Thanks to the team led by a Polish researcher we know with increasing precision what distance separates us from the Large Magellanic Cloud - the galaxy that is the nearest neighbour of the Milky Way. This distance is a cosmic distance standard used to calibrate other constants important for astronomers.
Magellanic Clouds - Large and Small - can be seen with a naked eye in the night sky in the southern hemisphere. They are so bright that - according to reports - Ferdinand Magellan noticed them during his travel around the world and wondered whether they were clouds, hence their name.
It has long been known that these are not clouds, but clusters of billions of stars - galaxies. We also know that they are the nearest neighbours of our galaxy, the Milky Way.
The research led by Prof. Grzegorz Pietrzyński from the Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw allowed to determine with the greatest accuracy to date how far the Large Magellanic Cloud is from us. The calculations were carried out with the accuracy that scientists had long dreamed about - the error rate is only 1 percent. The publication on this subject appeared in the weekly "Nature".
This is good news for scientists that they have long been treating the distance between the Milky Way and the Large Magellanic Cloud as a cosmic distance standard. And if astronomers have chosen this standard, its value should be determined with the highest possible accuracy. "If our meter standard is inaccurate, then all distances that we measure in meters will also be inaccurate" - the researcher compares.
Professor Pietrzyński explains in an interview with PAP that when he started work on determining the distance from the Large Magellanic Cloud20 years ago, the error rate in the calculations was as high as 10 percent. That is like estimating the height of a person and being a dozen centimetres off. Now, thanks to Prof. Pietrzyński`s research, this inaccuracy dropped tenfold - to 1 percent. And this is close to the accuracy we use in everyday life - we measure the height of a person with an accuracy of 1 cm.
If we know the exact distance between our galaxy and its nearest neighbour, it will be possible to more accurately determine distances to more distant places in the Universe. At the top of this cosmic distance ladder is the Hubble constant. It allows to determine at what rate the Universe expands.
"If we calibrate the standard to the nearest 1 percent, we have a chance to measure the speed of the Universe`s expansion" - the scientist says.
Prof. Pietrzyński`s latest calculations indicate that the Large Magellanic Cloud is 49.59 kiloparsecs from Earth. That`s about 161 thousand light years, about 1.5 trillion km away (the trillion has 18 zeros). For comparison, Voyager 1, which set off from Earth more than 40 years ago, is only 21 billion km away from us.
Prof. Pietrzyński explains that the calculation of the distance to the nearest galaxy consists of many different observations. As part of the research work, they had to be thoroughly performed, analysed and then skilfully combined.
For example, scientists from Prof. Pietrzyński`s team analysed the eclipses of binary stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Further calculations concerned the velocities, with which objects in binary systems moved. For this purpose, the spectra of stars were observed. "We can compare the spectra of stars to a rainbow in the sky. We can similarly split the light coming from other stars in the prisms at the telescope. If the stars move, we notice changes in these spectra due to the Doppler effect. This allows to determine the stars` velocities at different times" - the researcher describes. Analysis of eclipses along with measured star velocities allow to determine masses, radiuses and other physical parameters with high accuracy.
Further information is provided by the colour of the stars, which is related to the temperature of the object and its angular diameter. "Using the new calibration, we made very precise measurements of the angular sizes of the stars in our eclipsing systems. We determined the linear dimensions based on velocity and eclipse analysis, and then we could determine the distance" - says Prof. Pietrzyński.
For example, if we know that the Sun has about 31 arc minutes and 1.4 million km in diameter, we get an isosceles triangle, in which we know the angle and the base. From there, it is quite simple to calculate the height of the triangle, that is, our distance from the Sun.
However, these calculations for very distant objects are not that accurate. To reduce the error rate, researchers had to combine data from different observations, until they finally reached a satisfactory level.
Observations were performed mainly on the telescopes of the European Southern Observatory in Chile as well as in the South African Observatory in South Africa and the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. "There were hundreds of observation nights" - the astronomer says.
"Our distance measurement method is often called the Polish cosmic ruler" - says Prof. Pietrzyński. But he clarifies that the members of the team that has been working on determining this cosmic constant for years were 30 astronomers - not only Polish ones.


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On Tuesday 6th February I shall be playing the organ in a recording for BBC Radio 2 "At the Foot of the Cross", which will be broadcast on Good Friday. I have written some of the arrangements which are performed by the BBC Concert Orchestra, London Philharmonic Choir and the BBC Young Choristers of the Year.
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DIVERSITY > Diversity Fellowship Program > 2017-2018 MFP
2017-2018 APSA Minority Fellowship Program
Fall Cycle Fellows
Spring Cycle Fellows
The following students were named as 2017-2018 APSA Minority Fellowship Program recipients during the fall 2016 application cycle. These fellows are currently applying to PhD programs in political science. Complete bios for each fellow appear below and were featured in the April 2017 edition of PS.
Feyaad Allie graduated summa cum laude from Dartmouth College with a BA in government in 2016. At Dartmouth, he was a Mellon Mays Associate Fellow and a War and Peace Fellow. He was awarded the Rockefeller Prize in Comparative Politics and the runner-up Chase Peace Prize for his thesis. After graduating, Feyaad received Dartmouth's Lombard Public Service Fellowship to work for USAID and President Obama's Young African Leaders Initiative (YALI) Regional Leadership Center in Nairobi, Kenya. He is interested in researching counterterrorism, political violence, and Muslim-government relations.
Kimberly Cárdenas, a senior at Cornell University studying government, Latina/o, and Latin American Studies is a Gates Millennium Scholar, a McNair Scholar and a 2016 Mellon Collaborative Studies Fellow to Havana, Cuba. Fluent in Spanish and French, Cárdenas has conducted research with a women's rights organization in Chiapas, Mexico, and was a visiting student at Sciences Po Paris. She is currently investigating the racial identities and civic engagement of Latinx immigrant students in southern Arizona and has presented preliminary research findings at Cornell University, the University of Arizona, and Florida International University. She is interested in studying race and ethnicity, Latinx politics, and political theory.
Stephanie Chan is a senior at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Her current research project, "Creative Citizenship: Immigrant Political Participation," focuses on immigrant conceptions of political participation and enactments of citizenship. She is also co-author with Meredith Rolfe of the Oxford Handbook of Political Networks chapter "Voting and Participation." Her research interests also include concept measurement, survey methods, and electoral redistricting. She has presented her work at the American Political Science Association and the Midwest Political Science Association and is a University of Massachusetts Amherst Rising Researcher. Additionally, as a Junior Fellow in the Joint Program on Survey Methodology, Stephanie interned at the Bureau of Labor Statistics during the summer of 2016. She serves on the Chancellor's Undergraduate Advisory Council and as a student alumna member on the UMass Women into Leadership Board of Directors.
Kennia Coronado (RBSI 2016) is a senior at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee majoring in political science and Latin American, Caribbean, and U.S. Latino Studies. She is a recipient of the Foreign Language Area Studies Fellowship for Brazilian Portuguese and has studied at the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro in order to better understand Brazilian politics and culture. In addition, she is a McNair Scholar and participated in the 2016 APSA Ralph Bunche Summer Institute. Coming from a community where many are undocumented, Kennia has spent the past several years as a community organizer advocating for immigrant rights. Her research interests include Latino politics, collective action/social protest, immigration policy, Latin American politics, and race and ethnic politics. Kennia aspires to be a university professor in which she hopes to contribute to the diversification of the field by encouraging other Latina women to pursue political science. She also hopes her work will someday contribute to policies that are undocumented-friendly.
Jose Gomez, (RBSI 2016) a senior at Binghamton University, is a McNair Scholar and has participated in several independent studies across various disciplines. Jose is also a 2016 APSA Ralph Bunche Scholar and has presented research projects at multiple conferences including the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting and the University of Michigan's 2016 Emerging Scholars conference. He is interested in studying issues of representation, public opinion, money in politics, and voter disenfranchisement.
Nicauris Heredia (RBSI 2016) is a senior at Rhode Island College double majoring in political science and public administration, with a minor in international nongovernmental organizations studies (INGOS). She served as the president of Pi Sigma Alpha at Rhode Island College. Additionally, she worked in Washington DC as an intern for Congressman Jim Langevin (RI-2). Nicauris has worked as a research assistant for several professors at her undergraduate institution and has conducted independent research at APSA's 2016 Ralph Bunche Summer Institute (RBSI). Her research interests include how racialized power persists over time and the relationship between race, international law, and new forms of imperialism.
Jasmine C. Jackson (RBSI 2016) is a senior political science major at Jackson State University where she is a Dean's List scholar. Her research interests focus on how political issues impact minority communities and the effect these issues have on societal placement. In 2015, Jasmine had the privilege of working with Dr. Geoff Ward at the University of California at Irvine on research that examined historical racial violence. Additionally, she attended the 2016 APSA Ralph Bunche Summer Institute at Duke University. Jasmine has presented at various conferences including the 2016 American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, the Pi Sigma Alpha student conference, the 2016 Southern Political Science Association conference, and the University of Michigan's Emerging Scholars Conference.
Stefan Samuel Martinez-Ruiz is a dual degree BA/MA student at Georgia State University. Having earned a BA in political science, cum laude, this past August 2016, Stefan will complete his MA in political science in May 2017. His research focus is comparative and international political economy. Stefan's academic interests lie within the political economy of development, but more specifically methodologies and research around globalization and trade agreements, domestic institutions and trade, global North-South relations, and economic development strategies. Having collaborated with government and nonprofit entities interested in nurturing inclusive and sustainable development, Stefan's future goals include researching, teaching, and advocating for ways governments and markets can better co-exist to produce more optimal outcomes for society.
Alex Munoz graduated Summa cum laude from Southern Methodist University in 2016 with a BA in political science with distinction, honors in liberal arts, and a minor in management science. He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Sigma Alpha. His research interests include multiculturalism, especially in the United States and Western Europe, and the politics of right wing populist movements. Alex is interested in pursuing political science research on the opportunities and challenges posed by social diversity.
Adrienne Scott received a BA in political science with a minor in American history from Brooklyn College (CUNY). She is interested in American politics, public policy, and racial and ethnic politics. While an undergraduate, Adrienne worked on several research projects, including one where she analyzed views on welfare public policy before and after the Great Recession. Adrienne is currently a program associate for New York Cares' children's education programs. She is a participant in the Institute for the Recruitment of Teachers Associate Fellowship Program and a former participant in the Leadership Alliance program at Princeton University. Adrienne is interested in researching redistributive social programs at the federal, state, and local levels, and examining the inconsistencies and inefficiencies that may arise.
Naomi Tolbert (RBSI 2016) is a senior at Southern Illinois University of Carbondale, double majoring in political science with a specialization in international affairs and international studies with a focus area in the Middle East and Northern Africa. She currently serves as the student trustee on the SIU Board of Trustees. She is the co-chair for the University Diversity Council and works as the Diversity Specialist under the System's President and the Chief Diversity Officer. She serves as the co-chair of the Student Advisory Board and is the Vice President of Intercultural Experiences and Diversity within the Honors Program. Naomi is a SIUC Four Year Excellence Scholar and a Horatio Alger In-State Scholar. She is also a Political Science Ambassador and has been recognized for high honors on the Liberal Arts Dean's List. As a first generation, minority student, Naomi received the opportunity to participate in the 2016 APSA Ralph Bunche Summer Institute and the McNair Scholar's summer research program at SIUC, where she received second place at the summer end symposium. Currently completing her third Undergraduate Research Assistantship, Naomi is conducting research on the variation of racial attitudes and perceptions between racial groups.
Priscilla Torres (RBSI 2016) is a senior at Loyola Marymount University. She participated in the 2016 APSA Ralph Bunche Summer Institute and presented her research at APSA's 2016 Annual Meeting and at the International Studies Association-West. Her research focuses on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace, and security. Priscilla is interested in international relations and plans on utilizing mixed methods to study the impact of the actions of international organizations on human rights and international security, particularly the women, peace, and security agenda.
Donovan A. Watts is a senior political science major at Central Michigan University. Donovan's undergraduate career is highlighted by a number of accomplishments. He has received numerous scholarships and is the current president of the Pi Sigma Alpha chapter at Central Michigan University. As a McNair Scholar, Donovan's research focused on the knowledge and attitudes of Central Michigan's African American students based on the recent conflict between law enforcement officers and African Americans. Donovan's research interests include American Politics with a concentration on race and ethnic politics and political participation. Donovan plans on exploring voter turnout of African American millennials and emerging social movements such as the Black Lives Matters Movement. Donovan has a passion for research and teaching and he hopes to use his doctoral degree to influence policy decisions that will have an impact within the African American community.
Justin Zimmerman graduated from the University of Alabama with a BA in political science and philosophy, as well as an MPA with a concentration in public organizational management. He is currently supporting the U.S. Department of Treasury Enterprise Business Solutions (EBS) team. Previously Justin worked with the U.S. Department of State gaining experience in public diplomacy and government contracting. Justin intends to concentrate his research on American politics and political theory, with a focus on black political behavior, black leadership with regards to the implementation of Machiavellian principles, and the failure of federalism in the black community.
The following students were named as 2017-2018 APSA Minority Fellowship Program recipients during the spring 2017 application cycle. These fellows are currently first and second year PhD students in political science. Complete bios for each fellow appear below.
Cameryn Blackmore is a current doctoral student in the political science department at The University of Alabama. Her research interests include public policy and American politics. She obtained her masters of public administration from Southern University Baton Rouge, where she discovered her interest in the policymaking process. Before returning to pursue her doctorate, she worked in various capacities with disadvantaged youth, which motivated her to influence elementary and secondary education policy as a researcher. Cameryn has conducted research on the impact of judicial policymaking on the education field, which she presented at the 2016 Southern Political Science Annual Meeting. She intends to continue researching the effects of federal and state legislation on the elementary and secondary education fields. Cameryn enjoys fueling an interest in federal, state, and local government within her undergraduate students. She also works to assist with the implementation of educational initiatives in historically African American counties in Alabama. Cameryn looks forward to pursuing a career in academia.
Abigail Bowen is a second year PhD student at Georgia State University. She received her Bachelor of Arts in political science and nonprofit leadership with a minor in servant leadership at LaGrange College, where she graduated summa cum laude. As an undergraduate, Bowen was a member of the Omicron Delta Kappa honor society and the Servant Scholars Program dedicated to service and leadership. She served as chapter treasurer for Alpha Omicron Pi, vice president of the Gender Equality Movement, and president of the LaGrange College Political Science Association. She received the Pi Sigma Alpha Outstanding Achievement award her senior year for her research and performance in the classroom. During her first year as a PhD student, Bowen was the inaugural recipient of the Research Fellowship in Experimental Methods of Research on Decision Making and Institutional Performance. She also served as first year representative for the political science graduate student association. Bowen is concentrating on American politics and research methods in her studies. She is particularly interested in the politics of identity and the intersection of race, gender and orientation in America. Bowen is currently a coauthor on a project regarding white attitudes toward immigration in the United States. She is focusing on gender politics for her master's non-thesis.
Margaret Brower is a PhD student studying American and comparative politics at the University of Chicago. She is also a University of Chicago Urban Fellow. She has an MA in higher education and public policy from the University of Michigan and a BA in political science and education from Colgate University. At the University of Chicago, as a graduate student she focuses on the political socialization of young people, especially youth of color, and the ways in which urban settings contextualize and shape this experience.
Jared Clemons is a PhD student at The George Washington University, where his research agenda largely rests in the realm of political socialization, psychology, voting behavior and black politics. Jared focuses primarily on how issue framing impacts voting behavior, informs the decision-making process among individuals and, to that end, how these decisions ultimately impact social policy. Jared is also interested in the role that racial identity plays throughout this process, given the salience of race throughout American history. Prior to beginning his doctoral studies, Jared received an MA in elections and campaign management from Fordham University and a BA in political science from Louisiana State University. Upon completion of the PhD, Jared hopes to further his research as an academic, while advocating for an increased focus on identity politics both in the field of political science and the social sciences at-large.
Cameron Cook is a PhD student at the University of Chicago, focusing on political theory and American politics. His primary research interests include the traditions of Black political thought, race and capitalism in the Atlantic world, and the intersection between politics, aesthetics and narrative. His master's thesis focused on the water crisis in Flint, Michigan and how contemporary accounts of neoliberalism often elide the ongoing reproduction of racial hierarchy, particularly in their conception of state violence. His current work focuses on the 20th century reception of 18th and 19th century revolutions, primarily in the works of C.L.R. James and Hannah Arendt. Before attending the University of Chicago, he earned his BA at Pomona College, where he received the Lee Cameron McDonald Prize in Political Theory and the Stauffacher Thesis Prize in Religious Studies.
Olivia Cook, a native of Auburn, Alabama, is a two-time graduate of Auburn University with a BA in polymer and fiber engineering and an MA in public administration with a concentration in health administration. She is currently pursuing her PhD in public administration and public policy, also from Auburn University, with a focus on leadership and nonprofit governance. After Cook has completed her degree requirements, she plans to become a full-time faculty member at a research institution and contribute to scholarly work to the field.
Martin Davidson (RBSI 2016) is a PhD student in the department of political science at the University of Michigan. He completed his undergraduate work at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. In addition, he was a summer 2016 participant of the APSA Ralph Bunche Summer Institute. During his undergraduate career, he collaborated with Frank Baumgartner and his fellow UNC undergraduates on a project pertaining to the United States' death penalty system. His current research focuses on how behavior within institutions influences institutional outcomes.
Cynthia Duncan is a second year doctoral student in the political science department at University in South Carolina. She is a student of comparative politics and public policy. Her research fields of interest include social movements, public policy, and political behavior among marginalized communities in East Asia, Latin America and the United States. She received a BA in political science and East Asian studies from Colgate University. Cynthia is passionate about contributing to the political knowledge of community groups as well as undergraduate students. She looks forward to developing a research agenda that will not only contribute to the discipline of political science, but also inform grassroots community leaders seeking to address social and political inequity in their communities.
Gabrielle Gray is a doctoral student at Howard University where she studies American government and Black politics. A native of Milwaukee, WI, Gabrielle earned a BA in political science and a MA in educational policy at Marquette University where she was also a Ronald E. McNair Scholar. Gabrielle's research interests include race and politics, urban education, social justice and activism, and public opinion. She is also interested in quantitative research methods. Her research focuses on the evolution of racism within public institutions. She is particularly interested in the politics of protest and elite reactions to activism within the Black community. In addition to her graduate studies, Gabrielle has served as a graduate research assistant for the Ronald W. Walters Leadership and Public Policy Center, and as the Howard University Graduate Political Science Association president. After completing her doctorate, Gabrielle is eager to pursue a career in academia while also continuing her involvement in community outreach and social activism.
Kaneesha Johnson (RBSI 2015) is a PhD student in the department of government at Harvard University. In the summer of 2015 Johnson participated in the Ralph Bunche Summer Institute. She received her BA in political science from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in May of 2016. Johnson's current research interests include inequality, social policy, identity politics, and the criminal justice system. She hopes to continue to teach in those areas as a professor. Johnson is a co-author of Deadly Justice (Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2017). In the summer of 2017, Johnson will be teaching a class in Mississippi with Freedom Summer Collegiate on mass incarceration and the death penalty in the United States.
Gregory John Leslie, Jr., is a first year PhD student in the political science department at UCLA. He graduated from the honors program at NYU with a BA in international relations where he worked with human rights organizations such as Amnesty International, Asia Initiatives, and the World Economic Forum. As an Institute for International Public Policy Fellow, Gregory spent his undergraduate summers at research institutes in Washington DC. He is a current member of the Public Policy and International Affairs (PPIA) Alumni Network. Prior to graduate school, he worked as an organizer, campaign manager, and political consultant for candidates such as Barack Obama and Eric Garcetti. He is currently conducting research on the political attitudes of multiracial Americans and on the relationship between protesting and voting for blacks in the 2016 election.
Vivien Leung is a doctoral student in the political science department at UCLA. Her areas of interest are American politics, group behavior, race and ethnicity, and immigration with a focus on Asian Americans. She is currently working on a project entitled: "More Like Me: Asian American Group Identity and Context," exploring how contextual demographics impact Asian American group identity and group political behavior. She graduated from Cal Poly Pomona with a BA in political science and is a member of Pi Sigma Alpha. Her previous work looks at how attitudes towards gender roles shaped views on politics. She received a MA in American government from American University. As a second-generation immigrant and first-generation college student, Vivien hopes to empower immigrant communities in politics and mentor other first-generation students of color.
Sean Luna McAdams is a PhD student in the politics department at Princeton University. He graduated magna cum laude and with honors from Brown University in 2014, where he studied political science and Caribbean and Latin American studies. His undergraduate thesis, which won the Lamport Prize in International Understanding and Tolerance and best thesis in political science, analyzed the consequences of the strategic adoption of a human rights framing by LGBT activists in Argentina. This project received support from the Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship Program and the Brown International Scholars Program. He is broadly interested in transnational social movements, international law, and judicial politics. Currently, he is working on two projects. One considers the influence of foreign funders on the LGBT movements in Argentina and Mexico. The other analyzes the potential role of judicial actors as domestic implementing agents for international human rights law on socio-economic rights. Before arriving to Princeton, he worked for two years as a researcher at Dejusticia, a Bogotá-based human rights advocacy organization/think tank.
Pamela Adaugo Nwakanma is a PhD candidate in the department of government at Harvard University. Her research predominantly investigates the intersection of women's empowerment and the political economy of development in Africa and other parts of the developing world. To study questions of sustainable development, social policy, and gender equity, Nwakanma works with the FXB Center for Health and Human Rights at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. She also studies colonial legacies, ethnicity, and conflict. Beyond her research, Nwakanma serves as a freshman dean's office proctor and a mentor through the Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship program. Starting in her third year of doctoral studies, Nwakanma will be teaching courses on political economy and Africana studies. Prior to her doctoral studies, Nwakanma served as an Urban Education Fellow in New York City and worked as a translator for Vice. She received her BA in international studies/economics at the University of California, San Diego where she also conducted research as a Ronald McNair Scholar.
Maricruz Osorio graduated from Knox College, where she was a McNair Fellow and completed two research projects on the topics of race, social justice, and intergroup dialogue. She is currently a graduate student at the University of California, Riverside where she is a Eugene Cota-Robles Fellow. Her current research agenda focuses on race, immigration, refugees, gender, and intersectional theory. She has recently presented her ongoing work at the Midwest Political Science Annual Meeting and at the Politics of Race, Immigration, and Ethnicity Consortium.
Shannon Parker graduated magna cum laude from Brown University with a BA in East Asian studies and public policy & American institutions. Her senior thesis on higher education in China and the United States was awarded the Ying-Mao Kau Prize for best thesis in East Asian politics and peace. Shannon has received fellowship support from Fulbright-Hays and Princeton in Asia. She also served as a research associate in the Liberty and National Security Program at the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law. She is currently a PhD candidate in the government department at Harvard University. Shannon studies Chinese politics with a focus on political behavior, particularly with respect to education, privacy, and digital politics. She is passionate about innovative, inclusive teaching on these issues, as well as quantitative methods.
Evangel Penumaka is a PhD student at the University of California, Los Angeles in the department of political science. Her research interests are in the fields of race and ethnic politics and American politics. She is broadly interested in political behavior, racial attitudes, and minority representation. Evangel is currently researching religious activity and political engagement among Asian Americans, and how engagement may vary among Asian American national origin groups. She earned a BA in political science and international studies with honors from the University of California, Irvine and graduated Phi Beta Kappa. Evangel will be starting her second year as a graduate student in fall 2017.
Darry Powell-Young is a second year PhD student at Wayne State University. His concentrations are in urban politics, public policy, and public administration. His primary research focuses on urban K-12 education policy and developing policy alternatives that will increase minority enrollment and success in AP, IB, and college prep courses in our biggest urban school districts. He has previous degrees in public administration, international affairs, and political science. Darry is currently an adjunct instructor of urban politics and public policy at the University of Michigan. He also teaches at Wayne State University in the area of politics and urban education and race and public policy in the US. His future goal, once he completes his PhD, is to work for the US Department of Education as a policy strategist or at the White House as the director of domestic policy affairs.
Liana Eustacia Reyes-Reardon is a PhD student in political science at Rice University. Liana's research focuses on international conflict, with an emphasis on third-party intervention, law, and natural resources. She combines legal expertise and advanced quantitative methods to understand conflict behavior. A former visiting research fellow at National Defense University, Liana holds an MA in politics from New York University, as well as an MA in global affairs and a JD from Florida International University. Liana has over ten years of professional experience in the private sector as a researcher and analyst in the national security, intelligence and investigations, and legal fields.
Rosalie Rubio is a PhD student at The George Washington University focusing in comparative politics and minoring in quantitative research methods. Prior to beginning her graduate studies in the fall of 2015, Rosalie graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in spring 2015. She was a Carolina Covenant Scholar and a research fellow in the Moore Undergraduate Research Apprentice Program. Her research interests revolve around terrorism, counter-terrorism, and the effects of the "war on terror" on the domestic politics of Arab states. She is specifically interested in exploring how security imperatives impact Arab regimes' stability and their relations with their citizenries. In the summer of 2016, Rosalie received the Foreign Language and Area Studies fellowship to study Arabic in Jordan in order to further her research agenda. In addition to her scholarly endeavors, Rosalie aspires to be an educator and fierce advocate for students, particularly those from marginalized communities. She hopes to foster the diversification of the field by encouraging traditionally underrepresented students to pursue careers in academia and enrich the discipline through the plurality of their experiences and research interests.
Tye Rush is a doctoral student and Eugene Cota-Robles Fellow in the department of political science at the University of California, Los Angeles. As a student of race, ethnicity, and politics, Tye studies racial attitudes, voter suppression, disenfranchisement, and political inequality in American politics. He holds a BA in political science/public service from the University of California, Riverside where he worked as an research assistant in the department of political science, served as a Mellon Advancing Intercultural Studies Fellow at the Center for Ideas and Society, and participated in the UC Quarter in DC program where he interned for Cohen Research Group. As an undergraduate, he was honored with BLU Educational Foundations' College Exodus Project Scholarship, UCR's Academic Excellence Award (political science), and the Rosemary Schraer Memorial Scholarship. His current research at UCLA focuses on the factors that contribute to unequal access to both the ballot and to representation. He has been awarded a Graduate Summer Research Mentorship Award by UCLA's graduate division in order to pursue his interests during the summer of 2017. Additionally, he has presented coauthored research at the Politics of Race, Immigration, and Ethnicity Consortium's (PRIEC) 41st (UC Riverside) and 43rd (UC Irvine) meetings. Tye is eager to pursue a career in academia where he will conduct research, mentor, and teach at the university level.
Travis N. Taylor, MPS, is a second year PhD student and teaching assistant in the department of political science at the University of Kentucky. He is studying American political behavior and public policy. Travis' primary research interests lie in campaigns, specifically in campaigns for non-federal offices. Within the realm of campaigns, Travis is interested in campaign effects, campaign communication, voter behavior, and candidate behavior. More broadly, he is interested in political consultancy, political psychology, and US elections. In addition to a robust research agenda, Travis is actively engaged in teaching. He previously held instructional positions at The George Washington University and New York University, where he taught applied politics. Travis is also interested in teaching courses on American political institutions, state and local government, campaigns and elections, and political parties. Prior to beginning his doctoral work, Travis earned an MA in political management from The George Washington University and a BA in political science from the University of Louisiana, and had a successful career as a campaign consultant.
Rachel Torres is a second year graduate student at the University of Iowa. She graduated from the University of North Texas with a BA in political science in 2016, where she received the political science department's Outstanding Undergraduate Award. She was a McNair Scholar and participated in the department's National Science Foundation sponsored research experience for undergraduates. She presented her work at the Midwest Political Science Association Annual meeting in the spring 2016. In 2017, she was awarded the Underrepresented Minority Pre-Comprehensive Mentored Summer Research Fellowship at the University of Iowa. Rachel's research interests focus on how factors of migration influence the political and social acculturation of Latinos in the United States


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Michael Head (composer)
For other uses, see Michael Head (disambiguation).
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Michael Head (28 January 1900 – 24 August 1976) was a British composer, pianist, organist and singer who left some enduring works still popular today. He was noted for his association with the Royal Academy of Music. His compositional oeuvre mainly consists of songs, as well as choral works and few larger-scale pieces such as a piano concerto.
Michael Dewar Head was born in Eastbourne, United Kingdom on 28 January 1900. His father was a barrister and journalist and his mother an accomplished amateur singer and pianist. His mother's influence evidently dominated, and at age 10 he commenced his musical training, taking lessons in piano with Jean Adair and in singing with Fritz Marston at the Adair-Marston School of Music.[1] He was educated at Monkton Combe School in Somerset.
He began to study at the Royal Academy of Music but was soon called up for service in the War. While working at an ammunition factory, he composed the song cycle Over the rim of the moon (Head et al., 1920).[2] This was to become his first published work.[1]
After the war, Head resumed his studies at the Academy. He studied composition with Frederick Corder, piano with T B Knott and organ with Reginald Steggall. He won the Sir Michael Costa scholarship for composition. He also won other awards for composition, sight singing and harmony. In 1924 Michael Head was made an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music.[3] Two years later, he took up a post at Bedales School, Petersfield, where he taught for three years.
Head gave his first public recital as a self accompanied singer at Wigmore Hall in 1929. After this debut performance, his fame grew rapidly. He gave several more recitals in the British Isles and in many parts of the world. Additionally he gave several radio recitals, both in Britain and Canada. He took up the post of Pianoforte Professor at the Royal Academy in 1927 after an invitation by Sir John McEwen. This post he was to hold until his retirement in 1975.
Head was appointed an examiner for the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music and as such toured many countries, including Barbados, where he first met and became friends with Organist Dr. John George Fletcher in April 1969, South Africa and Zimbabwe (then Rhodesia). At the outbreak of World War II, he returned to London and continued teaching throughout the blitz. During this time, he gave hundreds of concerts in factories and in small towns.
Head died in Cape Town on 24 August 1976, from a sudden and unexpected illness, while examining for the Associated Board in Rhodesia and South Africa.[3]
Works[edit]
Most of Head's works are songs.[4] However, his early works include a piano concerto, a tone poem, and scherzo for orchestra. His best known song cycles are Over the Rim of the Moon (1918–19) and Songs of the Countryside (1921–23).[5] The first of these contains probably his most famous song, "The Ships of Arcady". All the texts in this song cycle were by the Irish war poet Francis Ledwidge, who was killed in action during World War I on 31 July 1917.[6] Songs of the Countryside uses poems by various poets. The first song, "Sweet Chance, That Led My Steps Abroad" was at setting of W. H. Davies's 1914 poem "A Great Time". "The Piper" is a setting of Seumas O'Sullivan's famous poem of the same name. One of his popular songs is the Christmas carol The Little Road to Bethlehem, the words of which are by Margaret Rose. Other famous songs include "Money, O!" and "Why have you stolen my delight?" (see Bush, 1982).
Head used two types of scale in his compositions; diatonic and chromatic. Using the former, he produced simple, melodic tunes, easily remembered and easily sung. As they are pleasant and easily understood, people who have heard them often find themselves humming or whistling them to themselves (see Bush, 1982). They are thus the type for which he is best remembered. "The Ships of Arcady" is an example of these. The chromatic style is best represented by Nocturne, A Piper. In all of his songs Michael Head exhibits two areas of equal importance; musical content, and the effectiveness of the word setting to create a complete whole.
^ a b Bush, N., 1982, Michael Head: Composer, singer and pianist, Kahn & Averill, London. ISBN 978-0-900707-73-5.
^ Head, M. D., and Ledwidge, F, 1920, Over the rim of the moon, Boosey, UK.
^ a b Armstrong, Sir T., 1976, "Obituary of Michael Head", Magazine of the Royal Academy of Music.
^ Bush, A. , 1982, "The vocal compositions of Michael Head", in Bush, N., 1982, Michael Head: Composer, singer and pianist, Kahn & Averill, London. ISBN 978-0-900707-73-5.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2014. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ The complete poems of Francis Ledwidge with introductions by Lord Dunsany.Published 1919 by Brentano's in New York
Hyperion-records.co.uk
The Little Road to Bethlehem
West coast concert series
Lammas Records
Lyrics for Ships of Arcady
MusicBrainz: 75ced646-ed80-4372-9800-4a220fd5b33e
SNAC: w6hd82bz
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Head_(composer)&oldid=880954642"
People from Eastbourne
British pianists
British organists
Male organists
British male singers
People educated at Monkton Combe School
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
20th-century English singers
20th-century pianists
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century organists
British male pianists
20th-century male singers
Articles lacking in-text citations from October 2016


text:
Bocinas / Home Audio System
Etta James - At Last!
Reducir cantidad para Etta James - At Last!
Aumentar cantidad para Etta James - At Last!
American R&B/soul contralto vocalist (born January 25, 1938, Los Angeles, California, USA - died January 20, 2012, Riverside, California, USA), the most prominent female vocalist of the [l=Chess] label. Etta James was discovered as a teenager by [a=Johnny Otis], with her first hit in 1955. She recorded for [l=Modern Records (2)] and [l=Kent Records] for the remainder of the 1950's. She signed with [l=Chess] in 1960, recording with them until 1976. From 1965 to the mid 1970's she battled heroin addiction. In 1978 she recorded the [a=Jerry Wexler] produced "Deep in the Night", which was her final recording until 1988, returning to the [l264127] to record "Seven Years Itch". From 1988 through 2006, she recorded frequent albums. She was inducted into the Rock And Roll Hall of Fame in 1993. In 2008, the movie "Cadillac Records" told the story of her career through to the late 1970's, with her role being played by [a=Beyoncé] Knowles, who also recorded some of James' songs for the soundtrack. For writing credits in her early career she used the last name from a couple that took care of her as a child, [a=Jamesetta Rogers] and on a rare occasion her real name [a=Jamesetta Hawkins]. Mother of [a558080] and [a558081].
Label: Not Now Music
A1 Anything To Say You're Mine
A2 My Dearest Darling
A3 Trust In Me
A4 A Sunday Kind Of Love
A5 Tough Mary
B1 I Just Want To Make Love To You
B2 At Last
B3 All I Could Do Was Cry
B4 Stormy Weather
B5 Girl Of My Dreams
© 2023, Salvaje Music Store Tecnología de Shopify


This entry was posted on October 23, 2017 by edithlevyphotography. It was filed under Arizona, Travel and was tagged with 5D Mark 3, Arizona, Canon, gorge, navajo, photo tours, Rattlesnake Canyon, sandstone, slot canyon.
Thank you very much Marie. This image was actually taken in Rattlesnake Canyon.
Inner Sanctum is a stunning image, Edith! Those colours!
Edith, there are not enough superlatives to describe just how beautiful I think this photograph is. Simply breathtaking.
Lisa thank you so much. You're very kind.
Thank you so much. I appreciate the comments and the visit.
Really great photo!!! The canyon always has an interesting texture and pattern that make it a good place to make abstract photography.
Thanks so much and yes you're absolutely right.
Sounds like your detour was an excellent decision Edith, and the photo proves it! Very beautiful. Didn't realize the canyons were so close to Sedona which I've visited more than once. A definite next time!
Thanks Tina.I know when I realized that it wasn't that far a drive it became a Must Do.
Thanks for the suggestion on what tour operator to use. It's always nice to hear from photographers who have actually used the operator.


This is something that I've known for a few years now and that is why Clicker Training is a part of my training program. If you would like to incorporate Clicker Training into your training program let me help. Contact me today to set up your lessons.
It's not surprising to hear there's another study that finds horses respond well to food :-). Yep – horses sure do like to eat (I can relate). Interestingly, (I'm a big fan of primary research) I've found most young horses respond equally well (sometimes better) to attention. Finding that favorite rub spot can be more motivating and enticing than a treat. It makes tons of sense that horses learn quicker when rewards are offered. Do you know of any studies, Kim, where they've compared different rewards (instead of something vs. nothing)? That would be fun to see :-)!


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Andrew G. Haley
Andrew G. Haley was born in Tacoma, Washington on November 19, 1904. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from George Washington University and a law degree at Georgetown University. A lawyer by profession, Haley also devoted much of life to "working with his hands in rocketry," especially rocket propulsion.
Prior to World War II, Andrew Haley was head of the Federal Communications Commission. In 1942, Haley, along with Theodore von Karman founded Aerojet Engineering Corp (later Aerojet General), which designed and developed Rocket-Assisted and Jet-Assisted Take-Off units for aircraft during World War II. He also served as its first president and managing director. Haley was vice-president of the International Astronautical Federation (IAF) from 1951 to 1953 and was its president from 1958 to 1959.
For most of the 1950s, Andrew Haley was the director, president, and board chairman of the American Rocket Society. In 1956 he helped found the field of space law and created the field of "metalaw." This term, which he coined at The International Astronautical Congress that year, refers to the study and development of a workable system of laws applicable to all our relations with alien intelligence.
Haley believed mankind should not apply the "Golden Rule" in any dealings with extra-terrestrials. Haley felt that doing unto another, alien being, as you would have him do unto you might prove to be deadly to him. He suggested the correct form of the Golden Rule should be "Do unto others as they would have you do unto them." This is the basis for all metalaw (Space Law). In 1963 he refined his ideas in an influential article entitled "Space Law and Government."
Both the American Rocket Society and the American Bar Association honored Haley for his work. He died in 1966. He is remembered through the Haley Space Flight Award, presented every other year by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics "for outstanding contributions by an astronaut or test personnel to the advancement of the art, science or technology of astronautics." The award was originally established in 1954 as the Haley Astronautics Award.


Smooth skin is in. For better or worse, we live in a society today that emphasizes the beauty of hairless skin. Unfortunately, getting that smooth skin can be troublesome. Whether you have been shaving or waxing, smooth skin comes with a price: pain, irritation, and time. However, laser hair removal promises to change that. As performed by our team in New Jersey, laser hair removal is a relatively quick and effective way to permanently eliminate hair; this means you get to enjoy smooth skin without having to shave or wax.
As with many other laser procedures, laser hair removal uses the power of directed energy to get results. The light from the laser is "absorbed" by the hair, causing just enough damage to the hair follicle to make sure it no longer grows. The results you can achieve will depend on several factors, including your hair color. Our patients consistently see excellent results, meaning smooth skin for months or even years to come.
If you're ready to put your razor and your wax paper away for a while, contact East Coast Advanced Plastic Surgery to schedule a confidential consultation. We'll discuss the best way to achieve your desired results and what you can expect from laser hair removal.
Laser hair removal is a non-invasive procedure, so many candidates will be a good fit for it. It is worth noting, however, that laser hair removal has a reputation for working best on patients with lighter skin and darker hair (due to the pigment in the hair and the contrast with the skin). However, modern laser hair removal devices and techniques have improved outcomes for a wide variety of patients outside that narrow band of pigmentation.
Individual results will, of course, vary, but if you want to know more about your own eligibility, contact us to schedule a consultation. The best way to see if laser hair removal is a good fit for you is simply to talk to our surgeons about it!
At East Coast Advanced Plastic Surgery, we're pleased to collaborate with Dr. Shaghayegh DeNoble, a board certified OB/GYN and physician. Dr. DeNoble is able to offer patients Laser Hair Removal options over a wide area of the body, including the upper lip, the underarms and the legs.
Dr. DeNoble offers effective, efficient laser hair removal treatments that can be accomplished in as little as a few minutes (depending on the size of the area treated). Even the treatment of larger areas, such as the back or legs, can be accomplished in as little as an hour.
Patients are then able to return to normal, daily activities. Some patients may experience some slight redness or discomfort (the feeling is sometimes described as similar to a sunburn) for a few days after the treatment. Because hair grows in "shifts" on your body, it may take between 3-7 treatments to get your desired results. Once the sessions are complete, most patients experience effectively permanent smooth skin.
Getting laser hair removal is a quick, effective way to get permanently smooth skin. You can throw away your razors and cancel your waxing appointment. Because this procedure is incredibly versatile, you can get laser hair removal just about anywhere that you're looking to achieve that smooth final effect.
Our New York and New Jersey laser hair removal patients consistently tell us that this procedure makes them feel younger, happier, and, above all, this procedure saves them time and energy. Contact us to schedule a consultation, so we can help determine if you will also benefit from a laser hair removal procedure.
Please find detailed information below about laser hair removal and the innovative technology behind the new Apogee® Elite Laser.
How does the Apogee® Elite Laser hair removal system work?
What are the benefits of the Apogee® Elite Laser compared to alternative treatments?
What is the recovery process of laser hair removal?
Why are multiple sessions required for near complete hair removal?
How is the Apogee® Elite Laser used to treat spider veins?
How do moles, freckles or tattoos affect the course of laser treatment?
What is electrolysis and what are its advantages and disadvantages?
How much does Apogee® Elite Laser treatment cost?
What are the risks of the Apogee® Elite Laser hair removal system?
How much time should be allowed between treatments?
Why does the hair sometimes look as if it's growing for one to three weeks after laser treatment?
1) What is laser hair removal and how does it work?
Laser hair removal is a medical procedure that uses laser light to remove unwanted hair from any place on the body. The laser is attracted to melanin, or pigment, in the hair more so than in the skin so unwanted hairs are selectively targeted. Laser hair removal is one of the most common cosmetic procedures performed in the United States resulting in approximately 90% of patients with permanent hair loss after three to five laser treatments.
During the procedure, a laser beam, which is a highly amplified beam of light, will go over the area where the patient wants the hair permanently removed. The laser passes through the skin to individual hair follicles, which are then damaged by the intense heat of the laser, inhibiting future hair growth. A jet of cool air is passed over the area simultaneously so as to make the procedure more comfortable.
One of the benefits of laser hair removal is the precision it affords a plastic surgeon to target unwanted hair on the patient, while leaving the surrounding skin unharmed. Due to the efficacy of the Apogee® Elite Laser, areas like the back and legs might take close to an hour whereas the upper lip can take under a minute to remove any unwanted hair.
2) How does the Apogee® Elite Laser hair removal system work?
The combination of the 755nm wavelength laser with the 1064nm wavelength laser, which comprise the Apogee® Elite Laser, offer a noninvasive light therapy system that can eliminate unwanted hairs from all over the body. Each wavelength is suited to a particular hair and skin type combination, maximizing the variability of treatment.
The 755nm wavelength Alexandrite laser features selectable parameters and long-pulse durations that enable you to remove hair more safely, gently and effectively. At higher energy settings, this laser can be used for skin rejuvenation, such as treatment for sun spots and freckles. These darker areas of the skin have more melanin, causing the laser to be preferentially attracted to these areas. This can result in the destruction of this unwanted melanin, returning the skin to its normal color.
The 1064nm wavelength Nd:YAG laser also aids in hair removal and is more commonly used for olive to darker skin types. It can also be used to stimulate new collagen production through deep dermal heating of the skin, resulting in improvements in skin texture and tightness.
The multiplex mode, or MPX, of the Apogee® Elite Laser refers to the combination of both wavelengths. This dual use maximizes the effect of the laser in targeting unwanted hair, especially on the face, arm pits and bikini lines. The depth of penetration and relative safety on darker skin types of the 1064nm wavelength along with the higher attraction to melanin of the 755nm wavelength occur in sequential pulses during treatment, which helps remove even the most resistant hair.
3) What are the benefits of the Apogee® Elite Laser compared to alternative treatments?
Given the Alexandrite wavelength's high absorption by melanin, the Apogee® provides highly effective results, generating as much as 80% permanent hair reduction.
The various selectable wavelengths and long-pulse durations remove hair more safely, gently and effectively.
High fluence from large spot sizes results in faster treatment sessions.
The double cooling technique of the Apogee® Elite system allows for a more comfortable experience.
The use of hair removal techniques such as shaving, waxing and depilatory creams may work temporarily but leave the hair follicle intact. This means that the hair will regrow within one to four weeks. The Apogee® Elite Laser offers long-term reduction and with more frequent treatment, eventual removal of unwanted hair.
Other techniques like plucking, waxing or sugaring can not only cause irritation to the skin, but can also stimulate the hair follicle leading to hair growth. This occurs because the body reacts and produces thicker, stronger hairs the next time. The Apogee® Elite Laser attacks the hair follicle without causing irritation, therefore unwanted hairs are weakened and minimized, especially after multiple treatment sessions.
4) What is the recovery process of laser hair removal?
While laser hair removal can be a simple process with little recovery time, proper skin care is important for achieving the desired result. Immediately after a treatment session with the Apogee® Elite Laser, you can expect the skin to be slightly red and swollen. The treated area may feel a little puffy and irritated, similar to a mild sunburn. For many people, this sensation disappears within a few hours but it is dependent on the size of the treated area, so the irritated skin may take up to a day or two to return to normal.
There are two ways that best alleviate any discomfort during the recovery process. Cold compresses help soothe the affected area while various moisturizing creams can also aid in the recovery of the skin. Antibacterial creams are usually discouraged because they tend to dry out the skin. Using a daily moisturizer will ensure that your skin returns to a healthy and supple state, leading to optimal results from your treatment.
In the first few days post-treatment, it is absolutely crucial that sunlight does not hit the affected area. Even a small amount of sun exposure can cause irritation and burning on the treated areas of the skin. The sun can also impact the effectiveness of any follow-up treatments. If the sun is impossible to avoid, be sure to use a generous amount of sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher. Shaving is also discouraged for the following four days so that the skin has time to heal. Waxing, tweezing, bleaching and plucking are not advisable at any time during laser hair removal treatments.
Unwanted hair will begin to fall out after a few days and is a normal part of the treatment and recovery process. This is often misunderstood as the regrowth of hair. Typically one treatment session will slow hair growth but does not guarantee permanent hair removal. Usually several laser hair removal treatments are needed to provide an extended hair-free period.
5) Why are multiple sessions required for near complete hair removal?
Hair follows a specific growth cycle with three distinct and concurrent phases. Each phase has specific characteristics that determine the length of the hair and each strand of hair is in its own stage. At any one time, 50 to 85% of all hair follicles are in the active phase, but only 25 to 35% of hair have enough pigment in their roots to absorb the laser at any one time. Seeing as laser hair removal targets melanin, multiple treatments are needed to reach all the unwanted hair. Treatment sessions are spaced accordingly to allow for the hair to cycle into active growing phases. While many people reach a satisfactory degree of hair reduction after four treatments, the most common number of treatments ranges from five to eight.
While the Apogee® Elite Laser cannot remove 100% of the hair follicles, its multiple wavelength technology combined with its cooling method maximizes the number of killed hair follicles each treatment session.
6) How is the Apogee® Elite Laser used to treat spider veins?
Spider veins are dilated or stretched blood vessels that appear on the legs and face. While the precise cause is unknown, heredity, excessive standing, weight gain, hormonal changes and pregnancy have led to the instances of spider veins.
Laser technology has become a very effective way in treating vascular deformities such as hemangiomas, port wine stains, and spider veins. The Nd:YAG laser light of the Apogee® Elite Laser in particular penetrates deeply into tissue and can be used for the coagulation of unwanted veins. Currently the long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser is regarded as one of the most effectives treatments of leg veins and is less invasive than the needle-laden and less comfortable sclerotherapy.
7) How do moles, freckles or tattoos affect the course of laser treatment?
There are necessary precautions that should take place when treating areas with moles, freckles or tattoos. Small moles and freckles do not require any special precautions, however large, dark moles and freckles may require a reduction in the intensity of treatment. This is similar to the way dark or tan skin should be treated. Tattoos will be avoided because exposure to the Apogee® Elite Laser may cause fading, discomfort or even in some cases a burn. Otherwise, normal hair removal procedures are suitable.
8) What is electrolysis and what are its advantages and disadvantages?
Electrolysis is the removal of hair using an electrical charge and a very fine needle. An electric current is applied with the needle into each hair follicle in order to destroy the root. The singed hair from each follicle is then removed with tweezers. Because hair grows in different stages and is constantly at different growth points at any given time, multiple sessions are needed to get the hair in the growth phase that is most effective for long term removal.
It is a very effective treatment method for white, red and blonde hair because it doesn't target hair pigment but attacks the follicle itself.
The removal of hair in small quantities is ideal for electrolysis, seeing as the process is arduous and time consuming.
Electrolysis is an excellent technique for removing unwanted hair in areas hard to reach with a laser, such as under the eyebrows, near the eyes and in the ears and nose.
It is an ideal form of treatment for targeting unwanted hairs that the laser does not remove.
Electrolysis can be a tedious process and is uncomfortable for many patients, especially those resistant to needles.
Multiple treatments are necessary. Anywhere from 15 to 30 sessions might be needed to see results. Even smaller areas, such as the face, could require 2-3 hours per week for up to 2 years.
The procedure may cause permanent skin discolor.
The Apogee® Elite Laser offers a much faster form of treatment and can remove even unseen hairs underneath the skin. Its ability to target all hair types while offering a relatively painless experience make the Apogee® system efficient and preferred.
9) How much does Apogee® Elite Laser treatment cost?
While the cost of any hair removal treatment can vary, the Apogee® Elite Laser treatment offers an efficient and well-priced option. Due to the fact that hair removal is dependent on skin and hair type as well as the size of the treated area, cost is best determined after an initial consultation. We are confident you will find the pricing options affordable. Please call (201) 449-1000 or click Book Now for more information or to schedule a consultation. Apogee® Elite Laser treatment may be a tax deductible medical expense.
10)What are the risks of the Apogee® Elite Laser hair removal system?
While there can be short-term side effects including reddening of the skin and local swelling, the dual wavelength system that comprises the Apogee® Elite Laser removes unwanted hair with unsurpassed discomfort. It is also less likely to cause prolonged irritation, pigment changes or blistering common to older laser systems. The light used in the Apogee® Elite Laser is safe and does not cause skin cancer.
The Apogee® Elite Laser also incorporates the use of the Smart Cool system which utilizes a "double cooling" technique. This enables the body's natural cooling process to work in conjunction with a specifically engineered external cooling system that offers a safer and more comfortable treatment option.
11) How can I get the best value from each treatment?
In order to get the most out of each treatment with the Apogee® Elite Laser there are several things to think about before arrival.
Avoid waxing, sugaring, plucking, EpiLady and electrolysis: These forms of hair removal temporarily remove the pigmented part of the hair follicle which the Apogee® Elite Laser needs to use as a target. Plus the laser seeks out actively growing hair roots, which are temporarily stunted after treatments like waxing and plucking. It is important to not wax, pluck, sugar or have electrolysis for at least eight weeks before treatment.
Do not go tanning if at all possible. The Nd:YAG laser of the Apogee® Elite Laser system is effective for all skin and hair types, however the lighter your skin color at the time of treatment, the better the laser beam can get through the pigment of the skin to the hair roots. It is best to avoid tanning and especially artificial tanning creams for at least six weeks before treatment and even a few weeks afterwards to reduce the chance that your tan will be somewhat uneven.
Shaving or trimming unwanted hair in the areas you want treated is a good idea. Some people find that the skin is less sensitive if it is shaved closer to the time of treatment. Another advantage of shaving the area before treatment is that you can shape the area exactly the way you would like it. This is especially helpful in areas on the face and bikini line. Contrary to popular belief, shaving does not make hair grow back thicker, faster or darker, so shaving beforehand and in between treatments is not a problem.
The use of hair dye or bleach is not an issue because the laser only targets and destroys the hair roots. Dyes and bleach do not affect the color of the roots beneath the skin, so the Apogee® Elite Laser is just as effective.
12) How much time should be allowed between treatments?
It normally takes eight to twelve weeks for the next crop of hair roots to become active and develop the required amount of pigment to target. To get the best value, it is smart to wait the full eight to twelve weeks in between treatments. Of course, there is no issue with getting treatments more frequently. It may, however, be less efficient and may increase the total number of treatments required to reach the desired result. There is also no known benefit to waiting longer than the twelve prescribed weeks between treatments.
13) Why does the hair sometimes look as if it's growing for one to three weeks after laser treatment?
The Apogee® Elite Laser destroys active hair roots, but does not remove the hair instantly. Hair shafts in the treated hair follicles will fall out, this is part of the normal "shedding" process and mostly occurs in the first week after treatment. In some cases, hair can take up to two to three weeks to fall out, but will eventually shed on their own.
In the three to four days following treatment, it is important to not shave or use anything but mild soap on the treated area. No exfoliating creams or gels, wash cloths or body washes should be used as the skin is irritated by them.


When entertaining friends and family create a backyard that is functional and decorative! Create a fun and relaxing outdoor living space for all to enjoy this summer. Outdoor living spaces can be built to accomodate your idea with what works functionally with your land and home. Many of today's outdoor living spaces that you see below incorporate fireplaces, grill islands, bar islands and outdoor kitchens as well as coffee table fireplaces and waterfall features on a beautifully built patio offering a great entertaining experience.


The Rowans has been allocated a total of £38,335 for the 2018/19 year. Please click on the links to see our Pupil Premium Spending in 2017/18 and our Predicted Spending for 2018/19.
Esther Cook is our Pupil Premium Trustee.


Transfer CFT generates messages that provide information about the processes and events that occur on the Transfer CFT. These messages are collected and stored in a log file. If you are using Central Governance, in the Products List page select the Transfer CFT in question. In the Transfer CFT page, select Logs in the right pane to view the Transfer CFT logs.
Transfer CFT also generates messages that provide information about the state of a transfer. These messages are collected and stored in a catalog file. From the Central Governance main menu, select Flow > Monitoring > and then the type of View, for example View all flows in error for a given application.
All Transfer CFT error messages and diagnostics are listed in the section Messages and error codes . If an error occurs in Transfer CFT that you cannot correct using the diagnostic information provided there, see Performing checks below.
As you go through the questions in Performing checks, note your responses. If you need to submit a Support request this information can help you to save time.
Documentation lists related documentation that you may want to consult.
To better help you resolve an incident, you can print and use the following table. It can serve as a guideline for gathering information, which can help you if you need to file an incident report.
Is the error message due to a transfer request, a transfer in server mode, or other?
Is Transfer CFT functioning abnormally?
Can you reproduce the symptom?
Which component and function are concerned?
Can you identify the source of the problem?
Can you bypass the problem?
Has your system or Transfer CFT recently been re-configured?
Have you installed a new component, either hardware or software?
Has the problem only recently occurred, or has it existed for some time?
If an error occurred while running Transfer CFT in Central Governance, you may also want to consult the Central Governance documentation.


Richard Buxton has stepped down as CEO of Merian Global Investors (MGI) with immediate effect in order to solely focus on investment matters. Although he will remain on the firm's board, he has passed over CEO responsibilities to MGI's former non-executive director Mark Gregory.
Mr Buxton remains invested in the business and as head of UK equities. He will also remain as manager of the Merian UK Alpha fund, and therefore we will continue to support the strategy with a AA rating.
In addition to this, we have also learned that Simon Murphy, manager of the Merian UK Equity fund has left the business. Although Mr Buxton has been named the fund's replacement manager and there are no short term plans to change the strategy's mandate, Mr Buxton's management style is quite different to that of Mr Murphy's, consequently, we have removed this fund's A rating.


text:
Q: How to match a block of
* using regexp how can I match a block of

item 1

item 2

no matter there is a blank line before or after the block
and enclose it in

 tags using PHP's preg_*
functions.
Thank you for answer

A: If this is safe, controlled input, and you just got LIs with missing parent ULs, you can do:
preg_replace ( '#\s*(?:
.*
\s*)+#' , '
$0
', $input )

(You may want to add some \n to the replacement string before or after the UL.)

NOTE: This will fail if:

*

*There are any existing UL/OL lists in the content.

*There is anything other than whitespace between consecutive list items.

*Any of the LIs span multiple lines (the . excludes newline by default).

*There are any attributes on the LIs.

*Possibly some things I haven't considered.

Some of these can relatively easily be catered for, but I'm not going to - if you haven't got known specific content, you should be using a real HTML parser instead.
The 'Regular' in Regular Expressions has a specific meaning, and full HTML is not a Regular language, so trying to handle all the intricacies of HTML with simple regex is liable to fail.
If you use a bad regex on user-supplied HTML, you may be introducing HTML injection vulnerabilities into your code.

A: David already stated, that php got xml and html-parsers. However if you really want to use a regex, it probably would be something like:
preg_match('#
(.*?)
#', $string);
// Same thing
preg_match('#
(.*)
#U', $string);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Every vote is a voice that tells a story.
Keto: Legit diet or unhealthy lifestyle? | The Tylt
Keto: Legit diet or unhealthy lifestyle?
Diets and workout plans are nothing new in the New Year. One diet in particular, the Keto diet, is a bit unconventional when compared to its peers. Keto dieters eat foods high in fat and low in carbs, which, when done correctly, is said to put the body in ketosis, a fat-burning state. Although the Keto diet might sound like a dream to some, experts worry about the long-term health impacts on the body, saying the diet can result in nutrient deficiencies. Are you all-in on Keto?
By Jessie Blaeser
Published 1/14/20
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In the Keto diet, you eat high amounts of fat, moderate amounts of protein, and a low amount of carbs. As KetoCycle.com says:
The key idea behind the use of the keto diet is that you will be more efficient using fat, which should mean moving more bodyfat.
https://ketocycle.diet/blog/keto-vs-paleo
For some, the Keto diet is highly effective. According to Healthline:
One study found that people on a ketogenic diet lost 2.2 times more weight than those on a calorie-restricted low-fat diet.
Harvard Health Publishing's Marcelo Campos adds:
A ketogenic diet also has been shown to improve blood sugar control for patients with type 2 diabetes, at least in the short term.
But there is very little research on the long-term impact of the Keto diet on the body. Some experts are concerned about the diet's impact on cholesterol as well as nutrient deficiencies. Cutting back on carbs, for example, also means cutting back on certain fruits and vegetables. Per Health.com's Amanda MacMillan:
That's a concern, says Annette Frain, RD, program director with the Weight Management Center at Wake Forest Baptist Health, especially if someone is spending more than a few weeks on this type of diet. "Fruits and vegetables are good for us; they're high in antioxidants and full of vitamins and minerals," she says. "If you eliminate those, you aren't getting those nutrients over time."
The Keto diet seems to impact everyone differently, and although it can help accelerate weight loss in the beginning, nutritionists warn about weight-gain once the diet stops. Additionally, there are many possible long-term risks, which dieters should take into account before starting their journey:
Health experts worry about how a long-term keto-style diet can affect the heart and arteries. A not-yet-published study, presented at the American College of Cardiology's annual Scientific Session, found that people on low-carb diets are more likely to develop atrial fibrillation (AFib) compared to those who eat moderate amounts of carbohydrates. AFib is the most common heart rhythm disorder and raises the risk of stroke and heart failure.
In this episode of "Tell Me Everything," The Tylt sits down with Registered Dietician Nutritionist Whitney Catalano to learn about diet culture. If you want to learn more about developing a healthy relationship with food, watch below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1lqQ4ppnbE
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The Armed Citizen® April 16, 2013
NRA Staff
The Armed Citizen®, News
Hasib Kuric, a homeless man living behind a gas station, spotted two men putting on masks and gloves outside the building. Kuric ran inside to warn the clerk, Leonard Carr. The men followed Kuric inside and began shooting. Carr retrieved his own firearm and returned fire. One of the masked men was fatally wounded while the other fled and was arrested a few blocks away. He was charged with two counts of second-degree Attempted Felony Murder, one count of second-degree Felony Murder, and one count of Armed Occupied Burglary. Kuric and Carr were not injured. (Local10.com, Hollywood, FL, 1/15/13)
The Armed Citizen Extra
Police in Casper say a hotel clerk used a gun she kept in her lunch box to foil a robbery attempt. Two masked men entered the Quality Inn on Poplar Street before 1 a.m. on Friday and announced they were staging a robbery. The two men ran from the building after the female clerk pulled out her handgun. A spokeswoman for the Casper Police Department says the two remain at large. The Casper robbery attempt came three days after a pair of men with bandannas over their faces robbed a hotel in Laramie. The men in that case made off with an undisclosed amount of cash and have not been captured. Police are investigating whether the two cases are connected. (The Sunday Ranger, Casper, WY, 1/6/13)
From The Armed Citizen Archives
February 1975: Freelance news photographer Abel Guy was driving to a market in Westminister, Calif., when he heard over his car radio that a robbery was in process at the market. As he drove up to the market, a youth carrying a .30-30 rifle and a paper bag dashed past him. Grasping a .38 revolver, Guy jumped out of his car and ordered the youth to halt and drop the rifle and the bag. The robber dropped the bag but swung around and pointed the rifle at Guy. Eventually he obeyed Guy's repeated orders to drop the rifle and surrendered. (The Register, Orange County, CA)
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Why the Legal Fight in Illinois Matters So Much
When a governor, along with a majority of a state's legislators, decide to take a civil right from American citizens, they have decided to start a constitutional fight.


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Afghanistan: Remembering Afghan Refugees
M. Ashraf Haidari Sep 11, 2008
As Americans reflect on the tragic events of seven years ago, they should also recall that the September 11 terrorist attacks caused the international spotlight to refocus on Afghanistan. The US-led invasion in late 2001 succeeded in driving the Taliban from power, and paved the way for a humanitarian success story. Of late, however, the international commitment to Afghanistan seems to have lost traction. One way that Americans can honor the September 11 victims is by keeping Afghan reconstruction efforts on course, and doing their part to ensure that millions of Afghan refugees feel secure enough to return home.
Over the course of the past three decades, Afghan refugees have never hesitated to return home as soon as promising conditions have given them hope for restoration of peace and justice in their homeland. In 1992 and 1993, for example, following the fall of the Afghan communist regime, more than 2 million Afghan refugees voluntarily repatriated from Pakistan and Iran. But their return ground to a halt, shortly after the breakout of the civil war that plunged Afghanistan into anarchy and chaos.
Buoyed by international re-engagement in Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban in late 2001, more than 5 million Afghan refugees returned home from Pakistan and Iran during the early 2000s, making the largest voluntary repatriation in the history of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
But there still are over 3 million Afghan in Pakistan, and over 1 million in Iran, and these remaining refugees are now reluctant to return home. Deteriorating security, widespread poverty and unemployment, and a severe lack of social facilities such as access to education and healthcare constitute major obstacles to voluntary repatriation of most Afghan refugees. [For background see the Eurasia Insight archive]. In many areas, especially in southern Afghanistan, the Taliban has once again emerged as a force to be reckoned with. [For background see the Eurasia Insight archive].
When a UN reporter in June asked one Afghan refugee, Hazrat Shah, if he planned to repatriate, the carpet weaver now living in Pakistan replied; "There is no place in the world like home. But where would you go if your house were ablaze?" He added gloomily, "Today two new graves have been dug for two brothers who were killed in a landmine explosion in Afghanistan." The two youngsters--not related to Hazrat Shah--had returned home to Gereshk in Helmand province the week before to find jobs and gradually to pave the way for the repatriation of their entire family from Pakistan.
The government and people of Afghanistan appreciate the humanitarian assistance Pakistan and Iran have provided to Afghan refugees over the past three decades. But pull factors such as improved security, enhanced protection and reintegration assistance, and increased employment opportunities in Afghanistan should determine push factors in host states.
Pakistan and Iran must honor the principle of non-refoulement, rooted both in international and Islamic law, to refrain from forcible deportation of Afghan refugees. The Afghan government maintains separate trilateral agreements with Pakistan, Iran, and UNHCR--a key provision of which is to facilitate voluntary repatriation of Afghan refugees from the two countries only if the conditions inside Afghanistan allow. Although host states have an interest in encouraging refugees to go back home, UNHCR is mandated to prevent and protect refugees from repatriating prematurely if the prevailing conditions at home are not ready for their return. Except for spontaneous returns during 2002-2003, Afghan refugees must have been warned about increasing instability and a severe lack of reintegration assistance in Afghanistan in the following years.
Contrarily, however, Afghan refugees have been encouraged to return home, as repatriation--voluntary or otherwise--has been viewed as a positive sign of stabilization and reconstruction progress in Afghanistan. Consequently, the fact that most returnees have ended up becoming internally displaced due to conflicts and an expanding drought should be cause for serious concern to UNHCR and the international community. It should also be a signal to halt further premature repatriation of Afghan refugees until the conditions in Afghanistan have improved enough for their safe return home.
At the same time, the international community must honor the principle of burden sharing and provide relief assistance to states hosting large numbers of refugees. Assistance to Pakistan and Iran should aim at empowering Afghan refugees so that they will gain skills necessary both to contribute to their host societies and later to use those skills to earn an income upon return home.
Additionally, developed countries must expand their resettlement programs, taking in more Afghan refugees from Iran and Pakistan on an annual basis. Resettlement of Afghan refugees in the developed countries will go a long way in helping rebuild and develop Afghanistan. Resilience and high achievement motivation that characterize most refugees will quickly enable resettled Afghan families to adapt into their new societies, taking advantage of social and economic opportunities there to establish themselves and to continue supporting their relatives at home, as well as in Pakistan and Iran.
In the long run, most resettled Afghans will have gained wealth and higher education which they would certainly use to invest in Afghanistan, as we know from the return of many wealthy Afghans and technocrats who have made significant contributions to Afghanistan's reconstruction since 2002.
In pondering resettlement programs, one myth must be confronted head-on: Contrary to frequent allegations that Afghan refugees are a burden on their host countries' economies, the opposite is most often true. The millions of refugees in Pakistan and Iran are assets to those countries' economies. Many Afghans in both states fill a glaring need in the labor sector, working casual jobs at wages much lower than that paid to locals who may not even be willing to accept such jobs because of social taboos associated with casual labor. Other Afghan refugees use their special skills--such as carpet weaving--to produce quality Afghan rugs, which local firms purchase below market price, brand them made in the host country, and then sell them in developed countries with manifold profit. Most importantly, a significant number of Afghan refugees have found success as entrepreneurs and have risen to operate midsize and even corporate-level businesses in Pakistan, Iran, and the Gulf states, making notable contributions to those countries' economic growth.
Other allegations that terrorists recruit from Afghan refugee camps are utterly baseless and a political excuse on Pakistan's part not to cooperate sincerely in the war against terrorism. Afghan refugees are actually victims of violence and terrorism, but abusing their status as a scapegoat is clearly a violation of their rights under the 1951 Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. Countries that are party to the Geneva Convention and other international human rights regimes are obligated to respect refugee rights as human rights and safeguard them by providing refugees with protection from violence, persecution, and human insecurity that collectively make it impossible for most refugees to return home voluntarily.
Almost 2,500 years ago, Euripides wrote that "there is no greater sorrow on earth than the loss of one's native land." Indeed, for most Afghan refugees, like Hazrat Shah, no foreign land can ever replace their homeland where they will return as soon as they feel secure to do so. It is obvious that the real durable solution to the Afghan refugees' problem is voluntary repatriation, which can only be guaranteed by security in Afghanistan. Hence, Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan's other neighbors can and must cooperate with the international community to stabilize Afghanistan first.
Durable stability and prosperity in the country would automatically attract Afghan refugees to voluntarily return home. At the same time, the international community must honor the commitments they recently made at the Paris Support Conference to provide the Afghan government with long-term resources to implement the objectives of the Afghanistan National Development Strategy--a key priority of which is to help reintegrate returning refugees and internally displaced persons into their communities.
A former refugee, internally displaced person, and UNHCR field officer, M. Ashraf Haidari is the political counselor of the Embassy of Afghanistan in Washington, DC. His e-mail is [email protected]
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Східні креси (, від kres — «границя», «кінець», «край») — польська назва територій сьогоденної Західної України, Західної Білорусі і Литви, що колись входили до складу Польської республіки; «східна околиця». Польські жителі цих територій, у тому числі репатрійовані до Польщі, часом називаються кресов'янами або кресов'яками.

Етимологія

Термін «Креси» з'явився в середині XIX ст. у творах польського поета Вінцента Поля, зокрема в поемі «Могорт» (1854), в якій описуються події незадовго після «Взяття Умані», на кордоні Речі Посполитої і Кримського ханства. Поширенню терміну сприяло уявлення про особливу цивілізаторську місію поляків на цих землях, і походження найбільших польських поетів — Адама Міцкевича та Юліуша Словацького з цих земель. Слово «Креси» вкоренилося в польський літературі і публіцистиці як означення територій на схід від Вільно і Львова, які до кінця XVIII ст. належали Речі Посполитій. У міжвоєнний період Польської республіки офіційна назва «Східні креси» стосувалася заселених українцями, білорусами воєводств (Львівського, Тернопільського, Станиславівського, Волинського, Поліського, Білостоцького, Віленського і Новогродського). У 1924 польським парламентом був прийнятий особливий «кресовий» закон, за яким з метою асиміляції місцевого населення в Західній Україні та Західній Білорусі вводилося двомовна шкільна освіта. Також для зміни національного складу земель інтенсивно проводилося заселення поляками.

Населення Східних кресів у міжвоєнний період
Населення Східних кресів було багатонаціональним, головним чином — з поляків, українців і білорусів. За офіційними польськими твердженнями поляки були найбільшою етнічною групою в цих регіонах та демографічно найбільшою етнічною групою в містах регіону. Корінні національності нібито були меншинами, як євреї (розкидані в містах і селищах по всьому терену), чехи (на Волині), а також подекуди росіяни.

Рідною мовою назвали, згідно з офіційним польським переписом 1931 (дані польської влади):

 Львівське воєводство: 58 % польську, 34 % українську, 8 % ідиш
 Новогрудське воєводство: 53 % польську, 39 % білоруську, 7 % їдиш, 1 % російську
 Поліське воєводство: 63 % поліську або Tutejsi, 14 % польську, 10 % ідиш, 6 % білоруську, 5 % українську
 Станиславівське воєводство: 69 % українську, 23 % польську, 7 % ідиш, 1 % німецьку
 Тернопільське воєводство: 50 % польську, 45 % українську, 5 % ідиш
 Віленське воєводство: 60 % польську, 23 % білоруську, 8 % їдиш, 3 % російська, 8 % інші (в тому числі литовську мову)
 Волинське воєводство: 68 % українську, 17 % польську, 10 % ідиш, 2 % німецьку, 1 % російську, 2 % інші
 Білостоцьке воєводство: 71 % польську, 13 % білоруську, 11 % їдиш, 3 % російську, 2 % інші

 Під час війни

За німців декілька мільйонів євреїв були винищені у процесі Голокосту. Розстрілювалися і всі, хто переховував євреїв.

У війну Радянський Союз проводив таємні акції, зокрема політику очищення Західної України від патріотично та націоналістично налаштованого мирного польського та українського населення, яке не поділяло радянські ідеали. Тепер загальновідомими стали колись таємні акції, провокації диверсанта Миколи Кузнецова, провокації прорадянських партизан, рейд Ковпака, внаслідок якого німцями було знищено його армію та ін.

 Після війни
У середині і наприкінці 1940-х років репатріювалася 752,1 тис. поляків з України. У той же час з Литви виїхали 148 тис. і з Білорусі — 226,3 тис. поляків, хоч збереглися великі польські громади в Білорусі та Литві.

До початку 1950-х років проводилося масове виселення з Західної України у Сибір, зокрема т. зв. бандерівських сіл.

Наступна хвиля переміщення поляків відбулася більш ніж через 10 років, і ще сотні тисяч поляків були переміщені. Загалом близько 2 мільйонів поляків були витіснені зі Східних Кресів. Однак сотні тисяч поляків залишилися і залишаються помітними сьогодні, переважно в Литві та Білорусії, але невеликі скупчення розташовані в Україні.

Питання Східних Кресів у Польщі XXI сторіччя

2015 року в Польщі було створено організацію «Реституція Кресів», яка мала намір ініціювати судові позови проти України. Структура (яка заявляє, що представляє інтереси членів польських родин, депортованих із Західної України) має намір домагатися повернення польського майна, розміщеного на території Західної України, або компенсацій за залишену поляками нерухомість. Представники «Реституції Кресів» заявили: перші позови спадкоємців колишніх власників нерухомості на території Галичини та Волині найближчим часом буде подано в суди Києва і Луцька.

Ініціатором заснування «Реституції Кресів» виступила партія «Змяна», лояльна до політики Кремля (голова — ).

29 і 30 грудня 2015 у Варшаві пройшла інформаційна акція про наслідки укладення Україною угоди про асоціацію з ЄС. Активісти організації «Реституція Кресів» поширювали листівки українською мовою серед імігрантів з України.

Див. також
 Лінія Керзона
 Західні креси
 Львівські орлята
 Східна Малопольща
 Ризький мир (1921)
 Полонія
 Серединна Литва
 Радянські репресії громадян довоєнної Польщі (1939—1946)
 Берестейський мир (3 березня 1918)
 Варшавський договір (1920)
 Віленський край
 Західноукраїнська Народна Республіка
 Реституція
 Радянська анексія західноукраїнських земель, 1939
 Угода Сікорського-Майського, 1941
 Республіканські договори (1944), 1944

Примітки

Посилання
 https://web.archive.org/web/20050822115358/http://www.kresy.co.uk/
 Polish maps of present-day Western Ukraine and Belarus (1930s)
 Commonwealth of Diverse Cultures: Poland's Heritage

Історичні землі Білорусі
Історичні регіони України
II Річ Посполита
Землі Польщі

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