text:
Home / Blog / The Biggest Security Threats of 2014
The Biggest Security Threats of 2014
by From Our Speakers
Topics: Cyber Security | Homeland Security | International Affairs & Business
By General Michael Hayden
Those inclined to support the President's foreign and security policies applaud that he is conducting a reappraisal of America's role in the world – that he is working to more accurately align the definition of America's interest with the realities of America's power.
Those who are more critical characterize the policies as a withdrawal, an abrogation of American responsibility, motivated by a broad disinterest in foreign affairs and a desire to remake American society at home without global distractions.
Whatever your judgment on the merits of the course, the trajectory seems clear.
In military terms this retrenchment would be described as a retreat, the most difficult of all military maneuvers since, badly managed, retrograde can become rout, and movement in the face of the enemy can quickly devolve into chaos.
The greatest danger of 2014 is just this possibility.
The failure to sustain an American presence in Iraq has already moved that country toward the Iranian orbit and enabled a level of violence that rivals that of 2006. Will coming decisions about Afghanistan cause that country to follow a similar course in the coming twelve months?
America's decision to "lead from behind" in Libya (and de facto disengagement after Qaddafi's death) contributed to chaos there, a flood of arms throughout the Middle East and a resurgence of al Qa'ida in the Sahel.
What now will become of Syria and the Levant with an even more powerful American reluctance to be involved? Name your poison: the Syrian state dissolves with one of the successor states an Islamic caliphate...or perhaps Iran's and Hezbollah's ally Assad "wins"...all at an historic crossroads of civilization.
In Europe, the eastward expansion of freedom and free enterprise seems to have stopped short of Kiev as Russian President Vladimir Putin baldly re-asserts Moscow's economic leverage and political power in the post-Soviet space. With little American response, let alone the imposition of costs, many in the area seemed prepared to make their accommodation with him.
And in Asia what are we to make of China's self declared Air Defense Identification Zone that encompasses broad swaths of the East China Sea, including the airspace over and around islands disputed with Japan? A Chinese misstep and over reach, perhaps, or a calculated Chinese judgment that the American "pivot" to Asia looks a more like a "head fake" and is something that should be tested?
Retreat. Withdrawal. Adjustment. All tough tasks no matter how you describe them. Even tougher if they suggest to your adversaries that you lack the stomach for the fight.
The greatest security danger of 2014? Perhaps what the world concludes about American staying power and unforced American errors in what to some looks like a rush to the exits.
General Michael Hayden is one of leading Authorities most-booked speakers. He was the number one military intelligence officer in the United States while he headed both the CIA and the NSA, and he is frequently sought-after by the news for his expertise. Hayden is known for his direct, candid comments, and his presentations give you the same caliber of information that you'd hear in a White House briefing room. He advised presidents and now takes the time to explain these issues clearly and robustly to audiences. Balancing secrecy and transparency is paramount, and Hayden walks that line. He knows what's going on in every corner of the globe and speaks to the latest hot-topics in intelligence and geopolitics. Audiences appreciate his behind-the-scenes insights into complex worldwide relationships, and organizations use his perspective on the future to better plan for what's next for global business and the economy.


As resident chamber music ensemble of NCPA, China NCPA Octet crystallizes Chinese musicians' fiery love for music and broad artistic platform of NCPA. These eight excellent musicians not only include excellent performers of China NCPA Orchestra, but also leading figures among the Chinese musicians. They will make powerful combination on the NCPA stage, present superb artistry and tacit friendship, and give birth to China's first-ever permanent octet ensemble.
Since its inception in 2015, thanks to joint efforts of art director and cellist Chu Yi-Bing and the musicians, the China NCPA Octet continues to explore on a wide range of Chinese and Western classics, and remains committed to the superb chamber music performances. In the past few years, the China NCPA Octet holds concerts with lots of stream of plays and takes an active part in art popularization projects. The China NCPA Octet gains valuable experiences and performs more than 100 wonderful chamber music works, including the immortal sophisticated melodies from Vienna and glorious classics in Chinese music history. Also, the Octet adapted to new selected works with a passion for music, in which contemporary composers are commissioned. Works originally presented by Schoenberg, Johann Strauss, MA Sicong and WU Zuqiang, European opera classics and Chinese folk melodies sparkle new life in the music arena of China NCPA Octet.
With a view to future concert plans, these eight musicians will be tolerant to diversity, uphold spirit of openness, help audiences set sail in vast classical music ocean, and enjoy the lingering elegant emotions for centuries. They will guide audiences to appreciate meaningful oriental rhythm in popular Chinese melody and understand the endless creativity of the era under a new crossover chapter beyond time and space. The Octet will not only arrange for various tracks for audiences to demonstrate the infinite musical creativity and exquisite and harmonious ensemble beauty, but also create a brand-new life experience for the majority of Chinese classical music fans.


It is a 2+2-seater with LifeDrive architecture developed specifically for BMW i8, its aero-dynamically groundbreaking body design and visionary interior design deliver an intense driving experience; The Life module passenger cell is made from carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP); the drive system technology consists of: high-voltage battery, chassis, and crash and structural functions integrated into the aluminium Drive module; its curb weight: 1,490 kilograms; drag coefficient Cd: 0.26; with a very low center of gravity (below 460 millimeters); with near 50/50 balanced weight distribution.
Its styling is as dramatic as its technology. The BMW i8 offers a revolutionary and future-focused interpretation of BMW's signature driving pleasure. The impressive structural strength of the CFRP passenger shell allows particularly large door apertures, making entry into the rear compartment easier. The doors open forwards and upwards and are made from a CFRP inner structure covered on the outer skin with aluminium. It is the world's first volume-produced vehicle to have chemically hardened thin glass. The overall silhouette of the i8 is avant-garde and Twenty-first Century in a futuristic style.
The drive train system technology, high voltage battery, chassis, crash & structural functions are integrated into an aluminium Drive module. Its 1.5 litre combustion engine produces 231 hp sending power to the rear axle. A 96 KW 131 hp electric drive sends power to the front wheels powering a distance of up to 22 miles with a top speed of 75 mph. It uses a lithium-ion high-voltage battery with liquid cooling and usable capacity of 5 KW. Here's the power equation: The combination of BMW TwinPower Turbocharging + BMW eDrive Technology + Intelligent Management = a system total output of 362 hp with maximum torque of 570 Nm. The i8 moves from 0-62 in 4.4 seconds……this is an all-wheel drive experience!
Full LED headlamps are standard as all of the i8's lighting inside and out…not a single bulb. Innovative laser headlamps are an option world-wide. The BMW i8 is the world's first series-produced vehicle to be available as an option with innovative laser headlights, which generate a pure-white, extremely bright light that is pleasant to the eye. The light is created through the conversion of the beams emitted by tiny laser diodes by means of a Fluorescent phosphor material inside the headlight. Laser lighting is monochromatic, which means that the light waves all have the same length. They also have a constant phase difference.
As a result, laser lighting can produce a near-parallel beam with impressive luminance, which gives it intensity a thousand times greater than that of conventional LEDs. The beam can also be adjusted extremely precisely. At the same time, the further optimized inherent efficiency of laser lighting means that laser headlights have less than half the energy consumption of even LED headlights, which are already very efficient; laser lighting generates approximately 170 lumens (a photometric unit of light output) per watt, whereas LED lighting generates only around 100 lumens per watt. The familiar kidney grille, large front apron air intakes, and LED headlamps with the hallmark U-shape make the i8 unmistakably BMW.
A signature i8 feature is the "black belt." It emerges as a "V" shape from the bonnet and extends back over the roof into the rear section of the car where it frames the center section of the rear apron. In the front the black belt is framed by the body-colored apron and side panels while in the rear it is overlapped by "floating" roof pillars that extend over the rear lights. Its side window graphics manage air flow between the roofline and the character line rising through the rear section of the i8's flanks towards the rear spoiler.
The rear intricately designed tail lamps feature the BMW U-shape also. The low-slung stance and the rear lights, reflectors and diffuser form a single visual unit. The directional indicators are integrated above the rear lights into the downsweep of the roofline.
The development of BMW i cars follows a revolutionary approach, a strategy focusing on the creation of premium cars purpose-designed to be powered by purely electric or plug-in hybrid drive systems. This electric drive technology (packaged under the BMW eDrive banner) is therefore a central component of the vehicle concept – in contrast to the "conversion" model, where vehicles are retrofitted with electric drive systems. Characteristic BMW driving pleasure coupled with emission-free mobility, precise energy flow management,pioneering design, intelligent lightweight construction and production.
The BMW i8 is the next generation of the supercar……….
Howdy! I just wish to give you a huge thumbs up for the great info you have got right here on this post.


text:
Integral Test
If the individual terms of a series (in other words, the terms of the series' underlying sequence) do not converge to zero, then the series must diverge. This Special Purpose Rifle mount comes in QD and Bolt-On Models. The p-test gives a rough borderline of what is 'fast enough. See differential Differential, and Integration. 1 and Import Test Diag Located at $8000- in memory and use harness 251169-02. Viewed 4k times 3. sh integral-table the configuration file here, and the shell scripts ht5mjlatex and makejax. Integral Ad Science (IAS) is the global market leader in digital ad verification, offering technologies that drive high-quality advertising media. Serioes of this type are called p-series. You can use the links below to visit resources for AS/A level Further Mathematics and for Mechanics or Statistics for AS/A level Mathematics, and also STEP resources. (a) The general Riemann Sum is found using the formula:. An early form of this was discovered in India by Madhava of Sangamagramma in the 14th century. Each integral is worth 1 point. If the integral gives a finite value, then the series is convergent. There's rarely a right "one". This page was last edited on 5 October 2019, at 16:34. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Calculus BC: Series and what it means. Then generalize to define an entire class of series called p-series, and prove a theorem showing when they converge. The Integral Test Let \(f\left( x \right)\) be a function which is continuous, positive, and decreasing for all \(x\) in the range \(\left[ {1, + \infty } \right). The Integral Test (14 minutes, SV3 » 41 MB, H. Currently taught in over a dozen countries in North America, Europe, and Asia, ISP is a comprehensive approach to embodiment based on Western and Eastern psychology. If you searching to test Cadet 60 X 32 Air Whirlpool Bathtub With Hydro Massage System L Integral Apron And Right Hand Outlet By American Standard CmhNNrqIS 00975nlXPuKcp Cadet 60 X 32 Air Whirlpool Bathtub With Hydro Massage System L Integral Apron And Right Hand Outlet By American Standard CmhNNrqIS 00975nlXPuKcp price. Hence, if the improper integral from 1 to infinity of the series converges, then the series converges. The series diverges by the Integral Test. Weisstein 1999-05-26. For example, enter 3x+2=14 into the text box to get a step-by-step explanation of how to solve 3x+2=14. In CUDA C, why does the following. Definition of the definite integral as the limit of a Properties of the definite integral. If we did not pull out the negative sign, we would not be able to apply the integral test, because this test can only be applied when all terms in the series are positive. The Root Test Lecture Notes So far, we have learned how to use the limit comparison test to determine whether a series converges or diverges. This page will give you the numerical answer to an integral. (a)Verify that the integral test can be used to decide if this series converges and then use the integral test to show it converges. Dimensional Data (inches and [ mm ]) are Subject to Manufacturing Tolerances and Change Without Notice ® CF2982 Torque Set Closet Flange w/ Integral Test Cap TAG _____ Rev. On Screen Display. It doesn't matter whether we compute the two integrals on the left and then subtract or compute the single integral on the right. INTEGRAL_TEST can handle both unweighted and weighted integration schemes. The first thing that confused me is that I've yet to hear the term tail sum, so I still am unsure of what that means. Solution: The function is continuous, positive, decreasing function on [1,∞) so we use the Integral Test: Since is a convergent integral and so, by the Integral test, the series is convergent. Improper integral definition is - a definite integral whose region of integration is unbounded or includes a point at which the integrand is undefined or tends to infinity. (a) This is a case where you want to think about the. Water Analysis Laboratory Services Water, the source of life, the human body is made up of approximately 60% water – which is the major reason that we can survive weeks without food but only days without water. The harmonic series, which is a special case of p-series, is defined. (since C++11) Checks whether T is an integral type. Input LAG tester is a Diva exclusive add-on. You have 20 minutes to solve these 25 integrals. Indeed, since when , then we have Because is divergent (by the p-test), then the limit test implies that the integral is divergent. We'll end up using this corollary more than the integral test itself. Calculus II , Final (practice test) 9:00-12:00 noon, Friday, Dec. Comparing f(x) = [ ln(x) / x ] with g(x) = (1/x) also shows divergence. If we did not pull out the negative sign, we would not be able to apply the integral test, because this test can only be applied when all terms in the series are positive. It is also known as Maclaurin-Cauchy Test. _____ Problem 2: a) Determine the proper benchmark for using the Comparison Test to find whether. Find the region E for which the triple integral (1—212 —7y2 —2=2) dV is a maximum. Then use the Integral Test to determine the convergence or divergence of the series. On Screen Display. (Integral Test) Suppose is a series in which the terms are positive. Wolfram Problem Generator » Unlimited random practice problems and answers with built-in Step-by-step solutions. org dictionary, synonyms and antonyms. We can apply the integral test, as the function satisfies the conditions for the integral test. Of course, the key point is that the first few terms will not affect divergence or convergence - it is the ultimate behavior which counts and this is measured by the integral. Proofs are given in the appendix. Integrated Health Plan was acquired by MultiPlan in 2011, and the IHP Network is now part of MultiPlan's comprehensive suite of healthcare cost management solutions. Factor out a -1. If so, use the integral test to determine whether the series converges or diverges. The integral test tells us that if the improper integral is convergent (that is, it is equal to a finite number), then the infinite series is convergent. C-64 Diagnostic Rev x ROMs. It is the base class for the C++ type traits. • Available in a range of working pressures up to 15,000psi. sareen New member. It will diverge when x>1/2 or when x<-1/2. The integral test for convergence is a method used to test infinite series of non-negative terms for convergence. Then converges if and only if the improper integral converges. The winners of this round will be finalists in the main tournament. Proof - The Integral Test Contact Us If you are in need of technical support, have a question about advertising opportunities, or have a general question, please contact us by phone or submit a message through the form below. integral test. This site contains high school calculus video lessons from four experienced high school math teachers. In terms of area the Comparison Test makes a lot of sense. Vle Data Thermodynamic Consistency Integral Area Test. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Veitch 1 1 2 Z 1 1 1 x dx therefore, we have the following relation X1 n=1 1 n2 1 12 Z 1 1 1 x2 dx The natural question at this point is, does. Integral Test Remainder For a series that converges by the integral test , this is a quantity that measures how accurately the nth partial sum estimates the overall sum. As we discussed in lecture, even though the limit of the sequence of partial sums of a sequence by de nition determines whether a series converges or diverges, in practice we almost never actually nd the limit of a sequence. That is, if the improper integral converges then the series converges and if the improper integral diverges, the series diverges. It can be invaluable, whether you're familiar with the new content, or if you're teaching some aspects, such as mechanics or statistics, for the first time. The S90V blade sports a tall grind to deliver high-performance cutting action, with a smooth ball bearing pivot. Integral Test: Let Sum from n = 1 to INF {An} be a series. This is the nth term test for divergence. Uniform Continuity; Sequences and Series of Functions 6 8. For many positive series, the question of convergence for the series can be replaced by a question of convergence for a closely related integral. View more articles from The American Mathematical Monthly. The Integral Test: formally stated The integral test stated formally f(x) is a continuous, positive decreasing function in the interval [a,∞) and f(n)=u n then The P-series: sum of 1/n p. Attending to all four quadrants and recognizing various lines will give us a very broad view of what is involved in being human. Calculus: Integral Test and Estimates of Sums (English) UCI Math 2B: Single-Variable Calculus (Fall 2013) Lec 21. We will first do some questions that require you to use the integral test instead of p-series test. (since C++11) Checks whether T is an integral type. The two vent valves allow for 100% capture of vented or drained process, and simplified in-process calibration capability. You can also get a better visual and understanding of the function and area under the curve using our graphing tool. Uniform Continuity; Sequences and Series of Functions 6 8. Free online storage and sharing with Screencast. INTEGRAL TEST AND ESTIMATES OF SUMS 3 4. If this integral had diverged to infinity, we would have said the series diverged to infinity. Free math lessons and math homework help from basic math to algebra, geometry and beyond. Clearly fis positive, continuous, and decreasing on [1;1). Be able to evaluate a given line integral over a curve Cby rst parameterizing C. ) f is continuous. The idea is to take the general term as a function in terms of x, and then integrate it. The above conclusion is still valid. If you searching to test Cadet 60 X 32 Air Whirlpool Bathtub With Hydro Massage System L Integral Apron And Right Hand Outlet By American Standard CmhNNrqIS 00975nlXPuKcp Cadet 60 X 32 Air Whirlpool Bathtub With Hydro Massage System L Integral Apron And Right Hand Outlet By American Standard CmhNNrqIS 00975nlXPuKcp price. C-64 Diagnostic Rev 3. This labor-saving compression gasket is compatible with plastic, steel, no-hub, extra heavy and service weight cast iron soil pipe. In fact, by extending our work on X1 n=1 1 n and X1 n=1 1 n5 we use the integral test on any xed power of n: X1 n=1 1 np converges if p > 1 and diverges if p 1: 9. If the terms look like a function you know how to integrate, try it. Integral test. Improper integral diverges so the. Infinite Series: Integral Test For Convergence The integral test for convergence is a method used to test infinite series of non-negative terms for convergence. Why doesn't the integral test for convergence work on negative, increasing, and continuous functions? Mathematics I know the answer is probably somewhat obvious but if the test for convergence works for positive, decreasing, and continuous functions, why doesn't it also work for neg. 1), as long as this integral is well-defined for a. Problem 1 Evaluate the following integrals R dx x2+2x+5 Solution: 1 2 tan −1(x+1. (Hint: Use integration by parts to evaluate the integral. Designed to develop deep mathematical understanding and all the skills students need for their AS/A level studies and beyond. We focus on the decision-making process rather then on the mechanics of integration. 5 feet) in height attached to the tank may be filled with water to accomplish the 35 kPa (5 psig) test. Since the main contribution to the integral comes from a region of a point c at which the phase g(t) is stationary, (2) is called the stationary phase approximation. Solve the differential equation. The Integral Test The observations from the previous examples give us a new convergence test called the integral test : Integral Test Suppose that is a sequence, and suppose that is an eventually continuous, positive, and decreasing function with for all , where is an integer. Learn how it works in this video. Integral Building & Design is an active member of the USGBC and provides Green Rating verification services for the LEED for Homes Program. , ATHLET, RELAP5-3D, KORSAR, and TECH-M) and institutions performed on the. 190 Chapter 9 Applications of Integration It is clear from the figure that the area we want is the area under f minus the area under g, which is to say Z2 1 f(x)dx− Z2 1 g(x)dx = Z2 1 f(x)−g(x)dx. This is a team made up of mental health professionals who help adults and children having a mental health crisis. It is the base class for the C++ type traits. 9) Explain why the comparison test cannot be used to decide if the following series converge or diverge. 3, Positive Series: The Integral Test Homework: 9. Pharm, BCA, M. Hence we conclude that the given series is convergent precisely when p > 1. Introduction to the Integral Test by – Sean Turkington Activity overview This activity introduces the Integral Test for series convergence by utilizing the built-in CAS capabilities of the TI-Nspire CAS. This integral can be actually evaluated using partial fractions, but it is easier to answer this question using the Comparison test. Solution of Example 2. In terms of area the Comparison Test makes a lot of sense. For more about how to use the Integral Calculator, go to "Help" or take a look at the examples. However, to really master curl and the meaning of its components, you need to understand the basis of curl from the circulation that is captured by line integrals. If so, use the integral test to determine whether the series converges or diverges. 5 meters (11. However, to really master curl and the meaning of its components, you need to understand the basis of curl from the circulation that is captured by line integrals. Factor out a -1. What does integral mean? Proper usage and audio pronunciation (plus IPA phonetic transcription) of the word integral. Free Integration Online Practice Tests. So I'm doing a report on convergence tests in LaTeX, and would like to produce a diagram demonstrating the integral test for convergence. Integral Test The integral test provides a means to testing whether a series converges or diverges. Integral Test Lecture 22 Section 11. The Integral Test can be used on a infinite series provided the terms of the series are positive and decreasing. The qualifying round will consist of a written test of 25 integrals, for which participants will have 20 minutes. The Integral Map - Part 9 : Levels, States and Types of Development. The test is also called the Cauchy integral test or Maclaurin integral test. Includes full solutions and score reporting. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Testing our code is (or should be) an integral part of our daily work. integral test - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. 358 8 Integral Operators That is, if f is a measurable function on R, then Lkf is the function defined by equation (8. The Integral Test The observations from the previous examples give us a new convergence test called the integral test : Integral Test Suppose that is a sequence, and suppose that is an eventually continuous, positive, and decreasing function with for all , where is an integer. Find the number of terms that you would need to ensure an estimate that is accurate to the rst 3 decimal. The integral test for convergence is a method used to test the infinite series of non-negative terms for convergence. To understand why, it is useful to understand the general idea of the proof of the integral test. Okay, the integral from the last step is a divergent integral and so by the Integral Test the series must also be a divergent series. Improper integral diverges so the. The Integral Test. 963938092e91). Definition of the definite integral as the limit of a Properties of the definite integral. NOTE: The Integral Test says that the Series and the Improper Integral either both converge or both diverge. In other words, the behavior of the improper. As a current student on this bumpy collegiate pathway, I stumbled upon Course Hero, where I can find study resources for nearly all my courses, get online help from tutors 24/7, and even share my old projects, papers, and lecture notes with other students. Let N be a natural number (non-negative number), and it is a monotonically decreasing function, then the function is defined as. We can get a pretty good intuition behind the formula for the components of the curl by just visualizing spinning spheres immersed in fluid. Paul's Online Notes. 5}\,\text{d}x$$ To solve this using Importance Sampling MC integration, one needs to select an importance pdf that is approximately the same as the function plot; My R code to solve the same is this :. _____ Problem 2: a) Determine the proper benchmark for using the Comparison Test to find whether. integral, the crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) and the crack-tip opening angle (CTOA) from the basic concept, definition, to experimental estimation, test methods and ASTM standardizing practices. The Definite Integral Quiz Web resources available Questions This quiz tests the work covered in Lecture 21 and corresponds to Section 5. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Answer to: Use the Integral Test to determine whether the series converges or diverges. The qualifying round will consist of a written test of 25 integrals, for which participants will have 20 minutes. Patheos Explore the world's faith through different perspectives on religion and spirituality! Patheos has the views of. The Integral Test The observations from the previous examples give us a new convergence test called the integral test : Integral Test Suppose that is a sequence, and suppose that is an eventually continuous, positive, and decreasing function with for all , where is an integer. Currently taught in over a dozen countries in North America, Europe, and Asia, ISP is a comprehensive approach to embodiment based on Western and Eastern psychology. Analogously, to calculate the area between two curves using horizontal elements, subtract the left function from the right function. Integral test. Ask Question Asked 4 years, 8 months ago. Best Answer: The integral test says that if An, 1/(2n+3) is positve on x>=1, decreasing, and continuous on x>=1, then the integral of the function and the series will both be the same: convergent or divergent. Remember that the integral of a constant is the constant times the integral. Attention is paid to guidelines on how to choose an appro-priate fracture parameter to characterize fracture toughness for the material of interest,. MATH 1D, WEEK 3 { THE RATIO TEST, INTEGRAL TEST, AND ABSOLUTE CONVERGENCE INSTRUCTOR: PADRAIC BARTLETT Abstract. The test is designed specifically to assess key skills needed for success in law school, including reading comprehension, analytical reasoning, and logical reasoning. QUADPACK is a FORTRAN90 library which estimates integrals using numerical quadrature, by Piessens, deDoncker-Kapenga, Ueberhuber, and Kahaner. ∑ n=0 ∞ ne−n the integral converges, so the series converges 2. Integral is the world's most advanced cloud-based eFX platform combining features for liquidity management, pricing, distribution and risk management. Indeed, since when , then we have Because is divergent (by the p-test), then the limit test implies that the integral is divergent. If f(x) is larger than g(x) then the area under f(x) must also be larger than the area under g(x). Chapter 3 • Integral Relations for a Control Volume 177 P3. Read "Commissioning of the ATLAS thermal-hydraulic integral test facility, Annals of Nuclear Energy" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. integral test - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. The integral calculator gives chance to count integrals of functions online free. Integral calculator This is a calculator which computes the definite and indefinite integrals (antiderivative) of a function with respect to a variable x. converges or diverges. So far, we have had to compute the limit of the sequence of the partial sums to determine if a series converges or diverges: X1 i=1 a i = lim n!1 s n: We now develop a powerful tool for detecting convergence or divergence of series whose terms are positive and decreasing, i. Convergence Tests for Infinite Series In this tutorial, we review some of the most common tests for the convergence of an infinite series $$ \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} a_k = a_0 + a_1 + a_2 + \cdots $$ The proofs or these tests are interesting, so we urge you to look them up in your calculus text. If ƒ is a function that is positive and decreasing for positive x , then the infinite series with n th term ƒ and the integral of ƒ from 1 to ∞ are either. 4 A fire hose has a 5-inch inside diameter and is flowing at 600 gal/min. The side entry sub is manufactured with box by pin connections to match the drill pipe by an integral 2" 1502 union side outlet. We use the integral test. Recognize a p-series and use the value of pto make a conclusion about the convergence of the series. This lightweight, premier manifold comes in a 2-, 3- and 5-valve configuration and allows instrument isolation, controlled venting and added protection from leaking to ensure measurement integrity. When the improper integral in convergent then we say that the function f(t) possesses a Laplace transform. Given a conservative vector eld, F, be able to nd a potential function fsuch that F = rf. Thread starter sareen; Start date Dec 2, 2009; S. Integral Somatic Psychology was developed by Raja Selvam, PhD. This ¿rst step focuses on developing a basic understandi. You will then be told whether the answer is correct or not. The integral test is another way to test to prove if a series converges or diverges. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, national origin, disability, veteran status, age, marital status, pregnancy, genetic information, or other legally protected status. assumptions: The terms are decreasing and positive and this is a known integral, so the series behaves the same as the integral Z 1 1 e 2x dx= lim b!1 Z b 1 e 2x dx= lim b!1 e 2x 2 b 1 = lim b!1 e 2 2 e 2 1 2 = 0 + e 2 2 So the series converges since the integral does. INTEGRAL TEST AND ESTIMATES OF SUMS 3 4. The series diverges by the Integral Test. Cauchy's test for convergence Explanation of Cauchy integral test Cauchy integral test | Article about Cauchy integral test by The Free Dictionary. integral test Consider a sequence ( a n ) = { a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , … } and given M ∈ ℝ consider any monotonically nonincreasing function f : [ M , + ∞ ) → ℝ which extends the sequence, i. Integral includes features such as teacher forums and student tracking. Improper Integrals 5 7. 31 Word ID. The integral test is a test that allows us to relate the convergence of a series to that of an improper integral. 5 feet) in height attached to the tank may be filled with water to accomplish the 35 kPa (5 psig) test. √ Find the indefinite integral and check the result by differentiation. I went to the tutor lab on campus and. Variable substitution allows you to integrate when the Sum Rule, Constant Multiple Rule, and Power Rule don't work. There are routines for nonadaptive or adaptive integration, finite, semi-infinite or fully infinite integration regions, integrands with singularities, and integrands that include a factor of SIN(X) or COS(X). Recognizing these types will help you decide which tests or strategies will be most useful in finding. " (Matt Damon) teams up with iconoclastic test driver Ken. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. The graph of a decreasing, positive function f is drawn, where f has domain [1,¥). This is easier than actually nding the sum of an in - nite series, which is possible only in special cases. The side entry sub is manufactured with box by pin connections to match the drill pipe by an integral 2" 1502 union side outlet. It provides two blocking valves, two test/vent valves, and one equalizing valve. assumptions: The terms are decreasing and positive and this is a known integral, so the series behaves the same as the integral Z 1 1 e 2x dx= lim b!1 Z b 1 e 2x dx= lim b!1 e 2x 2 b 1 = lim b!1 e 2 2 e 2 1 2 = 0 + e 2 2 So the series converges since the integral does. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, national origin, disability, veteran status, age, marital status, pregnancy, genetic information, or other legally protected status. Remember, you can always split the integral up into two integrals, one finite integral that contains the conditions where the Integral Test cannot be applied, and another infinite integral where you can apply the Integral Test on. Thus the series and the integral converge or diverge together. The Integral Test is a version of Riemann Sums for series, assuming that the partitions are of unit length (length = 1). For the integral test, when we say that f must be positive and decreasing, it is actually enough that f is EVENTUALLY always positive and decreasing. 3, Positive Series: The Integral Test Homework: 9. Desktop & mobile. Definite integral. You can also check your answers! Interactive graphs/plots help visualize and better understand the functions. The integral test helps us determine a series convergence by comparing it to an improper integral, which is something we already know how to find. Barriers to integration have included inadequate hardware and software, difficulties in securing sufficient funding, inadequate staff development, and deficiencies in planning. The integral test is a test that allows us to relate the convergence of a series to that of an improper integral. Okay, the integral from the last step is a divergent integral and so by the Integral Test the series must also be a divergent series. And therefore, we can evaluate the improper integral as a limit of the partial sums. 1), as long as this integral is well-defined for a. • Thestudent is asked to Continuum identify two tar-get words in context per line of text, with. WITH INTEGRAL TEST CAP The Zurn Neo-Loc Gasket with Integral Test Cap is a unique pipe connection designed to secure a drain fixture to the drain line. Use the integral test to determine whether or not the following series converge or diverge. Read "Commissioning of the ATLAS thermal-hydraulic integral test facility, Annals of Nuclear Energy" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. 2018 was an exceptional year at Integral Powertrain, two of our high-power density Integral e-Drive motors powered the record-breaking run at Pikes Peak in the Rocky Mountains where the times for electric vehicles and the overall speed record were smashed. Another way to say that is that you can pass a constant through the integral sign. For continuous function f that is positive and decreasing for x ≥ 1 with f (n) = a n, n = 1, 2, 3,. The Integral Test: Suppose that f is a continuous, positive, decreasing function on 1, and let a n f n. For many positive series, the question of convergence for the series can be replaced by a question of convergence for a closely related integral. The Integral Test takes an infinite series and transforms it into an Improper Integral. ∫xndx=n+1xn+1+K (This is true as long as n≠−1) For the integral of a power of x: add 1 to the power and divide by the new number. 963938092e91). Date: 08/24/09 C. Integral test. We also offer a five-valve integral manifold with a metering pattern for Natural Gas installations. We focus on the decision-making process rather then on the mechanics of integration. We note that for positive x,. Remainder Estimate for the Integral Test. JPMCC Frankfurt 2019 The Fintegral team from the Frankfurt office took part at the JPMCC in Frankfurt. Derivatives and the Mean Value Theorem 3 4. In other words, as long as f is always positive and decreasing after a certain point, we can use the Integral Test. Best Answer: If the function is continuous, and is positive and decreasing for sufficiently large x, you can apply the Integral Test. The Integral Test: formally stated The integral test stated formally f(x) is a continuous, positive decreasing function in the interval [a,∞) and f(n)=u n then The P-series: sum of 1/n p. c) Find an upper bound for the value of the improper integral. Declare a variable u , set it equal to an algebraic expression that appears in the integral, and then substitute u for this expression in the integral. If the Integral Test can be applied to the series, enter CONV if it converges or DIV if it diverges. I have never learned about the Laurent series expansion I'm supposed to be using the Remainder Estimate for Integral Test I am assuming that I am not using it correctly since I am not getting the same answer. If the integral test cannot be applied to the series, enter NA. Where f(x) = Ax Here An = 1 / n^p. SAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY REAL ANALYSIS EXAM VERSION 2. the hair test uses the DNA of the hair follicle to find the cause and the best holistic health treatment of your problems. THE INTEGRAL TEST Chapter 11. Next, we see that Z 1 2 1 x(lnx)2 dx = lim b!1 Z b 2 1 x(lnx)2 dx = lim b!1 1 lnx b 2! = lim b!1 1 ln2 1 lnb = 1 ln2: Since the improper integral converges, so does the corresponding series. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. Best Answer: The integral test says that if An, 1/(2n+3) is positve on x>=1, decreasing, and continuous on x>=1, then the integral of the function and the series will both be the same: convergent or divergent. It is a test which is useful for +1 and +2 exams. The integral calculator gives chance to count integrals of functions online free. In terms of area the Comparison Test makes a lot of sense. Step (2) There are only three criteria we need to check before applying the integral test. Test (Look at dominating erms). On Screen Display. Partial hint. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, national origin, disability, veteran status, age, marital status, pregnancy, genetic information, or other legally protected status. These are the lecture notes from week 3 of Ma1d, the Caltech. The study is based on an experimental test executed in the BETHSY integral test facility, identified as 9. Interactivity in the cloud. MCAS Results. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture. In other words, as long as f is always positive and decreasing after a certain point, we can use the Integral Test. The Integral Test. 3: The Integral Test and Estimates of Sums The Integral Test. Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. ; Detailed Solution:Here For problems 10 { 20, determine if the series converges or diverges by applying the Divergence Test, Integral Test, or noting that the series is a p-series. a) dt t+t3 0 ⌠3 ⌡ ⎮ Improper at x = 0, where the t is much larger than the t3, so this "looks like" the p-type dt 0t ⌠1 ⌡ ⎮ which converges since p < 1. The EU-wide stress test will be launched in January 2020 while results of the test will be published by the end of July. The integral test helps us determine a series convergence by comparing it to an improper integral, which is something we already know how to find. Concept of antiderivatives Basic integration formulas Integration by substitution (use of identities, change Distance and velocity from acceleration with initial nos i f out Sl o. Chapter 3 • Integral Relations for a Control Volume 177 P3. 3 Group Work For sequences EXPLAIN or SHOW WORK documenting why your answer is correct: (a) does it. Use the algebraic properties of series. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. = + infinity. The series can be compared to an integral to establish convergence or divergence. "Note on Cauchy's Integral Test" is an article from The American Mathematical Monthly, Volume 18. There's rarely a right "one". UCL Architecture students choose Integral LED for Summer Showcase. All three books are great, my personal favorite is the flrst one. Maclaurin-Cauchy integral test. There are of course certain conditions needed to apply the integral test. Each integral is worth. Hence, if the improper integral from 1 to infinity of the series converges, then the series converges. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Solution: The function is continuous, positive, decreasing function on [1,∞) so we use the Integral Test: Since is a convergent integral and so, by the Integral test, the series is convergent. Moreover, we have is convergent if and only if p <1 is convergent if and only if p >1 In the next pages, we will see how some easy tests will help in deciding whether an improper integral is convergent or divergent. At this site is a good illustration of the Riemann sums being taken and how they actually relate to the infinite series (this is one of the nice examples when the proof is essentially the picture). Use the integral test to compare the series to an appropriate improper integral, then use a comparison test to show the integral converges or diverges and conclude whether the initial series converges or diverges. "Use the integral test to find upper and lower bounds for the following tail sum: ___< Σ(1/n(n 2 +7)) < ___ (With the bounds of the series being "n=3" to infinity. GeoGebra Math Apps Get our free online math tools for graphing, geometry, 3D, and more!. Find more Mathematics widgets in Wolfram|Alpha. Integrally definition, of, relating to, or belonging as a part of the whole; constituent or component: integral parts. 963938092e91). Then converges if and only if the improper integral converges. To understand why, it is useful to understand the general idea of the proof of the integral test. Uniform Continuity; Sequences and Series of Functions 6 8. Integral Software redefines the way light is measured and revolutionizes how lighting measurements and control are synthesized into useful information. 10 hours ago · Mixing sound and music is integral to several period Oscar contenders, including "The Irishman," "Rocketman," and "Ford v Ferrari. ∫xndx=n+1xn+1+K (This is true as long as n≠−1) For the integral of a power of x: add 1 to the power and divide by the new number. We will first do some questions that require you to use the integral test instead of p-series test. Since the integral converges (this we remember, see Properties and Examples), by the Comparison test, also the integral in question converges. , ATHLET, RELAP5-3D, KORSAR, and TECH-M) and institutions performed on the. RE: Integral test for the Casio Fx-CG500 (09-02-2017 01:34 AM) Gamo Wrote: How about this integral I try on HP Prime App, HP 15C App for Android and HP 15C Virtual Calculator for Windows PC. A summary of The Integral Test in 's Calculus BC: Series. Later the Furnishing Division was inaugurated on 2nd October, 1962 and the production of fully furnished coaches steadily increased over the years. Integrals Tutorial General Integrals Test on iLrn Advanced Integrals Test. 3 The Integral Test and p-Series 619 p-Series and Harmonic Series In the remainder of this section, you will investigate a second type of series that has a simple arithmetic test for convergence or divergence.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Purple Mangosteen drink- can it help you to reduce weight?
Which ingredient would Purple Mangosteen not do without?
Prior to the production of Purple Mangosteen drink itself it is necessary to wait until the fruit of Garcinia mangostana tropical tree is ready for processing. Delicious fruits take their time; it takes three months to ripe, however waiting will pay off. During the ripening process, the fruit colour changes from green to reddish brown and the hard shell gradually softens week after week.
Do you wonder why this fruit has been chosen as one of the ingredients of an instant drink? It was able to convince us of its abilities and effects- the delicious mangosteen seems to work as a natural antibiotic and antiparasitic. Users across continents praise mangosteen, that´s why we have also chosen it in the fight against obesity.
Which procedures should be avoided?
Do not expose your body to the danger of weird diet side effects. You will be watching for the promised positive results in vain for a month, regardless long-term adherence to the set dietary rules. Be careful of unhealthy overloading of your body. Avoid inappropriately planned exercises during which the obese body is only stressed; it might cause unnecessary heart problems. Even starvation is not healthy or safe way to successful weight reduction. There are other, more suitable ways to start fighting obesity.


If the recent global economic crisis has debilitated labour in many parts of the world, many segments of the trade union movement have been fighting back, combining traditional and innovative strategies and articulating alternatives to the dominant political and economic models. This book offers a composite overview of the responses of trade unions and other workers' organizations to neoliberal globalization in general and to the recent financial crisis in particular.
The essays here, by trade unionists and academics from around the world, explore the state of labour in Brazil, China, Nepal, South Africa, Turkey, North America and Europe. The authors offer a rich range of short-term strategies and actions, medium- and long-term policies, and alternative visions that challenge the current development paradigm. This book makes a stimulating contribution to the continuing debate on labour's role as an economic, political and social force in building a more democratic and just society.
"In a context of sustained economic crisis ... there are no clear roadmaps for the alternative, a sustainable society that can only be forged through innovative mobilization. We are fortunate, therefore, for the rich offerings in this book that examine the crisis and craft inspiring elements of a vision for a more economically and environmentally viable society. Based on well-informed research, this fine collection of writings also points toward the innovative strategies labor unions and their allies need in the battles ahead."


text:
Robert Redford's Life in Photos
Take a look at the life of this award-winning actor, director, philanthropist, activist and entrepreneur.
Photo: Evan Agostini/Getty Images
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid co-stars Paul Newman and Robert reunite at the Westport Country Playhouse gala benefit dinner in Greenwich, Connecticut.
Jane Fonda on Her Co-Stars
Shirley MacLaine's Starring Roles
Chris Rock Keeps Us Laughing
From Multimillionaire to Mobile Home
Whoopi Goldberg's Life in Photos
Jane Fonda's Life in Photos
Celebrity Farewell Messages to Oprah


Just listening, not video: 4kBps, 9.4MB.
Just listing and watching video: 20kBps, 46.88MB.
Just listing to a prerecorded session, with no video: 2.5kBps, 5.9MB.
Just listing and watching prerecorded video: 16kBps, 37.5MB.


Michelangelo brand high-heeled sandal style shoes with clear plastic straps, and a thick chunky clear lucite heel (3 3/4" - wow!) Marked Size 8.5 M. Measures 9 1/2" from heel to toe, and 2" at narrowest width. Has rubber soles, and a reflective silver-colored lining. In excellent condition.


Carter's is the leading brand of children's clothing, gifts, and accessories in America. Our designs are based on a heritage of quality and innovation that has earned us the trust of generations of families. Throughout the years, Carter's has been known for its thoughtful little details like the Handi-Cuff mitten sleeve that protects babies from self-scratching, and the Jiffon neck design that slips over little ears for easy outfit changes. Although we've grown a lot, we stay true to the philosophy that earned us the trust of generations of families.


text:
Tag: National Libraries Day
The Library Campaign > National Libraries Day
Library News Round-up: 3 February 2015
Northampton News : 3rd FebruaryThe call has gone out for library guardians from across Northamptonshire to step forwardBy becoming a guardian, library users can contribute towards enhancing library services by…
Public Libraries News : 1st February Editorial | Should one save all the libraries all the time? http://www.publiclibrariesnews.com/2015/02/should-one-save-all-the-libraries-all-the-time.html Lincolnshire Echo : 2nd February Save Lincolnshire Libraries stage pop-up library protest in Lincoln…
Library News Round-up: 26 January 2015
Public Libraries News : 25th JanuaryEditorial | Damned if you do, damned if you don't: the dilemma of a good librarian in austere times http://www.publiclibrariesnews.com/2015/01/damned-if-you-do-damned-if-you-dont-the-dilemma-of-a-good-librarian-in-austere-times.htmlHansard : 22nd January House of Lords | Libraries - Funding http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201415/ldhansrd/text/150122-0001.htm#15012259000346Romford…
Libraries News Round-up: 14th March 2014
York Press : 14th March 'Difficult' savings to be made in county council's 2020 North Yorkshire programme "If the goal is to protect services, people must step up to the…
Libraries News Round-up: 20th February 2014
BBC News : 20th February Hampshire mobile library services face cutbacks The consultation also includes changes to how libraries in Grayshott, Kingsclere and Milford on Sea are run. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-26269581 Cambridge…
THE BOOKSELLER : 12th February Page: 'new library review will bring real change' http://www.thebookseller.com/news/page-new-library-review-will-bring-real-change.html BBC Radio Lincolnshire : 12th February Row over future of Caistor library Council trying to hive…
THE BOOKSELLER : 11th February Lincolnshire library campaigners file for judicial review http://www.thebookseller.com/news/lincolnshire-library-campaigners-file-judicial-review.html BBC News : 11th February Lincolnshire group challenges council's library change A campaign group is going to…
Libraries News Round-up: 9th February 2014
DCMS | Sieghart Review - Open consultation Public libraries: what do you think? Call for evidence - submit before 5pm on Friday 21 March 2014 https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/public-libraries-what-do-you-think The above refers to this > DCMS |…
HAPPY NATIONAL LIBRARIES DAY! DCMS | Press Release : 8th February William Sieghart to chair panel to produce independent report on England's public library service https://www.gov.uk/government/news/william-sieghart-to-chair-panel-to-produce-independent-report-on-englands-public-library-service THE BOOKSELLER : 8th…
07 Feb, 2014 08 Feb, 2014
THE GUARDIAN : 7th February A local cheer for National Libraries Day The branch library around the corner is a shining example of why the resource is so vital across…
Liverpool Echo : 6th February Mayor's warning as libraries facing axe in fresh cuts ... half of its libraries look set to close in the latest round of cutbacks. http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpool-mayors-warning-libraries-facing-6677442 Surrey County…
Libraries News Round-up: 3rd February 2014
BBC News : 3rd February Public libraries get online access to research journals The PLS says the move will "strengthen the position" of public libraries at a time when they…
14 Jan, 2014 24 Oct, 2020
Libraries News Round-up: 14th January 2014
Yon Hap News : 14th January S. Korea to greatly increase public libraries by 2018 http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/culturesports/2014/01/14/98/0701000000AEN20140114004600315F.html Booktrade Info : 14th January Best-selling Author Lesley Pearse Becomes First National Libraries Day…
05 Aug, 2013 25 Oct, 2020
Libraries News Round-up: 5th August 2013
THE BOOKSELLER : 5th August Date set for National Libraries Day 2014 http://www.thebookseller.com/news/date-set-national-libraries-day-2014.html CILIP : 5th August National Libraries Day to take place on Saturday 8 February 2014 http://www.cilip.org.uk/cilip/news/national-libraries-day-take-place-saturday-8-february-2014
National Libraries Day is back on 8th February 2014 #NLD14
CILIP have announced that National Libraries Day will round off a week's worth of celebrations in public, school, college, university, and workplace libraries on Saturday 8 February 2014. National Libraries…
Library News Round-up: 8th February, 2013
A digest of today's news items, reproduced here, with kind permission from Shirley Burnham who collated it. For up to date libraries news follow @ShirleyBurnham on Twitter Please note: BBC Breakfast - tomorrow -…
What are you doing to celebrate National Libraries Day? #NLD13
What has your library or local authority got planned to mark National Libraries Day 2013? Please tell us by adding a comment to this post, tweeting us details that…
School Libraries aim to break record for #NLD13
The 9th February, 2013 is National Libraries Day and CILIP (the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals) hope that it will be a "culmination of a week's worth of…
National Libraries Day 2013 #NLD13
National Libraries Day 2013 will be held on Saturday the 9th February, with various events running in school, university, work place and public libraries in the week running up to…


Lagos (NAN) The Director-General of the National Automotive Design and Development Council (NADDC), Mr. Aminu Jalal, on Tuesday said 14 assembly plants, which existed before the automotive policy, had been revived.
Jalal stated this in Lagos at a stakeholders meeting of the Committee on Implementation of the Nigerian Auto Policy.
He said the policy objective of bringing back the automobile assembly plants had been achieved.
The director-general said that new entrants in the automobile business were also doing well, adding that the council had suspended the issuance of new assembly plant licences.
Jalal said there were plans to partner with a bank to run a vehicle financing scheme to enable Nigerians buy made-in-Nigeria vehicles with ease.
He, however, expressed concern at the huge cost of operating a vehicle assembly plant, saying that the investment stages had been broken down into three.
"The reason why we break the assembly operations into three is that a new vehicle assembly plant is quite expensive to set up.
"If you are setting it up, the minimum you can do will cost you over $50 million (N11 billion) for about 10,000 units per year.
"After about a year, they start with SKD 2 (Semi-Knocked Down), which is a painted body, bringing in the internal and external fittings.
"Then you move to SKD1 where you have a body that is not painted, you have to paint it and so on.
"Then you move to CKD 1 (Completely- Knocked-Down) when you have to weld all the pieces together, paint and do the assembly.
" That is a transition in 12 months to the next phase,'' he said.
Jalal, however, said that Innoson Motors had already started doing CKD.
He said Ashok-Leyland buses were CKD while Peugeot Automobile Nigeria (PAN) already had the full complement of investment in CKD and would start CKD in 2016.
Mr Tokunbo Aromolaran, the Managing Director, Volkswagen of Nigeria Automobiles and Chairman, Nigerian Automobile Manufacturers Association, said it was best for Nigeria to make a start in automobile manufacturing.
He said investment in the industry was expensive in terms of funds and technological needs, adding that Nigeria had done well in building capacity.
"The automobile manufacturing process is capital intensive and a technologically- advanced one.
"You have to start from some point. We would never have been able to start if we did not start in a systematic and segmented way.
"We have taken the first baby step which is establishing the assembly plant.
"There is a lot of technology that is still required to get to the utmost but we would never get there if we never start,'' Aromolaran said.
He said that for Nigeria to derive the benefit of automobile policy, automobile companies should start manufacturing components.
Aromolaran said the automotive policy would enable Nigerian companies to produce vehicles as done in other parts of world and create jobs for the unemployed.
Mr Cosmas Maduka, the President of Coscharis Motors, said Nigeria had done well by keying into the programme.
He said the gains might be long-term considering the level of patronage and the foreign exchange that would be saved when vehicles were produced locally.
The industrialist urged Nigerians to be patient with the automobile development plan, adding that it would benefit the nation's economy with time.


Today's food system is falling short when it comes to safeguarding the health of humans and the environment. SustainAbility's Corinne Hanson and Lorraine Smith explore what a regenerative food system would look like.
We need to create, prepare and consume food differently. In every part of the food value network, we need to create system value, not system decay. In an earlier post, we established that today's food system is falling short. What, then, do we propose as an alternative? How can we heal our food system and what can and should a healthy food system look like?
The eater—not the consumer—comes first: We propose our future diet should be "eater-centric", which is different from "consumer-driven". We need to shift the conversation from being consumer-driven ("They like sugar, so we sell them sugar…") to being system-driven ("We know that if people eat this, their health will be sustained as will the ecosystems which made the food possible").
Corporations' license to operate in the food and agricultural sectors will be based on their ability to nourish people well. The improvement of human health will be the primary goal of any company in the food value chain.
Eating food heals the system: The question, "If more people ate this, would the world around us be better off?" has to be asked, and the answer has to be, "Yes." This still allows for regional, cultural and personal diversity and breaks out of the divisive "meat bad, plants good" dichotomy. It shifts the equation from "what we believe" to "what we can demonstrate is creating the conditions that support life".
The business model incentivizes healthy eating: A regenerative diet requires that the business model of any food value chain company goes beyond how it is "increasing productivity" (e.g. a biotechnology that requires pesticide use in order to be profitable) or "improving consumer access and choice" (e.g. a floating grocery store of processed foods on the Amazon) and calls on a company to determine how—or even if—it is enabling eaters to be healthy without undermining other aspects of any social or environmental systems.
There is room for interpretation and absolute answers will always be elusive but we can make more informed, purpose-driven decisions than we currently do. A regenerative business model creates financial value by intentionally contributing to human health, and while not being financially rewarded in any way for undermining human health or the health of other life on Earth.
These are tall orders; however, several companies have already been delivering progress. Marks and Spencer's Plan A has long been lauded for aggressive ambitions across key products and ingredients in its food. They're working directly to prevent food waste in the field, at manufacturing, and on shelves.
They blend business experience, Life Cycle Analysis, stakeholder input and benchmarking to inform approach and use science to clarify complicated tradeoffs, e.g. packaging vs. length of product life. There is still a significant shift required to induce healthy eating and a truly sustainable system contained within such a plan, but it's pointed in the right direction.
Panera has increased their commitments to animal welfare and to removing artificial ingredients and antibiotics from all products, now sourcing 100 per cent vegetarian-fed and antibiotic-free chicken, with a brand focus on "food you can feel good about" and "good eating".
Concern over antibiotic resistance in the food-supply has grown significantly in the last several years (mentions in corporate reporting have increased 55 per cent since 2010) and in response several companies, Tyson and McDonalds among them, have committed to antibiotic-free meat in the next several years.
Tyson even looks poised to challenge the longstanding history of its meat products by investing in Beyond Meat, a popular meat-substitute start-up.
However, a meaningful connection between profitability and regenerative eating is still practically invisible in the business models of the large food companies driving the growers' agendas. Investing in diversified, less environmentally harmful products is a solid start.
What is needed to make further progress is discourse and action on the impact of growing and consuming the foods we currently eat,and scaling the new and improved solutions so they become the minimum standard, not the notable case study.
A meaningful connection between profitability and regenerative eating is still practically invisible in the business models of the large food companies driving the growers' agendas.
One strong example you might not expect comes from a company known for sugary-beverages: PepsiCo. The company's Performance with Purpose explicitly connects the human and environmental health nexus,and they have steadily shifted their portfolio and supply chain activities accordingly over the last decade, with signals of far more significant changes to come.
And this isn't just a flashy report (in fact the flashy report may do the real innovation and business model revisions underway a disservice.) CEO Indra Nooyi connects this portfolio and measurement shift directly with their steady financial gains, calling out in their September earnings call why their strong financial growth is directly due to Performance with Purpose, and not just in a token mention but as the core of her remarks to investors.
Just to be clear, this is not simply calling out a newly polished CSR program. This is an effort headed by Dr. Mehmood Khan who is Vice Chair and Chief Scientific Officer—there is no Chief Sustainability Officer at PepsiCo. It has been in play for a decade and is considered still in its infancy by their own admission.
Interestingly, one of the most significant shifts he has signaled externally, along with the technological and nutrition changes that the company must deliver, is a mindset shift to make sure they are solving the right problems.
We anticipate greater attention to be paid to this approach, and more examples to come. Corporate reporting has expanded from growing mentions of nutrition to include issues like animal welfare, antibiotics, living wage, food waste and responsible sourcing at significantly higher rates in the last several years.
Keeping the eater at the center of all food value chain actions, ensuring that the very act of eating is restorative for the eaters and the world they live in, and incentivizing businesses to make this the norm—this is the future of food we want.
Corinne Hanson is manager, SustainAbility; Lorraine Smith is an associate at SustainAbility. This post is republished from the SustainAbility Insights blog.


To tempt your toes to walk barefoot, plant a sweet-smelling tactile-tickling chamomile lawn. Chamomile is a reasonably hardy plant – it doesn't mind being squished – but it can't take heavy traffic. It won't tolerate the constant passing of feet or regular football matches, so choose a spot just outside of your main route. Or if establishing your lawn in a regular thoroughfare, lay stepping stones across the length of it.
A sunny spot with free-draining soil is ideal, although chamomile will tolerate light shade. Clay soils will work, so long as you improve the drainage first. Grit, sand or pumice and organic matter should be dug in to a depth of at least 15cm before planting.
There are two types of chamomile: Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) and German chamomile (Matricaria recutita). The former is a hardy evergreen perennial and the best chamomile to use as a ground cover. The latter is an annual that is used to make medicinal teas. Roman chamomile can be used medicinally, but it's more commonly used in essential oil form.
The two look very similar. Both have daisy-like flowers and feathery foliage; and both have a distinct apple-like taste and aroma when crushed (the word "chamomile" comes from the Greek "kamai-melon", which means "ground apple"). But the obvious difference is their growth habit. German chamomile grows between 30-50cm high while Roman chamomile rarely gets higher than 15cm. For a fragrant lawn, make sure you plant the perennial Roman chamomile. The absolute best variety for lawns is 'Treneague'. It's non-flowering type and grows only 5-10cm high.
Don't be tempted to take short cuts. You need to clear the area of grass and weeds first, otherwise you'll be forever plucking out weeds. Lift the turf with a sharp spade to a depth of about 5cm, then dig over the whole area, pulling out any weeds. Add compost or grit if necessary and work this in. Leave to settle, then, if necessary, spray with Roundup a couple of weeks later to target any emerging weeds, or dig them out, ensuring your remove the roots too.
You can buy plants at your local garden centre, but you need a fair number for even a small lawn. To give you an idea, 50 plants will cover 1 square metre when spaced 15cm apart. For a cheaper option, sow seeds (available from www.kingsseeds.co.nz). Sow seed in trays and transplant into small pots to grow on until large enough for planting out. Space plants about 15cm apart. Don't let the soil dry out. Water well, especially in summer. In the first season, trim your plants lightly to encourage bushing and spreading out. Try not to walk on your lawn for the first 12 weeks while establishing, and keep traffic to a minimum in the first year. Depending on the weather and soil conditions, your lawn (if planted in spring) will start to look like a lawn by the end of autumn.
Thyme makes a great lawn substitute and if you plant several different creeping types (don't plant the upright varieties) you can get a patchwork effect with the different flower colours. Thyme likes a sunny spot in free-draining soil. It won't tolerate wet feet, so add pumice or horticultural grit to improve drainage if necessary. Corsican mint (Mentha requienii) and pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) also make great lawn substitutes and exude a delicious scent when stepped on. Or you can go for native plants, such as Isotoma fluviatilis (it has tiny star-like blue flowers), Acaena inermis 'Purpurea' (gorgeous purple foliage, best for light traffic), or Leptinella 'Platts Black' (tiny green and 'black' fern-like leaves).
Oregano is also great in lawns.
Can you suggest what to plant in shady areas of lawn? Basically shady areas of my lawn get badly affected by moss.
There are several plants that don't mind shade and will work as a lawn substitute. One is Corsican mint, a small-leafed, dense-growing plant that doesn't mind part shade. It likes a bit of moisture too. Pratias will also grow in part shade and will tolerate some moisture. Pratias have either white or blue flowers. Some of the leptinellas, which have tiny fern-like leaves, will grow in part shade and moist conditions, although 'Platts Black' likes sun and dry conditions. Selleria microphylla is a superb lawn substitute with a very compact habit and small white flowers. It doesn't mind the wet at all and will grow in part shade. Mazus novae-zelandiae actually prefers shade and some moisture and has very pale lilac, almost white, flowers. And lastly, Isotoma fluviatilis will grow in part shade and has starry, soft blue flowers.
Uhm,,,,,this is probably quite silly to ask, but….. does one mow a chamomile lawn or other substitute "lawn"?
Hi Melanie. That's not a silly question at all. No, a chamomile lawn doesn't need mowing. It can be trimmed with hedge clippers if it's looking untidy, but generally it needs no care. Most other lawn substitutes won't need mowing either. Thyme, however, will need a trim after flowering to prevent plants from becoming woody.
I'm thinking of planting a no mow lawn. Do you know where I can get hold of Selleria Microphylla seed?
I've actually seen it on TradeMe before, so try there. Otherwise, try No Mow. They may ship out.
Might you also be able to give me gardening tips for my area- the Inland Northwest in the U.S.A.? I'd really like a floral garden, but the only space I have available is on the south side of my house – and it gets full sun and heat in the spring and summer. I have some snapdragons that do very well, and recently planted some Forget-me-nots (waiting for those to pop up). I also have 2 lavender plants that do well. Any tips?
I can give you some general advice, but as I'm not familiar with USA conditions (I'm based in NZ), I can't really guarantee the outcome unfortunately. The forget-me-not you planted are generally shade lovers although they will grow in some sunny situations, but possibly not full-on sun. Lavender is a good choice. You could also try other sun and heat-lovers, such as rudbeckia, echinacea (purple coneflower), sunflowers (they like quite a bit of moisture), cosmos, zinnias, salvias, scabiosa, statice, gaillardia and penstemon. That should keep you going for a bit!
Hi Is a camomile lawn frost tender?
Hi Julie. No, Roman chamomile is fully hardy. So no problem with frosts.
I'm currently growing a camomile lawn from scratch and having sown around 30000 seeds directly into the area now have a lot of small shoots coming through. Do you think they will survive a frost? If not should I keep them covered til spring proper? Thanks.
While Roman chamomile is a cold-hardy plant, very young plants are sensitive to long periods of freezing temperatures. Icy winds won't help either. If your area experiences the odd light frost, your plants should be fine. With lengthy frost periods though you may wish to cover with a light mulch.
If this is the first growing season, I would let it grow as it is and snip off just the flowers after they've finished blooming. Then in spring give it a snip to about 10cm high. The variety 'Treneague' needs no snipping at all. It's non-flowering but it grows only 5-10cm high. But mostly shops sell the species only; this one flowers and grows a bit higher, so it will need pruning to keep it tidy.
I'm in inner city Melbourne and wonder if a chamomile lawn requires much water. I'm trying to establish a low maintenance, (including low watering) garden.
A chamomile lawn needs average watering – that is, not too much and not too little. The lawn will need water during the early stages while it's establishing, and after that when dry or in hot water, otherwise plants may wilt.
Hi Jane, after reading your comments about the various herb lawns I've decided that Corsican Mint would be right for us. The only problem is where to find the seeds? I haven't been able to fine anybody selling them. Do you have any ideas please?
Unfortunately I don't know of anyone selling Corsican mint from seed. That's probably because this herb is best propagated by root cuttings. That simply involves digging up a piece of root and cutting several pieces that include a growing node. These can then be placed into a seed tray with seed raising mix. Just push them into the mix, then water and let grow. You might need to buy a few plants initially, let them grow, then either divide them or take root cuttings to get your groundcover.
Hi Jane, we are going to try and establish a chamomile lawn in our front yard, which is about 50m2. I understand that after the seedlings come out, one needs to thin them out to about 15cm of spacing per plant. However, do you have any suggestions for how we can actually step on the lawn to do this trimming? I wouldn't want to damage the plants by stepping on them.
I would actually sow the seeds in trays, then transplant them into small pots to grow on before planting them in the garden. That way you don't have the problem of having to stand on the plants to thin them out. Also, you would probably waste a few plants by thinning them out.
Ugh, I don't really have the space to plant that many seedlings in trays/pots… It's 50m2 we're talking about, that's 2500 plants… I guess I'll just plant them straight into the ground, be careful when thinning out, and hope for the best.
An update on my lawn. The only place I found selling Corsican Mint plants was the Boxed Garden in Christchurch. Sharon from the company was a great help. The plants are growing well and the scent is quite intense when they're walked on.
A question on Gardenias please. I planted 20 Professor Pucci about 18 months ago. They're doing quite well, except they have never flowered. They have had Sequestron, Epsom salts, blood and bone, to keep them healthy.
Is there anything else I need to do to get them to flower?
Ah, yes. Gardenias can be tricky to grow. You seem to be feeding them right. Maybe you need to switch to rainwater, or they may simply need time to settle in. Did you see my article on growing gardenias (click here). Hope it helps.
The problem with some clovers is that they have a tap root which can dig down deep. Even a plant as young as 8 weeks old can have a taproot that delves more than 60cm deep, depending on which clover you have. However, I'm guessing you probably have the common white clover. This plant spreads by stolons and self-seeds if allowed to flower and set seed. The seeds are disseminated by wind, water and animals. You can simply persist and continue to dig it out whenever it reappears (this will take several months up to a couple of years), or you can spot spray it (best done in autumn and spring). You would need to be careful not to get the spray on your chamomile plants though. You could also try feeding your chamomile plants so that they outgrow the clover. Clover often appears where the competition is weak, or in sparse lawns, for example.
I came to this article because I wanted to know about long term care of Chamomile. I found the points about minimal trimming during the first flowering season, followed by a hard trim in the next spring helpful.
Thanks John. Great idea. I'd love to see this lawn. Do you have photos?
The lawn? No. The chamomile is mixed in with the grass and other plants in the lawn. It's not practical to take an inspirational photo because of how hard it is to see. An experience for the nose, rather than the eyes.
Chamaemelum nobile works very well in a mown lawn with grass. Mixing the seeds along with grass seeds and sowing like a regular lawn is the laziest way to enjoy chamomile. How thick it is will depend on soil and climate… by sowing with grass the best plant best suited will thrive. I mow two areas, one at 3cm and the other at 7.5cm. I have never seen flowers – but I mow weekly or better. Foot traffic is a non-issue as the grass will simply grow in a higher ratio as it tolerates people better. The chamomile takes longer to germinate than grass, but it does grow, and grows well. I've grown it on loam and on heavy clay based turf and it does fine either way. The plant has done fine in -3 frosts and it handles the physical stress from top dressing with compost or coffee grounds.
When growing a patch in the garden I still favour seeds. I've found that very little weeding is needed – but that may just be because I've started with clean soil.. I favour sowing in autumn (possibly because I have a bare patches on my lawn after removing a paddling pool) and keeping the patch trimmed to around the width of my hand. I trim this way to encourage the plants to grow into a dense cover. When the plants start to race for the sun in spring I let them go. I let them go to seed and collect it to oversow and for use elsewhere. The patch does get scraggly as the plants go to seed. Pruning back to hand width will result in bare patches. Diligence is now required with weeding. If a dense cover year round is desired then keeping them trimmed year round is best practice. Next best is chopping them back a bit at a time over a month or two.
As said in the article above the 'Treneague' variety is the one to use for a lawn that doesn't need mowing.
Again, thank you Jane for your article and for your replies to the comments above which were helpful and helped inspire me to use this plant widely and to experiment with cultivating it.
From this distance it is impossible to tell that chamomile is in the turf. Which may, or may not be a selling point! It would be obvious in a highly managed turf though. Photos are 8 months apart, high summer and spring. From memory it took 3 months to go from bare earth to full coverage. Soil under turf is heavy clay.
I've written a tutorial on sowing a mixed grass and chamomile lawn. My efforts are the result of being inspired by reading Jane's article a few years ago. It differs because it is about enhancing a regular lawn rather than creating a dedicated chamomile only lawn. I also use the bare patch left behind after removing a paddling pool as the starting point. I hope that you the reader finds it adds yet another interesting angle on using this wonderful plant.
Excellent article, John. 🙂 Everyone, go and have a read and see the photos.
I've got an update on a Chamomile patch with photos taken over three years. Starting with seedlings through growth to flowering, going to seed, chopping back, and ending with new growth in Spring.
From Autumn through Spring I keep it short as a 'lawn'. This is rather easy as it doesn't grow much after being cut back until late in Spring.
Your website has been useful in helping me with trialing a patch of chamomile (with a bit of thyme) in my veggie garden to see if it worked before turning my entire lawn into chamomile. I have to say, I like it very much. I did a mix of planting seedlings I'd established in newspaper "paper pots" and a small area where I simply broadcast the seed. Both seemed to work quite well and a little bit of hand weeding to begin with has been enough to control the situation until the chamomile fully took over.
It's getting to a point though where the chamomile is getting quite tall and starting to fall over a bit. It's making me wonder if I should go for Thyme instead as it's much lower growing. I also tried to give the chamomile a trim but what's left is pretty ugly. I might have been a bit aggressive. Maybe it doesn't need trimming at all? I'll get some photos on my website soon.
I'd definitely love to see some photos. As for the chamomile itself, did you use ordinary Roman chamomile? This one does grow taller and needs clipping. For lawn purposes, it should really be clipped constantly so that it doesn't grow so tall. The Treneague variety, however, shouldn't need clipping, or only occasionally. It grows only 5-10cm tall. It doesn't flower but it is the best variety to use for lawns. You can't get this one from seeds unfortunately, so it can be quite expensive to buy the plants.
Iv had a Camomile lawn for about 6 years I painstakingly remove the moss by hand every Spring I was wondering if I could use Moss Killer? Also could you tell me how I can feed the lawn.
Unfortunately selective lawn weedkillers cannot be used on chamomile lawns. You will either have to persevere and dig out the moss or do spot weedkiller treatments, though you would have to be careful not to hit the chamomile, of course. If you're getting moss, it usually means your lawn is not very free-draining, in which case I would have thought the chamomile wouldn't grow so well.
You could give your chamomile lawn a light feed with an all-purpose fertiliser in spring, or apply a slow-release granulated fertiliser. I would feed it only once a year.
Hi I have bought my first home and starting to design my 800sqm garden from scratch..
Outside my craft room I've laid some pavers and planted chamomile lawn plants along the side and would love the thought of a herb lawn. But my question is, can i plant more in my existing lawn that has a range of weeds different grasses including prickles?
Hi Sheryl. You can, but you are forever going to have weeds and prickles in that lawn if you don't get rid of them. If you want a solely chamomile lawn you have to get rid of all the grass and all the weeds first before planting chamomile.
Love the blog, thanks, Jane. My treneague chamomile lawn, planted 1 year ago, smells lovely and attracts wildlife including loads of native ladybirds. Unfortunately, it has grown unevenly due to areas that are dry. I'm watering the sparse areas and also thinking of feeding them. Can I feed in January/ Feb? I want to get the lawn looking nice for Spring. If so what are the best options for feeding?
Hi Ruby. I gather you are based in the UK, in which case it would be your spring in January/February. Yes, that would be a good time to feed. Just give them a diluted liquid feed a couple of times, two weeks apart. They don't really need a lot of food, so don't overdo it. They do appreciate watering, though, as you've discovered.


text:
Blog | VTEX - Accelerate Commerce Transformation
PT | BR
ES| LATAM
What we learned from Data Indexing System here at VTEX
Rodrigo Abinader May 21, 2020
The science and technology of working with data are now one of the main drivers of success in the e-commerce business. Empowered with the ability to generate, organize and read massive volumes of data stored in multiple servers and database clusters, companies can improve customers' user experience and create effective marketing strategies.
This article aims to show the journey of VTEX's software engineers to implement and improve a complex data indexing system, with advanced search engine functionalities, in a single multi-tenant platform for hundreds of millions of users on a global scale.
Improving search intelligence with data indexing system tool Solr
The end-user search experience in e-commerce is not as straightforward as an SQL database query. It must take into account the complexities of natural human languages, which are commonly prone to variation and error — an intelligence that the standard database systems simply do not possess.
Take the simple example of a computer. How many related words could a user type in order to retrieve the desired results? Pc, laptop, mac, macbook, notebook… If you consider the possible typing mistakes, the results are uncountable. For the customer, however, this is none of his or her business, and the system's failure to retrieve data can lead to retries or, even worse, an increased dropout rate.
The solution I found for this problem, back in the early days of the VTEX platform development, some eleven years ago, was to implement in our platform the Solr system, an data indexing system and search engine for enterprise, built on Apache Lucene. With Solr, it became possible to index the relevant data in our databases, integrate, and manipulate it in a REST API interface by means of HTTP GET requests, while at the same time profiting from all the advanced data intelligence it provides.
Benefits of the Solr system
By adding this third-party software to the VTEX e-commerce platform, users could count with a full range of improved search and BI tools, such as:
Semantic analysis of synonyms and correlated terms
Autocomplete and autocorrect
Geospatial search
Categorization and counters
Real-time indexing
Dynamic fields
The Solr system is built with support for distributed indexing, replication, load-balanced querying, and automated failover and recovery, making it reliable, scalable, and fault-tolerant. All these features, in conjunction with its fast response, resulted in a great increase in performance, making search results at the same time faster and more detailed.
First challenge: data creation and update on Solr
Despite all these benefits, the rapid growth of VTEX platform's user base (and therefore their store databases) led our team to a bottleneck: while the Solr system responded very well to data retrieval, it was not so great when it came to creating and updating data in a multi-server infrastructure. As the database grew to a volume in the order of terabytes and beyond, crashes started to happen. The problem was in great part due to the two processes of indexing and search competing for the server's hardware resources (memory, CPU…) concurrently, gravely stressing the infrastructure.
In order to solve this issue, after studying the Solr documentation, analyzing our complex data structure and reading use cases from other companies, we modified our system so that updates would occur in batches, therefore avoiding the problem of concurrent processes overloading the server. This change in our system's architecture proved effective, allowing us to greatly scale the amount of indexed data from millions to a volume of billions.
Second challenge: dynamic fields
This method of dealing with problems would set the standard workflow of the VTEX computer engineering team in the company's growth journey: adoption of a technology, fine-tuning it to the needs of the user base, stressing the system with more input and testing its limits, developing solutions to bugs and crashes.
One interesting feature of the indexing systems which is quite useful for e-commerce, especially in the context of a large multi-tenant application, is the dynamic field. Dynamic fields make it possible to customize the data beyond the constraints of a basic universal schema, allowing users to add more fields according to their needs and particular specifications. For example, a shoe store may want to further specify products of the same category in terms of sizes, colors, collections; a computer store, on the other hand, would categorize its products in terms of hardware specifications and operating systems.
However, just as in the case of writing data, adding dynamic fields starts to become an issue once the platform's user base increases. The Solr system sets a maximum of dynamic fields that can be used in the entire application. To make matters worse, dynamic fields greatly increase the complexity and variability of data in the application.
Our apparently simple but greatly effective solution to this problem was to create specific indexes for dynamic fields. By removing complex data structures from the global index, we were able to create new instances of indexing only when required and decrease the impact of variability.
Radical change: transition to the Elasticsearch system
The rapid growth of data can prove to be a real challenge to the infrastructure. This is something we experienced first-hand. If at one point the company was growing at a rate of 50% per year, the volume of data grew at an even larger rate. When our total number of users was around 30 million, suddenly a new client would start using the platform, bringing with him some 150 million users. It is no surprise that such an event caused unprecedented stress to the system, in addition to crashes and downtimes from which we required upwards of three hours to recover.
But one fundamental aspect of the development process at VTEX is the independence and autonomy employees have for making decisions and defining the next steps. What matters to us is not who proposes the idea, but its efficacy to solve the problem at hand. In other words, every member of the software engineering team has the power to contribute decisively to the project, regardless of his or her position.
When this challenge that could not be solved with our default methods appeared, a radical change was proposed by the then junior back-end developer Ygor Santos. At the same time that he was working on improvements and solutions for bugs in the Solr system, Ygor studied a new technology, Elasticsearch, based on the same library as the system in use, but more robust and made to withstand massive loads of data, like the sort that the company was facing. After adapting the models used on Solr to the new technology and putting it to the test, Elasticsearch proved able to handle large volumes of data and to be especially fit for scalability.
Due to his engagement and learning, Ygor Santos evolved within VTEX and became one of the references in this subject. The developer also leads one of the teams that are responsible for handling the largest volume of data that reaches the platform, dealing with data indexing so that the customer can perform simple queries or calculations with aggregations.
Benefits of the Elasticsearch system
Indexes in Elasticsearch are distributed and divided into shards (a partitioning unit from Lucene, also used in Solr) that can be replicated. Nodes are responsible for storing shards, and the system manages data operations in this structure, with safety mechanisms to protect index creation, recover primary shards by using allocation IDs, guard against overload and avoid crashes. Some of the system's main features include:
Better support for multi-tenant systems
Grouping and aggregation
The Elasticsearch documentation resources explain its great resiliency:
"A master node in Elasticsearch continuously monitors the cluster nodes and removes any node from the cluster that doesn't respond to its pings in a timely fashion. If the master is left with too few nodes, it will step down and a new master election will start."
Differences in technology
Each of these systems is suitable for a particular type of file. Elasticsearch is a more modern tool than Solr, so it is easier to work with. In performance tests, this tool proved to be more efficient, with better indexing time and more resources in queries.
The differences that can greatly impact businesses, however, are those concerning the software's orientation and architecture. In that sense, Solr specializes in linguistic operations and text interpretation, while Elasticsearch specializes in data analysis, with great features for grouping and querying.
One question that is often asked when it comes to comparing software is performance. Our tests revealed that Elasticsearch not only has a better infrastructure for a large distributed application but also performs better at indexing, making it the better option for scalability in the cloud and distributed environments.
That does not mean Solr does not have its advantages. As an older system, Solr has very detailed and complete documentation, lots of available open-source resources and an active community of users, making its implementation safe and versatile.
What we have learned
We used a specific indexing software for some eleven years, and during this time we had to change and tweak its configurations and our own systems architecture — sometimes to create new features and improve user experience in our platform, other times to fix bugs and crashes caused by the massive overload of data that are bound to happen in a company experiencing rapid growth. Then, after a crisis that appeared impossible to solve, we discovered that the best way was not to tweak our then-current system, but to transition to a new and better one.
So, in this journey to develop the VTEX data indexing system, what have we learned?
We have learned that not all problems are solvable by the same method. That sometimes, improving a tool is the best way to work with it, but other times, a better tool is needed for bigger tasks. We learned the true impact of innovation. And, most of all, we learned that, with data systems, there is no limit to what we can do, as long as we apply intelligence and build correctly.
If you liked this story and want to be a part of its next chapter, come join the VTEX development team.
We believe in the power of talent, and we are hiring.
Written by Rodrigo Abinader
Keep reading: Related stories
Headless Commerce: what it is and why it's growing so fast
Headless commerce is rapidly becoming the go-to approach for businesses to architect their commerce systems and customer experiences.…
Robert Poratti
Beyond Predictable: Powerful Product Teams at VTEX
How committed people, product mindset in our teams and future-based language unlock results beyond what's predictable for our…
Guilherme Rodrigues
Composable Commerce: the new era of digital transformation
Composable Commerce is the newest and strongest player in the game of digital transformation. Every single online business…
Sorana Gheorghiade
Free your business from the monolithic commerce platform – it may not be as hard as you think
It's a fact that in software, and particularly in ecommerce software, if a provider fails to invest in…
Robert Werkema
Inside a Visionary's roadmap: What you can still expect from VTEX in 2020
Recently, VTEX was named a Visionary in the 2020 Gartner Magic Quadrant for Digital Commerce, and according to…
Cassiane Vilvert
Grupo Exito's AI-powered intelligent search experience
Textiles, perishables, electronics, or furniture. If you can name it, Grupo Exito most probably has it. The ongoing…
Software testing evolution and challenges
A few years ago, the role of testers or Test Analysts was limited to documentation, reports, and manual…
Unified Commerce: algorithms are central to the consumer journey and to results
Omnichannel and Unified Commerce became part of strategic discussions and are present in the day to day reality…
Felipe Mattos
Tap into new markets with the new VTEX and Lengow App
Supporting merchants across the globe, expanding their reach and impact — this is the vision shared between VTEX…
Lucas Bacic
By using VTEX website, you agree to our Privacy Policy.


text:
Same-sex wedding video caused crackdown in Saudi Arabia
Authorities in Saudi Arabia have reportedly carried out raids in response to a video showing a wedding ceremony of a same-sex couple. The clip, which features two men in traditional Saudi dress went viral last week and caused a huge backlash and a wave of homophobic slurs. One message blamed foreigners for spreading "corruption", while others criticized the new Crown Prince who has previously promised to modernize the country. It has sparked a witch hunt in the country – as the country's authorities sought now trying to track down the people on the video as homosexuality is strictly forbidden in Saudi Arabia and can be punished up to death penalty.The New Arab reports that the wedding took place near Mecca last week, citing an account from Arabic-language Saudi newspaper al-Marsd. The report of the wedding have not been confirmed, with some speculating that the clip was not real, it was planned as a joke.
Previous articleSame-sex couple rejected from panto after performers asked a married couple to come up
Next articleWashington to recognize non-binary people
Man who was told to act gay to keep his job wins payout
KFC Jamaica apologized for homophobic abuse against a customer
Hair stylist Kevin Bacon was killed by Grindr date on Christmas Eve
British sports minister wants to encourage gay footballers to come out
The mother of a missing Orlando man can't stand not to...
New YouTube video addresses anti-LGBT bill with Harry Potter and waffles
Homophobic football fans could be imprisoned, French League says
ABC cancels Roseanne following the Twitter scandal
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle say that they want donations to...
French gay deputy quits Front National
Britney Spears cancels Las Vegas shows to take care about her...
Former Tory politician: gays are incapable to raise kids and to...
LGBT-inclusive churches have bigger congregations


George Washington Glass Desk Clock by Simon Pearce at M.LaHart & Co.
The George Washington University Glass Desk Clock is distinctly etched with the GW seal, and is a great addition to any surface. The clock includes a traditional numbered face with a sweep hand to count the seconds.