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The birthplace of democracy is widely acknowledged as being the city-state of Athens, Greece in 507 BC: Cleisthenes, an Athenian nobleman, overthrew the incumbent tyrannical ruler of the city, Hippias, and went on to install direct democracy for all eligible citizens. The definition of an eligible citizen at that time excluded women, men under 20-years of age, non-landowners, slaves and foreigners, i.e. only those who were considered to be either capable, or trusted, in taking up arms in defence of the state in the event of war. Thus, out of a total population of some 400,000 Athenians there were 60,000 eligible citizens, approximately, who could, and routinely did, take part in the direct democratic process.
Little is known of the life and work of Cleisthenes after his contribution to the good governance of Athens but what we do know is that direct democracy failed to become established as the default in Europe: the most common form of governance today is a process in which the people exercise their voice and their power through the election of representatives who they believe will act in accordance with their wishes. Thus, representative democracy has long since supplanted the notion of direct democracy as the de-jure form of governance in Europe, and elsewhere, where eligible citizens political rights are simply enfranchised in their right to vote.
Subsequently, in the UK, representative democracy has been egregiously debased by the use of a First-Past-the-Post (FPP) voting system, aka. Winner-Takes-All. In this system the winner is the erstwhile candidate, for a given area or region, who gains the greatest number of votes. However, there is no requirement for the newly minted representative to achieve an absolute majority, i.e. to secure more than 50% of the total votes cast for their seat, as a representative, in the House of Commons. This effectively means that candidates can, and routinely are, elected to office with less than a majority of the vote (<50%) for a given seat.
While the Conservative Party, under the FPP system, just managed to secure a parliamentary majority and thus assume power with 50.9% of the seats in the House of Commons, they would not be entitled to rule in a system that used Proportional Representation (PR). In fact, the Conservatives, with just 36.8% of the total votes cast, merit no more than 239 seats and would have to form a coalition with one, or more, other parties in order to rule. That Conservative, Labour, the SNP, the Democratic Unionist Party and the Social Democratic & Labour Party (NI) are all over-represented and that UKIP, the Liberal Democrats, the Green Party, Plaid Cymru (Wales), the Ulster Unionist Party (NI) and Others are all under-represented in parliament, clearly demonstrates the deplorable state of democracy in present day UK.
The Cameron regime, as representatives of the Conservative Party, are an illegitimate abomination foisted upon the UK electorate.
The shocking state of democracy in UK is further exacerbated when the turnout rate, i.e. the number of people who actually voted as a percentage of those who were eligible to vote, is taken into consideration. The total number of eligible citizens entitled to vote was 46,432,193 and just 30,691.680 (66.1%) of these voters cast their vote. Thus, the Conservatives, with 11,334,920 votes, which, using the FPP system translated their votes into a slender majority totalling 331 seats in the House of Commons, only represents 24.4% of the people.
Of course, Proportional Representation is not a panacea to all that ails the moribund electoral system in the UK but as a first step in restoring democracy, albeit representative democracy, it would be welcomed by the majority of the people who are now beginning to realise that they are being egregiously manipulated by a small coterie of the population who have no interest whatsoever in changing the status quo.
While the chances of Proportional Representation being implemented in the UK in the near future is unlikely, the prospect of direct democracy, akin to the Athenian model initiated by Cleisthenes, is even more remote, regardless of the fact that modern technology would now facilitate this option.
Clearly the UK's electoral system is profoundly undemocratic and does not truly reflect the will of the people. That just 24.4% of eligible voters can rule over the remaining 75.6% of the electorate is a perverse manipulation of representative democracy.
Cameron's Conservatives are an illegitimate regime.
A legitimate democracy is the will of the majority.


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Los Ralos è un comune rurale dell'Argentina, appartenente alla provincia di Tucumán, nel dipartimento di Cruz Alta; è situata a 22 km dalla città di San Miguel de Tucumán, capitale della provincia.

La contrada è fondata nel 1876, lungo la tratta ferroviaria di recente inaugurazione che univa Buenos Aires con la città di Tucumán, per ospitare le famiglie che lavoravano all'interno dello zuccherificio di proprietà della famiglia Avellaneda.

In base al censimento del 2001, la città contava 8.725 abitanti, con un incremento del 18,55% rispetto al censimento precedente (1991).

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Città della provincia di Tucumán

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Ligament injuries are common clinical problems for which there are few established interventions. Instrument-assisted cross fiber massage (IACFM) was recently shown to accelerate the restoration of biomechanical properties in injured rodent knee medial collateral ligaments (MCL). The current study aimed to investigate the influence of IACFM on regional perfusion and vascularity in the vicinity of healing rodent knee MCL injuries.
Bilateral knee MCL injuries were induced in female Sprague–Dawley rats. Commencing 1 week post-injury, 1 minute of IACFM was introduced unilaterally 3 times/week for 3 weeks. The contralateral injured MCL served as an internal control. Regional tissue perfusion was assessed in vivo throughout healing using laser Doppler imaging, whereas regional microvascular morphology was assessed ex vivo via micro-computed tomography of vessels filled with contrast.
IACFM had no effect on tissue perfusion when assessed immediately, or at 5, 10, 15 or 20 min following intervention (all p > 0.05). However, IACFM-treated hindlimbs had enhanced tissue perfusion when assessed 1 day following the 4th and 9th (last) treatment sessions (all p < 0.05). IACFM-treated hindlimbs also had greater perfusion when assessed 1 wk following the final treatment session (32 days post-injury) (p < 0.05). Subsequent investigation of microvascular morphology found IACFM to increase the proportion of arteriole-sized blood vessels (5.9 to <41.2 μm) in the tibial third of the ligament (p < 0.05).
These findings suggest IACFM alters regional perfusion and vascularity in the vicinity of healing rodent knee MCL injuries. This effect may contribute to the beneficial effect of IACFM observed on the recovery of knee ligament biomechanical properties following injury.
Ligament injuries are prevalent accounting for approximately 50% of athletic injuries . The majority of injuries are to capsular and extracapsular ligaments (such as the knee and ankle collateral ligaments), with the resultant imbalances in joint mobility and stability leading acutely to pain and functional limitations, and chronically to disability, permanent joint dysfunction, susceptibility to re-injury, and ultimately joint disease [2–5]. It is well established that surgery is not indicated for most capsular and extracapsular ligament injuries, including both partial and full thickness tears [6–8]. Consequently, there is a need to establish alternative interventions that facilitate recovery and enhance outcomes following ligament injury.
Numerous preclinical studies have investigated the utility of novel interventions targeting ligament healing, including the use of gene therapies, growth factors, biological scaffolds, stem cell therapies, and biophysical modalities [9–13]. Each of these directions has shown promise in influencing ligament healing; however, the techniques are far from being translated into the clinical realm and their eventual costs may prohibit wide use in mainstream clinical practice. Manual therapy represents an alternative intervention for influencing ligament healing. Manual therapy involves the application of specifically directed forces to the body in order to induce physiological and/or structural tissue changes. One of the oldest and most frequent forms of manual therapy is massage, with a popular rehabilitative technique being cross fiber massage.
Cross-fiber massage (also known as deep transverse or friction massage) involves applying the finger/s or a rigid instrument directly over a tissue lesion and transverse to the direction of the underlying collagen fibers. It was developed in an empirical way by Cyriax ; however, was first described by Hippocrates. The later used 'anatripsis' (Greek for friction) to treat ligament sprains and joint dislocations stating that '…hard rubbing binds…much rubbing causes parts to waste…and moderate rubbing makes them grow' . Despite its lengthy history, there is minimal scientific evidence of the benefits of cross fiber massage.
We recently performed a study investigating the benefit of a specific form of cross fiber massage, instrument assisted cross fiber massage (IACFM), following knee medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury in an established animal model . IACFM utilizes a specially designed, hand-held instrument made out of a rigid material (i.e. stainless steel) to administer localized mechanical forces to subcutaneous or deep connective tissue structures. Findings in our previous study indicated that IACFM accelerated the return of tissue-level biomechanical properties in the healing ligaments when assessed at four weeks post-injury .
The acceleration of biomechanical healing with IACFM may be due to transduction of the mechanical stimulus into a collagen-synthesis response by fibroblasts, with previous studies suggesting IACFM facilitated the recruitment and activation of fibroblasts and altered the size and density of collagen fibers in rodent tendons [17–19]. However, it is possible that IACFM also influences vascular responses during ligament healing. Each phase of ligament healing requires adequate blood supply for the transport of cells and metabolites , and the influence of IACFM on vascular responses during ligament healing has not previously been explored. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of IACFM on vascular properties (tissue perfusion and microvasculature morphology) in the vicinity of healing rodent knee MCL injuries.
Thirty adult, virgin, female, Sprague–Dawley rats (age: 6 months; weight: 280–300 g) were purchased from Harlan Spraque-Dawley, Inc. (Indianapolis, IN) and acclimated for a minimum of 7 days prior to experimentation. Animals were housed in standardized conditions with ad libitum access to standard rat chow and water at all times. All procedures were approved a priori by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Indiana University.
All animals underwent surgery on entry to the study to create bilateral knee MCL injuries, as previously described . Following a subcutaneous dose of pre-operative analgesia (buprenorphine hydrochloride [0.05 mg/kg]; Reckitt & Colman Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Richmond, VA), surgical anesthesia was achieved via an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (60–80 mg/kg; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA) and xylazine (7.5 mg/kg; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA). A 5-mm longitudinal incision was made over one knee medial joint line, and the MCL located and sharply transected at the joint line using a size 11 scalpel blade. The result was a complete mid-substance disruption of the ligament transverse to its collagen fiber alignment. The ligament ends were juxtaposed, but not sutured and the skin incision closed using a single subcuticular absorbable suture. The procedure was repeated on the contralateral side to create bilateral injuries.
IACFM was delivered using a rigid tool fabricated from stainless steel (Graston Technique®, TherapyCare Resources, Indianapolis, IN) (Figure 1A). The protocol was based that described in similar studies [16–18]. IACFM was initiated 1 wk following injury induction (post-acute) to allow completion of the initial inflammatory phase. Delaying the introduction of IACFM is consistent with its suggested clinical use following acute injury. IACFM was delivered for one minute to the left injured MCL (IACFM-treated) with the animals under inhalation anesthesia (Figure 1B). The delivery time was based on prior animal model studies indicating the efficacy of short duration of IACFM applications [16–18]. Approximately 250–300 g of downward force was applied during the treatment, as determined by using the massage instrument on a force plate with a force equivalent to that employed clinically. This amount of force also corresponds with previous studies demonstrating the benefit of IACFM during tendon and ligament healing in rats [16–18]. Animals were treated 3 times/wk for 3 wk (total treatment sessions = 9). The contralateral, injured MCL was not treated and served as an internal control (non-treated).
Instrument-assisted cross fiber massage (IACFM) intervention. A: The rigid Graston Technique® GT6 tool fabricated from stainless steel has a tapered tip (*) which permits treatment of small structures. B: IACFM of the rodent knee joint medial collateral ligament using the GT6 tool. Arrows indicate the direction of movement/force application perpendicular to the collagen substructure of the ligament.
Regional superficial tissue perfusion was assessed in vivo in one set of animals (n = 11) using noninvasive laser Doppler imaging (LDI). A desktop scanning laser-Doppler perfusion imager (MoorLDI2-IR™; Moor Instruments, Wilmington, DE) was used, as per manufacturer guidelines. The imager possessed a laser diode source that produced near-infrared energy with a wavelength of 785 nm and nominal power of 2.25 mW. A low-frequency cut-off (250 Hz) was used to eliminate movement artifacts, while a high-frequency cut-off (15 kHz) was used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
LDI was performed in a standardized environment (22°C) with animals under inhalation anesthesia. The hindlimbs were shaved, and the animals were placed in dorsal recumbency on a warming pad (37°C) with both hindlimbs abducted to permit imaging of the medial knee joint region. Both hindlimbs were positioned within a single field of view to allow simultaneous scanning of the IACFM- and non-treated hindlimbs. The imager and animal were subsequently enclosed in an opaque screen to eliminate artifactual light during scanning. After animals were positioned, they were left undisturbed for 10 min to reduce handling and environmental influences on tissue perfusion measures.
Triplicate scans of each animal were performed without interim repositioning at the following time points: the day prior to surgically-induced MCL injury (pre-injury), immediately prior to each IACFM intervention (pre-IACFM), and at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min, and 24 hr following each IACFM intervention (post-IACFM). A final assessment was performed 1 wk following the final IACFM intervention (4 wk post-injury). As the IACFM- and non-treated hindlimbs were simultaneously scanned within each animal, the influences of subtle changes in ambient temperature and light, and physiological status of the animals were controlled. An identical region of interest was selected over the medial knee region on the acquired 2D images, and mean unitless flux values (perfusion units) were obtained for both the IACFM- and non-treated hindlimbs. These flux values were averaged for the triplicate scans performed on each hindlimb at each assessment time point. The MCLs from these animals were harvested at 5 wk post-surgery, and assessed for structural and mechanical properties. These later data have previously been published .
Microvasculature morphology was assessed in a second set of animals (n = 19) by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging of tissues perfused with a contrast agent, based on procedures described in the literature [21–23]. Animals were anesthetized at 4 wk post-surgery (1 wk following the final IACFM intervention) with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (60–80 mg/kg; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA) and xylazine (7.5 mg/kg; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA). They were placed on a warming pad (37°C) in dorsal recumbency with their appendages splayed and fixed. The thoracic cavity was opened, and the inferior vena cava located and severed to exsanguinate the animals. A 16-G cannula needle connected to a perfusion pump (Minipuls 2 Peristaltic Pump; Gilson Inc., Middleton, WI) was inserted through the left ventricle of the heart and into the ascending aorta. The vasculature was flushed with 0.9% normal saline containing heparin sodium (100U/ml) and sodium nitrite before being pressure fixed with 4% phosphate-buffered formalin. Formalin was flushed using heparinized saline and the vasculature perfused with a radiopaque silicone rubber containing lead chromate (Microfil MV-122, Flow Tech, Inc., Carver, MA). Following storage at 4°C overnight to allow contrast agent polymerization, the hindlimbs were removed and soaked in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 4 days to ensure complete tissue fixation.
Immediately prior to micro-CT imaging, the MCLs and their adjacent connective tissues were harvested and dissected to a standard sample size (length = 1.5 cm, width = 0.5 cm). Adjacent connective tissue was included in analyses as the MCL proper has limited vascularity, and receives its blood supply from vessels in its epiligament and the adjacent periarticular tissues . This approach maximized the number of vessels assessed, with the tissues containing these vessels also being injured during surgery and subsequently treated during IACFM intervention. Samples were positioned vertically on the computer-controlled rotation stage of a bench top micro-CT system (SkyScan 1172 high-resolution micro-CT; SkyScan, Kontich, Belgium) and scanned 180° around the vertical axis in rotation steps of 0.4° using an x-ray source operating at 50kV. The isotropic voxel size was 5.9 μm. Serial tomograms were reconstructed and thresholded to segment the radiopaque microvasculature network from its surrounding connective tissue. This was initially performed for the whole tissue sample before the tomograms were subdivided into thirds corresponding with the femoral, middle and tibial portions of the specimen. Microvasculature morphology parameters acquired from the whole tissue, and femoral, middle and tibial sub-regional analyses included: vessel volume normalized to tissue volume (VV/TV; %), vessel number (V.N;/mm), vessel thickness or diameter (V.Th; μm), and vessel separation (V.Sp; mm). In addition, the frequency distribution of V.Th in each femoral, middle and tibial sub-region was assessed.
LDI flux values in IACFM-treated hindlimbs were expressed relative to those measured in non-treated hindlimbs (IACFM treated/non-treated) to provide a perfusion ratio for each individual animal. Intervention effects were assessed at each time point by calculating mean perfusion ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). 95% CI not crossing 1 were considered statistically significant, as determined by single sample t-tests on the mean perfusion ratios with a population mean of 1. Intervention effects on regional microvasculature morphology measures were assessed using paired t-tests. All comparisons were two-tailed with a level of significance set at 0.05.
Representative laser Doppler images in an uninjured control animal and animal with bilateral knee MCL injuries at four weeks post-injury are shown in Figure 2. There were no side-to-side differences in regional tissue blood flow in animals prior to surgically-induced MCL injury or immediately prior to the initial IACFM intervention (all p > 0.05) (Figure 3). There was no immediate effect of IACFM on tissue perfusion, with IACFM- and non-treated hindlimbs having equivalent perfusion immediately, and at 5, 10, 15 and 20 min following the IACFM treatment session (all p > 0.05) (Figure 3A). However, when assessed 24 hr following the 4th and 9th (last) treatment sessions (15 and 26 days post-injury, respectively) IACFM-treated hindlimbs had significantly greater tissue perfusion than contralateral non-treated hindlimbs (all p < 0.05) (Figure 3B). Also, IACFM-treated hindlimbs had significantly greater perfusion when assessed 1 wk following the final treatment session (32 days post-injury) (p < 0.05) (Figure 3B).
Representative laser Doppler images for the left and right hindlimbs in A: aged-matched uninjured control animal and B: animal with bilateral knee MCL injuries (*) at four weeks post-injury. A: Tissue flux (perfusion) was equivalent in the right and left legs of age-matched control animals, animals prior to surgically-induced MCL injury, and animals immediately prior to the initial IACFM treatment (i.e. one week following MCL injury). B: Tissue flux (perfusion) was increased in the IACFM treated hindlimb at 4 weeks following injury and 1 week following the final IACFM treatment, compared to the contralateral non-treated injured hindlimb.
Effect of IACFM on regional tissue perfusion following knee MCL injury. A: IACFM had no immediate effect on tissue perfusion ratios, with ratios immediately prior (PRE) and after (0) the first IACFM treatment, at 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes post-treatment, and at 24 hours post-treatment not differing significantly from 1 (i.e. perfusion in IACFM-treated = perfusion in non-treated). B: IACFM significantly increased tissue perfusion over time. In addition to having increased perfusion when assessed at 24 hours after the 4th and last (9th) treatment (15 and 26 days post-MCL injury, respectively), IACFM treated hindlimbs had significantly greater perfusion when assessed one week following the final treatment session (32 days post-MCL injury). Data represent perfusion ratios (IACFM treated/non treated) between IACFM treated and non-treated hindlimbs, with error bars indicating the 95% confidence interval. Ratios >1 indicate greater perfusion in IACFM-treated hindlimbs. *p < 0.05, as determined by single sample t-tests with a population mean of 1.
A representative micro-CT image of contrast agent perfused blood vessels within a MCL and its surrounding connective tissue is shown in Figure 4. There were no significant differences in VV/TV, V.Th, V.N or V.Sp between IACFM- and non-treated hindlimbs (all p = 0.37 to 0.90) (Figure 5). This was confirmed following subdivision of the tissue volume into femoral, middle and tibial thirds, with VV/TV, V.N, V.Th or V.Sp not differing between IACFM- and non-treated hindlimbs within any sub-region (all p > 0.05) (data not shown). Analysis of the distribution of V.Th in the tibial subregion revealed IACFM-treated hindlimbs to have a higher proportion of vessels within the 5.9 μm to <41.2 μm range compared to non-treated hindlimbs (p < 0.02) (Figure 6A). There were no differences in the distribution of V.Th between IACFM- and non-treated hindlimbs in the femoral and middle subregions (all p > 0.05) (Figure 6B and C).
Representative micro-CT image of contrast agent perfused blood vessels within a MCL and its surrounding connective tissue. Microvasculature morphology parameters acquired from the whole tissue, and upper (femoral), middle and lower (tibial) thirds of the tissue volume were: vessel volume normalized to tissue volume (VV/TV; %), vessel number (V.N;/mm), vessel thickness or diameter (V.Th; μm), and vessel separation (V.Sp; mm). The MCL is not distinguishable within the tissue volume because of its equivalent radiopacity. Images from both IACFM-treated and non-treated hind limbs are not shown as they are visually indistinguishable.
Effect of IACFM on microvasculature morphometric parameters following knee MCL injury. There were no significant IACFM effects on A: vessel volume normalized to tissue volume [VV/TV], B: vessel number [V.N], C: vessel thickness or diameter [V.Th], or D: vessel number [V.N] (all p = 0.37 to 0.90). Bars represent mean ± SD.
Effect of IACFM on the frequency distribution of vessel thickness (V.Th). V.Th distribution in the A: tibial, B: middle, and C: femoral subregions of the injured knee MCL and adjacent connective tissue. IACFM-treated hindlimbs had a higher proportion of V.Th within the 5.9 to <41.2 μm range in the tibial subregion. No differences were found in the middle or femoral subregions. Bars represent mean ± SD. *indicates p < 0.02 compared to non-treated hindlimb.
The results of this study suggest that IACFM increases blood flow and alters microvascular morphology in the vicinity of healing knee ligaments. IACFM treatment of surgically-induced knee MCL injuries increased regional tissue perfusion, as assessed using LDI. The increase was not observed immediately following intervention suggesting IACFM does not lead to a direct increase in tissue perfusion due to vasodilation. In contrast, IACFM increased tissue perfusion days following treatment, an effect that persisted for 1 wk following the final IACFM intervention. Subsequent investigation found IACFM to have no effect on global microvascular morphology within the injured ligament and its surrounding connective tissue, as assessed by quantitative micro-CT imaging of vessels filled with a contrast agent. However, further analyses revealed one portion of the assessed tissue region to have a greater proportion of smaller diameter blood vessels (5.9 to <41.2 μm), suggesting IACFM treatment had a subtle, yet measurable influence on localized microvascular morphology. Overall, our findings suggest that IACFM altered regional vascular properties following ligament injury. Whether the detected vascular changes contribute to the beneficial effect of IACFM on the recovery of knee MCL biomechanical properties observed in a previous study  requires further exploration.
The importance of blood supply to knee ligament healing is well established. Each stage of ligament healing depends upon adequate vascularity and blood flow for the delivery and removal of cells and metabolic substrates at the injury site . Numerous studies have associated variations in blood supply with alterations in knee MCL healing [25–28], and differences in blood supply are thought to contribute to the differential healing of MCL and anterior cruciate ligament injuries [29, 30]. Massage therapy is often introduced with the intent of altering tissue blood flow; however, studies have generally been limited to the exploration of immediate, short-term effects [31–34]. The immediate effects of massage on blood flow are hypothesized to be as a result of a vasodilatory effect of the therapy on vessels within the treated region. To our knowledge, no study has reported an effect of massage on regional vascular properties, particularly at delayed time points (>24 hours) following massage completion.
The delayed effect of IACFM therapy in the current study on tissue perfusion is a novel finding and suggests this form of massage therapy had a morphological effect on the vascular system in the vicinity of the healing MCL, as opposed to an immediate, more temporary vasodilatory effect. This hypothesis was partially supported by quantitative micro-CT imaging of vessels filled with a contrast agent, which showed the tibial portion of the healing MCL and its adjacent connective tissue to have a larger proportion of blood vessels in the diameter range of arterioles. The finding of alterations in the proportion of arteriole-sized vessels is potentially important as these vessels regulate the flow of blood through the capillary beds they supply.
It is uncertain why expansion of arteriole-sized vessels was isolated to the distal portion of the ligament. More dense distributions of epiligamentous vessels are located near the bony insertions of the MCL . It may be that neovascularization within the injured MCL originates from these vessels. Alternatively, it is possible that expansion of arteriole-sized vessels in the distal portion of the MCL resulted from intensifying of treatment pressures at this site, with the ligament being compressed during intervention between the rigid massage tool and underlying tibia. An earlier study demonstrated elevated IACFM pressures were associated with enhanced cellular responses .
The current study extends knowledge regarding IACFM effects during ligament healing; however, the data are not without limitations. Rats were studied for handling, housing and cost considerations; however, they have small and difficult to study ligaments relative to larger species. The injury model of surgically transecting the MCL produced highly reproducible injuries for comparative research purposes, but it does not replicate the strain-related injury mechanism that occurs clinically. LDI provided interesting data regarding delayed effects of IACFM, yet it possesses a limited depth of penetration with only 37% of incident energy remaining after 1 mm of penetration in skin . Thus, it remains unanswered whether IACFM actually influenced perfusion within the ligament proper in the current study. Other investigators have opened the skin to enable LDI to provide a more specific assessment of MCL perfusion [36, 37]. This approach was not implemented in the current study as we wanted to obtain non-invasive measures in the same animals over time. There are also limitations with the technique used to image vascular morphology, including potential incomplete filling and/or overdistension of vessels, and the inability of being able to distinguish between the arterial and venous vascular systems.
The results of this study suggest that IACFM increases perfusion and alters microvascular morphology in the vicinity of healing knee ligaments. These effects may contribute to the accelerated post-injury recovery of knee ligament biomechanical properties observed in a previous study , and confirm the need for further investigations into the effects of IACFM. In particular, future studies need to consider the mechanism of action and molecular effects of IACFM, and explore the impact of dosage variables. Also, further studies are indicated to establish the efficacy of IACFM in clinical populations.
Vessel volume normalized to tissue volume.
The authors would like to acknowledge the student research assistants from the Doctor of Physical Therapy Program at Indiana University who contributed to this study. We also appreciate the support received from the Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, and Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging laboratory within the Indiana University School of Medicine. This study was supported in part by the American Massage Therapy Association and National Institutes of Health (S10 RR023710). The results herein represent the conclusions and opinions of the authors. Publication does not necessarily imply endorsement by the grant providers. No commercial party having a direct interest in the results of the research has or will confer benefit on the authors or any organization with which the authors are associated.
MTL performed interventions and outcome measures; MTL and SJW conceived the project, participated in study design, induced ligament injuries and interpreted data. All authors wrote and provided feedback on drafts of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


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Q: What do we know about the composite system vs. its subsystems in an entangled system? In Susskind's Theoretical Minimum: Quantum Mechanics, he states that, "complete knowledge of a system in classical physics implies complete knowledge of every part of a system" (159). Moreover, he states that "we can know everything about a composite system - everything there is to know, anyway - and still know nothing about its constituent parts" (175).
He also provides an example of an entangled system, which consists of two coins - a penny and a dime - and two individuals - A and B. Each individual is given a coin randomly, and without looking at it, travels to distant parts of the universe.
The composite system has a state $|\Psi\rangle$ which can be represented by
$$|\Psi\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(|pd\rangle - |dp\rangle\right)$$
where $p$ stands for penny and $d$ for dime, and the first element is the state of A and the second that of B.
In this example,

*

*Referring to Susskind's second statement above, what do we actually know about the state of the combined system? If there is one penny and one dime, and each person has one of the coins, there are only two possible measurements: $|pd\rangle$ or $|dp\rangle$. Since the coins are distributed randomly, there is equal probability of the composite measurement of the composite system yielding $|pd\rangle$ or $|dp\rangle$. Hence, the distribution over the measurements is uniform and there is no information conveyed in the state vector. So do we know nothing about the composite?

*How is what we know about the composite system different from what we know about the individual subsystems? Isn't it also true that there is a 50% chance for each person to have each coin, and hence, we also know nothing about the coin held by the individuals?

Sorry if the question is confusing. I'm just trying to wrap my head around the concept of entanglement.

A: The thing with quantum mechanics is that this isn't quite right:

there are only two possible measurements: $|pd⟩$ or $|dp⟩$.

Even at the single-system level, there are many more possible measurement procedures than just on $|p⟩$ and $|d⟩$. Instead, there's plenty of measurements that project onto superposition states like $|p⟩+|d⟩$  or $|p⟩-|d⟩$ (or, equivalently, which perform the same transformation that prepares those superpositions, and then measures on $|p⟩$ and $|d⟩$).
Now, in Susskind's notation, the statement "complete knowledge" is essentially equivalent to the system being in a pure state. If we have a single coin which we know is in a pure state, and repeated measurements yield a 50:50 split between $p$s and $d$s, then we essentially know that it is in the superposition state $|p⟩+e^{i\varphi}|d⟩$ for some complex phase $e^{i\varphi}$. However, that says more than just the 50:50 split we had above: it means that there exists a measurement which can discriminate between $|p⟩+e^{i\varphi}|d⟩$ and $|p⟩-e^{-i\varphi}|d⟩$, and which will always yield the former and never the latter.
Thus far for a single coin. What happens with our entangled state? If A tries to measure the state of the coin between $|p⟩$ and $|d⟩$, they will observe a 50:50 split, which is suggestive of a superposition state. To try and demonstrate that, the thing to do is to try and find some $\varphi$ such that a measurement along $|p⟩+e^{i\varphi}|d⟩$ and $|p⟩-e^{-i\varphi}|d⟩$ will pick up some asymmetry between the two possible outcomes, and here's the rub: no matter what you do, i.e. no matter what $\varphi$ you choose, you'll always come up with a 50:50 split on that measurement. This is impossible for a single system in a pure state (i.e. with "complete knowledge") and in fact it is the state of zero knowledge about the state of the coin.
It is therefore tempting to conclude that, in fact, we have no information about the complete system, but this is not the case - we have complete knowledge about the full system, i.e. we know that it is in a pure state. How can we demonstrate this? There's two main ways:

*

*If A and B can bring their systems back together, to perform coherent quantum operations on the two of them, there are two-particle measurement schemes that will yield a clear outcome that's incompatible with the zero-knowledge state and which directly determines which entangled pure state the particles are in.

*Even if A and B cannot bring the systems back together, if we let them send classical messages to each other, then there are measurement procedures they can do (in essence, looking for violations of Bell inequalities) that are incompatible with the zero-knowledge state.

A: To slightly rephrase Emilio Pisanty's excellent answer (not because he said anything wrong, but because this is a subtle issue and multiple perspectives are always helpful):
You are correct that, if we only measure in the "intuitive" basis $\{ | pp \rangle, | pd \rangle, | dp \rangle, | dd \rangle \}$, then we have essentially equivalent information about the whole state as the individual ones.
A key part of Susskind's quote is "we can know everything about a composite system - everything there is to know, anyway."  Even in a so-called "pure state" consisting of a single vector in the Hilbert space, there is still "unremovable" uncertainty about what we will measure that comes from the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics inherent from the Born rule.  But the key point is that for a pure state, there exists some basis in which the result of a measurement is guaranteed.  If we were to measure in the (rather artificial, but still mathematically valid) Bell basis, we would measure with certainty that the composite system is in the state $(| pd \rangle - | dp \rangle)/\sqrt{2}$.
By contrast, if we were to only measure the subsystem $A$, it turns out that there is no possible basis in which our measurement outcome can be predicted with certainty.  In this sense, a mixed/entangled state like that of system $A$ is "even more uncertain" that just the usual uncertainty of measurement outcome that you always get from the Born rule.

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Praying mantis population entrenched on Vancouver Island: Researcher
Posted: Sep. 10, 2022 6:02PM
Photo courtesy Infini[ty]center/Youtube
Praying mantis sightings are increasing on Vancouver Island and an entomologist believes their population is here to stay.
It was just over a week ago when Matteo Craig was waiting to catch a bus at Woodgrove Centre in Nanaimo when he caught something else instead, a praying mantis.
"The first thing I thought was how did this get here?" said Craig.
There beside him was a praying mantis also known as the Europen Mantis. He managed to capture it and take it home.
"It was super exciting. I've always wanted a praying mantis but I've never had one and obviously, you can't find them around here because they're not native to here," said Craig.
Craig is one of a growing number of people who have found one on Vancouver Island. Emily Wharin has documented the discovery of two praying mantes in Parksville.
"I was quite surprised. I mean I've never seen a praying mantis in the wild in B.C. in general," said Wharin. "I noticed it was one of the most northern sightings so I was kind of excited."
Praying mantises were introduced to the Okanagan in the 1930s to control grasshoppers.
"It didn't work very well because they're not very specific in what they catch but the invasive species has since become established there," said Dr. Rob Cannings, the curator emeritus of entomology at the Royal BC Museum.
"The females lay their eggs in a frothy mass that sticks to rocks or fence posts or buildings or cars or trailers so they can be transported that way," he said.
On Vancouver Island, the first sightings were in 1991 and 1999 and slowly they've been showing up with increasing frequency.
Of the 24 European Mantis sightings documented on Vancouver Island on iNaturalist, 75 per cent have been in the last two years. Cannings says there was also one recorded in Victoria last week.
"They're adapted to surviving in European climates and ours isn't much different than western Europe so they're preadapted to the kinds of summers and winters and climate we have here so it shouldn't be too difficult for them to live here. It's just a matter of getting a foothold so they're here and I guess they're here to stay," said Cannings.
Though Cannings says people shouldn't release mantises out in the wild or purposely propagate the insects.
Though the European mantis can be green or brown in colour it should not be confused with the Chinese mantis which can be bought in stores but doesn't survive outdoors on Vancouver Island.
While praying mantis normally hunt other bugs they've been known to even prey on hummingbirds but Cannings says they shouldn't upset the Island's biodiversity.
"These upper-level predators general have small populations and I don't think that it's going to become a real problem with respect to native populations of other insects."
Cannings published research into the expansion of the praying mantis in B.C. in 2007.
The Ministry of Water, Land and Resource Stewardship says the B.C. government does not track the presence of praying mantises.
WATCH: Local First Nations say to protect native wolf populations on Vancouver Island we need to give them more respect
Get Up and Grow: Tips for planting bulbs this fall
9/11 attacks still reverberate as U.S. marks 21st anniversary

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A greenhouse is an asset to any garden and essential to many for the propagation of seeds and plants and for providing suitable growing conditions for a wide range of plants that would be unable to survive in the external environment.
In order to obtain maximum benefit from a greenhouse it is necessary to understand certain factors when embarking on the construction, equipping of and working within a greenhouse.
It is important that as much light as possible enters the greenhouse, therefore consideration as to the position of the structure is required.
Tall trees, boundary fences and walls can create shadows, obstructing light, so thought is required as to how much sunlight is available all year round, not just the summer months.
A greenhouse facing south is ideal if it is a lean-to structure against a wall.
However, free-standing, independent structures should be placed east – west in order to avoid the lattice blind effect on conventional apex structures and gain maximum sunlight during the winter and spring.
The choice of materials is normally limited to either wood or aluminium, although less expensive structures based on alloys and plastic are available for the amateur market.
Wood is a traditional material and can appear more attractive in some gardens. However it requires periodic upkeep and more general maintenance.
The advantages of aluminium are that they need virtually no maintenance, and the structural frames are thin, casting very little shade.
Aluminium, normally powder coated in a colour of your choice may blend beautifully into the garden, especially if the structure can be seen from the home.
To make the most of a greenhouse it is advantageous to use additional heat.
For smaller greenhouses it is best to invest in an electrical fan heater with a thermometer switch to achieve the desired temperature.
Many commercial structures often use blown heat, but for large domestic structures a hot water pipe system with a boiler powered by either gas or oil is the norm.
Thermostats for the system should be located at plant height near the centre of the greenhouse where they are not influenced by drafts or sidewall cooling and protected from direct contact with sunlight and water.
These devices are energy saving and even simple models can provide different daily temperature settings that automatically lower the night temperature and raise it in the morning.
Often the suns rays can cause the greenhouse to become overheated between spring and autumn, which can lead to the plants becoming stressed.
It is well known that hot air rises, so this is the easiest route for any hot air to exit, via the roof ventilation.
The process is improved with the use of vents that open in the sides of greenhouse. Automatic ventilation will assist in providing stable temperatures.
A simple calculation of 25% of the floor area will ascertain the minimum amount of opening vent space that is required. Remember, if you feel uncomfortable in your greenhouse, and then so do your plants.
Many plants can be grown against the back wall of a greenhouse. Fruit is a popular choice producing a large crop in a small space, using traditional fruit training techniques. Ornamental plants can also be grown in this space e.g. Pelargonium, and any number of climbing plants from warmer climes such as Bougainvillea.
Some form of benching or staging is essential for providing an area to support growing plants and potting on.
The staging needs to be strong and capable of supporting the heavy weight of pots laden with plants and moisture.
Freestanding benching is the most popular and can be constructed of slatted wood (cedar) or aluminium.
Aluminium has the advantage of longevity and requires no maintenance.
They should not be too wide and stand about the same height as a kitchen worktop (90cm).
Ensure that they are level and that there is enough room for access and to undertake work on them.
Many garden greenhouse manufacturers produce staging and shelf equipment specially made for particular greenhouses, but there are independent manufacturers that supply ranges to fit all greenhouses.
Capillary benches are widely available and allow crops of similar plants and pot sizes to be kept evenly watered right the way through the day.
This is constructed using a normal flat bench with 5cm-raised edges.
The surface is lined with capillary matting, which goes over the side of the bench into a vat of water.
The capillary matting will draw up water and remain damp so that pots placed on the surface of the capillary matting will maintain a steady moisture level throughout the day.
Additionally liquid fertiliser can be added to the water vat thereby automatically feeding and watering the plants.
Lower benches are handy for those plants that are resting, such as corms e.g. Cyclamen and tubers e.g. Achimenes (Hot water plants).
Remember to check on them from time to time.
Also they are convenient for storing items such as the watering can, sticks for plant supports and spare pots.
A top shelf is ideal for orchids as this can mimic their natural environment well, as they grow in trees. It is best to make sure that the pots are well balanced so that they will not fall off when they are watered.
Small individual plastic propagators are ideal for limited space.
These are supplied with propagating trays with soil warming cables in their base which are connected to the standard electricity supply with a built-in thermostat to enable the temperature to be varied at will and kept constant.
These are very useful when raising plants either from seed or cuttings. Using the bottom heat means many seeds can germinate very quickly.
It is also possible to build your own propagator that will fit the exact space available to you.
Construct a wooden frame with 10cm sides and place a piece of 25mm polystyrene covered polythene in the base, lay the soil warming cables on it and cover with approx 40mm of coarse sand.
The cables will need to be connected to a thermostat and an electric supply as recommended by the manufacturer.
The pots or trays are then simply placed on the sand, which will warm them.
To further improve on this arrangement for propagating cuttings it is recommended that a fine mist spray connected to a sensor be installed.
This will stop the cuttings become dehydrated and increase the success rate and speed of rooting for cuttings.
The need to control the sunlight coming in through the glass is best achieved by the use of shading. Pull-down blinds with strips of reflective aluminium are popular and easy to use as an alternative to the traditional wooden slatted blinds.
Alternatively, for a small greenhouse you can use a 'paint on' shading liquid that will last the season or shade netting that is fitted over the structure during the high season.
Once you have grown your plants on they need a to be hardened off before going out into the garden.
That means not giving them a shock by going from the hot into the cold, so using a cold frame is ideal.
This can be an independent structure or one bought as part of a package from a greenhouse manufacturer.
For larger greenhouse there is now the opportunity to utilise a computer to control the heating and ventilation.
This will have been initially been programmed so that each relevant sensor has been named, sited and numbered.
The various limits that are required will have been entered to allow the system to work.
It is likely that there will be different requirements as regards the use of the heating and ventilation controls during the course of the year.
Alteration of the set points on the computer programme will allow the glasshouse environment to be adjusted to suit the crop being grown at any given time.
It is possible to make adjustments and cross-reference the changes so that there are no conflicting settings within the programme.
For general purposes the control programme will use Day/Night settings.
It is recommended that a printout be taken of alterations throughout the year as a record and also as a guide for future requirements.
A three quarter span Hartley Lean-to glasshouse build against a stone wall.
Cleaning the greenhouse on a regular basis is an essential maintenance practice.
By promoting good hygiene practices the risk of over wintering pests and disease will be reduced.
Various products are available for this task and should be used at the recommended rate.
Article Extractions first published in The Professional Gardener.


Knockatallon Ladies Group invites you to their next event when Chiropodist Eileen Dunwoody-Brennan will host a talk on the care of your feet and related problems. The meeting will take place in the Sliabh Beagh Knockatallon on Thursday 26th of April at 8pm. Everyone welcome.


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01326 373086 or [email protected]
Penryn Library
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What is a Neighbourhood Plan?
Penryn Businesses 2020
Saracen Awards
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In September 2011 Penryn's Town Hall hosted its first ever wedding as mentioned in the Falmouth Packet. Penryn Town Hall is an approved premises as a venue for marriages under the Marriage Act 1949 and as a venue for Civil Partnership, Act 2004. In addition, other civil ceremonies such as naming ceremonies and the renewal of civil marriage vows are also welcome in the Town Hall.
Penryn is one of Cornwall's oldest towns, receiving its first charter in 1236. The beautiful granite Town Hall was originally known as the Market House and is situated in the centre of Penryn. It is thought that some of the stone from the historic ecclesiastical Glasney College was used in its construction. The clock tower was added in 1839. The main hall is available for weddings seating a maximum of 80 guests. If you are interested in booking the Town Hall for your wedding please contact the office 01326 373086. Ceremonies in the Town Hall cost £360.00 (including VAT), which includes the day prior to the ceremony to allow for setting up and decorating the hall. For details on the registration service delivered by Cornwall Council click here.
Download our Wedding Brochure


Please help those less fortunate by donating to Project Help &/or Project Roundup. Click here for more info!
John DeVore, General Manager of Lakeview Light & Power.
Our long time Meter Reader Ann Slayton retired on July 31st.
LLP from Portland General Electric.
It's hard to miss Scott McKay, he's everywhere. At least in Lakewood anyway.
At the end of March; LL&P added another member to our Customer Service Team.
Today Lakeview has 2,700 members and serves in excess of 9,800 meters. Lakeview Light & Power continues today the commitment of its founders to serve its members at the lowest possible cost by means of a reliable electrical distribution system.
How does Project Round Up work? You choose to opt-in to the program by having your LLP bill rounded up to the next whole dollar amount. The difference between your bill and the whole dollar amount is donated to Project Help.


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› Finance
Unlock BFSI 2.0: Economy reviving, no need to extend moratorium, say SFBs
By BS Web Team | New Delhi | Last Updated at August 19 2020 20:01 IST
Topics Small Finance Banks | BFSI | Business Standard Events
The heads of some of India's top small finance banks on Wednesday said that things now were looking up for the sector after the lifting of coronavirus-induced lockdowns, and that they would get even better in the coming days.
Speaking at the third session of Business Standard's six-part Unlock BFSI 2.0 webinar series, they also said the Reserve Bank's (RBI's) decision to allow a moratorium on loan repayments was a step in the right direction and people were not misusing it, but they agreed that there was no need to extend it beyond August as the economy was now getting back on its feet. Saying that banks needed to be more flexible in the current scenario, they also stressed on the need for "emotional banking".
The discussion was moderated by Tamal Bandopadhyay, consulting editor, Business Standard.
The panelists in the session, titled 'Small finance banks — It's time to make it big', were Ujjivan SFB Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer Nitin Chugh, Equitas SFB Promoter & Managing Director P N Vasudevan, Jana SFB Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer Ajay Kanwal, AU SFB Managing Director Sanjay Agarwal, Suryoday SFB Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer R Baskar Basu and Microfinance Institutions Network Chief Executive Officer & Director Alok Mishra.
AU SFB's Sanjay Agarwal said that the economy was beginning to look up, barring three or four sectors, and better collections showed that customers had every intention to pay. "Despite the moratorium, if I have a collection efficiency of 90 per cent, it just shows the resilience of the economy," he said.
Equitas SFB's P N Vasudevan said banks' recovery speed was very fast, as its customers were mostly into daily-use products and services. He said although his bank started with a 90 per cent moratorium in May, this dropped to 50 per cent in June, and 43 per cent in July, and was expected to fall further. He further said that the bank's relations with customers were strong and it stood by them in the current hour of need.
Ujjivan SFB'S Nitin Chugh said that the lender offered the moratorium to all its customers by default and also educated them on the moratorium. "We were brave enough to offer moratorium to all our customers and stand by them," he said. "Our recovery rate in July was 65-66 per cent, and it is improving. We have educated our customers about what it means to take the moratorium."
Suryoday's R Baskar Basu said his bank did not chase customers for collections and instead focused on educating them on the moratorium. "If you make them (customers) feel they are delinquent, their behaviour might change. We got in touch with them for educating them about the moratorium, not for recovery," he said.
Jana SFB's Ajay Kanwal said while the bank started with a moratorium of 93 per cent in April, it was down at 33 per cent in July. Although he expressed confidence in the bank's customers, he said: "There will be some opportunistic people, less than 1 per cent, who would use the moratorium as an excuse for not paying." However, he noted that the loan ticket size was so small that it would not be a problem for the customer to pay back.
Microfinance Institutions Network's Alok Mishra said that most of his bank's customers (small-ticket borrowers) dealt in essential items and their businesses were fast approaching normalcy. He, however, expressed concerns over local-level interferences. "There will be some small-time institutions that will try to instigate borrowers that the moratorium could be turned into a loan waiver. These vested interests have to be aggressively checked; for this we need policy support," he said.
Read our full coverage on Small Finance Banks
First Published: Wed,August 19 2020 19:58 IST
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Knud Rasmussen Heinesen (* 26. September 1932 in Kerteminde, Region Syddanmark) ist ein dänischer Wirtschaftsmanager und Politiker der Socialdemokraterne, der unter anderem Unterrichts-, Haushalts-, Finanzminister und Minister für öffentliche Arbeiten war.

Leben

Studium, Lehrer und Vorsitzender des Rundfunkrates
Heinesen begann nach dem Besuch des Aurehøj Gymnasium in Gentofte Kommune 1951 ein Studium der Politikwissenschaften, das er 1959 als Candidatus politices (Cand.polit.) beendete. Im Anschluss wurde er Lehrer an der Arbeiterhochschule (Arbejderhøjskolen) in Roskilde, ehe er im Jahr darauf eine Tätigkeit in der Arbeiterbewegung und dem Gewerkschaftsverband LO (Landsorganisationen i Danmark) begann. Zunächst wurde er 1960 Sekretär des Arbejderbevægelsens Erhvervsråd (AE), einer Analyse- und Forschungsinstitution sowie Denkfabrik der Arbeiterbewegung und der LO, und war zwischen 1961 und 1962 Landesvorsitzender des sozialdemokratischen Studentenverbandes Frit Forum.

1962 kehrte Heinesen zur Arbeiterhochschule Roskilde zurück, und wurde als 30-Jähriger deren Rektor. Die dortige Arbeit und auch sein privates Interesse führten dazu, dass er die Kulturpolitik seiner Partei entscheidend mitbestimmte. 1963 wurde er Mitglied des Rundfunkrates (Radiorådet), höchstes Organ der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalt Danmarks Radio, und fungierte zwischen 1967 und 1971 als dessen Vorsitzender. In dieser Funktion befand er sich oftmals im Mittelpunkt öffentlicher Debatten und erreichte dadurch landesweit Bekanntheit, wobei seine Führungszeit durch Toleranz und Sachlichkeit geprägt war, obwohl seine politische Neigung zur Socialdemokraterne bekannt war.

Nach seiner Wahl zum Vorsitzenden des Rundfunkrates legte er sein Amt als Rektor der Arbeiterhochschule Roskilde nieder und war zunächst von 1967 bis 1968 Geschäftsführer des Prüfungsverbands (Det kooperative fællesforbund) und danach zwischen 1969 und 1971 Lektor an der Wirtschaftshochschule Kopenhagen.

Abgeordneter und Unterrichts- und Haushaltsminister
Bei der Wahl vom 21. September 1971 wurde Heinesen als Kandidat der Socialdemokraterne erstmals zum Mitglied des Folketing gewählt und vertrat dort den Wahlkreis Søndre-Amagerbro.

Am 11. Oktober 1971 wurde er von Ministerpräsident Jens Otto Krag zum Unterrichtsminister (Undervisningsminister) in dessen dritte Regierung berufen und bekleidete dieses Ministeramt auch unter Krags Nachfolger Anker Jørgensen in dessen erster Regierung bis zum 27. September 1973. Als Unterrichtsminister legte er im April 1972 Pläne zur Neuorganisation der Volksschulen vor, die eine Schließung oder Zusammenlegung einzelner Schulen vorsah. Des Weiteren kam es im Mai 1972 zur Gründung des Planungsrates für Forschung sowie zur Auflösung des Rask-Ørsted-Fond und damit zu einer Neugestaltung der Verteilung von Forschungsmitteln. Dabei beteiligte er sich nachhaltig an den dazu notwendigen Gesetzgebungsverfahren sowie den Beratungen in den Sachgruppen des Ministeriums.

Im Rahmen einer Kabinettsumbildung wurde er dann erster Haushaltsminister (Budgetminister) und übte dieses Amt dann bis zum Ende von Jørgensens Amtszeit am 19. Dezember 1973 aus. Seine Nachfolgerin als Unterrichtsministerin wurde Ritt Bjerregaard. Danach war er zwischen 1974 und 1975 erneut Mitglied des Rundfunkrates.

Finanzminister und Minister für öffentliche Arbeiten
Nach dem Wahlsieg der Sozialdemocraterne bei der Folketingswahl vom 9. Januar 1975 berief ihn Ministerpräsident Anker Jørgensen am 13. Februar 1973 zum Finanzminister (Finansminister) in dessen zweite Regierung und bekleidete dieses Ministeramt bis zu den Änderungen nach der Folketingswahl vom 23. Oktober 1979 und der damit verbundenen Ablösung durch Svend Jakobsen am 26. Oktober 1979. Zuvor hatte er erklärt, dass er wegen unterschiedlicher Ansichten in der Finanzpolitik auf eine Neuberufung in die vierte Regierung Jørgensen verzichten würde.

Allerdings wurde er unmittelbar darauf zum Vorsitzenden der sozialdemokratischen Fraktion im Folketing gewählt und auf dem Parteitag der Socialdemokraterne im September 1980 erfolgte auch seine Wahl zum Vize-Vorsitzenden der Partei. Als Stellvertreter Anker Jørgensens prägte er damit nachhaltig den politischen und organisatorischen Kurs der Sozialdemokraten. Zwischenzeitlich war er von 1980 bis 1981 auch Mitglied der Telefongesellschaft KTAS (Kjøbenhavns Telefon Aktieselskab).

Am 15. Dezember 1981 übernahm er als Minister für öffentliche Arbeiten (Minister for offentlige Arbejder) doch ein Ministeramt in der vierten Regierung Jørgensen und wurde damit Nachfolger von Jens Risgaard Knudsen.

In der am 30. Dezember 1981 gebildeten fünften Regierung Jørgensen übernahm er dann jedoch knapp zwei Wochen später wieder das Amt des Finanzministers und bekleidete dieses Amt bis zum Ende von Jørgensens Amtszeit am 10. September 1982.

Wirtschaftsmanager
Heinesen, der als möglicher Nachfolger von Anker Jørgensen als Vorsitzender der Socialdemokraterne gesehen wurde, legte 1985 sein Abgeordnetenmandat im Folketing nieder und zog sich aus dem politischen Leben zurück.

Stattdessen übernahm er Funktionen in der Wirtschaft und war zunächst zwischen 1985 und 1989 Direktor von Københavns Lufthavne, der Betreibergesellschaft des Flughafens Kopenhagen-Kastrup sowie des Flughafens Kopenhagen-Roskilde. Danach war er von 1989 bis 1991 erst Vorstandsvorsitzender des Reiseveranstalters Spies/Tjæreborg sowie zwischen 1991 und 1995 Geschäftsführender Direktor von BRFkredit A/S und der BRFholding A/S. 1988 wurde ihm der Ehrenpreis der Tageszeitung Berlingske verliehen.

Neben diesen Tätigkeiten war Heinesen zwischen 1994 und 2003 Vorstandsmitglied von TDC A/S, der größten Telefongesellschaft Dänemarks, sowie zeitgleich von 1995 bis 2003 der Pensionskasse ATP (Arbejdsmarkedets Tillægspension). Ferner war von 1996 bis 1998 Vorstandsmitglied des Finanzdienstleisters Finansieringsfonden af 1992, zwischen 1998 und 2001 der sozialdemokratischen Tageszeitung Aktuelt sowie von 2000 bis 2002 des staatlichen Eisenbahnunternehmens DSB (Danske Statsbaner)

Weblinks
 Biografie in Den Store Danske Encyklopædi (Onlineversion)

Bildungsminister (Dänemark)
Finanzminister (Dänemark)
Minister für öffentliche Arbeiten (Dänemark)
Folketingsabgeordneter (20. Jahrhundert)
Socialdemokraterne-Mitglied
Manager
Däne
Geboren 1932
Mann
Person (Danske Statsbaner)
Schulleiter (Dänemark)


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18 January, 2022, 00:11
Visitor's Guide to Over 100 Essential Tucson Restaurants & Bars 2018
A Beginner's Guide To Exploring the Mexican Food of South Tucson
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A Beginner's Guide to Exploring the Mexican Food of South Tucson: 15 Spots to Try Now
Gloria KnottNovember 28, 20183 Comments
Beef tacos at El Indio (Credit: El Indio)
If you're looking for Mexican food — good, authentic Mexican food — south Tucson is a great place to find it.
There's no doubt that mouthwatering Mexican food is available throughout all of Tucson. But southern Tucson, located only an hour north of the border, offers some of the most authentic Mexican food in the city.
Many Southside restaurants are family owned and some have been around for upwards of 20 years. One has been open for over 75. Good Mexican food in a restaurant with great family history is hard to beat.
Authentic eats to expect
South Tucson Mexican restaurants feature everything from authentic enchiladas, chile relleno, tamales, and tacos, to traditional aguas frescas, such as Jamaica — a beverage made from red hibiscus flowers — and horchata — a sweet rice drink.
To further investigate the best Mexican food in the south, we reached out to four well-known Tucsonans — DJ Herm Guzman, Ben's Bells founder Jeannette Maré, Visit Tucson's Dan Gibson, and two-time Tucson Iron Chef Danny Perez.
Herm Guzman
"The best Mexican restaurants are south of 22nd," Herm Guzman said. "I took an old boss of mine to BK Carne Asada & Hot Dogs once. My boss, with some concern in his voice, asked, 'Where are you taking me?! I can't understand any of the signs on this street!'" Guzman's response? "That's how you know the food's gonna be amazing."
"The best taquerias are the ones where you have to wipe down your own table before taking a seat — not because the staff doesn't care, but because they're too busy to do it right away," Guzman said.
"Bonus points if an enterprising gentleman in a sparkly Virgin Mary ball cap quickly bounces from table to table offering to sell you the latest, greatest blockbuster movie bootlegs," he said.
Jeannette Maré
Jeannette Maré grew up visiting the now-closed La Fuente restaurant for special occasions, admiring both the food and the mariachi.
Among the many reasons why Maré shares a love for Mexican food is that it can always be vegetarian-friendly.
"I love enchiladas, beans, salsas, and great tortillas. Any time someone does something interesting with vegetables, I'll order it," she said.
"Obviously the food has to be good, but for me, it's a big atmosphere thing," Maré said.
Tacos at Taqueria Pico de Gallo (Credit: Taylor Noel Photography)
"It's a feeling — if I walk into a place, and I feel like I'm in Mexico," she said. "Mexico is so friendly. That's probably why I like the less fancy Mexican restaurants more because they're just so welcoming and warm."
And while Dan Gibson doesn't necessarily think he's the person who gets to decide what's good from bad in Mexican food, he undoubtedly enjoys eating it.
"I enjoy delicious things as much as, or maybe more than, most," Gibson said. "But in the end, to me, it's about authenticity."
"What Tania's 33 does is wildly different than what they do at El Merendero, but no one would argue that both aren't authentic and deeply sincere in their approach to making great food."
Shrimp Toritos at Casa Valencia (Credit: Jackie Tran)
"I feel like I have a different favorite Mexican restaurant on the Southside all the time," he said. "Whether that's a truck parked in a dirt lot or a sit-down place like Mi Nidito. I like it all. Who wouldn't? But I'm a taco fan to the end. It's the perfect dish."
Danny Perez
On the other hand, Danny Perez grew up eating and cooking Mexican food. He says a good Mexican restaurant is a combination of delicious food, quality ingredients, and a welcoming environment.
"A good house salsa says a lot," he said. "Or when the meal comes with a little serving of sour cream or Pico De Gallo without having to ask for it."
"And when you can tell the restaurant is family run, that to me, is an indication of a good restaurant," said Perez, who is originally from Mexico City."
"I also think it's good to recognize that there are a lot of really cool, different styles of cooking Mexican food," Perez said. "Theresa's Mosaic Cafe's use of black beans is different than everyone else's. Or even at Mariscos Chihuahua, the cooking is different — you get a little bit of a coastal feel."
If you're an enthusiast for Mexican food, below are 17 Mexican restaurants to try in South Tucson.
Casa Valencia Seafood Bar & Grill
1825 W. Valencia Rd.
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A post shared by Tucson Munchies (@tucson.munchies) on May 28, 2018 at 5:54pm PDT
As you can imagine, Casa Valencia brings seafood to Valencia Road in Tucson. But not just any seafood.
Stand out items include shrimp skewers, grilled octopus served with garlic, celery, and green chili, and of course, the famous bacon-wrapped shrimp stuffed with cream cheese on a bed of french fries.
In addition to the location on Valencia, Casa Valencia has a second location on Campbell Avenue.
For more information, visit casavalenciarestaurant.com.
2602 S. Fourth Ave.
Campechano burro at Crossroads Restaurant (Credit: Jackie Tran)
South Fourth Avenue has Mexican restaurants on nearly every corner.
Serving Tucson for over 75 years, family-owned Crossroads is certainly authentic to South Tucson. As Perez said, "Crossroads is a staple in town."
Crossroads prepares each of their dishes with fresh ingredients and produce, including fresh fish and meat for flautas, tacos, enchiladas, burros, and chimichangas.
Although the meat is tasty, the restaurant also offers noteworthy vegetarian plates.
For more information, visit crossroadsfinemexican.com.
El Indio
3355 S. Sixth Ave.
El Indio — Spanish for the Indian — has been serving Tucson for more than 20 years.
Like many others mentioned, your meal begins with a complimentary serving of chips and salsa, but El Indio also provides bean dip. The salsa, stored in a ketchup bottle, has received mixed feedback. Some say it's too mild, while others think it's too hot. What do you think?
El Indio's menu is pretty large. You'll probably find yourself reading it over and over again, debating on what to order.
Among the many items offered, the restaurant features deep fried and soft tacos, chimichangas, burros, tostadas, four different kinds of cheese crisps, and a small section of seafood entrées. The enchiladas are a fan favorite.
Keep up with El Indio on Facebook.
El Merendero
Carne Seca Flautas at El Merendero (Credit: Gloria Knott)
El Merendero is one of Guzman's favorites.
The restaurant — which is Spanish for the picnic area or outdoor cafe — offers traditional Mexican dishes and seafood. But don't worry, El Merendero is much more than a picnic area, and it's not outdoors.
El Merendero shares the same owner as local southside spot Asadero y Taqueria Sonora, located on Irvington and Sixth Avenue. Though the owner is the same and both serve great food, the two restaurants are very different.
Asadero y Taqueria Sonora is, well, a taqueria, while El Merendero is a full-service restaurant.
El Merendero offers a large menu with even larger portions, plus Sonoran-style cocktails and beer. It's hard to go wrong when choosing El Merendero for dinner (or lunch or breakfast).
For more information, visit the El Merendero Facebook Page.
Guillermo's Double L
Ground Beef Gordita at Guillermo's Double L (Credit: Gloria Knott)
Another Mexican restaurant located on South Fourth Avenue is Guillermo's Double L, which has offered Mexican food since 1948.
Guillermo's serves classic Mexican dishes, but one of the most popular items are the topopo salads, which are salads served in a giant, crispy corn tortilla coated in refried beans and served with lettuce, peas, carrots, tomatoes, cheese, and your choice of meat. The gorditas and jalapeno cheese crisps are also notable.
If you live closer to midtown Tucson, you may have passed by Guillermo's sister restaurant, Cinco De Mayo Mexican Restaurant & Seafood, on Fort Lowell and Dodge. Both restaurants offer the same menu.
For more information, visit the Guillermo's Double L Facebook Page.
Jalisco Restaurant & Tortilleria
425 W. Irvington Rd.
Carne de Res Chile Rojo at Jalisco Tortilleria (Credit: Gloria Knott)
Open for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, Jalisco is half tortilleria, half restaurant. You can't go wrong eating in a tortilleria, where you know you'll be served fresh, house-made tortillas.
In addition to tacos and burritos, Jalisco offers tamales, quesadillas, tortas, and soup — for all you menudo lovers out there.
When you're ready to take a trip to the cashier at the end of your meal, you'll find yourself surrounded by individually wrapped cookies, bread, tortillas, and Mexican candy, like Paleta Payasos. How could anyone resist a chocolate-covered marshmallow shaped like a clown?
For more information, visit tortilleriajalisco.com.
Little Mexico
Chile Rellenos and Chicken Taquitos at Little Mexico (Credit: Gloria Knott)
The Palomarez and Estrada families opened Little Mexico in 1993. In the last 23 years, Little Mexico has held strong on the value of family.
Each dish at Little Mexico is made from a family recipe, including tamales, chile rellenos, chile con carne, chorizo, and even the salsa. And of course, the dishes are made fresh daily.
Not only is the family heavily involved in food creation, but most of the employees are also Palomarez and Estrada relatives.
Little Mexico runs a sister business on Valencia — Little Mexico Steakhouse — which also offers Mexican dishes, in addition to mesquite grilled steaks.
For more information, visit littlemexico-tucson.com.
Mariscos Chihuahua
3901 S. Sixth Ave. • 435 W. Irvington Rd.
(Credit: Mariscos Chihuahua)
Mariscos Chihuahua has several independently-owned locations in Tucson and Phoenix.
In 1971, the family behind Mariscos Chihuahua opened a small mariscos — Spanish for seafood — stand in Nogales. The stand eventually turned into a full-service restaurant in 1994.
Among the many seafood dishes and cocktails offered, Mariscos Chihuahua offers octopus, shrimp, marlin, oysters, scallops, sea snails, and calamari. By far, the fan favorite is the shrimp or fish culichi — sautéed shrimp or fish served in a creamy green sauce. According to Mariscos Chihuahua, the culichi is "the dish that made us famous."
For more information, visit mariscoschihuahua.com.
Micha's Restaurant
Yum!! #arizonalife #datenight
A post shared by Amanda Clark (@sellstucsonhomes) on Jan 21, 2017 at 5:14pm PST
The Mariscal family opened Micha's Restaurant in 1976.
"Micha's has really good micheladas and really good chile rellenos," Perez said.
The various soups at Micha's are highly recommended, most notably the menudo and the albondigas — Spanish for meatballs.
Micha's took the gold in 2010 for Best Menudo by Tucson Weekly, and have been up for Best Southside Restaurant since.
For more information, visit michascatering.com.
Mi Nidito
Tamales at Mi Nidito (Credit: Mark Navarro)
If you're from Tucson, you've definitely heard of Mi Nidito. It's one of Maré's favorites.
Mi Nidito — Spanish for my little nest — has been serving Mexican food since 1952. The family-owned restaurant, opened by Sonoran couple Ernesto and Alicia Lopez, is now into its third generation.
If you know anything about Mi Nidito, you know former President Bill Clinton visited the restaurant in 1999. His order is now named the President's Plate, which includes a bean tostada, birria taco, chicken enchilada, beef tamale, and chile relleno.
If you go, prepare to wait.
For more information, visit minidito.net.
Perfecto's Mexican Restaurant
Combination #16: Taco, Tamale, and Enchilada at Perfecto's Restaurant (Credit: Gloria Knott)
Perfecto's was opened by Perfecto Leon, once known as The Tamale Man. Leon started his business when he began selling tamales in front of a Tucson Safeway 20+ years ago.In 2009, Perfecto's Mexican Restaurant was born.
The restaurant is sandwiched in a tiny strip mall slightly across from El Merendero. The building may be easy to miss, but the food is definitely worth the search.
Perfecto's is open for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, and offers traditional Mexican dishes, which, of course, include tamales. What would Perfecto's be without tamales from The Tamale Man himself?
As an added bonus, the plates are fairly large, so make sure to stop by with an empty stomach.
For more information, visit perfectosrestaurant.com.
Rigo's Restaurant
(Credit: Rigo's Restaurant)
Rigo's is another one of Guzman's go-to Mexican restaurants, and it's a go-to spot for a lot of others, too.
The large menu features breakfast, lunch, and dinner, including tacos, burros, fajitas, enchiladas, taco salads, and ten different styles of chimichangas. If you can't decide what to order, the restaurant also offers a full buffet for each meal of the day.
To further add to the restaurant's ambiance, Rigo's features live mariachi on Sundays from 1 – 2 p.m.
Rigo's has two locations in Tucson, one in the south, and the other on Oracle near Orange Grove.
Keep up with Rigo's on Facebook.
Tacos Apson
Tacos Rasurados at Tacos Apson (Credit: Gloria Knott)
Named after Mexican rock band Los Apson, Tacos Apson is a taco lover's dream.
Apson is one of Perez's favorites. "Apson has great cabeza tacos — they're delicious," he said. "My mouth just watered thinking about them."
Take a seat at the front counter of Apson and watch the cooks prepare your order, or better yet, smell the delicious costillas — Spanish for ribs — cooking on the open grill.
Tacos are served plain, but Apson offers a salsa bar filled with pickled carrots, onion, jalapeños, and several different salsas. If you aren't in the mood for tacos, the taqueria-style restaurant also serves burros, tortas, and Sonoran hot dogs.
And if that's not enough, prices start as low as a couple bucks.
For more information, visit tacosapson.com.
Taqueria Pico De Gallo
Birria Taco, Chicken Taco, & Shrimp Taco at Taqueria Pico De Gallo (Credit: Gloria Knott)
"Pico De Gallo is one of my favorites," Maré said. "When someone is visiting and they want real Mexican food, Pico De Gallo is what I always recommend."
And Maré isn't the only one with a love for Taqueria Pico De Gallo.
"Taqueria Pico de Gallo was my first love down there," Gibson said. "I'd eat there every day if I could."
The specialty dish at Pico De Gallo is consistently the fish taco, which won the reader's pick for Best Fish Tacos in 2013 by Tucson Weekly.
Pico De Gallo serves tacos under $2 and burros and tortas for $6+. If the price doesn't draw you in, the freshly made corn tortillas will.
After you're finished eating, make sure to try a raspado in one of Pico De Gallo's six flavors.
For more information, visit Taqueria Pico De Gallo on Yelp.
Taqueria Porfis
Tacos al Vapor at Taqueria Porfis (Credit: Gloria Knott)
Taqueria Porfis — home of the potato taco. Although potato tacos are common in Mexico City and Guadalajara, it's unclear where the potato taco actually originated. But Porfis has 'em.
Porfis began in 2001 in Nogales, Mexico with a single taco stand. The taco stand soon turned into two restaurants — one in Tucson, and one in Nogales.
While the menu isn't large, Porfis is one of the few places in Tucson to offer potato tacos. Stuffed with potatoes, carne seca, tomatoes, lettuce, and sour cream, the tacos are inexpensive and delicious.
For crunchy tacos, order the tacos dorados. For more of a soft taco, or in this case, a steamed taco, order tacos al vapor.
Porfis also offers potato chimichangas, served with the same filling as the tacos.
For more information, visit Taqueria Porfis on Yelp.
What's your favorite Mexican restaurant in South Tucson? Let us know in the comments.
Crossroads Restaurant
El Indio Restaurant
jeannette mare
micha's restaurant
perfecto's mexican restaurant
Rigo's Restaurant
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Gloria Knott
Gloria Knott was Tucson Foodie's 2016 journalism and social media intern.
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Now's The Time to Complete Your Asset Purchase Plan!
Trucking companies (like many other industries) have historically been at the mercy of Congress to patch the expiration or decrease of important tax deductions. This year however, Congress provided much needed certainty to several key provisions for companies looking to expand their fleets or make other capital purchases.
Section 179 expensing limitation was made permanent at $500,000 for 2015, previously at $25,000, and is indexed for inflation thereafter.
Bonus first-year depreciation was extended through 2019.
Companies are now able to implement a capital asset plan with more certainty around the availability of deductions. For more information on tax issues in the transportation industry, contact Joe Demko.


text:
Q: How do I call native Linux and OS X API from .NET Core application? I need to call file management functions that are not present in .NET Core. How do I call native Linux and Mac OS X API from my C# code?
Edit: The only answer to this question doesn't include any definitive information. Can someone post some code samples or more concrete details about how to invoke Mac OS X APIs from .NET Core?

A: .NET has a feature called PInvoke (platform invoke) that allows you to call native APIs.
However, getting it to work is not trivial. You need to import the correct platform library. There will also be a performance impact
Check out these links
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/articles/standard/native-interop
https://developers.redhat.com/blog/2016/09/14/pinvoke-in-net-core-rhel/


text:
Bush's Response To Kidnappers Gets High Marks
Diplomacy and lessons from past presidents are helping him handle tensions, analysts say. HOSTAGE SITUATION
By Marshall Ingwerson Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor
August 7, 1989 | WASHINGTON
THE Bush style of governing withstood its first encounter last week with the intense pressure of an international hostage drama. By the weekend the reviews among political analysts were forming a pattern: President Bush had managed an adroit mixture of action and restraint that minimized the media-fed power of the kidnappers.
The frustration has now evolved into the glimmer of an opportunity for defusing tensions between the United States and Iran after a decade of hostility, with the prospect that Iran could become a force for the release of American hostages.
The greatest frustrations of Presidents Carter and Reagan centered on American hostages in the Middle East.
Mr. Bush seemed to incorporate lessons from both past presidents in his handling of last week's events, according to former officials in both administrations and other national-security specialists.
The power of hostage-takers works in a roundabout way. Largely through television news coverage, they concentrate public attention on their victims, building pressure on governments to act or to stew in their frustration and helplessness.
The challenge for the President is to exert what diplomatic and military pressure he can, and show the public that he is acting forcefully, yet not strengthen the hand of the kidnappers by feeding them attention and importance.
``The most dangerous thing that can happen is that the message goes out that the hostage situation has brought the American government to a standstill,'' says Thomas Griscom, communications director in the Reagan White House.
The first clear signal that Bush would avoid this pitfall came on Tuesday night, the day after kidnappers released a videotape showing the purported hanging of US Marine Col. William Higgins.
Bush held to his previous schedule and attended a shirtsleeves congressional barbecue on the White House lawn.
His remarks respected the gravity of Colonel Higgins's apparent murder and the deadline on another American hostage's life. But the occasion by nature was not solemn.
The signal was that the hostages were not going to dominate the agenda of the presidency - at least not publicly.
Bush's first response had set off some alarms. He was in Chicago Monday when the videotape of Higgins surfaced, purporting to show his hanging in response to the Israeli kidnapping of a Shiite Muslim leader.
Bush canceled the rest of his trip and returned immediately to Washington.
This was a gamble, notes Donald Hafner, a Boston College foreign affairs expert and former National Security Council member under Carter.
The move heightened the crisis atmosphere and raised expectations that Bush would take action.
The President may have had no choice, however, because the vivid and gruesome videotape was airing on the television networks. To treat it any less seriously risked leaving a leadership void that would draw stronger criticism from Congress and others.
``I think the media would have made mincemeat of him if he hadn't come back to Washington, because of the videotape,'' says Robert Hunter, director of European studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and a former member of Mr. Carter's National Security Council staff.
Soon, United States naval ships were steaming toward Lebanon, where the kidnappers operate.
Then, analysts say, Bush began doing what he does best: enlisting outside support through personal diplomacy.
He briefed congressional leaders in Washington and directly or indirectly placed calls to leaders in Iran, Syria, the Soviet Union, Britain, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, the United Nations, and probably more. He personally recruited Pope John Paul II to help bring back Colonel Higgins's body.
In his own conversations with these leaders, his knowledge of the issues and people was ``impressive,'' an administration official says.
In private, the White House pulled out a 1985 contingency plan for bombing camps of militant Iranian and Lebanese Shiite militants in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley.
Late Thursday, once the death threat against the second hostage had been frozen indefinitely, the administration leaked to the press that it was prepared to undertake the bombing in Lebanon if the hostage had been killed.
The leak served the same purpose as the raid itself would, to put pressure on Iran and on Syrian, whose troops control the Bekaa Valley.
Syria could press the hostage-takers, given the location of their troops; and Iran may directly control some of the hostages, according to an administration official.
The leak also played well to a sizeable portion of the American public, frustrated with the elusiveness of taunting terrorists. The discolsure represented forceful action by the President, so that he can play down the hostage situation and turn to other business of government without appearing weak and helpless.
An ABC News/Wasington Post survey taken Wednesday and Thursday of last week, 47 percent of the survey's 711 respondents approved of Bush's handling of the crisis; 35 percent disapproved. But when asked specifically if Bush had been tough enough, 51 percent said he had not been; 35 percent said his reaction had been ``just about right''; and 1 percent said he had been too tough.
From Tuesday night onward, the White House was seeking to turn down the crisis level. Public statements became repetitive: The US is opposed to any hostage-taking anywhere.
After Wednesday, White House Press Secretary Marlin Fitzwater told reporters the President would no longer have scheduled briefings on the hostage situation from his staff. By Friday, the day the threat of a bombing strike appeared in newspapers, the daily White House press briefing ran for nearly half an hour on other business before the hostages even arose in a question.
Says Thomas Mann of the Brookings Institution: ``His instinct to keep it in perspective is the right one.''
The consensus view now is that both Carter and Reagan, in different ways, failed to hold the human drama of terrorist acts in perspective.
Carter canceled campaign appearances and centered his public efforts on freeing hostages held in the US Embassy in Iran until he became a virtually hostage himself, Mr. Griscom says.
Reagan talked tough about retaliation, then found no targets to retaliate against when 241 sleeping US Marines were killed by a car bomb.
He also talked tough about not negotiating with terrorists, then found his personal frustration and sympathy leading him into an ill-fated arms deal with Iran intended to free American hostages.
``Part of the problem of the 1980s is that Ronald Reagan acted like he could do things he couldn't do,'' Dr. Hunter says.
The pressure to respond to terrorism bears down so hard on the White House, noted former Reagan National Security Adviser Robert McFarlane on Friday, that he offered a ``50-50 chance that [the administration] will take violent action against something.''
How the Founding Fathers grappled with hostage ransom demands
Islamic State: Lebanon's own hostage crisis mirrors Western predicament
After Foley murder, more jihadi threats to murder hostages
https://www.csmonitor.com/1989/0807/acic.html