text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:1}
Inorganic luminophore based screens made of ZnS have been known since the turn of the 20th Century when first used as single particle detectors \cite{Crookes1903} or for the pioneering work on atomic structure \cite{Geiger1913}.
Since then the luminescent properties of luminophores have been developed from both organic and inorganic compounds and tailored to a multitude of applications and subjects from high-energy particle physics experiments through x-ray tomography and medical diagnostics to accelerator beam diagnostics as well as industrial applications such as new display technologies.

High-intensity secondary beams of muons and pions are in ever increasing demand to match the required intensity needs of a spectrum of fundamental experiments both in the low-energy precision sector: cLFV, muonic-atom/muonium spectroscopy, muon anomalous magnetic moment/electric dipole moment (g-2/EDM) and at the high-energy scale, such as the front-end sources for a neutrino factory or muon collider or the high-energy version muon g-2 measurement.

In order to achieve the sensitivity goal of such experiments, it is essential to be able to reliably check the beam optics and have the ability to tune the beams to maximize intensity, while minimizing beam-correlated background and maintaining a good achromaticity at the final focus for stopped beams.
This ideally requires non-invasive, in vacuum, detectors capable of working at high intensities and being sufficiently radiation hard.

The most intense continuous surface muon beams in the world exist at PSI, with muon yields in excess of 10$^{8}$ muons/s \cite{PSIHandbook}.
The PiE5 channel coupled to either the MEG or Compact Muon Beam Line (CMBL) feeds the two cLFV search experiments MEG~II \cite{Baldini2018} and phase I of Mu3e \cite{Blondel2013}, which both require running at the maximum intensity and hence require beam diagnostics during tuning and ideally non-invasive diagnostics during data-taking. The former was generally achieved using an automated remote 2-D beam scanning pill scintillation detector system.
Although a very reliable and stable technique, able to handle rates $\mathcal{O}$(10$^{9}$), it is however an invasive and somewhat time-consuming method.
In order to improve on this, a non-invasive, in-situ vacuum measurement was sought capable of handling a high-rate environment and without corrections required for multiple scattering in beam windows or air, as with the beam scanner system.
For low-energy surface muon beams of 28~MeV/c with a kinetic energy of 3647~keV, close to the kinematic edge of stopped pion decay, very thin foils at the sub-10-micron level are required, if not used as a degrader.
This is necessary in order to minimize multiple scattering while maintaining sufficient light-yield for image capture, since the mean range is of the order of 480~$\mu$m in CsI.
To this purpose we have developed a luminophore foil of CsI(Tl) of a few microns in thickness on a polyester (PET) substrate of 3 microns, produced by thermal vapour deposition.

Although the use of CCD imaging of CsI(Tl) plates/screens/foils has been known for a while, its usage has been mainly in the areas of X-ray imaging/radiography \cite{Nagarkar1998,Cha2009} or with primary ion beams of higher current density involving beam profiling with either thicker layers of CsI or thicker substrates \cite{Cosentino2003,Harasimowicz2010,Re2005}.
Hence, primarily beam destructive measurements.
Secondary beams such as pions and muons, even at the intensity frontier, distinguish themselves from their primary production counterparts by their larger emittances and smaller current densities.
Secondary beam monitoring techniques employed at some of the dedicated pion and muon beam facilities around the world such as RIKEN-RAL in the UK, J-PARC MUSE facility in Japan or PSI in Switzerland, use extractable, destructive imaging techniques of scintillation plates \cite{Eaton1994,Lord2010,Ito2014} placed in the beam.
Other less invasive techniques such as scintillating fibre arrays are also used \cite{Stoykov2005,Strasser2010,Ripiccini2016}.
In this paper we concentrate on the use of ultra-thin luminophore detection foils capable of detecting a low-energy continuous particle beam with beam-spot current densities ranging from $\sim$ (0.3-30)~fA/mm$^{2}$, corresponding to (10$^{7}$-10$^{9}$) particles/s.
In \Cref{sec:2} we give a brief overview of the foil production, the CCD imaging systems used and general image analysis procedure, as well as the intrinsic characteristics of such foils, while in \Cref{sec:3} we demonstrate their usefulness in characterizing the beam properties of a high-intensity surface muon beam and compare the results to our standard 2-D remote scanning pill scintillator system.
In \Cref{sec:4} we briefly look to the future.

\section{Luminophore foil production, CCD imaging and foil intrinsic characteristics}\label{sec:2}
CsI(Tl) is a well-known scintillation medium, with a high light yield of $\sim$ 54 thousand photons per MeV energy deposition \cite{SGCsI}.
It also has an optimal emission spectrum, well matched to the sensitivity of most common CCD visible light sensors (see below) and hence is a favourable candidate as a luminophore foil beam monitor.

\subsection{Foil production}
The thermal vapour deposition technique we used is described elsewhere \cite{Kozyrev2016} in the context of later developed luminophores specifically for X-ray imaging, so here we provide only a brief overview together with the differences.
A mixture of CsI and Tl (doping concentration $\sim$0.08~mole\%) was maintained at a temperature of 680~$^{\circ}$C in a tantalum boat placed some 65 cm below the rotating, frame-mounted ultra-thin PET substrate.
The 3~$\mu$m thick and 130 mm diameter substrate was maintained at 25~$^{\circ}$C and subjected to a pressure of 5-10$^{-3}$~Pa during the process.
The deposition rate was kept low (17$\pm$2~\AA/s) in order to achieve an even coverage.
The CsI(Tl) layer structure, when analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), was found to consist of grains between 2-5~$\mu$m in size \cite{Kozyrev2016}.

Of the four foils employed in these measurements see \Cref{tab:1}, one (foil~4) had a 100~nm layer of Al deposited on the PET substrate prior to vapour deposition.
This was intended to act as a mirror, however, the CsI layer here was only 3~$\mu$m thick, whereas the foils 1-3 had layers of between 5.0-5.2~$\mu$m thickness.
None of the foils had a special surface coating added as mentioned in \cite{Kozyrev2016}.
An example of such a frame-mounted foil is shown in \Cref{fig:1}.

\begin{table}[!h]
  \centering
  \caption{Luminophore foil characteristics used in the measurements.}
	\begin{tabular*}{\linewidth}{@{\extracolsep{\fill}} l c c c @{}}
	\toprule
	Foil & \thead{\small CsI layer \\ {[$\mu$m]}} & \thead{\small Al layer \\ {[nm]}} & \thead{\small Active dia. \\ {[mm]}} \\
	\midrule
	Foil 1	& 5.0 		& - 	& 125 \\
	Foil 2	& 5.2		& - 	& 125 \\
	Foil 3	& 5.1		& - 	& 125 \\
	Foil 4	& 3.0		& 100	& 125 \\
	\bottomrule
 	\end{tabular*}
  \label{tab:1}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig1.jpg}
   \caption{Example of a luminophore foil, showing Foil 3 with an active diameter of 125 mm.}
   \label{fig:1}
\end{figure}

\subsection{CCD Imaging and image analysis overview}\label{sec:2.2}
\begin{table*}[htp]
	\centering
	\caption{Main technical specifications of the IDS, ORCA and QSI camera systems taken from \cite{IDS,ORCA,QSI}.}
	\begin{tabular*}{\linewidth}{@{\extracolsep{\fill}} l c c c c c @{}}
		\toprule
		Camera	& \thead{\small Resolution (Sensor) \\ {[pixels]}}	& \thead{\small Pixel Size \\ {[$\mu$m]}}	& \thead{\small Full Well Capacity \\ {[e]}}	& Bit Depth	& Peak QE \\
		\midrule
		\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}} IDS \\ UI-2220SE \end{tabular}	& \begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}} 768$\times$576 \\ (Sony ICX415AL) \end{tabular}	& 8.3$\times$8.3	& 15300	& 8	& 39\% @~533~nm \\
		\midrule
		\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}} Hamamatsu \\ ORCA Flash 4.0 V2 \\ C11440-22C \end{tabular} 	& \begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}} 2048$\times$2048 \\ (Sci. CMOS Sen. typ FL-400) \end{tabular}	& 6.5$\times$6.5	& 30000	& 16	& 73\% @~560~nm \\
		\midrule
		\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}} QSI \\ RS9.2S \end{tabular}	& \begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}} 3388$\times$2712 \\ (Sony ICX814)	 \end{tabular} & 3.69$\times$3.69	& 18000	& 16	& 77 \% @~560~nm \\
		\bottomrule
	\end{tabular*}
	\label{tab:2}
\end{table*}
In total three different types of Camera system were used during the development of the beam monitor described here.
The relevant technical specifications for each system are shown in \Cref{tab:2}.
The IDS UI-2220SE is a non-cooled, low resolution (0.44~Mpixels) CCD camera with an 8-bit depth, while the 16-bit high resolution (4~Mpixels) Hamamatsu ORCA Flash 4.0 is a thermoelectric/liquid cooled CMOS camera with a much higher dynamic range than the IDS.
Both of these cameras were used extensively for the muon beam measurements.
The 16-bit QSI RS-9.2S camera with its high resolution (9.2~Mpixels) was procured for the final beam line installation and specifically used for the luminophore characterization, as this thermoelectric/liquid cooled CCD with its particularly high dynamic range shows, when cooled, a superior dark current to the other cameras.
The main lens used for the majority of measurements was a Canon Telephoto lens EF-S 18-200~mm f/3.5-5.6~IS, which served to meet the varying setup conditions required during the testing, in and out of the beam.

Analysis of the CCD images was common to all cameras and involved taking a series of typically five beam images, as well as an equivalent set of background images.
In the case of beam imaging the background was taken with the channel beam-blocker closed and for the same exposure time as the beam image, so enabling the subtraction of any stray light from other sources, as well as the inherent thermal noise of the sensor.
Furthermore, calibration images of the foil with its calibration-grid (see \Cref{fig:21}) illuminated using a UV-LED were also taken and served two-fold: firstly, as means of calibrating the image pixel-to-mm ratio and secondly to perform any image perspective transformations required when viewing the foil off-axis.
After each image has undergone its perspective transformation \cite{Bradski2008} using the transformation matrix derived from the calibration image, the individual pixels of each image of the set are summed and normalized to a nominal 2~mA proton beam intensity (the measured proton beam intensity during the exposure is proportional to the secondary particle rate), the exposure time being the same for all images.
The same procedure is adopted for the background images, each set, beam and background are then averaged, and the background average subtracted from the beam average image yielding a background subtracted, normalized  fully calibrated beam image with its associated pixel variances.
From this image a region-of-interest (ROI) is selected, excluding the foil frame and a 2-D correlated Gaussian function is fitted to the image.
This then yields the beam centroid position and the transverse widths and correlation, while the secondary beam intensity is obtained from an initial one-off independently measured secondary particle to proton intensity ratio.

\subsection{Luminophore intrinsic properties}
The characterization of the luminophore foil involved measuring the relevant intrinsic properties, such as one of the main spectral attributes, the emission spectrum, as well as assessing the homogeneity of the CsI(Tl) layer.
Finally, a study of the radiation hardness of such a foil was made using the Budker Institute's (BINP) ILU-10 electron accelerator at Novosibirsk.

Both the spectral and homogeneity measurements used a monochromatic UV-source centred at 285~nm.
The measurements were performed in a light-tight box with diffuse black, non-reflecting surfaces.
The UV-LED was shone at the CsI(Tl) side of the foil, allowing a partial reflection.
For the emission spectrum measurements, the emitted light was analyzed by an Ocean Flame-S-XR1-ES spectrometer, sensitive between 200-1025~nm.
In the case of the homogeneity measurement the light yield (LY) was analyzed using the CCD-camera with and without a UV-filter to cut-out the UV-LED emission below approximately 390~nm.

The emission spectrum of all three components, the UV excitation source, a Thorlabs LED-285W, the PET substrate (Mylar\textsuperscript{\textregistered})~and the CsI(Tl) layer were measured and are shown in \Cref{fig:2}.
The total luminophore spectrum, including all three components, is shown by the blue points, while the PET emission spectrum obtained by exciting and measuring the substrate side of the foil is shown by the green  points.
This was cross-checked by comparing it to a separately measured pure Mylar\textsuperscript{\textregistered}~foil spectrum, which showed the same characteristics.
Also shown, in red, is the emission spectrum of the UV-LED, normalized to the reflection in the total spectrum.

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig2.pdf}
   \caption{Measured total emission spectrum of the luminophore CsI(Tl) foil and its components: PET, CsI(Tl) and the UV-LED itself. See text for details.}
   \label{fig:2}
\end{figure}

The characteristic visible and UV emission bands from the Tl-activator \cite{Gridin2014,Lagu1961} can clearly be seen at 530-570~nm, while only a shoulder can just be discerned from the other visible band at $\sim$ 500~nm.
The UV-band around 390-440~nm can also be seen, though also as a shoulder, due to both the narrow absorption band width \cite{Gridin2014} and the almost monochromatic excitation source centred around 285~nm.
An excitation peak around 609~nm can also be seen in the figure, which has also been addressed in the literature \cite{Gridin2014}.

The Light-yield (LY) homogeneity of the foils was sampled by means of measurements using the UV-LED with its monochromatic excitation wavelength centred at 285~nm.
The LY of foil 3 was measured using the QSI camera with a UV-filter placed on the lens to cut wavelengths below 390~nm, hence only being sensitive to the emission spectrum of CsI(Tl), whereas foil 1 was measured in situ in the beam line vacuum system with a remote UV-LED placed upstream in vacuum.
The LY for foil 1 was measured using the IDS camera system without a UV-filter.
Again, the standard background subtraction analysis procedure described in \Cref{sec:2.2} was adopted yielding an averaged, background subtracted excitation image.
The LY-distribution for foil 1 was analyzed by segmenting the ROI, which excludes the foil frame and edge, into 5x5~mm$^{2}$ squares which are fully contained.
Each region's summed pixel value is then placed in a 2D histogram.
The variation in LY homogeneity is taken from the maximum difference of LY between squares, which corresponds to 13\% for foil 1.
An independent set of measurements using the QSI-camera with UV-filter were undertaken with foil 3 in the light-tight box.
Here the UV-light source was place such as to indirectly illuminate the foil allowing a more homogeneous illumination.
The ROI was then segmented into 16 equal azimuthal sectors each of 22.5$^\circ$.
The average and rms deviation for each sector were then compared.
A 2D light-yield intensity plot of the full ROI is shown in \Cref{fig:3}, where several surface defects are clearly visible.
A plot of the average sector LYs and the corresponding rms-values are shown in \Cref{fig:4}.
The maximum variation of the LYs corresponds to 15.3$\pm$2.3\% giving a variation of less than 8\% from the average LY, consistent with foil~1.
However, this is considered an upper limit on the LY homogeneity as the evident left-right asymmetry seen in \Cref{fig:4} could still have a partial source reflection dependence.

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig3.jpg}
   \caption{Colour density plot of LY from foil 3 excited by the UV-LED. The CCD-camera has a UV-filter, cutting-off wavelengths below 390~nm.}
   \label{fig:3}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig4.pdf}
   \caption{Plot of mean azimuthal sector LYs for the total ROI corresponding to 16$\times$22.5$^\circ$ sectors. The insert shows the corresponding rms values per sector. The variation of the LY from the average is less than 8\%.}
   \label{fig:4}
\end{figure}

The final intrinsic property studied was the effect of ionizing radiation, in the form of fractionated doses from a low-energy, 5~MeV electron beam, on the LY of such foils.
This was carried out with an ILU-10 industrial accelerator at BINP using a small foil of 38~mm diameter.
This underwent a fractionated irradiation programme in 15~kGy steps, up to a total dose of 75~kGy.
This dose is approximately 30\% higher than the estimated total central 1$\sigma$ muon spot dose expected from a 1-year running period of the MEG~II experiment at PSI.
The estimated energy deposition per 28~MeV/c muon in the CsI(Tl) layer is $\sim$ 21~keV leading to a 1$\sigma$-beam spot dose rate of $\sim$ 0.46~kGy/day.
The effect of the fractionated dose on the LY was studied after every 15~kGy increase by measuring the LY of the foil exposed to a $^{226}$Ra source.
A picture of the foil after one such fractionation is shown in \Cref{fig:5}.
The total LY is obtained from the integral of the pixels after background subtraction.
The non-uniformity in LY seen in \Cref{fig:5} is due to the inhomogeneity of the source itself.
The systematic uncertainties associated with the integrated dose measurements are two-fold: the first is the uncertainty on the absolute dose, which is estimated to be $\sim$ 30\%, though the relative variation between fractionations is much smaller; the second and significant contribution comes from the reproducibility of the alignment of source, foil and camera for each measurement, which was determined by comparing the LY from the same selected central pixel row and column.
This is shown in \Cref{fig:6} where the pixel rows and columns for each image, taken after each fractionation measurement, are superimposed.
The estimated uncertainty on each measurement is 0.7\%.

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig5.jpg}
   \caption{Colour density plot of the light-yield versus the transverse coordinates of the foil in pixels. The luminophore test foil views a $^{226}$Ra source, post irradiation. The colour density variation in the picture is due to the inhomogeneity of the $^{226}$Ra source itself.}
   \label{fig:5}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{\columnwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig6-top.jpg}
  \caption{}
  \label{fig:6a}
  \end{subfigure}
~
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{\columnwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig6-bottom.jpg}
  \label{fig:6b}
  \caption{}
  \end{subfigure}
  \caption{Log plot of the superimposed column (top) and row (bottom) LY, showing the influence of the alignment precision.}
  \label{fig:6}
\end{figure}

\Cref{fig:7} shows the final relative LY-change versus integrated dose, where $A(0)$ is the integral of the LY over the image before irradiation and $A(x)$ is the LY after the fractionated dose $x$.
Statistically, the LY-ratio $A(x)/A(0)$ is compatible with 1.0 up to the maximum dose induced of 75 kGy.

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig7.pdf}
   \caption{Relative LY-response of the luminophore foil to fractionated 15~kGy doses from a 5~MeV electron beam.}
   \label{fig:7}
\end{figure}

\section{Beam characterization using the luminophore foil}\label{sec:3}
The muon beam measurements described here were undertaken at the MEG and CMBL beam lines coupled to the PiE5 channel at PSI, a more detailed description of the measurement environment is given in \cite{Baldini2018,Blondel2013}, as well as a brief overview of the first usage of the luminophore foil \cite{Baldini2018}.
The beam line setup in its CMBL configuration is shown in \Cref{fig:8}.
Here we give a detailed view of the characteristics of the luminophore system comparing it to measurements made with our standard pill scintillation scanning system, demonstrating that this new luminophore system can be used to characterize one of the highest intensity continuous surface muon beams in the world.

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig8.jpg}
   \caption{CMBL beam line configuration in the PiE5 area at PSI with two extra quadrulpole magnets beyond the final focus, in place of the large Mu3e solenoidal magnet. Luminophore measurements were undertaken at the intermediate and final foci. The 2-D pill scanner system can be seen placed at the intermediate focus.}
   \label{fig:8}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Experimental setup}
Two basic setups were used for the measurements, one a setup in air using a light-tight box which was placed immediately downstream of the beam line vacuum window, this had either a 20~$\mu$m Aluminium or a 50~$\mu$m Tedlar\textsuperscript{\textregistered}~(polyvinyl fluoride PVF) light-tight entrance and exit window for the muon beam.
The luminophore was placed at 90$^\circ$ to the incoming beam, just behind the entrance window and was viewed under 90$^\circ$ to the beam-axis by means of a 3~$\mu$m thick aluminized PET foil mirror, placed at 45$^\circ$, and viewed by the CCD camera, allowing the beam to exit with minimal interaction.
A picture of the setup is shown in \Cref{fig:9}.

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig9.jpg}
   \caption{Light-tight box setup used for beam measurements in air.}
   \label{fig:9}
\end{figure}

The second setup in vacuum is now an integral part of the beam line, incorporated into the collimator system at the intermediate focus.
This setup is shown in \Cref{fig:10}, a view of the inside of the vacuum beam pipe with the luminophore and its calibration-grid in place, covering the full 120~mm aperture of the collimator which is used to stop the deflected 28 MeV/c positron beam separated by the upstream Wien-filter from the undeflected surface muon beam.
A rotation mechanism allows the luminophore to be moved in/out of the beam.
The foil is viewed via a mirror support structure mounted upstream, in a side-port of the vacuum-pipe with a window interface to a CCD camera outside.
For calibration purposes, a UV-LED is mounted far upstream in an upper port of the beam-pipe which is used to excite/illuminate both the grid and the foil.

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig10.jpg}
   \caption{Vacuum measurement setup at the intermediate focus showing the collimator system with the rotatable luminophore foil holder. The foil with its calibration grid can be seen at the centre of the picture. The beam-spot is imaged via a CCD camera through a vacuum window in the side port of the beam pipe via a mirror.}
   \label{fig:10}
\end{figure}

Finally, before describing the actual measurements a brief overview of the comparative 2-D pill scintillator scanner measuring system is given as this is used as a comparison for the luminophore measurements.

The system is comprised of a remotely controlled 2-axis, sub-millimetre precision, stepping-motor driven scanning arm with a fixed-mounted Hamamatsu R9880U-110 miniature photomultiplier tube (PMT) and an NE102A pill-scintillator of 2~mm diameter and 2~mm length (sufficient to totally stop the surface muons).
A 4-channel waveform digitizing board (DRS4 evaluation board \cite{Ritt2010}) plus fast electronics and a LabVIEW-based \cite{Elliott2007} acquisition system measures the threshold dependent particle rates (muon and positron) in the scintillator, normalizes them against the also measured proton beam intensity as well as yielding a particle time-of-flight measurement between the production target and the scintillator, from the particle timing with respect to the measured accelerator modulo 19.75~ns RF-structure.
These measurements are repeated for different x- and y-positions of the scintillator, either in form of a so-called ``cross-scan" in which an initial rough scan automatically determines the true beam centroid and then performs a 5~mm step horizontal- and vertical-scan through the centroid.
The acquisition then outputs a plot of the horizontal and vertical beam profiles together with a measure of the proton beam normalized particle intensity, obtained by  various fitting methods to the profiles.
An example of such a cross-scan output is shown in \Cref{fig:11}.
The other form of scan performed is a so-called 2-D ``raster scan", which involves taking measurements on a grid of scan positions (raster) with 5~mm spacing in both x and y.
Again, the beam centroid and corresponding sigmas are determined though this time from a 2-D Gaussian fit to the beam spot.
This type of scan can involve a total of $\sim$ 1400 single measurements taking some 2.5 hours, whereas a corresponding cross-scan takes about 10 mins.

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig11.jpg}
   \caption{High-threshold cross-scan output showing the horizontally and vertically measured beam profiles with centroids and sigmas as well as the total intensity, from the various fit models.}
   \label{fig:11}
\end{figure}

\subsection{ Luminophore Measurements}
The first set of measurements undertaken was a comparison of the light-yield (LY) of the foils detailed in \Cref{tab:1}.
Each foil was consecutively placed in the foil holder in the light-tight box, placed at the intermediate focus of the beam line and irradiated with the muon beam for the same exposure time.
The foils were then analyzed as outlined in \Cref{sec:2.2} and the muon beam horizontal and vertical profile projections made (cf. \Cref{fig:12}) in order to select the best foils for further study.
Although the measured sigmas are all comparable and within 200 $\mu$m of that measured with the pill scintillator scanner system, the light intensities differ significantly.
Foils 1 and 3 are comparable in intensity and show the highest light yield (LY).
Foil 2 has $\sim$ 10\% lower LY at the centre though has the thickest CsI layer (0.1-0.2~$\mu$m thicker compared to foils 1 and 3), while the lowest LY is from the foil with the thinnest CsI layer and the extra Al-mirror layer.
These measurements suggest that no quantitative inference can be made between LY and layer thickness due to the minimal differences in layer thickness and that the LY differences between foils 1-3 are most likely due to variations in production.
The effect of the Al-mirror layer on the LY of foil 4 is not conclusive as the much lower LY is most likely due to the thickness of the CsI(Tl) layer of only 3.0~$\mu$m.
Based on these measurements foils 1 and 3 were selected for further study.

\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.99\columnwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig12a.pdf}
  \caption{}
  \label{fig:12a}
  \end{subfigure}
\vfill
  \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.99\columnwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig12b.pdf}
  \label{fig:12b}
  \caption{}
  \end{subfigure}
  \caption{Shows a comparison of the four foils outlined in \Cref{tab:1}, when exposed to muons under the same conditions. (Top) shows the measured horizontal profile for all foils while (Bottom) shows the corresponding vertical profiles.}
  \label{fig:12}
\end{figure}

The next step was to characterize the resolution of the combined system of muon beam, luminophore and CCD system.
An initial qualitative approach was first tried out by making a simple muon beam radiograph of the MEG and Mu3e experiment logos, constructed of 1 mm diameter solder-wire attached to the outside of the light-tight box as shown in \Cref{fig:13}.
The raw CCD image of the muon beam exposed logos, in which the muons stop in the solder itself, is taken with the camera inside the light-tight box and apart from showing the beam spot itself, clearly demonstrates that the luminophore acts perfectly well in producing a muon radiograph.
A more quantitative measure of the systems spatial resolution was made by placing a 0.75~mm thick Al-grid in front of the luminophore and exposing it to the muon beam.

\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.49\columnwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig13L.jpg}
  \caption{}
  \label{fig:13a}
  \end{subfigure}
\hfill
  \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.49\columnwidth}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig13R.jpg}
  \caption{}
  \label{fig:13b}
  \end{subfigure}
  \caption{(Left) Muon radiograph setup showing the experimental logos made from solder-wire mounted on the exterior of the light-tight box window. (Right) shows the raw luminophore image of the logos taken with the CCD camera inside the light-tight box.}
  \label{fig:13}
\end{figure}

The grid is comprised of 4x4~mm$^{2}$ openings separated by 1 mm wide Al walls, a radiograph of which can be seen in \Cref{fig:14}. A horizontal and vertical projection centred on a 4x4~mm$^{2}$ gap of the grid of \Cref{fig:14} was used to fit a Gaussian convoluted step function to the edges of one of the 4x4~mm$^{2}$ opening.
The fits provide an upper estimate on the spatial resolution of the combined system of muon beam, luminophore and CCD camera of 544~$\mu$m as shown in \Cref{fig:15}.
The inserts in the figures show the light intensity profile over the full image.
The intrinsic resolution of the luminophore itself is much higher \cite{Kozyrev2016} but the spatial resolution is dominated by the divergence of the muon beam, the muon multiple scattering and the Michel positron background from stopped muon decay in the grid adding to the LY.

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig14.jpg}
   \caption{Muon radiograph of an aluminium grid structure used to measure the systems spatial resolution.}
   \label{fig:14}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{\columnwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig15a.pdf}
  \caption{}
  \label{fig:15a}
  \end{subfigure}
~
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{\columnwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig15b.pdf}
  \caption{}
  \label{fig:15b}
  \end{subfigure}
  \caption{Luminophore radiograph of the Al-grid of \Cref{fig:14} used to determine the spatial resolution of the combined system: muon beam, luminophore \& CCD. The light intensity per pixel data points are fitted with a Gaussian convoluted step function to the edges of the openings (red curve). (Top) horizontal projection fit. (Bottom) vertical projection fit. A combined systems resolution (Beam, camera/optics \& luminophore) of 544~$\mu$m is obtained.}
  \label{fig:15}
\end{figure}

A direct comparison of the pill scintillator system and the luminophore system was made by comparing beam profile measurements made at the same intermediate focus location, in air, just downstream of the collimator system. The individual fit values are given in \Cref{tab:3}, while the corresponding combined plots are shown in \Cref{fig:16}.
Here the normalized measured projected vertical and horizontal luminophore intensities are shown by the black dots in the figures.
A corresponding Gaussian plus flat background fit to these values is marked by the green dots and the fit values displayed in the figure.
The red squares show the corresponding pill scintillator profiles.
In order to better compare the fits in the figures, the pill position data points (red squares) have been shifted slightly to coincide with the luminophore x- and y-centroids, the difference being ($\sim$ 1~mm in x and $\sim$ 3.5~mm in y) as shown by the difference in centroids in \Cref{tab:3}.
These differences are due to a misalignment of the two beam setups.

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig16.pdf}
   \caption{Comparative horizontal and vertical beam profile measurements taken with the luminophore foil (black points) and corresponding fit (green points) as compared to those of the pill scintillator scanner system (red points with fit).}
   \label{fig:16}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[!h]
  \centering
  \caption{Comparison of measured beam profile parameters for both the luminophore and pill scanner setups. The centroid difference is due to misalignment of the setups.}

	\begin{tabular*}{\linewidth}{@{\extracolsep{\fill}} c c c c @{}}
  	\toprule
	\thead{Beam parameter}    & \thead{Luminophore foil \\ measurement {[mm]}} & \thead{Pill scintillator \\ scanner measurement {[mm]}}  \\
	\midrule
	$\langle x \rangle$			& -3.5$\pm$0.02				& -2.56$\pm$0.09				\\
	$\boldsymbol{\sigma_{x}}$	& \bfseries 16.34$\pm$0.02	& \bfseries 16.25$\pm$0.11		\\
	$\langle y \rangle$			& 1.41$\pm$0.02				& -2.14$\pm$0.09				\\
	$\boldsymbol{\sigma_{y}}$	& \bfseries 15.13$\pm$0.02	& \bfseries 15.26$\pm$0.11		\\
	\bottomrule
 	\end{tabular*}

  \label{tab:3}
\end{table}

The non-Gaussian tails exhibited by the luminophore data in \Cref{fig:16} are attributed to a flat Michel positron background caused by muons ranging-out in the air and material downstream of the foil.
This is not present in the pill scintillator data, due to the applied pulse-height threshold for selecting muons only.
The comparative results for the distribution widths in \Cref{fig:16} show excellent agreement ($\sim$ 100~$\mu$m) and consistency within the estimated precisions.
The linearity of the luminophore foil versus muon beam intensity is clearly demonstrated in \Cref{fig:17}.
Here LY-measurements with the luminophore foil were undertaken by varying the opening of the horizontal FS41L/R slits in the front-part of the channel and taking a series of beam and background images for each slit setting.
The absolute beam intensity measurements versus slit setting were made with cross-scans using the pill-scintillator scanner system.
A very clear linear behavior of the LY is seen over a factor of five in rate, up to the maxiumum available intensity of $\sim$ 1.2$\cdot$10$^{8}$~$\mu^{+}$/s.

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig17.pdf}
   \caption{Luminophore linearity check of the light-yield versus muon beam intensity up to $\sim$ $1.2 \cdot 10^{8} \mu^{+}$/s. The beam intensity is varied by altering the opening of upstream slits in the channel.}
   \label{fig:17}
\end{figure}

A further and somewhat more involved example of the measured characteristic beam properties using the luminophore foil is the determination of the central beam momentum of a surface muon beam, in this case, at the end of the CMBL beam line.
Here one of the most precise methods, using a detector, simultaneous multiple particle types and the accelerator radiofrequency signal as a clock to measure the time-of-flight (TOF) cannot be used due to the lack of time-structure associated with the surface muons, as well as the lack of a third particle-type (pions) at this momentum.
Hence, we compare an integral range-curve measurement using the pill-scintillator to a corresponding range-curve measurement (Bragg-curve) with the luminophore foil to determine the beam momentum.
The two methods are fundamentally different.
In the case of the integral range-curve using a pill scintillator which is thicker than the range of the surface muons (2 mm), particles reaching the detector are counted versus increasing degrader thickness.
By counting the sum of both the stopped muons and the through-going decay Michel positrons one ensures an accurate muon count is obtained with the changing muon pulse-height towards the end of its range. This can be considered as a digital method.
The Bragg-curve, in the case of the luminophore foil is an analogue method, obtained by measuring the particle light-yield, proportional to both the energy deposition in the foil and the number of through-going particles versus degrader thickness.

The integral range-curve is shown in \Cref{fig:18}.
The black dots and associated red curve show a fit to the integral range-curve data by a complimentary erf-function with mean corresponding to the mean range $\langle$R$\rangle$ and a sigma equal to the square-root of the quadratic sum of the range-straggling $\sigma_{R}$ and the momentum-byte $\Delta$p of the channel.
A linear background of Michel positrons is also assumed.
For reasons of clarity and to compare to the corresponding Bragg-curve obtained by the luminophore, the differential range curve, based on the fit to the integral curve is shown by the green diamonds and dashed line in the plot.
A mean range of 798~$\mu$m of Mylar\textsuperscript{\textregistered}~equivalent of density $\rho$=1.4 g/cm$^{3}$ is obtained, this includes the full material budget of vacuum window, air and light-tight materials.
The total contribution from range-straggling as well as the momentum-byte yields a 1$\sigma$ value of 87~$\mu$m.

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig18.pdf}
   \caption{Integral muon range-curve measured at the final focus of CMBL beam line. The black dots correspond to the range-curve data taken with the pill scintillator. The red fitted curve represents a complimentary erf-function fit to the data points with a linear background. The green diamonds and dashed curve is a plot of the differential of the integral fit curve and serves to demonstrate that the mean range corresponds to the peak of the range-straggling distribution.}
   \label{fig:18}
\end{figure}

The equivalent Bragg-curve as measured by the luminophore foil is shown in \Cref{fig:19}.
Here the LY is normalized to the initial point corresponding to no degrader, only the material budget of the beam line and setup.
The Bragg-curve differs from the former range-curve in so much as it being an analogue method, with the LY, based on energy deposition, being proportional to both the number of particles and their residual dE/dX after the degrader.
The red curve is a fit to the data using a two-piece normal distribution with a linear background.

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig19.pdf}
   \caption{Shows the corresponding Bragg-curve for muons measured by the luminophore foil. The red curve shows a two-piece Gaussian plus linear background fit to the data.}
   \label{fig:19}
\end{figure}

Both the range-curve and the Bragg-curve show excellent agreement with mean ranges and range-straggling values that differ only by a few microns, with uncertainties of less than 1\%.

The mean muon range associated with both measurements is obtained, in the case of the pill range-curve, from the thickness corresponding to the mid-way drop-off in muon rate.
This point is equivalent to a step-function for monochromatic muons but is smeared with a Gaussian range-straggling distribution to account for energy-loss straggling of the actual muons and the finite momentum-byte of the channel.
It corresponds to the peak stopping rate, as shown by the peak of the Gaussian differential range-curve in \Cref{fig:18}.
In the case of the Bragg-curve the mean range is given by the peak of the curve since this corresponds to the maximum energy-loss in the foil. Here, the $\delta$-like peak for a monochromatic beam is also smeared by a Gaussian straggling distribution, with a width corresponding to the same contributions as in the case of the range-curve.

The momentum is obtained from the range-momentum relationship of surface muons in Mylar\textsuperscript{\textregistered}, which corresponds to an expected power law relationship \cite{Pifer1976,Badertscher1985} with $\langle R \rangle = a \cdot P^{3.5}$ where $a$ is a material based constant.
The range of surface muons in Mylar\textsuperscript{\textregistered}~was modeled using two simulation packages, SRIM \cite{Ziegler2010} and G4beamline \cite{Roberts201X} and the combined results are shown in \Cref{fig:20} below.
Both simulations are consistent with a power law fit to data over the momentum range shown, and the displayed combined fit yields a momentum exponent of (3.53$\pm$0.03) and hence consistent with the expected P$^{3.5}$-behaviour from energy-loss.
The momentum for the range-curve and the Bragg-curve are then obtained by inverting this relationship.
The thus obtained mean central beam momentum and the individual ranges and range-straggling values are presented in \Cref{tab:4}.
The mean central momentum of 27.30~MeV/c is obtained from the inverted range-momentum relationship using the weighted means of the individual ranges in \Cref{tab:4}. This carries a total uncertainty of 2.8\%, where the dominant contribution comes from the systematic uncertainty of the exponent in the range-momentum relationship.

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig20.pdf}
   \caption{SRIM and G4beamline simulation data for the range versus momentum in Mylar\textsuperscript{\textregistered}~ ($\rho$=1.4 g/cm$^{3}$). The error bars represent the calculated range-straggling. A power law fit to the data gives an exponent of 3.53$\pm$0.03.}
   \label{fig:20}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[!h]
  \centering
  \caption{Comparison of the two range methods showing the individual fit values for the mean ranges and range-straggling as well as the mean central beam momentum and momentum-byte including range-straggling obtained from the range-momentum relationship.}
	\begin{tabular*}{\linewidth}{@{\extracolsep{\fill}} c c c c @{}}
  	\toprule
	\thead{Beam parameter}    & \thead{Range-curve \\ measurement } & \thead{Bragg-curve \\ measurement}  \\
	\midrule
	$\langle R \rangle$ [$\mu$m]	& 798$\pm$2		& 799$\pm$4	\\
	$\sigma_{R} $ [$\mu$m]			& 87$\pm$4		& 89$\pm$3	\\
	\midrule

	\multicolumn{3}{c}{Mean Values}  \\
	\midrule
	$\langle P_{0} \rangle$	[MeV/c]	& \multicolumn{2}{c}{27.30$\pm$0.75}	\\
	$\sigma_{\Delta P} $	[MeV/c]	& \multicolumn{2}{c}{0.86$\pm$0.03}	\\
	\bottomrule
	\end{tabular*}
  \label{tab:4}
\end{table}

\section{Future Prospects}\label{sec:4}
Finally, with a study for a new high-intensity surface muon beam underway at PSI (HiMB Project), based on a new high-power target design \cite{Berg2016} and solenoidal channel, which would allow next-generation cLFV-experiments as well as $\mu$SR-experiments to access muon rates at the 10$^{10}$-level per second and so require new beam monitoring possibilities.
We are, in this context, also investigating the use of luminophore foils integrated into an automated beam monitoring system for high intensities.
With an avalanche photodiode detector (APD) placed at a fixed position in the beam spot tails, just in front of the luminophore, an automatic intensity normalization for the luminophore could be obtained.
As a first probe of the intensity criterion we subjected foil~1, placed in vacuum at the intermediate collimator position (see \Cref{fig:10}), to simultaneous beams of muons and an order of magnitude more intense beam positron beam stemming from the production target.
In order to show the capabilities of the luminophore we reduced the separation power of the Wien-filter to allow both beam spots to be imaged simultaneously on the foil but spatially separated. \Cref{fig:21} show the CCD image of the two spots as well as the holder and calibration grid, made possible by illuminating the system with a UV-LED.
The upper spot is the surface muon beam, while the lower, more intense spot, is from beam positrons.
The summed beam intensity shown here is $\sim$ 10$^{9}$~particles/s.
Although the beam positrons can clearly be distinguished from the muons here, on account of the spatial separation, it has to be remembered that the luminophore detector does not have any particle identification capabilities as the LY is essentially proportional to the product of particle rate and the energy-loss in the foil.
Further studies of the linearity of the LY with intensity are required if this method is to be successfully used for secondary beam intensities of the order of 10$^{10}$~particles/s.

\begin{figure}[H]
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.925\linewidth]{Fig21.jpg}
   \caption{Luminophore foil in vacuum, introduced into the beam at the intermediate collimator system. The foil and frame are illuminated by a UV-LED in order to show both the calibration grid and support, as well as the beam spots being shown. Upper spot is the surface muon beam and the lower, more intense spot, from the beam positrons originating from the production target. The separating power of the Wien-filter has here purposely been reduced to see both beam spots.}
   \label{fig:21}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}\label{sec:5}
We have developed a non-invasive, ultra-thin, CsI(Tl) luminophore foil detector system, based on CCD-imaging that has successfully been implemented into an intensity-frontier surface muon beam at PSI.
The system is still under development in order to achieve its automation for beam optimization and experiment monitoring.
We have outlined the production and the image analysis and have demonstrated the usefulness of such a non-destructive method.
Intrinsic optical and mechanical properties, relevant to high-intensity secondary particle beams, have also been presented.
Fundamental beam characteristics have been measured and compared to our standard, `destructive' beam methods of measurement and show excellent agreement at the sub-millimetre level, as well as the total systems resolution of the luminophore system which is also at this level.
Furthermore, the new system shows an excellent linear LY-response to beam intensity over a wide range, though this must be further studied if one is to go to an order-of-magnitude increase in particle rates.

We have also demonstrated the complementarity of such a method in determining fundamental beam properties for precision experiments, such as beam momentum and range-straggling.
Even though the luminophore foil system does not have particle identification capabilities, we have shown the wide range of capabilities that such a non-destructive system can contribute to the current generation of cLFV precision experiments such as those of MEG~II and Mu3e.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
We gratefully acknowledge discussions with Andreas Knecht, as well as the support of the infrastructure groups of our institutes and especially those of PSI.
This work was also partly supported by the Swiss SNF Grant 20021$\_$137738.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Lately I've been thinking more outside of the box. Not because I've taken any consultant or analyst pills, but rather because the world just decided to kick me out of the cardboard container I'm used to.
First was a few weeks ago when I installed VMware Fusion on my wife's Mac. The sight of windows booting up (and running better than it does on most PC's was something I never expected to see firsthand (nor even ever own a Mac for that matter, now there are 3 in the family so far).
Second was getting to check out some Solid State Disk Drives (or SSDs as you'd call them if you were in the know, and now you are). Having a hard drive with no moving parts changes the game in a lot of ways, as soon as a media player and a laptop hit my price point with an SSD, I'm in. Things like reducing the boot time from a minute 40, to 35 seconds is right where I want to be.
The crazy part is that these questions have been discussed for years, but we're finally reaching the point where almost any business can get access to the tools to answer them.


Is there anyone to rescue me?
Goodness. That was quick! A pleasure – with thanks.
I'm online at the moment, have a poem about to post 🙂 It's a prayer.
Interesting. I'll come back to you.
Reblogged this on Tales of Unwise Paths.
"Whispering Wings" may I reblog?
Did I mention you were inspiring???
I'm sure you have a secret and ancient recipe of creativity.
It should be! Because our last is always our best. When I write I think this is the last time I'm writing and I guess that makes me give my best.
Rich with symbols (to me) and images. Beautiful!
Thanks, I wrote this a while back but thought it fitted the prompt quite well!
There are times we may question into what seems like the vast void.
Poignant piece of poetry, MovingtowardstheLight! Would you be interested in writing a page of poetry for Girl Poems? I feel like your writing style would add a certain dark flavor to the work. If you're interested you can email me at GirlPoems@yahoo.com Let me know, thanks!
You're welcome and no thank you, it doesn't fit the theme, I just liked the style of this poem. From reading this I concluded that you'd be able to create a work that would fit Girl Poems.


text:
Lizzie wrote this story and was read by 273 people. For free.
Exercise may be #1 way to prevent dementia
Lizzie for
Here's why you should be eating watermelon rind
5 Healthy, easy and filling snacks ideas
"Regular exercise in middle age is the best lifestyle change a person can make to prevent cognitive decline in their later years, a 20-year study finds.
Abnormalities in brain tissue begin several decades before the onset of cognitive decline, but little is known about the lifestyle factors that might slow the onset of decline in middle age.
As the incidence of Alzheimer's disease diagnosis doubles every five years after 65, most longitudinal studies examining risk factors and cognitive disease are with adults who are over the age of 60 or 70.
The new study, published in the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, tracked 387 Australian women from the Women's Healthy Aging Project for two decades. The women were aged 45-55 when the study began in 1992.
Researchers were interested to find out how lifestyle and biomedical factors—such as weight, BMI, and blood pressure—affected memory 20 years down the track, says Cassandra Szoeke, associate professor at the University of Melbourne and director of the Women's Healthy Aging Project.
"There are few research studies which have data on participants from midlife and have assessed cognition in all their participants in later life. This research is really important because we suspect half the cases of dementia worldwide are most likely due to some type of modifiable risk factor.
"Unlike muscle and vessels, which have the capacity to remodel and reverse atrophy and damage, neuronal cells are not nearly so versatile with damage and cell loss is irreversible."
Over two decades, Szoeke and colleagues took a wide range of measurements from study participants, taking note of lifestyle factors—including exercise and diet, education, marital and employment status, number of children, physical activity, and smoking.
A slow moving freight train
They also measured hormone levels, cholesterol, height, weight, body mass index, and blood pressure at 11 points throughout the study. Hormone replacement therapy was factored in.
The women were given a Verbal Episodic Memory test in which they were asked to learn a list of 10 unrelated words and attempt to recall them 30 minutes later.
When measuring the amount of memory loss over 20 years, frequent physical activity, normal blood pressure, and high good cholesterol were all strongly associated with better recall.
Once dementia occurs, it is a slow moving freight train to permanent memory loss, Szoeke says. "In our study more weekly exercise was associated with better memory. We now know that brain changes associated with dementia take 20 to 30 years to develop.
"The evolution of cognitive decline is slow and steady, so we needed to study people over a long time period. We used a verbal memory test because that's one of the first things to decline when you develop Alzheimer's disease."
These 5 healthy habits reduce dementia risk
Regular exercise of any type, from walking the dog to mountain climbing, emerged as the number one protective factor against memory loss.
In fact, the beneficial influence of physical activity and blood pressure together compensates the negative influence of age on a person's mental faculties.
The best effects come from cumulative exercise, that is, how much you do and how often over the course of your life, Szoeke says.
But the key is to start as soon as possible.
"We expected it was the healthy habits later in life that would make a difference but we were surprised to find that the effect of exercise was cumulative. So every one of those 20 years mattered.
"If you don't start at 40, you could miss one or two decades of improvement to your cognition because every bit helps. That said, even once you're 50 you can make up for lost time. There is no doubt that intervention is better late than never, but the results of our work indicate that an intervention after 65 will have missed at least 20 years of risk."
The National Health and Medical Research Council and the Alzheimer's Association funded the work".
Fuente: www.futurity.org
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
WEEKLY DIGEST: Real estate deals and new fakes against Peevski
Delyan Peevski
Europost , Sofia
If we have to choose a key word for the last week it will be the "apartment". So far the scandal about the apartments provided by Artex Company bought much under their market price have precipitated two audits – one by the Prosecutor's Office and the other, by the ACCIAF (Anti-Corruption Commission). These scandals also resulted in two resignations: first of the justice minister Tsetska Tsacheva and second, of the deputy minister of sports Vanya Koleva.
The news stream commenting the scandal is even more chockfull than the pre-election campaigns and is really full of real-time events. This has not prevented Frognews from implicating in it the name of MP and publisher of Telegraph Media Delyan Peevski without any ground. Quite in rhyme to the media of the Fake News Factory founded by the indicted oligarchs Ivo Prokopiev, Tsvetan Vassilev, Ognyan Donev and Sasho Dochev who turn every newsbreak into a fake aimed against Peevski without any grounds. Just to make his name tagged to scandals in any Google search.
Thus, completely off the mark, the information that Tsacheva wanted to be investigated by the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACCIAF) for the apartment she purchased Frognews titled "Tsacheva wants to be investigated by institutions which made Peevski look bright as a new pin". It was made in a bid to suggest that the investigations were with a foretold result. What is the final result is yet to be seen but, if the Commission does it the way it has audited the property of Peevski with the help of what not control bodies in this country, one thing is clear – not a single Lev will not be unaudited. The lawmaker is one of the people in Bulgaria who is subjected to most audits in Bulgaria and the reason is simple – there are numerous warnings against him sent by all kinds of persons and the State Security Agent Academician, owner of Frognews, knows it best. After all, among the most active informers was Georgi Georgiev, leader of NGO affiliated with the sponsor of his site, Tsvetan Vassilev.
The real facts, however, don't mean anything to either Frognews or to the other cogs in the oligarchic manipulation machine. The trick is to impute the name of Peevski to all kinds of fakes, but errors are unavoidable. For instance, the site of Agent Academician in a just another attempt to paint the MP blacker than the devil admitted that he was "uncorrupted" (See here).
Otherwise, two NGOs took an active part in the smearing campaign. First, the Bulgarian Donors' Forum all of a sudden joined in the choir of the oligarchs and their media outlets against the Peevski Act amendments aimed at full transparency of media financing in Bulgaria (See here). The charity institutions quite unexpectedly keep company to bivol.bg, the site whose nexus with the Kremlin is proven and still Bivol is trying to cover up the money flows which sustain it. Probably because of their exposed ploy - racketeering the mayors of the Black Sea municipalities - which the owner of Bivol Assen Yordanov and his better half PR agent Alberta Alkalay resort to.
European election in Bulgaria to be held on 26 May
The European Parliament election in Bulgaria will be held on 26 May, it became clear after President Rumen Radev issued a decree officially setting the date. This is the last possible date of the ones agreed upon by the European Council last year, when it was decided that the election will be held in all Member States between 23 and 26 May. The Sunday of 26 May concludes a long weekend for Bulgarians, who celebrate the Day of Slavonic Script and Bulgarian Education and Culture on 24 May. The country has to elect 17 of the MEPs (See here).
GERB and UDF to run together in European elections
The ruling GERB party and the non-parliamentary Union of Democratic Forces (UDF) will run together in the upcoming European elections. This transpired after a meeting of representatives of the two parties. Prime Minister and GERB leader Boyko Borissov is quoted as saying that UDF will get an electable position on the list of candidates and at least two spots for their candidates. These should be "convinced democrats who, when in Brussels, will stand up for the values and causes of the European People's Party", to use Borissov's words (See here).
WEEKLY DIGEST: Peevski's MEP candidature: "fear" is key word for oligarchs
Fear. This is the one and only word perfectly describing everything which has happened in Bulgaria in the past two months. Exactly a month ago, the opposition party Movement for Rights and Freedoms tabled its list of MEP candidates for the Euro vote due this Sunday. The second position in the voting list takes the incumbent MP of the Movement's civil quota, publisher of Telegraph Media Delyan Peevski.
WEEKLY DIGEST: Delyan Peevski - MEP candidate who raises concerns among the oligarchy
What do an ageing cartoonist, pen pusher on the paycheck of the oligarchy and a rhinoceros may share in common? It is hard to guess, isn't it? The answer, however, is simple – all of them are tools in the hands of the Bulgarian backstage power brokers. Targeted as the sworn enemy of the behind-the-scenes clique, the lawmaker of the opposition Movement for Rights and Freedoms and publisher of Telegraph Media Delyan Peevski who, on top of everything, is the nominee for MEP for the second time is their main opponent.
WEEKLY DIGEST: Peevski: Seven days of "Oligarchs of the world, unite!"
"Oligarchs of the world, unite!" is the slogan under which the past seven days in Bulgaria went by. Indicted "businessmen" in the country and fugitive individuals holed up abroad rolled up their sleeves and got down to attacking their sworn enemy – lawmaker of the opposition party Movement for Rights and Freedoms and Telegraph Media publisher Delyan Peevski – seemingly trying to squeeze an entire five-year plan of fake news into a week.
WEEKLY DIGEST: Week of fake news and fake reports
WEEKLY DIGEST: Evergreen Bulgartabac fake targets oligarchs' sworn enemy, Peevski
WEEKLY DIGEST: Anti-Peevski fakes: If not Bulgartabac it will be CorpBank
WEEKLY DIGEST: Frog afraid of inspection in bog
Weekly Digest: Against Peevski and his media: Prokopiev caught US State Department in the web of lies
WEEKLY DIGEST: Oligarchy vs Transparency: tidal wave of fakes against Peevski Act throughout the week. Parliament votes Electoral Code second time
WEEKLY DIGEST: Truckload of worn out fakes about Peevski. PM Borisov met with NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg
WEEKLY DIGEST: Games of fakes for oligarchs. 5000 fakes against Delyan Peevski within three years. Request for conflict of interest investigation of Lozan Panov is already in Brussels. Prosecution carried out 46 checks on documents issued by MEEBs


text:
2020 First Looks
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Motorcycle Types Cruiser 2016 Harley-Davidson Low Rider S Review | 10 Quick Facts
2016 Harley-Davidson Low Rider S Review | 10 Quick Facts
2016 Harley-Davidson Low Rider S Review
2016 Harley-Davidson Low Rider S
The 2016 Harley-Davidson Low Rider S is the latest addition from the Milwaukee-based V-Twin stalwart brand, and the Motor Company has produced is, once again, nothing short of an instant classic.
From the styling, which is unequivocally Harley-Davidson, and the performance, the Low Rider S is more than a worthy addition to the V-twin enthusiast market. So let's take a quick walk around and ride the Low Rider S—without further delay, here are some quick facts on this new thoroughbred.
1. The 2016 Harley-Davidson Low Rider S, above all else, is about style and performance. It is a true follow up to the performance FXR and Dyna models of days' past that many have lusted after for many years. Startling black and gold draws the eye to every accentuation.
From the "Magnum Gold" five-spoke cast aluminum wheels, to the prominent "Heavy Breather" air cleaner and the speed-screen adorned headlight, the Low Rider S is one of the sleekest, aggressive and twins bikes out on the market. In that aspect, it doesn't share a whole lot with the standard Low Rider model. But with a club look, the Low Rider S certainly lives up to the Harley slugline of "The Powerful, Dark Side of a Legend." Off the showroom floor it is everything that one could ask for a Harley. It has the ego, the bravado and the stature off those hotly customized, blacked out Dynas you've seen parked outside your favorite hangout. Head turner and heart stopper, all in one.
2. What truly makes a Harley is the engine. It's an American made thunderous 45-degree V-twin, the Low Rider S is one of Harley-Davidson's most performance oriented power plants to date thanks to the air-cooled Screamin' Eagle Twin Cam 110ci (1801cc). That makes up the heart of this swarthy hot rod and gives an unmistakable soul. With a claimed 115 ft/lbs of torque at 3500 rpm, the Low Rider S has all the low down grunt you could ever want. It tossed me back into its plush solo seat out of every apex with an intoxicating force. It has torque throughout every gear and roll-on power to spar without a misstep in the fuel management. For a performance twin, it does quite well in the fuel economy department; the Low Rider S arrives a claimed 44 mpg. If those numbers are accurate, you're looking at roughly 200+ miles with a 4.7-gallon fuel tank.
3. Clutch feel and shifting adds to the fun. An ample ca-thunk and you're in business. The Low Rider S's six-speed transmission is stiff and confident, but the best part is the extended use of third and fourth gears. I spent most of my time hovering between the two while tackling the turns of Angeles Crest Highway in Southern California. With a medium clutch pull, my left hand wasn't on the verge of developing carpal tunnel.
4. Part of the allure of a Harley twin is the sound, and nobody can argue that. It's the thick, undulating thrum of something that has been on the streets for years; a sound best heard through the long, straight black Tommy Gun mufflers that have somehow managed to pass sound emissions standards. It isn't obnoxiously loud or ear-piercing; it's more than a hearty growl when one pours on the throttle. Hearing that Screamin' Eagle 110 do its work will have you nodding your helmet in approval in no time.
5. With mid controls and low bars, the Low Rider S is set to cruise. With its standard cruising position, I melted into that supple solo seat with my arms slacked on the bars and easy to navigate controls all within a thumb's reach.
6. The Low Rider S makes use of an all new Wrinkle Black console, which aside from your standard speedometer and tachometer also can display information such as fuel economy, range, miles traveled and my favorite, a gear indicator. The disadvantage here is that is happens to be a bit out of the way and on the fuel tank. For those who wear a full-face helmet, this means your peripheral view to that information is cut out and you'll need to take your eyes off the road momentarily. But on the long straights, I did make use of that information more than a handful of times. Also, a handy analog fuel gauge sits on the left side of the tank.
7. ABS. I tried to make the system falter—I really did. I full-fisted them and again, the bike slowed down. They work without any shuddering, which removes one more variable from panic situations. Since we're on the subject of stopping, let's talk about the brakes. The Low Rider S makes use of four-piston calipers rounded out by dual 300mm rotors up front and a single 292mm rotor in the rear with caliper services offered up by Harley's patented expansion rotors. The feel at the lever is on the heavier side, but nothing that causes undue stress or strain on the rider. Both the front and rear brakes are incredibly progressive—if you would like more stopping power, take it.
8. Handling is controlled up front by Showa single cartridge 49mm forks that are non-adjustable, and two Showa rear shocks with preload adjustment. Harley's technical staff say that the bikes have a baseline suspension set up for a rider in the 180-pound range. For the heftier American market, that will probably do just fine; for me, the ride was superb. The ride was cush enough to soak up the rough spots of Angeles Crest Highway above California's San Gabriel Valley, as well as the many terrible potholes across the mean streets of LA. When up in the twisties, I didn't experience any diving of the front end.
Handling was rock solid, holding lines just the way it should, and with a maximum lean angle of about 30 degrees, the Low Rider S gives you quite a bit of lean. Handling on the new Harley phenomenal and confidence inspiring. Find your pace and let the bike do the rest. The tubular steel frame feels stiff and grounded, even when taking corners with a more spirited entry speed. Its stability is in no doubt, thanks to the ample stance courtesy of a 64.2-inch wheelbase, and once those tires are warmed up, glued in.
9. The Low Rider S is on the heavy side and when I read the weight numbers, I was shocked. With a reported wet weight of 674 pounds, you might think it would translate that into the ride. That couldn't be further from the truth. Though the Low Rider S has some heft, it's light on its feet and flicks into corners with the smallest amount of input into the bars.
10. When you buy Harley, you expect to pay a premium. The 2016 Low Rider S has an MSRP of $16,999 and for many Harley fans—that's right in the area they would be willing to pay. It will only be available in black because, let's be honest, if you're in the market for a true-blue performance twin, what other color would you want?
Helmet: Simpson Ghost Bandit
Jacket: Held Harvey 76
Gloves: Held Touring Touch
Jeans: iXS Cassidy II
Boots: TCX X-Blend
Stay clicked to Ultimate MotorCycling for a full review of the 2016 Harley-Davidson Low Rider S.
2016 Harley Davidson Low Rider S Photo Gallery
Photography by Riles & Nelson
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Twin anything, ride everything. No fuss, no muss. Senior Editor.
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relatable, real. Those qualities have made Peter Egan one of the most widely-read writers of our time. Here's a review of The Best of Peter Egan.
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text:
https://youtu.be/6AxCfI55c1k
WELCOME & MISSION The three C´s Career, Course & Country
Sotogrande students have gone on to study in some of the best universities in the world, from Russell Group Universities in the U.K, Ivy League Colleges in the US, and many other prestigious universities around the world. Our Alumni association maintains a strong presence at SIS and is an integral part of our extensive network beyond graduation.
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SCAD University has been so impressed with Carmela's work across the curriculum that they offered her a Distinguished Scholar scholarship to join them to study in the USA. Congratulations Carmela!
Jason Mungles
Head of University & Career Counselling, IB DP History and TOK
As both a subject teacher of History and TOK and as a guidance counsellor, I am able to bring both teaching and counselling experiences to my role at SIS. Working in close association with my colleagues, through our year based pastoral teams I support and advise our students and parents, through the global opportunities for education beyond their graduation.
It remains my strong belief that goal orientated students are successful students, and when they have identified their 3C goals, they are truly successful.
Lourdes Villafranca
Director Técnica and University Counsellor for Spanish applications. IB DP & MYP Spanish Language and Literature.
With detailed experienced of the Spanish application process, national requirements and opportunities in Spain, I provide support for the application process for Spanish Universities via UNED. This includes advice, information, references and the organisation of university visits, in Spain alongside the development of key links with relevant University admissions offices. "
High School Profiles
High School Profile
2018/2019 (English)
2018/2019 (Spanish)


text:
Western Waters Electronic Resources
Water in storage and approaches to ground-water management, High Plains aquifer, 2000
Title Water in storage and approaches to ground-water management, High Plains aquifer, 2000
Creator McGuire, Virginia L.; Johnson, M. R.; Schieffer, R. L.; Stanton, J. S.; Sebree, S. K.; Verstraeten, I. M.
Subject Aquifers; Groundwater; Water levels; Water quality management
Spatial Coverage High Plains (U.S.); Platte River (Neb.); Nebraska; Colorado; Kansas; New Mexico; Oklahoma
Description The High Plains (or Ogallala) aquifer under-lies a 111-million-acre area (173,000 square miles) in parts of eight States-Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. The area that overlies the aquifer is characterized as varying "between a semiarid to arid environment and a moist subhumid environment" (Lohman, 1953) with gently sloping plains, fertile soil, abundant sunshine, few streams, and frequent winds. Though the area can receive a moderate amount of precipitation, precipitation in most of the area generally is inadequate to provide economically sufficient yield of typical crops-alfalfa, corn, cotton, sorghum, soybeans, and wheat. The 30-year average annual precipitation ranges from about 14 inches in the western part of the area to about 32 inches in the eastern part. The High Plains aquifer is generally composed of unconsolidated alluvial deposits. About 94 percent of the water pumped from the aquifer in 1995 was used for irrigation. Through irrigation of crops with ground water from the High Plains aquifer, the area overlying the aquifer has become one of the major agricultural producing regions of the world. In the area that overlies the High Plains aquifer, farmers began extensive use of ground water for irrigation in the 1940's. The estimated irrigated acreage increased rapidly from 1940 to 1980 and did not change greatly from 1980 to 1997: 1949-2.1 million acres, 1980-13.7 million acres, and 1997-13.9 million acres; irrigated acreage is estimated from farmer surveys or from satellite images (Heimes and Luckey, 1982; Thelin and Heimes, 1987; U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1999). The location of irrigated acres was estimated by vegetative conditions derived from Landsat satellite imagery and is presented as a percentage of a map cell that is 1-minute latitude by 1-minute longitude (Qi and others, 2002). During the satellite survey, greater than normal precipitation occurred in some areas. The greater than normal precipitation resulted in flooding in parts of the area and more viable crops in other parts of the area. Therefore, the amount of irrigated acreage probably is underestimated in some areas and overestimated in others (Qi and others, 2002). Annual pumpage from the High Plains aquifer for irrigation increased from 4 to 19 million acre-feet from 1949 to 1974; annual pumpage did not change greatly from 1974 to 1995 (Heimes and Luckey, 1982; USGS National Water-Data Storage and Retrieval System database). These pumpage totals were based on estimated and measured pumpage. Pumpage was estimated from crop consumptive irrigation requirements, which is the calculated minimum supplemental water required to maintain adequate soil water for optimal plant growth using factors such as crop type, soil, and weather patterns; from power usage; or from other data. Pumpage can be measured by flowmeters. The use of ground water from the High Plains aquifer resulted in substantial water-level declines in the aquifer. By 1980, more than 100 feet of water-level declines occurred in some parts of the aquifer, and by 1999 withdrawals resulted in more than 40 feet of additional water-level decline in larger areas of the aquifer (Luckey and others, 1981; McGuire, 2001). Studies that characterize the aquifer's available water and the water chemistry were conducted beginning in the early 1900's and are continuing to the present time. See "Selected Regional Studies of the High Plains Aquifer" for a brief description of some of these studies. Additional studies have been conducted in selected areas to estimate the effect of water-level declines and to evaluate methods to increase the usable water in the aquifer. See "Selected Local Studies of the High Plains Aquifer" for a brief description of some of these studies. This report describes the amount of drainable water in storage in the High Plains aquifer in 2000 and the changes in the amount of drainable water in storage in the aquifer from the time prior to significant ground-water development for irrigation (termed predevelopment in this report) to 2000. Drainable water in storage is the fraction of water in the aquifer that drains by gravity and generally can be withdrawn by wells. Remaining water in the aquifer is held to the aquifer material by capillary forces and generally cannot be withdrawn by wells. Drainable water in storage is termed "water in storage" in this report and was estimated using data collected from 1920 to 2000 from more than 20,000 wells screened in the High Plains aquifer. This report also summarizes approaches to ground-water management implemented by the States that overlie the High Plains aquifer. Estimates of water in storage depend on the accuracy and availability of the water-level altitude and base-of-aquifer data in all areas of the aquifer. In areas where few water-level data are currently available, such as southeastern Colorado, northwestern Nebraska, and parts of Wyoming, published maps supplemented available data. Map scale and density of water-level altitude and base-of-aquifer data preclude showing small areas where the saturated thickness or water-level change value might be more or less than indicated.
Publisher U.S. Geological Survey
Digitization Specifications pdf file copied from USGS website (http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2003/circ1243/). Uploaded into CONTENTdm version 3.7.
Identifier http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2003/circ1243/
Source McGuire, Virginia L.; Johnson, M. R.; Schieffer, R. L.; Stanton, J. S.; Sebree, S. K.; Verstraeten, I. M., Water in storage and approaches to ground-water management, High Plains aquifer, 2000, Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1243, 51 p.
Rights Management Public Domain, Courtesy of the USGS
Holding Institution University of Utah
Metadata Cataloger Kristin Willmore
ARK ark:/87278/s6sb44p7
Setname wwdl_er
Reference URL https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6sb44p7


Many symptoms that women experience are related to conditions that may be unique to women's health and wellness. Symptoms of abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic or abdominal pain, migraines, bladder incontinence, or breast pain should be cause for concern. Symptoms that include fatigue, bladder infections, insomnia, hypertension, weight gain, weight loss, shortness of breath, depression, and anxiety, joint or muscle pain, irregular periods or constipation/diarrhea should be discussed with your doctor.
Many of the symptoms above may be related to a variety of conditions that the doctors at Personalized Women's Healthcare can diagnose and treat.


For a seventh consecutive year, the City Talks series will bring together city thinkers and builders to discuss current practical urban issues affecting Montrealers. The talks will be introduced by Suzanne Sauvage, President and Chief Executive Officer of the McCord Museum, and moderated by Dinu Bumbaru, Policy Director of Heritage Montreal.
Share your views on our city. Join the discussion about Montreal's current and future challenges! Talks are open to the public and followed by a friendly drink.
The lectures will be held from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. at the McCord Museum, J.A. Bombardier Theatre.


Welcome to our Garden Centers Network of San Antonio TX. Below you will find Garden Centers that can help you with any projects for your San Antonio home.
Are you Not looking for Garden Centers in San Antonio TX? We also have the following home improvement professionals that can help with any of your Home Improvement needs.


Elleyne Kase is a multi-disciplined designer, currently applying her skills to branding, developing university exam curriculum, book design, and project management.
Continuing professional development in AutoCAD, HTML, CSS and Adobe InDesign, Illustrator, Muse and Photoshop, ongoing.
Elleyne Kase founded Max WISE Publications™ in 2007, with the development of the Visual Quick Notes™ spiral learning system. The new system was applied to the Arizona life and health Insurance exam as test prep material for financial professionals. Books and online study materials were produced and made available on the www.visualquicknotes.com website.
In 2010, Elleyne expanded into university exam curriculum by teaming with National Test Prep™ founder Ron Woldoff.
The LifeLines™ brand was developed along with the LifeLines Modular Learning System, producing The Lifelines for the GRE Math Workbook, the LifeLines for the GRE Verbal Workbook, the LifeLines for the GMAT Math Workbook, and the LifeLines for the GMAT Verbal and Integrated Reasoning Workbook.
Elleyne Kase has worked in many levels of publishing and advertising including being an artist representative and project manager.
Recent publications in which she participated in this capacity was for the literary agent Waterside Productions™ and the publisher, Wiley® for three Dummies® series revisions. She represented Ron Woldoff for The GRE Test for Dummies, and the professor and mathematician with Arizona State University, Yang Kuang, for the Pre-Calculus for Dummies Workbook, and Pre-Calculus for Dummies.
Elleyne has had an extensive fine arts background in drawing and painting and worked as a product designer for Phoenix Art Group in Arizona developing their international line for commercial interiors.
Elleyne Kase traveled with her family while young, living abroad in New Zealand and England, and as a young adult on her own in Europe, Russia, The Middle East, and India.
As such, she has an international view of life and a classic foundation from the enrichment of great museums, classic architecture and her extensive art history studies.
Her professional career began in the San Francisco Bay Area in advertising, after graduating with a BA in graphic design from the San Jose State University and a year at the Universita di Belle Arte in Florence Italy, with the California State University Foreign Exchange Program.
Elleyne is the proud mother of three fine adult children.


Brand entails much more than just what makes up the face of your company. Instead, brand includes everything recognizable about your business, such as the obvious appearance and aesthetics, the personality, the message and purpose, as well as the quality of the products or services you provide. All of these can be identified within a company, and it is crucial to have an understanding of how all of these come across to potential clients.
Within a society that is constantly changing, even more so in certain industries, it's essential to stay flexible and relevant. Often this entails adjusting marketing campaigns, expanding the line of products that are offered, becoming more interactive with customers via social media, etc. Sometimes, however, this means considering whether or not to rebrand.
In addition to these, you may want to pursue a rebranding if you are looking to put a negative company image behind you. We get it, things happen, we all mess up, or sometimes untrue words are spoken, but regardless of the circumstances, it is difficult to take it all back in the end. Sometimes it's more beneficial to the company to look forward instead of back and focus on creating a positive future for the company, which might entail creating a new image.
Now that we've addressed why a company might want to consider rebranding, let's talk about how rebranding can prove to be beneficial. As we mentioned earlier, its important to stay relevant. One of the ways this can be achieved is by updating your image. You may choose to follow current trends, or become a trendsetter, but making sure that your business isn't becoming outdated is a surefire way to attract the right kind of attention.
Speaking of attention, rebranding your business and changing the appearance of it opens the possibility of generating fresh interest in your company. You may even attract new customers that would not have noticed or been drawn to your business in the first place. A new appearance can set you apart from the crowd, and give you an advantage over your competitors.
Rebranding can take several forms, depending on how drastic you would like it to be. It can be a complete overhaul, where every part of the brand itself is affected, or it can be minor updates, such as switching out a color or modernizing the logo. Rebranding can mean more than just tweaking the appearance of a company as well, at times, it can also entail a shift in a company's message or the purpose. One thing rebranding should not be, however, is an implication that the quality of product or service has changed, unless it's a distinct improvement.
If you're wondering whether your business needs a rebranding, whether its full scale or small changes, contact us! We have extensive experience in both creating and redoing branding projects, and can help you figure out what will be most beneficial to your business.


Make copies of target primitive variables with different suffixes, where the new suffixed copies come from different contexts.
By combining this with a TimeWarp, you can create copies of primitive variables at different times, useful for creating trail effects.
A match pattern for which primitive variables will be copied.
The names of the new suffixes to add to copies of the target primitive variables. The new suffixed variables will be copied from different contexts.
The name of a context variable that is set to the current suffix when evaluating the input object. This can be used in upstream expressions and string substitutions to vary the object while creating the primvar copies.
For example, you could drive a TimeWarp with this variable in order create copies of a primitive variable at different times.
If true, newly copied primitive variables will only be created if the source object is differs in some of the suffix contexts. If the source object never changes, it will be passed through unchanged ( since there is no variation, you can just use the original primitive variables ).


text:
Jack In The Box Inc (JACK)
NASDAQ:JACK
Jack In The Box (JACK) Dividend Date & History
Dividend Data
Last Ex-Dividend Date
Payment date
Dividend Amount Per Share
Sector: Services
Sector Average: 0.633%
Payout Ratio
Dividend Growth
Analyst Consensus >
Open JACK in Dividend Calculator >
Dividend Amount Per Share
Daily Dividend Calendar >
JACK Dividend Yield Range
See JACK Stats & Charts >
JACK Dividend History
Dec 06, 2022 $0.44 Quarterly ― Dec 07, 2022 Dec 22, 2022
Aug 23, 2022 $0.44 Quarterly Aug 05, 2022 Aug 24, 2022 Sep 09, 2022
Jun 06, 2022 $0.44 Quarterly May 13, 2022 Jun 07, 2022 Jun 22, 2022
Mar 08, 2022 $0.44 Quarterly Feb 18, 2022 Mar 09, 2022 Mar 22, 2022
Dec 08, 2021 $0.44 Thrice Yearly Nov 19, 2021 Dec 09, 2021 Dec 23, 2021
Aug 17, 2021 $0.44 Thrice Yearly Aug 04, 2021 Aug 18, 2021 Sep 03, 2021
May 25, 2021 $0.44 Thrice Yearly May 11, 2021 May 26, 2021 Jun 11, 2021
Mar 02, 2021 $0.40 Thrice Yearly Feb 16, 2021 Mar 03, 2021 Mar 16, 2021
Dec 01, 2020 $0.40 Quarterly Nov 17, 2020 Dec 02, 2020 Dec 18, 2020
The table shows Jack In The Box's dividend history, including amount per share, payout frequency, declaration, record, and payment dates.
Does Jack In The Box pay dividends?
Yes, JACK has paid a dividend within the past 12 months.
How much is Jack In The Box's dividend?
JACK pays a dividend of $0.44 per share. JACK's annual dividend yield is 2.33%.
When is Jack In The Box ex-dividend date?
Jack In The Box's previous ex-dividend date was on Dec 06, 2022. Jack In The Box shareholders who own JACK stock before this date received Jack In The Box's last dividend payment of $0.44 per share on Dec 22, 2022. JACK's next ex-dividend date has not been announced yet.
When is Jack In The Box dividend payment date?
Jack In The Box's next quarterly payment date is on Dec 22, 2022, when Jack In The Box shareholders who owned JACK shares before Dec 06, 2022 received a dividend payment of $0.44 per share. Add JACK to your watchlist to be reminded of JACK's next dividend payment.
Does Jack In The Box have sufficient earnings to cover their dividend?
Yes, JACK's past year earnings per share was $5.46, and their annual dividend per share is $1.76. JACK's dividend payout ratio is 30.07% ($1.76/$5.46) which is sustainable.


text:
import matplotlib
# Force matplotlib to not use any Xwindows backend.
matplotlib.use('Agg')

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import csv

def get_sorted_time(file_name):
    test_result = []
    with open(file_name) as csvfile:
        csv_result = csv.reader(csvfile, delimiter=',')
        test_result = list(csv_result)

    sorted_time = []

    row_id = 0
    for row in test_result:
        if row_id == 0:
            row_id += 1
            continue

        benchmark_id = row[0]

        time_temp = []

        for i in range(1,6):
            if row[i] == '':
                time_temp.append(70)
            else:
                temp = row[i].split(':')
                time = temp[0]
                result = temp[1]

                if (result == 's'):
                    time_temp.append(float(time))
                    break
                else:
                    time_temp.append(float(time))

        # The time for this benchmark is the total time (including the failed ones) the user experience until Foofah returns a perfect program for this benchmark.
        sorted_time.append(sum(time_temp))

    sorted_time.sort()
    return sorted_time

# FullPrune
full_prune_time = get_sorted_time('./test_result/ted_batch.csv')

# GlobalPrune
global_prune_time = get_sorted_time('./test_result/ted_batch_global_prune.csv')

# PropPrune
prop_prune_time = get_sorted_time('./test_result/ted_batch_op_prune.csv')

# NoPrune
no_prune_time = get_sorted_time('./test_result/ted_batch_no_prune.csv')

x_axis = range(0, 100, 2)

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.plot(x_axis, full_prune_time, '--', color='red', linewidth=4, label='FullPrune')
ax.plot(x_axis, global_prune_time, color='blue', label='GlobalPrune')
ax.plot(x_axis, prop_prune_time, '--', color='orange', linewidth=4, label='PropPrune')
ax.plot(x_axis, no_prune_time, color='green', label='NoPrune')
ax.set_ylabel('Time (seconds)')
ax.set_xlabel('Percentage of test cases')
ax.set_ylim([0, 70])
ax.plot((0, 100), (60, 60), '--', color='black')
ax.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(0., 1.02, 1., .102), loc=3,
           ncol=4, mode="expand", borderaxespad=0.)

plt.savefig('./figures/figure_12_b.png')
plt.close(fig)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Photo Credit: WWE
Ladder match & more announced for next Monday's WWE Raw
Contract signing and more set for tonight's WWE Raw
Official rules for tonight's Fist Fight on WWE Monday Night Raw
Paul Heyman makes a change to the WWE Raw format
It might take some time to see dramatic changes on Monday Night Raw but it looks like Paul Heyman is making some progress as the Executive Director of the brand.
As noted in the Wrestling Observer Newsletter, last week's show is where Heyman had the most influence to date. Of course, Vince McMahon has the final say on everything but last week is when Heyman was able to get more of his ideas on the show.
Heyman was able to get wrestling back during the commercial breaks to avoid the constant weird breaks with run-ins, 2-out-of-3 falls and other contrived scenarios that they were scripting so they could go to a break.
Dave Meltzer noted that Vince McMahon made a few minor tweaks to last week's Raw but it was mostly Heyman's show. That would explain the great brawl that ended the show. The Mike and Maria Kanellis storyline also appears to have Heyman's fingerprints on it and Heyman has been a big fan and friend of Maria for many years.
The angle with Lesnar destroying Seth Rollins and Rollins coughing up blood also had Heyman's fingerprints on it. It's ironic that there was blood in the segment just a few days after Vince McMahon described AEW as the "blood and guts" promotion.
On the flip side, things were much different on SmackDown Live with changes be made by McMahon as the show was on the air. Click here for backstage news on the chaos at SmackDown Live on Tuesday night.
Related Topics:Featured, Paul Heyman, WWE Monday Night Raw


text:
Автошля́х Т 2404 — територіальний автомобільний шлях у Черкаській області. Проходить територією Черкаського та Золотоніського районів.

Опис
Починається від перетину з  біля греблі Канівської ГЕС на лівому березі Дніпра і закінчується на перехресті з  на відрізку між селами Нова Дмитрівка та Піщане. Загальна довжина — 44,4 км.

Маршрут
Проходить через наступні поселення:

Джерела
 Про затвердження переліку автомобільних доріг загального користування державного значення: Кабінет Міністрів України; Постанова, Перелік від 30.01.2019 № 55
Автошлях Т 2404 на Google Maps

Т2403
Територіальні автомобільні шляхи України
Автошляхи Черкаського району
Автошляхи Золотоніського району
Транспорт Канева
Келеберда (Черкаський район)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
<?php

namespace AppBundle\Legacy\WebResource\Fractal\Transformer;

use AppBundle\Entity\Matchday;
use AppBundle\Legacy\WebResource\Fractal\Resource\CommunityDataResource;
use AppBundle\Repository\MatchdayRepository;
use Doctrine\Common\Persistence\ObjectManager;
use League\Fractal\TransformerAbstract;

/**
 * Class CommunityDataTransformer.
 */
class CommunityDataTransformer extends TransformerAbstract
{
    /**
     * List of available resources for including.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $defaultIncludes = [
        'participantes',
        'jornadas',
        'partidos',
        'pronosticos',
        'clasificacion'
    ];

    /** @var MatchdayRepository */
    private $matchdayRepository;

    /**
     * CommunityTransformer constructor.
     *
     * @param ObjectManager $em
     */
    public function __construct(ObjectManager $em)
    {
        $this->matchdayRepository = $em->getRepository(Matchday::class);
    }

    /**
     * @param CommunityDataResource $dataResource
     * @return array
     */
    public function transform(CommunityDataResource $dataResource)
    {
        $resource = [
            'fecha_actual' => $dataResource->getDate()->format('Y-m-d H:i:s')
        ];

        $matchday = $this->matchdayRepository->getNextMatchday();

        if ($matchday === null) {
            $resource['id_jornada_actual'] = 0;
        } else {
            $resource['id_jornada_actual'] = $matchday->getId();
        }

        return $resource;
    }

    /**
     * Include Players.
     *
     * @param CommunityDataResource $dataResource
     * @return \League\Fractal\Resource\Collection
     */
    public function includeParticipantes(CommunityDataResource $dataResource)
    {
        return $this->collection($dataResource->getPlayers(), PlayerTransformer::class);
    }

    /**
     * @param CommunityDataResource $dataResource
     * @return \League\Fractal\Resource\Collection
     */
    public function includeJornadas(CommunityDataResource $dataResource)
    {
        return $this->collection($dataResource->getMatchdays(), MatchdayTransformer::class);
    }

    /**
     * @param CommunityDataResource $dataResource
     * @return \League\Fractal\Resource\Collection
     */
    public function includePartidos(CommunityDataResource $dataResource)
    {
        return $this->collection($dataResource->getMatches(), MatchTransformer::class);
    }

    /**
     * @param CommunityDataResource $dataResource
     * @return \League\Fractal\Resource\Collection
     */
    public function includePronosticos(CommunityDataResource $dataResource)
    {
        return $this->collection($dataResource->getForecasts(), ForecastTransformer::class);
    }

    /**
     * @param CommunityDataResource $dataResource
     * @return \League\Fractal\Resource\Collection
     */
    public function includeClasificacion(CommunityDataResource $dataResource)
    {
        return $this->collection(
            $dataResource->getClassification(),
            MatchdayClassificationTransformer::class
        );
    }
}


Rock | The Music Vault — Tagged "Artist:G3"
'G3 is a concert tour organised by guitarist Joe Satriani featuring him alongside two other guitarists. Since its inception in 1995, G3 has featured many guitarists, including Steve Vai, Eric Johnson, Kenny Wayne Shepherd, Yngwie Malmsteen, John Petrucci, Robert Fripp, Paul Gilbert, Steve Morse, Steve Lukather, Uli Jon Roth, Michael Schenker, Adrian Legg and many other special guests. Live in Tokyo is recorded during the 2005 G3 tour, featuring Joe Satriani, Steve Vai, and (Dream Theater's) John Petrucci. The electrifying live performances were recorded on May 8th at the Tokyo Forum, when Satriani brought his popular G3 tour to Japan for a series of sold-out dates. Fans attending the packed-house shows were treated to individual sets by each six-stringer, followed by an evening-ending all-star jam session.
180 gram audiophile vinyl Deluxe 3-fold gatefold sleeve with gloss varnish Includes 4 page insert First time on vinyl!