Jasmine's motivation is not related to anything we can see. It's complicated. What we don't see is "why". Why would such a young child with such a lovable smile be so aggressive and confrontational?
It is a question of what happened to Jasmine.
ACE rates in urban areas can be double the suburban level, but the 22% rate in San Diego is shocking in itself. Percentages translate to 6 to 7 children (6 to 7 "Jasmines&rdquo , severely trauma impacted with 3+ ACEs, in a class of 30, even in San Diego.
So, the children are not "bad" or sick, they are injured. .
(See 'Destroying Sanctuary' p 135 by Sandra Bloom M.D.).
When I had my first peek at Jasmine, she was in Kindergarten. Someone had confined her in the small, 4X6 entryway of the main office, in the narrow space between the registration counter and the wall with the bulletin board. The veins on her neck bulged and throbbed, as she lay on her back furiously kicking and screaming, her face smeared with tears. She'd already ripped all the paperwork from the bulletin board.
My eyes were opened only later when I sensitively started asking her caregivers" What happened to Jasmine?" Only then did I begin to "see". I saw of the incarceration of her father. I saw the death of her mother. I heard her uncle's anger at "having to take in his sister's baby". Still, the uncle "caregiver" rarely sees Jasmine because of his night shift work.
The system ignores the 22%+ of trauma-impacted children and their classmates. In my urban district, the rate is even higher, at 45+% children with 3+ ACEs. "ACE-blindness" disproportionately penalizes urban districts impacted with doubled rates of trauma. That is doubly wrong. . (See "Common Sense" ).
Instead of accommodation, punishment. Punishment at the system level (much like punishment at the personal level).
The system generates wrong decisions, life-changing decisions, based on uninformed, misleading data. Attempting to compare States' or School Districts' scores, and even individual schools, given the wide variations in trauma rates, is dangerously wrong. Then realize that the system continues this level of travesty at an even more deluded level: an individual classroom compared to another individual classroom. Even comparing those classrooms to year ago "scores". None of the above get adjusted for radical variations in rates of trauma of as much as 100%!
1) An immediate opportunity for action is lawmakers' rewrite of national education legislation (ESEA), ironically known as "No Child Left Behind". (See "Common Sense" ).
The rewrite is already in House/Senate conference committee, so no time to waste.
Click this 'OpenCongress' link to get names of your Congress members. Click on a lawmaker and then find contact information on right side of screen. Email or call them today, or send them a link to this blog. Ask them to acknowledge and fund accommodations in ESEA for trauma-impacted children!
2) If you are in Pennsylvania, there is a second opportunity, maybe even larger opportunity for you, with state lawmakers, detailed here (with contact information at the end).
3) If you're not trauma-informed , read here, or research childhood-trauma or seek training, here, here , here or here.
Keep writing... I'll keep tweeting and sharing with our trauma schools initiative!!!
I am so thankful. I'm also a little overwhelmed. Thank you so much for all you are doing in Georgia !
This is incredibly real and pertinent storytelling of what traumatized children can look like in our schools and how they can be misunderstood. I'm sharing with everyone I know here in Georgia is is advocating for changes based on the DOJ's findings of illegally segregating facilities, called GNETS, for children with emotional disturbances. A disproportionate number of these children are foster/adopt (hugely at risk of trauma) and who knows about the rest -- high levels of trauma and result in the behaviors that get them the "EBD" label in our state - and then often pushed out to these facilities when they don't respond to traditional behavior modification strategies. Trauma-informed systems would do so much good for all our students...making the learning and teaching so much easier! I'm sharing your blog far and wide!
Thank you so much Melissa ! Thank you for your passion, your insight and your support.
This is an excellent piece!!! Educators need to ask "What's happened to this child?" rather than "What's wrong with this child?" when confronted with inappropriate or acting out behaviors. Children come to school each day and give the best they have, even if that best includes ripping up paper and kicking and screaming. Teachers and administrators need to provide effective and appropriate opportunities for children with trauma to release their pent up frustration. They need to keep these children closer, not push them away by suspending them. Behavior modification will NOT work. Find other more compassionate and restorative ways to deal with the behavior.
It's also important to note that there are children just like Jasmine who live in middle class homes with caring parents. Children who have been involved in the foster care system or have been adopted often suffer the same neurobiological impact that Jasmine suffered as a result of her living conditions.
Send this blog to your congressman. Send it to your teachers and principals. It truly is a matter of life and death.


text:
Front Page, Industry News
Co-Production Plan Boosts Canada's TV, Film and Second Screen Industries
Friday March 15th 2013
The Department of Canadian Heritage will continue to negotiate co-production treaties on behalf of the country's film, television and second screen content producers.
In the past ten years, such negotiations have led to some 700 co pros valued at nearly $5 billion in total production budgets.
James Moore, Minister of Canadian Heritage and Official Languages, Paul Calandra, Parliamentary Secretary and Member of Parliament (Oak Ridges-Markham), announced the implementation of Canada's policy on co-productions in a speech to the Canadian Media Production Association Prime Time in Ottawa conference last week.
In a related announcement at Prime Time, the Canada Media Fund released a white paper that highlights the various benefits that can be generated for producers and broadcasters by second screen initiatives.
The 20-page Second Screen and Television – Benefits and Impacts report, prepared by Evolumedia Group, co-published with the Canada Media Fund (CMF) and funded by the Societe de développement des entreprises culturelles (SODEC), is available as a PDF download in English and French on the CMF and Evolumedia websites.
Noting several recent examples, the report specifically looks at the benefits of second screen strategies related to television programs in terms of discovery, loyalty building and monetization.
The new co-productions policy is designed to deepen Canada's audio-visual production partnerships with markets around the world, with the continuation of co-production negotiations with foreign partners that is designed to make it easier for Canada and partners to get co-production projects off the ground with simplified administrative processes and increased flexibility on agreements.
The international co-production environment has seen some significant changes in recent years due to economic and international factors, technological advances, and greater global competition for investment, the Government described in a backgrounder to its policy.
In light of these changes, in 2011 the Government of Canada announced Canada's Policy on Audiovisual Treaty Coproduction and launched an online consultation to hear the views of Canadians, members of the industry, and other stakeholders.
The implementation of Canada's Policy on Co productions is the next step in paving the way for future coproduction negotiations between Canada and its foreign partners. This policy will focus Canada's approach to co productions and ensure that Canadians and the film and television production industry achieve the maximum benefit from government actions.
Under the auspices of a treaty coproduction, Canadian and foreign producers are able to pool their creative, technical, and financial resources to coproduce audiovisual projects. Such co productions are granted domestic status in their respective countries and, as such, they can access domestic funding programs, fiscal incentives, and broadcast quotas, if eligible. In Canada, available support mechanisms include the Canadian Film or Video Production Tax Credit (CPTC), the Canada Media Fund, and the Canada Feature Film Fund, as well as programs and fiscal incentives from the provinces and territories.
As the designated Competent Authority, the Department of Canadian Heritage is responsible for negotiating coproduction treaties. As the Administrative Authority, Telefilm Canada is responsible for the administrative aspects. Telefilm Canada receives and evaluates applications for treaty coproduction certification and makes recommendations to the Minister of Canadian Heritage through the Canadian Audiovisual Certification Office (CAVCO).
Canada signed its first coproduction treaty with France in 1963. Today it has treaties with 53 foreign partners and is recognized as a world leader in audiovisual treaty coproduction. .
Over the past decade, Canada has coproduced close to more than 700 film and television co productions valued at more than $4.9 billion in total production budgets. Some of these treaty co productions include recent feature films such as Barney's Version (Canada-Italy), Resident Evil: Retribution (Canada-Germany), Inch'Allah (Canada-France), Laurence Anyways (Canada-France), and Mama (Canada-Spain), as well as television productions such as The Tudors (Canada-Ireland), The Borgias (Canada-Hungary-Ireland), and Babar (Canada-France).
Source: Mediacaster

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Asphalt Production, Series and Asphalt Laboratory Services Training program hosted by the Malatya Metropolitan Municipality was held.
Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality İsfalt A.Ş. Assistant General Manager Assoc. Dr. İbrahim Sönmez, İsfalt A.Ş. Application Manager Fethi Turgut with İsfalt A.Ş. Quality Control Chief Suleyman Girit attended.
Malatya Metropolitan Municipality Secretary General Ercan Turan, Deputy Secretary General Sinan Çeçen, Yeşilyurt Deputy Mayor Mehmet Çınar, Battalgazi Deputy Mayor Yaşar Karataş, branch managers and Malatya Metropolitan Municipality, district municipal staff attended.
Ercan Turan, the Secretary General of the Metropolitan Municipality, who made a short speech in the program, said that asphalt is a waste when the oil is removed to the first earth, and that asphalt is used as a good covering material after the processing of oil is used all over the world.
M The development of the electric cars is a good example. It is not known what the future brings, but how can we produce 'better quality, lower cost asphalt?' we are fighting for it. The Metropolitan Municipality of Istanbul is the doyen of municipality. İsfalt A.Ş. The locomotive of Turkey's asphalt. We organized this training program in Malatya in order to make this work in compliance with world standards. Malatya was a metropolitan area with serious problems in the countryside. We have solved most of these problems by using resources correctly. Road investments are very special investments. An investment that feels like constant care and care. 4 If we do not show the necessary care and interest in the asphalt we did years ago, we have to make the investment again. We are in a new search. Our goal is to achieve the best. We continue to work for this, Bun he said.
In the training program, İsfalt A.Ş. Assistant General Manager İbrahim Sönmez, Asphalt Production, Asphalt Production Materials, Asphalt Production Innovations and Road Technologies. İsfalt A.Ş. Application Manager Fethi Turgut gave information about Asphalt Laying, Road Applications, Solution of Problems Encountered in Asphalt Paving. İsfalt A.Ş. Quality Control Chief Süleyman Girit gave information about Quality Control Principles and Laboratory Activities on Asphalt.
At the end of the training program, participants were given training certificates.


text:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<TITLE>
NormalRelativeUrlResolver
</TITLE>

<META NAME="date" CONTENT="2013-01-10">

<LINK REL ="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="../../../../stylesheet.css" TITLE="Style">

      Overview
      Package
    Class
      Tree
      Deprecated
      Index
      Help

 PREV CLASS
 NEXT CLASS

  FRAMES
 NO FRAMES

  All Classes

  SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD

DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD

org.apache.ivy.core

Class NormalRelativeUrlResolver

java.lang.Object
  org.apache.ivy.core.RelativeUrlResolver
      org.apache.ivy.core.NormalRelativeUrlResolver

public class NormalRelativeUrlResolver
extends RelativeUrlResolver

Normal implementation of RelativeUrlResolver.

Constructor Summary

NormalRelativeUrlResolver()

Method Summary

 java.net.URL
getURL(java.net.URL context,
       java.lang.String url)

          Resolve the url in the context of context.

Methods inherited from class org.apache.ivy.core.RelativeUrlResolver

getURL

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait

Constructor Detail

NormalRelativeUrlResolver

public NormalRelativeUrlResolver()

Method Detail

getURL

public java.net.URL getURL(java.net.URL context,
                           java.lang.String url)
                    throws java.net.MalformedURLException

Description copied from class: RelativeUrlResolver

Resolve the url in the context of context.

Specified by:
getURL in class RelativeUrlResolver

Parameters:
context - The URL of the ressource containing the reference url
url - a relative or absolution url string

Throws:

java.net.MalformedURLException

      Overview
      Package
    Class
      Tree
      Deprecated
      Index
      Help

 PREV CLASS
 NEXT CLASS

  FRAMES
 NO FRAMES

  All Classes

  SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD

DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In amongst the Perthshire hills, we have found a romantic Highland retreat fit to impress the most luxurious of couples. Tallavey, in the tiny Hamlet of Enochdhu, is an hour and a half from Edinburgh Airport, and a world away from city life. With its top quality indoor sauna and private outdoor hot tub, we think it's an ideal spot for some pampering time away.
This 19th century hideaway has been exclusively designed and renovated to provide a luxury self catering experience, within an original Highland Estate croft. It is a picture perfect scene from the outside, nestled in the countryside between Pitlochry and Blairgowrie.
Step inside and you will find a hallway leading to a comfortable bedroom, with fabrics by Anta Scotland and the White Company, soft lighting and an empire bed. The room has maintained some of the cottage's original features, including the little wooden window shutters, which are made from the old floorboards giving the space a unique character.
Also on the ground floor is the bathroom, which is a particular feature of this retreat. It has been created to a very high standard and, alongside the luxury freestanding bath, there is your own indoor sauna – an ideal place to relax after a day walking on the hillside, or simply to help you wind down on your holiday.
Head upstairs and you will find the lounge with its vaulted ceiling. Walk across wooden floors and open the windows and you can step out onto the cottage's Juliette balcony and look out to Kindrogan Rock. There is a wood burning stove for cosy nights in, making this a great space for relaxing. The cottage also has wifi.
Across from the lounge, you will find the Tallavey's spacious modern kitchen, which comes fully equipped with a cooker, dishwasher, fridge, microwave and washing machine. We like the skylights in here – you might be able to spot the stars while enjoying your evening meal.
If you can't see the Milky Way from the kitchen, head outside to the garden where you will find your own private hot tub. On a really good night you might even spot the northern lights. You are likely to see a wide variety of wildlife from out here, including red squirrels, owls, deer, and golden eagles.
This cottage is purely for couples and is available on a minimum two night stay basis from January to March or a 3 night minimum stay for the rest of the year. It is not suitable for children or pets.
Tallavey is well connected by car. Kirkmichael village is five minutes' drive away and has a well-stocked community shop and cafe. Larger supermarkets can be found in Pitlochry, 20 minutes away, and Blairgowrie, 25 minutes away in the other direction. Buses go past the end of the driveway and Pitlochry station is on the mainline from London to Inverness.
There's plenty to do if you are feeling adventurous. We would like to try the beaver-watching trips on foot or by kayak, organised by Perthshire Wildlife and Outdoor Explore. Other nearby attractions include the Edradour and Blair Atholl Distilleries and Persie Gin, or the historic Stirling Castle, or Royal Palace at Balmoral. Then there's the Library of Innerpeffray or the Loch of the Lowes Wildlife Visitors Centre. The cottage is also in Outlander country and close to key sites including Doune Castle, Falkland and the Royal Burgh of Culross. The most recent series is being filmed at Faskally, less than half an hour from Tallavey.
There are pubs and restaurants close by, including the Strathardle Inn and Kirkmichael Hotel in Kirkmichael and, for very special occasions, the cottage owners have highlighted the Sandemans Restaurant at Fonab Castle Hotel.
Please phone the owner of Tallavey, near Pitlochry on +44 (0)771 316 1107 or fill in the form below to send an email.
Go directly to the property owner's website for Tallavey, near Pitlochry to check availability or make a booking.


Pharmacovigilance has a firm foothold in the medical sector as a consequence of mandatory drug safety monitoring. The Pharmacovigilance Market is gaining remarkable momentum due to a strict regulatory framework pertaining to drug testing and approval. Leading pharmacovigilance service providers often collaborate with CROs and their compeers to maximize their service portfolio and offer customized, foolproof services.
Key players accumulating a major share of the pharmacovigilance industry include Accenture, Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation, Quintiles, Boehringer Ingelheim, Synowlwedge, Bristol-Myers Squibb, ICON, United BioSource, PAREXEL, and Covance. Mergers & acquisitions is a prime growth tactic adopted by these giants to sustain the market and counter their rivals.
Unique services ranging from drug testing, drug approval and drug commercialization provided by these companies will contribute to the expansion of the pharmacovigilance industry in the years to come. A report by Global Market Insights states that the pharmacovigilance market is expected to surpass a valuation of USD 8 billion by 2024, in comparison to USD 3 billion in 2015.
The pharmaceutical sector growing substantially, with a rising number of global chronic disorders and the subsequent increase in the manufacture of suitable drugs. In 2010, more than 6 billion drugs were disbursed in the United States alone. Manufactured drugs are clinically tested for adverse effects and fatal reactions before they are commercialized and made available to the masses. Stringent government norms subject to clinical trials and drug approvals will drive the global pharmacovigilance industry.
Pharmacovigilance services can be outsourced on a contractual basis or provided in-house. Demand for confidentiality pertaining to drug information and effective data management will propel the in-house pharmacovigilance market size, which was valued at USD 1.5 billion in 2015. This service provider segment is anticipated to cross a revenue of USD 3 billion by 2024.
The contract outsourcing pharmacovigilance industry, with a revenue of USD 1.7 billion, accounted for more than half of the overall share in 2015. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms are increasingly concentrating on the bottom line range and outsourcing pharmacovigilance services to niche-specific organizations, which is sure to propel contract outsourcing based pharmacovigilance market trends. In addition, outsourcing these services will reduce the financial losses attributed to testing failures and drug approval delays. The contract outsourcing pharmacovigilance industry is slated to exceed a revenue of USD 4.8 billion by 2024.
The European pharmacovigilance market was worth more than USD 790 million in 2015, with Spain, Germany, and the UK accounting for more than 70% of the regional share. The increasing demand for personalized drugs and customized services in the region has fueled the Europe pharmacovigilance industry, which is anticipated be worth USD 1.8 billion by 2024, with a CAGR estimation of 10% over 2016-2024.
The APAC and Brazil pharmacovigilance markets will surpass revenues of USD 2.4 billion and USD 300 million by 2024 respectively, powered by the growth of the pharmaceutical sectors, increase in the number of biotechnology companies, and growing concerns regarding the usage of drugs.
Increasing concerns regarding patient health and safety coupled with the occurrence of adverse drug events will drive U.S. pharmacovigilance industry, which is set to exceed a revenue of USD 2.5 billion by 2024, growing at a CAGR of 10.7% over 2016-2024.
Pre-clinical trial is a mandatory trial service enmeshed in the pharmacovigilance market. Government directives subject to the crucial collection of data prior to the actual testing will drive pre-clinical trial industry, which will observe a valuation of more than USD 84 million by 2024, with a growth rate of 10.3% over 2016-2024.
Surging requirements for drug safety detection and analysis will accelerate Phase III clinical trial market, which is set to grow at a CAGR of more than 10% over 2016-2024, with a target size of USD 1.25 billion by 2024. Phase IV clinical trial industry will depict a growth rate of 10.9% powered by the growing concerns regarding drug efficacy and safety evaluation.
Pharmacovigilance market participants in the developed regions have registered a paradigm shift in the provision of their services over the last few years. Most of the leading providers are now outsourcing their services to the BPOs and other related firms in the emerging economies, owing to the fact outsourcing reduces operational costs, aids safer drug monitoring, ensures adherence to regulatory reforms, and helps enhance the overall productivity. This in turn is likely to spur global pharmacovigilance industry growth over the coming years.


Previously, historians believed that Spanish Conquistadors were seen as gods by the Aztecs, who put up little resistance to their conquest. A new find near Mexico City is turning history on its head. Over 550 bodies were found, more than 40 of which appear to be European, indicating that the Aztecs not only resisted the invaders, they sacrificed them to their gods. Aztec Massacre rewrites what we thought we knew about the Aztec civilization.


WEST BABYLON, N.Y. (Sept. 17, 2018) - Victoria Ramirez of the Queens College women's soccer team was selected to the East Coast Conference Weekly Honor Roll on Monday (Sept. 17) following a spectacular offensive game on Saturday to lift the Knights to a victory.
Ramirez was the main catalyst behind Queens College's first victory of the year in a 7-1 win against Lincoln (Pa.) on Saturday in East Coast Conference action. The junior forward posted a four-goal afternoon including the game-winner, on seven targeted shots and eight shots total. Most of Ramirez's goals came from distance. It was the first time that a QC women's soccer player had scored four goals in a game since Andrea Slavin's four-goal performance back in 2011, coincidentally in a win over Lincoln (Pa.).
The Knights travel to Bentley University on Thursday (Sept. 20) for a 3 p.m. match-up with the Falcons.


text:
The bridge that they crossed was once the site of a brutal attack by Alabama law enforcement agencies against 600 nonviolent marchers during a voting rights campaign. But the marchers had no fear as they walked together. They shouted "Hands Up. Don't Shoot," in protest against the recent killings of unarmed black men by police, and they vowed to continue the struggle.
The commemoration filled the streets of Selma with a group of people from various racial, ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds which spanned generations.
Clifton Taylor, a 12-year-old fifth-grader from Brewer Elementary School, traveled from Columbus as part of Turn Around Columbus, a program that tutors children in elementary school.
"My experience going across the bridge was a good experience," he said. "And the good thing about us going across the bridge is that we have the right to go across the bridge now because of Martin Luther King."
The streets became so packed that state troopers eventually had to halt marchers from crossing over the bridge, and they blocked some buses from meeting groups on the other side.
For many Columbus marchers, that meant crossing the bridge twice, which wasn't popular with many people. Dorothy Boden said she doesn't like bridges but was willing to go with the flow.
"I imagine trying to manage this big crowd and all these buses isn't easy," she said. "From what I heard, Selma didn't anticipate this big of a crowd."
Throughout the march there were also several instances where emergency vehicles stopped the march to take people out on stretchers.
There were a few other glitches on the trip organized by the Muscogee County Democratic Committee. The buses, which were scheduled to depart Columbus at 6 a.m. Sunday, left about two hours late. Organizers said the chartered buses from the Tystanic bus company were delayed because some had come from a Georgia state high school championship that went into overtime.
The buses also left a couple of hours late, returning to Columbus because of the crowd control issues and a missing passenger who was eventually found.
Still, most Columbus residents said they were happy to be there.
Jacqueline Vines, 60, said she had her own racial struggles growing up in Five Points, Ala., and has wanted to go to Selma since she was a child.
"When I was 12 years old, I made history in Five Points, integrating the school," she said. "There were only three of us being spat on with spitballs. They didn't allow me and my cousin to have separate desks. We had to cling all day holding on to one another until the end of the school day. I feel I made history in my small town. So that's one of the reasons why I wanted to make this trip."
Merle Bailey's son, Isaiah Reed, is also a part of the Turn Around Columbus program. He's 11 years old and a student at MLK Elementary School. Bailey said she considered it an honor to share such a monumental occasion with her son.
"Martin Luther King Jr. walked over this bridge and people were all in one accord," she said. "I never thought of being in a place like this and experiencing something like this, but to experience it with my son is very important."
Alva James-Johnson, 706-571-8521. Reach her on Facebook at AlvaJamesJohnsonLedger.
Columbus police say woman shot man in head while targeting boyfriend's ex
Federal program targets online child predators
She shot a bystander in the head while targeting boyfriend's ex, Columbus officer says
By Tim Chitwood
Columbus, Georgia woman in court after police say she shot a bystander in the head near Lakebottom Park while trying to shoot her boyfriend's ex-girlfriend.
Here's why more police officers will be on the road this week looking for speeders
Here are the local places participating in Restaurant Week. Tell us where to eat.
5 places around Columbus to enjoy the outdoors
'I love you more than my momma.' That phrase changed a Columbus teacher's career.


Movember is all about moustaches and raising awareness about prostate cancer. My friends have been growing their moustache for several weeks, sporting their facial pilosity with pride. But how could I participate? Crocheting one, of course.
Sadly enough, he died from prostate cancer at the young age of 52. I felt I had to pay a tribute to him for our annual moustache contest (the JIMM : Journée Internationale de la Moustache Montréalaise, not originally related to Movember, but we moved it to November to show our support).
This year, we had a props category for the persons who can't biologically grow a moustache (mostly girls, in our case), and guess what... I won! Here is the picture from the competition.
This is not much of a pattern, but more some kind of guideline to explain what I did. I hope you get inspired by it.
My Zappa moustache is crocheted from natural (undyed) brown single-ply wool, which incidentally matches my hair color. It was easy to do : I chained until it was long enough to cover my upper lip and go down on both sides of my mouth. Then, I singled-crochet 2 rows. Holding the moustache-to-be over my face in the mirror, I decided where I wanted the angle to be. That happened to be 4 stitches from each ends. I slipped-stitched 4 stitches, skipped 2-3 stitches, and single-crocheted tightly so it would pull the end of the moustache at a right angle. I single-crocheted until I was 6-7 stitches from the other end of the moustache, skipped 2-3 stitches and slip-stitched tightly to form the other angle. The key here is to be symmetrical. I finished it my slip-stitching some more to make sure the angle will stay put and weaved in the ends.
Then, I made a square for the pinch. Soaked everything in water and blocked it overnight. You can felt it if you feel like it.
On the big day, I used regular scotch tape to adhere it to my face, but I think double side tape would have been better. I tried to eat soup while wearing it, and I tell you it's a real challenge!
Listed below are links to blogs that reference this entry: Movember and my award winning Zappa moustache.
This page contains a single entry by Dextery published on November 30, 2009 7:38 PM.
Champagne was the previous entry in this blog.
Last minute handmade gifts : vouchers is the next entry in this blog.


text:
Matthew Broderick Breaks Character to Scold Fan
Matthew Broderick, Photo: Katlean De Monchy
Hamptons resident Matthew Broderick broke the fourth wall during a performance of Nice Work If You Can Get It on Broadway Friday to admonish a fan for filming the show.
New York Post reports the actor broke character after noticing an audience member filming him from the front row. A rep for Broderick told the Page Six that he would "not tolerate people filming or shooting pictures." He also confirmed that the obnoxious would-be director stopped filming without further incident after Broderick addressed the issue.
Bringing Tourism Back to New York with Fred Dixon, President and CEO of NYC & Company and Cristyne Nicholas, Chair of NY State Tourism Advisory Council
https://podcasts.schnepsmedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/mp3-Schneps-Connects-and-is-NYC-Co.mp3
Broderick is an original cast member of Nice Work If You Can Get It. The Tony Award-winning musical comedy has been open since April 24, 2012. The play has an open run at Broadway's Imperial Theatre, located at 249 West 45th Street.
Visit niceworkonbroadway.com for ticket info and scheduling. Bring your cameras, longtime Broderick fans, for a sure fire way to chat with the former Ferris Bueller and War Games star.


These dessert sauces can be used as frosting for frozen desserts such as ice-creams, ice-cream cakes, sorbets, and more. They can also be used for beverages like granitas, smoothies, and sherbets.
They can be used to incorporate a natural and mild taste to desserts.


text:
Running Gear Reviews
Cycling Gear Reviews
Swimming Gear Reviews
Nutrition & Recovery Reviews
Skechers GORun Ride3
Since reviewing the original Skechers GORun Ride shoe about six months ago, the fast-moving American shoe company has released not one but two new versions and we're now on the Skechers GORun Ride3. As such, I thought it was worth a quick little updated review.
While the changes between the GORun Ride and Ride2 weren't much to write home about (from what I could see, the changes were very subtle and mostly to the uppers), the changes with the new GORun Ride3 are more dramatic.
The 4mm drop heel to toe remains the same (and is the same across the range, with the exception of the optional zero-drop on the Bionic shoes) and you'd still describe the Ride3 as a 'neutral' shoe. It fits in the middle of the Skechers range – more supportive than the lightweight GORun but less cushioned than the new 'Ultra' (I'm yet to get my hands on a pair of these).
Skechers have something of a penchant for loud colours – something of a marmite shoe! The Ride 3s I tested were electric blue with fluorescent yellow detailing. Not my favourite Skechers colourway, if I'm honest, but far from hideous and at least they stand out! What I do like is how easily they clean up after a mucky run.
As you would expect with a shoe that is designed to provide more cushioning that the 'racy' GORuns, the Ride3s are more built up and feel more substantial on the foot. The heel is certainly more built up than on the original Rides, which probably lends a little more support, but never feels over-the-top.
The upper is extremely comfortable, however, and I like the way the whole unit – tongue and ankle – comes together to hold the foot in place without feeling restrictive. As with other Skechers shoes, the toe box is deliberately quite wide. It may feel strange at first, but now I'm used to it I wouldn't go back to a narrower shoe.
Something I did find quite noticeable is that the Ride3s seem to have a little more arch support than the original Rides. In my book, this is a good thing as it really helps prevent fatigue on runs over 10 miles. Closer inspection of the shoe shows the sole has more of a pronounced arch to it on the newer version, so I'm guessing this was a deliberate move by Skechers.
On the scales, the Ride3 is a whole 7 grams heavier than the original version (238g vs 245g, single shoe, UK size 9). Hardly noticeable at all. In fact, on the foot the Ride3s actually feel lighter. That's probably because the Ride3s feel more similar to the lighter GORuns than the old Rides did – encouraging a nice mid-foot strike but forgiving poor form at the same time.
The tread pattern on the sole is similar to the old Rides, although with some subtle changes to the texture and placement of the 'sensors' (as Skechers likes to call them). The tread is shallower than before, which actually means the shoes do a better job of resisting the old habit of picking up gravel and small stones.
What is perhaps surprising is how good the Ride 3s are on a variety of surfaces. Okay, they struggle in wet mud but on pavement, gravel, hard trails and even snow (they've been my go-to shoe for running in Stockholm this winter – without any ice spikes) they grip and provide sufficient cushioning to be comfortable throughout.
For me, the Skechers GORun Ride 3 are a big improvement on the original version (and remember, I already liked the mk1 shoe). I find myself wearing them more than the lighter GORuns for training sorties now. For long runs they are invaluable, but you can also do shorter, sharper stuff in them too.
A case of evolution being a good thing.
Learn more about the Skechers GORun Ride3 on their website: http://www.skechers.co.uk/


text:
Q: How to wait for a period of time after a function run If I have a function which I would like my js code to run it immediately but after the run, wait for 2 seconds. How to achieve this logic?
(Note: It is just the inverse logic compare with setTimeout(), since setTimeout() first wait a certain amount of time then execute the function.)

A: I think what you're looking for is a method to suspend the execution of the code until a timeout. Many amateur programmers wish for such a construct, but it doesn't exist in JavaScript. It's not needed. For all purposes in JavaScript setTimeout and setInterval are perfect candidate solutions.
However, JavaScript is a powerful language. You can build your own construct to address this issue. Take a look at Neil Mix's blog post. With his approach you can create a sleep function which can be used along the following lines (note that currently only Firefox supports JavaScript 1.7):
function mainGeneratorFunction() {
    functionToRunFirst();
    yield sleep(2000);
    //rest of the code
}

However, for other browsers don't despair. You can use a hack known as XHR Sleeping. In this approach you simply use a synchronous XMLHttpRequest to call a server side script like php, which then sleeps for the specified time and returns after it wakes up. The JavaScript code is as follows:
function sleep(microseconds) {
    var request = new XMLHttpRequest();
    request.open("GET", "sleep.php?time=" + microseconds, false);
    request.send();
}

functionToRunFirst();
sleep(2000000);
//rest of the code

The php sleep function is as follows:
<?php
    usleep($_GET["time"]);
?>

A: Just put your code inside an anonymous function passed to setTimeout.
e.g.
functionToRunFirst();
setTimeout(function() {
    // rest of code here
}, 2000);

A: using setTimeout is one way to do it
function run() {
    // run this code

    setTimeout(afterTwoSeconds, 2000);
}

function afterTwoSeconds() {
    // run this code two seconds after executing run.
}

// call run
run();

A: what does "wait for 2 seconds" mean? do you mean you want to block a return from the function for 2 seconds?
if so, you can't do that. there is no sleep() function in JavaScript.
you'll have to just use setTimeout()

A: Nothing wrong with the answers above, but a different way is:

$("#somethingThatDoesntExist").fadeTo(2000, 1, function() {
    // two seconds later
});

A: given some filling out on your part, this should run 5 times with half a second timer
var counter = 0;
var arrayOfPicture = []; //fill this out

function gifSimulator() {

    //use the counter as an index in the array, and change the image source of your element with that.

    if (counter < 5) {

        setTimeout(function () {

            counter++;

            gifSimlulator();

        }, 500); //lets wait half a second
    }
}

A: I don't know why you guys going these much. I believe we can do it using Date object. Take the date value first and use setInterval function to wait until we get specified interval (get new Date and check for difference). Once we get that reset the interval function and proceed with your code after that can run.

A: function when(wait,then,timer) {
    var timer = timer || 1;
    var interval = setInterval(function(){
        if(!wait()) {
            clearInterval(interval);
            if(Array.isArray(then) && then.length > 0) {
              return when(then.shift(),then,timer);
            }
            return then();
        }
    }, timer);
}

This function will recursively trigger one function after the other in sequence when the prior function returns false.

function when(wait,then,timer) {
    var timer = timer || 1;
    var interval = setInterval(function(){
        if(!wait()) {
            clearInterval(interval);
            if(Array.isArray(then) && then.length > 0) {
              return when(then.shift(),then,timer);
            }
            return then();
        }
    }, timer);
}

var age = 0;

function grow() {
    age++;
}

function say(word) {
    document.body.innerHTML += ('Age: ' + age + ' = ' + word + '<br>');
}

function born() {
  grow();
  say('hey');
  return age < 2;
}

function young() {
  grow();
  say('play');
  return age < 20;
}

function old() {
  grow();
  say('pay');
  return age < 70;
}

function elderly() {
  grow();
  say('grey');
  return Math.random()*age < 80;
}

function dying() {
  grow();
  say('pray');
  return Math.random()*age < 100;
}

function dead() {
  say('decay');
  return null;
}

when(born,[young,old,elderly,dying,dead]);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
You are at:Home»Archive»FEATURE: Spotlight on Northern Europe
FEATURE: Spotlight on Northern Europe
By Drydock on	 5th July 2017 Archive
The cruise and ferry refit season has seen many yards being busy in Northern Europe of late, with more specialist works to come in the future.
Remontowa SA shipyard in Gdansk, Poland is lengthening four of Finnlines "Breeze series" of vessels to increase vessel capacity to around 1,000 lane metres. Work is scheduled to start in September 2017, with an option for two additional vessels.
The yard is committed to performing the task in less than two months for each vessel, with the whole lengthening programme to be completed in May 2018.
The close to 30% capacity increase will considerably reduce the energy consumption per transported unit compared with the original vessel, thus contributing to reducing emissions. Remontowa SA shipyard is also involved in several other energy efficiency projects, including Finnlines' Finneagle, which is currently in Gdansk having inline hybrid scrubbers and new improved propeller blades installed. Furthermore, passenger capacity is also being increased to 800 by building new passenger areas.
Finnlines places great emphasis on environmental and safety matters and these investments are just another milestone in a long series of investing in sustainable growth.
Remontowa SA has been cooperating with Finnlines for years. The first common projects date back to the year 2006, when the three Finnlines Ro-Ro vessels (Finnpartner, Finntrader and Finnclipper) were converted at the Gdansk based yard. Since then, a dozen or so vessels operated by Finnlines have been repaired, modified or converted at Remontowa SA, which resulted in a long-term mutually beneficial and well established cooperation between the companies.
The shipyard has vast experience in repair and conversion projects as well as special services such as Ballast Water Treatment and scrubber systems installationon-board Ro-Pax'es, Ro-Ro ships and passenger ferries. Remontowa SA has made many such vessels more energy efficient and safe for the environment, optimising hull shapes, replacing bulbous bows and even converting propulsion systems to green fuels.
Heavy lift.
During January, the shipyard docked the Petrobaltic jack-up rig using the semi-submersible heavy lift unit REM LIFT 25000. This has been the 15th offshore platform serviced at Remontowa, and the 5th rig docked on board the heavy lift unit so far.
The Petrobaltic is being converted from a drilling rig into a production unit. Upon completion, the rig will become the central production facility in the B8 field. The Petrobaltic is scheduled to remain docked on board the REM LIFT 25000 for three months.
Busy at H&W
Harland and Wolff has also had a busy first quarter of 2017, working with Stena Line to complete annual inspections and upgrade works including main engine repairs, removal and repair of rudders, blasting and painting, deck repairs, repairs to life saving equipment, and technical enhancements.
Stena Hibernia, Stena Europe, Stena Lagan and Stena Mersey have all been completed and returned to service and Stena Superfast X is currently in drydock. It will be followed by Stena Superfast VIII and three other Stena vessels in a programme scheduled annually to ensure Stena's Irish Sea Fleet is running to optimum efficiency and offering the best possible service to customers, with minimal effect on sailing schedules.
H&W has also been busy with exports to a German windfarm project. The 56 turbine windfarm will use two types of steel foundations: suction bucket jackets and monopiles. The innovative suction bucket design consists of three legs welded together in a jacket structure, standing on top of three giant suction buckets anchoring the foundation to the seabed.
ST3 Offshore, a leading European serial manufacturer of offshore steel foundations, is to fabricate 20 suction bucket jackets for the Borkum Riffgrund 2 offshore windfarm. As part of this agreement, H&W will manufacture and export a significant number of suction buckets – supporting up to 80 jobs in Belfast. The suction buckets manufactured by H&W will be exported from the UK to ST3's advanced serial manufacturing plant in Stettin, Poland, for fitting prior to foundation installation in the German Bight (North Sea) during 2018.
"H&W is delighted to be involved in the Borkum Riffgrund 2 project, continuing to support manufacturing jobs in Belfast and contributing to UK exports," said Jonathan Guest, Director of Business Development at Harland and Wolff. "We are committed to the retention of manufacturing skills in Northern Ireland and projects such as this enable us to both develop our in-house capability and support the local supply chain."
Important refit for Burgess Marine
March saw Britain's largest independent ship repairer and marine engineering services provider, Burgess Marine, dock an Overmarine Mangusta 165 at its refit facility in Portchester, Portsmouth. The 50m long vessel, built in 2007 and displacing approximately 300 tonnes is s powered by three 4500HP MTU diesel engines.
"This refit is very important to the team at Burgess Marine," explains Ray Cutts, Burgess Marine's Technical Director. "With both Portchester and Lowestoft capable of supporting such works, it's important that we continue to develop our presence in the yacht sector."
Burgess Marine is currently involved in numerous large yacht projects, including the refit of a 55m motor yacht in Barcelona via its sister company, Global Services. The business also supplies and supports literally 100s of vessels each and every year.
Cammell Laird's year
The ferry refit and repair season has seen Cammell Laird undertake repair and routine drydockings for a number of RoRo and RoPax customers, including P&O Ferries, Stena Line, Seatruck Ferries, Irish Ferries, the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company and Caledonian McBrayne. Ships worked on included the Clipper Ranger, Ben-My-Chree, Clansman, Finlaggen, Isle of Arran, Isle of Lewis, Loch Portain, Lochinvar, Lord of the Isles, Isle of Inishmore, Jonathan Swift, Manannan, Norbank, Norbay, European Endeavour, Stena Performer, Seatruck Progress and Seatruck Pace.
Cammell Laird managing director,ic Linton Roberts said the total number of drydockings and repairs in 2016 was more than 150, while workforce numbers peaked at 1050 in full time and contractor positions, while apprentice numbers had grown by 21 to 79.
Roberts said the Caledonian MacBrayne's flagship, the 2014-built Loch Seaforth, travelled from Ullapool for an 11-day drydocking in October, followed by the Lord of the Isles and Hebridean Isles and Isle of Mull in November. A variety of other types of vessels were also accommodated, including the Afon Dyfrdwy Airbus wing carrier, in drydock in July, and the Amazone paid a visit for hopper door repairs in the same month. Meanwhile The Galileo G expedition superyacht was an exotic visitor in May.
Cammell Laird saw a quieter year in RFA work ahead of an expected upturn in 2017. Cammell Laird has a through-life support cluster contract to maintain nine of the 13 ships in the RFA flotilla. However, the yard did undertake a dry docking and maintenance period for the RFA Fort Rosalie between October and November.
Elsewhere Cammell Laird repaired Mersey Ferries' Royal Iris following a grounding at the entrance to the Manchester Ship Canal, and fellow Mersey Ferries Royal Daffodil and the dazzle-painted Snowdrop were also drydocked during the year. Meanwhile, bunker tanker Mersey Spirit, hopper barge HAM 602, jack-up Irish Sea Pioneer and tug Switzer Asgarth all visited the shipyard during 2016. The historic steam tugs Daniel Adamson and Kerne departed the shipyard in the middle of the year, both centenarians having completed comprehensive rebuilds. A new visitor to Birkenhead in November was the container vessel Rachel Borchard, docking for repairs.
Roberts said work outside standard drydockings and repairs included a contract for the manufacture and installation of 400t of steelwork to be fitted on board the A2SEA Sea Installer for its upcoming deployment works on the Burbo 2 wind farm extension. "The contract represented a significant win for the company," he said. "The project has seen the manufacture of three main structures, two of which support 12 giant wind turbine blades with the remaining structure supporting four turbine towers. A range of deck fittings have also been manufactured to enable four nacelle hubs to be transported and installed offshore. The structures were delivered in 71 days, and were fitted in a 30 day installation period, showcasing our ability to react to challenges with short lead times. It is important to emphasise our multiple manufacturing locations, which position us ideally to continue to serve the offshore wind and renewables sector."
Strengthen repair and refit activities
Last year also saw Blohm+Voss become part of the Luerssen Group. The Luerssen Group offers a sound ownership structure and is striving towards high customer satisfaction. Luerssen is planning to utilise the shipyard to strengthen its repair and refit activities for commercial ships, navy ships and yachts meaning that all previous refit and repair services, including cruise ships, will continue.
The Hamburg section of the River Elbe is a respected centre of shipbuilding excellence and the city is a perfectly placed hub for an extensive network of partners, suppliers, classification societies, technical services and specialised trades.
Last year the yard repaired, modified and maintained a large number of vessels at its Blohm+Voss shipyard in Hamburg. Among these were refits and repairs for more than half a dozen large cruise ships. In the last years, Hamburg has become a popular destination for passenger vessels and Blohm+Voss is located in the heart of the city, in close proximity to the three Hamburg cruise terminals.
The shipyard is known for high-quality project execution, reliable delivery times and high flexibility. Blohm+Voss has seven docks – three of them can simultaneously accommodate large passenger vessels, and drydock Elbe 17 at 351m long and 59m wide, is one of the largest graving docks in Europe.
Cunard's Queen Mary II was the largest cruise ship refit project undertaken in 2016. Following a year of planning, the iconic liner's most complex master refit was completed in just 21 days. The work included overhauling all four podded propulsion units and organising the logistical support for a complete interior upgrade, as well as the installation of four scrubbers for exhaust gas treatment. A key task was the almost complete renewal of the forward top deck, including the installation of 35 high luxury prefabricated cabins and the renewal and relocation of the sports court.
Another significant refit project involved Carnival's Oriana. She was with the yard for just over two weeks in December for coating works, servicing of the propulsion system, maintenance works on the bow and stern thrusters, extensive repair works on steel and pipework, and the exchange of the chiller units.
More recently Elbe Dock 17 has seen Regal Princes, belonging to the Princess Cruises fleet, in for refit. She was in the yard for 11 days in April 2017 with an upgrade to her technology systems. Princess Cruises are rolling out a new Ocean Medallion Class to their vessels and Regal Princess is one of the first vessels to undergo the changes. It involves new technology, allowing passengers to find their way, access food and beverages, entertainment centres and more, all with a small wristband.
The yard will soon be welcoming the LNG tanker, Christophe de Margerie, into its largest drydock. She will be in for guarantee work and upgrades in her machinery rooms, the accommodation and also the ship's hull.
One of the most important factors for Blohm+Voss' customers is reliability. The majority of large ships are on a tight schedule – whether it be a passenger or a commercial vessel – every day counts. Blohm+Voss pays specific attention to detailed project planning to ensure works are completed on time, so the vessel is back in the water within the agreed time-frame without ever missing a days scheduled cruising.
The yard also sees a clear trend in new green technologies and environmentally friendly solutions, such as the installation of Ballast Water Treatment (BWT) systems or scrubbers. Blohm+Voss says it has integrated both technologies into existing vessels several times and can therefore offer customers the relevant in-house competence in this sector of the market.
All under one umbrella
German Dry Docks AG (GDD), BREDO Dockgesellschaft mbH (BREDO) and Mützelfeldwerft GmbH & Co. KG have formed a shipyard alliance under the umbrella of the German Dry Docks Group. The shipyards preserve their independence and are continuing to trade in the market under their own names.
In the future the three locations will be managed by Guido Försterling (GDD) and Dirk Harms (BREDO). The aim is to harmonise the business segments with a cross-site dock planning. Customers of all three companies will benefit from the common higher flexibility and dock capacity. The shipyard alliance is an important component in order to offer repairs in Germany at the same prices but with even more service.
"Cross-site dock planning is a key element of our strategy," says Harms. "Each shipyard has had to reject orders in the past when its own docks were occupied. Together, we are now able to offer a higher dock capacity and react directly to fluctuating workloads at the sites. The harmonisation of the processes allows us to react to customer requests in a highly flexible and cost-efficient manner. We are hereby establishing a link between the rivers Weser and Elbe."
According to Guido Försterling, both the customers as well as the shipyards with their employees benefit from the combination of the forces. "All three shipyards are specialised in ship repair with a 24/07 service and complement each other in their know-how. Thanks to the alliance, the region is closing ranks. This is also a strong signal in international competition."
Major works completed
Damen Shiprepair & Conversion (DSC) has recently completed works in Vlissingen and Brest on two major vessels in the fleet of dredging and marine construction specialist Jan de Nul Group. One of these is the Vole au vent, a 140-metre jack-up vessel built specifically for
the installation of the latest generation of offshore wind turbines. The other is the trailing suction hopper dredger Leiv Eiriksson. Both vessels are among the largest in their classes, anywhere in the world.
The jack-up vessel Vole au vent arrived at Damen Shiprepair Vlissingen (DSVI) late in 2016 having spent the summer working on the Nobelwind offshore wind farm off the coast of Belgium. She came to DSVl for modifications necessary for her second phase on the Nobelwind project; the installation of the WTG scope. These required the demobilisation of her existing equipment used for the foundation campaign and the installation of a new configuration for the WTG installation phase.
Over the course of two weeks, her 3,400m² main deck was cleared of equipment and temporary structures and restored to its clean, completely flush layout. This allows it to accommodate wind turbine installation equipment and components, towers and blades for its next deployment off the coast of Belgium. DSVl also fabricated and installed some new deck structures including grillages for the transport of the WTG towers and nacelles.
Leiv Eiriksson at Brest
Mid February saw Jan de Nul Groups' 223m trailing suction hopper dredger Leiv Eiriksson departing from Damen Shiprepair Brest after a three-week maintenance programme. This followed an 18-month assignment on a large-scale land reclamation project in Nigeria.
The works included replacement of the 1700mm discharge lines, changing the power cables for the suction arms, fresh paintwork, the assisting of specialist sub-contractors with steering gear, propulsion and thruster repairs, valve repairs and minor steel works. With a hopper volume of 46,000m³ and at 78,500dwt, the Leiv Eiriksson is one of the world's largest dredgers.
"Jan de Nul Group is a valued customer of the Damen Shipyards Group and we are delighted to have been able to deliver the services they required for these impressive vessels within the timescales required," said Carlos de Vliegere, Sales Manager at DSC.
Other recent projects for Jan de Nul Group have included works last year on the multi-purpose vessel Isaac Newton at Damen Shiprepair Vlissingen and on the trailing suction hopper dredger Taccola at Damen Shiprepair Amsterdam.
Drydock repairs at DSDu
Damen Shiprepair Dunkerque (DSDu) has also recently completed major refurbishment works to the yard's floating dry dock. The dock, capable of taking vessels up to 180m in length and lifting 14,000 tonnes, is owned by the Port of Dunkerque (Grand Port Maritime de Dunkerque – GPMD) and is operated by DSDu. It is a major piece of ship repair infrastructure and an important part of the yard's capability to repair and maintain a wide range of vessels.
The dock has recently celebrated its thirtieth anniversary, being built in Germany in 1986 and purchased by GPMD in 2001. After 30 years in service, in which the tank top had undergone only minor repairs, it was time to renew this major part of the overall structure. The contract was awarded to DSDu after a public tendering process and required the replacement of 700 tonnes of steelwork plus 16,000 metres of new welding and the application of 12 tonnes of paint.
The project also demanded a fast turnaround, with just three months available to remove the old steel, fabricate and fit the new tank top and then apply the special paint system. To prepare for that, a dedicated team of 10 engineers spent the previous four months undertaking studies and getting everything ready for work to begin as soon as the dock ceased operations. Then 170 people worked night and day to cut out and remove the old floor, prefabricate the new steel sections and then install the new structure, before finally applying the anti-corrosion treatment to guarantee optimum protection of the new structure. In addition, a new access pontoon for the dock called Dynamo was added. Originally a Damen Stan 5213 pontoon, it was adapted by the yard for its new purpose. Work on the dock began at the start of September 2016 and was completed in mid-December, just in time to receive the first ferry – P&O's European Seaway – marking the start of DSDu's annual winter refit season.
Achieving this deadline required close cooperation between DSDu's steel workers at every level and the various project partners including Quadrant Marine and NIDAB.


Education and Advocacy Honey has a vast array of health benefits, but did you know many bees are treated with antibiotics?
Healthy bees, healthy honey — this simple message guides Canadian company, Oneroot Honey.
The retailer was founded on the idea that single-source, organic raw honey could benefit bees and the environment they need to thrive, as well as consumers seeking a responsible choice for honey.
"Our goal from the beginning was to return to the original roots of beekeeping," says CEO Kevin Park. His father, a beekeeper in Korea for over 40 years, brought his sustainable ethos to Canada when he started his own apiary in 1997.
The company's honey is produced by bees in the Peace River Valley region of Alberta and in Thornloe, ON. The remote northern locations were chosen for their distance from conventional farming, pesticides, and other contaminants.
Honey is naturally antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory, Park explains, so it's important that their honey is never heated or pasteurized. This allows for the preservation of the natural enzymes and traces of pollen in honey that offer a range of digestive health benefits. "It's considered a healthy ingredient, so purity is important," he says.
The apiary's honey always comes from a single source — the company doesn't even mix its Alberta and Ontario honey in an effort to preserve the subtle variations in flavour lent by the different flowers in both regions. Much of the honey on Canadian shelves is a blend sourced from places like Argentina or China, Park notes. Unbeknownst to many, the Canada No. 1 label can be applied even if the honey is only bottled in Canada.
Discover the wonders of Canadian honey on onehoney.ca and use coupon code THENORTH to receive 10% off on all orders.


text:
Het Meer van Ohrid (Macedonisch: Охридско Езеро, Ohridsko Ezero; Albanees: Liqeni i Ohrit) is een van de oudste en diepste meren van Europa. Het ligt op de grens van Noord-Macedonië en Albanië, waarbij het grootste deel tot Noord-Macedonië behoort. De oppervlakte bedraagt 349 km² en de grootste diepte is 296 meter. Op het Balkanschiereiland is alleen het Meer van Shkodër groter en geen enkel meer dieper.

Het meer wordt onder meer gevoed door onderaardse bronnen en door een ondergrondse verbinding vanuit het naburige, 200 meter hoger gelegen Prespameer. Deze bereikt het Meer van Ohrid ter hoogte van het klooster van Sveti Naum. De afwatering van het Meer van Ohrid wordt verzorgd door de rivier de Zwarte Drin, die uiteindelijk in de Adriatische Zee uitmondt.

Het Meer van Ohrid behoort tot de oudste meren van Europa en herbergt dan ook diersoorten die elders niet voorkomen, waaronder de ohridforel (Salmo letnica). Op deze soort wordt intensief gevist, maar hij wordt ook gekweekt.

Naast de visserij is toerisme een belangrijke bron van inkomsten rond het meer. De stad Ohrid aan Macedonische kant was voor het uiteenvallen van Joegoslavië een belangrijke trekpleister en wordt inmiddels opnieuw ontdekt.

Zie ook
 Natuurlijk en cultureel erfgoed van de regio Ohrid

Ohrid
Ohrid
Korçë (prefectuur)
Ohrid
Stroomgebied van de Adriatische Zee

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Computational study of the effects of arterial bifurcation on the temperature distribution during cryosurgery
Yong-Chang Zheng1 na1,
Jun-Hong Wu2 na1,
Zhi-Zhu He3 &
Shao-Jiong Huang3
BioMedical Engineering OnLine volume 17, Article number: 4 (2018) Cite this article
Thermally significant blood flows into locally cooled diseased tissues and warm them during cryosurgery so that the iceball is often hard to cover the whole diseased volume. This paper is aimed at investigating the effects of large arterial bifurcation on the temperature distribution during cryosurgery through simulation method.
A parametric geometry model is introduced to construct a close-to-real arterial bifurcation. The three-dimensional transient conjugate heat transfer between bifurcated artery and solid tissues with phase change during cryosurgery is performed by finite volume method.
The discussion was then made on the effects of the relative position between cryoprobe and artery bifurcation, the inlet velocity of root artery and the layout of multiple cryoprobes on the temperature distribution and iceball evolution. The results show that the thermal interaction between blood flow and iceball growth near bifurcation is considerable complex. The thermal effects of bifurcation could modulate the iceball morphology, severely weaken its freezing volume and prevent the blood vessel from being frozen.
The present work is expected to be valuable in optimizing cryosurgery scheme of the situation that the bifurcated artery is embedded into the disease tissue.
Cryosurgery has been widely demonstrated as an excellent therapeutic approach to destroy the diseased tissues (such as tumor) due to its minimal invasiveness [1,2,3]. In order to freeze and kill the target cells, largely decreasing the temperature of target tissues to below 0 °C is necessary. The temperature distribution in target tissue is the major parameter to evaluate the cryosurgical output. Accordingly, it is very important to accurately control the temperature distribution in order to enhance the destruction of diseased tissues and avoid the injury of healthy tissues.
Blood flow could remarkably affect the temperature distributions during freezing, especially with the presence of large blood vessels (larger than 0.5 mm in diameter) [4]. Thermally significant blood flows into locally cooled diseased tissues and warm them during cryosurgery so that the iceball is often hard to cover the whole diseased volume. Recently the study on thermal behavior of large blood vessels has attracted much attention in the cryosurgery area. Deng et al. [5] adopted infrared thermography system to investigate the thermal effects of large vessels during cryosurgery based on simulation and animal experiments. The results showed that the heating nature of the flowing blood in the large vessels could produce steep temperature gradients and inadequate cooling to the frozen tissues. Numerical simulation method was also used to study the thermal effects of the large blood vessel. In the early research [6], the blood velocity in the line-like vessel was simply considered as constant. The cylindrical cryoprobes and blood vessel were both approximated as cubes. Such simplification would induce numerical errors to the temperature distribution [7]. Latterly, a finite element method based on FEM commercial software was introduced to obtain a more accurate numerical solution of temperature field near blood vessel [8]. However, compared with the investigation for the thermal effects of large vessels on the hyperthermia ablation [9,10,11,12,13,14], study on the similar issues in cryosurgery is still rare.
Compared to single large line-like artery, the bifurcated artery (such as inlet artery in liver) has complicated structure so that the complex blood flow distribution would induce heterogeneous heat transfer surrounding artery bifurcation. In recent years, some investigations focus on the cooling effects of artery bifurcation on the hyperthermia ablation, such as microwave ablation [15, 16] and radio-frequency ablation [17]. However, few investigation contributes to the warm effects of artery bifurcation on the cryosurgery. The details of three-dimensional transient temperature distribution during cryosurgery surrounding artery bifurcation, which is more real and complex, are still unknown. The phase-change heat transfer combined with the convective mechanism of blood flow in arterial bifurcation during cryosurgery would be more complex than that during hyperthermia ablation. Tremendous contributions are needed to probe into such important issues, which are very useful for optimizing cryosurgery scheme of the situation that the bifurcated artery is embedded into the disease tissues. The aim of this paper is to disclose the detailed temperature characteristics of cryosurgery in the vicinity of an arterial bifurcation.
In present study, a parametric geometry model [18] is introduced to construct a close-to-real bifurcated artery. The steady state blood flow is considered here. The three-dimensional transient conjugate heat transfer between bifurcated artery and solid tissues during cryosurgery is performed by finite volume method. Then the relative position between cryoprobe and artery bifurcation, the changes of root vessel inlet velocity and the layout of multiple cryoprobes would be considered to investigate the detailed temperature distribution between bifurcation and cryoprobe. The mechanism of heat transfer between artery bifurcation and solid tissues, the iceball edge evolution would be then revealed to evaluate the thermal effects of large artery bifurcation on the tissue temperature distribution and iceball growth during cryosurgery.
Geometric and mathematical model
Geometric model
The arterial bifurcation is constructed by a parametric model [18], which is represented by two curved tubes with the same size attached to a straight root tube. It could reproduce effectively realistic configuration of arterial bifurcation. The thickness of artery wall is omitted here. The detailed geometry of symmetric arterial bifurcation is illustrated in Fig. 1a, where L1 = 20 mm is the distance from root vessel inlet to bifurcation, L2 = 80 mm is the height of daughter vessel along vertical direction, D0 = 10 mm is the diameter of root vessel [17], \({\text{D}}_{1} = {\text{D}}_{2} = \sqrt[3]{{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-0pt} 2}}}{\text{D}}_{0}\) 7.94 mm is the diameter of daughter vessels, Ф = 60° is the angle of bifurcation. The arterial bifurcation is embedded in cylindrical solid tissues with diameter D t = 120 mm and length L t = L1 + L2 = 100 mm (see Fig. 1b). Single cylindrical cryoprobe with diameter Dp = 4 mm inserts the solid tissue near the bifurcation site along horizontal direction. The distance from cryoprobe center to bifurcation point denotes as Ld (see Fig. 1a). The probe shape is illustrated in Fig. 1c. The cryoprobe has two parts, adiabatic shaft and active tip with length Lp = 22 mm, which could lead to an extremely low temperature (such as − 196 °C of liquid nitrogen).
Schematic diagram of the bifurcated artery (a) and computational field (b). The shape of probe is illustrated in (c)
Governing equation
During cryosurgery, the solid tissues consist of unfrozen region (T > T u ), transition field (T l ≤ T ≤ T u ) and frozen area (T < T l ) according to temperature distribution, where T l and T u denote respectively the lower and upper phase transition temperature of solid tissues. Then the Pennes bioheat transfer equation for whole solid tissues based on the effective heat capacity method [6] could be written as
$$\hat{C}\frac{{\partial T_{t} }}{\partial t}\, = \,\nabla \cdot \left( {\hat{\kappa }\nabla T_{t} } \right)\, + \,\hat{\omega }_{cb} C_{b} \left( {T_{cb} \, - \,T_{t} } \right)\, + \,\hat{Q}_{m} ,$$
T t is the temperature of solid tissues and T cb denotes the temperature of blood perfusion from capillary vessel. C b is the heat capacity of blood. In addition, the detailed expression of \(\hat{C}\) the effective tissue heat capacity, \(\hat{\kappa }\) the effective tissue thermal conductivity, \(\hat{\omega }_{cb}\) the effective blood perfusion and \(\hat{Q}_{m}\) the effective tissue metabolic heat generation are determined by solid tissue state, which is given by
$$\hat{C}\, = \,\left\{ \begin{aligned} C_{f} \quad \quad T\, < \,T_{l} \hfill \\ \frac{{Q_{f} }}{{T_{u} \, - \,T_{l} }}\, + \,\left[ {C_{f} + \left( {C_{u} \, - \,C_{f} } \right)\frac{{T\, - \,T_{l} }}{{T_{u} \, - \,T_{l} }}} \right]\quad T_{l} \, \le \,T\, \le \,T_{u} \hfill \\ C_{t} \quad \quad T\, > \,T_{u} \hfill \\ \end{aligned} \right.,$$
$$\hat{\kappa }\, = \,\left\{ \begin{aligned} & \kappa_{f} \quad \quad T\, < \,T_{l} \\ & \kappa_{f} \, + \,\left( {\kappa_{u} \, - \,\kappa_{f} } \right)\frac{{T\, - \,T_{l} }}{{T_{u} \, - \,T_{l} }}\quad T_{l} \, \le \,T\, \le \,T_{u} \\ & \kappa_{t} \quad \quad T\, > \,T_{u} \\ \end{aligned} \right.,$$
$$\hat{\omega }_{b} \, = \,\left\{ \begin{aligned} & 0\quad \quad T\, < \,T_{l} \hfill \\ & 0\quad \quad T_{l} \, \le \,T\, \le \,T_{u} \hfill \\ & \omega_{b} \quad \quad T\, > \,T_{u} \hfill \\ \end{aligned} \right.,\quad \hat{Q}_{m} \, = \,\left\{ \begin{aligned} & 0\quad \quad T\, < \,T_{l} \hfill \\ & 0\quad \quad T_{l} \, \le \,T\, \le \,T_{u} \hfill \\ & Q_{m} \quad \quad T\, > \,T_{u} \hfill \\ \end{aligned} \right.,$$
The thermo-physical parameters involved in the above equation could be found in [6]:C t = C b = 3.6 MJ/m3K, C f = 1.8 MJ/m3K, ω cb = 5 × 10−4/s, Q m = 420 J/m3, κ f = 2 W/mK, κ t = κ b = 0.5 W/mK, L f = 250 MJ/m3, Tcb = 37 °C, T u = − 1 °C and T l = − 8 °C. Blood viscosity is μ = 2.5 × 10−3 Ns/m2.
The blood is modeled as incompressible and Newtonian flow, which is governed by Navier–Stokes equation. In the present study, the blood in bifurcated artery domain has large undercooling and could not be frozen due to flow. Then the blood velocity here is considered as steady and independent on the temperature. The energy equation for artery domain could be given as
$$C_{b} \left( {\frac{{\partial T_{b} }}{\partial t}\, + \,V \cdot \nabla T_{b} } \right)\, = \,\nabla \cdot \left( {\kappa_{b} \nabla T_{b} } \right)$$
where T b denotes the temperature in bifurcated artery. The heat transfer in solid tissues described by Eq. (1) and bifurcated artery presented in Eq. (5) could be combined by the interface between them, which is a typical conjugate heat transfer problem.
Boundary condition
For solid tissues boundary, the thermal condition is considered as adiabatic wall boundary. The inlet velocity of the root artery adopts parabolic velocity profile u(r) = 2 V[1 − (2r/D0)2], where V is average velocity and r the radial position. The inlet temperature of the root artery assumes as constant T0 = 37 °C. The outlet boundary of the daughter bifurcation artery adopts the pressure boundary, where the reference pressure is set as zero. The interface between solid tissues and cryoprobes tip is set as T p = − 196 °C.
Finite volume analysis tool
Firstly, the geometrical model of bifurcated artery constructed from software Solidworks imports into mesh generation software Gambit. Mesh size in artery domains is 1 mm so that about 10,000 tetrahedral elements and 20,000 nodes are obtained. The nonuniform mesh is used to map the solid tissues. The mesh size 0.6 mm is used for the field close to active cryoprobe, where the large temperature gradient happens during cryosurgery. The mesh size 2 mm is used for the field far away from the active cryoprobe. Thus there are about 1,500,000 tetrahedral elements and 270,000 nodes for the whole solid tissues. After creating the mesh, Gambit generates an input file to the finite volume package Fluent 6.3, which has been extensively utilized to address a variety of practical engineering problems nowadays. The blood flow and temperature analysis are solved according to SIMPLE and second order up wind algorithms.
For every numerical simulation case, the steady blood velocity profile is firstly performed and considered as input parameters to solve the transient temperature field evolution. The second order upwind scheme is used to discretize the convectional term in Eq. (5). The first order implicit scheme is used for time evolution. The nonuniform time step is applied to improve the stability of numerical simulation. At the beginning of freezing, the temperature distribution near cryoprobe has large gradient and changes violently from 37 to − 196 °C in a short time. Thus the small time step is applied to improve the stability of numerical simulation.
$$\Delta t\, = \,\left\{ \begin{aligned} & 0.005\,s\quad \,\,\,t\, < \,1\,s \\ & 0.01\,s\quad \quad 1\,s\, \le \,t\, \le \,5\,s \\ & 0.05\,s\quad \quad 5\,s\, < \,t\, \le \,100\,s \\ & 0.1\,s\quad \quad \,\,\,100\,s\, < \,t \\ \end{aligned} \right.$$
Steady blood velocity distribution
Before solving the temperature evolution during cryosurgery, we have to obtain the velocity distribution in artery. Figure 2 shows the contours of blood velocity magnitude in x = 0, y = 0 and different height cross-section planes of bifurcated artery. A fully developed laminar blood with parabola velocity profile (V = 0.20 m/s) flows into the root vessel. With the increase of cross-section area, the amplitude of velocity parabola velocity distribution becomes weaker. When the blood flow approaches to bifurcation, the velocity is close to zero, which lead to a low velocity field near bifurcation. A boundary layer formed near the inside wall downstream from the flow bifurcation, with the maximum axial velocity just outside this domain. Another low velocity field happens at the outer wall of two daughter vessels inlet segment, where the blood flow presents the recirculation pattern. The blood flow entering into daughter vessels presents skewed structure toward the inner wall and develops finally a similar parabola profile. One can clearly find from Fig. 2 that compared to the simple blood flow with parabola pattern in single large line-like artery, the flow pattern in the bifurcation presents the complicated structure. This complexity would induce the inhomogeneous convective heat transfer between solid tissues and arterial bifurcation. The heat transfer would be enhanced in high velocity and weaken in low velocity fields.
Contours of blood velocity magnitude in the planar plane: x = 0, y = 0 and different height cross-section planes of bifurcated artery, where V0 = 0.20 m/s
Thermal interaction between iceball evolution and arterial bifurcation
Firstly, a case with small distance Ld = 20 mm between cryoprobe and bifurcation point is considered here. Figure 3 shows the temperature distribution in the plane x = 0, y = 0 and z = − 30 mm of bifurcated artery (Fig. 3a) and the iceball pattern view from x axis direction and temperature contours in the plane x = 0 (Fig. 3b) at freezing time t = 20 min. The iceball boundary in present study is defined as iso-surface of T = 0 °C. In order to focus on the temperature variation in the whole bifurcated artery, the contour interval is here set as (32.5, 37.5 °C) (Fig. 3a). In fact, the lowest temperature for artery domains, which happens on the inner wall of branching artery closest to cryoprobe, could reach 5 °C. This temperature could not decrease with freezing time evolution. It indicates that the warm blood flow prevents the artery from being frozen. However, one should note that the blood in the artery may be frozen for a shorter distance Ld or a smaller inlet velocity of the root artery. The temperature in the vicinity of bifurcation point keeps at a relatively high level about 35 °C. From Fig. 3a, one can see that the bifurcated artery domains close to cryoprobe has a lower temperature distribution so that the following catchment area would be cooling. From Fig. 3b, we can see that the iceball stops evolution when encountering the arterial bifurcation. The large temperature gradient between iceball and artery wall is helpful to convective heat transfer which would enhance the thermal effects of blood flow. Different from line-like artery, the arterial bifurcation would lead to a more irregular iceball, which may make the target tissue frozen incompletely.
The temperature distribution in the plane x = 0, y = 0 and z = − 30 mm of bifurcated artery (a) and the iceball pattern view from x axis direction and temperature contours in the plane x = 0 (b) at freezing time t = 20 min (Dp = 4 mm) position for Ld = 20 mm
Figure 4 shows the iceball pattern view from z axis direction and temperature contours in the center plane of cryoprobe (Dp = 4 mm) for its different positions, Ld = 20 mm (Fig. 4a), Ld = 30 mm (Fig. 4b) and Ld = 40 mm (Fig. 4c) at freezing time t = 20 min. It is easy to find from Fig. 4 that the intensity of thermal interaction between iceball and artery bifurcation becomes weaker with increase of the relative distance between cryoprobe and bifurcation. The shorter distance between cryoprobe and artery would advance their thermal interaction during freezing. The iceball formation induced by cryoprobe has a limited volume. Thus the thermal effects from warm blood flow on the iceball would disappear when their distance is beyond available range. Clinical practice for cryosurgery has demonstrated that the most serious cryoinjury is achieved when the target tissue undergo below so-called lethal temperature, which is considered currently as in the range of − 50 to − 40 °C [3]. Table 1 presents the volume of iceball and lethal domains (where the temperature is below − 40 °C) for different cryoprobe positions. Both the volume of iceball and lethal domain increase when the cryoprobe is far away from arterial bifurcation.
The iceball pattern view from z axis direction and temperature contours in the cryoprobe center plane for different cryoprobe (Dp = 4 mm) positions, a Ld = 20 mm, b Ld = 30 mm, c Ld = 40 mm, at freezing time t = 20 min
Table 1 The iceball volume (T = 0 °C) and the lethal volume (T = − 40 °C) for different cryoprobe positions at freezing time t = 20 min
Figure 5 records the temperature evolution of the point (located on the center-line of cylinder) with a distance 12 mm from cryoprobe centerline for different cryoprobe (Dp = 4 mm) positions Ld = 20 mm, Ld = 30 mm and Ld = 40 mm. The temperature remains at a high level for Ld = 20 mm due to strong thermal effects of warm blood flow. At the beginning of the freezing process, the temperature of the recorded point has the consistent cooling rate for each position. Such consistence would keep longer time with increase of Ld. The reason is that at freezing initial stage a large distance between the iceball and artery leads to a weak thermal interaction. Thus the temperature of the recorded point close to cryoprobe is mainly determined by iceball at initial freezing stage. Figure 6 shows the total heat flux evolution of bifurcated artery surface for different cryoprobe (Dp = 4 mm) positions. With increase of Ld, the total heat flux of bifurcated artery surface significantly decrease. This is mainly because the longer distance weaken the thermal effects of the blood flow.
The temperature evolution of the point (located on the line Ld) with distance 12 mm from cryoprobe centerline for different cryoprobe (Dp = 4 mm) positions Ld = 20 mm, Ld = 30 mm and Ld = 40 mm
The total heat flux evolution of bifurcated artery surface for different cryoprobe (Dp = 4 mm) positions Ld = 20 mm, Ld = 30 mm and Ld = 40 mm
In order to evaluate the effects of arterial bifurcation on the iceball growth, different inlet velocities of artery root are considered. Figure 7 represents the temperature distribution of the line: ([− 60 60], 0, − 50) mm for different inlet average velocities V = 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 m/s with the same cryoprobe position Ld = 30 mm and freezing time t = 20 min. Figure 8 illustrates the total heat flux evolution of bifurcated artery surface for different inlet average velocities. Both Figs. 7 and 8 indicate that the smaller velocity would induces more weak thermal effects of arterial bifurcation. In addition, with inlet velocity increase, the artery thermal effects become flats, such as cases V = 0.20 and 0.30 m/s. The results are also demonstrated by evaluating both the iceball and lethal volumes for different inlet velocity cases (shown in Table 2).
The temperature distribution of the line: ([− 60 60], 0, − 50) mm for different inlet velocity V = 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 m/s with cryoprobe position Ld = 30 mm and freezing time t = 20 min
The total heat flux evolution of bifurcated artery surface for different inlet velocity V = 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 m/s with cryoprobe position Ld = 30 mm
Table 2 The iceball volume (T = 0 °C) and the lethal volume (T = − 40 °C) for different inlet velocity with the same cryoprobe position Ld = 30 mm and freezing time t = 20 min
For cryosurgery practice, except for killing tumor cells, another important task is to prevent organs and large vessels from being damaged. Table 3 lists the treatment time of cryosurgery when the minimum temperature of the bifurcated artery surface approaches to the freezing temperature (T = 0 °C) with different cryoprobe positions and inlet velocities of artery root. As can be seen from Table 3, different cryoprobe positions and inlet velocities of artery root have strong impacts on the treatment time of cryosurgery. When Ld equals to 10 mm and 15 mm, the treatment time of cryosurgery should not exceed 65 s. And when the large cryoprobe distance is adopted, the bifurcated artery could avoid the injury owing to the thermal effects of blood flow.
Table 3 The treatment time of cryosurgery when the minimum temperature of the bifurcated artery surface approaches to the freezing temperature (T = 0 °C) according to different cryoprobe positions and inlet velocities of artery root
Single cryoprobe often fails to overcome the large and irregular diseased tissues. Here, three cryoprobes array is used to freeze large fields. Three cryoprobes with diameter Dp = 2 mm and active length Lp = 20 mm are distributed uniformly on the circumference with radius 20 mm. Its center locates on the center-line of cylinder with Ld = 30 mm. Figure 9 shows that the iceball view from x direction and y direction for three cryoprobes at different freezing time. Three single iceballs are formed at initial cooling stage and combined fast to a large ingle iceball under a high-strength freezing. It can be seen from Fig. 9 that the three iceball induced by different cryoprobes have different growth rates due to varied cryoprobe positions and the inhomogeneous convective heat transfer between solid tissue and arterial bifurcation.
Fig 9
The iceball view form x direction and y direction for three cryoprobes with freezing evolution: a t = 5 min, b t = 15 min, c t = 25 min, other parameters Dp = 2 mm, where V = 0.20 m/s
Figure 10 shows the iceball volume and lethal volume for three cryoprobes cryosurgery with freezing time evolution. Both iceball and lethal volumes' growth rate is high at initial freezing stage and becomes lower at later freezing stage. In fact, this growth rate would approach zero after a longer freezing time, while it could not be observed in present short freezing time.
Fig 10
The iceball volume a and lethal volume b for three-cryoprobe cryosurgery for freezing time evolution
In summary, the present paper has adopted three dimensional numerical simulation method to investigate the thermal effects of arterial bifurcation on temperature responses during cryosurgery based on single and multiple cryoprobe system. We have investigated in detail that the blood velocity distribution in arterial bifurcation and its effects on the iceball growth. The results indicate that complex blood velocity distribution could induce the inhomogeneous convective heat transfer between solid tissue and arterial bifurcation. Thus the iceball near arterial bifurcation presents strong irregular geometry. The blood flow of bifurcated artery has significant heating effects on the target freezing domains. It is also noteworthy that the artery wall is easily suffering from cold injury, which should be paid by special attention. In order to protect the artery wall, nanoparticle and external fields [19, 20] could be applied to enhance heat transfer near artery wall with low temperature.
Rubinsky B. Cryosurgery. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2000;2:157–87.
Gage AA, Baust JG. Cryosurgery for tumors—a clinical overview. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2004;3:187–99.
Gage AA, Baust J. Mechanisms of tissue injury in cryosurgery. Cryobiology. 1998;37:171–86.
Kotte A, Leeuwen GV, Bree JD, et al. A description of discrete vessel segments in thermal modeling of tissues. Phys Med Biol. 1996;41:865–84.
Deng ZS, Liu J, Wang HW. Disclosure of the significant thermal effects of large blood vessels during cryosurgery through infrared temperature mapping. Int J Therm Sci. 2008;47:530–45.
Deng ZS, Liu J. Numerical study of the effects of large blood vessels on three-dimensional tissue temperature profiles during cryosurgery. Numer Heat Transf Part A Appl. 2006;49:47–67.
He ZZ, Liu J. The effects of blood flow on the iceball evolution during a multiple probes cryosurgery. In: ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition. 2011.
Kim C, O'Rourke AP, Will JA, et al. Finite-element analysis of hepatic cryoablation around a large blood vessel. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2008;55:2087–93.
Horng TL, Lin WL, Liauh CT, et al. Effects of pulsatile blood flow in large vessels on thermal dose distribution during thermal therapy. Med Phys. 2007;34:1312–20.
Kolios MC, Sherar MD, Hunt JW. Large blood-vessel cooling in heated tissues—a numerical study. Phys Med Biol. 1995;40:477–94.
Payne S, Flanagan R, Pollari M, et al. Image-based multi-scale modelling and validation of radio-frequency ablation in liver tumours. Phil Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2011;369:4233–54.
MathSciNet Article MATH Google Scholar
Huang HW, Shih TC, Liauh CT, et al. Computer simulation of 3-d temperature and power distributions in tissue with a countercurrent blood vessels network during hyperthermia. J Med Biol Eng. 2009;29:252–8.
Lagendijk JJW. Hyperthermia treatment planning. Phys Med Biol. 2000;45:61–76.
Chen ZP, Roemer RB. The effects of large blood-vessels on temperature distributions during simulated hyperthermia. J Biomech Eng Trans ASME. 1992;114:473–81.
Liu YJ, Qiao AK, Nan Q, et al. Thermal characteristics of microwave ablation in the vicinity of an arterial bifurcation. Int J Hyperth. 2006;22:491–506.
Lu YL, Nan Q, Du JJ, et al. Experimental study on thermal field in the vicinity of arterial bifurcation in microwave ablation therapy. Int J Hyperth. 2010;26:316–26.
Hariharan P, Chang I, Myers MR, et al. Radio-frequency ablation in a realistic reconstructed hepatic tissue. J Biomech Eng Trans ASME. 2007;129:354–64.
Zakaria H, Robertson AM, Kerber CW. A parametric model for studies of flow in arterial bifurcations. Ann Biomed Eng. 2008;36:1515–30.
Bhatti MM, Zeeshan A, Ellahi R. Endoscope analysis on peristaltic blood flow of Sisko fluid with titanium magneto-nanoparticles. Comput Biol Med. 2016;78:29–41.
Abbas MA, Bai YQ, Rashidi MM, Bhatti MM. Application of drug delivery in Magnetohydrodynamics peristaltic blood flow of nanofluid in a non-uniform channel. J Mech Med Biol. 2016;16:1650052–66.
YCZ and JHW performed the computations, analyzed the data, and wrote the draft paper. SJH analyzed the data and wrote the draft paper. ZZH conceived and designed this study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 51476181 and 61675236.
The authors declare that this study does not involve human subjects, human material and human data.
Yong-Chang Zheng and Jun-Hong Wu contributed equally to this work
Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
Yong-Chang Zheng
College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
Jun-Hong Wu
Vehicle Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
Zhi-Zhu He & Shao-Jiong Huang
Zhi-Zhu He
Shao-Jiong Huang
Correspondence to Zhi-Zhu He or Shao-Jiong Huang.
Zheng, YC., Wu, JH., He, ZZ. et al. Computational study of the effects of arterial bifurcation on the temperature distribution during cryosurgery. BioMed Eng OnLine 17, 4 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-018-0438-z
Bioheat transfer
Numerical simulation
Arterial bifurcation
Blood thermal effect


If you don't see what you want, we will make it for you!
If you can dream it, we can make it! If there's an object or logo that you want and don't see it on the website, just let us know what you would like. Since we make all of our own molds from food-safe silicone, we can create just about anything. Every piece is customizable by color and flavor, any color or flavor combination is possible and we LOVE a challenge! Our candy is always prepared free of peanuts, tree nuts, eggs, shellfish, wheat, soy, and dairy, and can be made dye-free (but full of flavor) upon request. We would really like to make something wonderful for you.
Call 617.872.9019 or email us at custom@puresugarcandy.com. We will spend some time with you and put together something really great!
Custom molds are an additional charge.
A 50% deposit is required to finalize all custom orders.
Custom Labels are available for an additional cost.


It doesn´t matter how many times you stumble and it doesn´t matter how many times you stop believing. In the moment you decide again with your whole heart that you belong to love and love only and that the fear you felt is not going to rob you of your freedom, not now and not ever, the divine design is going to rearrange all the relationships and all the circumstances so your outer world can match your inner state of freedom. There is no coincidence possible in the universe created by love itself. Every time you stumble, it is because you have been looking in the wrong direction and relying on your own power. And in your stumbling you will realize that God was holding your hand all this time and it doesn´t matter how many times you stumble, his presence is going to keep you safe and take you wherever you are supposed to be in just the right time, so you won´t miss the miracles waiting for you.
Your heart knows the way and your mind has to catch up with the vision of your heart. The vision is kept safe in your heart and it can´t be lost nor deserved. It is there waiting for you to be ready to receive it. You don´t have to work hard for it and your effort is not needed either. What is going to unlock the revelation you have been looking for – the joy and the freedom you think are missing in your life – is your willingness to enter into the sacred space of your heart where your truth can be, finally, found.
When you have a nagging feeling that there has to be more to life than what you are experiencing right now, I have good news: there certainly is. However, you won´t find this more outside of yourself. What you are lacking and what your being is looking for is the connection with your true Self that would give meaning to every interaction, work and event of your life. The connection between your heart and your mind is what gives you the power to express who you truly are in whatever situation you find yourself in. It is natural that we seek beauty, freedom, love and happiness. They are all extensions of our soul, however, without finding the beauty, freedom, love and happiness within ourselves first – in the connection with the God of our understanding – we are going to look for them outside in the outer world and what we are going to find will never satisfy the emptiness we are feeling in our soul. In order to create a fulfilling relationship with anyone, you have to be married to your own heart in the first place. Otherwise, you are going to try to use every person, job and circumstance you will encounter to fill the hole they weren´t meant to fill.
To lead a meaningful life, you have to anchor yourself in your truth. Your truth is the joy, love and freedom you feel, when you are connected to your heart. There are many ways to freedom; however, each of them is going to lead you back to the center of your being – to your heart.
Sometimes you are showed a glimpse of what is possible for you and you will feel the vision of love being literally imprinted on your heart. What I tend to do after the flashes of inspiration have visited my mind and after I have felt the guidance of God is that I try to achieve what I have seen is possible for me. And every time I stumble, as soon as I take the first few steps by myself. However, that usually doesn´t discourage me, because I have received the desire and I think I know what to do with it. Nevertheless, I always have to stumble a few more times until outside circumstances bring me to my knees and I find myself unable to get up without help. Every time I do this, I am reminded that it is not by my own willpower that I will reach God´s vision for my life. Love gave us the vision and that means that only love knows the way we will get there. If we believe that we can make it on our own, we will stumble and we will get lost, because our mind can´t lead us to the destination that was chosen by our heart.
I have discovered that the magic happens in the moments when we think we have started to fall again. While falling, we usually release all of the expectations and illusions that made us rely on our own mind and our own strength. And in the moment when we can see clearly that our own strength can´t possibly create a manifestation of a divine idea in our life, we are liberated to let go and we find out that instead of falling we were freed to fly. The magic in falling down is that we always land right in the embrace of love.