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MustGo About World Languages Semitic Branch
Semitic Branch
Semitic languages constitute a the most populous branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. They are spoken by more than 500 million people across the Middle East, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. They are believed to have evolved from a hypothetical common ancestor called *Proto-Semitic whose place of origin is still disputed: Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and Mesopotamia are the most probable locations. The Semitic branch can be divided into East, West (or Central), and South (or Ethiopic) Semitic. The term "Semitic" is thought to have come from Shem, one of the three sons of Noah (Gen. x:21-30), regarded in biblical literature as the ancestor of the Semites.
Today, the Semitic branch includes 77 languages that are spoken by more than 500 million people across the Middle East, and North and East Africa. The most widely spoken Semitic language today is Arabic, followed by Amharic, Tigrinya, and Hebrew. The table below lists the most populous Semitic languages.
East Semitic
ancient Mesopotamia (in present-day Iraq)
West Semitic
Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Syria
Chaldean New-Aramaic
Arabic (35 varieties)
c. 500 million (all varieties)
Middle East, North and East Africa.
Caananite
Tigrinya (Tigrigna)
Silt'e
Tigré (Xasa)
It is estimated that there are over 400 million first- and over 240 million second-language speakers of the 35 varieties of Arabic (Ethnologue). A significant proportion of them can speak and understand Modern Standard Arabic. Classical Arabic is the official language of all Arab countries and is the only form of Arabic taught in at all levels of education.Arabic is the official or co-official language of 25 countries that include, among others, Algeria, Bahrain, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestinian West Bank and Gaza, Qatar, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Mauritania, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. In addition to the Arab countries, in which Arabic speakers are concentrated, large numbers of Arabic speakers live in Iran and France (about 600,000 speakers each), and a substantial number of speakers live in Israel and parts of Africa (Ethnologue).
Amharic, with 17 million first- and 4 million second-language speakers, is the official working language of Ethiopia, along with English and Tigrinya. It is used in government, public media, national commerce, and in education up to the seventh grade. It has been the working language of government, the military, and of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church throughout modern times. Many speakers of Amharic also use English, Arabic, Afaan Oromo, and Tigrinya.
Tigrinya is a national language of Ethiopia where it is spoken by 3.2 million people as a first language and by 147,000 people as a second language. It is the third most spoken language, after Amharic and Oromo. Tigrinya serves as a lingua franca among different ethnic groups and has the status of national language. It is used in the mass media , in schools, and in government and non-governmental agencies (Ethnologue). Tigrinya is spoken by 1.2 million people in Eritrea which does not have an official language. It is the most spoken language and is used in the mass media , in schools, and in government and non-governmental agencies (Ethnologue). There are 10,000 speakers of Tigrinya in Israel (Ethnologue).
Hebrew is spoken by about 5 million people in Israel. In addition, it is spoken by several hundred thousand speakers in the Palestinian territories and expatriot Jewish communities around the world (Ethnologue). It became an official language of British Palestine in 1922. Today, it is the dominant official language of the State of Israel, along with Arabic and English, and remains the liturgical language of Jews worldwide. It is used for official, public and private purposes throughout Israel, with the exception of the Arab sector, where Arabic is used. Government schools teach in either Hebrew or Arabic, however, Hebrew is a compulsory subject through the tenth grade in all schools, even the Arabic ones. Hebrew is the medium of instruction at the university level as well. It is the language of most newspapers, books, magazines, radio, and television.
Aramaic, once used as a lingua franca throughout the Mediterranean, is now spoken by some 500,00 people scattered throughout northern Iraq, eastern Turkey, northwestern Irn, and Syria. Syriac, an older descendant of Aramaic, is used as a liturgical language by Iraqi Christians. It does not have official status in any country.
The now extinct Ge'ez, attested between the 4th-9th centuries AD, is still used as the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Coptic Church.
Important extinct Semitic languages
In addition to the 77 living Semitic languages, there are some important extinct tongues, some of which are listed below:
Akkadian is an extinct Semitic language that was spoken in Mesopotamia from the 3rd to the 1st millennium BC. Last written records of Akkadian date to 1st century AD. Akkadian was forgotten but rediscovered in the 19th century and its cuneiform script was deciphered.
Canaanite languages that include Hebrew, Phoenician, and Punic, were spoken in Palestine, Syria, and in scattered communities around the Mediterranean. All these languages are extinct, except Hebrew, which was revived as a spoken language only in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Phoenician is an ancient Semitic language that was originally spoken in today's Lebanon. It is attested through inscriptions from the 12th century BC to the 2nd century AD. Phoenician traders established settlements all over the Mediterranean. The Phoenician consonantal script, written from right to left and consisting of 22 letters, is almost identical with the Old Hebrew script. It is the ancestor of the Greek and Latin alphabets.
Punic, a later stage of Phoenician, was the language of Carthage and the Carthaginian empire. It was influenced by the surrounding Berber languages. Punic became extinct by the 6th century AD.
Syriac was a Christian literary and liturgical language from the 3rd through the 7th century AD. It was based on an East Aramaic dialect. Today, it is still used as a liturgical language by Iraqi Christians.
Semitic words in English
English has directly or indirectly borrowed many words from Semitic languages, mostly from Hebrew and Arabic. In some cases, the Arabic and Hebrew words themselves came from other languages.
English word
amen Hebrew 'truth'
behemoth Hebrew b'hemoth, plural of b'hemah 'beast.' The Hebrew word is most likely a folk etymology of Egyptian pehemau, literally 'water-ox,' the name for the hippopotamus.
camel Hebrew or Phoenician gamal'
camphor Arabic kafur, from Malay kapur, 'camphor tree'
cipher Arabic sifr, 'zero'
giraffe Arabic zarafa, probably from an African language
jubilee Hebrew yobhel, 'jubilee'
mattress Arabic al-matrah, 'the cushion'
schwa Hebrew shewa, 'a neutral vowel quality,' literally, 'emptiness'
The sound systems of modern Semitic languages share many features.
The number of vowels in Semitic languages ranges from three in Modern Standard Arabic, six in Hebrew, and seven in Amharic and Tigrinya.
Vowels can be long or short. Vowel length distinguises word meaning.
There is an opposition between voiced, voiceless plain and voiceless emphatic consonants which are produced with the root of the tongue retracted, resulting in pharyngealization, a secondary articulation by which the pharynx is constricted during the articulation of the consonant.
All Semitic languages feature a wealth of consonants produced at the back of the oral cavity, i.e., velar, uvular, pharyngeal, and glottal sounds.
There is an opposition between single and geminated (double) consonants;
Hebrew stress normally falls on the penultimate syllable with some exceptions. Other Semitic languages have mobile stress, i.e., stress that can fall on any syllable of a word.
The grammatical systems of Semitic languages share many common features. A distinctive feature of the Semitic languages is the triliteral or triconsonantal root, composed of three consonants separated by vowels. The basic meaning of a word is expressed by the consonants, and different shades of this basic meaning are indicated by vowel changes. For instance, the triconsonantal root K-T-B in Arabic serves the basis for the following words: kitāb, 'book,' kutub, 'books,' kitaba 'writing,' kātib 'writer.'
Nouns, adjectives and pronouns
There are two genders, masculine and feminine. Masculine nouns have no special markers, whereas feminine nouns are often indicated by the suffixes –t or –at.
There are two numbers: singular and plural. The plural is usually formed by either adding a suffix and/or by an internal vowel change (broken plural), e.g., Arabic dinaar 'dinar' (singular) –danaaniir 'dinar' (plural), kitāb, 'book,' kutub, 'books.' Some languages have retained the dual number, e.g., Modern Standard Arabic dinaar (singular) – diinaareen (dual, i.e., 'two dinars') – danaaniir (plural).
The cases have disappeared in spoken varieties of Semitic languages. Modern Standard Arabic has retained three cases: nominative, genitive and accusative, but only educated speakers of the language master their use. Modern Hebrew uses the prepositions to mark grammatical relations, e.g.,shel, 'of,' as in ha-dal shel ha-beyt, 'the door of the house.'
Nouns are marked for definiteness, e.g., in Arabic sefiniteness is marked by the article 'al-, while indefiniteness is usually indicated by the suffix -nwhich follows the case marker. Ths category is present in all dialects of Arabic. In Modern Hebrew, the definite article ha– is placed both before the adjective and the noun, hence 'the big camel' is ha-yeled ha-gadol, literally 'the boy the big.'
There is a category of 'state' which, depending on the language, may include the construct state (for nouns attached to a noun in the genitive), pronominal state (used before possessive suffixes, the predicative state, the emphatic state (for definite nouns) and the absolute state (for everything else).
Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender and number.
There is no gender distinction in the 1st person pronouns but the 2nd and 3rd person pronouns have a masculine and a feminine form.
There are three sets of personal pronouns: independent ones used as subjects or predicates, possessive pornouns attached to nouns or prepositions, e.g., Amharic bet-e 'house my,' and object pronouns attached to verbs.
Most Semitic roots consist of three (sometimes four) consonants. These roots can form a number of derived forms that express new meanings, such as passive, reflexive, or causative, e.g., the stem K-T-B with the basic meaning of 'write' gives rise to words such as kataba 'he wrote' and kutiba 'it was written.'
Verbs agree with their subjects in person and number.
There are two sets of conjugations: one that uses prefixes and another than uses suffixes. Prefixes and suffixes are attached to verb stems.
Word order in most modern Semitic languages is Verb- Subject-Object, as in Hebrew and Modern Standard Arabic. Modern Ethiopic Semitic languages, such as Amharic and Tigrinya, have a Subject-Object-Verb order.
Due to their common ancestry, Semitic languages share a great deal of their vocabulary. In addition, they have also borrowed words from neighboring languages, such as Berber as well as languages with which they had signifcant contacts, such as Persian, and the languages of the former colonial powers, such as French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian. The most recent source of borrowing is English.
Below are four common words in four Semitic languages.
Modern Standard Arabic as-salaamu alaykum (greeting); Wa alaykum is-salaam (response)
Hebrew shalom
Amharic sälam
Tigrinya selam
Modern Standard Arabic shukran
Hebrew toda
Amharic əgziabher yst'lñ
Tigrinya yekenyeley
Modern Standard Arabic naam
Hebrew ken
Amharic awon
Tigrinya uwe
Modern Standard Arabic laa
Hebrew lo
Amharic ay
Tigrinya aykonen
Below are the Arabic numerals 1-10 in four Semitic languages given in romanization.
Modern Standard Arabic
waahid
thneen
tlaatha
arbaa
khamsa
thmaanya
echad
shnayim
shlosha,
chamisha
shmonah
assara
hulät
sədəsətə
säbat
səmənətə
zät'äñ
hadde
kelete
seleste
arbaate
hamushte
shedushte
shewate
shemonte
teshate
aserte
Semitic scripts are thought to have a common ancestor in a hypothetical proto-Semitic writing system. The source of the proto-Semitic alphabetic script is thought to have been Egyptian hieroglyphics, however, this has not been firmly established. Semitic scripts are often divided into North and South Semitic. All Semitic languages are writtten from right to left except Ethiopic, Assyrian, and Babylonian, which are written from left to right.
North Semitic writing is alphabetic in that each sign or symbol represents a consonant. At first, vowels were not represented in writing at all. Various symbols to represent the vowels for Hebrew, Arabic, and Syriac date from the 8th cent. A.D. The North Semitic script consists of a Canaanite branch and an Aramaic branch. The Canaanite branch gave rise to Early Hebrew and Phoenician writing. Early Hebrew writing was the alphabet of the Jews until they adopted Aramaic instead of Hebrew as their spoken language and began to use the Square Hebrew letters derived from the Aramaic writing. Square Hebrew letters are used for writing Modern Hebrew today. The oldest extant Early Hebrew text is dated at about the 11th or 10th cent. B.C. North Semitic writing was the basis for the Greek alphabet, the ancestor of both Roman and Cyrillic alphabets.
Click here to see a comparative chart of Proto-Canaanite, Phoenician, and Greek alphabets.Records of the Aramaic script go back to the 9th cent. B.C. After about 500 B.C. the Aramaic alphabet was used throughout the Middle East. In addition to being the parent of Square Hebrew letters, the Aramaic alphabet is the ancestor of Arabic writing, the Syriac scripts, and other Semitic alphabets. Major alphabetic writing systems of Asia, such as the Devanagari alphabet widely used in India are probably also derived from Aramaic.
South Semitic alphabet survived until modern times for writing Ethiopic languages. Ethiopic writing is syllabic in nature, i.e., each symbol represents a consonant plus a vowel. The origin of the syllabic nature of the Ethiopic script is a matter of dispute.
The table below shows the distribution of Semitic scripts.
Arabic Arabic
Ancient Scripts
Hebrew Hebrew
Amharic Ethiopic (Ge'ez)
Tigrinya Ethiopic (Ge'ez)
Aramaic Aramaic
Syriac Syriac
Ge'ez Ethiopic (Ge'ez)
Language Difficulty
How difficult is it to learn Semitic languages?
Information is available for Hebrew, a Category II and Arabic, a Category III language in terms of difficulty for speakers of English.
Languages A-Z
Arabic (Egyptian Spoken)
Arabic (Levantine)
Arabic (Modern Standard)
Arabic (Moroccan Spoken)
Arabic (Overview)
Bashkort (Bashkir)
Dholuo
Éwé
Gikuyu
Hawaiian Creole
Ilocano
Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia)
Inuit/Inupiaq
Khoekhoe
Malay (Bahasa Melayu)
Mandarin (Chinese)
Tachelhit
Tibetic languages
Yucatec
Language Family/Branch
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Austro-Asiatic Language Family
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Caucasian Language Families
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Critical Languages
Cushitic Branch
Dravidian Language Family
Eskimo Aleut Language Family
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Heritage Languages
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Language Isolates
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Niger-Congo Language Family
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Oto-Manguean Language Family
Pidgin Languages
Romance Branch
Sino-Tibetan Language Family
Siouan Language Family
Slavic Branch
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I'm so sorry for the lack of posts last week. I went on a much needed getaway to Mexico and took a little break from work. But today, I'm so excited to share my second video that I filmed at Dermstore Studios! You guys know that I am obsessed with lipstick. In fact, I never leave the house without it. Whether I'm wearing a more natural color, or a sultry red lip, it is always the perfect finishing touch to an outfit. Lipstick Queen makes shades that are perfect for every occasion and today, I am sharing three of my favorites. "Black Tie" kind of speaks for itself because it's so appropriate for formal occasions. I paired it with a gorgeous lace dress and statement earrings. A little white dress is the perfect summer staple and they are great for daytime events. I paired this look with a more natural lip. "Frog Prince" glides on silky smooth and although it looks green, it actually adjusts to your skin tone to create your own custom color. Lats but but not least, brown-ish lipstick shades are always a go-to for me and they really come in handy when I have a business meeting. "Natural Sinner" is just right for a day at the office and it paired nicely with my dainty dress.
Be sure to take a peek at my video with Dermstore to see more from these looks and to get some lipstick tips and tricks!
I was so amazed by it too! It's such a great natural looking color. Thanks for stopping by, lady!


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Policy Forum 03-38A: N. Korea: Fibs versus Facts
You are here: Home » NAPSNet » Policy Forum » Policy Forum 03-38A: N. Korea: Fibs versus Facts
NAPSNet Policy Forum
"Policy Forum 03-38A: N. Korea: Fibs versus Facts", NAPSNet Policy Forum, August 05, 2003, https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-policy-forum/nautilus-institute-policy-forum-online-n-korea-fibs-versus-facts/
Nautilus Institute Policy Forum Online: N. Korea: Fibs versus Facts
PFO 03-38: August 5, 2003
N. Korea: Fibs versus Facts
by Leon V. Sigal
II. Essay by Leon V. Sigal
III. Nautilus Invites Your Responses
Leon V. Sigal, director of the Northeast Cooperative Security Project at the Social Science Research Council in New York, asserts that the Bush administration has been misleading in its portrayal of North Korea by spreading three "inexactitudes" concerning North Korea's nuclear intention, role in the Agreed Framework, and the possibility of its collapse. Moreover, a U.S. strategy of strangulation cannot be effective unless all of the North's neighbors are willing to join in. However, none are willing to, as they all realize that pressure without negotiations won't work with Pyongyang.
The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Nautilus Institute. Readers should note that Nautilus seeks a diversity of views and opinions on contentious topics in order to identify common ground.
While its faith-based intelligence and downright deceptions about Iraq are now being exposed, the Bush administration has been just as misleading about North Korea. North Korea has grudgingly accepted multiparty talks. It had been balking – not, as administration officials suggest, because it was insisting on bilateral talks with the United States, but because Washington has shown no interest in negotiating.
In three-way talks in Beijing in April, North Korea made a proposal to freeze and eventually dismantle its nuclear programs. Allies South Korea and Japan want the Bush administration to make a counterproposal, but it has not. Yet administration officials say they seek a "diplomatic solution."
Winston Churchill would have called that a "terminological inexactitude." That phrase was Mr. Churchill's way around a rule in parliament against accusing fellow MPs of lying. The Bush administration is propagating other inexactitudes on North Korea, all of them designed to keep talks from turning into negotiations and all of them at odds with the facts.
One is that North Korea is determined to nuclear arm, so negotiating is an exercise in futility. Yet Pyongyang has said repeatedly it will accept a verifiable end to both its plutonium and uranium programs and yield any weapons it has. It will not give them away for nothing, however. It wants a written pledge from the United States not to attack it, impede its economic development or attempt to overthrow its government.
It insists on dealing directly with the United States, whether or not China, South Korea, Japan and Russia are at the negotiating table, because none of them can give security assurances on behalf of the United States. For the past two years, it has been talking nonstop with South Korea and Japan to ensure that they provide aid and investment as part of any nuclear deal.
North Korea will let U.S. inspectors monitor its nuclear sites, but it won't submit to international inspections until Washington ends what Pyongyang calls its "hostile policy."
North Korea will keep reprocessing plutonium and generating more spent nuclear fuel in its Yongbyon reactor. It will also continue to build gas centrifuges to enrich uranium. It wants an agreement in principle committing America to satisfy its security and economic concerns before it will stop.
This is intended to underscore North Korea's basic stance that if the United States remains its foe, it feels threatened and will seek nuclear arms and missiles to counter that threat, but if the United States ends enmity, it says it will not.
Does North Korea mean what it says? There is no way of knowing for sure without putting an offer on the table that satisfies both sides' interests. History does suggest the North is willing to deal. Under the Agreed Framework of October 1994, it froze work at facilities that by now could have been generating at least 30 bombs' worth of plutonium a year. That is a real nuclear weapons program. Its enrichment effort, by contrast, won't be ready to produce much weapons-grade uranium until mid-decade at the earliest, according to U.S. intelligence.
A second inexactitude advanced by the administration is that the United States kept its word but North Korea cheated. As President Bush said March 6, "My predecessor, in a good-faith effort, entered into a framework agreement. The United States honored its side of the agreement; North Korea didn't. While we felt the agreement was in force, North Korea was enriching uranium."
His advisers misinformed him. The fact is, Washington got what it most wanted up front, but it did not live up to its end of the bargain. When Republicans captured control of Congress in elections just days after the Agreed Framework was signed, they denounced the deal as appeasement. Afraid of taking them on, the Clinton administration backpedaled on implementation. It did little easing of sanctions until 2000. Reactor construction was slow to get under way. Although we pledged to provide the two reactors "by a target date of 2003," we did not pour the concrete for the first foundation until August 2002. We did not always deliver heavy fuel oil on schedule. Above all, we did not live up to our promise, in Article II of the Agreed Framework, to "move toward full normalization of political and economic relations" – to end enmity and economic sanctions.
When Washington was slow to fulfill the terms of the accord, Pyongyang in 1997 threatened to break it. Its acquisition of technology to enrich uranium from Pakistan began soon thereafter. That was a pilot program, not the operational capability that the North moved to acquire in 2001 – after the Bush administration refused to negotiate and instead put it on a target list for nuclear attack.
A third inexactitude is that North Korea is on the verge of collapse and that an economic embargo and naval blockade will bring it down. But trying to compel North Korea will provoke it to nuclear arm a lot sooner than to collapse. A strategy of strangulation cannot be effective unless all of the North's neighbors are willing to join in. None is willing to. They know exactly what the Bush administration has yet to learn, that pressure without negotiations won't work with Pyongyang.
The Northeast Asia Peace and Security Network invites your responses to this essay. Please send responses to: napsnet-reply@nautilus.org . Responses will be considered for redistribution to the network only if they include the author's name, affiliation, and explicit consent.
Produced by The Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainable Development
Northeast Asia Peace and Security Project ( napsnet-reply@nautilus.org )
The NAPSNet Policy Forum provides expert analysis of contemporary peace and security issues in Northeast Asia. As always, we invite your responses to this report and hope you will take the opportunity to participate in discussion of the analysis.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A little over a year ago, this Vulture editor wrote a silly comic for New York's 2008 Fall Preview issue imagining Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes's life in Manhattan during the time she was performing in Broadway's All My Sons. In said comic's last panel, Tom made his own stage debut in Cocktail: the Musical, a made-up show we thought was so stupid-seeming that no producer could ever pitch it to backers with a straight face. Oops! We learn via yesterday's Post that the 1988 Cruise-starring bartending adventure Cocktail is indeed being adapted into a Broadway musical thanks to producer Marty Richards, presumably with songs from the movie's soundtrack (like "Kokomo" and "Don't Worry Be Happy") serving as the score. Sorry, everybody!
I would make a Days of Thunder joke, but I fear the likely consequences.


text:
SARA MCGRAIL
RIP Public Health England - What now for drugs and alcohol?
The abolition of Public Health England (PHE) announced last week could substantially affect drug and alcohol services - how they are commissioned, how they are experienced by the people who use them, how we will monitor their success and how we will support and incentivise good practice.
Up until 2012 Drug treatment was classed as an NHS service. People had a right to receive it and a right to expect it to be of a certain quality. Drug treatment was procured within a separate framework either directly by a Drug Action Team (DAT) or the Primary Care Trust (PCT) commissioning team for the DAT. The Health and Social Care Act 2012 changed all that. Since 2012 the responsibility for developing and commissioning drug treatment has been that of the Director of Public Health (DPH) within local authorities. There is no obligation on Local Authorities to commission any drug services if they don't want to.
The old National Treatment Agency (NTA) was rolled into the newly created PHE. Since then it has been their job to advise local areas what services they might need and how they might want to commission them. The PHE function has also been to support the implementation of the public health aspects of the government's drugs strategy. PHE are responsible for monitoring delivery, which they do against the Public Health Outcome Framework.
The consensus - as far as there is one currently - seems to be that the bulk of PHE functions that do not directly relate to managing health threats will transfer either to local Directors of Public Health (DPHs) or back into the Department for Health and Social Care (DHSC). But against that there are challenges related to the perilous state of local government finances; the integration agenda for NHS England; and the reluctance centrally to create any new national body.
This is important stuff and broadly speaking it could go in one of two directions in which drugs will either get shoved back in its corner, with the effectiveness or indeed existence of drug treatment largely a matter for the local DPH, or we could start to resolve some of the challenges which have been inherent in our system for the last decade by redesigning how we manage drug treatment.
Normally, being of pessimistic bent I would expect the former, but there are other factors which must be considered before we consign ourselves once again to second class health issue status.
The first is the Independent Review of Drugs undertaken by Dame Carol Black last year, part one of which reported just before lockdown. The review was established largely as a response to the rising drug related death rate and concerns about the sustainability quality and penetration of our current approach (including treatment). One of the findings of the review was that the shift of the commissioning function from DHSC and the DAT to the DPH's, presented some difficulties. They observed significant regional variation in spending and also variation in the skills and abilities of commissioning teams.
"Because treatment is commissioned separately from other healthcare and is outside of the NHS, it is much harder to control the quality of care and clinical safety. Providers compete for commissions on price and, increasingly, a small number of third sector providers have dominated the market, offering basic services with no incentives to enhance quality" Independent Review of Drugs Phase One Report
Dame Carol's team have just closed their call for evidence for the second part of the review. Among the questions they asked were a number relating to structures that would support a better coordinated approach to the provision of drug treatment.
This is real meaty stuff. We are being asked to imagine different ways of working to incentivise improvement, ensure safety and increase the penetration of drug treatment into the community of people with drug problems. While agreeing that dwindling resources for treatment are problematic, she identifies the operation of the market (with a small number of dominant providers) the skills of all - including commissioners - and the integration of treatment with other local helping services and with the criminal justice system as areas in which we could improve.
This brings me to the second aspect of the management and commissioning of treatment which I think we should consider. It's one we have never been very good at thinking about. We need to consider our position as a sector alongside the shift to local health and care integration. In 2019 The NHS Long Term Plan (LTP) made clear the direction of travel that had been apparent for most of the last decade and certainly since the establishment of the 42 Sustainability and Transformation Partnerships (STPs) in 2016. It said:
"Local NHS organisations will increasingly focus on population health – moving to Integrated Care Systems everywhere"
Fine words. We have known for a long time that integration was the next necessary shift for health and associated services. The proof of the pudding is as ever in what happens outside strategies and plans, but it's safe to say that across England every local health care system is undergoing significant change right now.
The LTP describes an ICS like this:
"An ICS brings together local organisations to redesign care and improve population health, creating shared leadership and action. They are a pragmatic and practical way of delivering the 'triple integration' of primary and specialist care, physical and mental health services, and health with social care"
Some areas have gone hell for leather into the establishment of an Integrated Care System. As "vanguards" they have established new systems of care that bring together the range of agencies who provide health and some social care services under a single contract with each provider having a responsibility to every other provider to ensure they work together in a person-centred way. Other areas have literally put in place one big contract with one big provider who may or may not subcontract aspects of it to other people. In other areas elements of the system have been better integrated.
For example, the National Association of Primary Care (NAPC) has developed the Primary Care Home Approach (PCH) . In PCH the health (all of primary and some secondary) and social care professionals work together within one system covering a small number of practices with a population weight of up to 50k people. They have an integrated workforce, they prioritise personalised individual care, they are subject to a single performance regime, and they work with a defined registered population.
Thus far I have seen one area in which drug and alcohol services have been part of this integration in any real way. I am sure there will be more, but not many more. In most area drugs and alcohol services are commissioned outside the integrated system and I have been told many DPH's involvement in the developments of ICSs has been extremely limited. There are dangers in integrated systems for drug and alcohol treatment - the lack of specialism may dilute what expertise we have left on the ground and delivery may become manualised and mediocre, lacking personalisation. On the other, so many of the problems our clients deal with are the business of other agencies - eg housing and welfare benefits. We could really enhance the care of people with through better integration with the other services that should be helping.
So, what does happen next?
Should Drug and Alcohol Treatment funding stay with DPHs? Should the total responsibility for commissioning - and the choice about whether to do it or not remain at a local level?
Should we return drug and alcohol treatment to be an NHS commissioned service - and provide those seeking help with protection from shoddy or non-existent services under the NHS constitution?
Or should we recreate a strong focussed central agency that not only provides expert advice but also makes people follow it, effectively commissioning services locally to a centrally devised template?
Should commissioning happen within the new Integrated Care Systems and, if so, will drugs and alcohol be lost inside massive multi -agency contracts ?
Should primary care take on a larger role in treatment, with specialist services only for those with complex needs?
How will Dame Carols Black's desire for a regenerated and revitalised new approach to commissioning be made a reality? How do we rebuild our workforce that has been so badly damaged by ten years of letting the market take charge?
Finally, how should the research and advisory role developed within PHE to support commissioners, service users and providers alike in developing and disseminating effective evidence-based approaches be continued? It is important and it's something we must preserve. We have recent and not so recent examples of how this can work well or not so well, going back to the old non statutory agencies - SCODA and ISDD (which became DrugScope), Substance Misuse Advisory Service (SMAS) - which as part of DH developed Models of Care - , the NTA and PHE itself.
We have seen that having all of the evidence but none of the levers of power - like ISDD or DrugScope means we get some brilliant innovation but with no real incentive for anyone to follow it. But when we develop central agencies with strong leadership, we run the risk of standardising practice, but stifling innovation creating cheap risk averse services and a market top heavy with large providers.
As ever when I write these pieces I send them to a number of people to review. The comments I got back from folk with this one really surprised me. While there was broad agreement that things would indeed change, there was a real fatalism about the ability of people in the field - no matter how senior or well informed to change them. The sense that money was draining away from drug treatment and indeed all of public health is well founded. The relative weakness of PHE in lobbying for increased priority has been noted by many commentators across health. It strikes me that in making the decision to abolish PHE the government has landed itself with a series of problems to which they need solutions. And in the case of drugs and alcohol, they don't have one.
Whatever solution we favour, it is one we should not leave to chance. Over the next few months it's our responsibility as interested parties to talk about the potential future, to play out the different models and seek to influence decision makers. the danger is that if we do not engage, that a solution will be found that compounds the problems of the status quo.
Practically the only organisation to have considered the current commissioning system for drug treatment is the think tank, the Centre for Social Justice whose "Road to Recovery" report in 2019 called for the establishment of a single Recovery and Prevention Agency, addressing all addictions, located within Cabinet Office providing direction to DPHs who in consultation with a Community Advisory Board would prepare a local plan to deliver a National Addition Strategy*. It's an interesting report - certainly in terms of some of its problematisation.
But in suggesting that a non-clinical agency oversees clinical services and in locating advice and support for DPHs outside any recognisable clinical governance structure, it underestimates the importance in terms of our overall approach to drug-related harms, of clinical interventions. Indeed, while identifying job centres as mandatory local stakeholders, it ignores health altogether. It also - perhaps fatally - leaves the commissioning of drug treatment once again outside the commissioning of other services for vulnerable people and identifies addiction as the defining characteristic of people's lives. It's unlikely to do much to champion the evidence-based harm reduction policies we need to tackle our increase in deaths.
Those who have been around as long as me will recall the battles that ensued when the Cabinet Office based UKUDCU and the Home Office's DPAS battled with DH for control - and perhaps reflect on the truth of the old saw: that those who are unable to learn from history will be doomed to repeat its lessons. But could this idea from the residential and recovery sectors have legs? At the moment it seems to be the only one on the table.
That's why it is so important we start within the sector having a conversation about this, whatever one's views of commissioning, dissemination of expertise and the delivery of services. This is not just about the abolition of PHE. It is about the future of drug and alcohol services and the lives of some of the most vulnerable people in our community.
I'd like to thank those who have helped with the checking and preparation of this blog. You know who you are - x
A Tribute to Gill Bradbury
On Your Best Behaviour
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text:
Investigation of modelling the minimum creep strain rate of P91 over a wide range of stress
Shenhao Feng, Yuandi Wu, Joan Lu, Qiang Xu
Centre for Planning, Autonomy and Representation of Knowledge
Centre for Precision Technologies
Four sets of experimental data of a minimum creep rate of P91 in different range of stress (from 1.1 to 350 MPa) were compiled for the calibration of the linear + power law and modified sine law. An investigation was conducted to examine the accuracy of both laws in different range of stress. It appears that modelling result of linear + power law fitted experimental data well in low and high stress level while modified sine law fits experimental data in all stress level. The predicted results from narrow ranges of stress indicates that linear power law requires data from both high and low stress levels to make a prediction, modified sine law could make prediction on a wider range of stress with data from a narrow range of stress. This conclusion could help research on predicting low stress level's data with experimental data from high stress level.
Materials at High Temperatures
High Temperature Plant Materials, Inspection, Monitoring & Assessment (MIMA) - On-Line from London, London, United Kingdom
http://www.etd-consulting.com/forthcoming-events-2/2020/10/27/etds-on-line-conf-high-temp-plant-materials-inspection-monitoring-and-assessment (Homepage)
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5304e62de4b00674c06afd5c/t/5f92e1f4c1356825545d850d/1603461623458/MIMA+Conf.+Final+Program+27-28+Oct.+23.pdf (Programme)
10.1080/09603409.2021.1968100Licence: Unspecified
Sheng-paper (1)
Licence: CC BY-NC
Dive into the research topics of 'Investigation of modelling the minimum creep strain rate of P91 over a wide range of stress'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Strain rate Chemical Compounds 100%
strain rate Physics & Astronomy 94%
Calibration Chemical Compounds 8%
Feng, S., Wu, Y., Lu, J., & Xu, Q. (2021). Investigation of modelling the minimum creep strain rate of P91 over a wide range of stress. Materials at High Temperatures, 38(5), 376-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603409.2021.1968100
Feng, Shenhao ; Wu, Yuandi ; Lu, Joan ; Xu, Qiang. / Investigation of modelling the minimum creep strain rate of P91 over a wide range of stress. In: Materials at High Temperatures. 2021 ; Vol. 38, No. 5. pp. 376-382.
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abstract = "Four sets of experimental data of a minimum creep rate of P91 in different range of stress (from 1.1 to 350 MPa) were compiled for the calibration of the linear + power law and modified sine law. An investigation was conducted to examine the accuracy of both laws in different range of stress. It appears that modelling result of linear + power law fitted experimental data well in low and high stress level while modified sine law fits experimental data in all stress level. The predicted results from narrow ranges of stress indicates that linear power law requires data from both high and low stress levels to make a prediction, modified sine law could make prediction on a wider range of stress with data from a narrow range of stress. This conclusion could help research on predicting low stress level{\textquoteright}s data with experimental data from high stress level.",
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author = "Shenhao Feng and Yuandi Wu and Joan Lu and Qiang Xu",
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Feng, S, Wu, Y, Lu, J & Xu, Q 2021, 'Investigation of modelling the minimum creep strain rate of P91 over a wide range of stress', Materials at High Temperatures, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 376-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603409.2021.1968100
Investigation of modelling the minimum creep strain rate of P91 over a wide range of stress. / Feng, Shenhao; Wu, Yuandi; Lu, Joan; Xu, Qiang.
In: Materials at High Temperatures, Vol. 38, No. 5, 01.09.2021, p. 376-382.
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AU - Feng, Shenhao
AU - Wu, Yuandi
AU - Lu, Joan
AU - Xu, Qiang
N1 - Funding Information: The work was carried out by Mr Feng as individual project in MSc course, the paper was finalized for publication during the first year of his PhD research. Mr Shenhao Feng and Mr Yuandi Wu are PhD researchers and are grateful for the University's Vice-chancellor PhD scholarship. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
N2 - Four sets of experimental data of a minimum creep rate of P91 in different range of stress (from 1.1 to 350 MPa) were compiled for the calibration of the linear + power law and modified sine law. An investigation was conducted to examine the accuracy of both laws in different range of stress. It appears that modelling result of linear + power law fitted experimental data well in low and high stress level while modified sine law fits experimental data in all stress level. The predicted results from narrow ranges of stress indicates that linear power law requires data from both high and low stress levels to make a prediction, modified sine law could make prediction on a wider range of stress with data from a narrow range of stress. This conclusion could help research on predicting low stress level's data with experimental data from high stress level.
AB - Four sets of experimental data of a minimum creep rate of P91 in different range of stress (from 1.1 to 350 MPa) were compiled for the calibration of the linear + power law and modified sine law. An investigation was conducted to examine the accuracy of both laws in different range of stress. It appears that modelling result of linear + power law fitted experimental data well in low and high stress level while modified sine law fits experimental data in all stress level. The predicted results from narrow ranges of stress indicates that linear power law requires data from both high and low stress levels to make a prediction, modified sine law could make prediction on a wider range of stress with data from a narrow range of stress. This conclusion could help research on predicting low stress level's data with experimental data from high stress level.
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Feng S, Wu Y, Lu J, Xu Q. Investigation of modelling the minimum creep strain rate of P91 over a wide range of stress. Materials at High Temperatures. 2021 Sep 1;38(5):376-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603409.2021.1968100


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If you know me well enough by now, you'll know that I love a good blog. I've previously written about my all-round favourites here, but I thought I'd make this one all about music, as that is the backbone of this blog that you're reading right now. Whaddyaknow!
Whether I'm on the hunt for some new jams, wanting to read up on the latest under-the-radar bands, or I just want to know how Refinery29 scored Banks's last gig, I've acquired myself a carefully curated list of the best spots, both on and offline, to read up on the latest in great beats. Go forth - bookmark, subscribe and dive right in.
1. Clash magazine - basically, the best magazine to happen to music since, well, EVER. Yes, there's the classic Rolling Stone which has and always will champion guitar music, but what about those of us that don't want any Aerosmith or Nirvana in their "starred" Spotify list? (I'm excluded from that, BTW). Enter Clash magazine - not only is this beaut of a mag so aesthetically pleasing to the eye - hell, even the paper is pleasurable to the touch - there's always a well-mixed bag of content in every issue. From music to film to fashion, Clash has got it all.
2. Refinery29 Music - besides being one of my favourite sites for style, beauty and lifestyle content, their music section is just awesome. I'm a massive fangirl for their "This Is Our Jam" playlists, as I almost always seem to find something I fall in love with.
3. TMRW magazine - founded by the talented Mr. Joe Brine, TMRW magazine started out as as an open house website/blog for people to share new music and fashion with others. Joe then realised that this little space on the internet could be turned into a publication, and TMRW magazine was born. Nowadays, the content of TMRW online runs alongside its quarterly published 'zine, which I pretty much inhale in one sitting as soon as it drops.
4. Rolling Stone - I just had to include Rolling Stone, it's a cult classic that my brother has been reading since he first fell in love with Kurt Cobain. Don't go thinking it's just for guitar geeks, though - RS serves up some seriously unmissable interviews, like Lana Del Rey's latest, which has now given me a good excuse to go out and buy Essie's Bikini So Teeny which she can be seen wearing on the cover. Thanks for the tip, Into The Gloss!
5. Dots and Dashes - like its grammar-focused name would suggest, Dots and Dashes is a music blog with the slickest copy I've ever read. I find myself reading and just marvelling at the words, wishing I could write half as well as editor Josh Holliday does. The "Festival Frolics" section is my favourite, a must-read if you're yet to plan your fests for the year.
And the rest: I can't not mention Andrew of When The Gramophone Rings, Et Musique Pour Tous and Consequence of Sound. I'm also checking i-D online nearly every day to see if they've launched their "listen" section yet…fingers crossed it's any day now!
btw I just recently discovered your blog and it's one of my favorites!


We stock a range of new and used car batteries, and can source even more from a variety of suppliers. Whether you need a battery for a small, medium or large vehicle; we can help. Get in touch today and we'll get you sorted.


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metrocouk
Remember the Woman who Removed Her Eyes after taking Drugs, See Her Pictures after the Incident.
On the 6th of February, 2018. Kaylee Muthart who was 21 years old ripped out her own eyes as a result of the effect of the meth-induced psychotic frenzy. It is because of such effects of drugs on human that made some countries to totally barn the use of drugs in their country. I really don't want tell the whole story again because I am sure that you must have read it only. But I am share with you her Pictures after she lost her eyes. I appreciate her ability to move on with her life and have positive mind, even
2 years ago ago
3 Arsenal Players Who Should become regular starters for the team due to their recent performances.
Most of the players who are regular starters for Arsenal football club are performing very well, but some of them are still struggling to make an impact in the team. Similarly, some players are also staying on the bench despite performing well. Some of the bench warmers are players who have proven to be very effective players and they deserve to become regular starters.
Opinion: Solskjaer should develop the right formation if he wants Ronaldo to succeed in Man United
Manchester United fans all over the world are happy with the signing of Cristiano Ronaldo from Juventus. Ronaldo is an exceptional talent but their are concerns over the ability of the Manchester United manager to bring out the best in Cristiano Ronaldo. Photo credit: teamtalk.com Solskjaer is not a bad coach but in several occasions, he has been found wanting because of his inability to do what is required so that the talents of his entire team will blossom.
SEX-RELATIONSHIP
7 Things Men Secretly Like About Women But Would Never Say
1- When women pay the bill. According to an article written by metro.co.uk, there are women who enjoy paying the bill on the first date. Society has given the impression that a man is supposed to pay for the girl's meal—but it doesn't have to be this way! 2- Men love compliments. According to Womansday.com, society makes us believe that "real men" don't need to be praised. But in reality, men do love it when there is a bit of well-intentioned objectification. That means squeezing their biceps or
Lady sent home by her boss for showing up at work with a Hijab on
photo by: metro.co.uk Folake Adebola a fast-food worker shared a video as she claims allegedly shows her boss sending her home for coming to work with a hijab on. The restaurant boss at a Chicken Express in Fort Worth Dallas, was seen in a confrontation with the woman as she can be heard saying 'it's a part of my religion," I felt like if I work here you all would be able to accommodate my religion." But her boss answers and saying: the hand scarf Is a different thing, that is part of your personal
Giant Golden-Crowned Flying Fox: The Bat That Has A Wingspan Bigger Than A Human Being
Image Source - metro.co.uk Though having mega bats in different countries such as Asia, Australia and Africa, the giant golden-crowned flying fox, or golden-capped fruit, is only found in the Philippines. They are an epidemic in the Philippines due to the poaching of the meat, which is plentiful in their wings due to their size.
FASHION-BEAUTY
This is Why Every Bride Wears White on Their Wedding Day
White is the selected colour of wedding dress throughout the world, but there is a mystery behind the selection of this particular colour of this wedding dress which many people were unaware of. As we all know what white stand for, it is a general selected colour for peace throughout the world, but in the case of wedding dress, it is entirely different. Couples In Wedding Dress According to Metro.co.uk, Over a century ago, the colour of the dress that was worn by bride and groom was red, and the reason why the
Cristiano Ronaldo trolls Manchester United star Bruno Fernandes
Man Utd midfielder Bruno Fernandes has taken up Cristiano Ronaldo's ab crunch challenge on Instagram during the coronavirus outbreak. Cristiano Ronaldo poked fun of Bruno Fernandes over his attempt at his abs workout challenge on Instagram which is was the first challenge of the Nike Living Room Cup, which will see a different professional athlete issue a new task every week for sports stars and fans alike to compete with each other and stay fit indoors during the COVID-19 pandemic The former united star is
In Islam, a woman's money belongs only to her while a man is obligated to spend on his wife
In Islam, a woman's money belongs only to her while a man is obligated to spend his money on his wife and children. In fact, a Muslim man isn't allowed to ask a woman for money – but she may offer to share her wealth. This is considered fair as men are entitled to a higher inheritance and may be the breadwinner in their families. However, in 21st century society, it's seldom possible to survive on one income. So, many households run on the financial offerings of both partners. For the most part thou
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Post voting template tag on grid?
how can i add the post voting template tag to the grid on the front page of gridmarket? tried a few things... not sure how to add it right below product photos.
Are you getting it to appear at all? Ie. Is the issue positioning rather than trying to make the short cz ode work?
You'd actually need to add the template tag to the home.php template file.
Looks like you'll need to go into the framemarket_grid_mp_list_products(); function.
i can't find where the right place would be.
You'll need to add the code in there.
so weird.. ya i had tried there before and it would not show up.. i tried again right now.. still no show but this time i viewed the html source and the code is showing up in the right spot but the template tag is not working..?
wonder why it is so hard to get this to work inside of a grid box.. you think tammie might know if it is a theme issue?
can someone ask tammie to look in on this?
thanks phil! it's the only thing i am waiting on to have in place before launching.
Not fully convinced this is due to the theme so can you try on a non grid theme so we can see if those pasted codes work there? Then we can move into seeing the difference. At this point we really need some baselines like that I think.
hi tammie :slight_smile: how are you?
ya.. i caught VeBailovity in support chat and the issue is with the post voting plugin and has something to do with the tag and also it being a multisite.. i think the fix will be in his next release.
i appreciate your response here on this.. i guess i will wait for his update.


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This Mom Is Working to Help Divorced Women Achieve Financial Independence
We want to help you make more informed decisions. Some links on this page — clearly marked — may take you to a partner website and may result in us earning a referral commission. For more information, see How We Make Money.
Emma Johnson wants divorced moms to be the wealthiest, best versions of themselves.
And as part of that work, she advocates for a solution that goes against some traditional aspects of modern divorce. She is a vocal champion for the assumption of 50/50 parenting, making appearances in the media and state capitols to share her evidence that joint custody can help support financial equality between parents.
In this installment of my monthly column "Closing the Gap," we're talking about the financial inequities divorced moms face after marriage. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2018, moms lead 80% of single-parent households as primary custodians — and often bear the brunt of financial obligations.
As a financial expert and a divorced mom of two, Johnson, 44, has both personal and professional experience in this realm. The founder of Wealthy Single Mommy and author of the forthcoming book The 50/50 Solution: How Single Parents Can Blaze the Trail for Gender Equality is working to improve the financial lives of divorced moms by focusing on taking control of their careers, money, and earning capabilities.
One avenue to help address the many financial and opportunity gaps between men and women, Johnson argues, is equal shared parenting. Her study of over 2,300 single moms shows that moms with a 50/50 parenting schedule are more than three times likely to earn $100,000 annually than moms whose kids are with them most of the time with "visits" with the dad. Also from her survey, 9 in 10 single moms say they could earn more money if they had more equality in their parenting time.
Johnson is living out the experience of shared parenting in real time, as she and her ex-husband, while both in new relationships, have settled on a unique arrangement and will be moving to a new state together with their children. "My kids' dad, their stepmom, my boyfriend and myself are relocating together," she told me. "The discussions were not always easy, and we don't always get along, but we focused on shared goals and what is best for the kids." This plan might not be replicated by most families, but shows some of the sacrifices that can be involved in post-divorce life.
She has discovered that some moms resist the idea of shared parenting. They don't want to give up time with their kids, they feel pressure to fulfill the role of primary parent, or they have a tense relationship with their ex. And there are, of course, cases where either partner isn't fit to spend time with the kids or there is a history of abuse or addiction. Every family situation is individual and there is no one-size-fits-all solution.
Divorce can upend careers, physical locations and, of course, your bank accounts. Here is the best advice from Johnson and other policy activists for keeping an eye on both your personal and professional lives while navigating divorce, and setting yourself up for future financial success.
The Case for Shared Parenting
If it's right for you, you might be surprised to hear that 50/50 parenting might have a positive outcome. When it comes to child custody, the courts and traditional thinking presume that children should be with their moms. That's the legacy of "sexism and misunderstanding of child psychology," says Johnson. "The norm has been for kids to stay with the mom and for dads to pay child support, leaving women dependent on men for money and dads becoming just satellite characters in their kids' lives."
Johnson says that with 50% custody, a divorced mom could have more time and energy to put into her own financial future. Both parents have to commit to taking truly equal responsibility. "This is not just about dads exercising their rights to more time with their children, but also taking full equal responsibility for sick days, coordinating appointments and activities and all the emotional labor that women have typically taken on," says Johnson.
Financial equality between men and women is critical, and a move towards equal parenting time following a divorce could support that, experts say. Studies have found that maximizing time with both parents correlates to better physical and mental health for children. Dr. William Fabricius, an associate professor in the department of psychology at Arizona State University, began researching the impact of divorce on kids in the 1990s. One of his recent studies examining children's post-divorce living arrangements helped to inform new child custody laws in Arizona. Only three states — Arizona, Arkansas and Kentucky — have updated their laws to explicitly say that shared parenting or joint custody is the "presumed" best scenario in a divorce.
"What we found in the very first study was that when the children of divorce reached college, they were highly consistent in expressing that they thought living equal time with each parent was the best arrangement," he said. "About 70% of the 820 students [surveyed] said equal time was best."
Matt Hale is a 54-year-old single father and board member of the National Parents Organization, which helped draft and pass Kentucky's shared parenting bill a few years ago, creating the "rebuttable presumption" (i.e. an assumption presented as fact unless contested) that shared parenting is in the best interest of the child. There are exceptions made to shared custody if there is a history of domestic violence, and other factors are still taken into account, such as the proximity of the child to their school. The law also created a "friendly parent factor" that considers a parent's likelihood to allow the child "frequent, meaningful and continuing contact with the other parent" as fitness for custody is being evaluated.
In any state, if a divorced couple wants shared parenting, they can arrange it themselves. But changing state laws, Hale says, legitimizes the narrative that equal involvement of both parents — provided they are fit and capable — is crucial and should be the norm. "Law creates expectations and when people expect that one person is going to be given primary custody and the other is going to get 'visitation,' that increases the chances that that will happen."
It's also a financial benefit to families to have a law like this in place, Hale says. "The law makes it more likely that parents who want to avoid the legal system or don't have financial resources to hire an attorney can get equal time."
Fully Engaged Fathers
In Los Angeles, Dr. Alan-Micheal Graves is focused on helping lift families out of poverty as the senior director of learning and capacity building at Good+Foundation, where he and his team provide dads with training they need to re-engage in their children's lives. According to the foundation, children in father-absent homes are four times more likely to be poor than children in two-parent homes. Last year Good+Foundation, which was launched by author and philanthropist Jessica Seinfeld, served over 286,000 fathers in its mission to dismantle multi-generational poverty for low-income fathers, mothers and caregivers.
The mission, for Graves, is personal. "I am the product of a single mother, and while she was very supportive and did everything she could to provide for me, I am confident that if my father was involved in my life, I would have a different set of tools to navigate life as a man of color."
Dr. Torri J. Evans-Barton was inspired to launch The Fatherless Generation Foundation in Atlanta, where the main purpose is to reunite fatherless children with their dads and give men the tools, attorney services, support, therapy, and confidence they need to move forward in fatherhood. To date, the organization has reunited over 8,200 fatherless children with their dads.
Fatherlessness can be a vicious cycle, Evans-Barton says, and her team's effort is just one vehicle for giving dads a new path. "A majority of the dads we work with were raised without their fathers, or grew up with a father in the home who was emotionally distant. We help them learn to heal, recognize bad decision making and give them the tools they need."
Emma Johnson's Financial Advice for Divorced Moms
At the beginning stage of a divorce, it's easy to be blinded. "You're in a trauma making giant decisions that will impact the rest of your family's future at a time when it is impossible to have clarity," Johnson says. While it's hard to see through the initial anger and hurt following a breakup, she encourages newly divorced moms to envision life a year from now. Establishing personal goals like starting a business, going back to school or buying a home can encourage more financial independence.
Make a Plan to Break Reliance on Child Support
Even if you earned less than your partner, begin to think about ways to earn more money in the years post-divorce and how to become less reliant on child support if you currently receive it. "Think big," says Johnson. "The system is set up for you, as a woman, to be financially dependent on your [ex-husband]. You are better than that. And not to mention, compliance with child support is very low." The average collection rate for child support from noncustodial parents was around 65% nationwide as of 2018.
Aim for Low Conflict with Your Ex
Trying to smooth over disputes may not seem like financial advice, but when there's too much conflict it can sometimes lead to hiring lawyers, which can be a huge ongoing expense. Choose your battles wisely and be the bigger person, says Johnson. Ultimately, she says, conflicts should not be resolved with one parent "winning" and the other "losing."


The first thing you need to start doing something useful with Umbrello UML Modeller is to create a model to work on. When you start Umbrello UML Modeller it always loads the last used model or creates a new, empty model (depending on your preferences set in the configuration dialog). This will allow you to start working right away.
If at any time you need to create a new model you can do this by selecting the New entry from the File menu, or by clicking on the New icon from the application toolbar. If you are currently working on a model which has been modified Umbrello UML Modeller will ask you if it should save your changes before loading the new model.
You can save your model at any time by selecting the option Save from the File Menu or by clicking on the Save button from the application toolbar. If you need to save your model under a different name you can use the option Save As from the File Menu.
For loading an already existing model you may select the option Open from the File Menu or click on the Open icon from the application toolbar. The most recently used models are also available under the submenu Open Recent in the File Menu to speed up access to your most frequently used models.
Umbrello UML Modeller can only work on one model at a time, so if you ask the program to load a model for you and your current model has been modified since the last time you save it, Umbrello UML Modeller will ask you whether your changes should be saved to prevent any loss of work. You can start two or more instances of Umbrello UML Modeller at any one time, you can also copy and paste between instances.


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Home kaolinite in paint making
kaolinite in paint making
Kaolinite In Paint Making tembaletu.co.za
Kaolinite in paint making miningbmw Kaolinite Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Kaolinite is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals, with the chemical composition Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4. Get Price. online price of kaolinite crushing equipment and.
Kaolinite, Calcined Natural Pigments
Kaolinite is a clay mineral, also known as China clay or kaolin. Calcined kaolin clay is used as a functional extender in paint. Kaolin clay is also used in grounds, such as for painting and gilding.
What Colors Make White Paint? Reference
No combination of other colors can be used to make white paint because any other color of paint absorbs some of at least one particular wavelength. Combining paints or filters to form other colors is known as subtractive color mixing. For example, cyan paint, no matter what its shade, absorbs some red-wavelength light.
Making Paints from Minerals Examples
During the initial classroom meeting students investigate the properties of minerals that would be make them suitable for use as a pigment in a water-based paint (streak, hardness, solubility). Students then work with natural materials, including powdered minerals, to make a palette of gouache paints (opaque watercolors) which students can keep.
Kaolinite Wikipedia
Kaolinite (/ ˈ k eɪ ə l ɪ n aɪ t /) is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals with the chemical composition Al 2 Si 2 O 5 4.It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet of silica (SiO 4) linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina (AlO 6) octahedra. Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as kaolin / ˈ k eɪ ə l ɪ n / or china clay.
Category: Phyllosilicates, Kaolinite-serpentine group
Making Paint from Minerals
Making Paint from Minerals Paint is a mixture of microscopic grains of pigment that are suspended in a liquid vehicle. A pigment is an insoluble colorant, in contrast to a dye in which the colorant is dissolved. The vehicle in which the pigment is dispersed for watercolors is a mixture of
Kaolin clay Britannica
Kaolin, also called china clay, soft white clay that is an essential ingredient in the manufacture of china and porcelain and is widely used in the making of paper, rubber, paint, and many other products. Kaolin is named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries.
Kaolinite Minerals Education Coalition
Kaolinite has a low shrink–swell capacity and a low cation-exchange capacity, making it ideal for many industrial applications. Uses. During 2013, 48% of Kaolin was used in paper production, and 52% was used for ceramics, light bulbs, paint, rubber, adhesives, smoking pipes, white wash in masonry, absorbents, and in soap.
Kaolin Paint and Coatings
Automotive Coatings Color performance that goes the distance. Kaolin plays an important role in the manufacture of automotive primers by providing tank stability, film smoothness, corrosion resistance, edge film build and uniformity.
Kaolin Clay- Uses, Powder, Benefits, Skin, Eating
According to Soap Making Essentials, the rule is to use up to 1 tablespoon of white clay per pound of base oils.. In case you are interested in making or preparing clay soap at home, Wellness Mama has a couple of kaolin clay shaving soap recipes. Generally, white clay's natural absorbing, detoxifying and exfoliating properties makes it an indispensable ingredient in hygiene products such as
What Is Kaolin Clay-Chemical Composition & PropertiesIt is a naturally occurring clay substance mostly found in soils that have developed from the chemical weathering of rocks in hot, moist climates....Kaolin Clay Uses & Benefits For Skin & HairHow is is kaolin clay for your skin and hair? The external use of this kaolin has a long history and it beneficial as you will learn shortly. Of al...Eating Kaolin Clay-Is It EdibleEating white clay is a common habit especially in pregnant women. It is claimed that the clay is eaten for health or to suppress hunger. To some, i...Kaolin Clay in Soap & DeodorantClays are very important ingredients diy deodorants. Kaolin clay can be used in place of bentonite clay. It will help neutralize odor. It is also g...Kaolin Clay For Diarrhea & ChildrenWhen administered by mouth, light kaolin is said to absorb substances especially toxins from the gastrointestinal track. It also raises the bulk of...Surround Kaolin Clay SprayKaolin clay uses in agriculture have proved effective in the recent past. Surround kaolin spray has provided organic orchardists a result-producing...More Kaolin Clay Uses & Medicinal Health BenefitsChina clay is also has medicinal health benefits. It is not only good for skin but also other conditions. Here are a few medicinal health benefits...Difference Between Kaolin and Bentonite ClayBasically kaolin is light, mild, fine and fluffy clay. On the othe hand bentonite is heavy, course more absorbing than kaolin. In terms of PH, Kaol...Side Effects of Kaolin ClayIs Kaolin safe? Does using this clay have adverse effects on our health? What are the side effects or cons eating kaolin or using this clay as mask...
Kaolin Clay Insect Control Using Kaolin Clay On Fruit
Kaolin clay is used in the manufacture of fine porcelain and china and also instrumental in the production of paper, paint, rubber and heat resistant materials. Arising from the Chinese for Kau-ling or "high ridge" in reference to a hill in China where the pure clay was first mined by Jesuit missionaries around 1700, Kaolin clay's uses today extend to Kaolin clay in the garden. Kaolin
Kaolin How kaolin can work for you Kaolin :: BASF Kaolin
Uses . Kaolin is a platy white clay that is chemically inert, nonabrasive and possesses a number of characteristics that make it desirable for use in a range of industries, including paper and paperboard, paints and coatings, plastics, wire and cable, concrete and agriculture among many others.
Kaolin Al2H4O9Si2 PubChem
Also known as china clay, kaolin is a soft white clay that is an essential ingredient in the manufacture of china and porcelain and is widely used in the making of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products. It has a role as an excipient and an antidiarrhoeal drug. It contains a kaolinite.
Kaolinite Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kaolinite is said to have a low shrink-swell capacity and a low cation-exchange capacity, which makes it ideal for various industrial applications. Kaolin is a main ingredient in making porcelain. Its main industrial use now is in manufacturing paper, especially whiter high-gloss papers. It is also used in toothpastes, make-up and paint.
Kaolinite: The clay mineral kaolinite information and pictures
Kaolinite is the most abundant clay mineral, and is used for pottery and ceramics. It is also very important in the production of paper, and is used in pharmaceuticals as an ingredient in some medications such as stomach soothers. Kaolinite is also used as an ingredient in some cosmetics, soaps, paint gloss, and toothpastes.
Kaolin: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning
Overview Information Kaolin is a type of clay found in nature. It can also be made in a laboratory. People use it to make medicine. Kaolin is used for mild-to-moderate diarrhea, severe diarrhea
Kaolinite: Occurrences, characteristics and applications
Major uses of kaolinite are in the paper and paint industries. It is also used in the making of plastics, rubber, and as ink extender. The ceramic and construction industries have wide utilization
Serina Trading Kaolin vs Calcium Carbonate
Kaolin vs Calcium Carbonate. Kaolin and calcium carbonate are both used as fillers or extenders, in other words they make something cheaper.By adding them the volume goes up and the cost per ton goes down. What music to our ears!
3 Ways to Color Air Dry Clay wikiHow
Oct 24, 2019· How to Color Air Dry Clay. Air dry clay is a great way to sculpt without dealing with a kiln or oven, but coloring it can be a little more complicated. Depending on the method you choose, you can add designs and color to clay before or...
Kaolin AMERICAN ELEMENTS
Paint White kaolin high in silica and alumina is widely used in the manufacturing of paint, often as a less expensive alternative to titanium dioxide. Kaolin is essential for improving the brightness of pigments, as well as controlling the texture for dispersement and coatability.
China Clay Kaolin Paint And Calcined Kaolin Powder For
China Clay Kaolin Paint And Calcined Kaolin Powder For Paper Making,Find Complete Details about China Clay Kaolin Paint And Calcined Kaolin Powder For Paper Making,China Clay Kaolin Paint,Calcined Kaolin Powder For Paper,Kaolin For Paper Making from Kaolin Supplier or Manufacturer-Guangzhou Billion Peak Chemical Technology Co., Ltd.
based paint, and then make a palette of paints using minerals as pigments and organic, non-toxic materials as a plasticizer and humectant. Mineral Properties and Pigments Examine the five mineral samples provided (albite, kaolinite, calcite 1, calcite 2, and hematite), and document their properties in
Kaolinite: Occurrences, characteristics and applications. Major uses of kaolinite are in the paper and paint industries. It is also used in the making of plastics, rubber, and as ink extender.
Copy of Egyptian Kaoline clay Quarry the Best Quality in
Jun 07, 2013· Copy of Egyptian Kaoline clay Quarry the Best Quality in The World of china and porcelain and is widely used in the making of paper, rubber, paint, and
Porcelain Wikipedia
Porcelain (/ ˈ p ɔːr s əl ɪ n /) is a ceramic material made by heating materials, generally including kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 °C (2,200 and 2,600 °F). The toughness, strength, and translucence of porcelain, relative to other types of pottery, arises mainly from vitrification and the formation of the mineral mullite within the body at these high
Pigments and palettes from the past science of
Dec 25, 2014· Pigments and palettes from the past science of Indigenous art Paint has been applied to rocks, almost all types, by a variety of application techniques. followed by kaolinite,
In the paint industry we say kaolin has better hiding power than calcium carbonate. Some clever scientists have now been able to make precipitated calcium carbonate with a platy shape for the paper industry (for more about this, click here). I recently visited a lime factory and saw the age-old process of making lime from calcium carbonate.
Dispersing agents Functionality & Performance
By making the polymer chain more hydrophobic, interaction with minerals such as TiO2 and ZnO is improved, as is the water-resistance and gloss of a formulated coating. Applications . Dispex dispersing agents enable bulk minerals to be supplied in a stable slurry form that continues to remain fluid over a
How It's Made Clay YouTube
Mar 01, 2015· how to prepare clay soil for cob (ovens), earthen plaster, and other natural building projects Duration: 4:40. Kiko Denzer 88,203 views
kaolin grinding paint MC Machinery
2019-05-06 Kaolin Grinding Mill Plant. Kaolin is usually used in the production of ceramics, used as filler for paint, rubber and plastics, in paper industry. The recommended Kaolin Powder Making Machine is MTW Series Trapezoid Mill, which absorbed European manufacturing technology, meets client's requirements of excellent fineness, reliable
Kaolin The Dermatology Review
Kaolin, also known as China clay, is a naturally occurring porous soft clay that is rich in the mineral, kaolinite. Specifically, kaolinite is a silicate of aluminum. While pure kaolinite is bright white, kaolin clay often has other minerals present that add slight coloration to the clay.
About Kaolin About Us Arcilla Mining & Land Company, LLC
About Kaolin Kaolin is a soft white clay that is an essential ingredient in the manufacture of china and porcelain and is widely used in the making of paper, rubber, paint, and many other products. Kaolin is named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries.
Pottery Clay HowStuffWorks
Pottery clay needs to be moist, durable and exhibit a good amount of plasticity. This means that it's easy to mold and retains its shape. You can buy a clay body that's ready right out of the box, but many potters prefer to make their own mix specific to a particular piece of pottery.
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The British Broadcasting Corporation has begun an investigation after a voice was heard dropping the F-bomb on air while commenting on the Labour Party split during a live broadcast.
— Alan White (@aljwhite) 18 февраля 2019 г.
The clip was put under investigation "due to an error", according to a statement from the BBC. "Due to an error, we inadvertently broadcast some background comments from another microphone during our coverage of the press conference this morning. We apologised on air once we realised our mistake," a BBC spokesperson told The Guardian.
BBC presenter Samira Ahmed, who was presenting the show on Monday, later apologised for her choice of words.
The new independent group of MPs announced that they decided to leave the party due to concerns regarding its direction under Jeremy Corbyn, citing the Labour Party's stance on Brexit, anti-semitism, and the party's internal culture. The group is not yet a registered political party but has launched a website. The website crashed on Monday due to the large number of people attempting to access it.


Stroper is an indie science fiction comic series created by Eddie Porter. Slated to be a 10 issue series, running roughly at 29 pages an issue. Mullets meet ray guns in this neon space adventure.
My name is Eddie Porter and for the past 11 years I have been working as a visual effects artist in the movie industry. Working on so many wonderful films has spawned the desire for me to pursue my own stories. Some of the films I have worked on include Marvel's Doctor Strange, Spiderman : Homecoming, Thor Ragnarok and Ridley Scott's Alien Covenant.
My hope is to use this platform to get my stories out there. With your help they can leap from my sketchbook to your monitor!


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The Power of Tomorrow 1964 USAF Rocket Propulsion Lab, Edwards Air Force Base
Support this channel: https://paypal.me/jeffquitney OR https://www.patreon.com/jeffquitney more at http://quickfound.net/ US Air Force Special Film Production SFP-349 Originally a public domain film from the National Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction…
US Air Force Special Film Production SFP-349
Originally a public domain film from the National Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base
Edwards Air Force Base (AFB) (IATA: EDW, ICAO: KEDW, FAA LID: EDW) is a United States Air Force installation located in Kern County in southern California, about 22 miles (35 km) northeast of Lancaster, 15 miles (24 km) east of Rosamond and 5.5 miles (8.9 km) south of California City.
It is the home of the Air Force Test Center, Air Force Test Pilot School, and NASA's Armstrong Flight Research Center. It is the Air Force Materiel Command center for conducting and supporting research and development of flight, as well as testing and evaluating aerospace systems from concept to combat. It also hosts many test activities conducted by America's commercial aerospace industry.
Notable occurrences at Edwards include Chuck Yeager's flight that broke the sound barrier in the Bell X-1, test flights of the North American X-15, the first landings of the Space Shuttle, and the 1986 around-the-world flight of the Rutan Voyager…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory
The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) is a scientific research organization operated by the United States Air Force Materiel Command dedicated to leading the discovery, development, and integration of aerospace warfighting technologies, planning and executing the Air Force science and technology program, and providing warfighting capabilities to United States air, space, and cyberspace forces. It controls the entire Air Force science and technology research budget which was $2.4 billion in 2006.
The Laboratory was formed at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio on 31 October 1997 as a consolidation of four Air Force laboratory facilities (Wright, Phillips, Rome, and Armstrong) and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under a unified command…
Notable projects include the X-37, X-40, X-53, HTV-3X, YAL-1A, Advanced Tactical Laser, and the Tactical Satellite Program.
The Laboratory may face problems in the future as 40 percent of its workers are slated to retire over the next two decades while since 1980 the United States has not produced enough science and engineering degrees to keep up with demand.
The mission of the Propulsion Directorate, located at Wright-Patterson AFB and Edwards AFB, is "to create and transition propulsion and power technology for military dominance of air and space." The current Director of the Propulsion Directorate is Douglas L. Bowers.
Research areas range from experimental rocket propulsion to developing the first ever lithium-ion main aircraft battery for use in the B-2 stealth bomber. At Edwards AFB, the Directorate's test area is located east of Rogers Lake.
The Propulsion Directorate was formed through the merger of the aerospace propulsion section at Wright Laboratory and the space propulsion section at Phillips Laboratory. Each section, both before and after the merger, has played a significant role in past and present propulsion systems. Prior to the development of Project Apollo by NASA, the Air Force worked on the development and testing of the F-1 rocket engine used to power the Saturn V rocket. The facilities for testing rockets are frequently used for testing new rocket engines including the RS-68 rocket engine developed for use on the Delta IV launch vehicle. The space propulsion area also develops technologies for use in satellites on-orbit to alter their orbits. An AFRL-developed experimental Electric Propulsion Space Experiment (ESEX) arcjet was flown on the ARGOS satellite in 1999 as part of the Air Force Space Test Program.
The Directorate currently manages the X-51A program, which is developing a scramjet demonstration vehicle. The X-51 program is working to develop a flight demonstrator for a hypersonic cruise missile which could reach anywhere on the globe in an hour.[66] In January 2008, the Directorate used a modified Scaled Composites Long-EZ aircraft to demonstrate that a pulse detonation engine could successfully power flight.[67] That aircraft has now been transferred to the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB for display…
USAF R&D: "Gateway to Spacepower" 1963 US Air Force…
Corregidor: Fortress in the Sea 1963 US Army; The…
Tags: 1960s, 60s, archive, classic, development, documentary, educational, engine, engineering, film, footage, history, launch vehicle, motor, oldie, retro, rocketry, spaceflight, technology, vintage
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The Power of Tomorrow 1964 USAF Rocket Propulsion Lab, Edwards Air Force Base|La Fibre


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Michael Bloomberg Makes Scathing Attack on Trump in DNC Speech
CREDIT: AP Photo/Paul Sancya
PHILADELPHIA — Former New York mayor and media mogul Michael Bloomberg hammered Donald Trump in a speech to the Democratic National Convention, calling him a "dangerous demagogue" who was running a scam to win the American presidency.
"I'm a New Yorker and I know a con when I see one," he said to cheers.
Bloomberg, an independent, said that he was not appearing at the convention to endorse any party or platform, but he endorsed Hillary Clinton.
His speech called her the "sane, competent" alternative to Trump — a line that is a gift to the Clinton campaign as it tries to characterize the Republican nominee as too risky for the White House.
"Tonight as an independent, I ask you to vote not our of party loyalty, but out of love of country," he said.
Bloomberg himself considered running for president this year as an independent, and even made a proposed advertising spot, but ultimately decided against it.
Like Trump, Bloomberg is a New York billionaire, but the media mogul was adamant that the comparisons ended there.
"Trump says he wants to run the nation like he's running his business — God help us!" Bloomberg said.
He also made a dig at Trump's image of self-made wealth.
"I didn't start with a million-dollar check from my father," Bloomberg said.
He got some boos when he said "many Democrats wrongly blame the private sector for our problems."
"I know that Hillary Clinton isn't flawless — no candidate is," Bloomberg said. "But she's the right choice and responsible choice in this election," he said. "The bottom line is, Trump is a risky, reckless, radical choice, and we can't afford to make that choice."
Bloomberg, a former Republican who became an independent in 2007, endorsed President Obama for re-election in 2012.
"I understand the appeal of a businessman president," he said. "But Trump's business plan is a disaster in the making. It would make it harder for small businesses to compete, threaten the retirement savings of millions of Americans, lead to greater debt and more unemployment, erode our influence in the world, and make our communities less safe."


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State auditor: Cuyahoga County made 'illegal' payments to employees
Updated Dec 18, 2018 ; Posted Dec 18, 2018
A view of the Cuyahoga County administration building
By Courtney Astolfi, cleveland.com
CLEVELAND, Ohio — The administration of Cuyahoga County Executive Armond Budish illegally awarded $63,000 in incentives to eight county employees, including a $15,000 bonus to a high-ranking official, the Ohio auditor reported Tuesday.
The audit of the county's 2017 finances also found the county paid another 10 employees $4,532 that they had not earned, and cited five material weaknesses in the county's accounting practices.
A news release from Auditor Dave Yost states that all of the employees who received improper payments have repaid the money or are in the process of repaying.
The illegal payments relate to a policy introduced by Budish and Chief Talent Office Douglas Dykes in 2016 and 2017. They used the new policy to give certain employees lump-sum signing bonuses, and other types of compensation.
But the auditors concluded the payments were illegal because the administration had failed to first obtain the necessary approval of the policy by Cuyahoga County Council.
Among the illegal payments was a $15,000 signing bonus for James Hay, deputy chief information officer in 2017. The county first agreed to pay Hay up to $15,000 in moving expenses, but later designated the payment as a signing bonus.
On Nov. 6 of this year, Hay agreed to repay the $15,000 he was given, the audit says. That agreement came less than two weeks after Hay resigned from his $153,000-a-year job.
Yost in September issued a civil subpoena requesting emails from Budish related to compensation and/or benefits for Hay. Budish said at the time that he believed Yost wanted to know if Budish personally authorized the $15,000 bonus.
Hay is also named in some of 14 subpoenas served on the county by public corruption investigators, including a March subpoena that sought written communications and other documents in the control of Dykes "reflecting any employment offers, moving expenses or bonuses made to Jim Hay or paid to Jim Hay."
The audit also found that Budish's administration illegally awarded a combined $47,925 in "advanced exchange time" to eight county employees, including $17,309 worth of time that was given to Hay, according to the audit. Advanced exchange time is extra time off that was negotiated with the employee as part of the hiring process.
The other employees given the improper leave (worth between $1,885 and $8,846) were: Lisa Duliba, Thomas Sotak, Kiran Vasudevan, Delante Thomas, Catherine Tkachyl, Thomas Petek and Leon Harris, according to the audit. The employees did nothing wrong in accepting the additional leave. In fact, they were harmed by having to surrender compensation the county had promised them.
In an unrelated finding, the audit determined that $4,532 was improperly given to 10 other employees because the county miscalculated the rate of their overtime.
The county responded to the auditor's findings that it approved a new employee handbook in March 2018 that prohibits the signing bonuses and other payments. The county also agreed to adhere to its policies going forward.
In addition to the improper payments, the auditor reported that the county at the end of 2017 had yet to finish cleaning up problems with its economic development loans. In response, the county said it hired a new deputy chief to oversee its loan portfolio, and anticipated that all loans would be recorded and tracked by this month.
Auditors also cited several "material weaknesses," which are defined as deficiencies that could prevent the internal controls from preventing or detecting misstatements about the county's finances.
One case involved the county awarding a food-stamp related contract that was worth more than $25,000. Auditors found no documents showing the county first collected a required certification from the vendor or checked whether the vendor had been suspended or otherwise excluded from participating in the program.
"This weakness indicates controls were not in place, at the time the contract was awarded and expenditures were made to ensure that contractors suspended or debarred did not receive federal program monies," auditors wrote.
In its response to auditors, the county states that it created a form in August 2018 that requires employees to check the county's inspector general's list of debarred and suspended vendors as well as a federal "debarment list."
Other cases identified as material weakness involved:
•Supervisors failing to respond quickly enough to a sampling process that is used to measure operations related to major federal and state programs, including the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, and Medicaid. The county said it will ask the Ohio Department of Job & Family Services for further training about the sampling process.
•The county's Health and Human Services Department charging more than $480,000 in unallowable expenditures to the food stamp program, and failing to reallocate the expenditures at the end of 2017. In response, the county reported that the "questionable expenditures" from December 2017 were "corrected" in July 2018.
•The county failing to submit an update to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development related to its use of community development block grants and a federal home investment program. The county submitted its 2017 update six months after it was due and assured the state that it will submit its 2018 update on time, the audit says.
•The county incorrectly categorizing and submitting financial data to the Ohio Department of Job and Family Services related to federal U.S. Department of Health and Human Services awards. The county said HHS will request that the county's Fiscal Department establish a new category to accurately capture and submit the financial data to the state.