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Africa Focus: Autumn 2021Back
Africa Focus: Autumn 2021
Climate change litigation in Africa: Current status and future developments
Renewable energy in Africa: Update in the era of climate change
M&A transaction terms: Comparing Africa to Europe
African M&A stages a comeback
US government agencies focus on Africa
Debt: Outlook for Africa brightens after challenging first half to the year
Acquisition financing in an era of energy transition
Southern Africa's PGMs are on the rise
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Transitioning to new priorities in a post-pandemic era
By Mukund Dhar, Africa Interest Group Leader
Our seventh edition of Africa Focus focuses on the potential for transformative changes within Africa during a time of historic global transition—not just from a COVID-19 to post-COVID-19 world, but against the backdrop of the United Nations Climate Change Conference COP26 in Glasgow, Scotland.
Issues around balancing greenhouse gas emissions against the development and use of natural resources as Africa industrializes and seeks to overcome roadblocks and challenges to growth and climate change-related challenges and vulnerabilities against GDP growth and increasing prosperity will be seen increasingly across sectors, industries and geographies in Africa. These discussions are already defining the way in which governments, investors, lenders, communities and other stakeholders view opportunities and investments in Africa and will do so more directly and more frequently in the coming years.
What does this mean for the world of business? Litigation related to climate change, a now well-established trend in Europe and North America, seems to have reached Africa, too. In "Climate change litigation in Africa: Current status and future developments," we outline signature cases and examine climate-related matters that might trigger challenges and disputes across Africa.
Equally, we all recognize that there are increasing investment opportunities when it comes to renewable energy. Seven of the ten sunniest countries in the world are in Africa, and wind power is no longer a novel feature in the increasingly sophisticated energy landscape in Africa. In "Renewable energy in Africa: Update in the era of climate change," we explore the significant opportunities for wind, geothermal and hydropower, too.
US foreign policy toward Africa has undergone significant shifts under the Biden administration. In "US government agencies focus on Africa," on the continent and their focus and how that ties in with both energy transition and renewable energy. In "Debt: Outlook for Africa brightens after challenging first half to the year," we discuss recent successful loan and bond issuances by African borrowers, investor resilience and lender interest in high-quality credits throughout the region.
Africa is experiencing a boom in M&A. In "M&A transaction terms: Comparing Africa to Europe," we contrast terms that typically apply to African M&A transactions, with those in Europe. And "African M&A stages a comeback" explores how African transactions appear to be highlighting a renewed sense of confidence among dealmakers. Acquisition and divestment strategies in Africa have become highly sophisticated. As a case study, "Acquisition financing in an era of energy transition" describes the January 2021 sale of a 45 percent stake in Nigerian Oil Mining Lease 17 (OML 17) and related infrastructure assets, using an innovative, first-of-its-kind hybrid financing structure.
Finally, "Southern Africa's PGMs are on the rise" explains how platinum group metals (PGMs) are increasing in southern Africa mining, on the back of demand for net-zero and the green economy.
"Our seventh edition of Africa Focus focuses on the potential for transformative changes within Africa during a time of historic global transition."
Climate change litigation is increasing steadily worldwide, although few cases have been filed yet in Africa.
Read 19 min. article
Africa offers vast potential for renewable energy deployment and investments.
Significant differences exist between terms that typically apply in M&A transactions in Africa and Europe.
Read 9 min. article
H1 2021 dealmaking within the continent appears to be turning a corner.
Africa is a priority for several Biden administration agencies working in development finance.
Lender caution following Zambia's debt repayment default in 2020 has weighed on African debt issuance, but successful raisings by high profile borrowers show that investor appetite remains resilient.
An innovative, first-of-its-kind hybrid acquisition financing in Nigeria.
PGMs are helping Southern African mining remain relevant and contributing to a global clean and green transition.
Download a PDF of Africa Focus: Autumn 2021
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Africa offers vast potential for renewable energy deployment and investments
François-Guilhem Vaissier |
Jennifer Stolp |
Joz Coetzer
Africa's share of global renewable energy investment.
Source: miningreview.com
This article reflects changes in the rapidly evolving and crucial field of renewable energy in Africa.
Currently, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimates that with the right policies, regulation, governance and access to financial markets, sub-Saharan Africa could meet up to 67 percent of its energy needs by 2030.1 With the right policies in place and investments secured, nearly a quarter of those energy needs could be met through indigenous, clean, renewable energy.2
Africa's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions historically has been negligible, and currently comprises less than 2 percent of the world's total.
At the same time, African countries collectively are expected to commit to reduce the continent's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions by 32 percent by 2030, through a strategy to be presented to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change before COP26 in November 2021.3
Unlike its contribution to emissions, the impacts of climate change on Africa have been disproportionately severe, and it is feared that the continent will carry a large share of the burden of climate change—especially if the world fails to limit further increases in average temperatures. This article explores the current outlook for investments in renewable energy projects across Africa.
Historically, Africa's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions has been negligible
Factors driving demand for renewable energy sources
According to the Brookings Institute, climate change's impacts in Africa will likely include lowered crop yields, reduced agricultural and labor productivity, and damage to human health. An increase of three degrees Celsius (the assumption if there are no major changes in the world's social, economic and technological trends) is forecast to decrease Africa's gross domestic product (GDP) by as much as 8.6 percent per year after 2100. Limiting the increase to the 1.5 degrees Celsius specified in the Paris Agreement will do significantly less harm, decreasing GDP by only 3.8 percent per year after 2100 (see Figure 1).
View full image: Figure 1: The impact of climate change on sub-Saharan Africa's GDP (PDF)
Yet, Africa's energy demands are projected to triple by 2030.4
Lack of access to electricity is only one of the challenges that Africa faces, but it is one of the most significant obstacles to socio-economic development. And transitioning from energy generated through fossil fuels to energy generated through renewable resources contains its own challenges.
The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have driven African sovereign debt levels to unprecedented heights, at the very time that more investment is required in order to close the energy and infrastructure gap with renewable energy. The rationale for the developed world to help is both moral and practical: moral, because industrialization in the developed world caused the climate-induced harm that Africa is suffering; and practical, because increased instability and conflict in Africa will impact the developed world, especially Europe, with increased migration and security concerns diffusing to well beyond Africa.
The private sector is currently the driving force behind much of the renewable energy projects in Africa. However, regulatory regimes and "ease of doing business" can make these investments difficult at times. State-owned enterprises (SOEs) lag behind the private sector, and will likely continue unless more African governments reform their SOEs and their energy sectors more generally. For instance, competitive procurement for electricity supplies could offer opportunities in renewable energy to African institutions and markets and drive down the cost of power. As an example, South Africa's Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement (REIPPP) program and the World Bank and International Finance Corporation's Scaling Solar Program have driven the price of solar-generated energy to as little as US$0.05 per kilowatt-hour5.
Africa currently accounts for more than one-sixth of the world's population, but it generates only 4 percent of the world's electricity.
Furthermore, South Africa and the countries north of the Sahara account for three-quarters of the continent's energy consumption.6 Close to 600 million Africans have no access to electricity,7 and 780 million Africans rely on traditional solid biomass (mainly fuelwood and agricultural waste) for cooking.8 Nearly 80 percent of those lacking access to power across sub-Saharan Africa live in rural areas.9
US$1 trillion
needed over the next 20 years to meet Africa's power demand.
Options for renewable energy in Africa
With its strong supply of wind, sunshine, hydropower and even geothermal resources, Africa offers great potential for renewable energy deployment and investment.
Enhancing access to power generally across the continent is a core objective of both the African Union's Agenda 2063 and the national development plans of nearly all African nations. Renewable energy technology has a crucial role to play in achieving these objectives (see Figure 2).
View full image: Figure 2: Cumulative investment needs for African power generation, 2015 to 2030 (PDF)
Africa enjoys considerable opportunities to deploy renewable energy. A study by the University of California, Berkeley, mapping out the location and energy potential of renewable energy sources in Eastern and Southern Africa shows that, although the energy generation resources are vast, they are not evenly distributed10 (see Figure 3). Some of Africa's most oil gas-rich nations are leading the way in the move to renewable energy in order to diversify their economies from overdependence on and reduce demand for oil.
View full image: Figure 3: The location and energy potential of African renewable energy resources in selected African countries
Hydroelectricity offers viable solutions for up to one-third of the African nations. On a continent where frequent and severe droughts plague many regions, though, using rivers for power generation can be controversial. Environmental and socio-economic impacts of inundating large catchment areas also mitigate against large hydropower projects where other viable options exist. As with other models of centralized power generation, distribution networks associated with large hydropower projects are expensive to both construct and maintain. They also represent security risks in parts of the continent where social unrest exists.
Smaller, micro-hydro projects and other regional and local renewable power generation projects—including wind, solar and geothermal—present alternatives that may become more prominent in future power generation planning for Africa.
As of July 2021, all but two African countries—Eritrea and Libya—have ratified the Paris Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).11
The Paris Agreement deals with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance, starting in the year 2020. It requires that each country determine, plan and regularly report on the contribution that it will make to mitigate global warming. Although no mechanism exists to compel nations to set specific targets by a particular date, the expectation is that targets should exceed those previously established.
Driven by the Paris Agreement and general concerns about the impact of climate change on the continent, African renewable energy initiatives are gaining momentum.
Independent power producers (IPPs) in South Africa have initiated 95 projects since the commencement of the REIPPP. Existing projects concluded under the earlier bid rounds are now fully operational, with a new tranche of projects under Round 5 issued in 2021.12 A report by the South African National Energy Regulator indicates that these projects will have an achieved capacity of 3271.25 MWs when they are fully operational.
The GET FiT Uganda initiative aims to add an installed capacity of 158 MWs of clean renewable energy to Uganda's national grid by implementing 17 projects. To date, Uganda has commissioned 14 small power plants, with the last three expected to be commissioned in 2021. Three of the projects are small hydropower plants with a total installed capacity of 36 MWs.13
The main objective of the GET FiT Program is to assist East African nations in pursuing a climate-resilient low-carbon development path to promote growth, reduce poverty and assist in the best way possible with climate change mitigation. The Zambian government adopted GET FiT Zambia in October 2017 with the aim of procuring 200 MWs of renewable energy projects over three years. In 2015, Namibia introduced the Interim Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariff Program, which has attracted investments mainly in solar generation.
The Batoka Gorge hydroelectric power project is one way in which African countries are partnering to develop renewable energy sources. This US$5.2 billion hydroelectric project on the Zambezi River, that borders Zambia and Zimbabwe, is expected to generate 2,400 GWs of electricity, to be shared equally by both countries.14 The Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority's (ZESA) generation capacity was measured in February 2016 as producing at only 845 MWs, against a projected national demand of 2,200 MWs and an installed capacity of approximately 1,940 MWs.15 Projects such as the US$1.5 billion Hwange Power Station, which is currently 65 percent completed,16 and the Kariba South expansion venture17 will add approximately 900 MWs to Zimbabwe's national grid.18 Once Batoka Gorge comes online, Zimbabwe is optimistic that it will generate sufficient capacity to sell power to neighboring countries, too.
Ethiopia's main source of electricity generation is hydroelectric power stations. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, which started the second stage of filling in July 2020,19 will be able to generate 6,450 MWs and become one of the largest hydropower dams in Africa.20
Botswana imports a large percentage of its energy from the Southern African Power Pool. As Southern Africa is now experiencing a power deficit, an initiative to enable Botswana to internally generate its own electricity is prominent. A 2016 amendment to the Electricity Supply Act enables private sector participation in electricity generation. Conversely, Mozambique's installed generation capacity of approximately 3,001 MWs comes from a combination of hydro, solar, gas, wind, geothermal and coal sources, although only a third of the population has access to electricity.21
Morocco has targeted increasing its electricity generation from renewable energy sources to 52 percent of its total generation capacity by 2030.22 Kenya's renewable energy sector is well established since December 2019, when Kenya brought a new 50 MW solar plant online, and renewable energy accounts for approximately 90 percent of its power.23 Geothermal and hydropower contribute the bulk of Kenya's renewable energy production.24
In June 2018, Gigawatt Global Cooperatief signed a deal with the 15-nation Economic Community of West African States to build US$1 billion worth of renewable energy projects in the region, including installing 800 MWs of solar and wind farms in West Africa, beginning with Burkina Faso, Senegal, Mali, Nigeria and the Gambia.25
With an abundance of solar, wind and geothermal resources, Africa enjoys considerable advantages and opportunities for renewable energy.
Africa's adoption of renewable energy projects is accelerating
Investing in African renewable energy projects
Aligning with the 2030 vision to energize and "light up" Africa and the African Union's Agenda 2063, more renewable energy sources are being actively explored.
Funders are proving less inclined to finance coal-fired power stations, driven by their own corporate governance concerns and the proven economic viability of renewable resources. Consequently, Africa's adoption of renewable energy projects is accelerating.
The World Bank has estimated that US$43 billion per year of investment is required for infrastructure in the power sector, while the African Development Bank estimates a need for US$230 to US$310 billion until 2025, with an additional US$190 to US$215 billion required for 2026 to 2030.26
So how does Africa secure these funds?
Development finance institutions have expressed great interest in addressing the renewed urgency to light up and power the continent. Energy is at the core of the African Development Bank's economic transformation agenda, and the Bank committed more than US$12 billion worth of investments to the sector between 2016 and 2020.27 The World Bank's implementation of the Africa Climate Business Plan includes a plan to apply US$16 billion toward renewable energy projects in Africa.28 Over the past decade, the World Bank has financed close to US$2.3 billion of investments in infrastructure and reforms to support the West Africa Power Pool. As recently as June 2021, it provided US$465 million to expand energy access and renewable energy integration in West Africa.29
The Green Climate Fund (GCF), the world's largest climate finance fund dedicated to supporting developing countries to mitigate and adapt to climate change, is extremely active in Africa. As of July 2021, it had committed US$3.29 billion to 70 approved projects in Africa, 52 of which are already being implemented. This constituted 37.2 percent of GCF's global portfolio.30
Nevertheless, more investment is required.
Significant potential exists for investors to invest in renewable energy technologies in Angola. Angola's 2025 goal is to provide modern electricity to approximately 60 percent of its population, and the country has approximately US$18 billion of renewable energy investments underway as part of that strategy.31 The new Angolan government is taking steps to enhance the country's attractiveness for foreign direct investment, including reforming its legislative framework to attract funding from the International Monetary Fund and other multilateral investment organizations. According to the African Development Bank Group's estimate, Angola has substantial opportunity to develop solar power and wind power, as well as huge hydropower potential: 18.2 GWs, of which currently only 20 percent is being utilized.32
Morocco is another example of an African country taking active steps to enhance investment in renewable energy projects. Morocco is liberalizing its renewables sector, including by increasing the minimum threshold for hydropower plants from 12 MWs to 30 MWs and by establishing the Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy to carry out programs for solar energy generation for up to 2,000 MWs.33 The country has also begun projects to amend its renewable energy law.34
Investor confidence is recovering in Zimbabwe under President Mnangagwa's administration. Opportunities exist in many industry sectors for both developers and financiers, particularly in renewable energy, although they should take care to minimize investment risks, especially where regulatory reform is at an early stage.
Additional attention to marketing investment opportunities in African renewable energy is key to mobilizing these projects.
African governments also need to continue to improve their ability to attract financing for these crucial projects by improving their regulatory and political frameworks, creating a stable environment for funding institutions and investors to undertake projects, and becoming more environmentally sustainable in the long run.
Regulatory frameworks are an important lever for developing the renewable energy sector in Africa. Regulatory reforms have been the first step in the reform process for most African countries, through the creation of an electricity regulatory authority. In addition, establishing an independent regulatory authority can create a level playing field for producers, consumers and private operators in the renewable energy sector through clear rules and mechanisms for supervising the sector and cost-reflective tariffs for utilities.35
Many countries have extensive legislative movements. For example, Gabon initiated legislative reforms to develop codes related to its water and electricity sectors, in order to take into account challenges related to climate change and Gabon's international commitments, by promoting clean and renewable energy.36 Senegal is considering a new Electricity Code, which could facilitate universal access to electricity by 2025 by creating a reference framework that takes into account energy conservation, rural electrification and renewable energy.37
Mali's government supports several projects whose expected or evaluated impacts will contribute significantly to achieve objectives of the SEforALL Action Agenda.38 The World Bank largely supports Mali's efforts to promote the use of renewable energies and to improve access to quality electricity services in rural areas.39 And in order to achieve the renewable energy objectives, a smart grid revolution is underway in Ivory Coast. These new technologies should allow the country to take a major step forward in terms of energy by focusing on renewable energies.40
Despite the number of projects being commissioned and the number of initiatives currently underway across Africa, the continent is still nowhere near bridging its generation deficit. As current demands are met, demand for electricity across the continent continues to grow.
With African states recognizing their renewable energy generation capacity and taking action to implement the necessary reforms to make foreign investment possible, opportunities for investment in Africa will continue to expand. Progressive regulatory reforms, especially establishing independent power producer programs, would accelerate that momentum. Attractive investment returns coupled with steadily decreasing risk profiles suggest that Africa will continue to attract investment into its renewable energy sector in the coming years.
View full image: Figure 4: Modern renewable energy use in 2013 and 2030 (PDF)
1 Obonyo R., Push for renewables: How Africa is building a different energy pathway, Africa Renewal, 6 January 2021. Accessed at https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/january-2021/push-renewables-how-africa-building-different-energy-pathway on 10 August 2021.
2 Obonyo R., Energies renouvelables : comment l'Afrique construit une voie énergétique différente, Nations Unies, 6 janvier 2021.Consulté sur https://www.un.org/africarenewal/fr/magazine/janvier-2021/energies-renouvelables-comment-lafrique-construit-une-voie-%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique le 15 juillet 2021.
3 Africa commits to cut 32% of emissions by 2030, Africa News, 23 April 2021. Accessed at https://www.africanews.com/2021/04/23/africa-commits-to-cut-32-of-emissions-by-2030// on 10 August 2021.
4 International Energy Agency, Africa 2030: Roadmap for a Renewable Energy Future, p. 6. Accessed at https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2015/IRENA_Africa_2030_REmap_2015_low-res.pdf on 26 July 2021.
5 Okonjo-Iweala, N. 2020. Africa can play a leading role in the fight against climate change. In: Chapter 4 - Combatting Climate Change: An urgent call for comprehensive global and local action. In: Foresight Africa 2020 report. Brookings Institute.
6 International Energy Agency, Africa Energy Outlook 2019. Accessed at https://www.iea.org/reports/africa-energy-outlook-2019 on 26 July 2021.
7 International Energy Agency, SDG7: Data and Projections, Access to electricity. Accessed at https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections/access-to-electricity on 26 July 2021.
8 International Energy Agency, SDG7: Data and Projections, Access to clean cooking. Accessed at https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections/access-to-clean-cooking on 26 July 2021.
10 Wu G.C., Deshmukh R., Ndhlukula K., Radojicic T., Reilly-Moman J., Phadke A. Kammen, D.M. and Callaway D.S. (2017). Strategic siting and regional grid interconnections key to low-carbon futures in African countries. PNAS April 11, 2017. 114 (15) E3004-E3012; published ahead of print March 27, 2017. Accessed at https://europepmc.org/article/med/28348209 on 26 July 2021.
11 United Nations Treaty Collection. Accessed at https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en on 26 July 2021.
12 IPP Renewables. Accessed at https://www.ipp-renewables.co.za/ on 26 July 2021.
13 GET FiT Uganda, Annual Report 2020. Accessed at https://www.getfit-uganda.org/annual-reports/ on 26 July 2021.
14 NS Energy, Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station. Accessed at https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/batoka-gorge-hydroelectric-power-station/ on 26 July 2021.
15 GET.invest, Zimbabwe Energy Sector, 27 December 2019. Accessed at https://rise.esmap.org/data/files/library/zimbabwe/Documents/Energy%20Access/Zimbabwe_Get%20invest%20tariffs%20website.pdf on 26 July 2021.
16 Hwange Power Station 65% complete despite substantial delays, ESI Africa, 21 May 2021. Accessed at https://www.esi-africa.com/industry-sectors/generation/hwange-power-station-65-complete-despite-substantial-delays/ on 26 July 2021.
17 NS Energy, Kariba South Power Station. Accessed at https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/kariba-south-power-station/ on 26 July 2021.
18 Kazunga O., Hwange power station expansion contractor on site, Chronicle, 1 May 2018. Accessed at http://www.chronicle.co.zw/hwange-power-station-expansion-contractor-on-site/ on 26 July 2021.
19 People's Dam Impounded, GERD-Locked Diplomacy, and Egypt's Red Line for a Non-Deferent Ethiopia, Geopolitics Press, 22 July 2021. Accessed at https://www.geopolitics.press/gerd-electricity-export-tailrace-penstock-nis-kdf/ on 26 July 2021.
20 International Hydropower Association (Undated), Ethiopia - Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). Accessed at https://www.hydropower.org/sediment-management-case-studies/ethiopia-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-gerd on 26 July 2021.
21 US AID, Mozambique Power Africa Fact Sheet. Accessed at https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/mozambique on 26 July 2021.
22 International Energy Agency, Morocco Renewable Energy Target 2030. Accessed at https://www.iea.org/policies/6557-morocco-renewable-energy-target-2030 on 26 July 2021.
23 UPDATE 1-Renewables hit 90% of Kenyan power with new 50 MW solar plant, Reuters, 13 December 2019. Accessed at https://www.reuters.com/article/kenya-electricity-idAFL8N28N4TK on 26 July 2021.
24 Aglionby J., Kenya shows renewables scope to plug Africa's power supply gaps, Financial Times, 23 May 2017. Accessed at https://www.ft.com/content/aa11cc7e-3567-11e7-99bd-13beb0903fa3 on 26 July 2021.
25 Hirtenstein A., Renewable energy projects worth $1bn destined for West Africa, Business Live, 8 June 2018. Accessed at https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/world/africa/2018-06-08-renewable-energy-projects-worth-1bn-destined-for-west-africa/ on 26 July 2021.
26 African Development Bank Group, Estimating Investment Needs for the Power Sector in Africa 2016-2025, September 2019. Accessed at https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/estimating-investment-needs-power-sector-africa-2016-2025 on 26 July 2021.
27 African Development Bank, The New Deal on Energy for Africa: A transformative partnership to light up and power Africa by 2025. Accessed at https://www.afdb.org/en/the-high-5/light-up-and-power-africa-%E2%80%93-a-new-deal-on-energy-for-africa on 26 July 2021.
28 World Bank, A Plan to Spur Climate Resilient Infrastructure in Africa, 9 December 2015. Accessed at http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/12/09/a-plan-to-spur-climate-resilient-infrastructure-in-africa on 26 July 2021.
29 The World Bank, World Bank Group Provides $465 Million to Expand Energy Access and Renewable Energy Integration in West Africa, 10 June 2021. Accessed at https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/06/10/world-bank-group-provides-465-million-to-expand-energy-access-and-renewable-energy-integration-in-west-africa on 26 July 2021.
30 Green Climate Fund, July 2021, GCF Spotlight: Africa. Accessed at https://www.greenclimate.fund/document/gcf-africa-factsheet on 10 August 2021.
31 Sector briefing: Doing business in Angola 2018. Accessed at http://www.angola.doingbusinessguide.co.uk/the-guide/sector-briefings/ on 26 July 2021.
32 African Development Bank Group, Angola Renewable Energy Program - Enabling Environment - SEFA Appraisal Report, 21 December 2020. Accessed at https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/angola-angola-renewable-energy-program-enabling-environment-sefa-appraisal-report on 26 July 2021; International Hydropower Association, Country Profile Angola. Accessed at https://www.hydropower.org/country-profiles/angola on 26 July 2021.
33 MASEN Brochure. Accessed at https://www.masen.ma/themes/custom/masen/assets/files/Brochure__Fiches_Fr.pdf on 26 July 2021.
34 Mourahib M., Énergies renouvelables au Maroc: une réforme attendue par les opérateurs, Clifford Chance, Février 2020.Consulté sur https://www.cliffordchance.com/briefings/2020/02/renewable-energy-in-morocco--a-reform-called-for-by-operators.html 15 juillet 2021.
35 Banque Africaine de Développement, Revue des réformes du secteur de l'électricité en Afrique, 25 septembre 2019. Consulté sur https://www.afdb.org/fr/documents/revue-des-reformes-du-secteur-de-lelectricite-en-afrique le 15 juillet 2021.
36 Dzonteu D., Eau électricité: Des réformes pour libéraliser le secteur et améliorer le service, Gabon Review, 31 décembre 2020. Consulté sur https://www.gabonreview.com/eau-electricite-des-reformes-pour-liberaliser-le-secteur-et-ameliorer-le-service/ le 15 juillet 2021.
37 Agence Ecofin, Sénégal: deux lois pour le secteur de l'électricité en étude à l'Assemblée nationale, 11 juin 2021. Consulté sur https://www.agenceecofin.com/gestion-publique/1106-89106-senegal-deux-lois-pour-le-secteur-de-l-electricite-en-etude-a-lassemblee-nationale le 15 juillet 2021.
38 Ministère de l'Energie et de l'Eau, Prospectus d'investissement de l'énergie durable pour tous SeforAll du Mali, Mai 2019. Consulté sur https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Country_AAs/PI_SEforALL_MALI.pdf le 15 juillet 2021.
39 Banque Mondiale, Mali: la Banque mondiale appuie l'amélioration de l'accès aux énergies renouvelables, 29 juillet 2019, Consulté sur https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/news/press-release/2019/12/12/world-bank-supports-improved-services-for-peace-and-security-in-mali le 15 juillet 2021.
40 La Côte d'Ivoire mise sur les énergies renouvelables, La Tribune Afrique, 17 décembre 2019. Consulté sur https://afrique.latribune.fr/entreprises/la-tribune-afrique-de-l-energie-by-enedis/2019-12-17/la-cote-d-ivoire-mise-sur-les-energies-renouvelables-835377.html le 15 juillet 2021.
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François-Guilhem Vaissier
Partner|Paris
Project Development and Finance, Construction, Power, Infrastructure, Energy, Financial Institutions
Jennifer Stolp
Partner|Johannesburg
Project Development and Finance, Debt Finance, Bank Lending, Borrower Finance
Partner|London|Johannesburg
Asset Finance, Debt Finance, Capital Markets, Financial Institutions, Financial Restructuring and Insolvency, Project Development and Finance
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Symbolik kan syfta på:

 Symbolik (teologi) – en gren inom teologin som vetenskapligt studerar kyrkors och kristna samfunds konfessionella egenart utifrån deras bekännelsetexter (jämför symbola)
 Symbolik – en representation av en (annan) sak, ett abstrakt begrepp, en idé eller egenskap, se Symbol

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Take control, step forward into creating an exciting new life, doing what you love, anywhere in the world, and getting paid for it.
How you can make a living with your passion to help others.
In this Livestream, Ka talks through all the details and steps that are required to start a successful, location independent online business from scratch - while you are doing what you love!
You might have noticed how my year 2017 started and are seriously wondering why!
3 Tips To Forever Leave Behind The Worst Lie Of Humanity -"You Are Not Good Enough"
I hope that you are feeling fine, that you love yourself and that you are being sympathetic and understanding towards your own mistakes.
Do You Also Want To Live In An Alternative Community Filled With Like-Minded People?
Loneliness in the past has caused us a lot of suffering.
We were in the mountains of Guatemala with our friends and then, the next day all of a sudden the kids went missing!
LEAVE A COMMENT How scary is this?
Today we celebrate the biggest business school meetup of all times with more than 260 of our students from over 10 countries to our "Do What You Love Business School".
LEAVE A COMMENT Awesome, isn't it?
So exciting! I was invited to a mainstream German evening talk show to talk about our experiences as a location independent world-traveling family of 8.
LEAVE A COMMENT How cool is that?


I answered a questions in Zhihu about "What's the implementation of Xposed Framework on ART Runtime". I realize that this is an interesting question because I did a research on hooking/interception years ago. Therefore, I then went through the code and here is a breakdown notes on the Xposed Framework.
First, the Xposed Framework contains many sub-repositories. I will explain three core components in detail. They are Xposed, XposedInstaller, android_art.
XposedInstaller replace /system/bin/app_process with customized app_process. For ART runtime XposedInstaller will also replace customize ART runtime.
install() method in InstallerFragment.java class will do the main task. Let's go through some codes.
The following code snippet will backup original app_process, copy customized app_process and set proper file owner and user mod.
For ART runtime Xposed repository provides a libxposed_art.cpp containing XposedBridge_hookMethodNative() method. This method will invoke artMethod->EnableXposedHook method in customized ART Runtime. Let's see the code.
// Get the ArtMethod of the method to be hooked.
Let's read the code of EnableXposedHook method.
In the end, the original method will be replace with new one.
In summary, the Xposed framework will replace the ArtMethod pointer with the new code. Note that the hooking can only be done in framework layer above ART runtime. This means that any native method written by C/C++ (NDK) still cannot be hooked. Furthermore, some functionalities in Android are only implemented in native code. Therefore, there are still several limitations for the Xposed framework. But, I guess it's enough for some people to create interesting modules. Thanks for reading. Happy hacking!


You likely send marketing emails before your summer reading program launches to promote your upcoming program and encourage patrons to participate. But email marketing doesn't have to stop when your program starts. By continuing to send targeted emails during and after your program, you'll reap even more benefits for your program and your library. Read on for tips on leveraging this promotional outlet from Douglas County Libraries (DCL) in Colorado, which was able to exceed its summer reading participation goal by 5% using this approach.
DCL kicked off its 2018 summer reading program email marketing campaign a full month before the program started. First on the list of communications: a message to participants in previous years' programs.
The library found targeting emails to be very valuable when it came to driving patron action. In addition to messaging that emphasized wanting these patrons to participate again, DCL offered those who participated in previous years' programs the opportunity to register for the current year's program before other participants. This incentive seemed to pay off, as more than 5,000 participants enrolled before the program officially began.
The task was made easier thanks to Wandoo Reader, Demco's reading program management software, which allows libraries to email past program participants a friendly custom message with a link to register.
Reminders that participants can track not only books, but also magazines, e-books and audiobooks.
Emails encouraging parents who registered their children, but not themselves, to register and help reach community goals.
Mid-program emails to keep participants engaged and focusing on reading during road trips and vacations.
Updates on the community's progress toward its reading goal.
Thank-you emails at the end of the program that invited participants to complete a survey and updating them on whether the community goal was reached.
DCL has used their reading program emails as an opportunity to invite patrons to sign up for the library's newsletter. As a result, the contact list has grown, and the number of patrons who receive year-round communications from the library has increased substantially.
"Overall, we've found that most people appreciate receiving regular updates from their library," said Kallio.
Want to hear more about how Douglas County Libraries used Wandoo Reader to increase summer reading program participation? Download the case study here.


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Alur, Rajeev, and Thomas A. Henzinger. Back to the Future: Towards a Theory of Timed Regular Languages. IEEE, 1992, pp. 177–86, doi:10.1109/SFCS.1992.267774.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, and Micha Sharir. "A Hyperplane Incidence Problem with Applications to Counting Distances." Applied Geometry and Discrete Mathematics: The Victor Klee Festschrift, vol. 4, American Mathematical Society, 1991, pp. 253–63.
Barton, Nicholas H., and Shahin Rouhani. "The Probability of Fixation of a New Karyotype in a Continuous Population." Evolution, vol. 45, no. 3, Wiley-Blackwell, 1991, pp. 499–517.
Chazelle, Bernard, et al. "A Singly Exponential Stratification Scheme for Real Semi-Algebraic Varieties and Its Applications." Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 84, no. 1, Elsevier, 1991, pp. 77–105, doi:10.1016/0304-3975(91)90261-Y.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert. "Corrigendum." Journal of Computer and System Sciences, vol. 42, no. 2, Elsevier, 1991, pp. 249–51, doi:10.1016/0022-0000(91)90013-U.
Zaǐtsev, Sergei, et al. "Respiratory Burst Inhibition in Human Neutrophils by Ultra-Low Doses of [D-Ala2] Methionine Enkephalinamide." FEBS Letters, vol. 291, no. 1, Elsevier, 1991, pp. 84–86, doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91)81109-L.
Masu, Masayuki, et al. "Sequence and Expression of a Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor." Nature, vol. 349, no. 6312, Nature Publishing Group, 1991, pp. 760–65, doi:10.1038/349760a0.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert. "Lines in Space – A Collection of Results." Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol. 6, Springer, 1991, pp. 77–93.
Chazelle, Bernard, et al. Computing a Face in an Arrangement of Line Segments. SIAM, 1991, pp. 441–48.
Henzinger, Thomas A., et al. Temporal Proof Methodologies for Real-Time Systems. ACM, 1991, pp. 353–66, doi:10.1145/99583.99629.
Moriyoshi, Koki, et al. "Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the Rat NMDA Receptor." Nature, vol. 353, no. 6348, Nature Publishing Group, 1991, pp. 31–37, doi:10.1038/354031a0.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. On the Zone Theorem for Hyperplane Arrangements. Vol. 555, Springer, 1991, pp. 108–23, doi:10.1007/BFb0038185.
Chazelle, Bernard, et al. Ray Shooting in Polygons Using Geodesic Triangulations. Vol. 510, Springer, 1991, pp. 661–73, doi:10.1007/3-540-54233-7_172.
Agarwal, Pankaj, et al. "Euclidean Minimum Spanning Trees and Bichromatic Closest Pairs." Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol. 6, no. 1, Springer, 1991, pp. 407–22, doi:10.1007/BF02574698.
Henzinger, Thomas A. The Temporal Specification and Verification of Real-Time Systems . Stanford University, 1991.
Alur, Rajeev, and Thomas A. Henzinger. "Time for Logic." SIGACT News, vol. 22, no. 3, ACM, 1991, pp. 6–12.
Nakanishi, Shigetada, et al. "Molecular Characterization of Mammalian Tachykinin Receptors and a Possible Epithelial Potassium Channel." Recent Progress in Hormone Research, vol. 46, no. 1, The Endocrine Society, 1991, pp. 59–83.
Jonas, Peter M., et al. "ATP-Sensitive and Ca-Activated K Channels in Vertebrate Axons: Novel Links between Metabolism and Excitability." Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology, vol. 418, no. 1–2, Springer, 1991, pp. 68–73, doi:10.1007/BF00370453.
Szymura, Jacek, and Nicholas H. Barton. "The Genetic Structure of the Hybrid Zone between the Fire-Bellied Toads Bombina Bombina and B. Variegata: Comparisons between Transects and between Loci." Evolution, vol. 45, no. 2, Wiley-Blackwell, 1991, pp. 237–61.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, and Tiow Tan. A Quadratic Time Algorithm for the Minmax Length Triangulation. IEEE, 1991, pp. 414–23, doi:10.1109/SFCS.1991.185400.
Aronov, Boris, et al. "Points and Triangles in the Plane and Halving Planes in Space." Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol. 6, no. 1, Springer, 1991, pp. 435–42, doi:10.1007/BF02574700.
Yasui, Yukihiko, et al. "Topographical Projections from the Cerebral Cortex to the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract in the Cat." Experimental Brain Research, vol. 85, no. 1, Springer, 1991, pp. 75–84, doi:10.1007/BF00229988.
Barton, Nicholas H., and Michael Turelli. "Natural and Sexual Selection on Many Loci." Genetics, vol. 127, no. 1, Genetics Society of America, 1991, pp. 229–55.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, and Weiping Shi. "An O(n Log^2 h) Time Algorithm for the Three-Dimensional Convex Hull Problem." SIAM Journal on Computing, vol. 20, no. 2, SIAM, 1991, pp. 259–69, doi:10.1137/0220016 .
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, and Péter Hajnal. "A Lower Bound on the Number of Unit Distances between the Vertices of a Convex Polygon." Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series A, vol. 56, no. 2, Elsevier, 1991, pp. 312–16, doi:10.1016/0097-3165(91)90042-F.
Alur, Rajeev, et al. The Benefits of Relaxing Punctuality. ACM, 1991, pp. 139–52.
Tsuchida, Kunihiro, et al. "Tissue Distribution and Quantitation of the MRNAs for Three Rat Tachykinin Receptors." European Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 193, no. 3, Wiley-Blackwell, 1990, pp. 751–57, doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19396.x.
Mallet, James, et al. "Estimates of Selection and Gene Flow from Measures of Cline Width and Linkage Disequilibrium in Heliconius Hybrid Zones." Genetics, vol. 124, no. 4, Genetics Society of America, 1990, pp. 921–36.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, and Diane Souvaine. "Computing Least Median of Squares Regression Lines and Guided Topological Sweep." Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol. 85, no. 409, American Statistical Association, 1990, pp. 115–19, doi:10.1080/01621459.1990.10475313.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert. "An Acyclicity Theorem for Cell Complexes in d Dimension." Combinatorica, vol. 10, no. 3, Springer, 1990, pp. 251–60, doi:10.1007/BF02122779.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. An O(N^2log n) Time Algorithm for the MinMax Angle Triangulation. ACM, 1990, pp. 44–52, doi:10.1145/98524.98535.
Agarwal, Pankaj, et al. Euclidean Minimum Spanning Trees and Bichromatic Closest Pairs. ACM, 1990, pp. 203–10, doi:10.1145/98524.98567.
Turelli, Michael, and Nicholas H. Barton. "Dynamics of Polygenic Characters under Selection." Theoretical Population Biology, vol. 38, no. 1, Academic Press, 1990, pp. 1–57, doi:10.1016/0040-5809(90)90002-D.
Barton, Nicholas H. "Pleiotropic Models of Quantitative Variation." Genetics, vol. 124, no. 3, Genetics Society of America, 1990, pp. 773–82.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. "Tetrahedrizing Point Sets in Three Dimensions." Journal of Symbolic Computation, vol. 10, no. 3–4, Elsevier, 1990, pp. 335–47, doi:10.1016/S0747-7171(08)80068-5.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. "Covering Convex Sets with Non-Overlapping Polygons." Discrete Mathematics, vol. 81, no. 2, Elsevier, 1990, pp. 153–64, doi:10.1016/0012-365X(90)90147-A.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. "The Complexity and Construction of Many Faces in Arrangements of Lines and of Segments." Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol. 5, no. 1, Springer, 1990, pp. 161–96, doi: 10.1007/BF02187784.
Aronov, Boris, et al. Points and Triangles in the Plane and Halving Planes in Space. ACM, 1990, pp. 112–15, doi:10.1145/98524.98548.
Henzinger, Thomas A., et al. An Interleaving Model for Real Time. IEEE, 1990, pp. 717–30.
Henzinger, Thomas A. Half-Order Modal Logic: How to Prove Real-Time Properties. ACM, 1990, pp. 281–96, doi:10.1145/93385.93429.
Bräu, Michael, et al. "A K+ Channel in Xenopus Nerve Fibres Selectively Blocked by Bee and Snake Toxins: Binding and Voltage-Clamp Experiments." Journal of Physiology, vol. 420, Wiley-Blackwell, 1990, pp. 365–85, doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp017918.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. "The Complexity of Many Cells in Arrangements of Planes and Related Problems." Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol. 5, no. 1, Springer, 1990, pp. 197–216, doi:10.1007/BF02187785.
Chazelle, Bernard, et al. Counting and Cutting Cycles of Lines and Rods in Space. IEEE, 1990, pp. 242–51, doi:10.1109/FSCS.1990.89543.
Chazelle, Bernard, et al. Slimming down by Adding; Selecting Heavily Covered Points. ACM, 1990, pp. 116–27, doi:10.1145/98524.98551.
Alur, Rajeev, and Thomas A. Henzinger. Real-Time Logics: Complexity and Expressiveness. IEEE, 1990, pp. 390–401, doi:10.1109/LICS.1990.113764.
Sugimoto, Tetsuo, et al. "Immunohistochemical Study of a Rat Membrane Protein Which Induces a Selective Potassium Permeation: Its Localization in the Apical Membrane Portion of Epithelial Cells." Journal of Membrane Biology, vol. 113, no. 1, Springer, 1990, pp. 39–47, doi:10.1007/BF01869604.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, and Micha Sharir. A Hyperplane Incidence Problem with Applications to Counting Distances. Vol. 450, Springer, 1990, pp. 419–28, doi:10.1007/3-540-52921-7_91.
Clarkson, Kenneth, et al. "Combinatorial Complexity Bounds for Arrangements of Curves and Spheres." Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol. 5, no. 1, Springer, 1990, pp. 99–160, doi:10.1007/BF02187783.
1990 | Book Review | IST-REx-ID: 4310
Barton, Nicholas H., and Steve Jones. "The Language of the Genes." Nature, vol. 346, Nature Publishing Group, 1990, pp. 415–16, doi:10.1038/346415a0.
Shigemoto, Ryuichi, et al. "Cloning and Expression of a Rat Neuromedin K Receptor CDNA." Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 265, no. 2, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990, pp. 623–28.
Erdös, László, and Dao Tuyen. "Ergodic Properties of the Multidimensional Rayleigh Gas with a Semipermeable Barrier." Journal of Statistical Physics, vol. 59, no. 5–6, Springer, 1990, pp. 1589–602, doi:10.1007/BF01334766.
Dobkin, David, et al. "Probing Convex Polytopes." Autonomous Robot Vehicles, edited by Ingemar Cox and Gordon Wilfong, Springer, 1990, pp. 328–41, doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8997-2_25.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, and Ernst Mücke. "Simulation of Simplicity: A Technique to Cope with Degenerate Cases in Geometric Algorithms." ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol. 9, no. 1, ACM, 1990, pp. 66–104, doi:10.1145/77635.77639.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, and Micha Sharir. "The Maximum Number of Ways to Stabn Convex Nonintersecting Sets in the Plane Is 2n−2." Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol. 5, no. 1, Springer, 1990, pp. 35–42, doi: 10.1007/BF02187778.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. "Ranking Intervals under Visibility Constraints." International Journal of Computer Mathematics, vol. 34, no. 3–4, Taylor & Francis, 1990, pp. 129–44, doi:10.1080/00207169008803871.
Dobkin, David, et al. "Searching for Empty Convex Polygons." Algorithmica, vol. 5, no. 4, Springer, 1990, pp. 561–71, doi:10.1007/BF01840404.
Barton, Nicholas H., and A. Clark. "Population Structure." Population Biology: Ecological and Evolutionary Viewpoints, edited by Klaus Wöhrmann and Subodh Jain, Springer, 1990, pp. 115–74.
Yokota, Yoshifumi, et al. "Molecular Characterization of a Functional CDNA for Rat Substance P Receptor." Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 264, no. 30, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1989, pp. 17649–52.
Kaneko, Takeshi, et al. "Glutaminase-like Immunoreactivity in the Lower Brainstem and Cerebellum of the Adult Rat." Neuroscience, vol. 32, no. 1, Elsevier, 1989, pp. 79–98, doi:10.1016/0306-4522(89)90109-7.
Jonas, Peter M. "Temperature Dependence of Gating Current in Myelinated Nerve Fibers." Journal of Membrane Biology, vol. 112, no. 3, Springer, 1989, pp. 277–89, doi:10.1007/BF01870958.
Yao, F., et al. "Partitioning Space for Range Queries." SIAM Journal on Computing, vol. 18, no. 2, SIAM, 1989, pp. 371–84, doi:10.1137/0218025.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. "Implicitly Representing Arrangements of Lines or Segments." Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol. 4, no. 1, Springer, 1989, pp. 433–66, doi:10.1007/BF02187742.
Barton, Nicholas H., and Michael Turelli. "Evolutionary Quantitative Genetics: How Little Do We Know ?" Annual Review of Genetics, vol. 23, Annual Reviews, 1989, pp. 337–70, doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.23.120189.002005.
Ino, Tadashi, et al. "Direct Projections from Ammon's Horn to the Rostral Raphe Regions in the Brainstem of the Cat." Brain Research, vol. 479, no. 1, Elsevier, 1989, pp. 157–61, doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)91346-2.
Jonas, Peter M., et al. "Single-Channel Recording in Myelinated Nerve Fibers Reveals One Type of Na Channel but Different K Channels." PNAS, vol. 86, no. 18, National Academy of Sciences, 1989, pp. 7238–42.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. "Testing the Necklace Condition for Shortest Tours and Optimal Factors in the Plane." Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 66, no. 2, Elsevier, 1989, pp. 157–80, doi:10.1016/0304-3975(89)90133-3.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. "On Arrangements of Jordan Arcs with Three Intersections per Pair." Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol. 4, no. 1, Springer, 1989, pp. 523–39, doi:10.1007/BF02187745.
Barton, Nicholas H. "Founder Effect Speciation." Speciation and Its Consequences, edited by Daniel Otte and John Endler, Sinauer Press, 1989.
Alur, Rajeev, and Thomas A. Henzinger. A Really Temporal Logic. IEEE, 1989, pp. 164–69, doi:10.1109/SFCS.1989.63473.
Akimoto, Masumi, et al. "Effect of Endothelin on Gastric Mucosal Blood Flow in Rat." Japanese Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 86, no. 11, Japanese Society of Gastroenterology, 1989, doi:10.11405/nisshoshi1964.86.2627.
Mallet, James, and Nicholas H. Barton. "Inference from Clines Stabilized by Frequency-Dependent Selection." Genetics, vol. 122, no. 4, Genetics Society of America, 1989, pp. 967–76.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert. Spatial Triangulations with Dihedral Angle Conditions. Institute of the Electronics, Information and Communication Enginneers, 1989, pp. 83–89.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. "Circles through Two Points That Always Enclose Many Points." Geometriae Dedicata, vol. 32, no. 1, Kluwer, 1989, pp. 1–12, doi:10.1007/BF00181432.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert. An Acyclicity Theorem for Cell Complexes in d Dimension. ACM, 1989, pp. 145–51, doi:10.1145/73833.73850.
Chazelle, Bernard, et al. A Singly Exponential Stratification Scheme for Real Semi-Algebraic Varieties and Its Applications. Vol. 372, Springer, 1989, pp. 179–93, doi:10.1007/BFb0035760.
Barton, Nicholas H. "The Divergence of a Polygenic System under Stabilising Selection, Mutation and Drift." Genetical Research, vol. 54, no. 1, Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 59–77, doi:10.1017/S0016672300028378.
Mallet, James, and Nicholas H. Barton. "Strong Natural Selection in a Warning Color Hybrid Zone." Evolution, vol. 43, Wiley-Blackwell, 1989, pp. 421–31, doi:10.2307/2409217 .
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, and Steven Skiena. "On the Number of Furthest Neighbor Pairs in a Point Set." American Mathematical Monthly, vol. 96, no. 7, Mathematical Association of America, 1989, pp. 614–18.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. "The Upper Envelope of Piecewise Linear Functions: Algorithms and Applications." Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol. 4, no. 1, Springer, 1989, pp. 311–36, doi:10.1007/BF02187733.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert. "The Upper Envelope of Piecewise Linear Functions: Tight Bounds on the Number of Faces ." Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol. 4, no. 4, Springer, 1989, pp. 337–43, doi:10.1007/BF02187734.
Chazelle, Bernard, et al. "The Complexity of Cutting Complexes." Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol. 4, no. 1, Springer, 1989, pp. 139–81, doi:10.1007/BF02187720.
Barton, Nicholas H., and Godfrey Hewitt. "Adaptation, Speciation and Hybrid Zones." Nature, vol. 341, Nature Publishing Group, 1989, pp. 497–503, doi:10.1038/341497a0.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, and Leonidas Guibas. "Topologically Sweeping an Arrangement." Journal of Computer and System Sciences, vol. 38, no. 1, Elsevier, 1989, pp. 165–94, doi:10.1016/0022-0000(89)90038-X.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. Tetrahedrizing Point Sets in Three Dimensions. Vol. 358, Springer, 1989, pp. 315–31, doi:10.1007/3-540-51084-2_31.
Slatkin, Montgomery, and Nicholas H. Barton. "A Comparison of Three Methods for Estimating Average Levels of Gene Flow." Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution, vol. 43, no. 7, Wiley-Blackwell, 1989, pp. 1349–68.
Dallas, John, et al. "Interracial RDNA Variation in the Grasshopper Podisma Pedestris." Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 5, no. 6, Oxford University Press, 1988, pp. 660–74.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, and Franco Preparata. "Minimum Polygonal Separation." Information and Computation, vol. 77, no. 3, Elsevier, 1988, pp. 218–32, doi:10.1016/0890-5401(88)90049-1.
Barton, Nicholas H. "Speciation." Analytical Biogeography, edited by Alan Myers and Paul Giller, Chapman Hall, 1988, pp. 185–218.
Sazanov, Leonid A., et al. "Mathematical Model of Photosynthesis Regulation Accounts for the Effects of Changes in External Conditions and Observed Oscillations." J. Phys. Chem-Russia, vol. 52, Elsevier, 1988, pp. 3351–54.
Edelsbrunner, Herbert, and Steven Skiena. "Probing Convex Polygons with X-Rays." SIAM Journal on Computing, vol. 17, no. 5, SIAM, 1988, pp. 870–82, doi:10.1137/0217054 .
Edelsbrunner, Herbert. Geometric Structures in Computational Geometry. Vol. 317, Springer, 1988, pp. 201–13, doi:10.1007/3-540-19488-6_117.
2531 Internal Publication(s)
Citation Style: MLA

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Five years ago, if you had told me that Posh Spice would be at the helm of a clothing and accessories line that people take seriously, I would have told you that you should probably consider laying off the drugs. It seems so utterly far-fetched that a 90s pop star would morph from a chaps-wearing WAG to a serious fashion person in the space of only a few years, and yet, Victoria Beckham has done just that. Not only are her collections shown at New York Fashion Week, but they are generally quite well-received and often worn by other stars on red carpets of all kinds.
I'm an avowed lover of black. I generally prefer it in clothes rather than bags, but lately I find myself drawn to more black bags than usual, and also black shoes. I could wear black for the rest of my life and be more or less happy.
Have you ever looked at your wardrobe and thought, "I know exactly what this needs. MORE DISCO!" Me neither. But, perhaps, there's someone out there that has, or maybe you just like shiny things. Hey, I certainly do. There's no shame in that!
There are a few things that I'm willing to admit about the Gorjana Hudson Quilted Crossbody Bag before we begin. First, I know that it smells vaguely of Eau de Chanel Ripoff. With quilting, a chain handle, and leather textured similarly to their famous caviar, of course it does. Also, the placement of the small gold studs reminds me a lot of the Marc Jacobs Single Studded Shoulder Bag, which is also quilted.
Try as I might, I rarely find an occasion on which I think a bag looks better with multicolor studs than it would have looked with just one shade. Perhaps it's for the same reason that I don't like to mix my metals when choosing accessories and jewelry.


Nov 23 2013 – Well things are pretty much the same as last week. The market is strong and money continues to flow into equities based on the TINA effect. The Dow Jones industrial average closed above 16,000 points for the first time and the Standard & Poor's 500 index closed over 1,800 points.
There is a rotation in to smaller cap stocks, and regional banking is doing better. In other words it is a bull market and this coming week looks to continue the party.
The problem with investing in the stock market is that most amateurs don't feel safe until the market has already gone up. The safer you want to feel, the further it has already gone up, and the later you are to the party. Most investors are starting to buy right now and are starting to make a little money. But in the not-too-distant future, the market will start to come back down because this increase in prices is not sustainable. In short the little guy buys at the top.
November 17 2013 – Honestly I am not very confident writing this comment this week and I am not going to give an firm advise because I am not really sure how this will end. The stock market, which has been melting up most of this record-breaking year, is on the cusp of achieving a troika of major milestones. Dow 16,000 is within easy reach for the first time. The Standard & Poor's 500 is fast approaching 1,800. And the Nasdaq composite is nearing 4,000 for the first time since the dot-com bubble burst in 2000.
But milestones do attract the attention of mom and pop investors, including many who might feel pressured to get in the market after missing out on the gains because they've been on the sidelines. They also put fear in many fund managers. I think in the coming few days we hit those numbers and rest for a while. This is not the time to put new money to work.
Nov 13 2013 - Ok so why did I buy TBT a few weeks ago and now I am on the sidelines, but planning ot return, what is the point? Well the short answer is bonds go down in value when they are replaced by newer bonds that have a higher interest rate. So bonds are a good thing to own when rates drop (like the last few years) and are to be avoided in a rising rate environment. (the next few years).
It you are still confused read this.
I started to talk about bonds in my May 11 2013 Market comment, where I spoke of the death of Mr. Bond. Now is the next leg in that story. OK so who cares about bonds? Well not me, at least not for years. To me bonds were boring, I like stocks that pop and make a fortune, overnight riches! But as I get older I see why "Gentlemen prefer bonds". Bonds move in stable long-term directions and so they are often easier to predict than equities.
Nov 9 2013 – Thursday night I shut off my monitor a smugly grinned, the market sold off, just as my last weekend market comment said it would, I was in cash, short gold miners and short long dated treasuries and even a little long bet on TripAdvisor. A tiny bit of "would-a could-a should-a" lurked in the back of my mind, perhaps last week if I was bold I could be riding the double short NASDAQ -- QID for a nice bounce today. Ah but that would be against a rule of mine. No equity shorts while we are in a strong bull market.
Come Friday I was reminded why I had that rule, oh baby what a surprise! The market rudely rallied without so much of hint of notice to me. The U.S. jobs report was better than expected and unlike the past good news was hailed as good and the buy the dip crowd hit the buy button. Well it should not be a complete surprised many fund managers are swimming in cash and look foolish for not cashing in on this near record rally.
Nov 2 2013 – Have you heard about TINA? Well you should TINA is driving the markets. TINA is a lot of what I was talking about in my article The New Momentum. TINA is short for There Is No Alternative and traders are talking about TINA. Right now if you are running a pension, a hedge fund, a mutual fund or a sovereign wealth fund you really don't have a choice, the only thing that is paying a return is equities. The market is overbought, the market is tired and the market will pull back but for now money continues to flow in. The problem is that the money does not trust the market so it continues to pile in to the same 100 top trade on the street. So you have the TINA imbalance, it makes the index rise but most of the market is falling apart.


Lovely Folders is a powerful utility to customize your Windows folders. Using this handy program you can replace the standard folder icon for individual folders with any eye-catching icon you wish, chosen from hundreds of built-in colorful icons or generated automatically by internal IconConverter depending on the content of a folder (music, video, images, etc.). Moreover, Lovely Folders can change folder background! Your individual folders now may have a background image - just like your desktop.
With the folder icon changer tool, you can put any picture as a wallpaper to a folder and replace the system-defined standard folder icon, which is used by Windows to display each folder on your computer.
Easy Extract Icon 1.3.0 - This Icon Extractor utility easily extract icons from executable files (*.exe, *.dll), MS Word and associated icons from any files.


Home \ Court Opinions \ Left At The Altar?: Who Owns The Engagement Ring When Love Goes Wrong?
You've found the right partner; you've found the right ring; and your fiancee accepted. Now imagine your fiancee unexpectedly breaks off the engagement. You are devastated. Your friends tell you there are plenty of fish in the sea. You've returned her favorite CDs and she's returned your college sweatshirt. But who keeps the engagement ring?
The Virginia Supreme Court recently decided this very question in the case of McGrath v. Dockendorf, No. 160262, 2016 WL 7243097 (Va. 2016). In McGrath, Ethan proposed to his fiancee Julia with an impressive two-carat, $26,000.00 engagement ring. Julia accepted and took the ring. About a year later, Ethan broke off the engagement. Ethan and Julia never married. Julia did not return the engagement ring. Ethan filed a detinue action (a suit seeking the return of specific property, or in the alternative, a judgment for its value) in Fairfax County Circuit Court.
The Fairfax County Circuit Court found that the engagement ring was a conditional gift and held that Ethan was entitled to its return or a judgment for its value. Julia appealed to the Virginia Supreme Court.
On appeal, Julia argued (i) that Virginia Code Section 8.01-220 (the "Heart Balm Statute") prevented Ethan's suit, and (ii) that she should keep the ring. A bit of history: believe it or not, Virginians used to be able to sue their former fiancees for broken engagements. However, due to the difficulty of measuring damages and the potentially scandalous material involved in such suits, the Virginia General Assembly enacted the Heart Balm Statute to prevent such suits.
The Virginia Supreme Court rejected Julia's Heart Balm Statute defense. The Court held that Virginia common law recognized a former fiancee's right to recover an engagement ring under the doctrine of a conditional gift. A conditional gift is a gift given to a person upon the condition of the occurrence of a certain event. The Court held that Virginia's Heart Balm Statute did not prevent a fiancee from suing to recover an engagement ring under a conditional gift theory.
To arrive at this conclusion, the Court examined the Heart Balm Statute's language. The Court held that such statute bars only the following types of suits: (i) the alienation of affection, (ii) breach of promise to marry, and (iii) criminal conversation. The Court pointed out that the statute did not prevent a fiancee's suit under a conditional gift theory. The Court also pointed out that if the General Assembly intended to prevent suits to recover engagement rings, it could have inserted that language in the statute. The Court also reasoned that Julia's argument that the Heart Balm Statute barred this suit was too broad. The Court pointed out that her argument, if accepted, would serve to prevent suits for breach of contract by caterers or venues in the wake of cancelled weddings.
Having rejected the Heart Balm Statute defense, the Court examined the case under the conditional gift doctrine. In this case, the marriage of Ethan and Julia was the "condition" of the conditional gift. It was undisputed that the marriage did not occur, and therefore the gift to Julia failed. The Court affirmed the trial court's judgment in favor of Ethan for the return of the engagement ring or a monetary judgment for its value.
The doctrines of conditional gift and detinue are also relevant in the arena of estate litigation. Frequently such disputes involve relatives misappropriating or wrongfully withholding assets. If you find yourself faced with the prospect of seeking the return of property wrongfully withheld from you or a loved one, contact an experienced estate litigation attorney as soon as possible.
This entry was posted in Court Opinions, Divorce, General, Gifts, Legal Terminology and tagged Broken Engagement, Commonwealth of Virginia, Family disputes, Gifts, Heart Balm Statute. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
package com.amazonaws.services.iot1clickdevices.model;

import java.io.Serializable;
import javax.annotation.Generated;

/**
 *
 * @see AWS API
 *      Documentation
 */
@Generated("com.amazonaws:aws-java-sdk-code-generator")
public class UnclaimDeviceResult extends com.amazonaws.AmazonWebServiceResult<com.amazonaws.ResponseMetadata> implements Serializable, Cloneable {

    /**
     *

     * The device's final claim state.
     *

     */
    private String state;

    /**
     *

     * The device's final claim state.
     *

     *
     * @param state
     *        The device's final claim state.
     */

    public void setState(String state) {
        this.state = state;
    }

    /**
     *

     * The device's final claim state.
     *

     *
     * @return The device's final claim state.
     */

    public String getState() {
        return this.state;
    }

    /**
     *

     * The device's final claim state.
     *

     *
     * @param state
     *        The device's final claim state.
     * @return Returns a reference to this object so that method calls can be chained together.
     */

    public UnclaimDeviceResult withState(String state) {
        setState(state);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a string representation of this object. This is useful for testing and debugging. Sensitive data will be
     * redacted from this string using a placeholder value.
     *
     * @return A string representation of this object.
     *
     * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        sb.append("{");
        if (getState() != null)
            sb.append("State: ").append(getState());
        sb.append("}");
        return sb.toString();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (this == obj)
            return true;
        if (obj == null)
            return false;

        if (obj instanceof UnclaimDeviceResult == false)
            return false;
        UnclaimDeviceResult other = (UnclaimDeviceResult) obj;
        if (other.getState() == null ^ this.getState() == null)
            return false;
        if (other.getState() != null && other.getState().equals(this.getState()) == false)
            return false;
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        final int prime = 31;
        int hashCode = 1;

        hashCode = prime * hashCode + ((getState() == null) ? 0 : getState().hashCode());
        return hashCode;
    }

    @Override
    public UnclaimDeviceResult clone() {
        try {
            return (UnclaimDeviceResult) super.clone();
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Got a CloneNotSupportedException from Object.clone() " + "even though we're Cloneable!", e);
        }
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


From project planning to server setup and install to home users, we have your IT needs covered.
In an age of intricate equipment and high-speed machines it's important that any business or home evolve as technology does. If one does not stay up to current tech standards one can experience a multitude of problems with computers and thus ones business. If you cannot send or receive your emails, if browsing for that particular thing is too slow, if you cannot place that order that is needed on a moments notice, your company can loose power and money gets thrown out the window.
With Rising Phoenix Technologies your home and/or business is in good hands. You are not only dealing with knowledgeable and professional individuals but you are dealing with a family owned and operated business which has over 30 years of experience combined. So the choice is yours, give us a call today and we will take care of your systems and your business at very competitive rates.
Contact us with any questions/concerns with your IT needs.


Huang Jing, also known as Siberian Solomon's Seal, is the dried rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum. The Chinese Pharmacopeia describes it as an herb that tonifies Qi, nourishes Yin, fortifies the Spleen, moistens the Lungs and tonifies the Kidney. Its main active compound consists of three different solomonseal polysaccharides, and 3 types of oligosaccharides. It also contains saponins similar to those of Ginseng and Astragalus. Those with big, fleshy, yellow and transparent cross sections are considered as supreme.
In the Taoist tradition, Huang Jing is one of the most important of all tonic herbs. It is said to "make the body light, to benefit the Qi, and to clear the eyes. Its taste is sweet, and it has no poison." Taoists believe that ingesting Huang Jing is a way to consume cosmic Qi of a strong Yang nature, which adepts expect to confer primordial Yang characteristics into their bodies. It can tonify all Three Treasures at a profound level.
Huang Jing, Polygonatum Sibericum, is used in modern Chinese herbalism as a Brain tonic and to tonify the Lungs, Spleen and Kidneys.


The benefits of Laser and Lasik Eye Surgery are understood by most people who experience the inconvenience of wearing glasses or contact lenses. But many questions remain unanswered.
We use our eyes in almost everything we do whether working, watching television, playing sport, reading or driving our cars.
So it is only natural that operation involving your eyes, no matter how beneficial, is not a decision that you will take lightly. We understand, and genuinely appreciate your feelings.
Laser vision correction can seem daunting – until you actually know what's involved. Naturally, the journey is different for every patient, but in most cases the fundamental process for all Laser, PRK eye surgery or Lasik Eye Surgery treatments is the same.
This section sets out the 5 basic steps which explain not only how easy eye surgeons can do it for you, but also offer an insight into the extraordinary level of care we take at each stage. At our initial rigorous screening process we examine your eyes in detail before the surgery as not all eyes are suitable for Laser Surgery, PRK eye surgery or Lasik. Our individual tailored approach to customised eye surgery treatments will address your individual needs as every eye is unique. We offer the ultimate level of eye surgery aftercare.
If you are considering Laser Eye Surgery, just call the experts on 1800 DR EYES (1800 37 3937) to speak with one of our Patient Care Team. There is NO obligation, but we are happy to help you with any questions or discuss your concerns about Laser, Lasik or PRK Eye Surgery. You're not committed to anything, even if you book a Free Laser Surgery Assessment Online.
First, we need to make sure you're suitable for eye surgery. Your screening at Medownick is complimentary. We're confident it will be, most likely, the most comprehensive eye exam you have ever had. Knowing your eyes in fine detail means lower risks and better surgery results. So we never rush on the screening process.
Step 3: The Big Day! Your Laser Eye Procedure!
You'll probably notice a big change as soon as you sit up. Your vision will be foggy, as if you're looking through a pale mist. But objects and people will already seem more in focus. For many patients, this can be quite overwhelming. We will help ensure a safe and successful recovery with comprehensive, detailed aftercare. Read on about The Medownick Care Policy & our Ultimate Service.
When your vision is restored with Lasik Surgery, you'll notice all sorts of things that make your everyday life better.
It is a delight to see naturally from the moment you wake up.
And if at any time you want to visit us to check your progress, even years down the road, we'll welcome you.
Shining stars of the red carpet and sports arenas are having Laser, Lasik or PRK Surgery to see clearly. Stars like Tiger Woods, Brad Pitt, Elton John, Nicole Kidman, Ashlee Simpson, Cindy Crawford, Footy great Brett Ratten and other celebrities – all had Laser Eye Operation because they could not see clearly without glasses. After all, why not have natural vision? Not only Laser Vision Correction is popular, but incredibly practical and affordable.
Your eyesight is one of the most precious gifts you possess. So who can you trust to look after your eyes? We are here to answer your questions. We want to ease your concerns and to help you make an informed decision about Eye Surgery and your eyes. You should always investigate the options for yourself.
at Epworth Medical Centre, Melbourne, and ask any questions you may have.
We'd be delighted to help, whether or not you decide to go ahead with Laser Eye treatment.
Booking a FREE no obligation initial assessment is a good way to find out if you're suitable for Laser, Lasik or PRK Eye Surgery, and to talk through any concerns or questions you may have. Find it out today at the Medownick Clinic.
Lasik? To make an appointment or to just speak to one of our dedicated Patient Care Team contact us online.
What will you experience at Medownick Surgery Clinic?


Do you find people whispering behind your back…have you ever thought maybe it's time you changed your mobile phone? Why not RECYCLE your old mobile phone to help raise funds? It really couldn't be simpler and on average each mobile phone is worth around £5 in cash donation to the charity!
Donating your old mobile phone not only helps us to help the environment, by disposing of your mobile phone via an accredited recycling company, but it will also help us to raise necessary funds for the charity as well. We believe that an unwanted mobile phone should never end up in landfill, where it can be potentially damaging to the environment.
The recycling company buy the mobile phones from us and either dispose of the phone in an environmentally friendly way or recondition them and resell them on.
By Post: Please place your old handset in a sealed padded/jiffy envelope and post to: The Karen Trust, Enterprise House, 5 Roundwood Lane. Harpenden. Herts. AL5 3BW. If you could place your name, address and contact details in with the handset.
By hand: Our reception will be more than happy to take collections of old mobile handsets between Monday – Friday 9 – 5pm. Address: The Karen Trust, Enterprise House, 5 Roundwood Lane. Harpenden. Herts. AL5 3BW.
Very important: Before giving us your mobile handset, please remove and/or delete all personal data. This includes personal information: contacts, images, videos, music files, text messages and emails. Once you have sent your handset, we will NOT be able to return any handsets or your data. Any SIM cards, memory cards and personal data sent or handed in will be destroyed during the handling process and therefore cannot be returned.


text:
Opening Ceremony Teams Up With Boiler Room for Club Culture You Can Wear
Boiler Room's first apparel line, CLUB20/20, exclusively available in the U.S. at Opening Ceremony, partners with the artists who genuinely represent club culture.
By Arimeta Diop
By Zuri Adia.
In January the retailer and brand Opening Ceremony announced it would be closing its brick-and-mortar stores sometime later this year, including the original Howard Street location, which helped define the brand for many New Yorkers as a place to be. But before that final moment, Opening Ceremony has done what it does best: put a new label on the radar for shoppers. Boiler Room, both a broadcast platform and IRL club series, is certainly a recognizable name, but through the Opening Ceremony drop, called CLUB20/20, the party is putting its first apparel collection out into the world.
The release includes a core collection of graphic, oversized joggers and hoodies ideal for staying out until the sun rises; there are also collaborations with seven artists interpreting club culture within their respective cities, which include London, Berlin, Paris, Shanghai, Tokyo, New York, and Los Angeles. The multidisciplinary artist and DJ Juliana Huxtable designed the New York piece—a T-shirt featuring artwork from her 2019 show—while filmmaker Leilah Weinraub, who previously headed the streetwear brand Hood By Air, designed the Los Angeles collaboration.
"It's like a personal billboard," Weinraub says of the T-shirt. "Club nights are just these special moments that people do together, and they really come and go. We were trying to figure out a way to make it physical and point back to the memory in that."
Weinraub's design is based on the posters she noticed people had started collecting from screenings of her first feature film, Shakedown. The film, which has been screened at MoMA PS1 and the Tate Modern, and was most recently picked up by Pornhub (a first for the platform) and the Criterion Channel, is a narrative documentary about a lesbian strip club of the same name. She worked there for a decade and spent a decade and a half putting the film together. All of which allowed her intimate access to a truly underground L.A. nightlife experience.
"The film is about kind of getting lost and finding something new," Weinraub says. "That's really the vibe of Los Angeles, which is so different than New York—New York is really about, everyone knows what's going on and then what's cool. Los Angeles is a real mystery. That noir feeling is still really present in Los Angeles. You really have to look; you have to really get lost. And I mean that physically, I mean that emotionally."
For her New York design, Huxtable pulled from and adapted a piece that originally appeared in her 2019 exhibition, Infertility Industrial Complex: Snatch the Calf Back, which showed at the Reena Spaulings Fine Art gallery.
"I wanted to do something that felt true to all of my impulses related to [the collaboration]," Huxtable says. "I like Boiler Room. I've played for Boiler Room. I've had really good times at Boiler Room. I also don't want to pretend I'm just 100% about everything that this represents, and so the T-shirt felt both kind of funny but also sort of critical. And using the newspaper headlines, the kind of tabloid-y headline format to basically present an artificial, sensationalist view of nightlife culture. Ultimately nightlife is really interesting to me. I think it's a space that's at its best for free. So it was like, How can I bring that sensibility into this T-shirt collaboration?"
Nightlife—whether underground or mainstream—is experiencing the same shifts rattling brick-and-mortar retail. For clubs to draw crowds, an online presence is required now, turning those venues essentially into brands that have little to do with the close, underground revelries Weinraub and Huxtable capture and celebrate in their work.
"The best kind of nightlife I've seen in L.A. aren't the ones that are most promoted or the most amount of people go, they're actually these very intimate, private, entrance-from-the-back clubs that people throw themselves," Weinraub says. "I feel like the real, true spirit of Los Angeles nightlife is the person that's throwing it is the star. The person that's throwing it and the persons that are going are interchangeable; they're both stars. That underground culture is just diametrically opposed to celebrity culture of Hollywood."
And that's the culture celebrated by the CLUB20/20 collection, and the kind of scene Weinraub is confident will persist.
"I know people are continually looking to be free, and that will push through," Weinraub says. "I have no idea what's next, but, I mean, obviously, I'm excited about it."
The core CLUB20/20 collection will be available on boilerroom.tv in March. Juliana Huxtable's and Leilah Weinraub's collaborations are now available exclusively at Opening Ceremony New York and Los Angeles, respectively.
More Great Stories From Vanity Fair
— Exclusive: After 28 years and five Grand Slams, Maria Sharapova says goodbye to tennis
— Here's what Harry and Meghan can learn from Princess Diana's post-royal career
— Amandla Stenberg, Jameela Jamil, and eight other rising stars put an opulent spin on the Roaring Twenties
— Inside the Prince Charles art-forgery scandal
— Can the monarchy cope after Harry and Meghan's exit?
— Daniel Humm turns the tables on fine dining to reimagine haute cuisine for the future
— From the Archive: If the Brooke Astor trial met Watergate, it would be the Bettencourt affair—a L'Oréal dynasty scandal
Looking for more? Sign up for our daily newsletter and never miss a story.
Arimeta Diop is an editorial assistant at Vanity Fair.


text:
if yes?("Install Devise?")
  gem "devise"
  # required for generating views
  gem "hpricot", :group => :development
  gem "ruby_parser", :group => :development

  after_setup do
    generate "devise:install"
    generate "devise:views"
    generate "devise user"
  end

  inject_into_file 'config/environments/development.rb', :before => "\nend" do
    "\n\n  config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { :host => 'localhost:3000' }\n"
  end

  apply_local ["_authorization.rb"]
end