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The Darkening Web: Is there Light at the end of the Tunnel?
By Wolfgang Kleinwächter Professor Emeritus at the University of Aarhus
In his book "The Darkening Web: The War for Cyberspace" (Penguin Books, New York 2017), Alexander Klimburg, an Austrian-American academic, gives "Internet Dreamers" a "Wake Up Call". He tells us the background-story why people start to be "anxious about the future of the Internet", as the recent ISOC Global Internet Report "Paths to Our Digital Future" has recognized. Klimburg refers to Alphabets CEO Erich Schmidt, who once said that "the Internet is the first thing that humanity has built that humanity does not understand".
A Book of Dreams
Klimburg has labeled his book a "book of dreams." He could have called it also a "book of broken dreams." More than 20 years ago, the dream of visionaries like John Peter Barlow was, that the "promised land" of the 21st century is the cyberspace. "We are creating a world that all may enter without privilege or prejudice accorded by race, economic power, military force, or station of birth. We are creating a world where anyone, anywhere may express his or her beliefs, no matter how singular, without fear of being coerced into silence or conformity" so Barlow in his "Davos Declaration of Cyberindependence". Already ten years later, Harvard´s Jonathan Zittrain dropped some water into the wine by sending an early warning in his book "The Future of the Internet and how to stop it." Now, the future has arrived. And Klimburg argues that we have to readjust our dreams. He is not without hope. But—viewing our planet earth from an eagle's perspective—the reality is that the road to paradise is crossed by some highways to hell.
The Evils of Cyberspace
Klimburg takes us on a tour to visit the evils of cyberspace: Cybercrime, Cyberterrorism and Cyberwar; Censorship, Mass Surveillance and Fakenews. He has collected all the "bad news" from the last 40 years and shows us the arsenal, what could happen, if the unmeasurable opportunities of the digital revolution come into the wrong hands: I Love Virus, Stuxnet, Cyberattacks against Estonia, DDoS, Ransomware, Killer Apps, Lethal Autonomous Weapons, and, and and… The good thing in his book is that he puts this dark side of the Internet not only into the historical context of the Internet development itself since the times of ARPANET, but also into the broader political context of global geo-politics and the never-ending struggle between big powers. This does not change the real threats, but it helps us to understand better what is going on and why.
He argues that a military cyberattack against the critical infrastructure of a country could have disastrous consequences, could ruin a national economy and put a democratic society into total chaos. The window of vulnerability of a network society is growing with the level of connectivity in a country. The incalculable risk with cyberwar is, that we have an imbalance between offense and defense. Such an imbalance never before existed in military scenarios. In cyberspace, it is cheap to attack but expensive to defend. This also makes the difference, if one compares cyberwar and nuclear war. In the nuclear age, there was a balance of power among the big players with a safeguard called "Mutual Assured Destruction" (MAD). Such a MAD does not exist in cyberspace. A cyberwar could be a hybrid process, very decentralized and with different layers. And its target would not be primarily "death and destruction", as we know it from conventional wars. Chaos and collapse of institutions on the enemy side could create enough damage to get supremacy in such a conflict. But it could come even worse. Klimburg writes: "The worst possible cyberevent may not be, that the lights go out, but they will never go out, that we will slip into a totally controlled environment of Orwellian proportions."
This is, unfortunately, not new, but Klimburgs book summarizes all the arguments and links it to the challenges for global diplomacy. Insofar he reflects the contemporary "Zeitgeist": In 2016 the Bildt Commission on Global Internet Governance argued that "the future of the Internet hangs in the balance" and offered, among others, a "worst case scenario," very close to Klimburgs conclusions. Dan Schiller has titled his 2015 book "Digital Depression." Nathan Persifly from Stanford has asked recently in the "Washington Post": "Will Democracy Survive the Internet"? Vint Cerf told the Irish Broadcasting Corporation that basic things in human behavior have not changed since Shakespeare. All the human drama of the middle ages are reappearing in the 21st century. And Jeff Moss recognized at the BlackHat Conference in Las Vegas in July 2017 that the past is back. 25 years ago, he said, the technical people dreamed of a new world without governments. But when new business models emerged, the new big money also pulled criminals into the cyberspace, followed by the governments who wanted to get the bad guys. Welcome back to the bad old times.
"We should not be surprised that bad behaviours from the offline world are seeping into the online world" states ISOCs Global Internet Report. But ISOC adds, that the "core values and technical properties of the Intertnet remain as important as ever". And it calls for actions "to ensure that the future Internet remains user centric, that it upholds and reasserts our freedoms and rights and that it continues to work for the benefit of all."
The Dilemma of a Global Cyber Diplomacy
Klimburg's book takes us not only to the visible places were we can see the potential disasters, but also to the mainly unvisible spaces, where policy is developed and decisions are made. He analyzes governmental Internet policies in the US, in Russia and China and covers the main global Internet negotiations, where governmental and non-governmental stakeholders are trying to find balanced solutions to stabilize the cyberspace and to pave the way for future prosperous developments, for "best case scenarios".
Klimburg makes clear that today's global internet diplomacy is probably the most complicated chapter in the whole diplomatic history. Negotiators have to struggle not only with the "usual procedures" they have established for negotiations on climate change, trade pacts or arms control. In the Internet world, everything is connected with everything. Negotiations on cybersecurity cannot be isolated from negotiations on eTrade and will affect negotiations on human rights like privacy or freedom expression. All this complicates the drafting of norms for good governmental behavior in cyberspace or the clarification of the slippery issue of attribution, that is to find out, where a cyberattack comes from. The dilemma of Cyber-Negotiators is that they have to discuss liquid issues where the resources, they are fighting for, are virtual, and the future trends are undefined. The decentralization, diversity, and anonymity of the multilayered, multiplayered Internet, which is one of its strengths, is at the same time also one of its weaknesses. It offers tremendous opportunities, but it also opens the door for misuse.
Klimburg is very clear that the only way forward is to build more trust and confidence, both among governments and among all involved stakeholders. The political negotiations in organisations like the United Nations, the WSIS with its IGF, the OSCE and others and the development of technical ressources in mechanisms like IETF, ICANN, W3C, RIRs and others have created an Internet Governance Ecosystem which is much bigger than the multilateral system which emerged after World War II.
Klimburg has no "Silverbullet". It will take some time to draft workable frameworks in such a dynamic multistakeholder environment which can keep the cyberspace free and stable and get the bad guys under control. The Internet was and is a "Grand Collaboration", based on mutual trust. If this trust goes lost, the global Internet will fragment and the side effects of such a collapse will have far-reaching consequences for the economy, the culture and the whole society around the whole globe.
Moving towards a "Digital Desaster"?
An old joke defines a pessimist as a "well informed optimist". Will the "Darkening Web" pull us into a "Dark Decade"? There is indeed a growing number of pseudo-realists, which argue, that we are moving towards a big "digital disaster". The pseudo-argument is that all revolutions of the past triggered a disaster 25 years later. 25 years after the French Revolution, there was the Battle of Waterloo, followed by the Vienna Congress and a phase of relative stable decades with some prosperity. 25 years after the Russian Revolution, there was the Battle of Stalingrad followed by the creation of the United Nations and another decade of relative stability and prosperity. Wouldn't it by crazy—25 years after the "Information Revolution"—to wait for a "Digital Hiroshima" to have the next phase of stability and prosperity?
Klimburgs book is also a book of hope. His very precise analysis shows us, there is space for a peaceful settlement of conflicts, there is space for arrangements, agreements and confidence building measures. It is true that there are different national interests, different national cultures, different historical experiences and even different value systems. But guided by the universal values of the United Nations, its Charter, and the Human Rights Declaration, there are a lot of opportunities to build bridges as long as there is a political will.
In the 20th century, governments were nearly the only players in global policymaking. But in the 21st century, the political ecosystem has changed and next to governments there is now a broad variety of global players active in this space: from business and civil society to the technical and academic community. All they have a "stake", are participating in global policy making and call for a multistakeholder approach.
It is interesting to note that a G7 Ministerial Meeting in Torino recently reiterated "the commitment to support the multistakeholder approach to Internet governance, consistent with the Internet Governance Principles resulting from the NETmundial Multistakeholder meeting held in Sao Paulo in 2014". And even the five leaders of the BRICS countries did recognize in their "Xiamen Declaration" from September 5, 2017: "We believe that all states should participate on an equal footing in the evolution and functioning of the Internet and its governance, bearing in mind the need to involve relevant stakeholders in their respective roles and responsibilities". There are certainly more than nuances between the G7—and the BRICS—approaches to Internet Governance. However, there are some "bit and bytes" where both sides could find common language.
To promote the multistakeholder approach and to build bridges among adversaries is also the mission of the new Global Commission on Stability in Cyberspace (GCSC) which was created in spring 2017 under the chairwomanship of Marina Kaljarund, a former Foreign Minister of Estonia. Klimburg was one of the main drivers behind the making of the Commission and he functions now as its Co-Secretary. It is a good opportunity for an author of such a caliber to test how his vision can be translated into real action. So let's hope that the light at the end of the tunnel is not the laser pistol of a killing robot.
By Wolfgang Kleinwächter, Professor Emeritus at the University of Aarhus
He is a member of the Global Commission on Stability in Cyberspace, was a member of the ICANN Board (2013 – 2015) and served as Special Ambassador for the Net Mundial Initiative (2014 – 2016).
Too Many Voices, Too Few Resources Michael Roberts – Oct 18, 2017 5:04 PM
In medieval times, every Duke built his own walled castle, leading to hilltop fortresses scattered here and there. One of the challenges in Wolfgang's analysis is designing a more secure and trusted Internet that benefits everyone, and allocating the resources to make it happen. It won't be a technical monoculture, this is not a "one size fits all" situation.
As the saying goes, "if it was easy, we would have already done it." Unfortunately, superpower politics being what they are, a balanced approach with necessary resources is not going to come from govts. Which makes it very important that the industry/academic research collaboration which marked the early days of the Internet be revived and supported. ISOC's recent steps are a positive sign.
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James, 22, from Milton Keynes, is studying an undergraduate Master's degree in Agricultural Engineering, and has worked in various different departments at JCB during his placement, as well as during the summer between placement and his final year.
What did you enjoy most about your work placement as an undergraduate engineer?
It was great being able to carry out full time engineers' roles but with the safety backup of someone to ask questions when stuck. I now have a better understanding of the area that I would like to work in and have gained contacts in that area.
What careers do you think are available to Harper Adams engineers?
Studying Agricultural Engineering does not restrict you to agricultural products, as the base of the course is general engineering practices which are useful in all areas.
It was the only place to offer the mix of subject areas that interested me.
Did the fact that Harper offers a placement year influence your decision to study here?
Yes as I feel it is an important step to gain experience and guide your ideas towards a final career. I now have a better understanding of the area that I would like to work in and have gained contacts in that area.
What would a typical day on placement involve?
I never had a typical day as we moved around departments through the year. I carried out roles mainly in design, development and testing.
Do you think being a graduate will make a difference to your position and salary?
Yes as it allows access to large companies but once in a company the specific degree is not important as you can be allowed to move into sectors not directly associated with the chosen course.
What advice do you have for a student interested in following a similar career path?
What do you think of the teaching at Harper Adams?
Really good, lecturers are approachable and normally operate an open door policy.
Good, allowing practical based learning where needed.
What have you enjoyed most about uni so far?
Everything, from the general interaction with like-minded people to the social entertainment. Also being able to look out of the window in a lecture at tractors without being laughed at!


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Beautiful Lakes in Pakistan
Date: September 20, 2019 By Abbas Sarfraz Categories: Blog No comments
The sight of beautiful lakes give relief to the eyes of the beholder. It invokes the artistic and poetic soul in human. Lakes are part of natural beauty. And fortunately, there is a good number of beautiful lakes in Pakistan.
Pakistan has some of the most beautiful lakes in the world. Most of the lakes are located in the northern areas of Pakistan. These lakes are famous for their natural beauty, freshwater, and picturesque scenery.
Here are the most beautiful natural lakes in Pakistan.
Attaabad Lake
Most of the lakes are surrounded by the typical myths or fairy tales in Pakistan but Attabad Lake in Hunza, carries less romantic circumstances. However, this is the most amazing lake that travellers love to visit. It owns beautiful scenery, turquoise water which gives visitors a sense of peace and serenity. People love boating here. The boat riding and the jet ski is a must if you plan to visit the lake.
Chitta Katha Lake
Chitta Katha Lake is located in Shounter valley, Azad Kashmir at the elevation of 13,500 feet 4,100 m. Chitta Katha is a local name which means White Stream. Coming down from the Hari Parbat, the lake is also called Chitta Katha Sar or lake of the Mount Hari Parbat. As being associated with Lord Shiva and considering it the abode of the Lord and identify it as Kailash, it is sacred to the few local ones there. The lake is accessible from Kel by a 20 kilometres Jeep track and then 5 kilometres hiking trek. Kel is the base camp to this lake.
Image: Ytimg
Ansoo Lake.
Ansoo Lake the magnificent one is located in Kaghan Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Ansoo Lake is at an altitude of about 4245 meters high and considered as one of the highest lakes of the Himalayas.
It is named as Ansoo Lake because it is shaped like a tear. It is one of the most popular lakes among tourists. The folklore of the lake is very interesting and deeply rooted into the love story of Saif-ul- Malook fairy tale. The most part of the lake is still deprived of the sights due to the foggy atmosphere here. If you really want to explore the entire lake, the most favourable time is mid of July and August.
There are only 2 options to reach the lake. First of trekking from the Lake Saif-ul-Malook or from Mahandri through Manoor village. It takes around seven to nine hours of a trek from Lake Saif-ul-Malook. Another is 3-4 hours of the trek from Meadow, Dher, at a height of 14,000 feet.
Image: KP Tourism
Ratti Gali Lake
Ratti Gali Lake is the highest lake, located at an altitude of 12,130 feet, situated in Neelum Valley . It is covered with the lush green meadows in summer season and presents a mesmerizing view. It is beautifully surrounded by wild and colourful flowers and alpine plantations. In winter the lake area is covered with white snow and chunks of glacier float in the dark blue magical water of Ratti Gali Lake. The lake becomes frozen in winter. The lake is one of the amazing lakes in Pakistan.
Image: Daily Events
Dudipatsar Lake
Dudipatsar Lake is one of the most beautiful lakes in Kaghan Valley. Graciously occupied by snow-clad peaks. The lake is located in Lulusar-Dudipatsar National Park Kaghan. The word "dudi" means white therefore it is not difficult to understand that its white water and snow in surroundings are the reference of its name. From the ecological point, the lake marks the significant value. The lake is accessible from mid-June to mid-September. Trekkers can hire a vehicle from Naran to Besal. A seven hours scenic trek through vast alpine meadows leads to Dudiptsar is another approach to the lake.
Image: Chal Chalen
Sheosar Lake
Sheosar Lake is a lake situated in Deosai National Park, in the northern side of Pakistan. The lake is at an elevation of 4,142 meters in the Karakoram. Its approximate length is 2.3 kilometres. Located at an altitude of 4100 meters. This lake is accessible from Astore and Skardu. There is one and half hour jeep drive from Chilam. From Skardu, about 8 hours by crossing the DeoSai plateau. The way to the lake, the most picturesque sights and bridge at Barra Pani are awaiting to welcome the tourists and the grassy plains are the other rewards for the visitors to reach the Sheosar Lake.
Image: Get Out.pk
Satpara Lake
Satpara Lake also called "Sadpara Lake is one of the most beautiful natural lake situated about 9 kilometres north of Skardu, in Gilgit-Baltistan. It is situated at an altitude of 2,635 meters. The lake is on 20 minutes of jeep drive from Skardu. The natural species carrying the uniqueness of its kind makes the eyes wide open and take us close to nature. This beautiful lake is a must-watch for all the tourists who visit the northern side.
Image: Pakistan Tour Guide
Borith Lake
Borith Lake is a saltwater lake, located at the upper Hunza. The altitude of Borith is roughly 8,500 feet above sea level. The lake is very much beautiful and captures the visitors who love nature, singing birds and wildflowers. The ducks migrate from the warmer parts of the country here as the weather changes. It is a worth visiting place during March and June.
Image: Twimg
Rush Lake
Rush Lake is a high altitude lake located in Nagar Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan near Rush Pari Peak. At 4,694 meters. Rush is one of the highest alpine lakes in the world. It is the highest lake in Pakistan and 27th highest lake in the world. The sight of the lake enchant the beholders. The natural crystal blue water surrounded by green meadows and high mountains, present the amazing view which refreshes the minds and souls. The weather of the area is quite pleasant and especially in the spring season, the beauty of the lake is breathtaking.
Kundol Lake
Kundol Lake is also called Kundol Dandis situated in Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is situated at a distance of nineteen kilometres from Kalam. Like Saif-ul-Malook Lake, there's also a renowned story associated to the lake that each night in the whole month, a golden bowl appears in the centre of the lake and shines like the moon however none has touched that bowl so far due to the magical aura around.
It is simply accessed from Kalam via Utror. You'll be either hiking to Ladu from Utror or take a four-wheeler to minimize your journey.
Image: Pak Image
Rama Lake
A high mountain lake is Rama Lake at an elevation of 3.507m above the sea level. It is located on the eastern slopes of the Nanga Parbat, in the Gilgit-Baltistan.
The weather of the lake area is pleasant but mostly cold throughout the year. The lake seems beautiful every time. In summer and spring seasons it seems a land of colours and crystals due to the greenery and colourful flowers around and shiny crystal-like water. The road is rough but full of charm for the adventurers. It is basically a driving and courage skills test of a person to drive through the road. You have to be very much careful about travelling to the spot.
Image: Pakistan 360
Hanna Lake
Located in Quetta, Balochistan there is heaven-like water around the rocks called Hanna Lake. It is basically a hilly area close to the Urak Valley begins 17 kilometres east from Quetta city.
One of its prominent features is that it is covered with pine trees. From May to September is the best time to visit Lake.
You'll find Golden fish in the lake swimming on the surface of the lake. There is a lakeside restaurant with picnic tables shaded by pine trees presents a generous view.
Image: Samaa TV
Karambar Lake
If you are planning to have a tour plan in Gilgit Baltistan, include Krambar Lake in your visiting list. Trek to Karambar Lake is the adventurous one. The specialist of the lake is that the trekking here has many entry and exit points. It is also one of the most beautiful treks. Karambar Lake lies on the boundary of Broghil valley in Chitral and Ishkoman valley in Gilgit Baltistan. The simplest route to Karambar Lake is from the Chitral side.
Image: Staticflicker
Mahodand Lake
Mahodand Lake is located near Kalam Valley KPK is known for its freezing water and abundance of trout fish. The lake is basically located in the Ushu Matiltan valley about 40 kilometres above Kalam.
Apart from a heaven-like view of the 2-km long lake which is spread like a snake in the valley, tourists can witness the hundreds of big and small waterfalls, picturesque sceneries, meadows, and pine and cedar trees, peaks capped with snow.
Image: Dawn.com
Shandur Lake
Shandur Lake is one of the most beautiful Lakes of Pakistan. It is located in Chitral valley. It is highly and beautifully covered with green and colourful species. It is famous due to the Shandur Polo Ground, the biggest polo ground in Pakistan. It is recommended to visit in late April and early November. Also, there is Shandur Pass which is one of the major mountain passes between Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Image: Dawn
Siri Lake
Siri Lake is located at a height of almost 8500 feet. Siri Lake is basically a pond. The green meadows around and the gracious mountains, enhance its worth and make it a beautiful tourist spot. You can find a small rest house here. There you can find a Tea cabin or we would rather say a "Tea Dhabba".
Image: Infomazaa
Payee Lake
This is an amazing a beautiful lake which is also located in Kaghan valley near the famous tourists place Shogran. The lake is surrounded by giant mountains, Makra Peak, Moosa da Musalla, and mountains of Kaghan valley. The road to the lake is dangerous.
The lake is accessible via Kiwai. The sight throughout the way is spectacular. The weather is mostly cold therefore it is only accessible in summer.
This lake is associated with Siri Lake. Folklore is associated with the lake, that a respected old Sufi threw head (siri) and feet (paya) of the goat to sacrifice on two different places to give birth to these lakes. This myth is also one of the major reason for the popularity of the lakes.
Image: Discoveryair
Lulusar Lake
Lulusar Lake is located about 48km away from famous Naran Bazar. Lulusar Lake is accessible by any vehicle. Lulusar Lake is not only the popular tourist's spot but very much attractive in its view in Kaghan Valley. You must head yourself to visit this lake while going to Babusar Top. By keeping Naran as base camp you can visit Lulusar Lake as there is no place to stay nearby.
Swaik Lake
The Swaik Lake is one of the hidden scenic beauty which is still is an 'unexplored' spot in Pakistan
It is located to Khandoyah in the Punjab which can be accessed through the M2 motorway linking Lahore and Islamabad. It presents a calm and peaceful image. The view is quite gracious. On the visit to Islamabad, it is recommended to explore this beautiful hidden gem.
Image: Triptrail
Lake Saif ul Malook
Lake Saif ul Malook is the most famous tourist spot. The main reason for the lake's popularity is the love story of a Persian prince Saif ul Malook and a fairy Badi ul Jamal.
The lake is blessed with the mesmerizing natural beauty, pleasant weather and fairy tale history.
The lake is also famous for Trout fish, which weigh up to 7 kilograms. Lake Saif ul Malook also presents the astounding view of Malika Parbat, which is the highest peak of Kaghan Valley.
Image: Folder.pk
Spin Khwar
Spin Khwar in Swat Valley is a beautiful lake lying in the lap of mountains towards the north of Kundal Lake and east of Utror valley. It is a small white stream in the east flows down between the surrounding mountains. The lake is accessible through two tracks, one from Kundal and the other from Ladu valley. The track from Ladu is easy and safe to walk and less tiring while the track from Kundal is difficult and dangerous despite the fact that it is a short route.
Tall green and needle-shaped trees around the lake enhance the beauty of the lake. The wildflowers seem as if someone has artistically decorated all the landscapes around the lake. Spin Khwar is a rarely visited lake due to lack of publicity and popularity. The surrounding of the lake is less polluted and clean due to less human activities.
Image: Ytming
Saral Lake
Saral Lake is located in Neelam Valley, Azad Kashmir at an altitude of 13,600 feet. It is a less visited place especially after the earth quack in 2007. The beauty of the lake is divine. The lake is accessible from Sharda by a jeep track.
Image: Holiday Weekly
Kallar Kahar Lake
Located in Chakwal District, Kallar Kahar is at 25 kilometres away from the city of Chakwaland and about 125 kilometres from the city of Rawalpindi. Kallar Kahar is a famous lake in the district. It is famous for Takht-e-Babri and beautiful species of peacocks. It is also famous for its natural gardens which are full of colourful flower and plants.
It is a saltwater lake. Situated at an altitude of 1500ft above sea level. People love to enjoy pedal boating and motor boating on the lake. People also arrange picnics here.
This is also a famous historical place as the famous Mughal emperor Zahir-ud-Din Babar put his army camps in Kallar Kahar when he was moving forward from Kabul to attack Delhi with his armies. During his stay, a rock throne was built for him. Later the throne was named "Takht-e-Babri". It still exists in Kallar Kahar and working as a popular tourist attraction.
Image: Destinations
Above are the most beautiful lakes in Pakistan. We would love to know some more in your information in our comment box.Have a blessed day!
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Now that a new year has started and i being relatively free at this time of the year i thought of reviving my blog again.So i wanted to start with something which is magical.
This picture is from my recent trip to Meghalaya of a gorge on the river Unmgot. The town is famously known as Dawki. Dawki is on the border of India-Bangladesh and around 120 Km from Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya.
Dawki was never there in my itinerary. I'm a planned traveler as far the destinations are concerned but when it comes to visit places within the destination then i'm quite flexible. Dawki got added once i arrived in Shillong. I never Googled the place earlier, so i was totally unaware of the beauty of this place. But as i reached there (Around 2 PM in the afternoon) i was totally speechless, seeing the beauty of the place. The river water was (Infact, is) crystal clear with different shades of Turquoise. You can see the river bed throughout the stretch. The boats on the river looks like if they have been held mid-air.. it was truly magical.
Surprisingly the beauty of the place is confined to some half a km of the stretch only. And for all the photographers its advisable to click the place from top to feel the real beauty of the place (More pictures to come soon). Also if you decide to go down you can hire boats for few hundred rupees and have a good half an hour trip around the place. There are very few people over there, unlike in other tourist places in rest of India.
So next time you plan any trip towards North-east part of the country i would definitely suggest to add Dawki in the list.
One more interesting fact about this place is that, had the gorge been few hundred meters (Roughly 400-500 meters) downhill then it would had been in Bangladesh. We are lucky enough to see such a beauty without a VISA.


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Is Paypal enough for your business?
If there is one thing many of us learn in our lifetime, it's that the best known brands are not always, well, the best. Take, for example, a pizza from an iconic chain restaurant, such as Dominos or Pizza Hut. Few would prefer it's taste or quality over a handcrafted pie from that authentic Italian restaurant on the corner.Yet millions will purchase the former, simply because they are familiar with the brand. The same holds true for merchant processing services.
Each year a large number of small to medium-sized businesses opt to retain the services of PayPal to process their online and in store credit card transactions. PayPal has tremendous name recognition, and facilitates tens of millions of dollars in e-commerce each year. But while it remains a viable option for accepting credit and debit card payments, there are some problems with paypal as well. Among its limitations are the arguably high rates and fees charged per transaction. Therefore, business owners looking for a company to handle their payment processing would be wise to conduct a closer examination of PayPal vs merchant account processors.
There are a number of differences between PayPal and other merchant processors. For example, while PayPal professes to charging no monthly fees, they do charge between 2.2% and 2.9% plus $.30 per online transaction, substantially more for in-store purchases. These charges exceed those of most traditional merchant payment service providers. Additionally, while merchant processors, such as Merchants Bancard Network, deposit funds directly into clients' bank accounts on a same day or next day basis, PayPal deposits funds into the client's PayPal account instead. Customers may transfer funds from their PayPal account into an existing bank account, but the process may take several days. And it is important to note that PayPal is a private company, and is not backed by the FDIC, nor do they have to adhere to federal banking regulations.
The two services differ in other ways, as well. Online customers paying via PayPal are sometimes directed off of your site to a dedicated PayPal site. In addition, PayPal accepts most credit and debit cards, but doesn't allow for gift cards, reward certificates, or coupon codes. So while PayPal may work for some of your customers, it won't work for all of them. Startups, small businesses, and large corporations would all benefit by trusting their secure payments to an established and experienced merchant payment processor.
Merchants Bancard Network has over two decades of experience in the payment processing industry. If you are looking for reliable customer support, clear explanation of all charges and services, secure transactions, and a company to help you manage and grow your business, contact an agent today, and let us show you why we are the best organization to serve all of your diverse needs. Trust MBN with all your processing needs and start reaping the benefits including instant approval for your merchant account.
Recent highly-publicized security breaches at Target and Michaels have shaken consumer confidence in the safety of credit card and other electronic forms of payment. In an effort to strengthen personal data security and reduce the incidence of fraud and data theft, many businesses are considering a switch to a new type of payment processing solution called "EMV". Developed by Europay, Visa, and Mastercard, EMV chips and terminals are the next step toward improving the safety and security of customer data.
Traditional credit and debit cards have magnetic strips that contain "static data" which is data that never changes, making it easier for thieves to "lift" that data from the card and create a fake card. EMV or "smart cards" have embedded microprocessor chips that encrypt customer data in a different manner for each transaction. This makes it much more difficult for data thieves to pick up pieces of payment data to use for fraudulent transactions.
Beginning in October of 2015, all of the major credit card companies will establish EMV technology as the standard card technology in the U.S. So, it is imperative that businesses begin formulating a strategy to upgrade their POS terminals in order to make them EMV-compatible. Merchants Bancard Network has been serving merchants across the United States in the card processing industry for more than 20 years. MBN delivers credit and debit card processing, gift/loyalty/store program card programs, online shopping carts, echecks and much more.
Whether your business uses countertop, wireless, or mobile payment solutions, MBN has new and used POS equipment and peripherals from all the major manufactures such as Dejavoo, First Data, Ingenico, PAX, Verifone, and QuickPay. Many of these units are completely compatible and compliant with any future PCI/EMV processing requirements. The payment solution account specialists at MBN can help you select the equipment that is best suited for your business needs.
Chip-embedded payment cards are virtually impossible to duplicate especially when they are combined with additional security features such as encryption and other authentication features such as PIN numbers. Card processors the accept EMV payments should be able to support all verification methods, but a combination of chip and PIN number provides the strongest protection against data thieves, fraud committed by using lost or stolen cards, skimming, and counterfeiting cards. These strong authentication procedures and the uniqueness of each transaction result in a noticeable reduction in counterfeit fraud and data theft.
The reviews for EMV or smart cards have been overwhelmingly positive. For example,the United Kingdom, who was one of the earliest users of chip and PIN technology, has reported a decrease of over 17% in total card fraud between 2005 and 2010, while lost, stolen and counterfeit card fraud are at their lowest levels since the 1990's. Statistics don't lie – the U.S. was ranked #1 in the world with respect to credit card fraud, and fraud losses due to credit cards have topped 5 billion dollars!
Let the professionals at Merchants Bancard Network bring you business into the 21st century with state-of-the art data security – EMV chips and terminals. Maximize your data security while minimizing the impact on your business. Call MBN at 877-871-4629 and let their expert support staff help you to discover the right tools for your business.


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This discount coupon cannot be combined with other discount coupons.
Learn more on Traveloka coupon terms and conditions here.


After enjoying the delicious food and family time during Thanksgiving, we are now moving into the Christmas season and it is time to shop for gifts and to get out those holiday decorations. Decorating for the holidays is one of the best ways to kick off the Christmas season. With the forecast predicting snow in the Northwest this week and next, get out there as soon as possible to get your decorations up. The neighborhoods in Puyallup usually get into the spirit of the holidays and go all out when it comes to their Christmas decorations. It is the time to get inspired and try out these updated decorating tips around your home to put a fresh spin on your holiday adornments.
The tried and true wreath is one of the best ways to greet your guests as they enter your home for festive holiday parties. Most people opt for the tradition evergreen wreath with sprigs of holly, mistletoe or cranberries. Instead, create a wreath out of citrus fruits and leaves for an updated twist on the wreath. It is easy to create your own citrus wreath using florist's foam, wooden florist's picks, assorted citrus fruits and some green leaves. Use the wooden picks to secure fruits like oranges, clementines, and limes to the foam. Another interesting take on a Christmas wreath is the Cookie Cutter Wreath. For this wreath, you will need a variety of metal cookie cutters, some red ribbon, some holiday themed scrapbook paper, and a hot glue gun. Use the cookie cutters to trace out the shape of the cookie cutter on the scrapbook paper and then glue it on the back of the cookie cutter. Arrange the cookie cutters in the shape of a wreath and then glue them together in the shape of a circle. Once the glue has dried, tie a ribbon to the top to be able to hang the wreath. A quirky wreath is a great way to break free of the traditional wreath. The festive Felt Ball Wreath is a unique DIY wreath that is a colorful and festive way to show your holiday spirit. This wreath is a little more time consuming than the other wreaths and requires some craft know how on your end. Learn how to make felt balls here. You will need a variety of colors of felting wool, florist foam wreath and a hot glue gun. Once you have made all your felt wool balls, glue them around the wreath in a tightly packed fashion. Add a velvet ribbon to the top in order to be able to hang the wreath.
Christmas trees are the most tradition symbol of the season. A Christmas tree doesn't always have to be the live version. There are creative ways to create your very own Christmas tree using unusual materials. You can make a delightful decorative tree out of a wood pallet. You can find them for cheap on Ebay. Using a smaller shipping wood pallet, paint a tree on the slats using green paint and embellish the tree with pom-poms. The Mason Jar Christmas Tree is also an easy and quick decoration for your home. Buy some blue mason jars, some smaller ball Christmas ornaments and a star as a tree topper. Put the ornaments into the mason jars and then stack them in a triangle shape. Add the start to the top and viola you have your mason jar Christmas tree!
Advent Calendars are another traditional Christmas decoration that is a favorite amongst both adults and children. Making your own is a great way to add your own personal touch to the calendar. Find a large frame and fit a piece of neutral colored fabric in the frame. Get number stamps and stamp the number of days in December on small brown envelopes. Attach those envelopes to the frame and put a small toy, a piece of candy or any small surprise that can fit into the envelopes. Using a smaller version of the advent calendar to count down the days until Christmas is just as impactful as a large one. Using ordinary matchboxes, use number stamps to mark the days on the front of the boxes vertically. Wrap each box in some festive, holiday themed paper with the numbers showing. Glue the boxes in the shape of a pyramid starting with nine boxes at the base and decrease by two boxes until there is one box at the top. Put small little surprises into each box, like candy or toys. Advent Calendars do not always have to be about materialistic items. Create your own Advent Calendar that includes random acts of kindness. You can write to-do items like "donate to a charity", "donate used clothing" or "Serve at a local soup kitchen". You can come up with 24 acts of kindness to teach your children the importance of giving during the holidays. Slip those pieces of paper into the days of the calendar and your children will have to complete that act of kindness.
Decorating your home for the holidays is the best way to get into the holiday spirit. These ideas are some fresh updates on the some of the more traditional ways to decorate for Christmas. Make sure to stock up on all your craft supplies so you can keep busy for when the snow falls this week. These ideas are also fun activities to do with your children. Decorating with your family is always a fun to celebrate the holidays. We would love to know what your unique and quirky decorating ideas are for this holiday season. Tweet us for City of Puyallup updates and let us know your original ideas!


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Anne Studd QC
Silk 2012
RegulatoryR
Anne Studd QC successfully represents the family of Lance Corporal Young who was murdered by the IRA in the Hyde Park Bomb in 1982.
Inquest into the deaths of 10 cancer patients
Register now for 5 Essex Court's Inquest Conference 2019.
Anne Studd QC represents the IOPC
"Very experienced, bright and decisive: clients feel well supported when instructing her"
Chambers UK
Anne is ranked as a leading silk specialising in police law, public inquiries, inquests and public law. Clients value her "charming style" and ability to "cut through the myriad of information and get to the heart of the issue in cases" (Chambers UK).
Anne has excelled in all areas of police law over many years. She has loyal clients who return because she is "Very forceful, a very good communicator and very good with clients. If you want someone for a tough fight, she is very robust" and "She is hugely experienced and meticulous in her preparations, and exudes a sense of calm." She has a "charming style" and ability to "cut through the myriad of information and get to the heart of the issue in cases" (Legal 500, Chambers & Partners)
She has become the "go to" Silk where the lay client requires a careful, straight talking but tactful approach to enable them to more easily deal with difficult issues and minimising reputational damage.
In the public law field Anne undertakes judicial reviews, civil claims, inquests and inquiries for police forces and NHS trusts and other public bodies. Her client base is varied. She acts for SASH in relation to the inquest into the deaths of 10 patients all treated by a single Consultant within the trust. The Mayor of London in the Grenfell Inquiry and IOPC in relation to proceedings arising from the death of Sean Rigg. In Northern Ireland she was instructed to on behalf of a solider in the inquests into the deaths at Ballymurphy in 1971. She also acts for a number of Chief Constables in sensitive Inquests including Kingsley Burrell (the death of a psychotic man taken to a mental health setting); Aston McLean Williams a young man killed by a police car running him over while being pursued by police on foot.
She is also instructed in ongoing cases arising from historic sexual abuse inquiries arising from Operations Midland and Yewtree
In the public inquiry sphere, Anne has also acted in a number of high profile inquiries. Azelle Rodney, IICSA, (for two police forces), UCPI and Grenfell.
She is vetted to SC level


November 15 starting at 2:30 pm come and serve. Come and eat. Everyone is welcome and you don't need an invitation. Join Us!!!
We need your help! Once a month on a Thursday we gather to feed the community.
Make, serve, eat... Fresh food..some say it's "the best!"
Click here for other events at College Street United Church.
Thank you for contacting us. We will get back to you as soon as possible about working with peace for pizza!


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The Bell 412 Surpasses 40 Years of Flight
To date, there have been more than 1,100 Bell 412s delivered across the globe, logging over 6.5 million flight hours. Since the introduction of the Bell 412 in 1981, Bell has developed 11 different variants, the latest being the recently unveiled Subaru Bell 412 EPX. The evolution of the Bell 412 is a testament to the incredible flexibility and durability of the aircraft, a utility helicopter with designs originating from the world-renowned and venerable Huey.
Customers continue to rely on the rugged and reliable Bell 412, which carries operators through parapublic, offshore, emergency medical and even VIP missions every day. From moving employees to oil rig sites off the coast of Africa, to fighting fires in Australia, to presidential duties in Asia, the platform brings exceptional performance, impressive cargo-carrying abilities and power to each job.
The most advanced version of the platform, the Subaru Bell 412EPX, now has an increased maximum internal weight of 12,200 pounds, and an external weight of 13,000 pounds and can carry up to 5,000 pounds of goods with a cargo hook. Having the widest loading door in its class enables quick unloading and loading into a spacious cabin that seats 14 passengers.
As a joint partnership between Bell and Subaru to support the Japan Ground Self Defense Force, the Subaru Bell 412 EPX benefits from a more robust main rotor gearbox that has 11% more horsepower capability. It has been certified to run without oil (run dry) for up to 30 minutes for improved safety along with other evolutionary features. With these upgraded capabilities, the aircraft maintains its highly revered status as the true workhorse in the industry.


I was reading a discussion board today where a Lean champion stated that in order to really benefit from Lean, you need to wait at least two years, and that the best results come in years two through five.
Is there any other statement needed to show why Lean is a dinosaur? Who has two years to wait to see if it's working? And that two year period doesn't even include the time spent training the organization on how to be Lean.
The most successful organizations should be making behaviour changes that show almost immediate results. Of course, the results will magnify over time, but there should still be some short term wins to show that the right decision was made. If there aren't, then a quick course correction may be in order.
The problem with any methodology is that is takes too much time to learn, to implement, and to gain any sustainable result. Changing your organizational mindset to focus on excellence, not perfection, can be more quickly implemented and yield more dramatic results.
This entry was posted in Operational Excellence and tagged Lean, operational excellence, results by Andrew. Bookmark the permalink.


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Q: Tuple.Create() vs new Tuple Consider the following expressions:
new Tuple<int,int>(1,2);

Tuple.Create(1,2);

Is there any difference between these two methods of Tuple creation? From my reading it seems to be more a convenient shorthand than anything like object creation in C++ (heap vs stack).

A: There is no difference. If you take a look at the source code, it is doing the same thing.
http://referencesource.microsoft.com/#mscorlib/system/tuple.cs,9124c4bea9ab0199
For example:
Tuple.create(1,2);

is going to call
public static Tuple<T1, T2> Create<T1, T2>(T1 item1, T2 item2) {
    return new Tuple<T1, T2>(item1, item2);
}

A: Personally, I find Tuple.Create() less verbose and easier to read.
There's no difference, under the hood. The Tuple.Create() overloaded methods are just a bunch of static methods that call the first version you posted:
public static class Tuple
{
    public static Tuple<T1> Create<T1>(T1 item1) {
        return new Tuple<T1>(item1);
    }

    public static Tuple<T1, T2> Create<T1, T2>(T1 item1, T2 item2) {
        return new Tuple<T1, T2>(item1, item2);
    }

    public static Tuple<T1, T2, T3> Create<T1, T2, T3>(T1 item1, T2 item2, T3 item3) {
        return new Tuple<T1, T2, T3>(item1, item2, item3);
    }

    ...

I suppose one benefit is that, since you don't have to specify the type with Tuple.Create, you can store anonymous types for which you otherwise wouldn't be able to say what the type is.
public class Person
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public int Height { get; set; }
    public DateTime BirthDate { get; set; }
}

var people = new List<Person>
{
    new Person { Name = "Bob", Height = 72, BirthDate = new DateTime(1984,1,1) },
    new Person { Name = "Mary", Height = 64, BirthDate = new DateTime(1980,2,2) }
};

var oneAnonList = people.Select(x => new { x.Name, x.BirthDate });
var twoAnonList = people.Select(x => new { x.Height, x.Name });

var myTuple = Tuple.Create(oneAnonList, twoAnonList);

This creates a Tuple with two anonymous types, the first is a new { string Name, DateTime BirthDate } and the second is a new { int Height, string Name }.
There's still not too terribly much you can do with that, since to pass it to another method, you'd still need to be able to define the "type" of the parameter. So it really comes down to convenience.

A: The benefit of Tuple.Create is that you can usually omit the type arguments, eg. Tuple.Create(1,2) is briefer than new Tuple<int,int>(1,2).
If you try omitting the type arguments from the constructor new Tuple(1,2) you will see error CS0712 "Cannot create an instance of the static class 'Tuple""

A: Well, this questions is old... but nevertheless I think I may contribute constructively. From the accepted answer:

I suppose one benefit is that, since you don't have to specify the type with Tuple.Create, you can store anonymous types for which you otherwise wouldn't be able to say what the type is

The consequence is true: you can store anonymous types for which ...
But the first part:

since you don't have to specify the type with Tuple.Create

is not always true. Consider the following scenario:
interface IAnimal
{
}

class Dog : IAnimal
{
}

The following will not compile:
Tuple<IAnimal> myWeirdTuple;

myWeirdTuple = Tuple.Create(new Dog());

You will have to specify the type parameter in the Create method like this:
myWeirdTuple = Tuple.Create<IAnimal>(new Dog());

which is as verbose as calling new Tuple<IAnimal>(new Dog()) IMO

A: Starting with C# 7, you can now simply declare Value Tuple like so:
var unnamed = (1, 2);

or
var named = (name: "Joe", age: 2);

See microsoft documentation here: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/tuples

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"Draft Tobacco Law Calls for Haudenasaunee Ownership"
Durie, Donna, Turtle Island News, Spring 2015 "A proposed Haudenasaunee Tobacco Law calls for the banishment of non-Haudenosaunee owners of tobacco manufacturing plants, wholesaler or retail outlets at Six Nations."
"Group Threatens to Shut Down Roads, Sparks Concern"
Powless, Lynda, Turtle Island News, 5 Mar 2014, p.3 "Six Nations community leaders are calling for calm in the wake of rumours that Toronto activists with Six Nations supporters are planning to launch road and rail blockades protesting the impending Bill C-10."
"Draft Tobacco Law Clarifies Haudenosaunee Ancestry"
Durie, Donna, Turtle Island News, Spring 2015 "Any person who can trace his or her lineage back to Six Nations of the Grand River will be protected under the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council's (HCCC) new tobacco law."
"The Women Who Sparked the Nation, Remember 8 Years Ago"
"An Industry is Born: Tobacco Production Funds Community Needs"
Powless, Lynda, Turtle Island News, 5 Mar 2014, p.19 "After Big Tobacco was caught in 2010 and forced to pay half a billion dollars to federal and provincial coffers, quietly in First Nation communities, armed with money from that same contraband scandal, the entrepreneurial spirit was taking hold."


What's the Best Testing Strategy?
During the past decade more attention rightly has been placed on effective pain management due to its role in contributing to the healing process and improving the quality of patients' lives. At the same time, however, prescription pain medication overdoses have skyrocketed and are at epidemic levels, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Given the potential for both benefit from and abuse of these drugs, professional associations and various regulatory bodies recommend urine drug monitoring for chronic pain patients, but none specify particulars about whom to test, when to test, how and how often to test, and the crucial issue of how to interpret test results. Seeking to fill this knowledge gap and start a broader discussion that one day might lead to formal guidelines, a group of 11 pain management and addiction specialists recently proposed a series of recommendations around urine drug monitoring for patients on long-term opioid therapy.
"We thought about all these issues and tried to come up with thoughtful incisive recommendations for physicians, recognizing that a formal guideline requires a much more robust evidence base than currently exists," said co-author Perry Fine, MD. "Our hope is that people won't be lost over this but will be able to read through and think, for every individual patient, is this a patient for whom I can optimize care and improve safety by using urine drug testing? Then, depending on what I find with that urine drug testing, how do I interpret the result and move forward in order to strengthen the therapeutic outcomes rather than weaken them." Fine is a professor of anesthesiology at the University of Utah School of Medicine in Salt Lake City.
The knowledge gap about how to use and interpret urine drug monitoring results is so substantial that it affords laboratorians an excellent opportunity to shine as informed consultants, not only to pain management specialists but also internists and family practitioners, experts said. Pain management physicians often use toxicology reference labs, but that may not be the case with primary care providers. "So many hospitals have an opportunity to reach out to them and provide guidance in the selection of tests and interpretation of results. That's a huge opportunity for AACC members," said Gwendolyn McMillin, PhD, chair of AACC's therapeutic drug monitoring and toxicology division. "The opportunity is there for our hospital labs to support their clinics if they want to, by consulting and/or providing point-of-care testing—perhaps by providing the personnel to operate a small analyzer in the office—or by doing the testing in the hospital lab." McMillin is medical director of clinical toxicology and trace elements at ARUP Laboratories and associate professor of pathology at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City.
The authors used a modified delphi consensus-building process to address five key issues related to urine drug monitoring in chronic patients, including whom to test, how to conduct testing, when testing should be started and repeated, how to interpret results, and how to deal with discrepant results. The panel recommended that all patients on opioids for more than 3 months should be tested. The authors also suggested that physicians might wish to adopt written treatment agreements and that the practice's drug testing policy should be specified during the patient's first office visit.
The panel called for comprehensive urine drug testing that covers not only commonly prescribed opioids and other prescription medications with potential for abuse, but also illicit drugs. Ideally, test results should be available on the day of the office visit; CLIA-compliant point-of-care testing (POCT) is an acceptable method of accomplishing this. However, if POCT results are inconsistent with prescribed therapy, the patient's urine sample should be sent to a lab for further analysis, preferably with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or liquid chromatography tandem MS (LC/MS/MS).
The panel recommended adjusting testing frequency based on each patient's risk level. Patients at low-risk of misuse should be tested at least once every 6 months, while those at moderate-to-high risk should be tested at least quarterly. Offices that use POCT also should assess low-risk patients at least annually with comprehensive GC/MS or LC/MS/MS testing, and high-risk patients every 6 months.
What is clear is that patients don't strictly adhere to their medication regimens. In one study, Couto found that results from nearly 1 million patient test samples indicated that three-quarters of patients probably were not taking their medications in keeping with their prescription (Popul Health Manag 2009;12:185-190). Overall, 38% did not have detectable levels of their prescribed medication, while 27% had higher drug levels than would be expected, and 15% had lower-than-expected levels.
Gourlay's campaign to educate colleagues about not only the technical ins-and-outs of urine drug testing but also the philosophy behind it began after he learned about an experienced pain management specialist misinterpreting a test result and discharging the patient in question, who subsequently committed suicide. "The stakes here are very high. Urine drug testing is not a benign practice in so far as it can adversely impact on the doctor-patient relationship with respect to trust. When it's overly used it can literally cripple the subject of the testing by over-medicalizing their already complicated life," he contended.
Opportunities abound for misinterpreting test results, from analytical issues to a host of factors that influence the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs. Examples of the latter include drug-drug and drug-food interactions, and the patient's body mass index, age, genetic polymorphisms, and renal and liver function. "There are so many variables up in the air that to use quantitative testing as a way of sorting out who is or isn't complying with treatment, is something I couldn't support scientifically or clinically," said Gourlay.
Complicating result interpretation further, pain prescriptions often give patients leeway in adjusting the dosage or dosage frequency depending on their level of pain. Recently, algorithms have been proposed to account for some of these factors and extrapolate dose adherence, but experts suggested such approaches are not ready for primetime just yet.
From the analytical perspective, single-use POC devices with built-in immunoassays pose particular opportunities for misinterpretation. These devices, commonly used in pain management offices, are low-cost and have rapid turnaround times, which enable clinicians to discuss results with patients before they leave the office. However, they also have some distinct disadvantages, such as targeting only certain drugs in a class and cross-reacting to a variety of other prescription and over-the-counter medications. How well these subtleties are understood is unclear. For instance, "a common misconception is that an opiate screen will include all opiates and opioids. However, in general, opiate immunoassay screens will not reliably detect oxycodone, oxymorphone, meperidine, and fentanyl," explained Amadeo Pesce, PhD, DABCC, lab director of Millennium Laboratories and principal investigator for the Millennium Research Institute in San Diego.
One research team recently compared POCT against LC/MS/MS in detecting benzodiazepines and opioids and illicit drugs, respectively. In the case of benzodiazepines, they found that POCT had an overall efficiency—a measure of how often the test was right—of 78.4% in comparison to LC/MS/MS. For opioids and illicit drugs, test efficiency in comparison to LC/MS/MS ranged from 90% for oxycodone to 99.4% for cocaine (Pain Physician 2011;14:175–1187 and 259–270).
Experts also emphasized the importance of determining appropriate cutoffs for the population in question. Hospital labs tend to use higher cutoffs based on a forensic model that assumes most specimens will test negative for the drugs of interest. In contrast, urine drug testing for therapeutic monitoring assumes most samples will be positive and uses much lower cutoffs.
As an example, the standard cutoff for morphine, the target analyte for codeine/morphine testing, is 2,000 ng/mL. However, Pesce's lab, which recently evaluated optimal cutoffs to identify 97.5% of the pain patient population, recommends a 59 ng/mL cutoff for morphine in a therapeutic monitoring paradigm (See Table, below) (Pain Medicine 2012; DOI: 10.1111/j.1526–4637.2012.01350.x).
Standard forensic models of urine drug testing assume most specimens will test negative for the drugs of interest and therefore use higher cutoffs. Therapeutic monitoring in chronic pain patients assumes most samples will be positive and uses much lower cutoffs. Researchers recently proposed cutoffs designed to identify 97.5% of a chronic pain population for therapeutic monitoring purposes.
Source: Pain Medicine 2012; DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01350.x.
McMillin suggested that in addition to educating providers, labs might help practices find the best POCT solution for their needs. "We've evaluated several different point-of-care options for clients. We base selection of a device on how well its performance characteristics match the needs of the clinic in question. A high level of expertise from the lab and cooperation of the clinic is required to evaluate the options and select the best approach," she explained.


Not to stop at the reached, LTD MAGMA follows new tendencies – provide the availability to reach the newest technologies to the customers and also educate themselves in trainings in various seminars. There are a lot of investments made in development of the Company and in implementation of new ideas, as well as manufacture equipment is improved, in order to improve working conditions and quality of the goods. Company makes regular supplies to more than 450 regular customers – specialized professional shops of sanitary wares, DIY stores, plumbing installation and construction companies in Latvia and Estonia. LTD MAGMA started to export goods in 2007, and now it takes 20 % of total turnover, while goods are imported from 13 countries.


text:
Downtown Phoenix is seen from South Mountain Park.
Photographer: Robyn Beck/AFP/Getty Images
Arizona Takes Step to Scrap Rule That Keeps Big Four Out (1)
By Sam Skolnik and Brenna Goth
Oct. 7, 2019, 6:24 PM
Early step aims to close "access to justice gap"
Doors may now open to Big Four accountancies to compete against Big Law
An Arizona task force is urging the state's supreme court to end restrictions on nonlawyer co-ownership of law firms to close the "access to justice gap," which could crack open the door to the Big Four accountancies.
The Arizona Task Force on the Delivery of Legal Services in an Oct. 4 report requested the removal of state bar Rule 5.4, the "explicit barrier" to lawyers and nonlawyers co-owning businesses that engage in the practice of law.
"A sentiment that resounded within the workgroup was that lawyers have the ethical obligation to assure legal services are available to the public," the 157-page report concluded, "and that if the rules of professional conduct stand in the way of making those services available, then the rules should be changed."
The Arizona panel's actions are part of a growing movement of state and national bar groups currently acting to loosen or repeal law firm ownership and related regulations. Big Law leaders have expressed concern about the trend, which could allow the Big Four—EY, Deloitte, KPMG, and PwC—and other alternative legal service providers to take a more direct competitive stance against U.S. law firms, especially if several larger states adopt such changes.
At the same time, the 20-member task force took steps to ensure that the main goals of Rule 5.4—based on the American Bar Association model rule of the same number—are upheld. The rule's intent is to help maintain the professional independence of lawyers, and protect the public from unscrupulous actors.
The Arizona panel, led by Ann A. Scott Timmer, vice chief justice of the state's Supreme Court, suggested that the court "immediately" convene a group to explore regulation of legal entities in which nonlawyers have a financial interest.
New Legal Assistance
In August, the panel voted to loosen the rules that currently restrict legal document preparers from assisting court litigants.
The report codified those recommendations, and took several additional steps to make sure court litigants get legal assistance even if they cannot afford an attorney.
That includes the creation of a new tier of legal service provider specifically designed to assist domestic violence victims, and the separate development of another tier of nonlawyer legal service providers, "qualified by education, training, and examination," to provide limited legal services.
Those recommendations were a priority for task force member Stacy Butler, director of the Innovation for Justice Program at the University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law. Marginalized populations are particularly vulnerable to navigating legal issues like eviction proceedings without accessible and affordable help, she said.
"I think we have a lot of potential to change outcomes for low-income populations," Butler said.
Task forces in Utah and California began studying similar issues at roughly the same time as the Arizona panel. State bar groups in New Mexico and Oregon also have put forth more limited proposals.
In late August, the Utah Supreme Court quickly approved the recommendations of a task-force report on legal reform in that state, including allowing non-lawyers to share fees in legal operations.
A small but elite national bar group called the Association of Professional Responsibility Lawyers is also collecting data to support its own upcoming report on the need for legal services reform.
Dissenting View
The panel's recommendations were not unanimous. Task force member Peter Swann, the chief judge of the Arizona Court of Appeals, Division I, took strong issue with the elimination of Rule 5.4, which he said would pose "a serious threat to the long-term health of the justice system."
The recommendation would allow "disbarred lawyers, large corporations, and venture capitalists to have full equity stakes in law firms while escaping any duties to the clients," Swann wrote. "The proposal would surely open vistas of new sources of wealth for lawyers, but it would not benefit the public."
The proposals will need to pass through several more hoops before they can be finalized, according to an Arizona Supreme Court spokesman. The Arizona Judicial Council, the policy-making body that oversees the state's justice system, will need to approve the proposed changes, likely before the end of this year.
Then, the public will have a chance to comment before the seven-member Arizona Supreme Court weighs some time in or around August 2020. If approved, the changes would be made effective in January of 2021, the spokesman said.
Arizona's task force formed last November at the direction of then-Chief Justice Scott Bales, now the executive director of the Institute for the Advancement of the American Legal System at the University of Denver.
Bales' administrative order establishing the task force stressed that promoting access to justice, in large part through more affordable services, was its primary aim.
"Changes in technology, the legal profession, and the economy call for a reassessment of the delivery of legal services to consumers more broadly," he wrote.
Zachariah DeMeola, a manager for the institute Bales heads, said opposition to legal services delivery reforms —like comments on recent California task force recommendations—show that people need to be better-educated on the proposals.
"This is not deregulation," he said.
To contact the editors responsible for this story: Jessie Kokrda Kamens at jkamens@bloomberglaw.com; Rebekah Mintzer at rmintzer@bloomberglaw.com
Brenna Goth
Staff Correspondent
Utah Supreme Court Quickly Endorses Bold Legal Services Report (1)
Aug. 28, 2019, 9:34 PM
Arizona Weighs Role of Non-Lawyers in Boosting Access to Justice
Law Firm Ownership Rule Change Supporters Vocal at Calif. Forum
Aug. 11, 2019, 2:50 AM
Big Four May Gain Legal Market Foothold With State Rule Change
attorney conflict of interest
division of fees with nonlawyers


My name is Lauren. I'm a 23-year-old girl living in NYC and I don't make trash. For real. No garbage bin, no landfill. Nada.
I know what you are thinking. This girl must be a total hippie. Or a liar. Or she's not real. But I assure you, I am none of those things. Well, except for real.
I didn't always live what some call a "zero waste" life.
But I started making a shift about three years ago, when I was an Environmental Studies major at NYU, protesting against big oil, and president of a club that hosted weekly talks on environmental topics. In my mind I was super environmental, or as my grandma called me, a real "treehugger." Everyone thought of me as the sustainability girl, so that meant that I was totally doing my share for the earth, right?
This was the first time in my life that I felt like I was able to look at myself and say, "YOU HYPOCRITE." I was the green girl, not the plastic girl! What had I been doing my entire life? It was in that moment I made the decision to eliminate all plastic from my life.
By that point I had already eliminated almost all plastic from my life. I thought, "If a family of four can live a zero-waste lifestyle, I, as a (then) 21-year-old single girl in NYC, certainly can." So I took the leap.
First, I stopped buying packaged products and began bringing my own bags and jars to fill with bulk products at the supermarket. I stopped buying new clothing, and shopped only secondhand. I continued making all of my own personal care and cleaning products. I downsized significantly by selling, donating, or giving away superfluous things in my life, such as all but one of my six identical spatulas, 10 pairs of jeans that I hadn't worn since high school, and a trillion decorative items that had no significance to me at all.
Most importantly, I started planning potentially wasteful situations; I began saying "NO" to things like straws in my cocktails at a bars, to plastic or paper bags at stores, and to receipts.
Of course, this transition didn't happen overnight.
This process took more than a year and required a lot of effort. The most difficult part was taking a hard look at myself, the environmental studies major, the shining beacon of sustainability, and realizing that I didn't live in a way that aligned with my values.
I now make a grocery list when I go shopping, which means being prepared and not grabbing expensive items impulsively. Additionally, buying food in bulk means not paying a premium for packaging. When it comes to my wardrobe, I don't purchase new clothing; I shop secondhand and get my clothes at a heavily discounted price.
Before I adopted my zero-waste lifestyle, I would find myself scrambling to the supermarket before it closed, because I didn't shop properly, ordering in takeout because I didn't have food, always going to the pharmacy to get this scrub and that cream, and cleaning constantly because I had so much stuff.
Now, my typical week involves one trip to the store to buy all of the ingredients I need. This trip isn't just for food, but also for cleaning and beauty products, since all of the things I use now can be made with simple, everyday ingredients. Not only is it easier and stress free, it's healthier (no toxic chemicals!).
Now it's blossomed into my quitting my great post-grad job as Sustainability Manager for the NYC Department of Environmental Protection to start my own zero-waste company, The Simply Co., where I hand-make and sell the products that I learned to produce over the past two years.
I didn't start living this lifestyle to make a statement — I began living this way because living a zero-waste life is, to me, the absolutely best way I know how to live a life that aligns with everything I believe in.


text:
As time starts to run out, plenty of NHL veterans still chasing first Stanley Cup
Time is running out for some NHL players that have yet to win a Stanley Cup over a lengthy career.
TORONTO — Time is running out for some NHL players that have yet to win a Stanley Cup over a lengthy career.
Here are 10 NHL veterans still chasing their first Cup:
1. Calgary goaltender Mike Smith — 37, 13 seasons (2018-19: 42 games played, 23-16-2, 2.72 goals-against average, .898 save percentage)
Smith arguably has his best chance at a Cup with Calgary after years in Dallas, Tampa Bay and Arizona. He has played just 19 career playoff games with 16 of those coming in the Phoenix Coyotes' run to the 2012 Western Conference Final. Things weren't looking good for the Kingston, Ont., native early in the season when he got injured and lost his starting job to David Rittich, but he's bounced back to retake the No. 1 role with the Flames while playing in his final season of a six-year contract.
2. Toronto forward Patrick Marleau — 39, 21 seasons (82 GP, 21 G, 37 Pts.)
Marleau has played the most regular- (1,657) and post-season games (184) among active players without ever winning a Cup, and is also the playoff leader in goals (72) for skaters still in the game. The Swift Current, Sask., native will be in the playoffs for the 19th time, with a loss against Pittsburgh in 2016 with San Jose being his lone Cup final appearance. His role with Toronto is much different than when he was in his prime with the Sharks as the veteran voice in a room full of youth.
3. Dallas forward Jason Spezza — 35, 16 seasons (76 GP, 8 G, 27 Pts.)
Spezza was once part of a young core in Ottawa that took the Senators to the 2007 final, only to fall to Anaheim in what has turned out to be his only visit to the championship round. He's missed the post-season in four of the past five years and is in a depth role with Dallas. But the one-time superstar has produced 65 points in 69 career playoff games including 13 points in 13 games in 2016, his last appearance in the post-season.
4. Nashville goaltender Pekka Rinne — 36, 11 seasons (56 GP, 30-19-4, 2.42 GAA, .918 save percentage)
Rinne is coming off a Vezina Trophy season that felt incomplete after bowing out in the second round of the playoffs against Winnipeg, despite Nashville being considered a strong contender to go all the way. The Finland native has played a ton of hockey in the last three years with 39 combined playoff games and 184 regular-season appearances. The only active goaltender with more playoff experience than Rinne (83 GP) and still without a Cup is Henrik Lundqvist of the Rangers (128).
5. St. Louis defenceman Jay Bouwmeester — 36, 16 seasons (78 GP, 3 G, 17 Pts.)
Bouwmeester has hung around long enough to enter the playoffs sixth all-time among active skaters in regular-season games played (1,184), but has never had a true shot at winning a Cup. The Edmonton native went his first 10 seasons without ever qualifying for the post-season and didn't make his playoff debut until 2013 with St. Louis despite being drafted in 2002. All 49 post-season games he's played have been with the Blues.
6. San Jose forward Joe Thornton — 39, 21 seasons (73 GP, 16 G 51 Pts.)
Thornton has 123 points in 160 playoff games, but the closest he ever came to winning a Cup was three years ago when his Sharks bowed out in the finals against Pittsburgh. The St. Thomas, Ont., native missed last year's post-season, sidelined with a knee injury, but came back on a one-year contract in an attempt to capture what has eluded him his entire career.
7. Boston forward David Backes — 34, 13 seasons (70 GP, 7 G, 20 Pts.)
Backes will be part of in his eighth straight post-season and ninth overall, yet he has never made it past the Western Conference final after bowing out in the third round with St. Louis in 2016. Injuries have affected the Minneapolis native in recent seasons and he's not the same power forward Boston thought it was getting when the Bruins signed him to a five-year deal after his run with the Blues, but he has the respect of his teammates after telling media he will take any role coach Bruce Cassidy requests of him.
8. Tampa Bay defenceman Dan Girardi — 34, 13 seasons (62 GP, 4 G, 16 Pts.)
Girardi's 139 career playoff games puts him third among active defenceman behind Zdeno Chara and Brooks Orpik. The only difference is both of them have won a Cup while the Welland, Ont., native is still in search of one. Girardi had some deep playoff runs with the Rangers before being signing with Tampa Bay in 2017 and is in a great spot to finally win one with the first-place Lightning before becoming a free agent in the off-season.
9. Winnipeg forward Matt Hendricks — 37, 11 seasons (26 GP, 0 G, 3 Pts.)
Hendricks left Winnipeg for hometown Minnesota as a free agent in the summer but was re-acquired by the Jets at the trade deadline and will get another shot at winning the Cup even if it's in a depth role. The Blaine, Minn., native, who didn't make his NHL debut until he was 27, suited up in five playoff games last season for the Jets after beginning post-season play sidelined with a lower-body injury. An upper-body injury shelved him for parts of this season, but he's healthy and ready to go if Winnipeg needs him.
10. Nashville defenceman Dan Hamhuis — 36, 15 seasons (57 GP, 0 G, 5 Pts.)
Hamhuis made his playoff debut with Nashville back in 2004 and is entering his 10th post-season this year. But a Cup final appearance with Vancouver in 2011 is the only time the Smithers B.C., native came close to hoisting it, with his eight other appearances being first-round exits. After two seasons with Dallas, Hamhuis rejoined the Predators in the summer as a free agent believing the club could offer him what's missing, even if he's playing a depth role.
Honourable mention: Calgary defenceman Mark Giordano, 34; Carolina goaltender Curtis McElhinney, 35; Vegas forward Deryk Engelland 36.
Follow @KyleCicerella
Kyle Cicerella, The Canadian Press
United Heroes League, NHLPA announce winners of 2022-23 All-Star Hero campaign
The four winners were selected as special guests of the NHLPA for the 2023 Honda NHL® All-Star Weekend.
Get to know your 2023 All-Star Heroes
Each winner and a guest will receive air travel to Sunrise, Florida to take in weekend All-Star festivities.
Player Q&A | Roope Hintz
Looks like Roope Hintz is in luck. This item on his bucket list will be right in his Dallas backyard in 2026.
Martin Necas embraces fan support from Czechia to Carolina
Necas left home at 15 to suit up with HC Zdar nad Sazavou and HC Kometa Brno, while also representing Czechia on the international stage.
After a whirlwind year, rookie Kent Johnson settles into life in Columbus
The Blue Jackets forward recalls a campaign that saw him play at three different levels of the game.
Predators' McCarron reinstated by NHL/NHLPA Player Assistance Program
McCarron has been returned to available status


Based on the configuration above, a construction of 42 months is foreseen, as long as no change orders will extend this goal.
The most complicated engineering on this boat, the Air Conditioning and ventilation systems of the boat have been worked on the most because it effect the inner volume of the boat (we had to literally increase the length of the boat by 5 meters (125 meters instead of 120) to get all the Air Con and Ventilation and fire systems in).
All of the Air Con studies took about 4-5 months with the Dutch Company Heimann & Hoffman.
We also did very many minor studies for detailing the costs for the hatches and balconies (with Tempesta Allufer and Cramn) for the glass doors (Opacmare and Besenzoni) and also for the cranes and other lifts.
We have been designing and studying this boat for about 1 year and we would not do any further studies until one of our potential clients has actually signed up and we can go into the details that they would requireit would just be senseless to continue because too many things could change.
For You as a client impotent to know, such a huge project will be in detailed customized by the owner, for what we would be stand-by now.


The Compound entity is a third of the graphics entities hierarchy. This entity defines interdependencies of the various graphics entities and their global visibility property.
This property contains the handle of the parent. The parent of the text entity should be of the type "Axes" or "Compound".
This field contains the visible property value for the entity. It should be "on" or "off". By default, value is "on" where graphics entities children of the Compound are drawn according to their visibility property. If "off" all children of Compound are not displayed on the screen.
This field can be use to store any scilab variable in the figure data structure, and to retrieve it.


Pokkiri Raja Songs Lyrics : Pokkiri Raja is a 2016 Tamil comedy film directed by Ramprakash Rayappa and produced by P. T. Selvakumar. The film features Jiiva, Sibiraj and Hansika Motwani in lead roles. Pokkiri Raja songs are composed by D. Imman and lyrics are penned by Vivek, Arunraja Kamaraj.


text:
Barabara Slate on How to Do a Graphic Novel
Barabara Slate is "an artist, cartoonist, graphic novelist, comic book creator, and writer. She is one of the few female artists who has created, written, and drawn comics for both DC and Marvel Comics." In 1986 Barbara created 'Angel Love' for DC Comics, an adult-themed series for teenagers. In an exhibition review,...
New CEO James Daunt on what's next for Barnes & Noble
James Daunt is the founder of the Daunt Books chain, and since May 2011 has been managing director of the bookshop chain Waterstones. In June 2019, he became the CEO of the US bookstore chain Barnes & Noble, acquired by Waterstones's parent, Elliott Advisors for $683m.
We met last year in London to discuss...
Leslie Hurtig & Jan Walter on Patriotic Canadian Publisher & Bookseller Mel Hurtig
Leslie Hurtig was born into a house of books and has had a long, successful career in Canada's book industry. She has worked for some of Canada's best bookstores, acted as a sales representative and publicist for some of North America's great publishers, and worked as a foreign rights and contracts manager at...
John Ivison on his biography of Justin Trudeau
John Ivison is a Scottish Canadian journalist who is Ottawa Bureau Chief for the National Post.
Raised in Dumfries, Scotland, he worked as a reporter for The Scotsman newspaper in Edinburgh and as deputy business editor of Scotland on Sunday. He was educated at the University of Glasgow, McMaster University and the...
Famed Cardiologist Bruce Fye on Collecting Medical History Books
Bruce Fye is an American retired cardiologist, medical historian, writer, bibliophile and philanthropist. He is emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine at the Mayo Clinic, and was the founding director of the institution's W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, named by the Clinic in his...


This bill was discussed on the floor of the General Assembly. Below is all of the video that we have of that discussion, 13 clips in all, totaling 54 minutes.
The following bills are identical to this one: HB576 and SB311.


text:
import express from 'express';
import User from '../../models/userSchema';

let router = express.Router();

router.use(function(req, res, next){
  res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/json');
  next();
});

router.route('/usercheck')
  .post(function(req, res, next){
    User.findOne({
      name: req.body.name.toLowerCase()
    }, function(err, user){
      if (err) next (err);
      if(!user){
        res.json({userfound: false});
      } else if (user) {
        res.json({userfound: true});
      }
    });
  });

module.exports = router;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Did i understood you right (sorry - my English is´nt the best) - installing OMV over LMDE 2 will cause problems because of automount and the multimedia-repos?
Those are two issues you might have that I know of. There are more issues possible.
That were my prefered system ... LMDE 2 ... and than OMV 3.x over it manually for my NAS / Server.
Using the netinstall is not the same as using LMDE 2. When using the netinstall, you should do a minimal installation. LMDE is not the problem. The desktop environment is. So, I still don't like having a desktop environment installed on OMV no matter how you installed. But, if that is what you want, try it.
ah ... ok .... i did not known that .... i thought that netinstall is the same as a normal distribution.
I´ld like to install LMDE2 because i read sometimes that it is easier for not so experienced linux users to manage.
what do you mean by "normal distribution" ?
it is a normal distribution, just a strip down distribution.
everything else is downloaded during the install.
think of it like a modular setup.
and than build on it adding only what you want/need, nothing else.
in some installers you have the option to add other modules to install as part of the initial setup, but those modules are not on ISO, they will be downloaded once the networks is setup and validated.
and if you do not have internet connection than you can not install them from that image.
it would be if you were setting up a desktop system.
as it is, OMV expects to be used as basically a headless NAS system.
what good a desktop environment in a headless system?
most , almost 99.5% of management will be done in WebUI. and the 0.5 that is not would be a CLI scripts and commands anyway so desktop is no help there.
that is why you run OMV, to have a GUI for management on otherwise a bare server.
if anything, I would do a netinstall, than, if you still want a GUI desktop, load up the GUI from Debian repos, LXDE or similar. Mint debian edition is ok but it is not a native UI. I would stay close to home as much as possible.
HOWEVER, that said, you can really screw up the system, if you try to manage it from both Desktop and OMV.
The post was edited 1 time, last by vl1969 ( Jan 5th 2017, 7:52pm ).
I knew that - but you ansers for experienced users - as i said.
I´ld like to use LMDE2 because of the help and support in German (my mother language). And "linuxmintusers.de" is a very helpfully forum for "normal" users like me.
I would not read that thread.
"W: GPG error: packages.openmediavault.org erasmus InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 7E7A6C592EF35D13"
Can you please tell me if this is something I should be concerned about or if it is a sign that I do not have something setup correctly?
The openmediavault-keyring package that you install with the next line fixes that.
How can I fix that problems and install OMV?
Hi, I've botched an Upgrade from 2 to 3, and trying to get it working I started removing packages...now I've removed OpenMediaVault entirely.


text:
Yancey Arias (* 27. červen 1971, New York, USA) je americký herec.

Životopis
Má kolumbijské a portorické předky. Narodil se a vyrůstal v New Yorku. Před studiem na Carnegie Mellon University navštěvoval Moore Catholic High School a St. John's Preparatory School.

Jeho první velký debut přišel v roce 1992 na Broadwayi v muzikálu Miss Saigon. Kromě televizních rolí také pokračoval v práci v divadle, včetně hlavní role z roku 2000 v muzikálu The Wild Party. V roce 2001 se přestěhoval do Los Angeles, kde žije se svou manželkou, herečkou Annou Alvimovou. Hrál v seriálu Knight Rider – Legenda se vrací v roli Alexe Torrese.

Odkazy

Reference

Související články
 Knight Rider – Legenda se vrací

Američtí herci
Narození v roce 1971
Žijící lidé
Muži

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Student Assistant Program (SAP)
The Berks County Student Assistance Program (SAP) is a mandated team process designed to help identify students who are struggling with issues such as substance use and mental health concerns, and to help them achieve, advance and remain in school. SAP uses existing school resources, family involvement and outside agency support when appropriate.
Berks County SAP is a partnership between the Berks County Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Program, Council on Chemical Abuse (COCA) and contracted SAP providers.
How COCA Supports SAP
As representatives of the county drug and alcohol service system, COCA plays an active role in overseeing SAP in Berks County. Our primary role is to ensure the effective delivery of services to student assistance teams.
The Council on Chemical Abuse has SAP trained Prevention Specialists that visit SAP teams to monitor effectiveness and provide resources and support as needed for adherence to best practices. By meeting with team members, COCA Prevention Specialists keep abreast of gaps in resources and services and collaborate to find solutions.
SAP services are provided by contracted SAP liaisons who attend SAP team meetings, communicate with school staff and parents and complete behavioral health assessments.
About SAP Teams
The core of the student assistance program is a professionally trained team. Its members identify issues, determine whether or not the presenting issue lies within the responsibility of the school, and make recommendations to assist the student and parent. When the issues lies beyond the scope of the school, the SAP team will assist the parent and student so they can access services within the community. SAP team members do not diagnose, treat or refer to treatment; but they may refer a student to a SAP liaison who can assess for further community-based programs and supports.
Who can serve as a SAP team member?
A SAP team consists of school and community agency staffs that have completed specialized training in the Student Assistance process. These individuals typically include school teachers, nurses, school administrators, and school counselors, as well as community mental health and drug and alcohol liaisons.
Who can use SAP services?
Any person concerned about the overall well-being of a student may refer that student to SAP. A student can be referred by anyone. The most common referrals come from a parent, teacher, neighbor, school support staff, peer or even refer themselves. People making these referrals share a common goal: to help students enhance their emotional and behavioral health so they can succeed. All information is kept confidential.
How does someone refer a student to SAP?
Every school SAP team functions differently. Check the school website for information or contact the school counselor, who will assist you in referring to a student. For contact information specific to your child's school, please contact Jaclyn Steed, the Council SAP Coordinator, by email at JSteed@cocaberks.org or by phone at (610) 376-8669, Ext. 107.
What happens when a student is referred to SAP?
When a student is referred, the referral form is received by the SAP team. The parent is notified and informed about the SAP process and proper permission is obtained to continue. The team gathers observable behaviors about the student from individuals who have contact with the student, such as teachers and coaches. Information is also collected from the parent. A plan is collectively developed to address the barriers to learning. The SAP Team then meets with the parent to discuss the plan and recommendations. The plan may include a behavioral health assessment or linkage to school and/or community resources. The SAP team will continue to work with and support the student and family throughout the process.
Learn more about PA SAPDownload a Brochure
For more information about Berks County's SAP services provided through COCA, you may contact Jaclyn Steed, SAP Coordinator, by email at JSteed@cocaberks.org or by phone at (610) 376-8669, Ext. 107.