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Shute v. Heath, 131 N.C. 281 (1902)
Nov. 18, 1902 · Supreme Court of North Carolina
131 N.C. 281
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Source: Harvard Law School Library
Date added: Aug. 29, 2019, 8:23 p.m.
SHUTE v. HEATH
SHUTE v. HEATH.
(Filed November 18, 1902.)
CONTRACTS — Restraint of Trade —Indefiniteness as to Territory,
A provision in a contract of sale of a business of manufacturing lumber and ginning cotton that the seller would not engage in the same business in any territory in which the seller had secured patronage, is void for indefiniteness as to territory.
Action by H. A. Shute and others against W. C. Heath and W. S. Lee, heard by Judge T. A. McNeill and a jury, at March Term, 1902, of the Superior Court of Union County. From a judgment for the defendants, the plaintiffs appealed.
Maxwell & Keerans, for the plaintiffs.
Armfield & Williams, and Adams & Jerome, for the defendants.
*282Montgomery, J.
Contracts in partial restraint of trade can be made and enforced of common right. This Court said in Kramer v. Old, 119 N. C., 1; 56 Am. St. Rep., 650; 34 L. R. A., 389: "The modern doctrine is founded upon the basic principle that one who, by his skill and industry, builds up a business, acquires a property at least in the goodwill of his patrons, which is the product of his own efforts, and has the fundamental right to dispose of the fruit of his own labor, subject only to such restrictions as are imposed for the protection of society, either by expressed enactments of law or by public policy."
An indefinite restriction as to duration will not make such contracts void. Kramer v. Old, supra. But there must be a definite limitation as to space; and the reasonableness1 of such limitation will depend upon the nature of the business and goodwill sold. A contract, for instance, for a valid consideration not to engage in the manufacture and sale of firearms in general use, would he allowed to cover a larger extent of territory than would a contract not to engage in the manufacture of timber or the ginning of cotton. And the reasonableness of the limitation as to space is a matter of law for the Court to decide. Chitty on Contracts, 138. And the test of that reasonableness is whether the space or territory is greater than is necessary to enable the assignee to protect himself from competition on the part of his assignor, and thereby to get the benefit of what he has bought. The assignee would have the right to freedom from the competition of the assignor in the whole territory from which the assignor derived the profits of his business. The contract before us is silent as to restriction as to time, but under the decision made in Kramer v. Old, supra, that would be construed to be for the lives of the assignors. The trouble in the present ease grows out of that part of the contract in respect to the limitation as to space. The defendants, after selling to the *283plaintiffs a tract of land and ginning and s'aw-mill machinery, agreed with them that they "would not erect, conduct or carry on the business of ginning and baling cotton or making brick in any territory now occupied by them, or from which they secure their patronage, so- as to compete with them or injure their business in any of the lines of ginning and baling cotton or making brick, either for ourselves or as agents for another or others."
The defendants in this Court filed a motion to dismiss the action on the ground that the complaint did not state a cause of action, in that the contract set out in the complain is void for indefiniteness as to territory within which defendants were not to gin cotton. We think the motion must be allowed. The infirmity of the contract does not consist in the reasonableness as to the extent of territory in which the plaintiffs were to conduct their business free from competition on the part of the defendants, but it is in the indefiniteness of that territory. No rule can be laid down by which the area can be made certain. No instructions could be given even to an expert — surveyor—by which he could define the bounds' of the space. It is without shape, without course or distance from any object or pointer. The fixing of the bounds would depend upon the testimony of witnesses, each testifying as to what he knew as to who were the patrons of the plaintiffs', and where they resided. The attempted enforcement of such contracts would, in the nature of things, be likely to produce litigation between the assignor and the assignee as to the extent of the territory, with the probability that large numbers of witnesses would be called, and great expense incurred both by the litigants and the public. A retrospect of the course of the law in respect to contracts in restraint of trade confirms us in the view we have taken of the contract in the present case as to the limitation as to space therein set out — that is, that the agreement that the limitation as to space shall be so *284definitely set out in the1 contract as that the bounds must be determined by the same rules as apply to the description of real estate in deeds. Contracts in general restraint of trade with English speaking peoples have always been void; and while the doctrine has been in modern days modified to the extent of permitting such contracts, to operate in limited territory, to be made and enforced, yet in all the cases we have found (except one hereinafter referred to) the space has been definitely fixed in the contract with as much certainty as is required in the description in deeds. The evil consequences likely to flow from such contracts to the parties as well as to the public, induce us to construe the requirement of definiteness as to space, strictly, and that the contracts themselves shall set out such a descritpion as shall be definite without the aid of testimony de hors, except such as is allowed in establishing the boundaries to real estate conveyances. An opinion in the case of Alger v. Thacher, 19 Pick., 51, is of so much interest on this subject that we feel justified in making the following quotation from it:
"Among the most ancient rules of the common law, we find it laid down that bonds in restraint of trade are void. As early as the second year of Henry V. (A. D. 1415), we find by the Year Books that this was considered to' be old and settled law. Through a succession of decisions it has been handed down to us unquestioned till the present time. It is true, the general rule has from time to- time been modified and qualified, but the principle has always been regarded as important and salutary. Eor two hundred years the rule continued unchanged and without exceptions. Then an attempt was made to qualify it by setting up a distinction between Sealed instruments and simple contracts. But this could not be sustained upon any sound principle. A different distinction was then started from a general and unlimited (limited) restraint of trade, which has been adhered to down to the *285present day. This qualification of the general rule may be found as early as the eighteenth year of James I. (A. D. 1621) ; Broad v. Jolyffe, Cro. Jac., 596, where it was holden that a contract not to use a certain trade in a particular place was an exception to the general rule, and not void. And in the great and leading case on this subject, Mitchell v. Reynolds, reported in Lucas 27, 81, 131, the distinction between contracts under seal and not under seal was finally exploded, and the distinction between limited and general restraints fully established. Ever since that decision, contracts in restraint of trade generally have been held to be void, while those limited as to time or place or persons have been regarded as valid and duly enforced. * * * It is reasonable, salutary and suited to the genius of our government and the nature of our institutions. It is founded on just principles of public policy, and carries out our constitutional prohibitions of monopolies and exclusive privileges. The unreasonableness of contracts in restraint of trade and business is very apparent from several obvious considerations: 1. Such contracts injure the parties making them, because they diminish their means of procuring livelihoods and a competency for their families. They tempt improvident persons, for the sake of present gain, to deprive themselves of the power to make future acquisitions. And they expose such persons to imposition and oppression. 2. They tend to deprive the public of the services of men in the employments and capacities in which they may be most useful to the community as well as to 1 hem-selves. 3. They discourage industry and enterprise, and diminish the products of ingenuity and skill. 4. They prevent competition and enhance prices. 5. They expose the public to all the evils of monopoly. And this especially is applicable to wealthy companies and large corporations which have the means, unless restrained by law, to exclude rivalry, monopolize business, and engross the market. Against evils like *286these, wise laws protect individuals and the public by declaring all such laws void."
The plaintiffs' counsel referred to the cases of Kramer v. Old, 119 N. C., 1; 56 Am. St. Rep., 650; 34 L. R. A., 389, and American Hardware Co. v. Tower Hardware Co., 6 So. Rep., 43, as Supporting the plaintiffs' contention that the limitation as to space was sufficiently definite to be enforced. lathe first mentioned case, the defendants agreed not to continue the milling business "in or in the vicinity of Elizabeth City." There, the defendants did not make, in this Court, the contention that the area was too great, and therefore unreasonable, or that it was1 too indefinite. The contention was over the limitation as to time. The other case, however — the hardware case — is toward the sustaining of the plaintiffs' position. The contract there provided that the defendants, upon a sale of their business to the plaintiffs, would sell no more "plow blades and plow stocks," without stating any particular or definite territory. The Court there said: "The territory in which the vendees obtained their trade was well known to the vendors, and therefore the contract is not in in general restraint of trade and invalid. A contract by which a partnership engaged in the business of selling hardware, sold out their stock of plow blades and plow stocks to- a rival, and agreed not to handle any more plow blades or plow stocks, was construed in connection with the attending circumstances showing the extent of country over which the rivalry in the business extended, is not an unreasonable restriction of trade." But this Court decided exactly the reverse in the case of Hauser v. Harding, 126 N. C., 295, and for the reasons given there, and here, we will abide by that decision. Motion allowed, and
Action Dismissed.


Pictured (left to right) Chelsea Piers level 8, 9 and 10 gymnasts Lauren Heller, Bailey Cahill, Caitlyn Walsh and Jada Silverstein.
On December 7th, 8th, and 9th Chelsea Piers JO girls competed at the American Invitational at the XL Center in Hartford, CT. This was the first meet of the season for our level 8, 9 and 10 gymnasts and they did great walking away with several individual honors.
Our level 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 teams also competed in this meet walking away with several individual placements. Our level 3 and 4's both placed 3rd as a team!!
Great job to everyone who competed and thank you to all of the parents and supporters who came to watch!
Up next for the JO girls is the Little Boston Invitational on January 11 - 13.
Our JO boys have their first meet this weekend and our Xcel team has their first meet in January.


The trip is a mixture of outdoor wilderness and island relaxation. You head to Selous game reserve for the first four days. Selous game reserve is home all different sorts of wild animals and seeing them in their natural habitat is an experience like non seen before. For the remainder of your trip you will be on the Island or zanzibar, white sandy beaches, warm, clear water and a cultural experience.
day 1: Dar es Salaam – Selous Game Reserve In the morning you depart from the airport of Dar es Salaam. In a small plane you will fly to Selous, one of the biggest wildlife sanctuaries in the world. In Selous an estimated number of 750000 mammals living including the largest number of elephants. On arrival you will be brought to the camp, beautiful located on the shores of the Rufiji River from where you can hear the hippos snorring in the water.
In the afternoon we make a boat safari on the Rufiji river which is home of many hippos and crocedilles. The Rufiji river is one of the longest rivers of Tanzania and important for the area and Selous Game Reserve. In the riverbanks many different birdspecies living, like kingfishers, herons, fish eagles and golden weavers. When the sun is setting you will experience the rich colour of red sunlight before we get back to the camp. Enjoy the delicious meal with a drink and listen to the sounds of the hippos in the water.
Day 2: Selous Game Reserve We have a day full of safari in planning. Selous Game Reserve is a magnicificant reserve in Tanzania and you will hardly see other visitors in the reserve. In the savannah landscape with acacia trees, bushes and palmtrees you will probably see some elephants, giraffes, zebras, antelopes, baboon, crocedilles and we hopefully some lions and wild dogs. On our day trip in Selous we will lunch on a nice spot which makes it easier to reach further in the Reserve.
After our safari we drive back to our camp where you can enjoy the evening.
Day 3: Selous Game Reserve Early in the morning we get up for a unique experience in the wild. Accompanied by a ranger we make a safari walking into the bush. You will notice wildlife outside a vehicle is a totally different experience and we hope to spot some giraffes, elephants , zebras and gazelles. After this early walk we get back to camp where you can relax the rest of the day, plan another safari or boat safari in the afternoon (optional) or make a cultural tour to the village of Mloka.
Day 4-5: Selous – Zanzibar (stonetown) We leave by plane and within a few minutes you have an amazing overview over the Selous Game Reserve, its landscape and the Rufiji river. Maybe you will even spot some elpehants and giraffes from the air! In one hour you will be on Zanzibar where your first hotel is near the center of Stone Town.
Zanzibar island is located only 40 km from the mainland from Tanzania and the perfect spot to continue the trip in Tanzania. Stonetown has a labyrinth of narrow strees, churches, museums like the old fort and house of wonders, shops and nice restaurants where you can walk around for hours. You definately get lost and discover new streets with other shops. Day 4 and 5 you have got the time yourself to discover the old town, make a boattrip for snorkeling or diving. The island is for era's known as the spice island and spice tour cannot be missed on this trip.
Contact us for more information about activities in Stonetown and on Zanzibar.
Day 6-7: Zanzibar (East coast) The name Zanzibar sound tropical and today and tomorrow you will experience why. The last nights of this trip you will spent on the east Coast of Zanzibar.
Day 8: Zanzibar – Dar es Salaam coast of the island: White sand beaches, clear blue water are perfect end for this trip. Enjoy the beach relaxing with a cocktail and reading a book or get some activity by learning how to kitesurf (depending on the season) or make excursions by boat to snorkel and dive. on the east coast of Zanzibar you will stay on bed and breakfast base.
This trip ends today with the transfer to the airport of Zanzibar and the flight to Dar es Salaam.


Traver's efforts have earned him global recognition. The World Economic Forum named him a "Technology Pioneer" for his contributions to technology and society. He was also ranked by Network World as one of the "25 Most Powerful People" in technology alongside Bill Gates, John Chambers and Michael Dell.
Traver is passionate about environmental and humanitarian projects that range from ancient forest preservation in Ghana and coral reef protection in Haiti with One Village Planet, to establishing the world's first Cyber Sister Cities to improve education, health and economic opportunities in developing communities with Sister Cities International and the World Bank Institute.


text:
Becoming Somebody
By Kathleen Sabyan / Hastings and Prince Edward District School Board
Students learn about what it means to build character
Mysterious boxes arrived in the classrooms marked "To: Everybody, From: Nobody" and when opened, inside was a featureless soft doll, about two feet tall and made of denim fabric. It was Nobody.
It's about teaching the kids that one person can make a difference and that by each contributing they can change the world piece by piece, little by little — Wendy MacFarlane, child and youth counselor
The Grade 7 and 8 classes at CML Snider School in Wellington were participating in a program called "Who is Nobody?" and throughout the school year the students mission was to help Nobody become Somebody through actions that serve others.
The program was introduced to the school by Wendy MacFarlane, child and youth counselor for the Hastings Prince Edward District School Board, and paid for through a donation from the Wellington Rotary Club. "Who is Nobody?" is meant, in part to develop character, teach responsibility, community involvement both locally and globally, encourage initiative and build self-esteem.
Each of us can make a difference; that each person can make our mark on the world — Wendy MacFarlane, child and youth counselor
"It's about teaching the kids that one person can make a difference and that by each contributing they can change the world piece by piece, little by little," said MacFarlane. "Whether it's helping a neighbour; whether it's raising money or raising awareness or helping someone across the world, that each of us can make a difference; that each person can make our mark on the world.
Each participating student chose an independent project involving people, animals or the environment. They each took their turn taking Nobody home. They wrote essays and drew pictures about what they did to make a difference. These works were then compiled into a scrapbook. They also had to attach an object to Nobody to represent the experience, thus transforming it with every trip home.
People that normally wouldn't go out of their way to help other people did it, and enjoyed doing it — Mrs Terpstra, teacher
Last Friday students presented their dressed-up Nobodys and their books at a school assembly. The projects were wide and varied: Cassandra Buckley collected funds for Loyalist Humane Society while Tessa Vincent chose to raise money to buy chickens for a family in Africa.
The students were surprised at the involvement of their peers, claiming everyone rose to the occasion.
"People that normally wouldn't go out of their way to help other people did it, and enjoyed doing it" said Terpstra.
It taught everybody something and made them feel like they can make a difference — Libby Root, grade 7 student
"It taught everybody something and made them feel like they can make a difference," added Libby Root, who volunteered her time in the local animal shelter. "You don't have to do something huge; just one thing can make a difference."
Unanimously the students felt the need for the program to continue at the school. They referred to the website (www.whoisnobody.com) to listen to the "Nobody" theme song, and then they joined together and sang the chorus by heart:
Who Is Nobody, is it Somebody you know?
Who Is Nobody, we can all learn to grow.
'Cause Everybody is Somebody you know and
Everybody is Somebody you know.
"In our smaller community of Prince Edward County we need to look beyond the bridges," said MacFarlane. "We need to think of how we can help others."
MacFarlane hopes to expand the program to more schools around the County for next year.
This article was published in the The Wellington Times Newspaper on June 4th 2008
Hastings and Prince Edward District School Board
Stirling Senior PS
Rotarians help young people become better students
Pinecrest Memorial ES
'Nobody' now a 'Somebody' at Pinecrest school
Who's Nobody? – Stirling Senior Public School
By Who Is NOBODY?|2018-02-25T06:34:47+00:00June 4th, 2008|Media, Hastings and Prince Edward District School Board |0 Comments
About the Author: Who Is NOBODY?
Who Is NOBODY? is a literacy-based bullying prevention program for Grades 1 – 12 that applies the curriculum to real-life experiences. Students build self-esteem by discovering their strengths and using them to help others.
School Board :
All Avon Maitland District School Board (10) Bluewater District School Board (14) Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board (2) Canadian Accredited Independent Schools (2) Canadian Rockies Public Schools (1) Conseil scolaire Viamonde (1) District School Board of Niagara (17) Durham Catholic District School Board (1) Durham District School Board (31) Essex County Council (1) Grand Erie District School Board (2) Halton District School Board (6) Hamilton Wentworth District School Board (2) Hastings and Prince Edward District School Board (5) Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board (20) Near North District School Board (1) Niagara Catholic District School Board (3) Ontario Alliance of Christian Schools (1) Ottawa-Carleton District School Board (26) Peel District School Board (4) Peterborough VNC Catholic District School Board (2) Quebec Association of Independent Schools (1) Renfrew County Catholic District School Board (4) Renfrew County District School Board (7) Simcoe County District School Board (6) Simcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board (3) Southend East Community Academy Trust (1) STAR Catholic Schools (1) Superior North Catholic District School Board (1) Thames Valley District School Board (6) Thunder Bay Catholic District School Board (1) Toronto District School Board (17) Trillium Lakelands District School Board (5) Upper Canada District School Board (7) Upper Grand District School Board (1) York Catholic District School Board (1) York Region District School Board (14) YRDSB (1)
School :
All Alliance Family Centre (1) Alliston Community Christian School (1) Alliston Union PS (2) Anson Park PS (1) Applewood PS (1) Banff ES (1) Barrhaven PS (1) Beatrice Strong PS (2) Bell High School (2) Beverley Acres PS (2) Bracebridge PS (2) Brookside PS (8) Burnham Road PS (1) Carruthers Creek PS (2) Castlemore PS (1) Cedar Drive Junior PS (1) Cedar Drive PS (1) Centennial 67 PS (2) Central PS (4) Charles Howell PS (1) Chatham Christian School (1) Christ the King CES (1) Clifton PS (1) CML Snider (1) Col. Butler PS (1) Connaught PS (2) Darlinghurst PS (1) Deer Park PS (1) Delhi PS (1) Dewitt Carter PS (1) Doncrest PS (1) Dr GJ MacGillivray PS (4) Duffins Bay PS (2) Duke of York PS (1) Eastdale CV I (2) Ecole Publique Saint-Joseph (1) Elgin Avenue PS (1) Elgin Market PS (2) Empire PS (1) Fallingbrook PS (8) Fernforest PS (1) FM Heard PS (1) Forest Hill PS (9) Franklin D. Roosevelt (0) General Mercer PS (1) Goulbourn MS (1) Grafton PS (1) Gravenhurst HS (1) Gravenhurst PS (1) Greendale PS (5) Hanover Heights ES (1) Harrison PS (1) Hastings PS (5) Hawthorne II Bilingual Alt JS (1) Hickson Central PS (2) Hillcrest PS (1) Holy Cross CES (2) Holy Family CS (2) J.A. Leslie PS (1) Jacob Beam PS (1) John Dryden PS (3) John XXIII Catholic School (1) Joseph Brant PS (1) Joshua Creek PS (1) JPPS-Bialik School (1) Kars on the Rideau PS (1) Kensal Park PS (2) Kincardine Township-Tiverton PS (7) Lanor PS (1) Laura Secord PS (1) Learning Disabilities Association of Niagara Region (2) Leslie McFarlane PS (1) Lester B Pearson PS (6) Linklater PS (2) Longue Sault PS (1) Mackenzie High School (2) Maple Grove PS (2) Maple Lane PS (1) Marie of the Incarnation School (1) Mary Ward CS (1) Mason Road PS (1) McNab PS (1) Meadow View PS (1) Meadowlands PS (3) Memorial PS (1) Michael J. Brennan CS (1) Montague PS (1) Muskoka Beechgrove PS (1) Nelles PS (2) Nelson Mandela PS (1) Nepean High School (2) North Gower-Marlborough PS (9) North Hope PS (3) Notre Dame CS (1) Oriole Park PS (2) Orono PS (1) Our Lady of Charity CES (1) Parkwood Hills PS (3) Percy Centennial PS (2) Pilgrim Wood PS (3) Pinecrest Memorial ES (1) Plainville PS (1) Prince of Peace CES (1) Prince of Wales PS (1) Princess Anne French Immersion PS (1) Pringle Creek PS (2) Queen Elizabeth PS (5) R. L. Hyslop ES (1) R.A. Sennett PS (1) Ramer Wood PS (1) Regent Park PS (1) Rideau Centennial PS (1) Ripley-Huron Community School (1) River Heights PS (0) Rockwood Centennial PS (1) Roland Michener PS (1) Roméo Dallaire PS (1) Royal Roads PS (0) Ruth Thompson PS (1) Sacred Heart CS (1) Seaforth PS (1) Sir Samuel Steele PS (2) South Branch ES (1) St Edward CS (1) St Gabriel Lalemant (1) St Josephs CS (3) St Leo CES (1) St Marys PS (1) St Patrick CES (1) St Peter CS (1) St Stephens SS (2) St Vincent de Paul CES (1) St. Benedict's CS (1) St. Mark the Evangelist CS (1) Stayner Collegiate (4) Stirling Senior PS (3) Stratford Central PS (1) Sullivan Community School (2) Sweets Corners PS (1) The Leo Baeck Day School (1) Thornhill PS (1) Thorpedene PS (1) Unionville Meadows PS (1) Upper Canada College (1) Ventura Park PS (3) W.E. Gowling PS (1) Walkerton PS (2) Walter Zadow PS (3) West Lynde PS (5) West Oak PS (2) Westwind PS (2) White Haven PS (1) William E Brown PS (1)
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The Courchevel ski area guarantees a great skiing holiday from the beginning of the season to the very end, thanks to 562 snow cannons dotted around the site. Quality snow and 117 different ski runs stretching across 150km makes for perfect skiing conditions. Connected to the 3 Vallées ski area by 200 lifts and another 330 runs totalling 600km, Courchevel is the perfect setting for the skiing holiday of your dreams.
Find us in the heart of Courchevel village, 30m away from the Grangettes gondola 1550/1850. A ski shop with equipments from the biggest brands, suitable for all levels.
This winter, head to Courchevel 1550 where the whole family can find fun on its 96 ski slopes! Are you thinking of renting skis for your stay in Courchevel 1550? If so, book your skis directly online through the GO Sport Montagne website for a hassle-free holiday. Then just pick them up in-store when you arrive in Courchevel. Simple!
To rent your ski equipment in Courchevel 1550, book directly on our website and then visit our ski rental shop to collect your pre-ordered equipment. As Courchevel 1550 is a family resort, our store offers winter sports equipment suitable for the whole family – ranging from toddlers to adults and suitable for all levels of ability. You'll also find other equipment to rent for the practice of winter sports activities such as snowboarding, cross-country skiing, sledding, snowblading and handiskiing (for people with reduced mobility).
Very easy to access, our store is in the heart of the resort. If you can't make it there on foot, there are shuttles in place to transfer you between the central points of the resort.
For beginners, children, and those looking to perfect their technique, there are several ski schools offering lessons. Remember to book your lessons in advance, especially if you want a group ski lesson. The Courchevel ESF (French Ski School) adapts lessons specifically to your needs, so you can learn at your own pace, whatever your level, and caters for ages three and up. For the younger ones, a daycare centre is on offer (18 months+) that can provide meals as well as care.
Courchevel is a renowned resort, known for its many services, activities and leisure options. Life in Courchevel never stops, and there is no time to get bored. In addition to winter sports activities such as skiing, snowboarding and sledding, you can take a snowmobile trip to get up close and personal with the local wildlife, take part in cooking classes, go to the movies, have a cocktail in a trendy bar and enjoy the benefits of a spa after a tough day of skiing. Sound tempting?
For water lovers, Courchevel has the largest mountain-based aquatic centre in Europe for you to enjoy. What better way to relax after the chill of the slopes than in a pool heated to 30°C? You'll find all activity information at the on-site tourist office of the resort.
For those wishing to continue the festivities into the evening, many nighttime activities are also on offer, such as nightclubbing, bowling and a singsong in the piano bar. Taxi services are available to ensure a safe return to your accommodation.
Courchevel is located in Savoie, in the Northern Alps. The ski field, named Les Trois Vallées, is so named due to its geographical location and breathtaking view. Situated at the top of the slopes, it overlooks the Mont Blanc Massif to the north, skirts the Ecrins massif to the south, and offers a panorama of the Swiss and Italian Alps.
By car: 30 minutes from Moutiers (25km), 1h20 from Chambéry (110km), 2h from Lyon (150km).
By plane: Chambéry, Lyon and Geneva airports are all within easy reach. Private flights can also be arranged to Courchevel.
By train: the Moutiers SNCF train station is 25km away. Then you can make an easy connection by bus or taxi.
By Bus: shuttles are available from Moutiers station (Altibus).
As you can see, almost anything is possible in Courchevel! So why wait to rent your skis? Pre-order online to avoid long queues in the ski rental shops.
Book your ski rental in Courchevel today.


Theology Online > Politics, Religion, And The Rest > Religion > Do You Have Saving Faith?
View Full Version : Do You Have Saving Faith?
The word "Faith" appears in the New Testament 251 times, but only twice in the Old Testament, which was a surprise to me. The words "Faithful" or "Faithfully" appear in the Old Testament 35 times. According to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible the word "Faith" #G4102 means "Reliance upon Christ for salvation". There are other meanings for the word faith, but this is the main meaning. The word "Faith" is also closely related to the words "Believe" or "Belief".
Saving faith is NOT faith in a doctrine or a religion. Calvinist have faith that they have been predestinated to salvation. Catholics have faith in the Catholic church. This kind of faith does not save because it is not faith in Christ and his Gospel. Remember, the word "Faith" means... "Reliance upon Christ for Salvation". Faith in a doctrine or a religion is NOT faith or reliance upon Jesus Christ for salvation. Many have faith that Jesus is the Christ or the Son of God, but they do not have faith that Jesus Christ can save them from their sins. They do not have saving faith.
"Wherefore come out from among them, and be separate, saith the Lord, and touch not the unclean thing; and I will receive you and will be a Father unto you, and you shall be my sons and Daughters, saith the Lord almighty" 2 Corinthians 6:17, 18.
If you have faith in Christ you will not need a religion like Calvinism or Catholicism. Those that have faith in Christ and his Gospel are resting in Christ and his Gospel to save them. They have entered into his rest.
"For he that has entered into his rest, he also has ceased from his own works (religion) as God did from his" Hebrews 4:10.
Religion is nothing more than a diversion away from Christ and his Gospel and could mean the difference between salvation and damnation. It is very apparent that religion is not of faith. Jesus said, "Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, didn't we." Matthew 7:21-23. This is a group of people that were trusting in their religion to save them. They should have been saying, "Lord, Lord, didn't you". They thought that it was all about them and their religion.
The gospel is a doctrine.
A man asked Jesus how to receive eternal life. How did Jesus respond?
Your right. The Gospel is the only doctrine out of the many doctrines that we are called to have faith in.
If you will enter into life keep the commandments.
The young man asked which ones.
So what makes Pateism better than all other religions?
Are you sure? Was "the Gospel" what Abraham believed such that righteousness was accounted to him? If so, then how can you make a distinction between "the Gospel" and any other promise (or threat) of God. If not, how could it have been the cornerstone act of faith for Paul and James to use?
Abraham was justified by faith because he believed God's promise of a savior. In the Old Testament and the New Testament faith counts for righteousness. All through the Old Testament there is a thread which was the promise of a savior. Faith in that promise justified and counted for righteousness. They looked forward to God's promise of a savior. We look back, all are justified by faith. Only faith in God's promise of a savior justified and counted for righteousness.
Look at Gen 15 again.
[Gen 15:4-6 KJV] 4 And, behold, the word of the LORD [came] unto him, saying, This shall not be thine heir; but he that shall come forth out of thine own bowels shall be thine heir. 5 And he brought him forth abroad, and said, Look now toward heaven, and tell the stars, if thou be able to number them: and he said unto him, So shall thy seed be. 6 And he believed in the LORD; and he counted it to him for righteousness.
There's no indication that Abraham was believing God's promise of a savior at the time when his faith was counted for righteousness. There's plenty of indication that Abraham believed God's promise of descendants too numerous to count. We don't want to add to scripture.
[Rom 4:18, 21 KJV] 18 Who against hope believed in hope, that he might become the father of many nations, according to that which was spoken, So shall thy seed be. ... 21 And being fully persuaded that, what he had promised, he was able also to perform.
God only holds us accountable for what He has told us, not what is not yet revealed. Abraham, as far as we know, only had the promises given to Adam and Eve, Noah, maybe Enoch, and himself. There's plenty of material there, but only a little that resembles the Gospel as we know it.
God wanted a man that would believe Him/fear Him enough to desire to carry out His will--whatever that will happened to be at the time--and believe that God would fulfill His promise--whatever that promise happened to be.
Yes, we can look back with 20/20 hindsight, perhaps, and see what God was doing. Abraham just had to believe what he was told.
You lack Faith in Christ, you believe the sinners He died for are still lost !
Abraham knew about Jesus Christ and his Gospel, John 8:56.
Everyone is without an excuse, Romans 1:20.
Correct. No one has ever been saved by keeping the law, ever. The law was merely for structure and discipline in a hostile world. Offering sacrifice before Christ was an act of faith in a savior to come.
Right. The law was inforce until Jesus arrived and then after that they were called to live by faith apart from the law.
Nice to see finally found a little friend.
There are some on the Forum that have the truth, but not many. This is why Jesus said, "Few there be that find it" Matthew 7:14. Keep searching Truster.
Those are both statements of doctrine, neither of which is "the Gospel". From your OP, you are saying I should disregard them.
And your first statement is not supported by your scripture reference. Sounds like you're adding to scripture.
Listen. I'm not trying to disagree with what I think is your premise--that the gospel is more important than the things different denominations get hung up on. But at some point you have to make a distinction between an important doctrine and a less important one. And once you make that distinction, you've both started your own version of a denomination, as fishrovmen was pointing out, and set yourself up as a judge of another man's servants, so to speak--if they are indeed sharing the gospel.
The Gospel is not a religion or a denomination. The Gospel is what Jesus Christ has done to justify the ungodly, Romans 4:5 and reconcile us and the world unto God, 2 Corinthians 5:18, 19.
The Gospel calls all religions and religious thought into question. I try everything in the light of the "Historical Gospel" of Jesus Christ. If it is not according to the Gospel, I disregard it.
The word "Faith" appears in the New Testament 251 times, but only twice in the Old Testament, which was a surprise to me. The words "Faithful" or "Faithfully" appear in the Old Testament 35 times. According to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible the word "Faith" #G4102 means "Reliance upon Christ for salvation"
Catholics have faith in the Catholic church. This kind of faith does not save because it is not faith in Christ and his Gospel. Remember, the word "Faith" means... [B]"Reliance upon Christ for Salvation". Faith in a doctrine or a religion is NOT faith or reliance upon Jesus Christ for salvation. Many have faith that Jesus is the Christ or the Son of God, but they do not have faith that Jesus Christ can save them from their sins. They do not have saving faith.
I have found that those Christians that have saving faith do not embrace a religion. Perhaps there is no room in their faith for a religion.
If you have faith in Christ you will not need a religion like Calvinism or Catholicism.
Religion is nothing more than a diversion away from Christ and his Gospel and could mean the difference between salvation and damnation. It is very apparent that religion is not of faith.
First off, as I have pointed out to you before, belief is doctrine. If you believe something, it is doctrine. Doctrinal beliefs make religion. This is all very simple vocabulary.
If Robert Pate believes that his "faith" is superior, he has a doctrine. His belief in doctrine makes it a religion. Your religion is "Pate's Version."
Religion is a result of doctrine, belief, and faith. It is all together. They are separate, yet always in some form of unity.
This is only one simple paragraph of many, that demonstrate the Catholic belief and doctrine that Christ alone saves. Any claim to the contrary is simply a falsehood.
If you are going to make such superfluous claims, at least be educated minimally on that which you speak.
The law was in force until Jesus arrived and then after that they were called to live by faith apart from the law.
Robert, you have your teachings and Paul has his teachings. I wonder who is right.
Maybe you should try everything to see if it is "from God", rather than "according to the Gospel". The Gospel is truth, but so is wrath poured out on those that reject the Gospel. Both are truths from God. Both are important. Only one of them is "good news". Do you disregard the truth that God will pour out His wrath on those who reject the Gospel, just because it isn't the Gospel?
James didn't think "religion" was a bad thing, but a thing to be promoted.
[Jas 1:26-27 KJV] 26 If any man among you seem to be religious, and bridleth not his tongue, but deceiveth his own heart, this man's religion [is] vain. 27 Pure religion and undefiled before God and the Father is this, To visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction, [and] to keep himself unspotted from the world.
Do you disagree with James?
What do you think the vanity means for that man that deceived his own heart? What does he miss? Is it possible that he misses the gospel, or at least the effects of it on his life? (I would suggest the answer is "yes".) If so, then James has equated the Gospel with "religion", and he is at odds with you. God, if he agrees with James, promotes that kind of religion. Why would you want to disregard it?
The Bible is an honest book it does not hide the sins of God's people. James is one of the first epistles written. Many such as James did not understand the Gospel and justification by faith, as it was taught by Paul. James was a Judaizer. A Judaizer is one that believes in Jesus, but also believes that you must keep the law of Moses. This is why James sent men to spy on Peter and Barnabas to see if they were eating with Gentiles. Galatians 2:12. This caused quite a stink at the dinner when Peter and Barnabas went under the table when the men that James sent showed up. Paul got very upset with the whole scene, Galatians 2:14.
There were some other problems with James who was the head of the church in Jerusalem. You can read about it in Acts 15:1-21. I am sure that at a latter date James came into a full understanding of the Gospel and justification by faith.
Whether what you have related is true or not, it is a "doctrine". And your use of it puts you smack dab in the same category you have tried to put others in by your OP. Why would I believe you over James? You have selected a portion of the bible to believe, and another section to reject. If James, who is overtly consistent with Paul despite your objections, is to be disregarded on your testimony, what other things can I believe without going through the Robert Pate filter? Are you not setting yourself up as the arbiter of truth? Isn't this what those religions do that you are so opposed to? You don't even meet your own standard.
[Mat 12:37 KJV] 37 For by thy words thou shalt be justified, and by thy words thou shalt be condemned.
Everything that I say is backed by scripture. Maybe its not me that you have a problem with, maybe its God's word.
Everything that I say is backed by scripture.
Robert and I have been doing our tag team smackdown on Calvinists for years now. He's the good cop and I'm the bad cop.
You couldn't swat a fly, between you.
That's what all religionists say. Welcome to the club--you fit right in!
But I'm pretty sure God's word doesn't tell us to ignore/reject James' letter. If you could point out that scripture reference, I'd appreciate it.
The book of James is just fine if you understand that it was written under the law. Notice that there is little to nothing about Christ and his Gospel in the book of James. It is a very Jewish book.
I must be a real threat to your religion. I retract NOTHING.
How can God forbid anything when we are under grace??????
But Paul explicitly repeats what James is trying to say--that a faith that doesn't do anything to you is worthless--it's dead. Paul says we are dead to sin--a true faith has that effect on us, that we don't want to sin anymore.
It is a very Christian book. If it was so "Jewish," and "written under the law," then why is it in the New Testament, rather than the Old?
Also, how could James not have known more than Paul? James was an Apostle. One who literally walked with Christ. He also would have seen the a Resurrected Christ. So how could James have been ignorant of Christ/Gospel/Grace, and Paul not?
Your argument lacks historical, logical, and rational evidence and support.
I have found the religious people like Catholics frequently refer to the book of James. My theology is based upon the Gospel and justification by faith. The word "Gospel" is nowhere to be found in the book of James, Yet it appears over 100 times in Paul's writings.
Fact: James sent men to spy on Peter and Barnabas to see if they were eating with Gentiles. Galatians 2:12. A Jewish no, no.
Fact: James wanted to circumcise Gentile believers, Acts 15:1-21.
Maybe you don't see anything wrong with that? It all just goes to show us that James was a Judaizer.
It appears you dismiss books (James) which are devastating to your view.
If you want a review of the facts, my previous quote is truth, as demonstrated within the Gospels themselves, not a letter of a fellow teacher.
James is an Apostle. James witnessed the Resurrected Christ with the other Apostles. James literally heard with his own ears the Words of Christ.
To even suggest that James was ignorant of the Gospel is simply false; an act of desperation at sustaining a false idea/doctrine.
You can dismiss actual facts all you want, friend, but that doesn't render them null.
I don't know which is worse. Peter and Barnabus going under the table when the judaizers showed up at the dinner or the fact that James sent those Judaizers to spy on Peter and Barnabas to see if they were eating with Gentiles, Galatians 2:11-13.
All three are guilty of not living according to the Gospel.
What about Peter and Barnabus going under the table when the Judaizers that James sent arrived?


text:
@interface TestAppDelegate : UIResponder <UIApplicationDelegate>
@end
@implementation TestAppDelegate
@end

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  @autoreleasepool {
    BOOL isRunningTests = NSClassFromString(@"XCTest") != nil;
    Class appDelegateClass = isRunningTests ? TestAppDelegate.class : AppDelegate.class;
    return UIApplicationMain(argc, argv, nil, NSStringFromClass(appDelegateClass));
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Making a cell required based on combobox selection Nw to the forum and may as well be new to programming.
I would like to make 'Invoice No.' text box required, ONLY when 'INVOICED' is selected in my combobox.

A: If your form is bound, you could add the validation in the before update event like this:
Private Sub Form_BeforeUpdate(Cancel As Integer)
    If Me.cboType = "INVOICED" And Nz(Me.InvoiceNo) = vbNullString Then
        MsgBox "Invoice No. is required!", vbExclamation, Me.Caption
        Me.InvoiceNo.SetFocus
        Cancel = True
    End If
End Sub

If unbound form, add the above statements (except Cancel = True) to your button click event.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Katie Doherty & the Navigators
The Rehats
WÖR
Fabian Holland
Clients / References
Management / Booking
Fabian Holland has been creating music and performing since a youngster. He grew up in an artistic household where performance and artistic expression were a part of everyday life, his mother was an artist and encouraged Fabian's creativity. Fabian started playing guitar at the age of seven, taught by his father who played guitar and harmonica. His early influences came from his dad's blues records listening to blues guys such as Sonny Boy Williamson, Muddy Waters, R.L Burnside and Son House. Fabian Later attended the Academy Of Contemporary Music in Guildford (UK), studying under the watchful guidance of the sadly missed guitar virtuoso Eric Roche. After his studies he moved to the mountains of the Abruzzo Region, Italy, where he spent four years developing his musical style, busking, gigging and composing.
Less than 18 months after his widely applauded self-titled debut CD in 2013, Fabian came back with A Day Like tomorrow, an album of nine compelling original songs segueing seamlessly with strong interpretations of two traditional tracks and further showcasing his distinctive voice and outstanding guitar playing. Unusual teamwork featured in this classy with the introduction of edgy drums, percussion and vocals from the acclaimed Fred Claridge, nurturing a rich, powerful sound and a rare pairing on the roots scene.
Lyrically evocative, sometimes moody and melancholic, Holland's unadorned music has a flip side of songs of upbeat, wry humour but always acutely observed – songs of people and places, strangers and kin, human frailties and foibles – sensitive sonic snapshots producing perfect visual imagery, by turns unsettling and reassuring.
"Unquestionably one of the finest acoustic guitarists on the current scene in UK." – FOLK RADIO UK
"The wonderkid from nowhere." – FATEA MAGAZINE
"The future pulse of Folk Music." – ACOUSTIC MAGAZINE
"Like the best before him, his contemporaries fade in comparison. In many ways there is a straight line between Nic Jones, Bert Jansch, Richard Thompson, Pierre Bensusan, Jackson C. Frank and Fabian Holland. It's that level he is at – such comparisons do I save for only the very best." – TIDNINGENKULTUREN (Sweden)
Fabian Holland tour dates
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text:
HomeConspiraciesWould The Establishment Allow Bernie Sanders To Be President?
Would The Establishment Allow Bernie Sanders To Be President?
February 4, 2016 Edmondo Burr Conspiracies 1
Bernie Sanders looks to be a real contender for the U.S. Presidency after facing off his rivals in a few debates and revealing to the public his anti-establishment credentials and his lifelong fight for justice.
He has galvanized an otherwise improvised electorate with his modern way of funding and organizing his electoral campaign and in return promising real and tangible returns for 99% of Americans.
Jacob G. Hornberger, founder and president of The Future of Freedom Foundation (FFF) believes that the Democratic presidential candidate could fall foul of the "Military Industrial Complex" and the "U.S. Security State." They have had a vested interest in maintaining the status-quo ever since the extraordinary circumstances surrounding former President John F. Kennedy's death, which opened up a whole new era for the Elite to put their policies into 4th gear.
A future President Sanders could be in for a regime-change, right in the land that started 'regime-change' policies over half a century ago around the globe and closer to home in Latin America; in the name of national security.
The Future of Freedom Foundation reports:
Last December, I asked a very simple question: Would the U.S. national-security state permit self-avowed socialist Bernie Sanders to serve as president and, if so, would they permit him to finish out his term? Now that it looks like Sanders is going to give Hillary Clinton a run for her money, the question becomes even more relevant.
Let's face it: There isn't any difference between the socialist economic philosophy of Bernie Sanders and that of Chilean president Salvador Allende. They might have disagreed on particular programs or on the priority of projects, but they would definitely be on the same page with respect to the overall principles of socialism and socialist philosophy.
Yet, Allende's socialism was one of the principal reasons the U.S. national-security state removed him from office and replaced him with conservative dictator Gen. Augusto Pinochet. U.S. officials considered Allende's socialist policies to be a threat to U.S. national security.
Moreover, the fact that Allende had been democratically elected by the people of Chile in a legitimate election was also seen as a grave threat to U.S. national security. After all, Allende hadn't acquired power like Fidel Castro, who also was considered a threat to U.S. national security. Allende had run for office and won. Imagine if that model — the spread of socialism through the ballot — were to spread across Latin America and ultimately into the United States.
Now, it's true that Allende is also sometimes described as a communist but it's really a distinction without a difference. It was Allende's socialist economic policies, which were plunging Chile into economic chaos and crisis (and intentionally aggravated by the CIA in order to pave the way to a coup), that are cited today to justify the coup. "If Pinochet and the military had not stepped in and removed Allende from power, Chile would have been lost to socialism and communism," is the popular refrain among the rightwing both here in the United States and in Chile.
In the Chilean coup, the U.S. president, conservative Richard Nixon, and the U.S. national-security establishment were on the same page with respect to the threat to U.S. national security posed by Allende. So, when President Nixon ordered the U.S. military and the CIA to effect a regime-change operation in Chile, they were more than eager to oblige. They were as convinced as Nixon was that Allende posed a grave threat to U.S. national security.
That's why the CIA even orchestrated the kidnapping of the head of the Chilean Armed Forces, Gen. Rene Schneider, knowing full well that he would likely be murdered during the kidnapping. Schneider was refusing to go along with the U.S. government's plans for coup owing to his oath as a military officer to support and defend the constitution of Chile, which didn't provide for a domestic regime-change operation to save the country from a duly elected president. Since Schneider was standing in the way of the coup, he was considered a threat to U.S. national security and, therefore, was targeted with a violent kidnapping attempt in which he was murdered.
There is an interesting question that Americans have never felt comfortable asking themselves ever since they converted the federal government into a national-security state after World War II: What would happen if a duly elected president himself ever becomes a threat to national security, just as Allende supposedly did in Chile? What if his policies are taking the country down to economic catastrophe and even foreign takeover? What then? Do Americans simply wait until the next election, knowing that there might not even be another election?
One option, which is provided in the Constitution, would be to impeach him. But what if there are insufficient votes in Congress to impeach him, as occurred with Allende? What then?
As much as people might not want to think about such a scenario, there is virtually no doubt that the Pentagon and the CIA would step in and remove the president from office in order to protect national security and save the country. They would view it as their solemn responsibility. And there is also no doubt that they would garner the support of most conservatives in the country. "The Constitution is not a suicide pact," they would scream! "The military and the CIA have saved us, and it's only going to be a temporary transition to democracy, just like it was in Chile."
After all, that's what happened in Chile, with the full support of the U.S. national-security establishment and the American right wing. While the U.S. government orchestrated the coup because Allende was a threat to U.S. national security, that's not why the Chilean national-security establishment ousted Allende. Chilean national-security state officials ousted him because they concluded that he was a threat to Chilean national security.
And it was the U.S. national-security state that was telling them to do that. At the School of the Americas, the Pentagon was telling Chilean military officials that they had a solemn duty to protect their nation's national security and to save their own country from socialism and communism.
Never mind that the Chilean constitution didn't provide for such a thing. Never mind that a new presidential election would be held in a few years. That didn't matter. What mattered was that the Chilean national-security establishment was charged with the job of protecting national security, including from a president whose policies posed a threat to national security.
Two days ago, Defense Secretary Ashton Carter called for an increase in military spending to enable the U.S. national-security state to oppose an ever-growing array of enemies and rivals around the world. Russia, China, Assad, drug lords, terrorists. The list is endless. Never mind that all these "threats" have been produced by the national-security state itself, what matters is that if the military doesn't get more money, national security will be threatened.
Now, suppose Sanders were to take office and decide to move America in a different direction. Suppose he secretly reached out to Vladimir Putin and said, "Let's put aside our differences and work together for more peaceful, harmonious world." Suppose he announced that the United States would no longer be part of NATO and, therefore, would no longer engage in actions designed to provoke Russia, including military alliances with Eastern European countries. Suppose he ordered all troops in Korea and the Middle East home and ordered their discharge. Suppose he decided to put a stop to the national-security state's assassination program and regime-change operations. In fact, suppose he decided to war against the entire U.S. national-security establishment and its vision for more perpetual militarism, interventionism and imperialism for America.
Don't forget, after all, that that's what happened to President Kennedy after he took office. Coming into office as a pretty much a standard Cold Warrior, by the time he was assassinated he had gone to war against both the Pentagon and the CIA and was determined to move America in a totally different direction from that planned by the national-security establishment.
After the CIA's Bay of Pig's disaster, Kennedy vowed to tear the CIA into a thousand pieces and scatter it to the winds. That was because he figured out that the CIA had set him up and double-crossed him with respect to its invasion of Cuba. Later, Kennedy turned against the military, after it had proposed a first-strike nuclear war of aggression against the Soviet Union, proposed Operation Northwoods, which entailed fraudulent terrorist strikes to justify an attack on Cuba, and recommended an attack on Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis, which would have resulted in all-out nuclear war.
When Kennedy delivered his famous Peace Speech at American University in June 1963, calling for an end to the Cold War, he didn't even advise the Pentagon and the CIA he was delivering it. The speech was a slap in the face of the national-security establishment (and the American right wing), who believed that any accommodation with the communists was akin to surrender.
Kennedy also entered into a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with the Soviets, over the vehement objections of the military and the CIA. He began a total withdrawal of troops from Vietnam, thereby exposing America to the risk of falling dominoes. Worst of all, just prior to his assassination he reached out to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev and Cuban leader Fidel Castro in secret negotiations that totally circumvented the Pentagon and the CIA.
In fact, that's one of the things that American conservatives cite today as a justification for ousting Allende from power — that he was reaching to the Soviets in an attempt to establish friendly relations, just like Kennedy was.
Kennedy himself was well aware of the dangers of a regime-change operation being applied to him. He knew that he was taking on extremely powerful and dangerous enemies. That's why he asked that the novel Seven Days in May be made into a movie — to serve as a warning to the American people of the danger that the national-security state poses to America's democratic system, just as the national security establishment in Chile posed a danger to Chile's democratic system less than 10 years later. Kennedy's warning echoed that of his predecessor Dwight Eisenhower who told Americans in his Farewell Address about the danger that the military industrial complex, a new way of life for America, posed to America's liberties and democratic processes.
Did the national-security establishment remove Kennedy from office, just as it removed Allende from office a decade later? The mountain of circumstantial evidence, most of which was kept secret from the American people for decades (and much of which is still being kept secret), certainly points in that direction. See FFF's three books on the JFK assassination: The Kennedy Autopsy by Jacob Hornberger (which is #13 today on Amazon's list of best-selling ebooks on 20th-century American history more than a year after it was published), JFK's War with the National Security Establishment: Why Kennedy Was Assassinated by Douglas Horne, and Regime Change: The JFK Assassination by Jacob Hornberger (which contains an extensive list of additional books and online articles, with links, that I recommend). Also see the following books: The Devil's Chessboard: Allen Dulles, the CIA, and the Rise of America's Secret Government by David Talbot; JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and Why It Matters by James W. Douglass; Inside the Assassination Records Review Board: The U.S. Government's Final Attempt to Reconcile the Conflicting Medical Evidence in the Assassination of JFK by Douglas P Horne; Mary's Mosaic: The CIA Conspiracy to Murder John F. Kennedy, Mary Pinchot Meyer, and Their Vision for World Peace by Peter Janney; and Best Evidence: Disguise and Deception in the Assassination of John F. Kennedy by David S. Lifton.
Is it likely that Sanders will achieve the same breakthrough that Kennedy and Eisenhower experienced once in office. Maybe not. After all, look at President Obama — he turned out to be a more fervent exponent of the national-security state and its policy of perpetual war, foreign interventionism, assassination, militarism, and imperialism than his predecessor George W. Bush.
Yet, consider this paragraph from The Nation, which has endorsed Sanders:
An opponent of the Iraq War from the start, he criticizes the notion of "regime change" and the presumption that America alone must police the world. He rejects a new Cold War with Russia. He supports the nuclear-weapons agreement with Iran, and he would devote new energy to dismantling nuclear arsenals and pursuing nonproliferation. He has long been an advocate for normalizing relations with Cuba and for reviving a good-neighbor policy in the hemisphere.
Sounds like a lot of Kennedy's foreign policy views in that paragraph!
People who are voting for Sanders might want to remember the words of Henry Kissinger, who was National Security Adviser. Justifying the regime change operation in Chile, Kissinger stated: "I don't see why we need to stand by and watch a country go communist due to the irresponsibility of its people. The issues are much too important for the Chilean voters to be left to decide for themselves." That's precisely how the Pentagon and the CIA felt too.
Maybe we'd all be better off if the national-security establishment would tell us in advance what the acceptable parameters are with respect to Sander's socialist economic policies and foreign-policy views. That could spare everyone a lot of time, expense and trouble, not to mention the chaos and crisis associated with another national-security regime-change operation.
By Jacob G. Hornberger
Edmondo Burr
BA Economics/Statistics
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text:
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Why Was the Golden Idol a Calf?
We have a tendency to take something important in culture and combine it with our worship of the Lord. We tell ourselves that we can make that work when in reality, we are creating idols.
As we focus on identifying and smashing the idols in our lives, we sometimes forget to pause and marvel at God's sufficiency as He uses these fears and struggles for our sanctification.
Our society is inundated with conversations and opinions about every imaginable issue. For many, fear of "the other" has eclipsed compassion for those different from oneself. But for believers, our only fear should be fear of the Lord.
In our desire to be busy, we overlook the value in being good at a few things to have a hand in many. But are we really as busy as we think? Maybe it's time we reprioritized our rest and work.


If you're suffering from injuries as a consequence of a felony assault, you deserve a compensation claim for all of your medical expenses that you simply required to spend on therapy for accidents prompted on account of the prison assault. The range of alternatives for younger solicitors is widening, enabling them to make big career strikes at an early stage. A traditional solicitor is a lawyer who does not have a web-based presence and works via an workplace. The 'Market statistics' charts are primarily based on figures from the UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES) and the Office for National Statistics (ONS). Affordable – It would not matter how good a solicitor is if you can't afford them. It is an emblem of continuity – and the solicitors who observe listed below are pleased with that reality. The first months of being a trainee solicitor are mostly spent doing research and other back office duties, and they will have little direct contact with the clients.
Offering the complete spectrum of authorized services to organisations and to the person, we proceed to enhance our reputation within our communities by challenging the typical perceptions of law firms and breaking down lots of the obstacles that always exist between solicitor and shopper.
Overall, one of the best ways to avoid any of the above is to have your unpaids go through the workplace account. For purchasers who want a modern approachable regulation firm, Pepperells Solicitors are the right alternative for you! With experience, in personal observe you can finally grow to be a associate in a agency of solicitors, or as a business solicitor you would handle an in-house legal department. John Glynn & Co Solicitors offers impartial legal recommendation to those who have suffered an injury and are searching for personal harm claims.
It can also be worth remembering there isn't at all times a direct relationship between how much one thing costs and the way good it is. Just as a result of one solicitor is costlier than one other solicitor doesn't mean they are any better certified to deal with your divorce.
People, more than ever, are watching the pennies and for that reason property solicitors and licensed conveyancers are combating for instructions meaning that it's easier than ever before to discover a low-cost conveyancing quote both online and domestically.


Bring a story or come to listen to storytellers from around San Antonio and beyond. We have a grand time. Family friendly setting. Bring a tale you're working on or one that's polished and try it out on our listeners. We'd love to have you stop by!


Announcement Hello Friends! I make hand lettered greeting cards and paper goods plus personalized keepsake cards, all celebrating the things I love...such as... Mac 'n Cheese! Cookies! Good coffee! Pizza, of course. The fine art of relaxation. Summer. The seashore. Home Sweet Home. Cozy cottages. Flowers. The wit and wisdom of notable quotes. Romance. Friends. Connection. And the splendid, old-fashioned joy of sending and receiving cards & letters. All the stuff that totally spells happiness for me. You, too?
Settle in, get comfy, and enjoy your stay!
Thanks for visiting my shop and I hope to see you again soon!
Hello Friends! I make hand lettered greeting cards and paper goods plus personalized keepsake cards, all celebrating the things I love...such as... Mac 'n Cheese! Cookies! Good coffee! Pizza, of course. The fine art of relaxation. Summer. The seashore. Home Sweet Home. Cozy cottages. Flowers. The wit and wisdom of notable quotes. Romance. Friends. Connection. And the splendid, old-fashioned joy of sending and receiving cards & letters. All the stuff that totally spells happiness for me. You, too?
The perfect card for the lemon drop lover. It arrived quickly.
A Great Graduation Card To Give To My Friend!
Mountains, a walk in the woods... my idea of peace on earth! So I created this new Christmas card design, now available in my shop... Wishing you peace in your heart & home...Merry Christmas!
Who doesn't love a gooey, fragrant cinnamon roll? Obviously I do! And why not for birthdays? Let the good times ROLL!
Wildflowers and a heartfelt quote of love, hope, faith... Brand new design in my shop! Beautiful personalized card for bride and groom, perfect for summer and fall weddings!
I do so love a good cup of coffee.
Hand lettering... a meditation and my "flow" zone.
ALOT of rough drafts happen.
Pens + Paper = Happy. Simple formula. So true for me.
Happy me ---> happy art ---> happy customers!


text:
Hard rubbish trial coming - but not to your front door
By Ilias Bakalla
Greater Shepparton residents can take their hard rubbish to the Shepparton and Ardmona resource recovery centres on Saturday, January 11 and Saturday, January 25 or to the Murchison centre on Sunday, January 12 and Sunday, January 26 free of charge.
Cr Fern Summer moved a motion that the council run a trial of free collection and use the data from the trial to inform and consider similar actions. Cr Kim O'Keeffe seconded the motion.
"We want to encourage people to build responsible waste management habits, and show them the tip services we have available,'' Mayor Seema Abdullah said.
"The trial does come with conditions, it is only residential waste, it is a maximum of three cubic meters and there is an emphasis on the sorting of waste to save time and money."
The mayor said the recommendation was based on analysis they had done in to the dates and collection method.
"Kerbside collection was found to not emphasise the sorting of waste and in metropolitan areas where kerbside collection occurs there is regularly waste on the streets and it is not aesthetically pleasing," she said.
Cr Chris Hazelman voted against the motion. He said he was not against the trail but more the timing of it, labelling it "policy on the run".
"It's on a short time-frame and with Christmas and new year going on people will miss the marketing campaign," he said.
"January is the wrong time, it's the hottest month of the year, which will be a massive deterrent.
"People would rather be inside watching the cricket or the tennis."
Cr Dennis Patterson said he had changed his tune on the trial since the previous meeting because there was a chance to "collect data and move forward".
However he expressed concern that "people may forget to sort (their rubbish) and bring a bunch of bottles (that should be in recycling bins) and it will be council footing the bill with a cost of $32 per cubic metre".
The mayor said the data collected would include customer satisfaction levels, the uptake of the service and the volume of waste brought to the recovery centres.
"Then we can ask whether it is sustainable, if it is something we'd like to pursue in the long term, and what other measures do we need to put in place so that our waste management is sustainable," Cr Abdullah said.
England quick Archer nears Test return
England paceman Jofra Archer could return for the final Test with South Africa with the bowler showing a "good rhythm" in training.
Handscomb denies Stars' complacency in BBL
With the BBL's top spot already locked away, the Stars have hit the staggers but it has nothing to do with dead-rubber complacency, says Peter Handscomb.
Mathews puts Sri Lanka in control in Test
Angelo Mathews has smashed an unbeaten 200 from 468 balls to put Sri Lanka firmly in command in the first Test with Zimbabwe in Harare.
Euroa man pleads guilty to sexual assaults he 'can't remember'
A man who sexually assaulted his daughter, a partner's daughter and one of his daughter's friends will have to await his fate after a judge deferred his sentence.
Monique Preston


text:
Icon Tumbler
Coca-Cola (PRODUCT)RED®
Unique 14oz Coca-Cola drinkware features an upside-down bottle of Coke inside an insulated tumbler.
100 years of the Coca-Cola bottle
One of the most famous shapes in the world and described by Raymond Loewy as the "perfect liquid wrapper", the bottle has been celebrated in art, music and advertising.
(RED)®
(RED)® was founded by Bono and Bobby Shriver to engage businesses and people in the fight against AIDS. Coca-Cola is proud to partner with (RED)® to help eliminate AIDS.
Created to celebrate 100 years of the iconic Coca-Cola bottle, for every (COCA-COLA)RED® tumbler sold Coca-Cola will contribute $1 to (RED)'s fight against AIDS.
E-mail: iconic@icontumbler.com
COCA-COLA, COKE, the Contour Bottle Design, the Dynamic Ribbon Device and the Red Disc Icon are trademarks of The COCA-COLA Company. COCA-COLA Icon Tumbler is an official licensed product. © 2015-2016 The COCA-COLA Company. All rights reserved.
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In other words, baptism is a way that assures us we belong to God. It is also assures us that we are members of God's church. Whether you want baptism for your baby, your child or teen, or yourself, we look forward to baptizing you and welcoming you in our congregation.
Since baptism is about becoming part of the Body of Christ, baptism is usually done Sunday mornings as part of Sunday worship. We try to schedule baptisms close to major Christian festivals (e.g., Easter), but recognize that family members who live far away may have time limitations.
but of what God has done for us in Christ.
but continue and deepen throughout life.
and looks towards growth in Christ.
to make personal profession of Christ.
What is born may die.
What is grafted may wither.
So please give us a call and we will do our best to welcome and include your family in this special time.


Residential metal roofing is rising in popularity because of its eco-friendliness. Heath Buildings has been using metal roofing for years. Metal roofs are energy-star rated, durable and is available in several styles and colors.


text:
Iconic actor Sridevi dead at 54, leaves film industry and fans shocked
STP Team
One of India's most versatile actors, Sridevi is dead at 54. She died of a cardiac arrest. The hawa-hawai star was in Dubai where she was attending a family wedding with her husband Boney Kapoor and younger daughter. Her elder daughter Janhavi was in Mumbai shooting, as she recently entered the world of the films.
Sridevi is an iconic face of Indian cinema having delivered roles like Chalbaaz, Sadma, Lamhe, Mr India, English Vinglish, Mom and many more that were critically acclaimed. Her snake fantasy Nagina saw Sridevi play an 'ichhadhaari naagin' and the film became a blockbuster hit. Her career spanned four decades and she acted with many key actors of those times like Jitendra and Anil Kapoor.
A chapter from the book of prettiest and decent class of women has ended, Shocking!
Rip #Sridevi pic.twitter.com/0zqjtiGE2T
— Actor Vijay Fans (@Actor_Vijay) February 25, 2018
Sridevi, known for her versatility as an actor, made her Bollywood debut in 1978 with "Solva Sawan". Her film with Jeetendra-starrer Himmatwala received commercial success. Some would say she was India's first female superstar.
Sridevi Kapoor, born on 13 August 1963 was an Indian film actress and film producer who also worked in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam and Kannada films. Sridevi was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honour, in 2013
Sridevi was looking forward to her daughter's Bollywood debut in a film directed by Karan Johar.
#Sridevi dies of cardiac arrest: Some facts about the screen icon you might not have knownhttps://t.co/U81NDWxi7i pic.twitter.com/AZUqO0l6wm
— Hindustan Times (@htTweets) February 25, 2018
Shocked and devastated. An amazing talent and my favourite performer passes on. A tremendous loss to the industry.
"Bijli giraane main hoon aayi, kehte hain mujhko hawa Hawaii" RIP dear #Sridevi. pic.twitter.com/nBrhmAlPlz
— Jaaved Jaaferi (@jaavedjaaferi) February 24, 2018
Ye Lamhe , ye pal hum har pal yaad karenge.. ye mausam chale gaye toh hum fariyad karenge.. #RIPSridevi
— PRIYANKA (@priyankachopra) February 24, 2018
Sridevi began her career as a child actor at the age of four in the Tamil movie Thunaivan playing the role of young Lord Muruga and acted in many Tamil and Telugu movies from then on. Baby Sridevi won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist for her performance in Malayalam Poompatta (1971).
In Sadma she delivered one of her biggest performances. It is a 1983 Indian drama film starring Kamal Haasan and Sridevi in the lead with music composed by Ilaiyaraaja. Sridevi acts a young girl who regresses to childhood after suffering a head injury in a car crash. She ends up in a brothel before being rescued by Kamal Haasan, a lonely school teacher who falls in love with her.
sridevi best performancessridevi dead 54sridevi dies dubai
Heart-Wrenching: Syrian Woman Dies After Delivering Baby Under Rubble


text:
Q: java loop array using do...while This program should take a user defined number, create an array of that size and let the user input the elements - which are grades - using a do..while loop. The program then needs to display all grades entered from lowest to highest, accumulate the grades, and find the average.
My output isn't displaying the entered grades correctly (if I enter 10,20,30, it displays 00,10,20) and I can't figure out what I'm doing wrong. Any help, please?
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class LoopArray
{
    public static void main(String[] arg)
    {
        Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);

        int count = 0;
        double totalAverage = 0;
        double gradesTotal = 0;

        System.out.println("Please input the number of grades you would like to submit for an average: ");
        int numberOfGrades = keyboard.nextInt();

        int[] studentScores = new int[numberOfGrades];

        do
        {
            System.out.println("Please enter grade for averaging: ");
            int inputGrade = keyboard.nextInt();
            count++;
            gradesTotal += inputGrade;

        } while (count < numberOfGrades);

        Arrays.sort(studentScores);

        for(count=0; count < studentScores.length; count++)
        {
           System.out.println("Grades entered were: " + count + studentScores[count]);
        }

        totalAverage = gradesTotal / numberOfGrades;
        System.out.println("The total of all grades entered is: " + gradesTotal);
        System.out.println("The average of grades entered is: " + totalAverage);

    }
}

A: Result
Grades entered were: 00
Grades entered were: 10
Grades entered were: 20

is generated with
System.out.println("Grades entered were: " + count + studentScores[count]);

So last number in each line is pair representing count + studentScores[count]. This means that:

*

*00 -> at position 0 array studentScores stores 0.

*10 -> at position 1 array studentScores stores 0

*20 -> at position 2 array studentScores stores 0
Which means you didn't fill your studentScores array with values from user.

A: Because count start from 0. You should check it.

A: You are not putting any value inside the array. You need to add this to your do part of the loop studentScores[count] = inputGrade;
Now your do while loop should look like this:
do
    {
        System.out.println("Please enter grade for averaging: ");
        int inputGrade = keyboard.nextInt();
        studentScores[count] = inputGrade;
        count++;
        gradesTotal += inputGrade;

    } while (count < numberOfGrades);

Also, inside your last for-loop, you are printing extra info. Just remove that count from System.out.println
 System.out.println("Grades entered were: " + studentScores[count]);

Anything you don't understand let me know thanks

A: you forgot to populate the array using the gardes entered
 do
    {
        System.out.println("Please enter grade for averaging: ");
        int inputGrade = keyboard.nextInt();
        studentScores[count]=inputGrade;
        count++;
        gradesTotal += inputGrade;

    } while (count < numberOfGrades);


We are now temporarily meeting at 1714 N Mascher St. Philadelphia PA 19122. Please continue to keep us in prayer as we seek God's guidance for a permanent home! Street parking is available near the school. Building entrance is on Mascher st and ushers will be outside to guide you. Please bring your own chair.


Alana, Bob and Jon recently published a manuscript in Conservation Letters that exposes the links between the Great Barrier Reef, climate change, energy production and the Australian coal mining industry. They propose new policies and processes that enable the consideration of the cumulative effect of coal mining by environmental decision makers. The manuscript is open access; feel free to share the DOI (see citation below).
The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area, Australia, covers over 348,000 km2 of tropical marine ecosystems of global significance. In July 2015, the World Heritage Committee called attention to the cumulative impacts of climate change, poor water quality, and coastal development on the region's outstanding universal value, but stopped short of inscribing the Great Barrier Reef on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Restoring the region's values is hindered by an environmental decision-making process that fails to incorporate cumulative impacts, including the climate change impacts of greenhouse gas emissions sourced from one of Australia's largest exports, thermal coal. We identify policy and processes that enable a more comprehensive consideration of the cumulative effects of coal mining by environmental decision-makers. Implementing cumulative impact assessment requires a collaborative and transparent program of planning and monitoring independent of Government and mine proponents that evaluates local, regional, and global impacts. The future of the Great Barrier Reef depends on transformational change in the cumulative assessment of Australian coal mines.
For questions and comments feel free to contact Alana (alana.grech@mq.edu.au) or use the "Leave a Reply" space below.


GVC Holdings has announce that it has signed an agreement with Playtech covering a new long-term commercial relationship between the two groups.
Under the agreement, which will run until 2025, Playtech will become a key products and services supplier to all GVC brands in both existing and new markets significantly expanding its current relationship with the Group. Through a portfolio of globally and locally established brands, GVC has one of the largest online gaming businesses in the world. For the first time many of these brands will have access to proven content and services from one of the world's leading suppliers. Playtech and GVC have also agreed to work together to integrate Playtech's products and services onto the GVC platform in order that they can be made available to the MGM-GVC JV, ROAR Digital.
Under the terms of the agreement, GVC will have greater flexibility migrating Ladbrokes Coral to the Group's in-house technology platform. Any acceleration of synergy phasing from previous guidance is primarily dependent on the timing of the migration of the Ladbrokes Coral technology platform, which will be determined in due course.
In addition, this partnership will see an extension of the agreement for Playtech BGT Sports to supply Ladbrokes Coral with the software for its suite of self-service betting terminals throughout Great Britain, the Republic of Ireland, and Belgium.