, with more attention to the environment.
Excluding the seismic operations, clearly not relevant to light fixtures, let's see in more detail the other points.
4 building renovation: who can deduct the expenses?
In the case of deductions to 65% for energy upgrading do not talk about lighting, but the overall redevelopment of the building, with reference to heating systems.
– the replacement of winter heating.
So no deduction at 65% for LED, says Remzfamily.
The body that defines the modes of enquiry and legal obligations for those who decide to make use of this opportunity (whether individuals, companies or public administration) is the Enea.
The Italian National Agency for new technologies, energy and sustainable economic development will receive electronically communicating by those who performed the work within a maximum period of 90 days after the conclusion of the works.
information sheet (with data specific to the various interventions).
The end date is the day on which work was performed the testing. If the intervention executed does not require testing, may be made for specific documentation, issued by technicians who carry out the work. Self declarations are not allowed.
To take advantage of the deduction is however the installation must be installed to meet the energy needs of the home (i.e. for household electrical appliances, lighting, power, etc.) and, therefore, that it is placed directly in the service of the House. These interventions can be achieved even in the absence of building construction in the strict sense, acquiring appropriate documentation attesting the awarding of energy savings in accordance with local regulations.
From 1 January 2016 the facility will be replaced with the tax deduction of 36% planned for expenditure on building renovations.
Building renovation: who can deduct the expenses?
Can access the deductions individuals, sole traders and partnerships (who pay INCOME TAX) but only for properties not used for homes and condos.
All deductible expenses must be paid by Bank or postal transfer, to be the reason for payment, the tax code of the recipient of the deduction and the tax code/VAT registration number of the payee.
Deduction to be simply referred to in tax cadastral data of the property and, if the works are made by the owner, the extremes of register of the Act which constitutes title and other data required for the control of the deduction.
The stability law confirmed the bonus furniture for 2015, foreseeing a remission of 50% contribution for buying appliances and furniture (and not 65%, as is the case for the rehabilitation of buildings).
In this case we speak of deduction of the costs of purchase of lighting related to (such as lamps, lights & reflectors for indoors and outdoors).
The bonus is only suitable if you make renovations on residential units or common parts of residential buildings, always.
For the individual apartments, the bonus is scheduled for maintenance (and not even ordinary as communal parts), restructuring aid, in whole or in part and for the restoration and rehabilitation.
Can take advantage of the deduction all resident and non-resident taxpayers, although holders of business income, who have, for whatever reason, the property concerned.
Again like building renovation expenses, payments must be made through Bank transfer or postal, with reason code currently used for credit transfers related to the renovation tax subsidized; tax code of the beneficiary of the deduction; VAT number or fiscal code of the recipient of the payment. In this case are allowed credit and debit card payments. Also in this case goes all in tax return.


How works the move planner?
Going to stream Shattered Throne this afternoon.
When the site goes down, what's the underlying issue?
Why don't league games use FoW?
What's going on in awbw?
Where can I get the information about the maintainance break?
New game recommendation-Ancient Empire II: PVP chess game which is playable on PC and Android, continuously updating!
Sasha on 0 funds per property?


text:
Q: Speeding up a search through an array in Perl by altering data structure I have a subroutine, which receives a word stored as a string. This string is then compared to every line of an array containing many lines.  Each line contains one or more words.  The point is to compare the incoming word to each line of the array to see if it matches ANY of the words in the lines of the array, first listed or otherwise.
The subroutine receives a string value called $name.  $name is then used to search through a text file that is stored in an array called @ASlist.  foreach line in @ASlist, the line is split into cells and made into another array called @synonymns.  This is cycled through using a for loop, in which a matching operator is working to find if $name matches with $synonymns[$i].  When a match is found, the first and matching entry in @synonyms goes into a container @collectmatches.
For example, if $name is hot, it would need to match up with the following line which could be anywhere in the array
luke, warm, hot, burning

and return the values (luke,  hot).
sub compareAS {

my ($name) = @_;
chomp $name;

my @collectmatches = ();

foreach my $ASline ( @ASlist ){

    my @synonyms = split("\t", $ASline );

    for ( my $i = 0; $i < scalar @synonyms; $i++ ){
         chomp $synonyms[ $i ];

          if ( $name =~m/\b\Q$synonyms[$i]\E\b/i    ){

                   push ( @collectmatches, $synonyms[0], $synonyms[$i] );
          }

         else {

         }
    }
}

return @collectmatches;
}

When the source of my $names is big, this is very slow, taking overnight to run.  A hash does not seem appropriate, for two reasons.  One, a hash is a one-to-one type of mapping, and I have lists of synonyms where the $name can be potentially matched to one of many.  Two, while the keys of a hash can be quickly searched using exist, the values cannot.  Knowing if a value existed would speed things up.  Is there some other way I could structure my data to speed this process?
One idea is to also have the array stored as a giant string, and see if $name can be matched somewhere within the array.  If not, the sub can return nothing, and the script can go on to send in another $name to the sub.  If so, the match might be spurious or real.  If a match is made, then the array can be search line by line, as above.  If it doesn't find a match, the match was spurious, and the script can go on with a new $name.  If it does find a match, it gets collected into @collectmatches.

A: Your requirement is very unclear, but I suggest that your @ASlist could be replaced by a hash, where the keys are all the words anywhere in the lines, and the value is a reference to an array of all the lines that it appears in.
This program shows the idea. If you gave some more representative data then it could better demonstrate the principle. In this case, each line from the file is converted into an array of words
[ 'luke', 'warm', 'hot', 'burning' ]

and the hash has four keys luke, warm, hot, and burning. The values corresponding to each of these keys is a list of all the lists in which that word appears, so after reading in the file, the hash %ASlist looks like this
(
  burning => [["luke", "warm", "hot", "burning"]],
  hot     => [["luke", "warm", "hot", "burning"]],
  luke    => [["luke", "warm", "hot", "burning"]],
  warm    => [["luke", "warm", "hot", "burning"]],
)

I have kept to the output that you say you want, being the first word in each line and the word that was being searched for, but this seems a little strange and I imagine is a convenience for some other purpose that you don't mention. The map call at the end of the subroutine is there to discard all but those two words.
It would be simpler if a word could only ever appear only in one line in the file, but you haven't said anything about that so I have assumed that a word can appear many times in many lines. Hence the result of the subroutine is an array of arrays.
use strict;
use warnings;
use autodie;

open my $as_fh, '<', 'as.txt';

my %ASlist;
while (<$as_fh>) {
  chomp;
  my @words = split /\t/;
  push @{ $ASlist{$_} }, \@words for @words;
}

use Data::Dump;
dd synonyms('hot');

sub synonyms {
  my ($name) = @_;
  return unless my $match = $ASlist{$name};
  map [ $_->[0], $name ], @$match;
}

output
["luke", "hot"]

A: Just use a hash, like you already proposed:
my %synonyms;

BEGIN {
    for (@ASlist) {
        my ($keyword) = my @words = split ' ';
        push @{$synonyms{lc $_}}, $keyword for @words;
    }
}

sub compareAS {
    my ($name) = @_;

    my @collectmatches = ();

    for my $word (split ' ', $name) {
        for my $keyword (@{$synonyms{lc $word}}) {
            push @collectmatches, $keyword, $word;
        }
    }

    return @collectmatches;
}

A: I've done this before on a file with 500,000 lines. I found Perl grep to be fast enough for me. The reason: customer file had a column that contained a key value, and this key value was repeated on multiple rows. I had to find every row that contained a key value.
my($i,$findme,@file,@found,$fn);
$findme="1234-abc"; # Find this value on every line in the file.
$fn="input.txt";
open(INFILE,">".$fn) || die "ERROR: Could not open $fn";
@file=<INFILE>; # Read whole file into array
@found=grep(/$findme/g,@file); # Each entry in @found contains the whole line that had a match with $findme
for each $i (@found)
   {print "Found $i\n";
   }
close(INFILE);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


As a person who has lived all his life in one of most vibrant global cities, I didn't really know how it would feel to live in a small Irish town. Castlebar is located in County Mayo, which is the third largest county in Ireland. Every place has its pros and cons, but when it comes to Castlebar, I think it is one of the finest and fastest growing towns in Ireland! It's a place where you can make friends easily, simply by just smiling at the person you're passing by.
Beautiful sunny view of the main street of Castlebar Town Centre.
My journey started the day my uncle and aunt picked me up from Dublin Airport, and drove for the three-hour route westward to Castlebar. The breath-taking scenery I saw on the journey left me speechless. Having photography as my hobby made me even more excited as I thought about all the scenery and landscape shots that lay ahead of me. We all know that the trees are green, but here you will see the depths of different shades of green in every tree.
An evening shot of Lough Lannagh Lake located in Castlebar, Ireland.
Traditional houses with wooden interiors, thatched roofs and a smokestack was something I had only seen in movies. Lighting an open fire with a group of friends in freezing cold weather is something that gives you traditional Irish vibes. The idea of placing coal, turf and wood in a chimney for a long lasting fire, is something I wouldn't have learned in a life where the only source of heating was gas or electricity.
Breath-taking sunset at Lough Lannagh Lake, Castlebar, Ireland.
As a Pakistani, living in the western world was a massive change of culture and traditions from what I was accustomed. Apart from the unpredictable weather, settling into life here has been "grand". Evolving into a different person has made me realise, apart from living style differences we are all so much related to each other. It takes time to understand the new surroundings, but once you do, you start to enjoy life from another perspective as well. The moment you have the right instant answer for "what's the craic?" you know you can enjoy the Celtic vibes.
A visit to Cliffs of Moher where these sea cliffs meet the Atlantic Ocean. Located in County Clare, Ireland.
Education doesn't only come from the books we study, but travelling itself is a great way to educate yourself. As the Irish saying goes — an té a bhíónn siúlach, bíonn scéalach, in English — he who travels has stories to tell. My parting words — in my opinion, Ireland definitely is a decision worth taking!


Bauhof & Associates is one of lawyers - adoption divorce & family law (lawyers - adoption divorce & family law) we can find in Westminster, Maryland. Located at 30 North Court St, 21157. You can contact them by phone at (410)876-4500.
10 website users and contributor has written a review about Bauhof & Associates. Scroll down the page to see them. Remember, don't always believe info on internet, to see the real condition of Bauhof & Associates, please visit the real place.


Planted in the heart of Paris, we stand on the Left Bank of the Seine, looking upstream toward the wrought-iron Pont des Arts. A ferry pulls up to the quayside, crowded with commuters and idlers from all walks of life: leisured ladies in bright crinolines and smartly turned-out dandies, scrappy street urchins and soldiers in crimson trousers, romping dogs and a blue-smocked working man, seated on the riverbank. Up the ramp at right, secondhand booksellers trade in the shadow of the domed Institut de France, while on the horizon at left appear the brand-new theaters of the Place du Châtelet. The crisp shadows and liberally applied black are typical of Renoir's early career, when the artist and his friend Monet set out to document their changing city in a celebrated series of views to which this one belongs.
(Max Silberberg and Hugo Simon sale, Paris, Galerie Georges Petit, 9 June 1932, lot 25, ill., bought in at FF. 133,000).
This crisp view of Paris on the Seine is one of Pierre Auguste Renoir's first outdoor studies in a modern urban environment. Fashionably dressed Parisians enjoy a stroll; tourists stream on and off a river steamer decorated with the French flag. Along the bottom of the scene are the shadows of people on the Pont du Carrousel, which was just over Renoir's head as he stood at his easel to paint this cityscape.
Renoir's painting can be seen as a celebration of Second-Empire Paris under Napoleon III, who reigned from 1852 to 1870. The city is clean, spacious, airy, and bright. Many Parisians were enjoying increased prosperity. Renoir chose a view that reminds us of the prominence of culture in this period of urban renaissance. In the background on the right is the dome of the Institut, home of the Académie, the French art establishment. On the left, you can also spot the roofs of the newly completed Chatelet theaters. At the far right, Renoir included a poorly-dressed woman and two children. And at the left, a workman in a blue smock sits alone at the river's edge. These small figures are subtle reminders that some people were not so fortunate in Napoleon's new Paris.
The sketchy figures, dancing light and contemporary subject anticipate Impressionism. In 1872, this canvas was purchased by Paul Durand-Ruel, the most influential art dealer in Paris. It's the first painting Renoir sold to Durand-Ruel, who later became a major dealer of the Impressionists.


Engagement Ring Care Icon / Plus Created with Sketch. Page 1 Created with Sketch.
Are there any times when I should not be wearing my engagement ring? Icon / Plus Created with Sketch. Page 1 Created with Sketch.
We realize that you love your engagement ring and never want to take it off. However, your ring is made using precious metals and gems and should be treated with care. This means that it is best not to wear your ring while bathing, gardening, engaging in sports, going to the gym or any other activity that could potentially be abrasive to your engagement ring.
How often should I have my engagement ring serviced by Ken & Dana Design? Icon / Plus Created with Sketch. Page 1 Created with Sketch.
We recommend having your engagement ring professionally cleaned and inspected every 6 months. We offer this service to our clients free of charge.
Does Ken and Dana offer any other services? Icon / Plus Created with Sketch. Page 1 Created with Sketch.
We highly recommend insuring your Ken & Dana Design engagement ring to protect your jewelry from any unforeseen circumstances. Currently, we do not offer insurance. However, you may wish to add your ring to your homeowner's or renter's insurance policy or we can assist you on collecting some quotes from companies we hold in high regard.
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Do you offer free maintenance on your engagement rings? Icon / Plus Created with Sketch. Page 1 Created with Sketch.
Yes. We recommend having your engagement ring professionally cleaned and inspected every 6 months. Your ring should also be immediately serviced if it has undergone trauma, such as being dropped or struck. Even if your ring looks to be unharmed, it may have issues that can only be detected by a professional. These inspections will make sure that the prongs are secure, which helps to prevent the loss of your diamond or gemstone if your ring has been inadvertently damaged. Ken & Dana Design provides this service to our clients free of charge. If you live in the NYC area, simply send us an email to info@kenanddanadesign.com to schedule an appointment for inspection and cleaning. If you don't live in the NYC area, start by sending us an email to info@kenanddanadesign.com with "free maintenance check" in the subject line. Do not ship your item out until you have received e-mail confirmation and a return shipping fee for your shipping label from a Ken & Dana Design team member. Once you have received confirmation and paid for return shipping, you may send your ring to us for a maintenance checkup. Please be sure to carefully wrap your jewelry with proper padding. The package must be insured for the total purchase amount. The client will be responsible for all shipping fees and any customs duties or clearance for all shipments. If we discover that your ring needs to be refurbished, it will not be available for immediate pick-up or immediate return-shipping. The time for refurbishing varies depending on the service and we will provide you with an estimate of the delivery date and associated costs (if applicable) once we have inspected the ring.
Do you offer free cleaning? Icon / Plus Created with Sketch. Page 1 Created with Sketch.
Yes. Feel free to make an appointment for a complimentary cleaning as often as you like. If you live in the NYC area, simply send an email to info@kenanddanadesign.com to schedule an appointment for cleaning. The process will only take about 30 minutes. If you don't live in the NYC area, start by sending us an email to info@kenanddanadesign.com with "free cleaning" in the subject line. Do not send your item out until you have received confirmation and a return shipping fee from a Ken & Dana Design team member. Once you have received confirmation and paid for return shipping, you may send your ring to us for a complimentary cleaning. Please be sure to carefully wrap your jewelry with proper padding. The package must be insured for the total purchase amount. The client will be responsible for all shipping fees and any customs duties or clearance for all shipments. Ken & Dana Design is not responsible for lost or damaged items during transit. If you are shipping your ring to us, please allow one to two days for cleaning.
Can I use another jeweler to size or repair my Ken & Dana Design ring after purchase? Icon / Plus Created with Sketch. Page 1 Created with Sketch.
We do not recommend that you use another jeweler to work on your Ken & Dana Design engagement ring. Not all jewelers are created equal and it takes a master craftsperson to work on our unique designs. Additionally, repair or service by a jeweler or designer other than Ken & Dana Design will void the warranty that comes with our engagement rings and wedding bands.


text:
Q: iOS Navigation Bar Icon Size iPhone 6 Excuse me if this has been asked but I cannot seem to find a good answer.
I have vector PNG icons that were generated at 64x64 pixels.
What I'm trying figure out is how to add them as custom nav bar button icons so they look good in iOS8/iPhone 6 down to iPhone4s.
It seems like when I add the 64x64 icon in XCode and associate the icon with the custom button it doesn't scale down, it just remains 64x64 which is too big for the nav bar itself.
What is the best way to handle this? I don't want want it to look pixelated in in retina.

A: You need add to project 2 files for each devices scales with such names:

*

*your_icon_name@2x.png - for iPhone4, 4s, 5, 5s and iPhone6;

*your_icon_name@3x.png - for iPhone6 plus.

https://developer.apple.com/library/IOs/documentation/UserExperience/Conceptual/MobileHIG/IconMatrix.html - The sizes of icons for each scale.
https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/LoadingResources/ImageSoundResources/ImageSoundResources.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/10000051i-CH7-SW17 - This to learn deeper about different resolutions support in iOS.


Add the following sentence to 2.1.2 Healing.
As a weekly action any Resting survivor may increase their stamina by 5.
Once per week? After not taking *any* weekly or daily actions for 2 days?
, although I notice that increasing your Stamina in that manner means you are no longer Resting.
per Bucky; I wasn't sure about balance until that was pointed out.


Congratulations to Ted on completing the Level 4 Instructors and Mentors Award in Survival, Bushcraft and Wilderness Living Skills. As is the custom, a new instructor is presented with an old instructor's jacket with the coveted logo. Thanks Graham for the presentation and well done again Ted.


text:
My Great Mum by Anne Morris
I have come to the end of my long working life and have found myself facing boxes of letters and photos that have been hidden behind chairs and under beds for a long time, all passed down to me. It is now time to get them out for examination. If I can write a few stories that will highlight my past adventures and reflect on my discoveries of what I have learnt, that will be of some comfort to me.
My mother, Kathleen, Kay, Kitty, daughter, sister, wife and a mother to me, her last child, a
girl after birthing four boys. She was not a traditional beauty, her face was open and sweet, soft blond hair and blue eyes. When I think of her, I always see her dressed well — straight skirts, blouses with a little embroidery collar, warm pretty cardigans, stockings and heels. She was a great outdoors woman too, loved gardening and camping.
In her youth she was popular and loved to dance and had many boyfriends. She met my father Selwyn through her brother John, they were both doing medicine in Otago, Mum always said she had made a good "catch", he had "brains"!
After my Father died in 1956, she packed up the tent on to the top of the Worsley car and drove us down to the South Island to my eldest brother 's wedding in Christchurch before Christmas. On the way Mum picked up the twins from boarding school, at the end of carol service and we continued on to Hamilton for the night.
The next day, it was a long drive to Wellington to board the inter-island ferry to Lyttelton. The car with its fully loaded roof-rack was driven on to a platform and lifted by crane onto the ship's deck for the overnight journey. After the wedding we drove down to Dunedin where we stayed a few days, then wound our way through central Otago, visiting the newly completed Roxburgh dam, from Alexandra to Queenstown, where we camped in the pouring rain.
The thrill of going through the Homer tunnel with water dripping from the unsealed roof, it was so primitive, drilled through rock, rough and raw and very wet. Mum had the windscreen wipers on. Would we get through to the other side? A trip on a boat on Milford Sound seeing the thundering falls up close and spraying our faces. I was seven years old, from Remuera in the tropical north and I'd never seen anything like it. It was magic.
The journey continued, on to Wanaka climbing over the Crown Range on a metal road, the car swinging side to side, zigzagging the Lindis Pass into the Mackenzie country. We visited the Hermitage and viewed Mt Cook in the distance, stopped at Lake Tekapo to look at the lake, through the window of the church. My mother handled the big car with its weighted roof-rack extremely confidently driving all the way to Arthurs Pass and the West coast — not through the Haast Pass, as that road wasn't completed until 1960 — to Franz Joseph, Fox Glacier and back up to Greymouth and further north again, visiting the pancake rocks, at Punakaiki and the Buller gorge all the way to Murchison. There we turned back and drove to Christchurch to catch the ferry to Wellington to make our way Home, the boot heavy with rocks from the South Island rivers.
Although we had lost our dear father and were a family grieving, my mother turned her life around and became a renewed pioneering woman. She inspired us all with her strength.


text:
Carey Center for Democratic Capitalism
www.democratic-capitalism.com
Open letter to educators:
Our Founders conditioned the success of this great democratic experiment on the "will and wisdom" of well-educated citizens. America can again lead the world towards the benefits of freedom if educated people regain control of economic and foreign policies. This will not happen unless the universities embrace the mission of elevating and uniting the people. In this effort please consider my book Democratic Capitalism, in which I describe how to harmonize democracy and capitalism on The Way to a World of Peace and Plenty.
The post-modernists threw the baby out with the bath water when they rejected
capitalism along with the other "isms," communism, socialism, and fascism, as failed 20th- century "single solutions" for improvement of the human condition. They thus lumped the system, imperfect as it is, that has freed hundreds of millions of people to live a better life with the systems that denied freedom and killed hundreds of millions. If they had examined capitalism, instead of rejecting it, they would have found an underlying synthesis of Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and John Stuart Mill, according to which economic freedom, properly defined, can eliminate material scarcity in the world, and economic common purpose can raise the standard of living and steadily reduce the violence. Moreover, they would have found that this democratic capitalism maximizes the broad distribution of wealth because it encourages each person to seek their potential in a moral environment.
Any revision of the curriculum to educate students to be effective citizens will gain focus by defining the superior economic system as the centerpiece of social progress. The intellectual community has persistently favored political fixes for social problems but ignored economic solutions. This had led to failure and the abandonment of idealism by many. For example, Harvard professor John Rawls's A Theory Of Justice (1971 ) sold hundreds of thousands of copies and encouraged many to seek a just society. Twenty years later he abandoned idealism and declared that political liberalism "had no such ambitions" to find a comprehensive secular doctrine for the advancement of society. This rejection of the ideal, the means, and process, the legacy from the 18th--century Enlightenment, is the root cause of why our universities are failing to adequately prepare citizens. It is the reason that cynicism and relativism dominate our society, with knowledge fragmented and over-specialized in academia's inadequate integration. It is the reason that many in academia would ridicule any mission to unify and elevate.
Harvard professor Edward Wilson took the opposite view and challenged the universities in his book, Consilience, to integrate knowledge for human betterment. He defended the Enlightenment as having "got most of it right," and proposed an end to the culture war between sciences and humanities by treating the boundary as "unexplored terrain needing cooperative entry from both directions."
President Bok of Harvard commented that in two decades of faculty meetings he never once heard a serious discussion of how to better educate students for their responsibilities as citizens. He further commented that the results of that neglect were all too visible. Dean Stanley Fish of the University of Chicago, however, disagrees with Bok's mission to educate students to be better citizens. He declared in an article in The New York Times that education for citizenship is not the function of the university.
How then should society view "higher learning" in which administrators and professors have differences this fundamental about the university's mission? As Francis Bacon advised early in the 17th century: "It is not possible to run the course aright, when the goal itself has not been rightly placed."
The world was ready after the demise of communism to unite in economic common purpose. Instead of leading in this unique opportunity, the country that had shown the world the benefits of economic freedom corrupted its own economic system to one that is short-term and greedy, and corrupted its foreign policy to one that is militaristic and imperialistic. Capitalism and democracy are in tension whereas they should be in harmony. America is in urgent need for reform in both areas, but the corruptions have happened because the lack of citizen education has allowed a policy vacuum to be filled by an arrogant and ignorant few. What could be more important than to educate students at every level in the reasons why tension between democracy and capitalism dominates and how it can be displaced by harmony?
The universities are now failing to unite and elevate society because their post-modern politicized environment demeans idealism. Since universities left their religious roots in the 19th century, they have not found a secular alternative consistent with the values of religion. Democratic capitalism, however, can break this distracting gridlock because it is based on moral principles common to religion and humanism: the worth and potential of each human harmonized in an environment of trust and cooperation. This teaching is consistent with Marx's advice that: "the free development of each, is the condition for the free development of all." Marx's proposal to change the work culture from alienation to cooperation is also the way to maximize broadly distributed wealth. Whether one draws on religion, Enlightenment philosophy, social sciences, or Information Age business practice, harmonization of individual ambitions with the instinct for social cooperation leads to superior performance in a powerful, universal moral system.
This is not abstract theory. Studies by Harvard Professor Robert Putnam in northern Italy of a community with a concentration of cooperatives led him to the conclusion that trust and cooperation in the work place do flow into the contiguous community. This benign infection was documented by a reduction in crime and cost of protection.
My bookshould be helpful because I examine democratic capitalism as the superior mode of production for the post-capitalist society. This economic system, by providing opportunities for every human to seek their potential, is rooted in optimism that will displace the pessimism of the post-modernists. Democratic capitalism has been in gestation for over two centuries since the time of Adam Smith, and later, Marx and Mill, but current developments make its emergence and further refinement especially promising: The superiority of democratic capitalism has been demonstrated in thousands of companies in terms of humanization of the work place, and positive effect of long-term profitability; economic freedom has now been verified by China and India where 500 million humans have been released from extreme poverty in a mere decade; Information Age industries around the world demand the democratic work culture as a competitive necessity; and in the United States, wage earners' pension and 401(k) savings are now a major source of investment capital. The fact that this capital is now being exploited is an intolerable contradiction. During this same time, the European Union has confirmed that economic common purpose can stop the violence: They have ceased centuries of killing millions of their young men in stupid wars.
Please visit the Carey Center for Democratic Capitalism website: www.democratic-capitalism.com for my background, and a description of the Carey Scholars program. Although my career was running companies, I have had the opportunity to examine what students were learning, and not learning, through my communication with more than fifty Carey Scholars over the past thirteen years.
Never has the responsibility of the university to educate, elevate, and unite been greater. Is it not time for the universities to engage in the intellectual process necessary to formulate this mission? In my book, I propose "Enlightenment II" for undertaking this examination.
Resolution of this confusion of mission in the universities will determine the direction of society in the 21st century.


What to Wear – Holiday Party Edition!
It's the hap-hapiest season of all, with those holiday greetings and gay happy meetings… but what in the heck are you going to wear?? Never fear, the family at Bremer Jewelry is here to make sure that whatever the "happy meeting," you are accessorized with enviable style and sophistication.
First up let's take a look at the most common type of holiday gathering – the casual one. We're talking neighborhood brunch, the cozy famly visit at your parent's house, or the holiday open house at your kids' school. You need to be comfy, but classy. The easiest way to pull this off is to pair a comfortable, casual outfit and good quality accessories with a touch of sparkle. We suggest a Shinola watch with a pop of fun color to match your favorite sweater, casual yet classic diamond stud earrings (these are from the Alchemy Collection® by Forevermark DIES12286 – $1,940), and an edgy, stackable diamond ring (also from the Alchemy Collection – 1DIRG24422 – $2,300). The gleaming yellow gold and diamond bangle (1DIBB03604 – $1,980) from our "Milestones" Collection will add some glimmer to your wrist. Finally, add a conversation starter like our popular "To The Moon and Back" crescent moon necklace (KGPE23804 – $395) inspired by America's hit TV Show This Is US.
Holidays are a favorite time for charity galas and formal weddings. It's not every day that the dress code says "black tie" so embrace the occasion and get your glam on! Satin, chiffon, velvet, faux fur, and sparkles. We think the holidays are the perfect time to break out a gorgeous and eye-catching jewelry tone like this amazing tourmaline and diamond pendant from Simon G. (TRPE00687 -$3,080). Grace your wrist with a glittering diamond bracelet (1DIBR13094 – $30,000) and your ears with these hoops featuring The World's Perfectly Cut Diamonds (1DIER27011 – $9,900). Add a final flourish like Henri Daussi's five stone halo band (BWBDI19935 – $15,369) and show them how it's done!
Ugly sweaters, unite! Whether you decorate your own, thrift something vintage, or borrow from your parents, you'll want to check that crazy with some solid style. I mean, it's all about not taking yourself too seriously, but that doesn't mean you shouldn't wear some pretties. Reach for some modern geometric dangle earrings (these are from ELLE FAER08253 – $100) and a shimmery necklace from PANDORA Shine® (PDNE2687 – $200). Les Georgettes has the perfectly coordinated cuff bracelet and your trusty Shinola will let you politely check the time without phubbing anyone!
Your family at Bremer Jewelry hopes all your holiday gatherings shine bright with love and laughter (and maybe a diamond or two)!


text:
Characterisation of a household norovirus outbreak occurred in Valencia (Spain)
Noelia Carmona-Vicente1,
Manuel Fernández-Jiménez1,
Susana Vila-Vicent1,
Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz1 &
Javier Buesa1
Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the main cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Several studies have linked human susceptibility to NoVs with the expression of histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). In January 2012, a NoV gastroenteritis outbreak affected a household in Valencia, Spain, and the personal susceptibility to NoV was investigated.
To reach this aim 8 members of the affected household were recruited for this study and their secretor status, ABO and Lewis antigens were determined. NoV-specific saliva IgA and serum IgG antibody titers were analyzed. Their capacity to block viral binding to saliva receptors was analyzed, using virus-like particles (VLPs) of the NoV GII.4 genotype, 2006b variant, and saliva from a secretor O blood type donor.
The most relevant finding was that an asymptomatic non-secretor individual shed NoVs in his stools. Interestingly, anti-NoV IgA antibody titers in saliva from secretor and non-secretor individuals showed no differences. On the contrary, high titers of NoV-specific IgG antibody were found in both convalescent sera and in sera collected 1 year post-infection, but only from secretor individuals. NoV GII.4-2006b VLP binding to receptors present in the saliva was efficiently blocked only by sera from secretor positive individuals.
Despite the small number of individuals involved in this outbreak, this study reinforces the idea that susceptibility to human NoV is both dependent on the HBGA profile of the individuals as well as on the viral genotype and variant. We also show that the immunity to NoV lasts for at least 1 year after infection, demonstrating that symptomatic infections strongly stimulate immune responses.
Noroviruses (NoVs), members of the Caliciviridae family, are small, positive-polarity RNA viruses and the most important cause of human viral gastroenteritis worldwide [1]. They are classified into 7 genogroups, although genogroups I (GI) and GII cause most human NoV infections [2]. These two genogroups are subdivided into 9 and 22 different genotypes, respectively. Several genotype GII.4 variants have emerged and caused the majority of all NoV-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks and sporadic infections over the past 2 decades [3]. It has been shown that there are differences in NoV susceptibility in humans [4]. This different susceptibility is associated to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) (i.e. the ABO blood group, the Lewis phenotype and the secretor status) [5] since NoVs recognize human histo-blood group antigens [6–8].
The expression of the α-1,2-fucosyltransferase (FucT II) enzyme, encoded by the FUT2 gene, determines the secretor status of an individual [9]. Secretor positive individuals have A, B, H, Leb and/or Ley antigens. In contrast, secretor negative or non-secretor individuals have an inactive FUT2, leading to the lack of A, B, H, Leb and/or Ley antigens. However, they may be Lea and Lex positive as products of FUT3 [10, 11]. The Lewis antigen is determined by the expression of the α-1,3-fucosyltransferase (FucT III) enzyme encoded by FUT3. Homozygous carriers of inactive FUT3 alleles lack Lea and Leb structures, and such individuals are denoted Lewis-negative and constitute about 5 % of the Caucasian population. In addition to HBGAs, intestinal microbiota seems to have a role in susceptibility to NoV infection. It was recently demonstrated that human NoV infection can take place in vitro by using B cells as hosts and that this infectivity is linked to the intestinal microbiota [12]. In agreement with these findings, murine NoV (MNoV) infection in antibiotic-treated mice is reduced compared with mice with normal intestinal microbiota. Microbiota ablation with antibiotics also prevented persistent MNoV infection in mice [13].
It has been previously shown that human susceptibility to NoV is not completely determined by the secretor status, since secretor negative individuals can also be infected by NoVs [14, 15] spurring new studies to explore other host factors implied in NoV susceptibility.
In January 2012 a NoV gastroenteritis outbreak took place in a household in Valencia, Spain, that was a good opportunity to study the different individual susceptibility patterns to this viral infection.
Subjects and samples
Eight individuals were enrolled in this study, none of whom had taken any medication at or around the time of sample collection. The biosafety and ethics committees of the University of Valencia, Spain, approved the present study. Appropriate informed written consents were obtained from all individuals. Of these, at least 4 subjects were in contact with the suspected source of infection, a previously infected individual who was considered the index case, and three of them showed typical symptoms of NoV infection (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and fever). The family members were living together and the outbreak was considered to be person-to-person transmitted. In order to determine the etiological agent of this outbreak, stool samples were collected from involved individuals with and without clinical symptoms. Serum samples from 3 household members were collected at 14 days (considered convalescent serum) and 1 year (considered memory serum) post-infection to analyze NoV-specific IgG antibodies and their blocking capacity. Blood samples were also collected to determine the histo-blood group antigens of each individual by hemagglutination. Saliva samples from all the household members were collected. The freshly collected saliva samples were centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 5 min to remove particulate material, host and microbial cells and boiled at 100 °C to inactivate antibodies. The supernatants were collected, divided into several aliquots and stored at -80 °C until their use. To minimize the effects of the circadian rhythm, saliva samples were consistently collected in the morning hours (between 8 and 10 a.m.). Also, participants were instructed not to smoke, eat, drink, or brush their teeth in the 2 h before saliva collection. For genotyping and NoV-specific IgA antibody detection, saliva was centrifuged, divided into several aliquots and stored directly at -80 °C without boiling to preserve IgA integrity.
Norovirus detection
Viral RNA was extracted from 20 % stool suspensions in PBS using the Trizol LS reagent (Invitrogen, Paisley, Scotland), eluted in diethyl pyrocarbonate-treated water containing RNasin (Promega, Madison, WI) and stored at -80 °C. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for NoV was performed as described previously [16]. The genotype of NoV strains was determined by partial sequence analysis of the polymerase gene and the genotype was identified and classified using the typing tool at www.rivm.nl/mpf/norovirus/typingtool based on the similarity of the sequences to reference strains representing known genotypes [17].
Secretor status analysis
The secretor (FUT2+) and non-secretor (FUT2-) status was investigated by genotyping the FUT2 gene. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples using the Qiagen QIAamp DNA Mini Kit. Genotyping for FUT2 was performed by PCR-RFLP as described previously by Marionneau et al. [18]. A fragment of the FUT2 gene was amplified with primers 5′-GAGGAATACCGCCACATCCCGGGGGAGTAC-3′ (forward) and 5′-ATGGACCCCTACAAAGGTGCCCGGCCGGCT-3′ (reverse) and was digested with Ava II (Fermentas, Life Technologies, Alcobendas, Spain) for 2.5 h at 37 °C.
ABO blood type and Lewis antigen determination
The presence of HBGAs was determined by detection of group A and B glycans by hemagglutination assay (ALBAclone® Monoclonal ABO Antisera, Alpha Laboratories, Eastleigh, England) and Lewis antigens were phenotyped by ELISA with monoclonal antibodies against Lea, Leb, Lex and Ley (Covance, Dedham, MA, USA). Briefly, plates were coated with saliva samples at 1/1,000 dilution in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.6) at 4 °C overnight. After blocking with PBS containing 3 % (w/v) bovine seroalbumin (PBS-BSA), plates were incubated with the different anti-Lewis antigen monoclonal antibodies (anti-Lea BG-5, Leb BG-6, Lex BG-7 or Ley BG-3, Covance) at 1/100 during 1 h at 37 °C and detected by a secondary mouse antibody mix (anti-IgG, anti-IgM and anti-IgA) (Sigma, Madrid, Spain) conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). After each step, plates were washed with PBS containing 0.05 % of Tween-20 (PBS-T). The reaction was developed by the addition of OPD Fast (Sigma) and stopped after 10 min incubation with 3 M H2SO4. Absorbance was measured at 492 nm in a microplate reader (Multiskan FC, Thermo Scientific, Alcobendas, Madrid).
Norovirus VLPs
In the present study, VLPs corresponding to GII.4-Den Haag_2006b genotype were used. The recombinant baculovirus expressing the GII.4-2006b was already available in the laboratory [19]. The NoV VLPs were produced and purified as previously described [19]. Because VLPs from the GII.4-New Orleans_2009 variant causing the NoV gastroenteritis outbreak were not available for patients' antibody testing, analyses were performed with VLPs of the GII.4-Den Haag_2006b variant, which share a 93.66 % homology at the amino acid level with the GII.4-2009 variant.
Norovirus-specific IgA antibody in saliva samples
Microtiter plates were coated GII.4-2006b VLPs at 2 μg/ml in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.6) and incubated at 4 °C overnight. Plates were washed three times with PBS-T and blocked for 1 h at 37 °C with PBS-T 3 % BSA. After blocking, plates were incubated with serial dilutions of saliva samples (from 1/20 to 1/160) in PBS-T 1 % BSA for 1.5 h at 37 °C and NoV-specific IgA antibody was detected with a secondary anti-IgA human antibody conjugated with HRP (Sigma) at a dilution of 1/4,000 in PBS-T 1 % BSA for 1 h at 37 °C. As controls, all saliva samples were tested in parallel in wells coated with BSA at 2 μg/ml. To rule out nonspecific binding (false positives), boiled saliva samples were also used as negative controls on wells coated with VLPs. Wells were washed four times with PBS-T, and the bound antibody was detected by the addition of 50 μl of o-phenylenediamine (Sigma). The reaction was stopped at 10 min with 3 M H2SO4, and the absorbance was read at 492 nm (Multiskan FC spectrophotometer, Thermo Scientific).
Norovirus-specific IgG antibody titers in serum samples
Purified GII.4-2006b VLPs were used to coat 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates as described above. After blocking with PBS-BSA 3 %, plates were incubated with serial serum dilutions from 1/200 to 1/12,800 diluted in PBS-T containing 1 % BSA for 1 h at 37 °C. Then HRP-conjugated anti-human IgG antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) diluted 1/4,000 was added for 1 h and the reaction was developed and measured as described above. A sample was considered positive when its OD was three times higher than the absorbance value of the same sample in the specificity control (wells coated with 2 μg/ml of BSA). The titer of each sample was considered the inverse of the last dilution showing a positive reaction.
Binding blocking assays
Microtiter plates were coated with saliva at 1/500 in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.6) overnight at 4 °C. Plates were washed three times with PBS-T and blocked for 1 h at 37 °C with PBS-T 3 % BSA. Plates were then incubated for 1.5 h with GII.4-2006b VLPs (2 μg/ml) that had been pre-incubated during 1 h at 37 °C in the presence of the different sera at serial 2-fold dilutions from 1/100 to 1/3.200, or with PBS in the negative control. The mixtures were then added to the saliva-coated plates and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C. The detection was performed with the anti-NoV rabbit polyclonal serum at 1/1,000 followed by a secondary HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody diluted at 1/2,000.
Blocking of VLP binding by the tested sera was determined by comparing the OD values obtained in wells in duplicate containing potential blocking reagents against the control wells (without the blocking steps). Blocking was considered when the OD value was less than 50 % of the positive control OD value (ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 OD492 units).
Gastroenteritis outbreak was caused by norovirus GII.4-New Orleans_2009 variant
In January 2012 three members of a household in Valencia showed typical symptoms of acute gastroenteritis caused by NoV 24 h after having been in contact with the index case. Clinical symptoms were nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and fever, which lasted approximately 48 h. One of the patients had to be taken care of dehydration at the emergency room.
RT-PCR assay performed on stool samples collected (n = 3) from two symptomatic patients and from one asymptomatic individual revealed the presence of NoV GII.4, specifically the GII.4-New Orleans_2009 variant. As no other enteric viruses (rotavirus or adenovirus) were detected by molecular analyses neither enteropathogenic bacteria were isolated, it was concluded that NoV was the etiological agent of this outbreak. The most relevant result was that the asymptomatic individual also shed NoVs as his faecal sample was also positive.
Non-secretor individual (sese) showed no symptoms after norovirus GII.4-New Orleans_2009 infection
Twenty-five percent (2/8) of the household members were secretor homozygous (SeSe), 50 % (4/8) secretor heterozygous (Sese) and the remaining 25 % (2/8), non-secretor (sese). Secretor individuals showed a Lea+Leb+/Lex-Ley+ phenotype and non-secretor had the typical Lewis phenotype, Lea+Leb-/Lex+Ley- (Table 1). Three individuals showed symptoms of which two were secretor homozygous (SeSe) and blood group A, and the other one was heterozygous (Sese) and blood group O. Non-secretor individuals showed no symptoms, while at least in one of them the infection was confirmed by RT-PCR.
Table 1 List of the individuals involved in the present study, specifying gender, age, ABO blood group, secretor status based on the FUT2 gene analysis, Lewis phenotype and faecal NoV shedding detected by RT-PCR
Titers of salivary anti-norovirus IgA antibodies
Salivary IgA antibodies to the GII.4-2006b were positive in all samples. Although the number of samples was too small to perform statistical analyses, no differences were found in secretory IgA levels from the two analyzed groups: secretors and non-secretors (Fig. 1). These results suggest that non-secretors are also susceptible to NoV infection even if they do not show clinical symptoms, as it was also confirmed by RT-PCR.
NoV-specific IgA antibody levels. IgA antibody levels against GII.4-Den Haag_2006b NoV VLPs in saliva samples from 6 secretor (left) and 2 non-secretor (right) individuals. The ELISA plates were coated with the NoV VLPs and serial dilutions of saliva samples (1/20 to 1/160) were tested for NoV-specific IgA
Norovirus-specific IgG antibody titers
Three sera were collected and compared with a convalescent serum from a sporadic case of NoV infection, which was used as the positive control. Of these sera, two were from secretor individuals that showed symptoms and the other one was from an infected non-secretor without symptoms.
All tested convalescent serum samples showed antibody titers higher than 1/100 to the GII.4-2006b variant. IgG serum titers showed significant differences (P < 0.01) between secretors and the non-secretor (Fig. 2). Titers of NoV-specific IgG antibody of 1/12,800 were the highest titers found, corresponding to the two symptomatic infected individuals in their convalescence (14 days p.i.) and memory (1 year p.i.) serum samples, independently whether they were homo- or heterozygous for the FUT2 mutation. The serum from the non-secretor individual showed no changes in its antibody titers, despite having been in contact with the virus and showing the lowest antibody titer (Fig. 2).
NoV-specific IgG antibody titers and blocking activity of sera from members of a household suffering an acute gastroenteritis outbreak. ELISA plates were coated with NoV VLPs from GII.4-Den Haag_2006b variant to determine the antibody titer according to the secretor (Sese or SeSe) or non-secretor (sese) status. The positive control corresponds to a convalescent serum from another independent gastroenteritis sporadic case. a The upper panel of the figure represents the blocking percentage of the convalescent sera (14 days), from secretors (SeSe and Sese) and non-secretors (sese), that were tested at serial dilutions 1/100, 1/200, 1/400, 1/800 and 1/1,600 (black to clear grey). A percentage higher of 50 % of inhibition was considered as blocking activity. b The lower panel shows the IgG titer against GII.4-Den Haag_2006b VLPs at 2 different times: 14 days (black) and 1 year (grey)
Blockade of the binding of VLPs to saliva
We examined the blocking capacity of the different serum samples (both convalescent and memory sera) on the binding of GII.4-2006b VLPs to saliva from a secretor, blood type O individual. As expected, the binding to receptors present in the saliva was blocked efficiently by secretor individual sera, up to 60 % (Fig. 2). On the other hand, the non-secretor serum sample did not block the binding at all. The results obtained with the memory serum showed the same blocking rate as the corresponding convalescent serum samples.
Recent studies have shown that host genetic factors such as the FUT2 and FUT3 genotypes strongly affect human susceptibility to NoVs [20]. Due to the lack of a good animal or in vitro model to investigate NoV pathogenesis, evidences in this field have been obtained both from volunteers studies and from outbreaks of natural infections [5], like the outbreak here reported.
In this outbreak occurred in Valencia in 2012, although few individuals were affected, different susceptibility to NoV diarrhoea in secretor-positive and secretor-negative individuals was observed, reinforcing the idea that non-secretors are naturally protected to NoV infections [21]. Surprisingly, one of the stool samples positive for NoV by RT-PCR was from a secretor-negative individual. This result is highly relevant since it indicates that NoV replication occurred in the non-secretor individual but without causing symptoms. This observation was confirmed with the finding of a high anti-NoV IgA titer in the saliva of this non-secretor individual, similar to the titers in secretor-positive patients, thus showing that infection had indeed occurred. In the past we also described a non-secretor that was susceptible to NoV GII.4-Hunter_2004 NoV infection, but in that case symptoms were also present [14]. In order to become symptomatically infected (2004 outbreak) or asymptomatically (2012 outbreak) non-secretors must display receptors for NoVs, raising the question of what other receptors, not yet known, may be implicated in NoV infections. A recent study showed that NoV VLPs did not colocalize with H or Lewis antigens in epithelial cells, reinforcing the idea that other receptors are involved in NoV infections [22]. Gangliosids have also shown to bind NoVs [23]. In addition, enteric bacteria also seem to play a role in NoV infections acting themselves as co-receptors [12, 24, 25]. Another interesting result is that the secretor-negative individual did not develop IgG antibodies against NoV, in contrast to what it was observed with the salivary IgA. It can be argued that the absence of symptoms could be due to a lower infectivity of the virus in the secretor-negative individual, in whom it only elicited a mucosal immune response. On the other hand, high IgG titers were found in serum samples from infected secretors at the outbreak. Seroconversion occurred 2 weeks after the infection and the IgG titers did not decrease 1 year after infection. These results are relevant, since it has been reported that previous infections do not protect against subsequent NoV infections [26]. Our results suggest that this lack of protection might be due to viral evolution [3, 27–29] instead of a low immune stimulation. In fact, several seroepidemiologic studies of NoV-specific antibodies in different populations have been performed [19, 30, 31], showing high seroprevalence levels and consequently a good immunogenicity of NoVs. The blocking assays showed that serum IgG antibodies were able to block the attachment of VLPs to saliva, reinforcing the idea that NoV infections elicit protective immunity.
Although the number of individuals involved in this outbreak was low, limiting the possibility of drawing conclusions, our results confirm the hypothesis that susceptibility to human noroviruses is both dependent on secretor status of the individuals and on the infecting NoV strain. We also have shown that the immunity to NoV lasts for at least 1 year after infection, confirming that symptomatic infection strongly stimulates an antibody response.
NoVs:
HBGAs:
Histo-blood group antigens
VLPs:
Virus-like particles
RT-PCR:
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
FucT II:
α-1,2-fucosyltransferase
FucT III:
MNoV:
Murine norovirus
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Dai YC, Zhang XF, Xia M, Tan M, Quigley C, Lei W, Fang H, Zhong W, Lee B, Pang X et al. Antigenic relatedness of Norovirus GII.4 variants determined by human challenge sera. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0124945.
This work was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2012-38368). Noelia Carmona-Vicente was recipient of a "V Segles" fellowship from the University of Valencia and Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz was recipient of a "Ramón y Cajal" contract from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (RYC-2013-12442). Special thanks to Lidia Camilleri-Chorda, as nurse, for her work and support during the blood sample collection.
Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010, Valencia, Spain
Noelia Carmona-Vicente, Manuel Fernández-Jiménez, Susana Vila-Vicent, Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz & Javier Buesa
Noelia Carmona-Vicente
Manuel Fernández-Jiménez
Susana Vila-Vicent
Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
Javier Buesa
Correspondence to Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz or Javier Buesa.
NCV participated in the design of the study, in the draft of the manuscript and performed ELISAs, and blockade assays. MFJ and SVV performed molecular experiments including norovirus genotyping and FUT2 typing. JB and JRD participated in the design of the study, in the writing of the manuscript and in the discussion of the results. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Carmona-Vicente, N., Fernández-Jiménez, M., Vila-Vicent, S. et al. Characterisation of a household norovirus outbreak occurred in Valencia (Spain). BMC Infect Dis 16, 124 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1455-9
Secretor
Binding assay


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The listings below are all Credit Risk expert witnesses and consultants.
Ron Barone is a financial executive having formerly worked at Standard Poors Ratings Services for 22 years. Specializing in Analytics: credit, financial, business, and enterprise risk, M&A, asset sales, share buybacks, LBOs, balance sheet restructurings, equity issuances, bond/debt transactions, hybrid securities, management and governance, project/infrastructure financings, bankruptcy emergences, corporate credit analysis.


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MVRA Restitution And Loss Amount Inadequate, Eleventh Circuit Holds
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Ex Parte Communications By Judge With Jury Required Reversal Of Convictions
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Drug Treatment And Vocational Training Improper Sentencing Considerations
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Bodily Injury Enhancement Under U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(3)(A) Reversed
By Brandon Sample | June 15, 2016
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit has to Cotto-Negron argued at sentencing that he should not receive a two-level bodily injury enhancement under U.S.S.G. 2B3.1(b)(3)(A) because his co-defendant, the day before, was not sentenced with the enhancement and the facts of their cases were identical. This enhancement applies when "any victim sustained…


text:
Lockouts becoming more common in labor disputes
Cathy Wurzer
St. Paul, Minn.
ListenManagement lockouts are becoming more common in labor disputes
A tentative deal between the NFL and the league's referees has been reached, ending the lockout imposed by the owners. NFL refs aren't the only workers who have been locked out of their jobs. In Minnesota, about 13-hundred workers from American Crystal Sugar have been locked out for more than a year. And NHL hockey players are in their second week of a lockout.
Lockouts used to be relatively rare in the United States. But an analysis by Bloomberg BNA found that employer lockouts of workers account for a growing proportion of work stoppages in the United States. More than eleven percent of work stoppages last year were lockouts, which is a dramatic increase from two decades ago.
John Remington is a retired professor of industrial relations at the University of Minnesota. He spoke with Morning Edition host Cathy Wurzer about the trend.
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When she was introduced last week in Jhlak as one of the wild card entrants, judges thought she was a Desi girl, who was a little shy and nervous.
But as she hit the Jhalak floor today, the not only took everyone by surprise, but also blew everyone's mind with her bold and sensuous act!
Well, if you havent guessed till now, we are talking about the popular face of Indian television, Neha Marda (Doli Armaano Ki Fame Urmi).
Neha, with her choreo partner Rajat performed on Jiya Jale and woah! what a sparkeling performance amidst diyas.
Shahid was pleasantly surprised and did not shy away from expressing how much he liked her choice of sing, props and the mind blowing lifts! He also mentioned that it was way better than he was expecting. This was pretty much what everyone thought about her act. In fact, Lauren added that Neha was ready for the competition!
Such generous comments in the first act itself! Looks like Neha is going to kill it with her expressive eyes and that beautiful smile!
Catch Neha's dumdar performance this week at 9pm only on Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8.


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Monster Hunter World Iceborne DLC, Witcher Crossover Coming 2019
By Eric WatsonDecember 10, 2018No Comments
Capcom has announced the first major expansion for Monster Hunter: World. It's called Iceborne and will add new locations, quest ranks, monsters, and story. It's due out in the fall of 2019 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, with its PC release coming later.
Monster Hunter World: Iceborne takes place after the events of the base game and obviously features a new frozen location. Beyond that we don't know anything beyond the teaser trailer. It doesn't come out until next fall so look for more details to trickle in throughout the year.
In more immediate news, Capcom is working with CD Projekt Red to put The Witcher's Geralt of Rivia in Monster Hunter: World. This isn't a simple costume swap like with Horizon Zero Dawn, however. Geralt literally is transported into the world of Monster Hunter via a portal, featuring the same English voice actor from The Witcher series.
Geralt's occupation as a monster slayer is well-suited for his Monster Hunter appearance. Players will be able to play as Geralt in a "unique gameplay experience blending RPG mechanics of The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt with Monster Hunter: World." Geralt will use his signature fighting style including magic, swords, and other equipment.
The Witcher content will arrive in Early 2019 as a free update on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One (later on PC).
If you've yet to take the plunge into one of the best games of the year, a free trial is currently available on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. The Monster Hunter: World Free Trial is available from Dec. 11 through Dec. 17 and allow players to jump into quests up to 3-star, and online multiplayer up to Rank 4. Progress carries over if you decide to buy the full game.
13–16CapcomDLCExpansionGeralticeborneMonster huntermonster hunter: worldPCPlayStation 4T for TeenwitcherXbox One
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Q: R plot, x-axis and y-axis touching My problem concerns the making of a graph for a publication in R. I have used the plot function like follows:
plot(x=data$SL, y=data$BD, xlab = "SL (mm)", ylab = "BD (mm)", pch=data$pch)

SL ranges from 51.7 to 73.7 and BD from 13.5 to 20.4. Unfortunately I am not allowed to post images yet.
However, wanting to get rid of the box I used "axes=F". Problem now is lack of control over the axis function. I used:
axis(side=1, lwd=3, xpd=TRUE, at=c(min(data$SL):max(data$SL)))
axis(side=2, lwd=3, xpd=TRUE, at=c(min(data$BD):max(data$BD)))

Problem is that I can't manage to get the y- and x-axis to come together on the same point as in the plot with the box. How to let the x- and y- axis to touch each other?

A: Most likely setting xaxs = "i" and yaxs = "i" will help you getting the desired behaviour.
plot(c(1,2,3),c(2,4,6),axes=F,xaxs = "i",yaxs="i",xlim=c(0,3),ylim=c(0,6))
axis(side=1, lwd=3, xpd=TRUE, at=0:3)
axis(side=2, lwd=3, xpd=TRUE, at=seq(0,6,2))

A: Try box(bty='L') to draw only the left and bottom parts of the box.  You could also just draw the lines yourself using lines, segments, or abline and using grconvertX and grconvertY functions to find the locations where to draw the lines.

A: I suggest that you follow the procedure you outlined and then use:
box(which = "plot", bty = "l")
e.g.:
plot.new()
plot.window(xlim = c(1, 18), ylim = c(2, 20))
points(1:18, 2:19, pch = 1, col = "#FF7F24", cex = 1.2)
lines(1:18,  2:19, col = "#FF7F24", lwd = 2)
axis(side      = 1,
     lwd       = 0,
     lwd.ticks = 1,
     at        = 1:18,
     cex.axis = 0.9)
title(main = "Plot",
      ylab = "Y-Axis")
legend("top",
       legend = c("Legend"),
       col = c("#FF7F24"),
       text.col = c("#FF7F24"),
       pch    = 1,
       bty    = "n",
       cex    = 1.2)
axis(side      = 2,
     lwd       = 0,
     lwd.ticks = 1)
box(which = "plot", bty = "l")

You should pass the options lwd = 0 and lwd.ticks = 1 to your seperate axis() calls in order to prevent some parts of your axes to appear fatter than other parts of your axis because some get overlayed by your call to box() and some do not.
The solution of using box() at the end is, I think, more general in that you can use it when e.g. you cannot or do not want to pass bty = "l" in your plot.default or plot.window call.