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Navigating Payment Reform
Triggering the Tipping Point in Payment Reform
Article · November 20, 2017
Mark McClellan, MD, PhD & Mark Smith, MD, MBA
Health Care Payment Learning & Action Network
Moving from volume to value in health care is a goal that has broad support throughout the health care system and among policymakers, as reflected in many state reforms as well as in bipartisan legislation like the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA). But as NEJM Catalyst readers know, it's a goal that is much easier to state than achieve, as it requires new expectations and actions by clinicians, payers, purchasers, and consumers. With support from the Department of Health and Human Services, the Health Care Payment Learning & Action Network (LAN) was formed in March 2015 as a public-private initiative to accelerate the adoption of alternative payment models (APMs).
The LAN brings together health plans, private employers, consumer groups, providers, state governments, state Medicaid programs, and other partners to expand the uptake of APMs that reward the provision of better care, improved outcomes, and smarter spending. The LAN is committed to the goals of ensuring 30% of U.S. health care payments are in APMs by the end of 2016 and 50% by 2018.
As its name suggests, the Learning and Action Network is just that — involving leading experts from all facets of our nation's health care system, learning and working together to develop and share promising practices. The first activity of the LAN was the development of an APM Framework — a shared approach to both categorizing APMs and providing a mechanism to measure how they are adopted across the country.
APM Framework: A Guide to Payment Reform
The APM Framework establishes a set of common concepts and language, and organizes payment models into a trajectory of categories emphasizing provider accountability for both the quality of patient care and total cost of that care.
Using the APM Framework, the LAN has conducted a new national initiative to collect spending data from leading national and regional health plans for measuring use of APMs across the country."
In categories 3 and 4, the two most comprehensive categories defined in the Framework, the focus is on broad accountability for people's health and outcomes, via clinical episode payment and population-based payment models rather than traditional, fee-for-service payments. By defining and promoting these new approaches, the APM Framework helps nudge the field toward more effective payment models.
Using the Framework, the LAN has conducted a new national initiative to collect spending data from leading national and regional health plans for measuring use of APMs across the country in commercial, Medicaid, and Medicare Advantage market segments. We shared the outcome of this effort at the LAN's fall Summit. We expect the results to help shed light on how markets are evolving, and to provide a foundation for further tracking of payment reform activity.
The Promise of Population-Based Payment Models
Population-based payment (PBP) models provide a means to broaden the current payment system from fee-for-service — which supports the provision of some services but not others — toward a system that gives health care professionals the opportunity to take other, potentially more efficient steps to improve the overall health of a population for which they are responsible. At their core, PBP models offer providers the flexibility to invest resources strategically, treat patients holistically, and deliver coordinated, person-centered care — accompanied by more accountability for improving results.
At their core, PBP models offer providers the flexibility to invest resources strategically, treat patients holistically, and deliver coordinated, person-centered care — accompanied by more accountability for improving results."
The LAN has focused on several priority areas critical to the success of PBP models, which are captured through a set of papers refined by wide public comment: patient attribution, financial benchmarking, performance measurement, and data sharing. We hope that the LAN's recommendations can help the health care community align around PBP models more quickly. By using these widely supported methods for effective PBP implementation, health care organizations and those working with them can move on to steps that improve care and potentially lower costs — for example, by proactively engaging patients and helping patients to work with their doctors to build relationships and manage their own health and wellness.
Supporting Clinical Episode Payment Models
The LAN also supports the acceleration and implementation of Clinical Episode Payment models. LAN recommendations for joint replacement, maternity care, and cardiac care focus on 10 design elements common to episode payment design. These examples span major procedures, time-limited conditions, and chronic diseases. In each case, the LAN's work on clinical episode payments aims to support what is feasible in today's health care system while providing a path forward to more comprehensive reforms in the evolving health care system.
Convening a National Conversation
Where there are opportunities for federal/state/private employers and plans to align around broadly supported elements of payment reform, more traction and momentum is possible. An example of this is the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation's (CMMI) Comprehensive Primary Care Plus (CPC+) model. CMMI selected payers within 14 regions to participate in this initiative to improve the quality of care and care coordination that patients receive. The LAN is supporting this work by facilitating a Primary Care Payer Action Collaborative (PAC), which brings payers together who are participating in multi-payer APMs, such as the CPC+ initiative. These payers will join a participant-driven "national table" where they can address regional and national issues and challenges related to implementing APMs with the goal of developing strategies and solutions. Through this work, the LAN aims to spur collaborative thinking, learning, and sharing on the practical opportunities and challenges involved in implementing effective APMs across multiple payers.
In addition to the PAC, which focuses on payment models for primary care, the LAN is also supporting learning and tools for implementation of maternity episode payments. All health care stakeholders are invited to participate in the LAN and to help shape payment reform.
This post originally appeared in NEJM Catalyst on October 24, 2016.
Mark McClellan, MD, PhD
Director, Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy and Robert J. Margolis Professor of Business, Medicine, and Health Policy, Duke University; Senior Health Policy Advisor and Professor of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin
Mark Smith, MD, MBA
Co-chair of the Guiding Committee, Health Care Payment Learning & Action Network; Visiting Professor, University of California at Berkeley; Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco
Hide 1 Response
Scott Poulton, Internist, Primary car provider, Private practice
As an individual primary care provider I am very concerned about how this "pay for performance" model is evolving. Currently it appears that this is only being done for large groups of physicians. In that situation how is an individual physician rewarded or penalized for how they care for patients? To me it's like taking a med school class and saying "we will take all of you as a group and give you an overall grade and reward or penalize you for your group's performance." How does that reward the individual for working harder or doing better? Does the class cut out the people on the lower end of the curve to improve their overall performance? Can the class force members to do better in their grades or clinical work? Currently we have no way to risk assess how ill or how much service an individual patient requires. Without this how can we asses how cost effective the care for that patient is? Obviously caring for a 75 year old with COPD, rheumatoid arthritis, congestive heart failure, type II diabetes, hypertension, and stage III chronic kidney disease will require significantly more in cost that caring for the average 75 year old person. Does a life insurance company give the same premium to every 45 year old white male? Will it be financially beneficial for a group or individual to "cheery pick" healthy patients and eliminate those with significant problems who require more revenue to provide their care? In view of preventive care such as screening mammograms or colonoscopies, will we be rewarded for getting the test or saving money? As you know there will be an initial higher cost in screening that may or may not be borne out as savings in the distant future. Although I would love to see some appropriate form of "pay for performance" I do not feel that we have the ability to do this in the ways that are currently being proposed.
Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP)
Medicare's Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program was established by the ACA to combat excessive and costly readmissions. Learn about HRRP penalties, criticisms, and strategies to reduce readmissions.
How to Engage Specialists in Accountable Care Organizations
Article by Matthew J. Resnick, David Penson & Melinda B. Buntin
Should an ACO insource or outsource specialty care? Here's a framework to help leadership decide.
Evidence-Based Health Policy
Article by Katherine Baicker & Amitabh Chandra
Having a clear framework for characterizing what is, and isn't, evidence-based health policy is a prerequisite for a rational approach to making policy choices.
The Price of Crossing the Border for Medications
Article by Michael Fralick, Jerry Avorn & Aaron S. Kesselheim
The health and safety risks faced by the many Americans who cannot afford medications necessitate consideration of alternative strategies to provide less expensive medications.
Economic Investment and the Journey to Health Care Value — Part III: Health Care Purchasers
Article by Jeff Micklos & Caitlin Sweany
Early successes suggest that value-based purchasing programs can both transform employer-based health care and have a powerful and lasting impact on the economic strength of U.S. businesses.
Survey Snapshot: Deep Frustration with the Current Payment System
Many NEJM Catalyst Insights Council members are frustrated with the pace of value-based payments and expect single-payer health care to gain traction — though maybe not soon enough.
Economic Investment and the Journey to Health Care Value — Part II: Health Care Payers
Payers' broad scale of investment in value-based arrangements makes a compelling case for the importance of sustained efforts to identify effective value-based payment models.
Four Principles for Navigating Payment Reform
Article by Leemore Dafny
The changes needed in health care are happening way too slowly. Health care stakeholders must insist on value in what they pay.
Economic Investment and the Journey to Health Care Value — Part I: Health Care Providers
Early evidence suggests that value-based payment and care delivery can transform our health care system, but providers must increase the momentum for this positive change.
New Marketplace Survey: What's Next for Payment Reform?
Insights Report by Leemore Dafny & Namita Seth Mohta
As health care reform struggles to gain traction legislatively, health care professionals report that payment reforms continue to move forward at a moderate pace, and indeed are essential to achieving the Triple Aim.
New Healthcare Business Models


Once, I knew the way back. A silk thread – such a fragile tether – spooled out behind. But when we reached the heart of things, the thread snapped, severed by knowing: he proved untrue.
This post was written in response to the Trifecta Writing Challenge weekend prompt: This weekend's challenge is to write a story entitled 'Lost' in exactly 33 words. The word 'lost' can only appear in the title, not your 33 words.
This entry was posted in Microstories, Writing and tagged 33 words, microfiction, microstories, trifecta, trifextra. Bookmark the permalink.
Wow, thank you! That's a real compliment, coming from you. I'm looking forward to reading yours – I think you're a great writer. I'm just starting on reading through all the Trifextra entries right now – I wanted to hold off till I wrote my own.
A really lovely take on the 33 words. Thank you for sharing.
I almost can't stand how good this is. Brilliant writing.
Nice. Heartbreaking. I really enjoyed this one!
And so ends a loving relationship. It seems to me that we always start out with many threads, and it is the snap of that last one we remember most vividly.
Beautiful story in so few words. Love it!
Poor Orpheus! I know I already commented, but I came to say I wish we could chat about our entries this weekend. I went with thread as an image as well. I really wanted to talk about how my many moves had made it difficult to keep then"ties that bind" intact. But 33 words proved only enough to hint around at it.
Orpheus – that's close. I was actually going for a different myth. 🙂 Personally I love these short pieces *because* of the hinting around. I like that there's usually something left to the reader to guess at, or infer.
Seems perfect to me! If I were a judge, you would certainly "place or show," if not win! I so appreciate your visit to my site as well. I am looking forward to participating in these challenges. This was my first one!
Heartbreaking story told in so few words yet written so lovely… kudos!
Beautiful. Really lovely response to the prompt. I love that image of the thread 'spooled out behind'. Thanks for linking up and see you for the weekday challenge hopefully.


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Currently, each Spaniard produces 460 kg of urban waste annually, which is six times their average weight. This startling number is a result of the long-standing linear economic paradigm, which is centred on extraction, production, consumption, and disposal. According to this paradigm, there is a significant environmental cost associated with making things, as well as at the end of their useful lives.
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At Ecoembes, we seek to educate people about the value of recycling and the circular economy. Due to this, we have started a stirring and deeply felt campaign in which we underline that materials that are wasted are actually resources that may be given new life. And that by recycling them, we contribute to the perpetual motion of the universe: A world that is more circular and sustainable.
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Out in the far reaches of the Chicago suburbs lies a new winery called Acquaviva that I recently visited. This doesn't seem like the first place for wine to be made. However, the question is why not? The Midwest may not have the ocean and climate like the west Coast or the storied history and topography of the old wine world. However, what they do have is the love of wine and what it signifies and as they say where there is a will there is a way.
What I always find amazing about these wineries is there passion and love for the wine and all that surrounds it. This was evident when I visited Acquaviva recently. There love of family, passion for wine, and hospitality showed in all that they did. From the time we walked in to the time we left we were greeted by family members and employees willing to share their passion and knowledge of their wine. I look forward to going back and seeing how they continue to improve on a good thing.
If you have never experienced wine from the Midwest let me suggest a few places to cut your teeth on. If you are in Illinois you may enjoy Galena Winery, Bluessky Winery, and Acquaviva Winery. If you are in Wisconsin make sure to check out Cedar Creek Winery and Wollershiem Winery. If you are in Michigan a few to check out include Round Barn Winery, Tabor Hill Winery, and many more. I am unsure about what exists in other Midwestern states, but I would love to hear what your suggestions are.


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CPM or cost per mille is the amount a website gets from the advertisers for one thousand impressions. To help understand better, if a YouTube channel's CPM is $2.00 it means that the advertisers will pay $2.00 for every one thousand impressions that the channel receives.
1. CPM is the cost per mille, mille is the Latin word for one thousand.
2. You can increase your YouTube CPM by targeting the audience in countries where CPM is high.
3. The YouTube CPM rates are high in the US.
4. CPM is not the same for all the types of videos.
5. CPM depends on the niche of videos.
6. Average YouTube CPM is $7.6 that means every thousand views might get a revenue of $7.6.
7. All the views on videos are not considered as ad impressions.
8. For a viewer who has an ad-blocking extension then the content, geography and audience demographics play important role in CPM determination.
9. Even when the CPM is more, there is no guarantee that the revenue will also be more.
10. Revenue is calculated by the number of impressions multiplied by CPM divided by one thousand.
11. The actual revenue is affected by the fatlike fill rate and loss.
12. The revenue of a YouTube channel does not depend on the number of subscribers it has.
13. However, high subscriber base will help to increase brand popularity and brings sponsorships.
14. The revenue on a video also does not depend on the number of views.
15. The revenue on the ad is decided based on the interaction of the viewers with the ad.
16. CPM is calculated by revenue divided by one thousand filled impressions. Whereas, fill rate and loss are not taken into consideration.
17. YouTube takes 45% of the money from the YouTuber earns through it.
18. CPM metric is not for the creators of the videos but for the advertisers.
19. CPM for creators is how much money they make for 1000 views.
20. CPM for advertisers is how much they are ready to pay for 1000 views.
21. To increase CPM, the factors of the YouTube channel need to be optimized.
22. Meta data or the title, description, thumbnails and tags of the video are essential to get more views and to increase CPM.
23. Thumbnails also need to be optimized.
24. A different set of ad biddings are preferred depending on YouTubers with different number of subscribers.
25. Increasing watch time helps in deciding search rankings.
26. CPM of YouTube is highest in the month of December.
27. CPM becomes highest during the days of summers and special occasions such as Valentine's day.
28. YouTubers do not make videos based on the views but they create through the interaction with the ad, clicking or watching the ad for more than thirty seconds.
29. According to information available online, CPM for in-stream videos ads ranges between $1 and $8 per one thousand views.
30. Some videos in the same channel may have more CPM than the others.
31. Some of the tricks to increase YouTube CPM is to provide English subtitles to regional language videos.
32. Increasing video length to a minimum of five minutes etc.
33. The longer the videos, the more interest the advertisers will show.
34. CPM differs across the world based on where the audience for the video comes from.
35. Countries in which English is the native language have better CPM than other countries.
36. CPM per view on TrueView ads is very high.
37. CPM is dropping presently because of increased demand for digital video marketing.
38. The more popular the channel is the more demand for advertisers to display ads on the channel, this increases CPM.
39. YouTube partners are now allowed to publicly share their income.
40. There is a difference between what the advertisers pay for the ad and what revenue the content creators receive.
41. If the video supply is greater than the demand will not show any affect on each video in the channel.
42. According to Hank Green, the average CPM is $2.
43. By considering the Social Blade the estimated CPM is between $0.25 and $3.5.
44. YouTube takes 45% of the total earnings.
45. All the videos are not counted only for review but the monetized views count will be calculated.
46. CPM is not the measurement for calculating YouTube earnings, but RPM and eCPM terms are used.
47. According to Tubemogul in 2013, the average YouTube CPM was $7.6.
48. This YouTube average is quiet dated and in these couple of years, the CPM would have also changed along with YouTube.
YouTube CPM is an importent factor for YouTube paid advertising or YouTube marketing. The above article is an ultimate guide for 48 Amazingly interesting factors and figures about YouTube CPM.


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Purpose is essential if brands are to find new audiences and increase the loyalties of the ones they already have.
Virgin Trains' decision to stop selling the Daily Mail intensifies concerns about Richard Branson's hypocrisy and weakens my advocacy for the Virgin brand.
The media industry's willingness to promote gambling during day-time TV is harmful to children and society, Grant Feller argues.
Theresa May's titanic election own goal is further proof that smart brands must engage with and listen to their audiences, Grant Feller argues.
The most interesting element of the Sunday Times' redesign is not what's new but what's old.
Lego's decision to end promotional activity with the Daily Mail amid pressure from Stop Funding Hate raises worrying questions about freedom of expression, argues Grant Feller.
The row about Facebook's alleged left-wing bias in its Trending Topics is proof that the network's editorial views matters, argues Grant Feller.
If you want content marketing done right, hire a journalist, says GF Media's Grant Feller.
Grant Feller, a media consultant and former Daily Mail and Daily Express executive, on the Daily Mirror's planned 20p tabloid launch and the print demise of The Independent.
The best thing about the Financial Times on Saturday is the brilliant parody that is How To Spend It.
As Facebook mulls adding a dislike button, Grant Feller, a former associate editor of the Daily Express, discusses the power of negativity in engaging audiences.
This is a story about an old-fashioned coup. One planned with ruthless efficiency, with scant regard for the authority of once-formidable foes and with a determination to inspire a revolution. GF Media's Grant Feller reports.
Murky financial arrangements which compromise journalists exist everywhere, says Grant Feller, a former associate editor of the Daily Express.
Grant Feller, director of GF-Media, which specialises in digital content for the over-50s, on why tablets are the most important gadget for older audiences.
Following the acquisition of Reader's Digest last week by venture capitalist Mike Luckwell, Grant Feller, media consultant and director of GF-Media, explores why the "frisky" over-50s market has been ignored by an industry obsessed with a lust for youth.
The ageing profile of the average Facebook user confirms the site is successfully opening up the world's most affluent consumers.
People aged over 50 should be an advertiser's nirvana, so it is time for a step-change in thinking, says former Daily Mail and Daily Express journalist, Grant Feller, now founder of GF Media.


As property values increase in many parts of the country while interest rates remain near their historic lows, many homeowners can accomplish a number of important financial goals by refinancing their home loan. The question becomes how to best tailor a refinance to meet your financial needs, and in this regard a little-used financial tool — the mortgage refinance calculator - can be a huge help.
It's no secret that homeowners have a multitude of refinance options nowadays because many homes have appreciated in value. The most recent S&P Case-Shiller Home Price Index showed that home prices across the country increased 6.2% in September, the fastest pace in over three years. Even cities like Denver, which is located in the middle of the country, are experiencing rapid gains. For example, Denver's home prices increased 7.2% in September (more than the national average), and have more than doubled since 2000, making the Rocky Mountain capitol the 7th hottest real estate market in the country today.
Many homeowners in states like Colorado can not only refinance and lower the interest rate on their mortgage but they can also access some of the equity in their home (or get "cash-out") at the same time. Many families are finding out that accessing their home equity in order to make home renovations or consolidate high interest rate debt such as credit cards, or even finance a child's college tuition can be a life-changing event.
So how do you figure out what type of refinance you should choose or how much money you should borrow, or how much money you can save each month by refinancing? The first step is to do a little homework of your own by utilizing a refinance calculator. A mortgage refinance calculator is easy to use and allows you to plug in a variety of different numbers to help you get an idea of what strategy makes the most sense for you, try our simple mortgage Refinance Calculator. Even working with a mortgage refinance calculator for 5-10 minutes can pay big dividends.
Once you have a refinance strategy in mind, you should contact a Loan Officer to give you an estimate of current interest rates, the types of home loans that are available and any closing costs. This is a great way to maximize your time because while your Loan Officer can help you understand all of the lending options that are available to you as well as their costs, only you know your true financial situation and what specific financial goals you want to accomplish.
It's always a great time to reassess your financial situation as well as your household budget for the coming year. In doing so, it makes sense to review your mortgage using a mortgage refinance calculator and look at the various ways that refinancing can benefit you. Given the low interest rates and rising property values in many parts of the country, refinancing your mortgage can be a tremendous way to save money and accomplish your financial goals at the same time, as opposed to depleting other financial assets, or worse, taking out a risky home equity line of credit loan.


text:
The Great Hunt: Episode 8
"Got an update from Lucas and Aiden; there's nothing in the thirty fifth sector," Sam said patiently. Simon nodded, and quickly put an all-clear symbol on the large portion of the map with a written '35' on it.
They were in the 'Tree', the large library that Simon had essentially declared his new place of work. Most of the books were empty however, some with covers that said they stored something within those pages, but in actuality didn't. Cal was out that day, searching sector 37, a large warehouse at the end of the 'Bar District', as some of the Alenkans had taken to calling it.
At the end of the first month, Simon had realized that simply saying 'search everywhere' was not an effective way of eliminating areas at all. He, Sam, and Cal had retreated into the Tree for a few days while they worked out the best ways to essentially make a district map, and using Sam's penchant for drawing things make enough maps for almost every single person in Alenkas.
Once she got the first one done, it was much easier for her to draw a second, which allowed both Simon and Cal to help by tracing over them. Using the blank books for extra paper, they allowed all thirty copies to be made in under a day. Although Simon did complain of getting writer's cramp later.
Since then, they had started all over, this time using separate 'districts' as a way to eliminate certain areas from definitively having the IDM. Every so often, they'd get an update from one or two of the searchers, saying that they eliminated certain areas.
There were over 96 districts in Alenkas. All of them, each and every single one, needed to be searched and cleared by hand. And that wasn't even counting the sheer amount of warehouses and empty space on the far side of the river. Simon didn't even want to think about trying to search those spaces.
"Right, send them to 42 next. After that, 43 needs to be searched, Emma said she could handle 45, but her previous update said 34 needed to be handled by someone with a lot of strength; apparently there were a lot of doors that she couldn't unlock or couldn't open by herself," Simon said.
The squirrel sighed. He'd been at this for over two months now; it was getting close to the beginning of the third month in Alenkas. Three months of his life shouldn't seem that long, considering that he'd spent over ten years working on the Alenkas engine.
But time just seemed to drag on. One week very slowly became two, two weeks slowly became four, four became eight…he wondered if that was what it was like out in the outside world too. Constantly losing track of time, constantly wondering what would happen next. At least with Alenkas they could guarantee formulas and such to know exactly what would happen.
"Thinking about the outside world again, Simon?" Sam asked. The cat was behind him, in that way that cats can sneak around without anyone knowing or noticing. He jumped slightly, before sighing and nodding his head. "Don't think about it too much. You're doing what you can here, giving everyone hope as best you can. Don't think, just go," the white-furred cat said to him. Her tail whipped around lightly.
"Don't think, just go…where'd you hear that from? It fits," Simon said quietly.
"It's a runner's term. I used to run a lot when I was in the outside world, not so much anymore due to-" she pointed with her head at the maps laying strewn about everywhere, "-obvious reasons. It's what I told myself in the mornings. Your goal is as far as you can see."
"But what if you can't see far?" Simon asked. There was a lot of subtext going on in his head, and he hoped that Sam could pick up on it.
She didn't disappoint, "Then you go as far as you can think. After that, you continue. Your mind isn't a prisoner of the body. Just as the body isn't a prisoner of the mind. You should know that better than anyone."
"Sometimes I wonder though," he said, crashing down onto a chair. "I wonder if this can even be done. There's nothing saying that the IDM exists except for what I know, and it's been months since I've seen the code…what if I'm not right? What if-"
"Don't ask what-if's then," Sam said, sitting down next to him. She grabbed his hand quietly. "What-if's tend to only distract us from what's important. Your conviction, my conviction to finding the truth, finding the IDM. That's what should drive us; trust in yourself Simon."
"What if I can't do that?" Simon said suddenly. "What if I can't trust myself. I can't trust my own mind, I can't trust my own thoughts…the Heat's taken over a lot of it I think. I don't know what is or isn't my own head anymore."
"Then trust in me," Sam exclaimed. Simon stared at her, staring directly into her red eyes. "Trust in me that trusts in you. I've placed all of my trust in you, Simon, because I know you want to do the right thing. If you can't trust yourself, then trust in me that trusts in you."
Simon chuckled, and even Sam did after a moment. "I've seen that anime too Sam. Isn't it believe, not trust? 'Believe in the me that believes in you'?" his mind shot back to the few times that his friends in the outside world had sat him down and forced him to watch something on tv. Sometimes it was just shows, sometimes it was movies. He liked the ones that had a basis on scientific fact the best.
Sam laughed, her earthy and warm chuckle that spread throughout the silent library. "Yes it is, but I figure that trust works pretty well here. Even if the words weren't mind, the sentiment was. Believe in the sentiment at least."
"I can do that, at least. Thanks Sam. Lyla set up a new algorithm for determining when the Heats would hit, and one's supposedly soon," Simon said. He stood up and gripped his own silver thermos, full of cold water that would help keep the Heats at bay for at least a little while. Or would allow them to keep full faculties.
Sam blushed, showing up well against the white of her fur. "We'll be ready then. Mutual, would you say? Might be the quickest to get back to work," she said.
"If you want to, sure," Simon said. He got the feeling that Sam wanted something different, something a bit more, but he had no idea how to tell for certain, and if he was wrong then it was possibly he might lose her as a friend. And that was something he couldn't do. She was the first person to talk to him in Alenkas, and was definitely one of the better parts about it.
He knew she was timid about a lot of sexual things, even in Alenkas. Even now, when most of the girls had gone fully nudist, and half the guys had too, she was still walking around in a skirt and tank top. Still showed quite a bit of skin, and if Simon was still the Simon of the outside world he'd probably blush every time he saw her.
For a while, after she'd just changed into it, he would still sometimes blush. It just made Cal laugh hysterically every time he saw them, for some reason. Although nowadays, the laughter wasn't as it was. It wasn't as prevalent, and even those that were naturally funny just seemed to have to work harder these days.
Simon relaxed back into the chair, and he could feel the niggling Heat creep up to him. It was affecting him just as it was affecting everyone in Alenkas at the same time. Or at least, near the same time. He waited an extra moment, before tossing his water onto Sam's lap.
Somehow, in the time it took for him to sit down, she had already crept out of her skirt and tank top, and sat nude on the chair. She froze when the water hit her. "Shit that's cold!" she yelled. "What do you do, put ice in it!?"
Almost as if in retaliation, she pulled his shirt up -he was still wearing the same thing that he practically wore to work every day for the last ten plus years, a pair of slacks and a work shirt- and dumped her water down it. He froze and shivered the same way.
"No, I don't! Although I wonder if I should sometimes," Simon said. "Cal gets the water for me," he said. Sam stared at him, almost semi-glaring.
"Tell him he needs to stop putting ice in it. Dear god that's cold," she whispered as she sat back down. She spread her legs without another word, and reached over to tentatively touch Simon's cock. She breathed a heavy sigh as she felt his hands start to explore the inside of her thighs.
His cock always seemed so large to her, even though she had felt it a hundred times. She gave him a casual smile, trying to ignore the feeling of her heart racing, as she slowly stroked him. He gave a light moan, and Sam's stomach fluttered.
She gave a hearty sigh of her own. Simon's finger's knew exactly where to explore to set her off, knew exactly how to tease to get her engine revved. Her body tensed as he finally flicked her clit, after long minutes of just teasing. She was on the verge of whimpering if he hadn't.
Simon tensed underneath her, and she knew it wasn't a cumming tense, but simply an 'awashed with pleasure' tense. For some reason, at least Simon's penis was far more sensitive than her body, at least to her. Although she would probably change her mind soon if Simon kept up what he was doing.
His fingers were dancing around her lower lips, only occasionally coming in to tap the small button that was her clit. Each time he did, he found her hips thrusting forward, asking and demanding for him to touch her more. He let out small chuckles every time she did, even as stuttered with the slight moans from him.
Her other hand, the one that wasn't slowly jacking Simon off, went to her boobs, hornily measuring and cupping them. After it became obvious to her that she wasn't going to get off that way, it went down to her pussy, and she slowly put in a few fingers.
Simon chuckled and moaned from his chair. He felt Sam's hands fingering herself rather vigorously, with each pump her breath raised and harried. She moaned almost at every move either of them made. Although he felt he wasn't going to last too much longer at this rate; her hand was moving quickly, bringing him up to the final peak far faster than anticipated.
"You should slow down, otherwise you may not get off as quickly," Simon shuddered out. Sam's hands kept on going the same pace, sometimes even going faster as she blatantly ignored him. "Fine then, you get what you wanted," he said quietly as his hips unconsciously thrust upwards. Cum shot out of his cock, coating Sam's hand and making it nearly impossible to see through her white fur.
Sam was mostly ignoring this, as most of her focus was on what was going on between her legs. Simon continued to motion and rub her clit, and with her fingering herself well, she too tensed up and moaned breathily into the air. Simon felt her clench up, and watched with a state of awe and understanding as she had her orgasm.
The two sat there for a long moment, breathing heavily from their own peaks. "Should we get up?" Sam asked. Simon shook his head.
"Nah, let's wait for a moment," he said quietly. Sam chuckled as they both rested.
Cal, Handjob/Masturbation, Plot-Related, Sam, Simon, Straight


text:
Nintendo Releases Full Statement After Cancellation Of Smash World Tour
January 16, 2023 Nintendo
Update #2 [Tue 6th Dec, 2022 04:05 GMT]: Panda Global has now released its own statement – revealing Alan Bunney is no longer CEO. Panda's Cup Finale has also been postponed due to security concerns for staff and contractors. You can see the full statement below:
pic.twitter.com/Y7xbon04YN— Panda (@PandaGlobal) December 5, 2022
Update [Fri 2nd Dec, 2022 11:30 GMT]: We heard earlier this week that the unofficial Smash Bros. championships and upcoming tour would be cancelled with immediate effect after receiving a cease and desist notice from Nintendo.
This was expected to cost the tournament a huge amount of money in cancellation fees and seemed to be something of a U-turn for the brand which had previously operated under good terms with Nintendo's licenses.
Today, in a statement to IGN, Nintendo has offered some explanation of why it chose to withdraw SWT's license and bring an end to the event. While the statement focuses around Nintendo's "evaluation of [SWT's] unlicensed activities", it also states that this was not a last minute decision, claiming to have previously notified the organisers that the license would be withdrawn.
Perhaps most importantly, however, the statement suggests that Nintendo never asked for the 2022 Championships to be shut down, citing "the impact it would have on players." Therefore, the statement claims, "the decision to cancel the SWT 2022 was, and still is, their own choice."
These claims can be found in the following extract:
Nintendo's decision was solely based on our assessment of the proposals submitted by the SWT and our evaluation of their unlicensed activities. This decision was not influenced by any external parties such as Panda Global. Any partner that we grant a license to has to meet the high standards we require when it comes to the health and safety of our fans. It's also important that a partner adheres to brand and IP guidelines and conducts itself according to professional and organizational best practices. We use this same approach to independently assess all partners. If we discover that a partner is doing something inappropriate, we will work to correct it.
When we notified the SWT that we would not license their 2022 or 2023 activities, we also let them know verbally that we were not requiring they cancel the 2022 finals event because of the impact it would have on players. Thus, the decision to cancel the SWT 2022 was, and still is, their own choice.
Nintendo's statement can be read in full over on IGN, detailing the company's decision to continue to work with the tournament's official host, Panda Global, after SWT claimed to have previously been threatened by its CEO.
We will be sure to keep you all updated as and when another statement is made.
Original article [Wed 30th Nov, 2022 00:45 GMT]: The unofficial Super Smash Bros. series 'Smash World Tour' has announced the cancellation of "both the upcoming Smash World Tour Championships" as well as the 2023 tour. This event is best-known for having the "largest prize pool in Smash history at over $250,000" and was planned to have a prize pool of "over $350,000" next year.
After seemingly positive talks with Nintendo, Smash World Tour allegedly received notice from the video game company that it could "no longer operate" future events without an official license. The event organiser goes on to claim it will lose "hundreds and thousands of dollar's due to Nintendo's actions" but is "open to continuing the conversation".
"Without any warning, we received notice the night before Thanksgiving from Nintendo that we could no longer operate. This was especially shocking given our discourse with Nintendo the past twelve months. Since then, we have been working around the clock to take the proper steps logistically, as well as to prepare this statement with proper legal guidance."
"…last Wednesday evening (November 23rd), we had our most recent call with Nintendo. Our Nintendo rep opened by letting us know that they are being asked to deliver the news that going forward, Nintendo expects us to only operate with a commercial license, and that we would not be granted one for the upcoming Championships, or any activity in 2023. We received this in writing as well."
"…It felt as though Nintendo simply did not want the Smash World Tour to continue to exist. At this point, we now felt we had been strung along this entire time."
In the same statement, Smash World Tour detailed its history with Panda Global (the officially licensed Smash tournament host) and how Panda's CEO (who was "under evaluation" by Nintendo) allegedly told other organisers about SWT "getting shut down" while threatening these same events with shut downs if they didn't "join Panda Cup".
You can read Smash World Tour's lengthy statement in the link below:
The upcoming Smash World Tour Championships and the entirety of the 2023 Smash World Tour must be cancelled.
Full Story: https://t.co/3ro3q7rr4h pic.twitter.com/Gcgcgakdvp
— Smash World Tour 2022 (@SmashWorldTour) November 29, 2022
If we hear any developments, we'll let you know.
[source medium.com]
See Also Related Games
When he's not paying off a loan to Tom Nook, Liam likes to report on the latest Nintendo news and admire his library of video games. His favourite Nintendo character used to be a guitar-playing dog, but nowadays he prefers to hang out with Judd the cat.
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Every Song In Knives Out 2
With a title like Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery, one can expect the movie to be filled with a lot of great songs. Named after a track on the Beatles' eponymous 1968 double album, a.k.a. "the White Album," Glass Onion is the second installment in Rian Johnson's Knives Out franchise, following the 2019 original. Like the first movie, Glass Onion features a score by Nathan Johnson along with a soundtrack consisting of classic rock tunes mixed with other perfectly fitting music choices.
Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery follows another case involving the impeccable detective Benoit Blanc (Daniel Craig). This time, he's invited to a private island in Greece where a tech billionaire named Miles Bron (Edward Norton) has assembled a group of friends for a bit of fun during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rian Johnson has crafted another meticulous whodunit with the arguably better Knives Out sequel, and his many perfect details include the choice and placement of the movie's many songs.
Related: Every Celebrity Joke & Reference In Glass Onion
Here's every song in Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery, in order:
"Fugue in G Minor, BWV 578 'Little'" performed by Tatiana Nikolaeva
"Mothership Connection (Star Child)" by Parliament
"Bach's Music Box – 'Little' Fugue in G Minor" performed by Brandon Frankenfield
"Aeraki (To Thiliko)" by Eleni Foureira
"Blackbird" by the Beatles
"Hourly Dong" by Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Joseph Bonn
"Under The Bridge" by Red Hot Chili Peppers
"To Love Somebody" by the Bee Gees
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" by Toots and the Maytals
"Star" by David Bowie
"Abzorbing Dance" by John Denon and Richard Paul Vallance
"Starman" by David Bowie
"Cool Change" by Little River Band
"Mona Lisa" by Nat King Cole
"Glass Onion" by the Beatles
When Exactly Each Song Plays In Glass Onion
"Fugue in G Minor, BWV 578 'Little'" performed by Tatiana Nikolaeva – Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery opens with Johann Sebastian Bach's "Fugue in G Minor," also known as his "Little Fugue," as performed by the late Soviet pianist Tatiana Nikolaeva. It extends from the fade-in through to Claire (Kathryn Hahn) beginning her CNN interview. The piece appears again at the beginning of the second half of the movie when Helen (Janelle Monáe) goes to Blanc's apartment.
"Mothership Connection (Star Child)" by Parliament – This classic funk song is playing at the party that introduces Kate Hudson's scene-stealing Glass Onion character, Birdie Jay.
"Bach's Music Box – 'Little' Fugue in G Minor" performed by Brandon Frankenfield – This alternate version of Bach's "Little Fugue" is played on one of the partitions of the puzzle box that Miles sends to all his friends to solve. None other than iconic cellist Yo-Yo Ma identifies the tune during his cameo appearance as a guest at Birdie Jay's party.
Related: Every Cameo In Glass Onion Explained
"Aeraki (To Thiliko)" by Eleni Foureira – This Greek pop song is heard faintly in the background during the Glass Onion scene when the main cast arrives at the dock to catch the boat to Miles's island.
"Blackbird" by the Beatles – Miles is obviously a fan of the Fab Four since he named his complex on his private island, the Glass Onion. The first Beatles song heard in the movie, though, is "Blackbird," also from "the White Album." While no one is credited with the performance, and it's not confirmed to actually be Edward Norton doing the strumming, the song is played on guitar in-story by Miles as he greets his friends on the beach.
"Hourly Dong" by Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Joseph Bonn – While not exactly a song, the "Hourly Dong" that occurs on Mile's island is credited among the other tunes on this list from the Glass Onion soundtrack. Regardless, it's a composition that is heard throughout the movie and has an interesting bit of trivia. The sound of the "dong" was voiced by actor Joseph Gordon-Levitt, who tends to have some sort of cameo or involvement in every one of his friend Rian Johnson's movies.
"Under The Bridge" by Red Hot Chili Peppers – This is another song performed on guitar in-story by Miles, but not credited to Edward Norton or anyone else. "Under the Bridge" is briefly played poolside followed by some praise for Red Hot Chili Peppers guitarist John Frusciante.
Related: The Best Story For Knives Out 3 (With Joseph Gordon-Levitt)
"To Love Somebody" by the Bee Gees – This late '60s tune from the Bee Gees' third album plays in Glass Onion when the gang meets up for dinner. The song plays through the handing out of drinks up until the introduction of the Mona Lisa.
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" by Toots and the Maytals – Toots and the Maytals' reggae cover of John Denver's "Take Me Home, Country Roads" plays in the living room after dinner while the gang gets drunk following Blanc's premature solving of Miles's mystery game.
"Star" by David Bowie – In the positively-reviewed Knives Out sequel, as the party continues in the living room with everyone disappointed, Miles asks his Alpha DJ for something upbeat. The song played is David Bowie's "Star," which gets Birdie dancing and is heard up until Duke (Dave Bautista) drops dead.
"Abzorbing Dance" by John Denon and Richard Paul Vallance – This version of the iconic instrumental tune "Zorba's Dance," which originated from the movie Zorba the Greek, can be heard faintly in the background in Glass Onion when Helen meets Blanc for dinner after arriving in Greece.
Related: Rian Johnson's Most Exciting Murder Mystery Isn't What You Think
"Starman" by David Bowie – "Starman" is the second David Bowie song, also from The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, to appear in Netflix's box office hit. It's playing in the Glass Onion bar during the flashback scenes as Helen tells Blanc about the gang's origin and their introduction to future star Miles.
"Cool Change" by Little River Band – The wandering hippie Derol (Noah Segan) is listening to this late '70s song when Helen happens upon him while searching every room in the Glass Onion.
"Mona Lisa" by Nat King Cole – The most on-the-nose moment of Glass Onion comes with this song, which plays when the living room is going up in flames and Helen runs, in slow-motion, to open the case of the Mona Lisa and let it burn.
"Glass Onion" by the Beatles – The inspiration for Glass Onion's title is finally played at the start of the end credits.
Related: Glass Onion Ending Explained: Breaking Down Every Knives Out 2 Twist
Where To Listen To Glass Onion's Score
Once again, Rian Johnson's cousin, Nathan Johnson, scored his movie, with the Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery soundtrack album consisting solely of that music. Containing 27 tracks, from the sweeping "Theme from Glass Onion" to compositions dedicated to specific characters and plot points, the official motion picture soundtrack for the Knives Out sequel can be listened to digitally. Stream it on Spotify, Apple Music, YouTube, and Amazon.
Next: Won't Rian Johnson's Poker Face Just Be A Knives Out Copy?
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text:
Medicine Distribution
Type: Candidate-led
Case prompt
Mercer, our client is a leading pharmaceutical manufacturer in the US. They are evaluating a change in their distribution strategy.
They have hired us to help them with this restructuring and want us to advice them on whether they should invest in 1 distribution centre or in 6 distribution centres.
How would you help them?
Paragraphs highlighted in orange indicate hints for you on how to guide the interviewee through the case.
Paragraphs highlighted in blue can be verbally communicated to the interviewee.
Paragraphs highlighted in green indicate diagrams or tables that can be shared in the "Case exhibits" section.
Suggested case structure
Key question: Should the company invest in 1 or 6 distribution centres?
Brainstorm with the interviewee on a possible structure to solve the case.
Below would be the steps to solve the case:
Context: The candidate should attempt to understand the current distribution structure, company's plans, impact of distribution structure on sales/ customers etc.
Economic comparison: The candidate should try to evaluate the economic impact of the two options by comparing the initial and recurring investment.
Pros and cons: The candidate should try to evaluate the risks and benefits associated with the two options in addition to the economic analysis.
Recommendation: The candidate must give a concrete recommendation on the basis of the above analysis.
The interviewee should at the outset try to understand the existing distribution structure, company's plans and the impact of the distribution structure on the company's sales/ customers etc.
Allow the interviewee to think aloud and lay out the list of information required in order to understand the existing distribution structure.
Share the following information with the interviewee if enquired:
The existing distribution system of the company is outsourced to a specialised logistics operator. This operator transports the medicines from the factory to the retailers directly
Mercer believes that distribution is a key element of the entire value chain and has therefore decided to in-source it
The company wants to build a system that would serve its requirements over the long term (10 years)
The company has been profitable over the last several years and has sufficient reserves to invest in its own distribution system
Mercer's clients are distributed across the country. There are no pockets of high concentration of clients
Mercer believes that it's revenues would not be affected by the choice of distribution configuration in the short term. Since it is difficult to predict the long term impact, it has asked you to not take the revenue impact into account whilst doing the analysis
Key insight:
The company wants to develop a distribution system that will serve it well in the long run as well. The company's investment decision horizon is 10 years.
2. Comparison
The interviewee should now try to evaluate the economic impact of the two options by comparing the initial investment required and the recurring costs (revenue impact is outside the scope of the analysis)
Promt the interviewee to think aloud and lay out the list of information required in order to compare the two options from an economic viewpoint (investment and recurring costs)
Share Exhibit 1 with the candidate if s(he) enquires about investments
Share Exhibit 2 with the candidate if s(he) enquires about the recurring costs
6 distribution centers would require an incremental investment of 1,100 m$ compared to 1 center
The 6 centers layout would ensure a 11 m$ monthly saving in recurring expenses as the transportation costs from center to retailers is much lower in case of 6 distribution centers
Using the above information, we can calculate the point at which the monthly savings can recuperate the additional upfront investment required for 6 distribution centers
After 8.33 years, the 6 center configuration would be cheaper economically compared to the 1 center configuration.
Since the company wishes to build a structure which would serve it well in the long run (10 years), it makes economic sense to invest in 6 centers.
3. Pros and Cons
The interviewee should now try to evaluate the risks and opportunities associated with the two options in addition to the economic analysis.
Allow the interviewee to think aloud and lay out the potential pros and cons of the different options.
Advantages of 1 centre:
Scale economies in labour and other costs; simplified management structure
Centralised distribution centre with all employees in one location would create unity and a uniform standard of quality
Lower inventory levels would be required compared to a segregated structure of 6 centres. Deviations in demand across the country would cancel out each other. In case of 6 centres, each centre would need to maintain a buffer in order to accommodate local demand fluctuations.
Advantages of 6 centres:
Reduced risk levels, as having one centre comes with the associated risk of downtime due to natural calamities, operational factors etc.
Proximity to market would reduce the delivery time and improve the company's ability to respond to changes in the market. This would also potentially improve customer relationship
Diversified centres would encourage innovation; potential for centres to learn from the best practices of other centres
Share Exhibit 4 with the candidate after s(he) has laid out the initial list himself/herself.
4. Final recommendation
The client should invest in a 6 centers layout
This option makes economic sense in the long run. Although the initial cost of setting up 6 centers is higher, the lower recurring costs would make up for the higher initial investment in 8.33 years, less than the 10 year company's investment horizon.
Having 6 centers diffuses the risk of downtime & shock to the distribution chain
Having 6 centers increases the ability to respond to changes in the market thanks to the proximity to retailers
Are you sure you will land your offer?
Let's make sure you are
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Q: How to return angularjs scope function asynchronously I am doing a project with nedb and angularjs.
In angularjs, I tried all the way I know to solve the problem below. In this code, I wanted to show the data that found in doc variable. But when I store it to taken_quizzes variable and try to return that variable I get undefined every time.
$scope.chapterChange = function (chapter) {
   let taken_quizzes;

   score.find({ user_id: $scope.student.id, course_id: chapter }, (err, doc) => {
        taken_quizzes = doc
            console.log(doc)
  })

  return taken_quizzes
}

I want to return the result what I find in doc variable that storing to taken_quizzes variable.

A: With an asynchronous API, functions can not return values, they can only return promises:
$scope.chapterChange = function (chapter) {
   let deferred = $q.defer();
   score.find({ user_id: $scope.student.id, course_id: chapter }, (err, doc) => {
        if (err) {
           deferred.reject(err);
        } else {
           deferred.resolve(doc);
        };
   });
   return deferred.promise;
};

Usage:
$scope.chapterChange(chapter)
  .then(function(doc) {
    console.log(doc);
}).catch(function(err) {
    console.log(err)
});

For more information, see

*

*AngularJS $q Service API Reference - The Deferred API

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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An uncertain future for the relationship between the Rule of Law and the EU Budget
A Proposal for Regulation on the protection of the Union's budget in case of generalised deficiencies in the rule of law was put forward by the Commission on 3 May 2018. Since then, a big debate surrounding the rule of law concept and how this relates to the Union's financial considerations has ensued.
The proposed regulation seeks to implement a mechanism by which the Commission, in conjunction with the Council, is given powers to review the allocation of funds to Member States, on the basis of certain fundamental principles. Foremost amongst these is upholding the rule of law which is a founding pillar of the European Union, as defined in Article 2 of the Treaty on The European Union (MFF 2021 -2027 at A24). Specifically the Commission will seek to identify any generalised deficiencies, including (1) endangering the independence of the judiciary; (2) failing to prevent, correct and sanction arbitrary or unlawful decisions by Public Authorities; or (3) Limiting the availability and effectiveness of legal remedies. Any member state breaching these aspects of the rule of law could see the suspension or reduction of payments from the EU budget and/or prohibition to enter into new legal agreements.
Initial criticism of the proposal focused on the broad margin of discretion handed to the Commission. The European Court of Auditors (ECA) delivered its opinion on 17 August 2018 and highlighted a lack of rules on stakeholder consultation and impact assessments. The need for specific criteria defining "generalised deficiency" and need for protecting the interests of EU funds beneficiaries were also underlined.
Further tweaking of the proposal took place at the level of the Budgets Committee (BUDG) and the Budgetary Control Committee (CONT). Most notably, the Parliament was put on the same footing with the Council in respect of adopting and lifting measures. The proposed amendments were backed by the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) and Committee of the Regions (COR) in their opinions on the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) package.
The first-reading legislative resolution on the proposal was adopted by Parliament on 4 April 2019. According to this resolution, and in addition to the above, a generalised deficiency should be further exemplified by specific situations, such as: endangering the administrative capacity of a Member State to respect the obligations of Union membership; and measures that weaken the protection of the confidential communication between lawyer and client.
The proposal was discussed by the European Council in May and June 2019, but member states were unable to reach a common position. The Council did though reassert on 20 July 2020 that the Union's financial interests and the respect of the rule of law are important considerations which must be protected.
It is now expected that the German presidency will reattempt to reach agreement on the proposal later in the year. In the event the Council does reach an agreement, conditionality could become law before the end of the year. Until then, the Commission has been tasked with developing further measures that could be taken in case of breaches.
Most recently however, following the conclusions of the Budget Summit (held on 17 – 21 July 2020), critics (i.e. Politico and EU Law Live) pointed out that the language on the rule of law mechanism was vague: "A regime of conditionality to protect the budget and Next Generation will be introduced." […] "In this context, the Commission will propose measures in case of breaches for adoption by the Council by qualified majority." […] "The European Council will revert rapidly to the matter," (para 23 of the Conclusions of the European Council Meeting of 21 July 2020)
There is a lack of certainty over what this means for the future of the rule of law in the Union.
It seems likely that any attempt to give the rule of law conditionality real teeth, is likely to face concerns from Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic and Slovenia.
Yet there are upcoming events which may mean the future of the rule of law conditionality will nevertheless be soon decided.
The Council is to enter negotiations with the Parliament on the agreed multiannual budget, ahead of the current Budget running out on the 31st December. The leaders of the four major political groups have warned that there would be no agreement on the next budget unless a formal deal linking EU funds to the rule of law was concluded.
The first annual Rule of Law report covering all member states will be adopted by the Commission before the end of the month. During the State of the Union Address, President of the Commission Ursula van der Leyen stated that "this [is] to be a starting point for Commission, Parliament and Member States to ensure there is no backsliding."
The future of the rule of law conditionality will be decided soon. While it is clear that a mechanism will be put in place, the question is rather whether it will have the power it was initially designed to have or will it be a paper tiger. It will also be interesting to see what further proposals are put forward by the commission, particularly in respect of the methods used for penalising Member States found in breach.
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Commission publishes the proposal for a directive on corporate sustainability due diligence
On 23 February, the Commission published its proposal for a directive on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence (see also here). The aim of the proposed law is to encourage sustainable and responsible corporate behaviour and to apply human rights and environmental considerations in companies' activities and corporate governance.
Commission publishes the proposal for the EU Data Act
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After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which took place in 476 and up to the end of the 6th century, there is no relevant information regarding Pitigliano which, like all of Italy, suffered violent barbarian invasions.
At the end of the 6th century, southern Tuscany was conquered by the Longobards, who managed to subdue first the city of Roselle, in 592 and then the city of Sovana, in 603.
In 774, Charlemagne conquered the Lombard territories and in 787 donated the cities of Populonia, Roselle, Sovana and other small villages to Pope Adriano I, not without the hostility of the noble families of Tuscia – today's Tuscany. It was one of these families, that of the Aldobrandeschi, that gained control over Pitigliano in 862, in the Carolingian age.
It was in the time of Aldobrandesca rule that we first gain written proof of Pitigliano's existence, in a papal bull by Niccolò II of 27 April 1061.
In the 12th century, Pitigliano, together with the nearby cities, was part of a fiefdom between Sovana and Castro, controlled by a vassal of the Aldobrandeschi, Ranieri di Bartolomeo. Ranieri di Bartolomeo, given his relationship with the city of Orvieto, put Pitigliano under the town of Orvieto in 1168. When the feudal reign of the Terra Guineccesca by Ranieri di Bartolomeo ended, Pitigliano was taken over by the Aldobrandeschi. This caused deep discontent in the Orvietani, and in the 13th century, Orvieto and Siena fought constantly against the Aldobrandeschi. The clash ended with a union between Orvieto and Siena. The new power forced the Aldobrandeschi to accept a pact that expected them to continue to govern Pitigliano in exchange for the payment of a substantial tribute to Orvieto. The Aldobrandeschi accepted this despite the agreement but never renounced their rebellion and the Ghibellines soon obtained the support of the Emperors. In 1210 the emperor Otto IV recognized the Aldobrandeschi as the feudal lords of Guideccesca and in 1221 Federico II granted them one of the highest honours placing them above all the other lords of southern Tuscany. These honours led to the natural decay of the tributes imposed by the city of Orvieto. Despite this, the Orvietans did not surrender and in 1215 occupied the castles of the Aldobrandeschi and in 1216 divided county with the aim of conquering the Guideccesca. In 1223 the Orvietano captured Ildebrandino, Guglielmo and Bonifacio, imposed the payment of taxes on the Aldobrandeschi and took possession of the fortresses of Pitigliano and of the city of Vitozza as guarantee of payment. In the following decades, power passed to Count Guglielmo Aldobrandeschi who, by supporting the Guelph faction, also obtained the support of Orvieto, which has always sided with the Church.
In 1240 the troops of Emperor Federico II and those of Siena occupied the Aldobrandesca county and it was only thanks to the intervention of their new ally Orvieto, that the Aldobrandeschi managed to regain the territories, in 1250. The city of Orvieto still imposed taxes on the Aldobrandeschi as per the agreements of 1203.
In the second half of the 1200s a new enemy took on the Aldobrandeschi, the Republic of Siena, which, following the fall of its empire in Tuscia, aimed to destroy the Aldobrandesque county. Count Ildebrandino Aldobrandeschi, nicknamed Red, allied himself with the Florentines, mortal enemies of the Sienese, and took part in the Battle of Montaperti in 1260. Siena emerged victorious and captured Count Ildebrandino and over 400 soldiers from Pitigliano. Peace was stipulated with Siena only following the sale of the city of Grosseto.
Ildebrandino Aldobrandeschi then took part in the crusade led by the King of France's brother, Charles of Anjou, against Manfred, son of Emperor Frederick II, who came out victorious. The count's support was rewarded with the marriage between his, Margherita Aldobrandeschi , and Guido di Montfort, the Guelph vicar of King Charles of Anjou in Tuscany. The peace was however only momentary for the Aldobrandeschi, in 1272 Guido di Montfort killed Henry of Cornwall in the Church of San Silvestro in Viterbo, taking revenge for the murder of his father, who died during the war for the English crown. As a consequence of this act, Guido di Montofrt was immediately dismissed as vicar of Tuscany and Ildebrandino himself was suspected of having organized the tremendous murder and of helping his son-in-law escape
In 1274 the Aldobrandeschi County was divided between the branches of Santa Fiora and Sovana weakening considerably the power of the Aldobrandeschi, the county of Sovana was placed under the control of Margherita Aldobrandeschi but thanks to her private life "the fate of the county were never rosy." Margherita in fact married five times, was excommunicated for having married a cousin in Santa Fiora, and in the chaos of her private life, the county that was submerged by popular revolts. In this atmosphere the Republic of Siena took over, succeeding in conquering Saturnia and Scansano. In 1293 the marriage between Anastasia Montfort and Romano Gentile Orsini was celebrated and at the death of Margherita Aldobrandeschi, in 1313, the county passed definitively to the Orsini.
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